United States Office of Air Quality EPA-450/4-85-014
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards January 1986
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Air
National
Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates,
1940-1984
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EPA-450/4-85-014
National Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates, 1940-1984
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office Of Air And Radiation
Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
January 1986
U. g. Environments 1 Pr-! c-? * 1 r.. '.'"" -v
.
Chicago, IL
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This report is published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to report information of general
interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Library Services
Office(MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or,
for a fee, from the National Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia
22161
Publication No. EPA-450/4-85-014
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ABSTRACT
This report presents estimates of trends in nationwide air
pollutant emissions for the six major pollutants: particulates,
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, car-
bon monoxide, and lead. Estimates are presented for each year
from 1940 through 1984. Emission estimates are broken down
according to major classifications of air pollution sources. A
short analysis of trends is given, along with a discussion of
methods used to develop the data.
m
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CONTENTS
Section Page
LIST OF TABLES v1 i
1. SUMMARY 1
2. NATIONWIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940-1984 3
2.1 Particulates 3
2.2 Sulfur Oxides 3
2.3 Nitrogen Oxides 4
2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 4
2.5 Carbon Monoxide 4
2.6 Lead 5
3. METHODS 33
3.1 Transportation. 34
3.1.1 Motor Vehicles 34
3.1.2 Aircraft 35
3.1.3 Railroads 35
3.1.4 Vessels 35
3.1.5 Nonhighway Use of Motor Fuels 35
3.2 Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 35
3.2.1 Coal 35
3.2.2 Fuel Oil 36
3.2.3 Natural Gas 36
3.2.4 Other Fuels 36
3.3 Industrial Processes 36
3.3.1 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes 37
3.4 Solid Waste Disposal 37
3.5 Miscellaneous Sources 37
3.5.1 Forest Fires 37
3.5.2 Agricultural Burning 38
3.5.3 Coal Refuse Burning 38
3.5.4 Structural Fires 38
3.5.5 Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use 38
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page
4. ANALYSIS OF TRENDS ..... 39
4.1 Particulates 40
4.2 Sulfur Oxides 42
4.3 Nitrogen Oxides 43
4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 44
4.5 Carbon Monoxide 45
4.6 Lead. . 46
5. REFERENCES 49
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA AND ABSTRACT 53
vi
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Summary of National Emission Estimates 2
2. Summary of Estimated Particulate Emissions, 1940-1970 6
3. Summary of Estimated Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1940-1970 7
4. Summary of Estimated Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1940-1970. ... 8
5. Summary of Estimated Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions, 1940-1970 9
6. Summary of Estimated Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1940-1970 ... 10
7. National Estimates of Particulate Emissions, 1970-1984 11
8. National Estimates of Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1970-1984 .... 12
9. National Estimates of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1970-1984 ... 13
10. National Estimates of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions,
1970-1984 14
11. National Estimates of Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1970-1984. . . 15
12. National Estimates of Lead Emissions, 1970-1984 16
13. Particulate Emissions from Transportation 17
14. Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Transportation 18
15. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Transportation 19
16. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Transportation .... 20
17. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Transportation 21
18. Particulate Emissions from Fuel Combustion 22
19. Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 23
20. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 24
21. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Fuel Combustion. ... 25
22. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 26
VII
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table Page
23. Particulate Emissions from Industrial Processes 27
24. Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 28
25. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Industrial Processes . 29
26. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Industrial
Processes 30
27. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 31
28. Lead Emissions from Industrial Processes 32
29. Theoretical 1984 National Emission Estimates with 1970
Level of Control 48
viii
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NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION ESTIMATES
1940-1984
1. SUMMARY
The primary objectives of this publication are to provide current
estimates of nationwide emissions for six major pollutants: particu-
late matter (PM), sulfur oxides (S02), nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile
organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO) and lead (Pb). Esti-
mates are presented for 1940, 1950, and 1960 to give an historical
perspective of national air pollutant emissions, and for 1970 through
1984 as an indication of recent trends. These data entirely replace
those published earlier for 1940-1983 in EPA report National Air
Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1983 (EPA-450/4-84-028). Because
of modifications in methodology and use of more refined emission
factors, data from this report should not be compared with data in
the earlier report.
Reporting of emissions on a nationwide basis, while useful as a
general indicator of pollutant levels, has definite limitations.
National totals or averages are not the best guide for estimating
trends for particular localities. Yet, it is important that some
criteria be established for measurement of national progress in the
control of air pollutant emissions. The emission estimates presented
herein represent calculated estimates based on standard emission in-
ventory procedures. Since these data are estimates only and do not
represent the results of any program for the measurement of actual
emissions, their accuracy is somewhat limited. Similarly, it would
not necessarily be expected that these emission estimates would be in
agreement with emission estimates derived through a different emission
inventory procedure. The principal objective of compiling these data
is to identify probable overall changes in emissions on a national
scale. It should be recognized that these estimated national trends
in emissions may not be representative of local trends in emissions
or ai r qual ity.
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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
Units of
Measurement
PM, SO? NOX, VOC, CO:
Teragrams/Year
(106 metric tons/year)
Lead (Pb):
Gigagrams/Year
(103 metric ton/year)
PM, SO?, N0y, VOC, CO:
(106 short tons/year)
Lead (Pb):
(103 short ton/year)
Change 1940-1984
Change 1970-1984
Change 1975-1984
Sulfur
Year Parti culates Oxides
1940
1950
1960
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1940
1950
1960
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
22.8
24.5
21.1
18.1
16.7
15.2
14.1
12.4
10.4
9.7
9.1
9.2
9.0
8.5
7.9
7.0
6.7
7.0
25.1
27.0
23.3
20.0
18.4
16.8
15.5
13.7
11.5
10.7
10.0
10.1
9.9
9.4
8.7
7.7
7.4
7.7
-69%
-61%
-33%
18.0
20.3
20.0
28.2
26.8
27.4
28.7
27.0
25.6
26.2
26.3
24.5
24.5
23.2
22.3
21.3
20.6
21.4
19.8
22.4
22.0
31.1
29.5
30.2
31.6
29.8
28.2
28.9
29.0
27.0
27.0
25.6
24.6
23.5
22.7
23.6
+19%
-24%
-16%
Nitrogen
Oxides
6.8
9.3
12.8
18.1
18.6
19.7
20.2
19.7
19.2
20.3
21.0
21.0
21.1
20.4
20.5
19.7
19.1
19.7
7.5
10.3
14.1
20.0
20.5
21.7
22.3
21.7
21.9
22.4
23.1
23.1
23.3
22.5
22.6
21.7
21.1
21.7
+190%
+9%
+3%
Volatile
Organics
18.5
20.8
23.6
27.1
26.5
26.5
25.8
24.2
22.8
24.0
23.9
24.5
23.9
22.7
21.4
19.9
20.5
21.5
20.4
22.9
26.0
29.9
29.2
29.2
28.4
26.7
25.1
26.5
26.3
27.0
26.3
25.0
23.6
21.9
22.6
23.7
+16%
-21%
-6%
Carbon
Monoxide
81.6
86.3
88.4
98.8
96.8
94.4
90.0
85.1
81.2
85.9
81.9
81.5
78.4
76.2
73.5
67.4
70.4
69.9
89.9
95.1
97.4
108.9
106.7
104.1
99.2
93.8
89.5
94.7
90.3
89.8
86.4
84.0
81.0
74.3
77.6
77.1
-14%
-29%
-14%
Lead
NA
NA
NA
203.8
220.8
231,7
202.7
162.1
147.0
153,1
141.2
127.9
108.7
70.6
55.9
54.4
46.3
40.1
NA
NA
NA
224.6
243.4
255.4
223.4
178.7
162.0
168.8
155.6
141.0
119.8
77.8
61.6
60.0
51.0
44.2
NA
-80%
-73%
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2. NATIONWIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940-1984
Table 1 gives a summary of total national emission estimates for
1940-1984. Tables 2 through 12 present summaries for each year
according to the five major categories of sources: transportation,
stationary source fuel combustion, industrial processes, solid waste
disposal, and miscellaneous sources. More detailed breakdowns of
emissions for 1970 through 1984 are given in Tables 13 through 17 for
transportation, Tables 18 through 22 for stationary source fuel
combustion, and in Tables 23 through 28 for industrial processes.
The Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC) are shown for each
process category in the industrial process tables. These designa-
tions are not intended to represent the complete emissions for all
SIC categories and serve only to identify and classify the industrial
process shown.
In all tables, data are reported in metric units, either as teragrams
(1012 grams) or gigagrams (109 grams) per year. One teragram equals
approximately 1.1 x 10^ short tons and one gigagram equals approxi-
mately 1.1 x 103 short tons.
2.1 Particulates (PM)
Particulate emissions result primarily from industrial processes
and from fuel combustion in stationary sources. For 1940 and 1950,
emissions from transportation (coal combustion by railroads) and
miscellaneous sources (forest fires) were also significant. Emissions
from fuel combustion and industrial processes did not change sub-
stantially from 1940 to 1970. Since 1970, emissions from these
categories have been substantially reduced as the result of installa-
tion of air pollution control equipment. Particulate emissions from
transportation decreased substantially from 1940 to 1960 as the result
of the obsolescence of coal-burning railroad locomotives. From 1960
to 1984, particulates from transportation increased due to increased
travel by highway motor vehicles. Miscellaneous source emissions
decreased substantially from 1940 to 1970, primarily due to a major
reduction in the acreage burned by forest wildfires. Solid waste
emissions increased from 1940 to 1970, but declined substantially to
1984 as the result of air pollution regulations prohibiting or
limiting the burning of solid waste.
2.2 Sulfur Oxides (S02)
Sulfur oxide emissions occur mostly from stationary source fuel
combustion and to some extent, from industrial processes. Sulfur
oxide emissions from combustion of coal by railroad locomotives were
also significant in 1940 and 1950. Emissions from solid waste dispos-
al and miscellaneous sources have always been minor. Emissions from
stationary source fuel combustion increased greatly from 1940 to 1970.
-------
From 1970 to 1984, emissions from fuel combustion have decreased
slightly. During this time period, fuel combustion, particularly of
sulfur-bearing coal and oil, continued to increase, but the average
sulfur contents of fuels decreased and a limited number of pollution
control systems (flue gas desulfurization) were installed. Emissions
from industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1970 reflecting
increased industrial production. From 1970 to 1984, industrial
process emissions decreased primarily due to control measures by
primary nonferrous smelters and sulfuric acid plants.
2.3 Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)
Nitrogen oxide emissions are produced largely by stationary source
fuel combustion and transportation sources. Emissions have steadily
increased over the period from 1940 to 1970 as the result of increased
fuel combustion. From 1970 to 1984, the size of the increase was
reduced somewhat by controls installed on highway motor vehicles and
to a lesser extent by controls on coal-fired electric utility boilers.
Since 1979, NOX emissions have actually decreased slightly. Nitrogen
oxide emissions by industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1970,
but have remained about constant since then.
2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
The largest sources of VOC emissions are transportation sources and
industrial processes. Miscellaneous sources, primarily forest wild-
fires and non-industrial consumption of organic solvents, also contri-
bute significantly to total VOC emissions. Emissions from stationary
source fuel combustion and solid waste disposal are relatively small.
Transportation source emissions increased greatly from 1940 to 1970,
primarily as the result of increased travel by highway motor vehicles.
Since 1970, air pollution controls installed on motor vehicles have
been effective in reducing VOC emissions. Industrial process emis-
sions have increased through the late 70's, generally reflecting
increased levels of industrial production. Controls installed on
industrial processes since 1970 have had a modest effect in preventing
additional increases in VOC emissions. Since 1979, VOC emissions from
industrial processes have decreased. This reflects both the installa-
tion of controls and a lower level of industrial output during these
years. Emissions from stationary source combustion declined from
1940 through the mid-1970's and then increased to 1984, reflecting
primarily the trend in residential wood combustion.
2.5 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Transportation sources are the largest emitters of carbon monoxide.
Major increases in emissions occurred from 1940 to 1970 as the result
of increased motor vehicle travel. From 1970 to 1984, transportation
emissions decreased as the result of highway vehicle emission controls,
-------
despite continued increases in highway vehicle travel. Emissions
from stationary source fuel combustion have declined from 1940
through the mid-19701s and then increased slightly to 1984.
Prior to 1970, residential coal and wood combustion contributed
significantly to CO emissions. However, as residential use of coal
has been replaced by other fuels, residential emissions have declined.
Beginning in the late 1970's, residential combustion of wood has
increased, however, and as a result CO emissions from residential
fuel combustion increased. Carbon monoxide emissions from industrial
processes increased from 1940 to 1950 but have declined somewhat
since then. The decline is due largely to the obsolesence of a few
high-polluting industrial processes such as carbon black manufacture
by the channel process and limited installation of control equipment
on other processes. These factors have been significant enough to
offset growth in industrial production which would otherwise have
caused a net increase in emissions. Carbon monoxide emissions from
solid waste disposal increased from 1940 to 1970, but have subse-
quently declined as the result of air pollution control efforts.
Substantial emissions of carbon monoxide from forest fires occurred
in 1940. In later years, these emissions have been much smaller due
to improved fire prevention efforts and more effective suppression of
wildfires.
2.6 Lead (Pb)
Lead emissions result primarily from transportation sources and
industrial processes. Emissions for lead were not computed before
1970 because of missing data, especially for transportation sources.
From 1970 to 1974, the transportation emissions varied based on the
amount of gasoline consumed and the average lead content. From 1975
to 1984, transportation emissions decreased as a result of the con-
version to unleaded gasoline. Emissions from industrial processes
have declined from 1970 to 1984 as the result of installation of air
pollution control equipment.
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TABLE 2
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF PARTICIPATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Rail roads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Iron and Steel Mills
Primary Metal Smelting
Secondary metals
Mineral Products
Chemi cals
Petroleum Refining
Wood Products
Food and Agriculture
Mining Operations
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
1940
1950
1960
1970
0.2
0.0
2.4
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.0
1.7
0.1
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
2.7
7.5
8.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
2.1
7.0
12.3
0.6
1.7
0.8
2.5
24.5
0.7
5.7
12.0
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.8
21.1
1.2
1.3
3.3
0.4
2.5
2.0
2.8
0.5
1.7
2.8
1.8
0.1
1.0
2.3
1.6
0.1
0.6
4.6
3.0
0.6
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.3
3.5
0.6
0.3
2.6
0.4
0.0
0.7
0.8
3.4
1.7
0.5
0.2
3.4
0.3
0.1
0.8
0.9
4.1
1.2
0.5
0.2
2.6
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.8
3.9
10.1
0.4
0.7
1.1
NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10ฐ short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
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TABLE 3
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF SULFUR OXIDES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
1940
1950
1960
1970
0.0
0.0
2.7
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
2.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.9
2.3
11.0
12.9
3.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.6
0.0
0.4
14.0
5.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
2.2
5.5
1.0
2.3
4.1
5.2
1.7
1.9
8.4
3.5
1.0
1.1
15.8
4.1
0.9
0.5
21.3
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Rail roads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Primary Metal Smelting
Pulp Mills
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron & Steel
Secondary Metals
Mineral Products
Natural Gas Processing
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Sol id Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teraqram equals 10*2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10" short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
2.5
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.0
2.8
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
3.0
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.1
3.6
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.0
0.6
0.1
6.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
18.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
20.3
0.0
0.5
0.5
20.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
28.2
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TABLE 4
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
1940
1950
1960
1970
1.3
0.0
0.6
0.1
0.2
2.1
0.0
0.9
0.1
0.4
3.6
0.0
0.7
0.1
0.5
6.0
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.8
2.2
3.5
3.4
4.7
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
4.9
6.7
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
7.6
0.6
2.3
0.2
0.3
1.2
2.9
0.3
0.3
2.3
3.7
0.3
0.4
4.5
3.9
0.3
0.4
9.1
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Petroleum Refining
Chemicals
Iron and Steel Mills
Pulp Mills
Mineral Products
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fi res
Other Burning
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 10^2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10ฐ short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.2
0.9
6.8
0.4
0.2
0.6
9.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
12.8
0.2
0.1
0.3
18.1
8
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TABLE 5
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel Mills
Mineral Products
Food and Agriculture
Industrial Organic Solvent Use
Petroleum Product Production
and Marketing
Industrial Processes Total
Sol id Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Organic Solvent Use
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE
1940
1950
1960
1970
4.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.2
6.8
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.4
10.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
11.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.5
5.2
4.7
3.2
7.9
3.1
5.2
11.1
1.9
6.1
0.5
0.9
1.4
12.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
4.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
3.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.8
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.9
1.0
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.0
0.8
1.2
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.1
2.1
1.2
1.1
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.2
2.4
1.6
1.6
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.2
4.0
2.1
8.7
3.1
0.6
0.8
4.5
18.5
1.7
0.6
1.3
3.6
20.8
0.9
0.5
1.7
3.1
23.6
0.7
0.3
2.3
3.3
27.1
: One teraqram equals 10^2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10ฐ short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of les
50,000 metric tons.
ess than
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TABLE 6
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1940 1950 1960 1970
Transportation
Highway Vehicles 22.0 33.1 46.5 62.7
Aircraft 0.0 0.8 1.6 0.9
Railroads 3.7 2.8 0.3 0.3
Vessels 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.1
Other Off-Highway 3.4 6.7 8.0 6.8
Transportation Total 29.3 43.6 57.0 71.8
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2
Industrial 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Commercial Institutional 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Residential 15.4 10.7 6.3 3.4
Fuel Combustion Total 15.9 11.4 7.0 4.4
Industrial Processes
Chemicals 3.8 5.3 3.6
Petroleum Refining 0.2 2.4 2.8
Iron and Steel Mills 1.5 1.1 1.3
Primary Metal Smelting 0.0 0.1 0.3
Secondary Metals 1.0 1.4 1.0
Pulp Mills 0.1 0.2 0.3
Industrial Processes Total 6.6 10.5 9.3 9.0
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.7
Open Burning 1.3 1.8 2.6 3.7
Solid Waste Total 3.3 4.3 5.1 6.4
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires 22.8 12.8 6.7 5.1
Other Burning 3.7 3.7 3.3 2.1
Misc. Total 26.5 16.5 10.0 7.2
Total of All Sources 81.6 86.3 88.4 98.8
NOTE: One teragram equals lO^2 grams (106 metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10ฐ short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
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Similarly, nitrogen oxides include predominantly nitric oxide (NO) and
nitrogen dioxide (N02). Other nitrogen*oxides are probably emitted in
small amounts. In this report all nitrogen oxide emissions are express-
ed as the equivalent weight of N02. Estimates of oxidant emissions are
not provided because most oxidant species are secondary pollutants
generated by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Emission
estimates of VOC, a major ingredient in oxidant-producing reactions,
were developed from current emission factors.2,3 Generally excluded
from VOC estimates were emissions of methane, ethane, methyl chloroform,
and other compounds which are considered to be of neglible photochemical
reactivity. Organic species were identified based on Reference 22. If
no data were available for a source category, the total nonmethane hydro-
carbon or the total hydrocarbon emission factor from Reference 2 was
used. Highway vehicle emissions were estimated as nonmethane VOC's.3
The following sections discuss the most important factors influencing
the emission trends for each pollutant.
39
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4.1 Particulates
1940-1970
The estimated particulate emissions for 1940, 1950 and 1960 are 15 to
30 percent higher than in 1970. Even though industrial production
levels and the quantities of fuels consumed were lower than the post-
1970 period, the general lack of air pollution controls before 1970
resulted in relatively large particulate emissions. Also, for the
years 1940 and 1950, particulate emissions from coal combustion by
railroads and from forest wildfires were significant.
A large portion of the particulate emissions from stationary source
fuel combustion, result from the combustion of coal. In 1940, coal was
consumed largely in the industrial and residential sectors. Residential
coal use has declined substantially since 1940, resulting in a corre-
sponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has also declined,
but not to the same extent. The degree of control employed by industrial
coal consumers has increased, however, so that overall industrial coal
combustion emissions decreased by 1970 to only about 40 percent of the
estimated 1940 level. On the other hand, coal combustion by electric
utilities has increased greatly, from an estimated 51 million tons in
1940 to 321 million tons in 1970. This increased consumption resulted
in increased emissions from 1940 to 1950. Since then, particulate emis-
sions from electric utilities have decreased, despite continued in-
creases in coal consumption. Installation of improved control equip-
ment is responsible for this reduction.
Particulate emissions from industrial processes increased from 1940
to 1950, reflecting increased industrial production. From 1950 to 1970,
industrial output continued to grow, but installation of pollution
control equipment helped to offset the increase in industrial produc-
tion. As a result, from 1950 to 1960 industrial process emissions
stayed about the same, and decreased slightly from 1960 to 1970.
1970-1984
Since 1970, particulate emissions have decreased substantially as the
result of air pollution control efforts. The extent of the reduction is
most evident from the data in Table 29 which shows theoretical 1984
national emission estimates, assuming that pollutant control levels did
not change since 1970. Overall, particulate emissions would have
increased by about 17 percent from 1970 to 1984 with no change in the
degree of control from 1970. In comparison, as shown in Table 1,
particulate emissions decreased about 61 percent from 1970 to 1984.
Thus, 1984 actual particulate emissions were about a third of what
they might have been without additional control efforts since 1970.
A large portion of the particulate emissions from stationary source
fuel combustion result from the combustion of coal. In 1970, a larger
portion of coal was consumed in the industrial and residential sectors.
40
-------
Residential coal use has declined substantially since 1970, resulting
in a corresponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has
also declined, but not to the same extent. The degree of control
employed by industrial coal consumers has increased, however, so that
overall industrial coal combustion emissions have decreased by 1984 to
only about 8 percent of the estimated 1970 level. On the other hand,
coal combustion by electric utilities has increased greatly, from an
estimated 321 million tons in 1970 to 664 million tons in 1984. However,
particulate emissions from electric utilities have decreased, despite
continued increases in coal consumption. Installation of improved
control equipment is responsible for this reduction. New facilities
constructed in the 1970's were required to meet New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) requirements to achieve a high degree of control.
From Tables 2 and 29, it can be seen that if the 1970 level of control
had remained in effect in 1984, electric utility emissions would have
more than doubled, from 2.3 teragrams to 4.9 teragrams. Estimated
actual 1984 emissions from electric utilities were 0.5 teragrams, a
decrease of 78 percent from 1970.
Particulate emissions from industrial processes have been reduced
substantially due to installation of improved control equipment mandated
by air pollution control programs. Since 1970, actual emissions from
industrial processes declined by over 75 percent. If the 1970 control
level had remained unchanged to 1983, emissions would have decreased
only about 1 percent. Table 23 shows estimated emissions for specific
processes. These annual emissions estimates reflect changes in produc-
tion levels along with an increase in average control levels from 1970
to 1984.
Comments on Particulate Emission Estimates
Caveats that should be noted with respect to these particulate
emission estimates are first that the estimates represent total particu-
late emissions, without any distinction of particle sizes. Thus, both
large particles and small particles are included. Emissions of very
large particles are more likely to settle out of the atmosphere and not
be measured as total suspended particulate by air quality monitoring
equipment. Small and intermediate size particles are more likely to
remain airborne and are more efficiently captured by total suspended
particulate air monitoring equipment. Small particles are also capable
of being inhaled into the human respiratory system, possibly causing
adverse health effects. The particulate emission controls that have
been employed to date have been most effective in reducing emissions
of large and intermediate size particles. The trend in the emissions
of small particles is not clearly known. It is very doubtful whether
small particle emissions have been reduced to the extent that total
particulate emissions have been reduced, however. It should be noted
that some small particles may be formed in the atmosphere as the result
of various chemical and physical processes. Such particles are not
included in the estimated total particulate emissions. A second caveat
is that fugitive particulate (emissions from unconfined sources such as
41
-------
storage piles, material loading, etc.) emissions are incompletely ac-
counted for in the emission totals. Rough estimates of industrial pro-
cess fugitive emissions are included for some industries. Area source
fugitive dust emissions (unpaved roads, construction activities, etc.)
are not included at all. Similarly, natural sources of particulates,
such as wind erosion or dust, are not included. (An exception is forest
fires, some of which result from natural causes). In total, these
fugitive emissions may amount to a considerable portion of total partic-
ulate emissions. The controls applied to these sources have so far
been minimal. Due to the lack of adequate emission factors and emission
inventory techniques for these sources, fugitive particulate emissions
have not been included in most emission inventories. As additional
data become available, it is expected that estimates of fugitive partic-
ulate emissions will be included in future emission inventories. It
should be noted, however, that a major portion of the fugitive particu-
late emissions are relatively large particles that are not readily
captured by particulate air quality monitors. Similarly, these large
particles do not effectively enter into the human respiratory system.
4.2 Sulfur Oxides
1940-1970
From 1940 to 1970, major increases in sulfur oxide emissions occurred
as the result of increased combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and
oil. Industrial process emissions also increased, but to a lesser
extent. Sulfur oxide emissions from other source categories decreased,
primarily as the result of the obsolescence of coal-fired railroad
locomotives and a decrease in coal refuse burning.
1970-1984
Since 1970, total sulfur oxide emissions have declined about 24
percent as the result of use of fuels with lower average sulfur contents,
some scrubbing of sulfur oxides from flue gases, and controls on indus-
trial process sources. Significant emission reductions from industrial
processes have occurred, mostly from non-ferrous smelters and sulfuric
acid plants. By-product recovery of sulfuric acid at smelters has
increased since 1970. As a result, sulfur oxide emissions that previ-
ously would have been released to the atmosphere are recovered as
sulfuric acid. Since 1972, new sulfuric acid manufacturing plants have
been subject to New Source Performance Standards requirements. These
rules have contributed to decreased emissions, as new plants built to
meet new product demands or replace old facilities, must meet more
stringent emission limitations than old facilities.
As shown in the tables, since 1970 sulfur oxide emissions from electric
utilities account for more than half of the total emissions. Combustion
of sulfur-bearing fuels, chiefly coal and residual fuel oil, is respon-
sible. Between 1970 and 1984, utility use of coal increased by over 100
percent. Emissions from utilities have decreased, however, because
42
-------
fuels with lower sulfur content have been used to the extent that they
were available. Also, flue gas desulfurization systems have been
installed so that by the late 1970's enough units were in service to
prevent increases in electric utility emissions. 1984 electric utility
emissions would have been approximately 18 percent higher without the
operation of flue gas desulfurization controls. The theoretical 1984
national emission estimates given in Table 29 for stationary fuel
combustion sources are based on 1984 fuel amounts but fuel sulfur
contents that represent 1970 average levels for fuel oil and an esti-
mated average sulfur content of coal that would have been consumed if
there were no changes in air pollution regulations since 1970. It is
estimated that the national average sulfur content of coal burned would
have declined anyway even without new air pollution regulations due to
the greater use of coal from the Western U.S., which generally has a
lower sulfur content than coal from the Eastern States. On this basis,
electric utility emissions would have increased 29 percent. In fact,
emissions decreased by 8 percent. Sulfur oxide emissions from other
fuel combustion sectors decreased, primarily due to less coal burning
by these industrial, commercial and residential consumers.
Comments on Sulfur Oxide Emission Estimates
Emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been identified as
precursors of acidic precipitation and deposition. To support Federal
research activities on the subject, more detailed historical emissions
estimates of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been developed. Interested
readers may wish to review Reference 30, which contains State level
estimates of sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions from 1900 through
1980.
4.3 Nitrogen Oxides
1940-1970
Nitrogen oxide emissions result almost entirely from fuel combustion
by stationary sources and motor vehicles. From 1940 through 1970, NOx
emissions increased steadily as the result of increased fuel combustion.
1970-1984
Controls applied to sources of NOx emissions have had a limited effect
in reducing emissions through 1984. Table 29 shows that with the 1970
control level, national NOx emissions would have been about 21 percent
higher than actual 1984 emissions. The emissions from stationary fuel
combustion sources largely reflect the actual growth in fuel consump-
tion. For electric utilities, NSPS control requirements have held down
the growth in NOx emissions somewhat. Nevertheless, NOx emissions from
electric utilities increased 47 percent from 1970 to 1984. For mobile
sources, NOx emissions were controlled as a result of the Federal Motor
Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP). Nitrogen oxide emissions from highway
43
-------
vehicles would have increased 60 percent, had there been no change in
control level since 1970. The estimates of actual NOx emissions show
a 13 percent increase.
4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds
194Q-1970
From 1940 through 1970, VOC emissions increased about 50 percent.
Major increases in highway vehicle travel and industrial production
were chiefly responsible. Emissions from these source categories were
about two and a half times higher in 1970 than in 1940. Emissions from
residential fuel combustion and forest fires declined substantially,
however. In 1940, residential fuel combustion and forest fires account-
ed for 42 percent of total national VOC emissions. By 1970, their
contribution to total VOC emissions had been reduced to 6 percent.
1970-1984
Since 1970, emissions of VOC decreased primarily due to motor vehicle
controls and less burning of solid waste. Had controls not been
implemented, a substantial increase in emissions from highway vehicles
would have occurred. From 1970 to 1984, vehicle-miles of travel in the
U.S. increased by about 53 percent.ฐ> A comparable increase in emissions
would have occurred had 1970 control levels remained unchanged. As a
result of the controls put in place, VOC emissions from highway vehicles
actually decreased 46 percent. VOC emissions also decreased due to the
substitution of water-based emulsified asphalts (used for road paving)
for asphalts liquefied with petroleum distillates (cutback asphalts).
This is reflected in the decreased emissions reported for miscellaneous
organic solvent use.
Through 1978 these decreases were offset by increases in industrial
process emissions. Since then, industrial process emissions have also
declined, so that overall total VOC emissions were reduced about 21
percent from 1970 to 1984. Industrial process emissions increased
due to higher production levels, particularly in industrial sectors
such as petroleum refining, organic chemical production, and industrial
uses of organic solvents. Control procedures employed were effective
in limiting the growth in emissions, however. In addition, source
production levels in 1981 through 1983 were relatively low due to poor
economic conditions. Through the mid-1970's, emissions from petroleum
product storage and marketing operations also increased as the result
of increased demand for petroleum products, particularly motor gasoline.
Since 1978, emissions from this source sector are estimated to have
decreased as the result of declining product demand and more effective
control measures.
In 1970, VOC emissions from residential fuel combustion were insigni-
ficant. However, in the late 1970's emissions began to increase due to
44
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the popularity of wood stoves and fireplaces for residential space
heating. In 1984, residential fuel combustion accounted for about 12
percent of total VOC emissions.
Comments on VOC Emission Estimates
Volatile organic compounds along with nitrogen oxides are participants
in atmospheric chemical and physical processes that result in the
formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants. Emissions of VOC
that are most likely to have a role in such atmospheric processes are
included in the reported emissions estimates. Photochemically non-
reactive compounds such as methane are not included in the estimated
emissions of VOC. Biogenic sources of organic compounds such as trees
and other vegetation are not included either. Initial estimates are
that emissions of VOC from naturally-occurring sources exceed the amount
of anthropogenic emissions. The extent to which biogenic sources of VOC
contribute to oxidant formation, if at all, has not been clearly estab-
lished, however. Ambient concentrations of ozone are typically higher
during the summer months. As a result, analysis of seasonal, rather
than annual VOC emissions may be more appropriate to understand the
relationship between VOC emissions and high ozone concentrations in
the atmosphere. Sources such as residential space heating, which
occurs primarily during the winter would have little impact on summer
ozone levels.
4.5 Carbon Monoxide
1940-1970
From 1940 through 1970, the relative contribution by the various
source categories to total CO emissions changed considerably. In 1940,
highway vehicles contributed only about 27 percent of carbon monoxide
emissions. Residential fuel combustion (primarily of wood and coal),
forest fires and other burning (agricultural crop residues and coal
refuse) contributed about 50 percent of total CO emissions. Fron 1940
to 1970, highway vehicle emissions nearly tripled, while emissions from
residential fuel combustion and miscellaneous burning sources decresed
substantially. As a result, in 1970 highway vehicles accounted for 63
percent of total CO emissions. Industrial process CO emissions increas-
ed from 1940 to 1970 by about 36 percent. The largest increase
occurred in the petroleum refining sector, primarily as the result of
expansion of catalytic cracking capacity to meet increased demand for
gasoline and other middle distillates.
1970-1984
Since 1970, highway motor vehicles have been the largest contributing
source of CO emissions. The implementation of the Federal Motor Vehicle
Control Program (FMVCP) has been successful in reducing CO emissions
since the early 1970's. From 1970 through 1978, motor vehicle miles of
travel increased 38 percent, but because of controls on new vehicles,
45
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total CO emissions from highway vehicles decreased 16 percent. From
1978 to 1980, VMT declined by 1.7 percent. This lack of growth in
vehicle travel together with an increased degree of control because of
stricter emission standards for new vehicles and the gradual disappear-
ance of older uncontrolled vehicles from the vehicle fleet, produced an
estimated 14 percent drop in highway vehicle emissions in the two year
period from 1978 to 1980. Since 1980, VMT have grown each year. From
1980 to 1984, VMT increased by 13 percent. However, due to the FMVCP
controls, CO emissions from highway vehicles actually decreased slightly
during this period. Overall from 1970 to 1984, without the implementa-
tion of FMVCP, highway vehicle emissions would have increased 40 per-
cent. By comparison, actual emissions are estimated to have decreased
34 percent.
CO emissions from other sources have also generally decreased. In
1970, emissions from burning of agricultural crop residues were greater
than in more recent years. Solid waste disposal emissions have also
decreased as the result of implementation of regulations limiting or
prohibiting burning of solid waste in many areas. Emissions of CO from
stationary source fuel combustion occur mainly from the residential
sector. These emissions were reduced somewhat through the mid-1970's as
residential consumers converted to natural gas, oil, or electric heating
equipment. Recent growth in the use of residential wood stoves has
reversed this trend, but increased CO emissions from residential sources
continue to be small compared to highway vehicle emissions. Neverthe-
less, in 1984 residential wood combustion accounted for about 10 percent
of national CO emissions, more than any source category except highway
vehicles. CO emissions from industrial processes have generally been
declining since 1970 as the result of the obsolescence of a few high-
polluting processes such as manufacture of carbon black by the channel
process and installation of controls on other processes.
4.6 Lead
1970-1984
The emissions of lead have decreased due to the implementation of the
Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP). The implementation of
FMVCP has resulted in the use of catalytic converters to reduce NOx,
VOC, and CO emissions and has required the use of unleaded gasoline for
vehicles with converters. From 1970 through 1974, the highway use of
gasoline increased 13 percent, but because of the decrease in lead con-
tent in leaded gasoline, lead emissions from highway vehicles decreased
17 percent. From 1975 to 1984, the percent unleaded gasoline sales
increased from 13 to 60 percent, and the lead emissions decreased 72
percent. From 1970 through 1984, off highway consumption of gasoline
decreased 39 percent while lead emissions decreased 72 percent.
Lead emissions also decreased from other sources. The 95 percent
decrease in stationary source fuel combustion is a result of the decrease
in lead concentration in waste oil utilized in industrial boilers.
46
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Lead emissions decreased 90 percent for industrial processes from 1970
through 1984. Part of this decrease reflects the changes that result
from installation of air pollution control equipment. As shown in
Tables 12 and 29, the change in emissions as a result of changes in
operating rates would be a 38 percent reduction. Lead emissions from
solid waste disposal have decreased 66 percent from 1970 through 1984
as a result of the decreased amount of solid waste disposed of by
incineration.
47
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TABLE 29
THEORETICAL 1984 NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
BASED ON 1970 LEVEL OF CONTROL
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
PM
SO,
VOC
CO
Percentage of 1970 Actual Emissions
emissions are expressed in gigagrams/year.
PB1
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Non -Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Residenti al /Commerci al
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes (SIC)
Mining Operations (10,2,13,14)
Food and Agriculture (02,07,20)
Wood Products (24,26)
Chemicals (28)
Petroleum Refining (29)
Mineral Products (32)
Metals (33)
Miscellaneous
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste
Miscellaneous
Total
1984 Actual Emissions (Table 1)
Theoretical 1984 Emissions As A
Percentage Of 1984 Actual Emissions
1970 Actual Emissions (Table 1)
Theoretical 1984 Emissions As A
1.4
0.2
1.6
4.9
1.2
1.3
7.4
3.8
1.3
0.8
0.2
0.1
2.6
1.2
0.0
10.0
1.2
0.9
21.1
7.0
301%
18.1
117%
0.5
0.4
0.9
20.4
2.4
0.7
23.5
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.7
1.0
0.7
2.7
0.0
5.7
0.1
0.0
30.2
21.4
141%
28.2
107%
9.6
1.9
11.5
7.6
2.9
0.6
11.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.4
0.2
23.9
19.7
121%
18.1
132%
16.4
1.2
17.6
0.0
0.1
2.5
2.6
0.0
0.2
0.0
2.2
1.0
0.0
0.0
6.8
10.2
2.1
3.5
36.0
21.5
167%
27.1
133%
87.6
7.2
94.8
0.3
0.6
7.4
8.3
0.0
0.0
0.8
2.7
2.0
0.0
2.S
0.0
8.0
7.2
6.3
124.6
69.9
178%
98.8
126%
175.0
4.6
179.6
0.6
9.2
0.0
9.8
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.5
13.5
0.3
14.9
2.9
0.0
207.2
40.1
517%
203.8
102%
48
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5. REFERENCES
*1. National Emissions Report, National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
NADB, OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-450/4-84-026. November 1984.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition
(Including Supplements 1-15). US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. AP-42.
3. User's Guide to MOBILES (Mobile Source Emissions Model), US Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution
Control, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Publication No. EPA-460/3-89-002.
June 1984.
*4. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, US Department
of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1984.
*5. FAA Air Traffic Activity. Federal Aviation Administration, US
Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1984.
*6. Petroleum Supply Annual 1984, Energy Information Administration,
US Department of Energy. Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-
0340(84)71. June 1985.
*7. Coal .Distribution January-December, Energy Information Administration
US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-
0125(84/4Q). April 1985.
8. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment
Using Internal Combustion Engines. Southwest Research Institute,
San Antonio, TX. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No. EHS 70-108. Oct 1973.
9. Particulate Pollutant Systems Study. Midwest Research Institute,
Kansas City, MO. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. National Air Pollution Control
Administration Contract No. CPA 22-69-104. May 1971.
10. Standard Computer Retrievals from the National Emissions Data
System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report available from NADB,
OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent publication
available when this document was prepared is cited.
49
-------
*11. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants-1984, Energy
Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Washington,
D.C. Publication No. DOE/EIA-0191(84). July 1985.
*12. Natural Gas Annual, Energy Information Administration, US Department
of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-0131(83). March
1985.
*13. Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of Mines, US Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC. 1984.
*14. Current Industrial Reports. Bureau of the Census, US Department
of Commerce, Washington, DC.
15. End Uses of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds, The
Research Corporation of New England, Wethersfield, CT, EPA
Publication EPA-450/3-79-032, May 1979.
16. 1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices. Public
Health Service, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Cincinnati, OH. PHS Publication No. 1867. 1968.
*17. Wildfire Statistics. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture,
Washington, DC. 1978.
18. Emissions Inventory from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns,
and Agricultural Burns. US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-
062. November 1974.
19. Coal Refuse Fires, An Environmental Hazard. Bureau of Mines, US
Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Information Circular
8515. 1971.
*20. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Bureau of the Census,
US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1984 (104th ed.).
*21. Chemical and Engineering News, Annual Facts and Figures Issue,
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. June 10, 1985.
22. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual Second Edition,
US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Publication No. EPA-450/4-80-015. July 1980.
23. Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972, Executive Office
of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent
publication available when this document was prepared is cited.
50
-------
*24. Coal Production, Energy Information Administration, US Department
of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-0118(84).
November 1985.
*25. Standard Computer Retrievals from the Flue Gas Desulfun'zation
Information System (FGDIS). Unpublished Computer Report Available
from the Air & Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
*26. Quarterly Coal Report, Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-
0121(85/2Q). September 1985.
27. Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981. U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. OOE/EIA-
0341. August 1982.
28. Organic Solvent Use in Web Coating Operations, Emission Standards
and Engineering Division, US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-450/3-81-012.
September 1981.
29. AEROS Manual Series Volume IV: NADB Internal Operations Manual.
OAQPS Guidelines No. 1.2-041. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 1978.
30. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United
States from 1900 to 1980. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1985. Publication No.
EPA-600/7-85-009.
31. Supplementary Guidelines for Lead Implementation PlansUpdated
Projections for Motor Vehicle Lead Emissions, OAQPS/OMS Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711/Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Publication No.
EPA-450/2-83-002. March 1983.
32. Telephone communication between Jacob Summers, OAQPS, and Michael
Petruska, Office of Solid Waste, US EPA, Washington, DC, November
9, 1984.
*33. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production Sales,
1984, United States International Trade Commission, Washington,
DC 20436.
*34. Petroleum Marketing Monthly, Energy Information Administration,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.; Publication No.
DOE/EIA-0380(85/07). July 1985.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent publication
available when this document was prepared is cited.
51
-------
35. Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983. U.S
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No.
DOE/EIA-0341(83). November 1984.
52
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/4-85-Q14
2.
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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
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National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1984
7. AUTHOR(S)
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
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Final - 1940-1984
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16. ABSTRACT
This report presents estimates of trends in nationwide air pollutant emissions for
the six major pollutants: sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, volatile
organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Estimates are broken down according
to major types of air pollutant sources. A short analysis of emission trends is
given, along with a discussion of methods used to develop the data.
17.
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DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
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trends, emissions, inventory, air
pollutants, nationwide, sulfur oxides,
carbon monoxide, particulates, volatile
organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, con-
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lead
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