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-Metal processing includes emissions from mining, refining and the
production of alloy and metal products. Emissions of zinc, manganese,
copper, cadmium, nickel and beryllium are all significant. Although
not explicitly identified with this category, chrome plating is a- very
important source of chromium emissions.
-Mobile sources are major emitters of benzene, toluene, isomers of
xylene, POM and formaldehyde. Large percentages of all benzene,
toluene, POM, and xylene emanate from mobile sources, primarily from
tailpipe emissions and evaporation from gasoline powered vehicles.
-Stationary fuel combustion is the largest emitter of POM and several
metals (beryllium, chromium and nickel) and an important source of
chlorine, cadmium, copper, formaldehyde and manganese. Generally,
smaller sources such as woodstoves will be the most important emitters
of POM.
-Except for waste oil combustion, so-called "nontraditional sources" are
not covered in Table 10. Nontraditional sources are those that have not
traditionally been included in criteria pollutant inventories, but which
may be significant emitters of air toxics. Potentially important non-
traditional sources are listed below:
o Publicly-owned Treatment Works (POTWs), i.e., municipal sewage
treatment plants.
o Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) which
handle hazardous waste in the following kinds of operations:
- landfills and land treatment
- surface impoundments and treatment tanks
- waste piles
- drum handling
- unloading and storage
- recycling
- deep well injection
incineration
o Waste oil combustion.
o Wood combustion (stoves, fireplaces).
o Drinking water aeration.
o Cooling towers.
o Hospital and medical supply sterilizers.
-Methylene chloride and methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane)
are emitted in important quantities from solvent use, aerosols,
etc., but may not be accounted for in VOC inventories that have
been adjusted to remove non-photochemically reactive compounds.
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It must be emphasized that Table 10 is based on fragmented and sometimes
old, inconsistent data, since reliable air toxics emission estimates are only
slowly forthcoming. Hence, the conclusions drawn therefrom should not be
considered absolute. Moreover, since the underlying data in Table 10 are
representative of the entire nation, the proportions will not necessarily
apply to any particular region or urban area — especially for point sources.
Nevertheless, the broad perspective offered by this summary may offer some
help in the screening process in understanding and characterizing the general
distribution of air toxics emissions.
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CHAPTER 6
POINT/AREA SOURCE HISTINCTIONS
Most emission inventories distinguish between point sources and area
sources. Point sources are those sources large enough to permit and/or
to keep individual records on. Area sources are sources too small and/or
numerous to permit or to warrant individual recordkeeping. (Some inventories
also distinguish between major point and minor point sources.) The rationale
for making this distinction is to minimize the reporting burden on smaller
sources and to reduce the volume of point source inventory records.
6.1 Making the Point/Area Source Distinction
The point/area source distinction can be made in several ways:
(a) By defining all sources within particular source categories as
either point or area sources. For example, all gasoline service stations,
dry cleaners, etc., might be handled as area sources and exempted from
reporting, and, conversely, all hospital sterilizers and chrome platers may
be required to submit emissions data as point sources.
(b) By establishing emission cutoff or "de minimis" levels. For example,
sources might only be required to report emissions greater than "x" tons per
year.
Various de minimis levels and exemption criteria are presently being
employed by States and local agencies in their air toxics inventories.
Some of these are listed in Table 11 as examples. At least one agency has
defined cutoff levels for each toxic substance covered in its inventory.
6.2 Factors Affecting the Point/Area Source Distinction
The agency needs to make several decisions regarding the point/area
source distinction. For example, the point/area source distinctions for
criteria pollutants need to be evaluated carefully if the agency plans to
base the air toxics inventory on the criteria pollutant inventory. Small
industrial sources such as dry cleaners, degreasers, chrome platers, paint
coaters, waste oil boilers, etc., are often considered collectively as area
sources in criteria pollutant inventories since their emissions of PM or VOC
may not exceed typical cutoff levels of 5-100 tons per year. In some cases,
these smaller sources may even be excluded altogether from the existing
inventory and not even covered as area sources. If the agency decides that
it needs to permit and keep individual records on certain of these smaller
sources to afford a proper evaluation of emissions and risk, additional
contacts may be necessary to obtain the necessary source and/or emissions
data. Conceivably, the agency might even go to a "zero" emission cutoff
34
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TABLE 11
EXAMPLE CUTOFF LEVELS AND EXEMPTED SOURCES
Example Cutoff levels
o None
o 1 TRY of any toxic substance
o 100 TPY of any regulated pollutant
o 0.25 Ib emission of any toxic substance per 8 hr time period
o Cutoff level for each inventoried compound (as function of TLV)
Examples of Exempted Sources
o Boilers <100 MMBtu/hr exempted
o Boilers firing wood or unadulterated fossil fuels
o Certain small sources exempted (e.g., dry cleaners, service stations)
35
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level for a few Important sources, thereby designating all sources within
particular categories (e.g., all chrome platers or all benzene storage tanks)
as point sources regardless of size, throughput or emissions.
The principal advantage of considering sources individually rather than
collectively is that it results in more accurate estimates of emissions,
ambient air concentrations and risks. It also improves the accuracy of any
detailed control strategy projections. A negative aspect of considering many
small sources as point sources is that more resources are required both by
the agency and the industrial community to collect and digest the greater
volume of point source data. In this regard, industry may strongly resist
any requirements to acquire information on very small sources without some
reporting exemptions based on emission rates and/or substance toxicities.
Of course, if an agency is focusing on all sources within relatively small
geographic areas, the added expense of considering small sources individually
may be necessary.
One potential problem should be mentioned with using cutoff or de minimis
levels in air toxics inventories, a problem that exists in criteria pollutant
inventories, as well. If the cutoff level chosen allows a significant number
of sources to escape consideration as point sources, these sources will have
to be considered collectively as area sources if the agency is seeking a
comprehensive emission inventory. For example, if the agency exempts coin-
operated (self-service) dry cleaners and small, cold-cleaner degreasers
from reporting, a significant amount of perchloroethylene, methylene chloride
and methyl cloroform will not be inventoried unless these small emitters are
accounted for in the area source totals. (Procedures for accounting for
sources below cutoff levels as area sources are discussed in Reference 2.)
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CHAPTER 7
GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF COVERAGE
An important consideration during the screening process regards how big
a geographic area should be covered. Typically, criteria pollutant inven-
tories cover fairly broad areas such as entire states or nonattainment areas.
This extent of coverage has been necessary since criteria pollutants are
ubiquitous and emitted by a diverse collection of point and area sources.
There are no well defined boundaries for air toxics inventories such as
exist for nonattainment areas. Because inventorying a multitude of toxic sub-
stances can be expensive and time consuming, the relevant question is whether
there are justifiable rationale for excluding certain areas from coverage in
order to save resources. The answer to this question may be based on the
underlying approach the agency has taken in its air toxics control program.
The most common approach in air toxics programs is to model ambient air
levels around new and/or existing point sources, using source emission esti-
mates, and then impose controls based on how much the modeled levels exceed
some acceptable ambient standards or guidelines. Since the nature of this
type of program is to focus solely on major point sources wherever they occur
— often regardless of the existence of other nearby sources — the concept
of excluding some areas from concern is really not germane as the entire
State (or local jurisdiction) becomes the area of coverage. Thus, extent of
coverage may not be an issue In this type of program.
In programs that are (1) defining relative emission strengths of small,
non-permitted point sources and area sources, or (2) starting to consider the
additive risks from these smaller sources along with major, permitted sources,
the concept of limiting geographic coverage has more relevance. Several
studiesll»27 have concluded that small sources are major contributors to
aggregate incidence in urban areas; hence, this focus seems appropriate.
However, due to the extra burden of compiling point source data on many smaller
sources and developing area source emission estimates at an appropriate level
of spatial resolution, it makes sense to try to limit the area of coverage to
the extent justifiable.
This matter is an important one to consider during the planning stages
of inventory development and one that a screening study can address. Those
agencies that plan to compile more than a crude, aggregate inventory of small
point and area sources — especially those agencies concerned with additive
risk assessments and control strategy evaluations based on risk management
techniques — should predetermine where to focus their inventory effort.
Presumably, such emphasis would be placed on industrial and/or urban areas,
or high risk areas therein, where the screening study indicated high emission
concentratrions and/or high ambient air levels along with elevated risks.
37
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CHAPTER 8
DETAILED DATA COLLECTION AND EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURES
Chapter 3 discussed the concept of the screening inventory as a means of
locating potential emitters of air toxics and developing screening estimates
of emissions. The purpose of the screening study is to focus subsequent
agency activities and resources on those sources, pollutants and geographic
areas causing most risk. At some point in the air toxics program, the screening
inventory will probably need to be refined before any control program is
instituted. During this follow-up effort, more detailed and credible source
data and emissions estimates will be needed, probably requiring some direct
source contacts to provide this information. Various procedures are set forth
in this report to help those agencies going beyond the screening inventory. In
this regard, some of the approaches for compiling the detailed inventory will
be the same as or extensions of those used for screening. For example, the
location of sources will largely be the same, using the basic tools outlined
in Chapter 3. The major differences are in compiling detailed source data
and making emission estimates.
8.1 Locating Sources
Since most sources of air toxics substances should already be in the
criteria pollutant inventory, these sources should not have to be located
again as if the agency were starting from scratch. Instead, the agency needs
only to associate emissions of specific air toxic compounds of interest with
existing sources in the existing inventory. As mentioned before, certain
"nontraditional" sources may not be included and certain sources may be
excluded because their VOC were considered photochemically nonreactive.
Two important nonreactive VOC of particular interest are methyl chloroform
(1,1,1 trichloroethane) and methylene chloride.
Many of the screening tools outlined in Chapter 3 will be appropriate
for use in locating sources in the detailed inventory and, thus, are not
repeated here. Since none of these screening tools requires source contacts,
some errors will occur in identifying actual emitters of particular toxic
substances. One additional locating tool that some agencies employ that
involves making source contacts is the production/use survey. Some agencies
have utilized production/use questionnaires which basically just ask sources
to identify whether each substance is purchased, used or produced. From
this, the agency may decide which facilities should receive a more detailed,
followup questionnaire.
In general, the emphasis in the detailed inventory will not be on locating
sources, since this has presumably been done in the screening process. This
step will be necessary, however, where the agency has foregone the screening
process.
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8.2 Data Collection
Before sending out questionnaires or making plant visits, the agency
should carefully evaluate the need to contact all sources. Based on the
results of the screening study, certain sources may have such low emissions
or pose such little risk that further information would not prove useful.
Or, in some cases, the screening estimate developed by the agency based on
material balances or emission factors may prove as accurate as any estimates
likely to be provided by certain industrial segments. The latter may be the
case for small solvent users and combustion sources. For those sources where
the agency believes it needs more information, data collection may proceed
using questionnaires, plant visits, etc., just as with any criteria pollutant.
A great deal of data can also be obtained through the new source review and
permit renewal process.
(a) Use of questionnaires
As mentioned previously, a fundamental decision that has to be made
during planning is whether the questionnaires should be open-ended or directed
toward a limited number of compounds. This decision will affect both the
design of the questionnaires and the nature of data collected. In general,
if a directed approach is taken, and the number of compounds is kept to a
minimum, the resulting number of source contacts that has to be made can be
greatly reduced. Moreover, the quality of the data received may also improve
— especially if the questionnaires can be tailored to the principal source
categories of concern. Data collected from industry-specific questionnaires
will not only be more accurate for the respondent sources themselves, but
will also allow the agency to develop emission factors and emission-to-employee
ratios to apply to other, perhaps nonresponding, sources in the same source
categories. Of course, tailoring questionnaires to specific industries can be
costly and time consuming unless another agency's questionnaires can be
adopted. This time and effort may be recovered since less followup will often
be required.
Conversely, if one uses the open-ended approach and is not targeting
information on specific sources or a limited group of compounds, a much larger
number of contacts will be necessary using questionnaires that are more generic
in design. This approach may require less time and effort for questionnaire
design, but the resulting responses may be commensurately less detailed and
possibly not as useful. For example, if an agency is conducting an open-ended
survey of air toxics associated with solvent use, a fairly general survey form
will have to be sent out to a large number of coaters, degreasers, printers,
drycleaners, etc., with a voluminous and varied response expected. As mentioned
previously, a particular danger in this type of survey is that many (especially
smaller) sources may simply report trade names of solvents, coatings, etc., or
may not report anything at all if they don't know what compounds are present in
the materials they use. Either possibility can lead to underreporting and an
underestimating of substance use and emissions by the sources and the inventory
agency.
Various kinds of questionnnaires have been developed to collect air
toxics emissions data, with some being quite detailed and others being very
39
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general. EPA has developed several questionnaires to collect long and short
term release information from major organic chemical manufacturers as background
for setting NESHAPs under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The long term
questionnaire asks for annual emissions from process vents, fugitive equipment
leaks, equipment openings, raw material/product storage and handling, secondary
waste treatment, and liquid spills. The short term version covers the same
sources but focuses on above-average emissions from relief valve vents, bypass
of control devices, startup and shutdown, accidental releases or any other
event, routine or otherwise. Because of this extreme detail, a questionnaire
of this type would most likely only be used by an agency to collect information
on a handful of very large, singularly important point sources. Obviously,
a great deal of effort would go into filling out a questionnaire of this
complexity as well as into interpreting the response.
In contrast, many agencies will employ a more general questionnaire that
is not tailored to a specific type of source or one particular substance.
Such a questionnaire may be more appropriate when an agency needs information
quickly, albeit of a more "broad brush" nature. An example of such a ques-
tionnaire is included in Appendix J. Extending this concept, at least one
agency is preparing questionnaires tailored to several key industries within
the State.
Finally, as mentioned earlier, several agencies have developed survey
forms simply targeting chemical production and usage data. An example of
this type of survey form is shown in Appendix K. In this type of form, each
source may be asked if it purchases, packages, manufactures, stores or uses
a substance. This kind of survey form is used as a screening tool to get
some preliminary idea of who should be sent more detailed followup question-
naires, and perhaps, what kind of questionnaire should be sent (if the agency
has developed source or substance specific questionnaires). It is also used
to supply input to various agencies' emergency preparedness programs. One
negative aspect of a production and use survey is that the results are often
not directly useful in projecting if emissions actually occur, or at what
levels.
(b) Interpreting and augmenting questionnaire responses
Whatever questionnaire is used, some responses will be incomplete and/or
suspect. To this end, several other avenues may be explored to corroborate,
complement or help interpret the questionnaire responses. For example, if the
questionnaire respondant does not know the makeup of its company's emissions,
it may pay to contact his purchasing department to see if any composition data
can be inferred from purchasing specifications. Or, if Material Safety Data
Sheets are available, they might be solicited in the data collection effort as
they list specific compounds and weight percentages of hazardous ingredients
present in coatings, paints, preservatives, thinners, resins, etc. Figure 1
shows an example Material Safety Data Sheet. This kind of information should
be more available with time as a result of State and Federal right-to-know laws
which require that information be made available on the composition of products
being used in the workplace. Specifically, as of May 25, 1986, OSHA's Hazard
Communication, or right-to-know, standard requires users, distributors, repack-
agers, producers, importers, etc., (within SICs 20-39) to supply all known
40
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FIGURE 1
Sample Material Safety Data Sheet
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tip. elOMd oontain*r* *«po»»d to *nr*m* t>**t m»y txplod* Vrvvr UM » wlduvg or
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Vh*r« poMtbl*. UolMi oontolAvn from h*u. •J«ctrtc*J •quipavtu. rp*xkj tad flea*.
CM ft)]] protwuv* •qulpmrat tachidla< Mlf-eontatn*d 6r«»xMn< app4TMu«.
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VuploMd to 8r* o: *xlr«m« h*«t. vmMr chould b* u**d to oool elo**d oonl*U>»n tad prrrtnt prMrur*
fcifld-up or poMitil* •uto-tfolttoa.
Note: Companies are allowed to use any reporting format as long as the
necessary data are contained. Hence, differing formats would be expected
from most companies.
41
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hazard data, including species composition data and some toxicity data, on
Material Safety Data Sheets.28
State OSHAs can also be a valuable source of information even though the
Federal Hazard Communication standard supercedes States' right-to-know laws.
For example, some State agencies may have collected workplace ambient air
samples that could suggest what air toxics are being emitted. Also, these
agencies may have information on compositions of trade name products.
Various published product indexes and formularies contain information
product compositions that could assist in this regard. The Colour Index,^
Pesticide Index,30 and Formulary of Paints and Other Coatings31 are examples
of compilations of the makeup of products in certain industrial segments that
may help the agency corroborate or interpret the questionnaire responses.
Other publications that may be consulted for this kind of information are
cited in References 32 through 35.
Finally, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) has compiled an extensive data base containing information on the
chemical composition of approximately 75,000 products from all segments of
industry and commerce. This data base, called the Trade Name Ingredient
Clarification File (TNIC) file, was developed by NIOSH under its National
Occupational Hazard Survey from 1972-74, and contains data on both metals
and organics that were obtained by NIOSH visits to the various product manu-
facturers. There is no report, per se, summarizing the information in this
file, but NIOSH personnel will develop appropriate retrievals upon request.
Any prospective user should contact the Chief of the Hazard Section at NIOSH
at (513) 841-4491 or (FTS) 684-4491. It should be noted that about one-third
of the product data in the TNIC file is considered confidential and therefore
unavailable. NIOSH repeated this survey in 1981-83 on an expanded list of
products; however, the results are not yet accessable. These data base may
prove useful in matching possible pollutants with sources if more direct
procedures are not successful.
Synonyms for commonly inventoried substances are presented in Appendix L.
(c) Use of information in permit applications
Many agencies have new source review and permit renewal programs that
cover air toxics. These activities should be viewed as a potential source of
information for use in the air toxics emission inventory. Some agencies
directly incorporate certain permit conditions, such as allowable emissions,
in the emission inventory.
The permit process should be viewed as a good way to collect air toxics
information because of the leverage the agency has on the permit applicant.
However, because the duration of many States' permit renewal cycle is typically
from 3 to 5 years, the agency normally cannot use this process to develop or
update the air toxics inventory quickly.
42
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8.3 Emission Estimation Procedures
Air toxics emissions are estimated in largely the same manner as are
criteria pollutant emission estimates. The two main approaches involve the
use of emission factors and material balances. The use of apportioning
factors, as described in Chapter 3, is generally considered more of a
screening tool although it may also find some application in the detailed
inventory. Source testing is another procedure that may be applicable in
certain situations.
Currently, the literature contains limited information on air toxic
emission factors for various substances. The main source is the EPA series
entitled Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources Of (Substance).13
Another potential source of emission factor information is EPA's National
Air Toxics Clearinghouse data base.15 states and local agencies have submitted
permit and source test information to the Clearinghouse that may be of assist-
ance in determining emission rates for many kinds of industrial facilities.
Contact names and phone numbers are also given, allowing the user the oppor-
tunity to get more information directly from the supplying agency. As more
data are supplied, the Clearinghouse should improve as a source of emissions
data. Various available emission factors are compiled in Appendix H.
The second major technique for estimating air toxics emissions is the
material balance. In a material balance, emissions are determined by
difference by knowing the amount of a certain material that enters a process
and the amount that (1) leaves either in liquid or solid waste, (2) is con-
tained as part of a product, (3) is sold to a recovery facility or (4) is
converted to another substance. Material balance techniques are particularly
useful for operations using solvents, but can also be used for metals, as
well. Frequently, when doing a material balance for screening purposes, the
conservative and simplifying assumption is made that all or some fraction of
a solvent or metal used or consumed in a process is emitted to the air. Of
course, any such conservative screening estimates may have to be refined
later in the program if the inventory is going to be used for modeling or
control strategy development purposes.
Source testing — either by the agency or by the source itself —
represents a third technique for estimating air toxics emissions from a
source. While source tests are generally considered to yield more accurate
emission estimates than emission factors, they are not as widely employed for
air toxics for several reasons. First, as with criteria pollutants, is the
cost factor; source testing can be expensive. Second, validated sampling and
analytical procedures are not yet readily available for many air toxics.
Third, there are many situations where emission factors and material balance
procedures will yield acceptable results at much less cost. Finally, there
are certain sources which are not readily amenable to routine source testing,
such as fugitive leaks from valves, pumps, etc., and certain intermittent
operations characterized by varying flow characteristics and concentrations.
Available source test methods are summarized in Reference 13 for each respec-
tive substance. Other methods may be cited in Reference 8,
43
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The use of emission factors and material balances for estimating air
toxic emissions is exemplified in Appendix A.
8.4 Control Device Applicability and Efficiency
An important consideration when calculating current emission levels, as
well as when projecting emission reductions, is control device applicability.
EPA has published a manual which should help agency personnel select and
evaluate costs of control techniques for reducing air toxics from industrial
and commercial sources.36 A generic treatment is given both to pollutants
and sources. Air toxics are categorized and handled as (1) organic vapors,
(2) organic particulate (3) inorganic vapors (4) inorganic particulate.
Emission sources are classified as (1) process point sources, (2) process
fugitive sources and (3) area fugitive sources. General guidelines are
provided that match specific control devices with specified emission stream
properties (e.g., pollutant content in stream, temperature, moisture, heat
content, particle size and flowrate.) Basic design parameters are then
determined to provide general design conditions that should be met or exceeded
for each selected control technique to achieve some specified level of control
efficiency. This manual can also identify which control techniques will not
meet specified reduction requirements.
8.5 Problems in Data Collection and Interpretation
The agency may encounter problems in a number of areas when compiling
the air toxics inventory. Some potential problem areas are identified below.
(a) Too many substances
If the agency utilizes the open ended approach (discussed in Section 4.1)
and doen not limit the number of substances, it may receive much more more
information than it can adequately process and store in its data handling
system. Also, it may encounter source reluctance to report on a large number
of substances.
(b) No cutoff levels or exemptions
Many agencies employ cutoff levels to preclude reporting of low emission
rates and/or exemptions to preclude reporting by certain sources. (See Chapter
6.) If an agency does not provide for any such exclusion, it runs the same
risks as if it is trying to handle too many substances — it may obtain more
data than it can efficiently handle and it may encounter source resistance to
reporting low emission levels for many substances.
(c) Nomenclature problems
Sources may report trade names or chemical synonyms that the agency may
have difficulty in interpreting. In some cases, the composition of trade name
products can be ascertained from the source or supplier by soliciting Material
Safety Data Sheets; however, this is not always successful and such followup
44
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requires additional resources. Some of this can be avoided if the agency
asks sources to report in terms of specific substances.
(d) Sources can't supply emissions data
Some sources, for various reasons, may claim not to be able to supply
the agency with adequate emissions data. This may particularly be the case
with smaller operations that may not have the expertise or resources to
determine emissions. Such determinations may even prove difficult for some
large, complicated manufacturing processes. The agency will want to consider
what services, if any, it may provide to such sources, or if it will make
emission estimates itself.
(e) Need for agency follow-up
Several agencies have pointed out the inevitable need for follow-up to
clarify the responses from some sources or to obtain additional or missing
data. This might be the case, for example, where the agency's screening
estimates for a large source differ significantly from those supplied by the
source, or where the agency believes a source is emitting a certain pollutant
it doesn't report. The agency will probably want to hold some resources in
reserve to make follow-up contacts to a fraction of its sources.
8.6 Sources of Inventory Error
As in criteria pollutant inventories, the potential exists for many
sources of error in the inventory of air toxics. Some of these errors will
originate with the sources supplying the data and some will be a result of
the data and methods used by the agency to estimate emissions. A summary of
some of these errors is given below:
o missing sources
o inaccurate/insufficient/uninterpretable data supplied by sources
o missing or inaccurate emission factors
o missing or inaccurate VOC and/or particulate matter apportioning
factors
o erroneous material balance or source tests
A number of corrective measures that may be employed to reduce these errors
is summarized below:
o perform follow-up visits, calls, and tests at important sources
o checks for missing sources
- apply pollutant/source category cross indexes to criteria
pollutant inventories to identify potential sources
- check EPA emission factor and source assessment reports
- check permit, registration, compliance, right-to-know and
other State or local data bases
45
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o check EPA publications and the EPA National Air Toxics Clearinghouse
for better emission factors and apportioning factors, or develop
such based on emissions data submitted for similar sources
o review material balance and source test data, making sure that all
material pathways'have been identified, the best test procedures
have been used and the results are reconcilable with estimates
based on emission factors and/or VOC or PM apportioning factors.
It is very difficult to develop rigorous, quantitative estimates of the
precision and accuracy of emission inventories because many of the components
are not amenable to mathematical error analysis. The best means to minimize
error is to use the best data and procedures possible, within existing resour-
ces, and to subject the results to review by those that will either use the
data or be affected by subsequent application thereof.
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CHAPTER 9
SUMMARY
Many State and local agencies have compiled inventories of air toxic
emissions or are starting to develop them. Several different directions
are being taken in the design of these inventories as well as in how they are
being used in the agencies' source evaluation and control programs. Because
these inventories can be expensive due to the large number of pollutants that
potentially can be included, careful planning is necessary — before initi-
ating any data collection — to optimize the use of available resources. In
this regard, all end uses of the inventories should be identified during the
planning stages, realizing that the most demanding modeling and risk assess-
ment applications will dictate how detailed and extensive the inventories
must be.
If possible, some type of screening study might be performed to focus
the inventory on those pollutants, sources and geographic areas that pose the
greatest risk. Various tools are available to compile preliminary inventories
for screening purposes without having to make extensive source contacts.
These tools include EPA published emission factors, apportioning factors and
source assessment documents along with existing criteria pollutant emission
inventories and permit files. Federal and State right-to-know standards may
also result in useful information for this purpose.
The detailed emission inventory of air toxics is compiled using the same
basic techniques employed in criteria pollutant inventories. Many agencies
are, in fact, directly coupling their air toxics inventory activities with
their criteria pollutant programs. The data in the criteria pollutant
inventory and permit system can serve as a useful starting point for developing
the detailed air toxics inventory, either to help locate potential sources of
air toxics or to make emission estimates therefrom. For less important sources,
the agency may not need to go beyond the preliminary emission estimates made
in the screening inventory; however, for more important sources, questionnaires
or other direct source contacts may be necessary to determine emissions. The
mechanics of making source contacts and determining emissions will be largely
the same as in the criteria pollutant inventory.
Most sources of air toxics will already have been inventoried as part of
particulate or VOC programs. Additional emphasis will be needed to include
non-traditional sources, sources below the criteria pollutant cutoff level(s),
and sources of photochemically nonreactive compounds (particularly methylene
chloride and methyl chloroform.) And further spatial or temporal resolution
may be needed in the air toxics inventory for certain area sources than is
afforded in the criteria pollutant inventory.
47
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REFERENCES
1. .Statement of Lee M. Thomas, Administrator, U. S. EPA, before the
Subcommittee on Health and the Environment Committee on Energy and Commerce,
U. S. House of Representatives, June 11, 1985.
2. Procedures For The Preparation Of Emission Inventories For Volatile
Organic Compounds" Volume I, Second Edition. EPA-450/2-77-028. [J. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C. September
1980.
3. Procedures For The Preparation Of Emission Inventories For Volatile
TJrganic Compounds. Volume II: Emissions Inventory Requirements"^
Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models.EPA-450/4-79-018.iJI~S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C. September
1979.
4. Procedures For Emissions Inventory Preparation. Volumes I-V. EPA-450/4-
81-02fia-e.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
N. C. September 1981.
5. Example Emission Inventory Documentation For 1982 Ozone State
Implementation Plans (SIPs). EPA-450/4-80-033.U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C. March 1981.
6. Development Of Questionnaires For Various Emission Inventory Uses. EPA-
450/3-78-122.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N. C. June 1979.
7. Development Of An Emission Inventory Quality Assurance Program. EPA-
450/4-79-006.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N. C. December 1978.
8. Bibliography of Selected EPA Reports and Federal Register Notices
Related to Air ToxfcTTEPA-450/5-86-008.U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N. C. July 198fi.
9. pAQPS Guideline Series. Guideline on Air Quality Models. EPA-450/2-78-027.
OAQPS No. 1.2-080.NTIS # PR 288783.U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N. C. April, 1978. (To be updated and
expanded in 1986.)
10. Regional Workshops ?.n Air Quality Modeling. A Survey Report.
EPA-450/4-82-015.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.Research
jglc
5/P
Triangle Park, N. C. April, 1981. (Revised 1982)
11. Haemisegger, E., et a!., The Air Toxics Problem 1n the United States:
An Analyses of Cancer Risks from Selected Pollutants, U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1985.
48
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12. Standard Industrial Classification Manual. IJ. S. Office of Management
and Rudget.Updated Periodically.
13. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of (Substance), EPA-
450/4-84-007a-k, IJ. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, March 1984 - September 1985. (The substances covered in this
series, corresponding to reports (a) through (k) respectively, are Acryl-
onitrile, Carbon Tetrachloride, Chloroform, Ethylene Dichloride, For-
maldehyde, Nickel, Chromium, Manganese, Phosgene, Epichlorohydrin and
Vinylidene Chloride.)
14. Krishnan, E. R. and G. V. Hellwig, "Trace Emissions From Coal And
Oil Combustion." Environmental Progress. 1(4):290-295. 1982.
15. NATICH Data Rase Report on State and Local Agency Air Toxics Activities,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and STAPPA/ALAPCO, Prepared by
I Age
TTAl
Radian Corporation under EPA Contract No. 68-02-3887, Work Assignment
No. 25, September, 1985.
16. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Manual, Second Edition, EPA-450/
4-80-015, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, July 1980.
17. Receptor Model Source Composition Library, EPA-450/4-85-002, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, November 1984.
18. Survey of Ethylene Dichloride Emission Sources, EPA-450/3-84-018, II. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December
1984
19. Survey of Methylene Chloride Emission Sources, EPA-450/3-85-015, IJ. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1985.
20. Survey of Carbon Tetrachloride Emission Sources, EPA-450/3-85-018, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1985.
21. Survey of Trichloroethylene Emission Sources, EPA-450/3-85-021, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1985.
22. Survey of Chloroform Emission Sources, EPA-450/3-85-026, U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1985.
23. A Preliminary Exposure And Preliminary Risk Appraisal For 35 U. S.
Counties"Prepared for U. S. Environmental Protectln Agency under
Contract # 68-01-6715 by Versar, Inc. and American Management Systems.
September 1984.
24. Methods For Pollutant Selection And Prioritization, EPA-450/5-86-010,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
July 1986.
49
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25. March 31, 1986 Letter from Frank Sheffield, Radian Corporation to Roger
Powell of U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
N. C.
26. Lahre, Tom. "Characterization of Available Nationwide Air Toxics Emissions
Data." U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
N. C. June 13, 1984. (Unpublished).
27. Air Toxics Controllability Study, Prepared for U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency by E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. and Radian Corp.
under EPA Contract No. 68-01-7047, Work Assignment No. 26, October 1985.
28. "Hazard Communication," Final Rule. Federal Register, Volume 48, No.
228, Friday, November 25, 1983, pp. 53280-53348.
29. Colour Index, Third Edition, Society of Dryers and Colourists, American
Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists. Bradford, West York-
shire, 1982
30. Wiswesser, W. J., Pesticide Index, 5th Ed., Entomological Society of
America, College Park, Maryland, 1976
31. Ash, M. and I. Ash, Formulary of Paints and Other Coatings, Volume 1,
New York, N. Y., Chemical Publishing Company, 1978
32. Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs, Ninth Edition,
March 1976, Ranway, NJ.
33. Handbook of Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Eighth Edition, Edited
a I sy
7~cl*c
by Edward I. Cooke, CRC Press7i978.
34. Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Tenth Edition, Ressner Hawley, Edited
by Van NosReinhold, 1981.
35. Clinical Toxicology of Commerical Products, Fifth Edition, Robert E.
Gesselin.Williams and Wilkins, 1984.
36. Evaluation of Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants, EPA-625/
6-86-Olla.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N. C., February, 1986.
37. Survey of Perch!oroethylene Emission Sources, EPA-450/3-85-017, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., June 1985
50
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APPENDIX A
EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS OF SCREENING TOOLS
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APPENDIX A
EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS OF SCREENING TOOLS
Examples of each of the screening tools discussed in Chapter 3 of this
report and how they can be applied are given in Appendix A. The screening
tools described are:
SIC/pollutant, pollutant/SIC indices
Emission factors
Speciation/apportioning factors
Conservative mass balances
The strengths and limitations of each tool as related to air toxics emission
inventory development and permitting/new source review are discussed. For
either of these applications, the objectives of using a screening tool are:
To identify potential toxic air pollutants associated with a
source category;
To estimate the quantity of air toxics emissions; and
To focus or direct follow-up, detailed analyses.
Using combinations of each of the four types of screening tools can allow
State/local agencies to reach these three objectives.
A.I USE OF SIC/POLLUTANT INDICES
In this section, uses of several SIC/pollutant indices are discussed.
Examples are provided for use of the indices alone and in combination with
other screening tools. The actual indices are presented in Appendices C, D,
F, and 6. Appendix E lists brief descriptions of each four digit SIC code.
While the indices provide an indication of the pollutants reasonably
anticipated to be associated with a given SIC code, they do not provide
definite proof that the pollutants are emitted. One limitation of using the
A-l
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Sic/pollutant indices is that any given source may emit one, all, or none of
the pollutants listed in the index. A source may emit other pollutants not
covered in this report or not permitted by reporting agencies. An example
of one method to overcome this limitation is provided.
Example: Identification of Potential Emitters of Air Toxics
A State air pollution control agency needs to determine which toxic
pollutants are emitted in the State.
As a first step, the agency could identify the source categories in the
areas of concern by SIC code: for example, pharmaceutical manufacture,
2834; medicinal chemicals and botanicals, 2833; commercial gravure printing,
2754; and gray iron foundries, 3321. The existence of these sources may
have been determined from an existing criteria pollutant inventory or
permit/registration file. The SlC/pollutant index (Appendix C) shows
10 pollutants potentially associated with SIC 2833, 22 with SIC 2834, 8 with
SIC 2754 and 9 with SIC 3321. Based on this information, the agency could
decide to inventory these pollutants.
Alternatively, a pollutant/SIC index (Appendix D) could be used to
identify potential emitters of air toxics. Appendix D lists associations
between pollutant (in alphabetical order) and SIC code. If an agency has
selected pollutants of concern, Appendix D would show the SIC codes of
potential emitters of those pollutants. For example, asbestos is shown in
Appendix D to be associated with six SIC codes.
Appendices F and G provide additional associations between pollutants
and source category (by description of source category). Appendix G
includes correlations between pollutant and area sources. The information
in Appendices F and G is not necessarily different from that in Appendices C
and D. It simply represents information in different formats and may be
more useful to agencies that cannot or do not choose to base the source
category/pollutant correlations on SIC code.
For example, if an agency is interested in determining what types of
pollutants are associated with the petroleum refining industry, a review of
Appendix F shows that 46 pollutants or classes of pollutants are likely to
be emitted. Also, Appendix F provides somewhat more detail about the
specific processes or point/fugitive/area sources than do the other indices.
A-2
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Appendix G also shows potential associations between pollutants and
source categories. If an agency needed to determine potential emitters of
acrylonitrile, consulting Appendix G shows that five processes are
potentially associated with acrylonitrile emissions.
Appendix F and G may be useful in overcoming the primary limitation
(lack of specificity) of the Sic/pollutant and pollutant/SIC indices.
Suppose an agency needs to determine if sources in the State or region emit
acrylonitrile. The agency might first check Appendix D. Appendix D
indicates that sources in 11 SIC codes may be emitting acrylonitrile. The
agency could then check their existing criteria pollutant inventory to
determine if sources in the 11 SIC codes were located in the State or
region. Suppose the agency identifies five sources in SIC 2869, an SIC code
for SOCMI plants. The agency may need to further determine which type of
sources in SIC 2869 are potential acrylonitrile emitters. Appendix G lists
more specific processes, such as modacrylic fiber production and ABS resin
production, as potential sources of acrylonitrile emissions.
The preceding example shows that the SIC/pollutant and pollutant/SIC
indices may not be as useful in identifying pollutant-source associations in
some SIC codes as others. For example, for the Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI), many pollutants are listed with SIC
codes 2865 and 2869. To determine the specific pollutants associated with a
particular source will probably require further independent research. But
the SIC/pollutant and pollutant/SIC indices do provide an indication of the
types of pollutants potentially emitted and serves as a starting point for
more investigation.
A.2 USE OF EMISSION FACTOR LISTING
A.2.1 Example Uses of Emission Factor Listing
When source-supplied data are not available for a facility, emission
factors are useful tools for making emission estimates. Emission factors
may also be used to cross check data submitted by a source during the
permitting process. The list of emission factors in Appendix H was compiled
A-3
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chiefly from EPA documents. When estimating emissions of air toxics, the
table may be used as a "default" source of data when access to the primary
literature is not possible. Examples of how the factors may be used are
shown in this section.
Example: Preparation of Air Toxics Emission Estimates
Suppose an agency has decided to prepare a quick, preliminary inventory
of sources in SIC codes 2834 and 3321. To illustrate use of the
SIC/pollutant index (Appendix C) and the emission factor table (Appendix H),
emissions from one facility in each source category will be discussed.
For gray iron foundries, the SlC/pollutant list (Appendix C) shows
arsenic, cadmium, beryllium, lead, chromium, nickel, manganese, xylene and
acetaldehyde as possible pollutants from SIC 3321. The emission factor list
(Appendix H) shows emission factors, as follows, for cast iron/gray iron:
As 0.01-0.02 Ib/ton metal charged
Mn 0.003 Ib/ton metal charged, baghouse control
0.075 Ib/ton metal charged, impingement scrubber
0.25 Ib/ton metal charged, uncontrolled
Ni 20 Ib/ton nickel charged, uncontrolled
Be 0.00044 Ib/ton produced
Cr 0.03-0.09 Ib/ton carbon steel produced
Cd 0.003 Ib/ton carbon steel produced
Pb 0.1-1.1 Ib/ton produced, uncontrolled
Note that some emission factors (chromium and cadmium) are for carbon steel
production. Because this inventory method is intended to provide a basic,
"rough estimate" type inventory, use of emission factors for similar, if not
identical, processes may be acceptable, and necessary, if a preliminary
estimate is required.
Using these emission factors, along with information from permit
applications or inspection reports, the agency could estimate emissions of
these metals. The information needed from criteria pollutant inventories,
permits, or inspection reports includes amounts of metal charged or amounts
A-4
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of metal produced. If the data are not available, the model plant approach
may be used to help estimate emissions. Many source assessment documents
provide descriptions of small, medium and large plants, in terms o€ product
produced or raw materials used. The agency could estimate the size of the
plant in their area and obtain approximate production/raw material data.
Then the emission factor could be used to quantify emissions.
The organics listed in the SlC/pollutant index for gray iron foundries
are likely the result of core baking and mold drying and, perhaps,
degreasing. No emission factors were found during this work effort for VOC
from core baking. Methods of estimating emissions without emission factors
will be discussed in the next section.
To estimate emissions of toxic pollutants associated with
pharmaceutical manufacture (SIC 2834), the SIC/pollutant index should be
consulted. The list shows that 22 pollutants may be found in emissions from
a pharmaceutical plant. Next, the existing criteria pollutant inventory,
permit files, or inspection reports should be checked to determine the
products, processes and raw materials used at the specific plant. Suppose
this search indicated that carbon tetrachloride and chloroform were used at
the plant. The emission factor list (Appendix H) provides the following
factors:
Carbon tetrachloride 100 kg/Mg used
Chloroform 160 kg/Mg used
Based on material usage records (from permit applications or inspection
reports) and these emission factors, the agency could estimate emissions of
these two chemicals.
Example: Permitting and New Source Review
Suppose that the permitting staff needs to know what types of
pollutants may be associated with emissions from a new furniture
manufacturing plant and a new printing facility. Using the SlC/pollutant
index (Appendix C), the permitting staff would note that emissions from
plants in SIC 25 (furniture manufacture) are generally associated with
A-5
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solvents, and that emissions from printing (SIC 27) are associated with
solvents and metals. The emission factor list (Appendix H) shows no
applicable factors for these two industries. Even though no emission
»
factors were available in Appendix H for printing and furniture manufacture,
the permitting staff would have identified potential pollutants and would be
more aware of the types of chemicals about which to request information from
the source. References listed throughout this report and the appendices,
such as source assessments and source surveys could provide useful data on
approximate emission quantities for model or hypothetical plants. Examples
of how the permitting staff could estimate possible emissions from the two
new plants will be presented in Section A.3.
A,2.2 Limitations of the Emission Factor Listing
The table in Appendix H provides emission factors that can be used to
obtain quick, rough estimates of toxic pollutant emissions for both
inventory development and permitting/new source review. However, more
detailed data on the pollutant emission sources can be found in the primary
literature references discussed in this section. The primary limitation of
using just the emission factor listing is that the development of the
factors is not shown in the table and the exact applicability is not
certain. Consulting the primary references, in addition to using the
emission factor listing, can provide a more accurate emissions estimate.
A.3 USE OF SPECIES (APPORTIONING) FACTORS
Another technique that may be used to estimate emissions of air toxics
is to apply species or apportioning factors to existing estimates of
particulate matter (PM) or volatile organic compounds (VOC). Examples are
presented in this section of the use of species factors from three different
sources of information.
A-6
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A.3.1 VOC and PM Soeciation Manuals
Two major speciation references are currently available, one for
volatile organic compounds and one for particulate matter. The VOC species
manual (EPA, 1980) shows percent by weight and percent by volume of specific
chemicals in emissions from specific processes. The sources covered in this
manual include point and area sources, and SCC codes are presented where
applicable. The manual for particulate matter (EPA, 1984) was designed to
provide particle composition data for receptor model applications, but the
composition data are useful for air toxics emission inventory work as well.
The manual lists composition as percent by weight for specific metals,
organic carbon and elemental carbon for particulate emissions from point and
area sources. SCC codes are provided when applicable. Examples of how
these tables may be used in air toxics emission inventory work are described
in this section.
Example: Quantifying Species in Particulate Matter Emissions
Suppose that an agency wished to identify the particular elements that
comprise the particulate matter emissions from a glass furnace. The
Receptor Model Source Composition Library document (EPA, 1984) lists species
present, on a weight percent basis, in total suspended particulate (TSP)
emissions from a glass furnace at a recycling plant (Profile Number 27102).
Twenty-nine specific metals are included in this particular source's
emissions, including arsenic. By consulting the criteria pollutant
inventory to obtain the quantity of PM emissions in tons per year, the
agency could estimate the amount of toxic pollutants emitted. If the total
PM emissions of the subject plant were 150 tons per year, and, the arsenic
content of PM emissions was 0.023 percent (by weight) from the Profile
Number 27102, the estimated arsenic emissions would be 150 tons/year x
0.023 percent or 0.035 tons per year. Similarly, the receptor model source
composition library (Profile Number 27102) shows that TSP from the glass
furnace total about 0.218 percent, by weight, chromium. If total PM
emissions were 150 tons per year, then estimated chromium emissions would be
0.33 tons per year.
A-7
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Although TSP is not identical to participate matter, the analogy
between the two can be drawn and is useful for screening purposes. This is
especially true for many sources where most particulate matter is comprised
of TSP, PM-10 or fine particulate fractions.
Before applying the species profile data for arsenic, the agency would
need to verify the type of glass produced at the plant. Not all types of
glass production use arsenic and different forms of arsenic are used in
different glass manufacturing processes. These data may be obtained from
permit applications, inspection reports, or registration files.
Example: Quantifying Species of Volatile Organic Compounds
An agency could estimate emissions of solvents from a commercial
printing facility by using the VOC species manual (EPA, 1980). The manual
lists xylene and toluene as emissions from a commercial gravure printing
press. Toluene accounts for 13.0 percent by weight and xylene (all isomers)
for 4.0 percent by weight. Based on the total VOC emission from the
criteria pollutant inventory, estimates of the two species (pollutants) can
be made. If a commercial printing facility emitted 100 tons per year VOC,
then based on data from the species manual, toluene emissions would total
13 tons per year and xylene, 4 tons per year. The estimates generated using
this technique would only be expected to be preliminary because formulations
of inks and cleaners will vary at different facilities. The agency could
contact the source to verify types of solvent used as part of a detailed
inventory development effort.
Example: Use of Apportioning Factors from the Literature
Species profiles such as those available in work performed for
California's South Coast Air Basin (SAI, 1984) can be used to estimate
emissions. For example, the SAI document (Improvement of the Emission
Inventory for Reactive Organic Gases and Oxides of Nitrogen in the South
Coast Air Basin) lists VOC species profiles for typical primer coating by
percent weight (Figure A-l). A typical primer may contain, according to
this reference, 44.3 percent (weight) toluene, 1.45 percent (weight) all
isomers of xylene and 2.23 percent (weight) o-xylene. Using total VOC
emissions from the criteria pollutant inventory, the emissions of toluene
and xylene from primer use could be quantified.
A-8
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Chemical Name Weight Percent
Heptane 1.94
Methylcyclohexane 2.50
Toluene 44.30a
Isomers of nonane 3.45
Dimethylcyclohexane 6.26
2,4-Dimethylhexane 11.09
N-butyl acetate 8.42
Dimethyl heptane 1.04
Ethylcyclohexane 2.08
Trimethylcyclohexane 2.43
Isomers of xylene 1.45
o-Xylene 2.23b
2,4-Dimethylpentane 2.66
Butyl cellosolve 10.13
TOTAL 99.98
Used for estimating toluene emissions.
Used for estimating xylene emissions.
Figure A-l. Sample Species Profile for Primer (Source: SAI, 1984)
A-9
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Assume that the primer listed above is the only coating used and that
the plant in question emits about 50 Mg VOC per year. For a rough estimate
of emissions, it can be assumed that all solvent in the coatings used is
emitted. Then solvent emissions may be quantified as follows for primer
use:
Primer: 50 Mg/year emitted x 0.443 =22.2 Mg/year toluene
50 Mg/year emitted x 0.037 = 1.9 Mg/year xylene
Note that the percents by weight for o-xylene and all isomers of xylene
were summed for total xylene.
These techniques may also be used in evaluating new sources and
permitting by making assumptions about potential total VOC emissions or by
using data from the permit application. The "worst case" estimate of
emissions could be made by using the highest percent (weight) for the toxic
pollutant of concern found in any species profile.
A.3.2 Material Safety Data Sheets
Suppose an agency needs to speciate VOC emissions from a furniture
manufacturing plant. When reviewing permit application files for the
source, the agency found information indicating that Supplier X's Enamel 209
and Primer 387 were the raw materials used at the plant and also found that
Material Safety Data Sheets for these two products were included in the
files. Safety data sheets generally list the composition of the material by
percent weight (Figure A-2).
By obtaining total VOC emissions for the plant from the criteria
pollutant inventory and/or permit applications, the emissions of specific
toxic pollutants can be estimated using the information on the safety data
sheet. If the data in Figure A-2 represent the enamel and primers used at
the plant, and assuming that the plants total VOC emissions were 50 tons per
year, then 7.3 tons per year toluene and 1.9 tons per year of xylene would
be an estimate of the air toxics emitted.
A-10
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II HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS
MATERIAL OR COMPONENT
Figure A-2. Sample Material Safety Data Sheet:
Hazardous Ingredient Section.
A-ll
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A.3.3 Limitations of Using Species and Apportioning Factors
The primary limitations when using species factors are that
(1) materials used at each facility will vary, and (2) speciation data are
not available for all source categories. For example, a surface coating
operation may be known to use varnish and lacquer, but the specific type and
its composition are not known. The apportioning factors can be successfully
used to get a rough emissions estimate of specific pollutants. That level
of accuracy may be all that is needed for screening purposes. If a more
detailed analysis is needed, the source could be contacted to obtain safety
data sheets for specific materials used. The same calculation methods
presented here could then be made using the site-specific species data.
A.4 USE OF CONSERVATIVE MATERIAL BALANCES
A material balance can be used to estimate emissions from processes
where emission factors, speciation data, or source assessment data are not
available. Even where these other tools can be used, the material balance
may be the best approach in some situations. The simplest material balances
(most conservative) are those that assume most or all of a material used or
fed into a process is emitted to the atmosphere. In many cases, this
assumption will overestimate emissions; however, for screening purposes,
such an assumption may be reasonable. Examples of how a material balance
may be used to estimate emissions are provided in this section.
Example: Estimating Emissions of VOC from Air Stripping of
Contaminated Groundwater
Suppose that an agency needs to estimate emissions of two solvents
(1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride) from an air stripper used
to decontaminate groundwater. Using simple material balances based on
concentrations of the solvents in the groundwater and the operating
parameters of the air stripper, emissions (Ib/hr) of the two solvents can be
estimated.
A-12
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Assume that the groundwater concentrations of the two solvents were:
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 38 mg/1
Carbon tetrachloride 12.6 mg/1
Then assume that all of the solvent contained in the groundwater is emitted
to the atmosphere and that the stripper cleaned 50,000 1 of water per hour.
Then emissions could be estimated for 1,1,1-trichloroethane as follows:
50,000 1 water/hr x 38 mg solvent/1 x 1 lb/454 g x 1 g/1000 mg =
42.Ib solvent emitted/hr
Similarly, the estimated emissions of carbon tetrachloride would be 1.4 Ib
emitted/hr.
Example; Estimating Emissions of Metals and Orqam'cs from Waste Oil
Combustion
Suppose that an agency needed to estimate the area-wide emissions of
cadmium, chromium, and perchloroethylene from waste oil combustion. Using
simple material balances based on the concentrations of metals and organics
in the waste oil and the amount of waste oil burned annually, and by
estimating the amount of metals and organics contained in the flyash,
emissions (tons/year) can be estimated.
Assuming that about 75 percent of the metals in waste oil are emitted
(conservative estimate from the general literature), 739,000 gallons of
waste oil are burned per year and the oil contains 2.7 mg/1 cadmium, the
emissions could be estimated as follows for cadmium:
739,000 gal waste oil burned/yr x 2.7 mg Cd/1 waste oil x 75% metal emitted x
2.785 1 waste oil/gallon waste oil x 1 g/1000 mg x lb/454 g x 1 ton/2000 Ib =
0.006 ton/year Cd
For chromium, the emissions would be 0.085 tons/year, based on 37 mg Cr/1 in
waste oil.
A-13
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For perchloroethylene, assume that 1 percent of the organics in waste
oil are emitted (99 percent destruction), then:
739,000 gal waste oil burned/year x 448 mg perc/1 waste oil x 1% organic
emitted x 3.785 1 waste oil/gal waste oil x 1 g/1000 mg x 1 lb/454 g x
1 ton/2000 Ib = 0.014 ton/year
A.4.2 Limitation of Conservative Material Balance Use
For processes where reasonable assumptions can be made about the fate
of a pollutant during the process, the conservative material balance
provides a reasonable first estimate of emissions for screening. For
processes where a material is reacted to form a product or otherwise
significantly chemically changed, the conservative material balance
technique is not appropriate. Consulting the literature for more detailed
data about the process may provide enough information to allow assumptions
to be made about the emission of a specific pollutant.
A-14
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APPENDIX A REFERENCES
SAI, 1984. Improvement of the Emission Inventory for Reactive Organic Gases
and Oxides of Nitrogen in the South Coast Air Basin. Draft Final Report.
Systems Applications, Inc. August 24, 1984.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980. Volatile Organic Compound
(VOC) Species Data Manual. Second Edition. EPA 450/4-80-015. July 1980.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984. Receptor Model Source
Composition Library. EPA 450/4-85-002. November 1984.
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APPENDIX B
AIR TOXICS EMISSION INVENTORY ISSUES:
DISCUSSIONS WITH STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES
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APPENDIX B
AIR TOXICS EMISSION INVENTORY ISSUES:
DISCUSSIONS WITH STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES
This Appendix presents the results of conversations with various State
and local agencies on what approaches they have taken in compiling inventories
of air toxic emissions and how they have resolved important issues. These
conversations were held between two EPA contractors, Engineering-Science (E-S)
and Radian, and various State and local agency personnel in the spring of 1986.
The questions and issues listed in Table B served as a focal point for the
discussions. (In some cases, E-S and Radian reflected information obtained
directly through working with these agencies.) EPA personnel did not partake
in these discussions and, as such, cannot verify the accuracy of any statements
herein.
Table R at the end of this appendix may serve as a useful checklist for
those planning or just starting an air toxics emission inventory.
EPA's National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse database (NATICH) has
been expanded to include specific information on State/local emissions inven-
tories. This information in available through NATICH Interactive Report 20
and includes agency-specific details on the data collection methodology used,
(e.g., via permits or questionnaires), on the types of data collected (e.g.,
stack and control device information), and presents the annual emissions of the
pollutants inventoried. This information is presented through the NATICH data
base for users with computer access and is also available as a hardcopy report.
This information may be expanded on through the use of the Agency contact names
and telephone numbers. The inventory data base will be updated regularly as
State and local agencies supply information to EPA.
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STATE DISCUSSIONS OF ISSUES
B.I Pollutant Selection
Several different methods of selecting toxic air pollutants have been
used by the agencies. These approaches are described in the following
paragraphs. More detail is given in Reference B-l.
The Nevada-Las Vegas Clark County Air Pollution Control Division initiated
its toxic emission inventory to satisfy State regulatory standards. This
local Agency inventories those substances regulated by the State of Nevada
which are prevalent in the county. This list includes about 20 substances.
The Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency uses an "open-ended" approach
for selecting the substances to be inventoried. All sources in the region
were requested to submit Material Safety Data Sheets for any material used or
produced at their facilities. Emission information was requested during the
annual source registration for all the materials listed on the submitted
Material Safety Data Sheets that are emitted at a rate in excess of 1 ton/year.
Washington Department of Ecology's Office of Hazardous Substances and
Air Quality Control currently inventories about 50 toxics. These 50 substances
were selected by a preliminary screening study which identified those substances
which are most likely to be emitted in the State. From this preliminary
screening study list the State eliminated those pollutants for which no
emission factors or emission information existed. The remaining pollutants
were then evaluated for their toxicity and emission potential. Substances
having a fairly low toxicity and that were potentially emitted only in small
quantities were eliminated from the inventory list.
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering's
Division of Air Quality Control has just recently initiated an air toxics
emission inventory. Compounds initially selected for the inventory included
the 379 chemicals listed in EPA's Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program
Interim Guidance (Reference B-2) and l.fiOO substances included in the State's
right-to-know program. Other substances are being evaluated for inclusion
through an assessment of health effects data. The final inventory is expected
to include approximately 2,000 to 2,500 substances.
The Texas Air Control Board list of toxic air pollutants evolved over
several years. Initially, a list was comprised of common substances identified
in EPA and other State and local regulatory Agency toxic lists. This list
has been refined to include 167 chemicals which are known to be emitted in
the State in signficant quantities. Chemicals are added to the existing list
through the Agency's permit system. Permit applications must identify all
chemicals that will be emitted from the source(s) under consideration. The
Agency runs a screening dispersion model to determine if the emissions will
result in ambient concentrations above published occupational limits. The
Health Effects Evaluation Research Section evaluates the health risks of
those substances for which an exposure limit is exceeded to determine if it
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should he included as an air toxic. Substances are evaluated based on occu-
pational exposure limits published by the American Conference of Governmental
and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Occupational Safety and Health Administra-
tion (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
When no exposure limit is available, other health effects data are used in
the evaluation.
The New York State Bureau of Air Pollution Control inventory has been
developed through its permit system. Every air pollution source in the State
must be registered annually with the Agency through a permitting process.
Each permit application must include an estimate of the quantity of each
substance expected to be emitted from the source for which a permit is being
sought, regardless of the substance's toxicity. Each substance identified by
the applicant is included in the New York toxic emission inventory. Currently
there are about 3,000 substances included in the inventory.
In 1984, the Maine legislature mandated the Bureau of Air Quality Control
to complete a toxic air pollutant inventory. A list of 199 pollutants was
developed with the assistance of the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use
Management Council and the Maine Bureau of Health.
The Minnesota Air Pollution Control Board initially adopted the list of
37 potentially toxic substances published by EPA for high priority NESHAP
consideration. It has since added to this list, five NESHAP pollutants
(asbestos, benzene, mercury, radionuclides, and vinyl chloride). Thus, there
are currently about 42 substances inventoried.
The California Air Resources Board works with the State Department of
Health Services to identify substances as air toxics through an elaborate
health impact assessment. When there is scientific uncertainty in the health
effects data for a substance, the data is submitted to a Science Advisory
Committee for review and evaluation to help determine whether the substance
should be listed as a toxic. Substances included in the initial evaluations
were selected through a review of other available lists, such as the EPA list
of 37 chemicals given priority for NESHAP study and lists developed by other
State agencies. Pollutants have been prioritized for the toxicity assessment
based on the availability and quality of toxic information on the pollutants.
Once a substance is identified as an air toxic, the regional agencies (Air
Quality Management Districts) are then responsible for inventorying emissions
of the substance.
Hudson County, New Jersey Regional Health Commission inventories
approximately 143 toxics which were selected through an adverse health effects
evaluation using data from the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances (RTECS). A substance was included in the list if it was a potential
carcinogen, mutagen, teratogen, or is considered acutely toxic.
Rhode Island's Department of Environmental Management currently inventories
125 substances. The substances were selected from other State lists and
carcinogenic chemical lists. The Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use
Management Council assisted the Agency in developing the list.
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North Carolina's Division of Environmental Management has completed a
preliminary inventory survey to identify which toxic substances and which
sources should be included when its inventory is developed. A list of 67
compounds has been generated from other agencies' lists. (This list has
since been expanded to 81 substances.) A pollutant/source crosswalk was used
to select 67 compounds from the several Agency lists reviewed. North Carolina
feels that a targeted list is a better approach than an "open-ended" request
for toxic information and recommends the approach to other State and local
agencies.
Iowa's Department of Water, Air and Waste Management is currently in the
preliminary stages of its air toxic emission inventory. The pollutants
selected for screening purposes are primarily the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous constituents listed in Appendix VIII of 40 CFR
Part 261. Some substances common to certain nontraditional sources, such as
landfills, and several toxics commonly listed by other agencies, but not on
the RCRA list, were also included. Upon completion of the list, approximately
400 substances are expected to be identified.
B.2 Source Selection
Nevada-Clark County includes sources for its toxics inventory through
the permitting process. New sources are included in the inventory when they
are granted their initial 5-year operating permit. Existing sources are
required to report toxic emissions when they apply for renewal of their
5-year operating permit. Sources which are not currently permitted, but are
thought to be emitting more than 1/4 pound of a toxic pollutant per 8-hour
period, will be investigated by the Agency. Area and nontraditional sources
are not included in the inventory.
Massachusetts includes sources for its toxics inventory through its
criteria pollutant source registration program. All stationary sources which
emit over 100 tons per year of a regulated air pollutant are sent a registration
form annually. These sources are now being asked to report toxic emissions
on the registration forms. Regional offices within the State are responsible
for inspecting sources within their jurisdiction and assuring that sources
are properly registered. No area sources or point source which emits less
than 100 tons per year of any regulated pollutant are currently included in
the State's Stationary Source Emissions Information System (SSEIS).
Puget Sound also incorporates sources of toxic emissions through its
annual registration system. As in Massachusetts, sources are required to
report toxic substance emissions on registration forms. The inventoried
sources are basically point sources. Initially, a 1 ton per year point source
cutoff level was established for toxics, but this level is now considered to
be too restrictive because the inventory was too small. A much lower cutoff
level is now being studied.
The Washington Agency uses its criteria pollutant emission inventory to
identify potential toxic emitting sources in the following manner. Sources
are requested to identify the constituents of their VOC process emissions.
The Agency than applies emission factors, when possible, to estimate the
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emissions of the toxic components. Emissions of less than 5 tons per year
of a toxic pollutant are catalogued as an aggregated source. The inventory
contains about 800 individual listed sources, while over 2000 sources make up
the estimated total emissions of each toxic substance. A list of area sources
is also included in the inventory, including gasoline evaporation losses, dry
cleaners, automotive gasoline combustion, and others.
Texas inventories about 1000 major sources within the State, including
area and nontraditional sources. All existing sources included in its
criteria pollutant inventory were asked to report toxics. The sources are
required to identify the constituents of their VOC emissions. Emissions
from nontraditional sources, such as wastewater treatment plants, cooling
towers, valves, pumps, and flanges, are included in the inventory. New
sources are incorporated into the inventory through the new source permit-
ting process. The State works with several advisory councils to determine
how to handle some sources, such as fugitives and other nontraditional
sources.
New York also does not focus on any particular types of sources. All
sources are inventoried that are subject to the Agency's permitting process.
All point sources requiring permits are included. Excluded from the New York
inventory are area sources which do not require permits, boilers with a heat
input of less than 10^ Btu per hour, and certain small sources such as dry
cleaners.
Maine selected 700 sources from three categories: (1) facilities with
existing Agency emission licenses, (2) facilities that had submitted
hazardous waste data to the Maine Bureau of Oil and Hazardous Materials, and
(3) facilities picked from the Maine Marketing Guide which, because of their
SIC codes and the number of their employees, were deemed likely to emit more
than the inventory cutoff level. Maine established a 2000 Ib/year emission
level cutoff to eliminate small point sources of toxics from the inventory.
This annual 2000 Ib/year cutoff level was negotiated between industrial
groups and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection. The inventory
was designed to focus on four types of sources: (1) process, (2) incinera-
tors, (3) storage facilities, and (4) loading, unloading transfer operations.
It also included some nontraditional and area sources, such as schools,
hospital, sewage treatment plants, bulk gasoline marketing, woodburning
stoves, automobiles, open dumps, dry cleaners, and degreasers.
Minnesota currently limits its toxic pollutant inventory to only those
sources included in its criteria pollutant emission inventory.
The California Air Resources Board is primarily responsible for mobile
sources throughout the State, while the Air Quality Management Districts
have the responsibility for inventorying stationary sources. Selections
of the stationary sources to be Inventoried are made from the Districts'
knowledge of sources and from information in published EPA reports and
other documents. All types of sources are inventoried, including area and
nontraditional sources.
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Hudson County, New Jersey inventories all but a few types of traditional
sources. Retail food establishments, analytical laboratories, fuel burning
facilities with indirect heat exchange which burn commercial fuels, and incin-
erator sources are exempted. The Agency does not have an emissions de minimi's
level.
Rhode Island selected a few sources from several Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) categories in an attempt to cover a wide range of source
types. Large companies in each category were selected because of their greater
likelihood of emitting toxic pollutants than smaller ones. SIC category selec-
tion was made from a review of air toxics literature and emission assessment
documents. The Agency felt that to avoid missing any potential emitters in its
initial inventory, it should select a small number of sources in each category.
This first inventory was similar to a screening survey, which the Agency feels
was useful and served its intended purpose. The next phase of the inventory
will include fewer sources, with a focus on sources with high emissions poten-
tial.
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Management includes emissions
data on air toxics in their criteria pollutant inventory. There is no separate
inventory for toxics. Data are obtained through permit applications and source
registration. These sources are required to provide data describing all pollu-
tants emitted and separate emissions of particulate matter and VOC as they come
up for review.
North Carolina plans primarily to inventory point sources included
in its permitting system. Plans are to exclude from the inventory some
area sources, such as dry cleaners. The North Carolina air toxics
inventory will focus on the industries which are prevalent in the State.
De minimi's or cutoff levels have been developed that are a function of
substance toxicity.
Sources to be included in the Iowa air toxics emission inventory were
initialy selected from the existing criteria pollutant inventory. Smaller
sources whose annual toxics emissions were less than 1 ton per year will
be excluded from the inventory. Since the existing criteria pollutant
emission inventory is somewhat out-of-date, the 1986 Iowa Manufacturers
Register was also reviewed to identify sources which are not included in
the Agency's criteria pollutant emission inventory or permitting system.
Area sources are being included, as well as some nontraditional sources,
such as landfills.
Idaho's Bureau of Air Quality coupled its air toxics inventory with
its VOC emission inventory. Sources elected for the VOC inventory were also
surveyed for emissions. A point source emissions cutoff level of 1 ton of
toxics per year was used to help focus on the major sources of concern. Some
nontraditional sources and area sources, such as mobile and residential wood
burning, were also inventoried. Industries which are prominent in Idaho were
emphasized.
Oregon reviewed work done by other States and reported in the literature
to develop a list of SICs thought to be important with respect to air toxics.
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This list was applied to the permitted facilities to determine whom should be
sent industry specific questionnaires. Oregon noted that area sources such as
pesticide use, slash and field burning and woodstoves are as significant as
point sources. Oregon suggests caution when referring to older literature
describing sources and expected emissions of air toxics. For example, during
the literature search, the Agency identified printing as a source category of
concern. After reviewing the completed questionnaire surveys from printing
facilities, the Agency noted that ink formulations have changed significantly
and that emissions of organic compounds may be less than orginally anticipated.
B.3 Geographical Areas
Most agencies developed their air toxic emission inventories either
through their criteria pollutant inventory or their permitting systems.
Consequently, the toxic inventories generally cover the same areas as the
criteria pollutant emission inventories or permitting systems.
Massachusetts inventories the entire State through the source registration
system. A hotspot for methylene chloride has recently been identified.
Puget Sound covers the entire region (King, Kitsap, Pierce, Snohomish
Counties) and does not focus on any hotspots or urban areas.
Washington developed their air toxic emission inventory from their criteria
pollutant emission inventory, which covers the entire State excluding the Puget
Sound region.
New York currently inventories the entire State. However, the State
contact believes that the initial phases of the inventory effort probably
focused on hotspots and urban areas throughout the State.
In California, the local air pollution agencies, which perform the emission
inventories, generally focus on highly populated areas where there is a
concentration of sources. The districts also focus on some hotspots such as
areas where there is a high concentration of gas stations (benzene concern) and
hospitals (ethylene oxide concern).
North Carolina plans to inventory the entire State, rather than focus on
particular areas, and does not plan to focus on hotspots.
Iowa plans to inventory the entire State. Nevertheless, more emphasis
will be given to counties with greater populations because they have a higher
health risk potential. The State does not plan to focus on any hotspots within
urban areas where collections of point and/or area sources can cause particular
problems.
Idaho inventoried the entire State from a desire to develop concurrent air
toxics and VOC emission inventories. No special consideration was given
to urban areas or hotspots.
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B.4 Screening Studies
Before initiating the actual inventory effort, the California, Minnesota,
Virginia, Iowa, Idaho, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Washington and
San Francisco Bay Area agencies performed some type of screening surveys to
Tielp focus the toxic inventory effort.
California supports the use of screening surveys. The State collaborates
with the State Department of Health Services, the EPA, and a nine member
Scientific Review Panel to screen pollutants for inclusion in the air toxic
inventory. Since the inventory effort for stationary sources is done by the
individual districts rather than the State, the districts are responsible for
screening sources of these pollutants in their area. For example, the Bay
Area conducted a preliminary survey to identify which sources to focus its
detailed, quantitative survey on. The State contact expressed that a single,
targeted survey might be sufficient, but added that this is dependent on the
Agency's knowledge of the area to be inventoried.
Minnesota and the Virginia State Air Pollution Control Board developed
initial survey questionnaires which were used in a preliminary screening
effort. Minnesota requested sources to identify which of 37 toxic substances
were emitted by their facility while Virginia required sources to identify
which of 66 noncriteria substances were emitted by their facilities. The
agencies were thus able to better focus the inventory by knowing which pollu-
tants are emitted by which sources and also which pollutants are more likely
to be emitted.
The Iowa screening study is currently being performed to identify
potential sources and toxics. The VOC Species Data Manual (Reference B-2) was
used to help identify the types of toxics which may be emitted from various
SCC categories. The Hazardous Constituents list of 40 CFR Part 261, Appendix
VIII, is the base list of toxics to be inventoried. Several other substances
common to sources without SCC numbers were also included. Sources to be
inventoried were initially identified through the existing criteria pollutant
inventory. The 1986 Iowa Manufacturers' Register was also examined to identify
new sources not included in the criteria pollutant inventory. Although area
sources were not included in the criteria pollutant inventory, several will
be included in the toxic inventory. Some nontraditional sources, such as
landfills, will also be included on the suggested toxic source list. Pre-
liminary toxic emission estimates were made using the criteria pollutant
source data and apportioning factors from the VOC Species Data Manual.
Sources were then analyzed and ranked based on these calculated emissions and
other source process information. Hence, both potential sources and toxics
were evaluated for prevalence and priority within the State by a screening
study.
A screening study was initially performed to help focus the Idaho air
toxic emission inventory effort. The State later stopped the screening study,
because it was considered to be too restrictive and would have made the
inventory too small. In this particular case, the screening study, as
designed, was not deemed to be helpful.
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Washington performed a screening study in which potential sources and
toxic substances were identified for inventory inclusion. The Washington
contact felt that screening studies are helpful but are not necessary.
The Pennsylvania Bureau of Air Quality Control has recently begun an air
toxics emission inventory for 38 substances. As a first step, a screening
survey was used to help the State focus their inventory efforts. The screening
survey was designed to collect basic, mainly nonquantitative data on the type
of substances used, stored and/or emitted. Completed questionnaires were
returned by about 90 percent of the 700 facilities to which questionnaires
were sent. The Bureau of Air Quality Control attributed the large response
to the planning that was done before the survey was sent out. For example,
only larger facilities, selected from the existing criteria pollutant inventory,
were sent questionnaires. It was felt by the Agency that larger facilities
would be better able to respond to the questionnaire. As a second step, the
data received during the screening survey is being validated by field personnel
during regularly scheduled plant inspections. Validation by field personnel
will be completed before the data are actually used. Information obtained
during the screening survey will be used by the Agency to decide which sources
or source categories require a follow-up and more detailed data collection
effort. The Agency hopes to have this initial air toxics inventory completed
by late 1986.
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) in San Francisco
conducted a screening survey and material use survey prior to preparing an
air toxics emission inventory. The screening survey was sent to all permitted
sources in the Agency's jurisdiction. It requested that the source identify
(by checking a box on the form) which of a list of 50 substances were used,
bought or made at the facility. Ninety-five percent of the sources receiving
the screening survey completed and returned the form. Personnel from the
BAAQMD enforcement division called on sources to encourage them to respond to
the survey. After the results of the screening survey were reviewed, an
individualized material use survey was sent to appropriate sources. For
example, if a source reported that it used benzene in the screening survey,
then the material use survey requested quantitative data (throughput, amount
used, etc.) Then, based on the results of the material use survey, the
Agency estimated emissions for the 50 substances included in the survey.
The BAAQMD recommends a screening survey prior to beginning an air toxics
emission inventory. The results of the screening study provide a good starting
point for developing a complete air toxics inventory.
North Carolina has completed a preliminary source category survey. The
screening survey helped identify source categories (by SIC code) which warranted
further, more detailed research. North Carolina's screening survey was based
on an SlC-pollutant index. North Carolina recommends a screening approach
and use of a SlCpollutant index to other Agencies beginining an air toxics
emission inventory.
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B.5 Inventory Uses
The contacted agencies use air toxic emission inventories for different
purposes. Emission inventory purposes vary from responding to public request
for data to developing regulations and investigating certain environmental
problems.
Nevada-Clark County uses its air toxic emission inventory to evaluate
certain environmental problems. The Agency believes hydrogen chloride
emissions cause impairment to visibility in Clark County. The major hydrogen
chloride emission sources were identified through the inventory. The inventory
is also used to evaluate alternative control strategies, to inform the public
about toxic pollution emissions, and to respond to public requests for
information. The Agency informs the public periodically about various
environmental issues such as the county's visibility problem.
The Puget Sound inventory has been used to develop a waste oil inspection
strategy, to respond to public requests for toxic substance emission data,
and to occasionally assess health impacts. The Agency was able to eliminate,
through the use of the toxics inventory, establishing an unnecessary ambient
standard for arsenic.
The Texas air toxic emission inventory is used to plan on-site inspections
and conduct health effects evaluations. The inventory is also used to summarize
and distribute source data to State regional Agencies. This aids in the
statewide enforcement program and in the correction of environmental problems.
The emission inventory is also used to evaluate alternative control strategies.
New York utilizes the air toxic emission inventory for SIP planning and
for ambient monitoring planning. For example, the inventory was used for
identifying the major emissions sources of benzene. Having identified these
major sources, the Agency was able to plan an appropriate monitoring network
through the use of atmospheric dispersion modeling. It was then possible to
determine local environmental impacts of the benzene emissions. Inventories
are also used for evaluating alternative control strategies.
In Washington, regulations are being developed based on information from
the toxic emission inventory. Inventory information is also being used to
supply community n'ght-to-know information. Although the inventory has not
yet been used for emergency responses, Washington has identifeid emergency
preparedness as a possible use. Finally, by reviewing the inventory data, the
State is better able to focus its subsequent inventory efforts.
The Massachusetts Stationary Source Emissions Information System (SSEIS)
has been used for several purposes within the State. The State Health
Department has used the system for epidemiology studies, such as liver cancer
studies. The system can provide information on a particular source, area, or
chemical which can help identify potential cancer risks. The SSEIS is also
used for public requests for data. Presently, the system has not yet been used
for risk assessment or for providing emergency response information, although
it can be used for these purposes. Once some computer operational problems
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are resolved, the system may be utilized by individual regions to assist in
emergency response programs.
Maine indicated the initial purpose of its air toxic emission inventory
was to satisfy a legislative mandate.
Minnesota primarily uses its emission inventory to identify what toxics
are emitted in the State. The inventory was also used to prioritize the sources
in terms of the magnitude of toxic emissions. Minnesota does not plan to do
any risk assessment modeling.
California uses its air toxic emisison inventory primarily to help
develop its toxic air contaminant control strategy. The inventory helps target
affected sources for control measures. It also is used to determine if a
chemical should be identified as a toxic air contaminant. Once a chemical is
identified as a toxic air contaminant, steps must be taken by the air quality
control districts to mitigate the health impacts associated with air emissions
of the substance.
Hudson County, New Jersey intends to use the air toxic emission inventory
as a tool to identify local areas having particulary high concentrations of air
toxics. The inventory is also expected to be used for some simple risk
assessment modeling.
Rhode Island prepared their emissions inventory to support an air
toxics regulation. The inventory was used to select the air toxics to be
covered by the regulations.
The Idaho air toxic emission inventory was conducted primarily to
determine the severity of the air toxics problem in the State. The Agency
wanted to know what types of toxics were being emitted and what are the major
emission sources.
R.5 Use of Criteria Pollutant Inventories
The Massachusetts, Washington, Puget Sound, California, Minnesota, Iowa,
Idaho, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Texas Agencies used existing criteria
pollutant inventories as a starting point and/or basis for developing the air
toxic emission inventory. The criteria pollutant inventories were used
primarily to identify potential air toxic sources and to help verify
toxics emission data provided by the sources such as stack parameters and
production rates. Iowa used its VOC emission inventory to estimate air toxic
emissions. The South Coast Air Quality District used its VOC emission inventory
to estimate benzene emissions from combustion processes.
Not all Agencies relied on the criteria pollutant emission inventory as
a starting point or basis for developing the air toxic emission inventory.
In New York and Nevada-Clark County, all sources and pollutants were determined
through each Agency's permitting process. Maine developed its air toxic
inventory from "scratch", but did use its emission licensing system to select
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sources for the inventory. The North Carolina criteria pollutant inventory
is considered to be outdated and would not be useful in an air toxics emission
inventory program.
R.6 Questionnaires
Texas, Maine, Minnesota, California, New Jersey-Hudson County,
Pennsylvania, Oregon, Rhode Island, San Francisco Bay Area and North Carolina
have developed questionnaires specific for toxic emission data collection.
Each of these State's questionnaires is discussed in the following paragraphs.
The other States collected their toxics emission data through their permit
and/or registration process.
The Texas air toxics questionnaires are similar to the criteria pollutant
questionnaires. Basically the same type of information is requested for
toxic pollutants that is requested for criteria pollutants, i.e., emission
rates, stack parameters, etc. The primary difference is that the toxic VOC
constituents must be identified.
Maine developed air toxic questionnaires similar to the criteria pollutant
questionnaires. The toxic questionnaires, however, were not as comprehensive
as the criteria pollutant questionnaires in that they requested only the
total use of a substance and the total plant-wide emissions. Criteria pollutant
questionnaires request that emissions be listed by process operation. The
toxics questionnaires were designed to obtain information from four categories
of sources, including manufacturing processes, incinerators, storage facilities,
and loading/unloading/transfer operations.
Minnesota has used two types of questionnaires in its inventory efforts.
A qualitative toxic air pollutant survey form was initially distributed along
with its criteria pollutant emission inventory questionnaire. The survey was
a one page form listing the State's 42 identified air toxics. Sources were
asked to indicate which compounds were used at their facility. The qualitative
survey form was later followed by a quantitative questionnaire to gather more
specific information on the use of toxics, such as operating schedules,
quantities handled and emitted, stack or vent parameters, and control equipment.
Sources were also requested to identify other substances being used which may
be considered toxic.
California tailors air toxic questionnaires for specifc substances for
which data are lacking. The agency also works with technical advisory
committees to develop general questionnaires for use by the regional agencies.
These questionnaires may differ signficantly from the criteria pollutant
questionnaires.
Hudson County, New Jersey also developed a questionnaire specific for
toxics. Basically the same type of information that is normally needed for
a criteria pollutant inventory — such as stack parameters, emission rates,
etc. — was requested on the toxics questionnaire.
Rhode Island has developed a questionnaire specific for air toxics. The
basic format of the questionnaire is general for all industries.
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North Carolina has recently distributed data collection forms to 325
facilities based on the results of the screening study. Data were requested
from these facilities to assist the State in beginning their detailed air
toxics emission inventory. A mandatory "registration" process is used. The
data collection forms were designed to help provide data for dispersion
modeling work planned for the near future and in development of an economic
impact analysis of the State's planned air toxics program.
North Carolina recommended that other agencies may benefit from limiting
questionnaires or surveys to include only data that are absolutely necessary,
and to keep in mind the ability of the source to respond to the questionaire.
North Carolina also felt that a targeted approach and a manageable list of
pollutants of concern have been keys to their success thus far.
One unique aspect of the North Carolina survey questionnaire is the
method of screening low-quantity emitters of toxics. The Agency prepared a
list of emission rates below which a source is not required to report actual
emissions. These de minimis levels were determined by a screening model
predicting conservative ambient concentrations. North Carolina feels that
having a cutoff point will help sources by decreasing reporting requirements,
and reduce Agency time spent on trace emissions.
Finally, North Carolina has developed a staggered approach in distributing
their survey questionnaires. About 300-400 questionnaires will be sent out
every fiO days, to a mix of major and minor sources. The timing of the mail
out will allow a better opportunity to manage the incoming data and respond
to inquiries. The mix of source sizes will allow for providing assistance to
individual sources. Minor sources are expected to require the most assistance.
Also, the mail out was designed to distribute the work load equally between
the State's seven regional offices. Therefore, one regional office would
not be inundated with requests for assistance from sources.
Industry-specific questionnaires were developed for Idaho's air toxic
sources. For example, the paint industry was requested to supply information
on the types and quantities of paints, thinners and solvents used. In some
cases, the questionnaires were source-specific, e.g., a questionnaire was
used to request emission data from storage tanks. The air toxic questionnaires
were coupled with the criteria pollutant questionnaires, thus the information
requested was the same except that sources were to identify the toxic
constituents of their VOC and particulate emissions.
Oregon also developed industry-specific questionnaires for surface coating,
storage tanks, waste oil combustion, pesticide manufacturing and other
manufacturing processes.
8.7 Other Data Collection Procedures
Several agencies used other data collection procedures besides
questionnaires, as described in the following discussion.
Nevada-Clark County uses its permitting process as its major data
collection method. Most data is gathered through the investigation of
R-13
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permit/compliance information. Plant inspections are performed on new sources
to verify data submitted for obtaining a construction/operating permit.
New York relies mainly on information supplied with permit applications
to satisfy toxic emission data needs. Facilities are also visited as a
recertification procedure.
Massachusetts uses its registration forms to obtain toxic emissions
data. Plant visits are performed by the State's regional inspectors to
verify data. Right-to-know information was found to be of limited usefulness
as an air toxics data gathering tool due to industry-imposed security and
confidentiality requirements.
Washington and Puget Sound gather toxics emission data through a coupled
criteria pollutant/air toxic registration form. The State's local air
pollution control agencies are able to verify all source information through
annual plant inspections. Puget Sound requested OSHA Material Safety Data
Sheets from sources to identify the toxic components of the materials each
source utilizes. The Material Safety Data Sheets provided information which
the sources may not otherwise have been able to supply. The actual chemical
compounds comprising the materials used by each source are identified on these
data sheets as well as the material's physical data, such as boiling point,
solubility, evaporation rate, flash point, and fire and health hazards.
In addition to questionnaires, Texas also reviews permit/compliance
information to collect data. When dispersion modeling is needed, the agency
requests more specific information, such as topography maps. State regional
personnel may perform routine surveillance investigations as a means to verify
source data. Data may also be validated by comparison with an existing,
similar facility or by conducting an engineering analysis of the process.
As an alternative data collection method, Maine agency personnel
occasionally visited certain sources such as printers or degreasers to become
familiar with the type of processes at those potential sources. All sources
which had not responded to the questionnaire were contacted individually by
telephone and were reminded of the inventory and its importance.
Minnesota plans to update the air toxics emission inventory through its
operating permit system. A public right-to-know program has not been adopted
in Minnesota. Registry data and Material Safety Data Sheets were not useful
in collecting air toxics emission data.
California used information from district offices and data from criteria
pollutant inventories to supplement information provided by toxics questionnaires,
Plant visits were also made and source compliance/permit data were sometimes
used as an alternate means of data collection. Material Safety Data Sheets
were not utilized; however, suppliers were contacted to obtain the data that
these sheets provide. The California contact stated that supplying complicated
source parameter data and decoding trade name chemicals are burdensome for
smaller sources.
B-14
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Material Safety Data Sheets were used by Hudson County, New Jersey to
identify the makeup of a company's emissions when the company claimed it did
not know the makeup. Specific quality assurance measures in the county
entail source visits by agency personnel to verify submitted source data.
Rhode Island sent follow-up letters to sources located in hotspots to
obtain data not provided on the questionnaires. In a few cases, actual source
inspections and meetings were held to clarify quantities and types of emissions.
Hazardous waste manifest data was also reviewed to help gather data. Material
Safety Data Sheets were used extensively to clarify brand name and trade name
constituents. The State's right-to-know information was not accessible.
Idaho telephoned sources to request information not provided on their
questionnaire. The importance of the air toxic inventory and the need for
data was stressed. Permit/compliance information was occasionally used to
supply missing data. The State's inventory was small enough, however, and the
State was familiar enough with the sources that in most cases, the State was
able to provide the missing data. Registry data, Material Safety Data Sheets
and right-to-know information were not used.
B.8 Data Quality
Most agencies reported that sources had little difficulty supplying the
required information.
In New York, facilities are required to supply all the requested
information in order to receive an operating permit. The need for a permit
to operate provides sources the incentive to give pertinent data. The Agency
offers confidentiality when possible for trade names and process descriptions.
All data are reviewed by agency engineers and if the data or emission esti-
mates do not appear reasonable, sources may be required to verify them with
source test results.
Massachusetts sources reportedly had no major difficulty supplying
requested toxic emission information. Data elements common to toxic and
criteria pollutants were compared with several years of previous data. If
the data agreed with previous submitted information within 10%, they were
accepted as accurate. Chemical nomenclature posed no major problems.
Confidentiality and security were the only inhibiting factors in the data
collection procedures. Sources were assigned confidentiality codes so that
data are only accessible if the appropriate codes are used.
New Jersey stressed checking the quality of the data prior to entering
it into a data management system. New Jersey suggested that agencies just
beginning an inventory may benefit from a county-by-county approach at first,
instead of attempting to cover an entire State.
Most Puget Sound sources had no difficulty supplying the agency-requested
data. OSHA Material Safety Data Sheets were requested for the air toxics
inventoried, thereby eliminating any brand name component identification
difficulties. Nomenclature did not create any problems. Initially, some
sources were unable to supply enough information to quantify the toxic
8-15
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emissions. The Agency requested those sources to supply whatever information
they had about their processes, materials and emissions. The Agency was able
to estimate the emissions for these sources from information obtained from
similar sources. All individual source information is summarized annually on
a computer printout that the registrant must update and correct.
»
The Nevada-Clark County agency indicated that most sources experienced
little difficulty in supplying necessary traditional source information. In
some cases, however, where emission estimation methods were not practical, or
where sources were unable to supply data, the agency made estimates based on
pollutant parameters, process procedures and engineering principles. For
example, some large industries did not know how to estimate the emissions
from cooling towers. The agency estimated these emissions by conducting an
engineering analysis using available data and process knowledge.
Texas indicated that sources were able to supply the necessary infor-
mation. Nomenclature and brand names were not a problem. Texas validated
emission rates for particular sources by comparing the rates to an existing,
similar facility or by conducting an engineering analyses of the process.
Washington also indicated that sources has no problem supplying necessary
information, however, the validity of this data is questioned. The Washington
contact felt that sources really do not know the type of toxics they emit nor
the quantities they emit. Washington did not supply a cross reference list
of alternative chemical names or trade names, but major nonmenclature problems
did not occur. The .State performed all emission calculations, so the sources
were not required to give estimates.
Maine reviewed all questionnaires to verify the data submitted. Based
on this evaluation, several facilities from three categories of sources were
selected for on-site follow-up visits as a second tier quality assurance
measure. Source categories selected for the follow-up procedures were sources
that reported significant emissions, sources which responded and reported no
emissions, and sources which did not respond at all. Maine utilized Material
Safety Data Sheets which eliminated some substance identification difficulties.
In some cases, however, Material Safety Data Sheets were inadequate, therefore,
brand name substances were occasionally difficult to identify.
Minnesota reported that the gathered toxics information undoubtedly
contained some inaccuracies. Skepticism was expressed about the ability of
some small sources to accurately estimate their toxic emissions. Confidentiality
caused problems for some sources in Minnesota. Brand names created many
difficulties, because sources did not know the chemical constituents of the
materials. Minnesota also indicated that a major data collection difficulty
was its lack of a person experienced in dealing with chemical processes and
emissions who could make value judgments on processes and emissions.
California indicated that not all sources were capable of supplying the
needed information. Some smaller sources had problems supplying some data such
as stack parameters. Also, some sources were reluctant to supply confidential
data. The use of brand names also hampered the data collection effort. The
State helped in decoding brand names.
B-16
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Hudson County, New Jersey had no confidentiality problems associated with
collecting data and toxic pollutants. In most cases sources were able to
supply the needed information. Brand or trade name constituents were considered
to be easily identified.
Rhode Island satisfied confidentiality concerns by storing confidential
data in locked files. Constituent identification of some brand name materials
occasionally caused difficulties.
B.8 Computerization of Inventory Data
Most agencies use a computerized data handling system which is coupled
to their criteria pollutant system. Several agencies incorporate a file of
air toxic emission factors into their system to automatically calculate
emissions, while other agencies either manually calculate emissions or rely
on source estimates which are entered into the data base.
The Nevada-Clark County agency utilizes a computerized data base.
Emissions are manually calculated either by the agency or by the source and
entered manually into the system.
Puget Sound couples all toxic source data with the criteria pollutant
source data in a computerized system. A file of air toxic emission factors
is incorporated into the system to automatically calculate air toxic emissions.
Where emission factors are not available, they are developed from the source's
data.
Texas uses a computerized data base that includes both the criteria
pollutant and air toxic emission inventories. Sources supply emission
estimates which are directly entered into the data base, hence, the computer
does not actually calculate the emissions. An in-house quality assurance
check is performed by agency engineers before the data are entered into the
system. Engineers review the data to assess their reasonableness and accuracy.
The New York air toxic inventory includes about 300 substances, so a
computerized system is a necessity. The data base includes both criteria and
toxic pollutants, but the system does not calculate pollutant emissions.
Sources supply emission estimates, and the State's engineers review the data
before entering them into the system. Pollutant emission data are stored and
retrieved by an appropriate Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) number and a
corresponding National Emissions Data System (NEDS) number.
The Washington emissions data handling system is computerized and contains
both the air toxics and criteria pollutant data. The system incorporates a
file of emission factors which automatically calculates air toxic emissions
for a limited number of point sources. An area source file is kept separate
from the point source file. The Agency manually calculates these emissions and
enters them into the data base. The Washington data handling system is in
the development stages.
In Massachuetts, air toxic data handling is coupled with criteria
pollutant handling in a single system. The system (SSEIS) incorporates a
B-17
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file of emission factors to automatically calculate emissions. These emission
factors were developed for estimating total VOC emissions, but can be used to
estimate the emissions of the VOC constituents. The composition of the VOC-
generating material must be known to use the factors for this purpose. When
no emission factors are available, emissions are manually calculated using a
mass balance approach. These estimates are then entered into the data base.
The Massachusetts data handling system is currently being evaluated by EPA as
a prototype for a national data handling system. The system includes provisions
for handling air toxics.
In order to deal with the volume of data reported, Maine developed an
on-line computerized data handling system. This system utilized the Department's
Honeywell Level 6 mini-computer. Some problems were experienced in fitting
their data base onto the data handling system.
Minnesota's air toxic emission inventory is currently handled manually.
Plans are to integrate the data into the criteria pollutant emission iventory
in the near future. This will facilitate the summatio of the survey data for
reporting purposes. Computerization of the survey data will also make it
easier to update the air toxics inventory, which will be done through the
agency's permit process.
California has developed a prototype computerized data handling system.
The system requires some revisions and is not yet operable. The air toxic
system will be separate from the criteria pollutant system.
The Hudson County, New Jersey data handling system allows the agency to
store toxics emission data but has very limited reporting and data analysis
capabilities. The system is installed on a personal computer.
Rhode Island utilizes a computerized data handling system. The system
is entered on IBM PC software and uses dBase III. Data are entered by toxic
pollutant source, and may then be sorted and reported in various ways by the
dBase III program.
The Idaho data handling system is computerized. It does not incorporate
a file of air toxic emission factors to automatically calculate emissions.
Emissions must be manually calculated and entered into the data base. The
air toxic system is separate from the criteria pollutant system; however, it
has unique interactive capabilities with EPA's Emission Inventory System
(EIS/PS.)
North Carolina and Virginia are currently planning data handling systems.
B.9 Emission Estimation Methods
Most agencies request each source to supply air toxic emission estimates.
Others feel sources are not realistically capable of supplying accurate
estimates. Those agencies which do some emission calculations primarily use
either emission factors or material balances. The specific approaches used
by the various agencies for estimating emission rates are described in the
following paragraphs.
B-18
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New York requires sources to supply emission estimates. Permit applica-
tions have specific codes which sources must use must use to indicate whether
the emissions were estimated by material balance, emission factors, source
tests, or other methods. Sources are required to supply information to
substantiate emission estimates with their permit applications.
*
Nevada-Clark County determines toxic emissions from the source's permit
application. Sources supply all pertinent information and test results as
part of the application. When emission data are not provided, the agency
estimates emissions using process data and engineering principles. Emission
factors are used when available.
Puget Sound also requires sources to supply emission estimates. Most
estimates entered into the data handling system, however, are actually
generated by the system using emission factors. When emission factors are
not available, they are developed from source estimates and other source
information and entered into the computer to calculate emissions.
Texas sources supply air toxic emission estimates using material
balances, emission factors, and source tests. In some cases where traditional
emission estimation methods are not practical, such as for waste water
treatment plants, other techniques must be used. The agency relies on
American Petroleum Institute literature, physical property data, and an
advisory council to help estimate emissions from nontraditional sources such
as these.
Massachusetts requires sources to supply emission estimates whenever
they can which are entered into the data handling system. Otherwise, emissions
are system-calculated using NEDS emission factors. These emission factors
were developed for estimating total VOC emissions but may be used to estimate
emissions of VOC constituents. The composition of the material generating
the VOC emissions must be known to use the factors to estimate the VOC
constituent emissions. When no emission factors are available for a certain
process or operation, emissions are manually calculated using a mass balance
approach. These estimates are then entered into the computerized data system.
Maine requested sources to supply plant-wide emission estimates, but,
not all sources provided this information. When emission estimates were not
provided, the State determined them through discussions with plant operators,
comparisions of the source with similar industrial sources, and analyses of
the chemicals used at the facility. The most commonly employed emission
estimation techniques, however, were emission factors and material balances.
Minnesota required that the sources estimate their air toxic emissions.
The agency has no experience with special air toxic emission factors.
California estimates toxic emissions primarily from source test results,
material balances, and emission factors. Where these methods are not practical,
other methods are used. In some cases, estimates provided by the source are
accepted if the methodology is considered valid.
B-19
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Hudson County, New Jersey requires sources to estimate the emissions of
specific toxics. Agency engineers review the submitted estimates to verify
their validity. Occasionally, sources reply that they are incapable of
estimating emissions. In these instances, the county attempts to estimate
the emissions. In cases of enforcement action and non-compliance situations,
Hudson County performs an in depth analysis. Actual stack testing may be
required to verify source emission estimates.
Rhode Island primarily estimated toxic emissions by material balance
calculations or by using general emission factors. No special emission
factors were developed. The State has no specific techniques for estimating
fugitive emissions. The material balance approach is expected to account for
fugitives.
Virginia requires sources to supply emission estimates. Estimates are
based on various methods including emission factors, material balances, and
emission test results.
Emissions for the Idaho air toxic emission inventory were manually
calculated using many methods. Emission factors were the primary means.
Material balances were also performed for some sources. Actual source test
results were also employed when available. No special emission calculation
techniques were used for air toxics.
B.10 Useful Agency Reports
Few agencies have produced any formal documents related to air toxic
emission inventories. Maine (Reference B-4), Idaho (Reference B-5), Puget Sound
(Reference 8-6), Minnesota (Reference B-7), North Carolina (Reference B-8), New
York (Reference B-9), Massachusetts (Reference B-10), and California (Reference
B-ll) have published reports on various aspects of their toxics inventory efforts,
B.ll Useful Data Handling Systems
Only a few agencies indicated that their data handling systems have any
particularly useful features or capabilities. One helpful feature of the
Puget Sound data handling system is the ability to summarize all the source
data on a single computer printout. The printout can then be sent to each
source for additions and corrections.
The New York data handling system has a technique to summarize expiring
permits. As source permits expire, the system automatically generates a
listing of those sources. These listings are sent to the appropriate regions
which are chartered to initiate the permit recertification process. The end
result is improved communication between the State headquarters and the field
office.
Massachusetts has perhaps the most refined data handling system. It is
currently being presented to the EPA as a prototype for a national data
handling system. The system is to be used nationally for criteria pollutants
with provisions for air toxics. Massachuesetts also has separate data bases
for the State's right-to-know program and for the State's source hazardous
B-20
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waste identification program. The SSEIS data handling system is interactive
with these two data bases.
The New Jersey OEP uses a six digit numerical system, based on the Merck
Index, as a basis for identifying pollutants in their inventory, along with each
chemical's Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number and chemical name. The
inventory data base can be searched by pollutant code number for pollutant emis-
sions, raw material use, control equipment, and Source Category Classification
(SCC) code.
B-21
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REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX B
B-l. Methods for Pollutant Selection and Pripritization. EPA-450/5-86-010.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N. C.
July, 1986.
B-2. Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program Interim Guidance, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, November 1985,
Revision 1, 9223.0-1A.
B-3. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, Second Edition,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
July 1980.
B-4. Hazardous Air Pollutants in Maine: Emissions Inventory and Ranking
System. Maine Bureau of Air Quality Control, Division of Technical
Services and Maine Bureau of Health, Environmental Health Unit,
Environmental Toxicology Program. March 1985.
B-5. Air Toxics and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Inventory and Program
Development for the State of Idaho. Engineering-Science, Inc., Boise,
ID, 1985.
B-6. Air Toxic Emissions from Selected Non-traditional Sources in the Puget
Sound Region. Engineering-Science, Inc., Boise, ID, September 1985.
B-7. Prioritization of Toxic Air Pollutant (TAP) Emission Sources in Minnesota:
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Division of Air Quality, Memorandum
to John S. Seltz From Michael Connonlly. Roseville, MN, February 19,
1985.
8-8. North Carolina Air Toxics Survey - Identification of Pollutants of Concern
and Potential Emission Sources. Radian Corporation.
B-9. New York State Air Guide 1, Guidelines for the Control of Toxic
Ambient Air Contaminants. New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation, Division of Air Resources. 1985-1986 Edition.
B-10. Massachusetts Stationary Source Emissions Information System (SSEIS)
Training Manual. TRC Environmental Consultants, Inc., East Hartford,
CT, May 29, 1984.
B-ll. State of California Air Resources Board, Status Report Regarding the
Toxic Air Contaminant Program. California Air Resources Board, January
1985.
B-22
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TABLE B
ISSUE QUESTIONS USED TO GUIDE DISCUSSIONS WITH AGENCIES
PLANKING
1. How did your agency decide on what pollutants to cover?
- Use arbitrary list?
- Open-ended approach?
- Tailored list (chosen by some screening criteria)?
- Recommendations?
2. Does your agency focus on any particular types of sources? Why?
- Point sources?
- Area Sources?
- Major/minor distinction?
- Any sources excluded? Why?
- Any emphasis on specific industries?
- Recommendations?
3. How did your agency decide on what geographical area(s) to cover?
- Arbitrarily cover entire State? Urban areas?
- Based of ambient monitoring data? Health effects data?
- Community input?
- Any focus on smaller "hotspots" within urban areas where a collection
of point and/or area sources is causing a particular problem?
- Recommendations?
4. Were any screening studies used to help focus the inventory?
- What kinds of screenings were done?
- Are screening studies useful? Necessary?
- How much effort should be devoted to screening?
- Recommendations? Useful data sources?
- Guidance needed?
B-23
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TABLE B (CTD.)
PLANNING (cont.)
5. How is the air toxics inventory being used by your agency?
- Modeling around individual point sources?
- Areawide modeling of point and area sources?
- To evaluate alternative control strategies?
- Respond to public requests for data?
- Emergency response information?
- Other?
- Does your inventory adequately accommodate all desired uses?
- Recommendations?
DATA COLLECTON
1. Before initiating the data collection effort, does your agency screen
sources to identify potential emitters of specific compounds, in order to
focus the data collection effort?
- Based on information in EPA or other reports? Which ones?
- Has your agency developed some sort of source/pollutant "crosswalk",
linking pollutants with probable emitters (e.g., on an SIC or SCC basis)?
If so, is this available?
- Is this a useful step?
- Recommendations?
2. Is your agency able to use the existing criteria pollutant inventory as a
starting point and basis for devleoping the air toxics inventory?
- For locating potential air toxics sources?
- For directly estimating air toxics emissions by applying air toxics
emission factors to existing source data?
- Other?
- In general, would you recommend basing the air toxics inventory on the
existing criteria pollutant inventory or recommended starting from scratch?
B-24
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TABLE B (CTD.)
DATA COLLECTION (cont.)
3. Has your agency developed questionnaires specific for air toxics?
- General or industry specific?
- Are they substantially differenct from your criteria pollutant
questionnaires? How?
- Do you reconmend coupling the air toxics questionnaires with the
criteria pollutant questionnaires?
- Recommendations?
- Are any questionnaires available that were developed by your agency?
4. What other data collection procedures are used besides questionnaires?
- Plant calls/visits?
- Followup questionnaires?
- Use of registry data, material safety data sheets, "right-to-know"
information, etc.?
- Use of permit/compliance information?
- Recommendations?
5. Are sources capable of supplying the air toxics data your agency requires?
- Source parameters?
- Substance use data? (i.e., can sources specify how much of each substance
is purchased, processed, produced, disposal of, etc.?)
- Air toxics emissions estimates?
- Does the use of alternative chemical names and trade names prevent proper
reporting by sources and interpretation of responses by your agency? In
this regard, does your agency distribute and/or employ some sort of list
that cross references chemical names with althernative chemical names or
trade names? Is this needed?
- Recommendations?
B-25
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TABLE B (CTD.)
DATA STORAGE, ANALYSIS AND REPORTING
1. Does your agency use a computerized system for air toxics?
- Is it coupled with the criteria pollutant system?
- Does it incorporate a file of air toxics emission factors to
automatically calculate air toxics emissions.
- Is a computerized system necessary for your purposes?
- Reconoendations?
2. How are air toxics emissions estimated?
- Are sources required to supply emission estimates? Can they,
realistically?
- Agency calculates emissions from questionnaires or other data?
- What estimating approaches are used?
- Material balances?
- Emission factors?
- Source tests?
- Are there any special emission calculation techniques used for air
toxics?
- Recommendations?
3. Does your agency produce any special reports from the inventory that are
particularly useful in your air toxics program?
- Recommendations?
4. Does your agency's data handling system have any particularly useful
features or capabilities that you would recommend?
- Interactive capabilities?
• Organization/data hierarchy?
- Others
B-26
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APPENDIX C
SIC/POLLUTANT INDEX
-------
APPENDIX C
SIC/POLLUTANT INDEX
This appendix contains an index matching source category, by Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) code, with pollutants known or reasonably
anticipated to be associated with each SIC code. The associations may not
be positive in all cases. Also, these data do not have any bearing on the
quantity of pollutant emitted. Pollutants may be emitted in trace amounts
or in the tons per year range.
The pollutants included in the SIC/pollutant index and pollutant/SIC
index (Appendix D) were selected from lists of pollutants either currently
regulated or under review by 25 State and local agencies or EPA. The lists
were obtained from the National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse
(NATICH) and air toxics studies performed for various State agencies.
Several types of data sources were consulted to determine pollutants
that may be associated with various SIC codes. General references
describing production and use of chemicals provided information on use, and
therefore, potential emissions of substances for which more detailed
assessments are not yet available. The NATICH report data on permitting
were also used to identify chemicals emitted from specific SIC codes. In
addition to the hard copy report, the NATICH computer data base section on
permitting was searched for pollutants permitted by State/local agencies and
the source's SIC code. Air toxics inventories, screening studies, and air
toxics program development studies conducted by and for State and local
agencies were used to obtain any previously developed SlC/pollutant lists.
EPA source assessments and emission factor development documents comprise
most of the primary literature cited in the previously prepared inventory
reports.
C-l
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TABLE C-l. SOURCE CATEGORIES BY SIC CODE AND
ASSOCIATED POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS
SIC Code
0189
0282
0289
0291
0299
0373
0723
0724
0754
0851
1021
1031
1041
1061
1081
1092
Reference
SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
— hydrogen sulfide
— toluene
— ammonia, benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
1,4-dichlorobenzene, formaldehyde,
hydrogen chloride, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, chlorobenzene, PCB,
phenol, styrene, perch! oroethylene,
toluene, trichloroethylene, Freon 113,
vinyl idene chloride, ethylene dichloride
lead
— naphthalene
— toluene
ethylene dibromide, hydrogen sulfide,
hydrogen chloride, chlorine, ammonia
— arsenic, ammonia, hydrogen chloride 1
— asbestos
— naphthalene
arsenic, mercury, cadmium, copper
— arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead,
zinc, ammonia
benzene
nickel
arsenic, toluene diisocyanate
mercury
13
13
13
13
13
13
5, 12,
13
, 5, 13
13
13
1, 10
1, 10,
13
1
1
1
3
Applicable Source Category Classification (SCC) codes, where data were
found, are listed along with the SIC code.
C-2
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TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
1094
1099
1111
1112
1211
1213
1216
1311
1321
1380
1381
1382
1389
1422
1442
1446
SCC Codea Potential Pollutant
— radionucl ides, ammonia, gasoline
vapors, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
sulfide
— beryllium, arsenic, hydrogen chloride
arsenic, POM, PAH
arsenic, toluene diisocyanate
— hydrogen sulfide
— arsenic, toluene diisocyanate
— perch! oroethylene
— ammonia, formaldehyde, gasoline
vapors, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
sulfide
ammonia, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen sulfide
gasoline vapors
— hydrogen sulfide
— benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
1 ,4-dichlorobenzene, ethylene
dichloride, hydrogen sulfide, methyl
chloroform, chlorobenzene, toluene,
xylene
— hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide
— nickel
vinyl chloride
— beryllium, lead, arsenic, toluene
Reference
(page C-50)
4, 13
1, 13
5
1
13
1
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
1
13
1, 13
diisocyanate, phenol
1453 — arsenic, toluene diisocyanate,
beryllium, lead
C-3
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TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
1475
1477
1481
1499
1501
1612
1616
1629
1711
1721
1741
1742
1743
1761
1781
1791
1799
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
— radionucl ides
arsenic, hydrogen sulfide
— arsenic, toluene diisocyanate
arsenic, beryllium, chromium, lead,
cadmium, asbestos
gasoline vapors
PAH, benzo(a)pyrene
— toluene
— arsenic, toluene diisocyanate,
xylene, beryllium, toluene
— lead, arsenic, styrene
lead, arsenic, benzene, toluene,
trichloroethylene
lead
— toluene diisocyanate
— styrene
— lead, copper
— benzene, methyl chloroform, toluene,
trichloroethylene, xylene
— toluene, gasoline vapors
lead, arsenic, benzene, toluene
Reference
(page C-50)
5
1, 13
1
1, 5
13
5
13
1, 6, 13
1, 13
1, 13
1
1
13
1, 10
13
13
1, 10, 13
diisocyanate, gasoline vapors,
hydrogen sulfide, toluene
1950 — ammonia, hydrogen chloride, methyl 13
chloroform, toluene, trichloroethylene
C-4
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Codea Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
1951 — ammonia, methyl chloroform, zinc 13
oxide, trichloroethylene
2000 --- perchloroethylene, toluene 13
2011 --- formaldehyde, arsenic, hydrogen 1, 13
chloride, methyl bromide
2013 — arsenic, acetaldehyde, ammonia, 1, 13
chloroform, formaldehyde, methyl
chloroform, phenol, toluene
2023 — benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, 1, 13
ammonia
2032 --- benzene, toluene, formaldehyde 1
2033 --- arsenic, toluene 1, 13
2036 --- ammonia 13
2046 --- chlorine/HCl 10
2048 --- acrolein, methyl bromide 5, 13
2051 --- benzene, toluene, formaldehyde 1
2052 --- toluene 13
2063 --- beryllium 13
2065 — benzene, toluene, formaldehyde 1
2070 --- methylene chloride, ethylene 5, 3
dichloride
2075 --- ethylene dichloride 5, 1
2079 --- nickel, toluene 4, 13
2080 --- ammonia, formaldehyde 13
2086 --- arsenic, toluene 1, 13
C-5
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
2091
2095
2097
2099
SCC Codea Potential Pollutant
— arsenic, hydrogen sulfide
acetaldehyde, acrolein, methylene
chloride, trichloroethylene
— arsenic
— acetaldehyde, benzene, benzidene,
Reference
(page C-50)
1, 5
1, 7, 13
1
13
2111
2141
2190
22b
2211
2216
2221
carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
dimethyl sulfate, epichlorohydrin,
ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, maleic
anhydride, methyl isocyanate, phenol,
methylene chloride, nitrobenzene,
xylene
benzene, chloroform, formaldehyde,
methyl chloroform, methylene chloride,
perchloroethylene, toluene
benzene
toluene
trichloroethylene, bis(chloromethyl)
ether, phenol
1,4-dioxane, acrylonitrile, benzene,
ethylene dichloride, toluene
perchloroethylene
acrylonitrile, toluene diisocyanate,
1,4-dioxane, ethylene dichloride,
benzene, perchloroethylene, styrene,
chloroform, mineral fibers,
formaldehyde
13
1
1, 4, 5
1, 5, 13
13
1, 5,
10, 13
b
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-6
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
2231
2241
2250
2252
2253
2261
2262
2269
2271
2272
2279
2281
2282
2283
2291
2293
2294
SCC Codea Potential Pollutant
— 1,4-dioxane, benzene, formaldehyde,
perchloroethylene
1,4-dioxane, benzene, mineral fibers
— benzidine, benzene
— benzene, acrylonitrile
benzene, arsenic, perchloroethylene,
ammonia
— 1,4-dichlorobenzene, benzene,
acrylonitrile, chromium, toluene
xylene, hydrazine, copper, benzene,
1,4-dioxane, perchloroethylene,
formaldehyde
vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride,
hydrazine, benzene, benzidene,
toluene, xylene, formaldehyde,
1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile,
perchloroethylene
— arsenic
— formaldehyde, benzene
— arsenic
toluene diisocyanate
— lead, toluene diisocyanate, ammonia
arsenic
— arsenic, methyl chloroform
benzene
— formaldehyde
Reference
(page C-50)
1, 13
1, 10
5, 4
1, 5
5, 13
5, 13
5, 1,
10, 13
5, 1,
4, 13
1
5
1
1
1, 12
1
1, 13
5
13
C-7
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
2295
2296
2298
2299
23b
2311
2321
2328
2329
2335
2339
2352
2361
2369
2371
2387
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
— perch! oroethylene, vinyl idene
chloride, xylene, lead, arsenic,
benzene, cresol , hydrogen chloride,
formaldehyde, styrene, toluene
asbestos, benzene, toluene, ammonia,
perchloroethylene, formaldehyde
methyl chloroform
methyl bromide
— ethylene dichloride
— ammonia
— ammonia
— ammonia
methyl chloroform
arsenic, ammonia
— ammonia
arsenic
— ammonia
toluene
— ammonia, perchloroethylene
— ammonia, cadmium, copper, toluene,
zinc
Reference
(page C-50)
1, 13
5, 13
13
1
4
13
13
13
13
1, 13
13
1
13
13
13
13
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-8
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
2389
2392
2396
2399
2408
2411
2421
2426
2431
2432
2434
2435
2449
2451
2479
2490
2491
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
— toluene
— toluene, naphthalene
— arsenic, ammonia, benzene, toluene,
vinyl chloride
— chlorine
chlorine, formaldehyde, methyl
chloride
methyl chloride, toluene
lead, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde,
PAH, POM, toluene
— toluene
— methylene chloride, xylene, toluene,
carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde,
asbestos, chlorinated phenols
ammonia, formaldehyde, naphthalene,
toluene
toluene, xylene, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, naphthalene,
styrene
formaldehyde, perch! oroethylene
— toluene
— formaldehyde
— toluene
— formaldehyde, toluene
arsenic, phenol, chromium, cresol ,
dibenzofurans, naphthalene,
zinc/zinc oxide, copper, toluene,
Reference
(page C-50)
13
13
4, 13
13
13
13
1, 5, 13
13
1, 5, 13
13
5, 6, 13
5
13
5
13
13
1, 3,
4, 5
13
hydrogen chloride
C-9
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
2499 — formaldehyde, hydrazine, hydrogen 13
chloride, methylene chloride,
naphthalene, phenol, toluene
25 --- trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
methylene chloride
2511 --- methylene chloride, methyl chloroform, 5, 13
trichloroethylene, ammonia, styrene,
toluene, xylene, methyl chloroform,
naphthalene
2512 — cadmium, copper, lead, toluene 13
2514 — toluene, xylene, cresol, toluene, 5, 13
trichloroethylene
2517 --- toluene 13
2521 — methylene chloride, formaldehyde, 5, 13
trichloroethylene, methyl chloroform,
toluene, xylene, naphthalene, toluene
diisocyanate
2522 --- methylene chloride, formaldehyde, 5, 13
trichloroethylene, methyl chloroform,
toluene, xylene, ammonia, styrene,
perchloroethylene, zinc oxide
2531 — ammonia, toluene, xylene 13
2541 --- ammonia, toluene, trichloroethylene, 13
toluene diisocyanate
2542 --- methyl chloroform, perchloroethylene, 13
toluene, trichloroethylene, methylene
chloride
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate nat the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-10
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
2591
2599
26b
2611
2621
2631
2641
Reference
SCC Codea Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
— benzene, methyl chloroform
methylene chloride, trichloroethylene,
phthalic anhydride, toluene
PAH, benzo(a)pyrene, POM
hydrogen sulfide, chloroform, chlorine
chloroform, hydrogen sulfide, toluene,
arsenic, cadmium, trichloroethylene,
chlorine
— cadmium, chloroform, formaldehyde,
toluene
toluene, formaldehyde, arsenic,
ammonia, perch! oroethylene, methyl
chloroform, hydrogen sulfide
1, 13
13
4
5, 13
1, 7,
5, 13
5, 7,
13
1, 5,
6, 13
2643 --- acetaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen 13
chloride, formaldehyde, methyl
chloroform, methylene chloride,
naphthalene, toluene,
perch!oroethylene
2644
2645
2646
2649
2651
2652
toluene
— toluene, trichloroethylene
zinc
— formaldehyde, ammonia, toluene
— formaldehyde
— toluene
13
6, 13
13
6, 13
13
13
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-ll
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
2653
2654
2655
2661
27b
2711
2731
2732
2741
2750
2751
SCC Codea Potential Pollutant
— ammonia, trichloroethylene
— . acetaldehyde, ammonia, toluene
— ammonia, toluene
— asbestos, ammonia
toluene
trichloroethylene
arsenic, lead
lead, methyl chloroform
toluene
methyl chloroform, toluene
— ammonia, benzene, chromium, toluene,
Reference
(page C-50)
13
13
13
6, 13
13
2
13
1, 13
13
13
13
methylene chloride, naphthalene,
perch!oroethylene, trichloroethylene
2752 --- benzene, trichloroethylene, toluene, 1, 13
ammonia
2753 --- benzene 1
2754 --- benzene, toluene, xylene, nickel, 1, 5, 13
methyl chloroform, methylene
chloride, perch!oroethylene, cadmium,
trichloroethylene, ammonia, gasoline
vapors, formaldehyde
2782 --- ammonia, methyl chloride, methyl 13
chloroform, toluene, trichloroethylene
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is "not as specific.
C-12
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Codea Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
2789 --- toluene 13
2791 — ammonia ' 13
2794 ---lead 1
2799 --- vinyl chloride 13
28 --- bis(chloromethyl) ether, ammonia, 5, 13
carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
copper, cresol, ethylene oxide, lead,
formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride,
methyl chloroform, methylene chloride,
naphthalene, phenol, toluene, toluene
diisocyanate
2810 --- asbestos, benzene, chlorine, copper, 13
carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
hexachlorocyclopentadi ene, hydrogen
chloride, methyl chloroform, toluene,
perch!oroethylene, trichloroethylene
2812 --- arsenic, benzene, chlorine/HCl, 1, 5,
mercury, carbon tetrachloride, 10, 12,
vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, 13
toluene, phosgene, 1,3-butadiene,
ammonia, asbestos, formaldehyde,
chlorobenzene, trichloroethylene,
chloroform
2813 — beryllium, arsenic, ethylene oxide, 1, 5
carbon tetrachloride, mercury, 13
hydrogen chloride
2815 --- ammonia, hydrogen chloride, toluene, 13
phosgene
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-13
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
2816 — lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, 1, 4,
hydrazine, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, 5, 10,
dimethyl sulfate, zinc/zinc oxide, 13
copper, hydrogen chloride, lead,
ammonia
2818 --- ammonia, benzene, chlorine/HCl, 13
carbon tetrachloride, gasoline vapors,
hydrazine, hydrogen sulfide, methyl
chloride, methylene chloride, zinc,
chlorobenzene, phosgene, toluene
2819 3 01 999 99 chlorine/HCl, copper, chromium, 1, 3,
nickel, cadmium, arsenic, ammonia, 5, 4,
benzene, benzyl chloride, hydrogen 7, 10,
sulfide, zinc/zinc oxide, lead, 12, 13
naphthalene, radionuclides, mercury,
carbon tetrachloride, xylene, toluene,
formaldehyde, methyl chloroform,
phenol, phosgene, perchloroethylene,
toluene, trichloroethylene
2821 3 01 018 01 maleic anhydride, acetaldehyde, 1, 4,
acrylonitrile, perchloroethylene, 5, 3,
phosgene, propylene oxide, acrolein, 8, 10
vinylidene chloride, toluene, ally! 12, 13
chloride, chloroprene, hydrogen
sulfide, styrene, tetrahydrofuran,
phenol, cresol, epichlorohydrin, lead,
formaldehyde, arsenic, vinyl chloride,
ethylene dichloride, benzene, phthalic
anhydride, methyl methacrylate,
chloroethane, toluene diisocyanate,
ammonia, 1,3-butadiene, asbestos, carbon
tetrachloride, chlorine/HCl, hydrogen
sulfide, mercury, methylene chloride,
nitrobenzene, PCS, tetrahydrofuran,
trichloroethylene, ethylene oxide,
xylene, cadmium, gasoline vapors,
zinc oxide
C-14
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
2822 — ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene 1, 4,
diisocyanate, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, 5, 10
epichlorohydrin, lead, maleic 12, 13
anhydride, acetaldehyde, acrylonitrile,
perchloroethylene, methylene chloride,
toluene, ally! chloride, chloroprene,
styrene, 1,3-butadiene, ammonia,
carbon tetrachloride, chlorine/HCl,
chloroform, vinylidene chloride
2823 --- chlorine/HCl, ammonia, arsenic, 1, 10
ethylene dichloride, benzene
2824 — copper, vinylidene chloride, dimethyl 1, 5,
sulfate, ethylene dichloride, toluene 10, 12
diisocyanate, acrylonitrile 13
2827 --- 1,3-butadiene 12, 13
2831 --- lead, arsenic, benzene, ethylene 1, 13
dichloride, methyl chloroform
2833 — toluene, phenol, mercury, methyl 1, 6,
bromide, lead, carbon tetrachloride, 5, 13
arsenic, ethylene dichloride, styrene,
benzene, methylene chloride, methyl
methacrylate, vinylidene chloride,
acrylonitrile, ammonia, chloroprene,
formaldehyde, chlorine/HCl
2834 --- hydrazine, phenol, mercury, lead, 1, 3,
1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dioxane, 4, 5,
epichlorohydrin, carbon tetrachloride, 6, 13
chloroform, arsenic, ethylene
dichloride, chromium, ethylene
dibromide, benzene, benzyl chloride,
methyl chloroform, methylene chloride,
phosgene, xylene, toluene, formaldehyde,
zinc/zinc oxide, acrylonitrile, allyl
chloride, ammonia, chlorine/HCl,
ethylene oxide, methyl methacrylate,
phosgene, styrene, perchloroethylene,
toluene, vinylidene chloride
C-15
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
2840 --- ammonia, chlorine/HCl 13
2841 — benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, 1, 5, 13
ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide,
hydrogen sulfide, methyl methacrylate
2842 --- ammonia, chlorine/HCl, methylene 1, 4,
chloride, perchloroethylene, zinc/ 5, 3,
zinc oxide, nitrobenzene, cresol, 10, 13
1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dioxane,
epichlorohydrin, carbon tetrachloride,
formaldehyde, chloroform, arsenic,
methyl chloroform, benzene, toluene,
trichloroethylene
2843 --- toluene, 1,4-dioxane, benzene, 1, 4,
benzyl chloride, propylene oxide, 6, 10
zinc/zinc oxide
2844 --- dimethyl sulfate, arsenic, Freon 113, 1, 5,
1,4-dioxane, formaldehyde, benzene, 10, 13
acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzyl
chloride, methylene chloride, methyl
chloroform, perchloroethylene, methyl
chloride, toluene, trichloroethylene,
zinc/zinc oxide, ammonia
2851 --- epichlorohydrin, zinc/zinc oxide, 1, 3,
xylene, toluene, phenol, mercury, 4, 5,
nitrobenzene, 1,4-dioxane, copper, 6, 8,
perchloroethylene, methylene chloride, 10, 13
acetaldehyde, trichloroethylene, lead,
carbon tetrachloride, asbestos,
arsenic, benzene, toluene diisocyanate,
chlorinated phenols, ammonia, methyl
chloride, chromium, cresol, methyl
chloroform, formaldehyde, methyl
methacrylate, styrene, naphthalene,
nickel, phthalic anhydride
2860 --- chlorine/HCl, toluene 13
C-16
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Codea Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
2861 --- benzo(a)pyrene, POM, PAH, arsenic, 1, 4, 5
formaldehyde, chromium, benzene,
toluene diisocyanate, naphthalene
2865 • — maleic anhydride, acetaldehyde, 1, 3,
acrolein, acrylonitrile, benzyl 4, 5,
chloride, toluene diisocyanate, 10, 12
naphthalene, chlorine/HCl, methylene 13
chloride, trichloroethylene, phosgene,
xylene, hydrazine, toluene, benzidine,
dimethyl sulfate, phenol, formaldehyde,
nitrosomorpholine, nitrobenzene, methyl
bromide, chlorobenzene, cresol, carbon
tetrachloride, 1,4-dichlorobenzene,
1,4-dioxane, PAH, POM, chloroform,
arsenic, ethylene dichloride, chromium,
benzene, dibenzofurans, phthalic
anhydride, hexachlorobenzene, ammonia,
pentachlorophenol, 1,3-butadiene,
methyl isocyanate, gasoline vapors,
styrene, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, vinyl
chloride, tetrahydrofuran, hydrogen
sulfide
2869 --- Freon 113, chlorine/HCl, naphthalene, 1, 3,
phthalic anhydride, chloroethane, 4, 5,
methyl isocyanate, maleic anhydride, 6, 8,
acetaldehyde, acrolein, acrylonitrile, 10, 12
benzyl chloride, methyl chloroform, 13
trichloroethylene, chromium, benzene,
perch!oroethylene, methylene chloride,
hexachlorobenzene, phosgene, propylene
oxide, vinylidene chloride, xylene,
hydrazine, toluene, ally! chloride,
benzidine, ethylene dibromide, methyl
chloride, phenol, nitrosomorpholine,
formaldehyde, nitrobenzene, chloroform,
epichlorohydrin, ethylene oxide, carbon
tetrachloride, arsenic, ethylene
dichloride, chlorobenzene, ammonia,
formaldehyde, hexachlorocyclopentadi ene,
hydrogen sulfide, mercury, methyl
methacrylate, phenol, styrene, toluene
diisocyanate, vinyl chloride, xylene,
zinc oxide, gasoline vapors, asbestos,
acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene,
1,4-dichlorobenzene
C-17
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
2870
2872
2873
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
— methylene chloride
ammonia
3 01 040 07 lead, cadmium, nickel, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide
Reference
(page C-50)
13
13
1, 7,
10, 13
2874 --- hydrogen sulfide, cadmium, arsenic, 1, 5, 10
ammonia
2875 --- ammonia 10
2879 --- chlorine/HCl, copper, naphthalene, 1, 4,
zinc/zinc oxide, methyl isocyanate, 5, 10
1,4-dichlorobenzene, arsenic, mercury, 12, 13
1,3-butadiene, methyl bromide,
cadmium, maleic anhydride, phenol,
lead, ethylene dichloride, phthalic
anhydride, hexachlorocyclopentadiene,
acrolein, chlorobenzene, ethylene
dibromide, hexachlorobenzene, phosgene,
acrylonitrile, hydrazine, dimethyl
sulfate, cresol, carbon tetrachloride,
formaldehyde, chloroform, benzene,
acetaldehyde, ammonia, arsenic, methyl
chloride, ethylene oxide, methylene
chloride, vinyl chloride, xylene
2891 — trichloroethylene, xylene, toluene, 1, 10
nitrosomorpholine, 1,4-dioxane, lead, 13
arsenic, ethylene dichloride, benzene,
ammonia, asbestos, methylene chloride,
methyl chloroform
2892 — mercury, formaldehyde, arsenic, 1, 3, 4
phenol, ammonia, acetaldehyde, 5, 6,
toluene, nitrobenzene, lead 10, 13
2893 --- formaldehyde, arsenic, benzene, zinc, 1, 4,
perchloroethylene, xylene, toluene, 8, 13
lead, vinyl chloride, ammonia, copper,
cadmium
C-18
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code SCC Code3
2895
2899
Potential Pollutant
benzo(a)pyrene, POM, PAH, ammonia
hexachlorocyclopentadiene, xylene,
copper, hydrazine, lead, cadmium,
Reference
(page C-50)
5, 13
1, 4,
10, 13
formaldehyde, arsenic, chromium,
benzene, methyl methacrylate, maleic
anhydride, ammonia, methyl chloride,
perch!oroethylene, toluene, vinyl
chloride, trichloroethylene, methyl
isocyanate, chlorine/HCl, hydrogen
sulfide, styrene, radionuclides,
zinc/zinc oxide
2911 3 06 001 02 arsenic, beryllium, cresol, PAH, 1, 3,
3 06 002 01 dimethyl sulfate, maleic anhydride, 4, 5,
3 06 009 01 xylene, toluene, benzo(a)pyrene, 6, 8,
1 01 007 01 phenol, mercury, lead, formaldehyde, 10, 11,
1 01 007 02 cadmium, ethylene dichloride, POM, 13
1 02 007 01 ethylene dibromide, nickel, chromium,
1 02 007 02 benzene, coke oven emissions, ammonia,
1 02 007 03 naphthalene, gasoline vapors, hydrogen
1 01 004 01 sulfide, acetaldehyde, chlorine/HCl,
1 01 004 02 zinc/zinc oxide
1 01 004 03
1 01 005 01
1 01 005 02
1 01 005 03
2918 --- hydrogen chloride 13
2921 — toluene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzene, 1
formaldehyde
2951 3 05 002 01 toluene, benzo(a)pyrene, mercury, 1, 4, 13
POM, formaldehyde, PAH, chromium,
benzene, asbestos, ammonia, methyl
chloroform, methyl isocyanate
2952 3 05 001 01 formaldehyde, PAH, asbestos, POM, 4, 6,
chromium, carbon tetrachloride 8, 13
2991 --- formaldehyde 13
C-19
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
2992 --- methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene 4, 5,
asbestos, benzene, epichlorohydrin, 13
formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide,
toluene, xylene
2999 --- chromium, naphthalene, gasoline 5, 10,
vapors
3011 --- ammonia, benzene, methyl chloroform, 13
methylene chloride, styrene, zinc
oxide, toluene
3021 --- methyl chloroform, naphthalene, 13'
toluene
3029 --- methyl isocyanate, vinyl chloride 13
3031 --- lead, cadmium, benzene, toluene, 1, 13
naphthalene
3041 --- toluene, perchloroethylene 6, 13
3060 --- naphthalene, toluene 13
3069 --- lead, benzene, chlorine/HCl, methyl 1, 10,
chloroform, methylene chloride, 12, 13
toluene diisocyanate, ammonia,
ethylene oxide, formaldehyde,
naphthalene, perchloroethylene,
zinc/zinc oxide, styrene, toluene,
vinyl chloride
3079 --- benzyl chloride, chlorine/HCl, lead, 1, 4,
methylene chloride, phenol, mercury, 6, 5,
beryllium, ethylene oxide, methyl 10, 12,
methacrylate, formaldehyde, ethylene 13
dichloride, styrene, vinyl chloride,
toluene diisocyanate, acetaldehyde,
acrylonitrile, ammonia, benzene, zinc
oxide, naphthalene, phthalic anhydride,
tetrahydrofuran, toluene, methyl
chloride, trichloroethylene, Freon 113,
gasoline vapors, hydrogen sulfide,
methyl chloroform
C-20
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
3111
3126
3141
3143
3172
3194
3199
32b
3208
3211
3216
3220
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
— chromium, lead, formaldehyde, copper,
toluene, naphthalene, arsenic
— ammonia, trichloroethylene
toluene
toluene
— toluene, trichloroethylene
lead, benzene
— methyl chloroform, toluene
— ammonia, arsenic, cadmium, nickel,
chromium, chlorine/HCl , lead,
mercury, methyl chloroform, toluene,
trichloroethylene
— methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene
3 05 014 02 cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nickel,
ammonia, chlorine/HCl, toluene
— perchloroethylene
— ammonia, copper, chlorine/HCl,
Reference
(page C-50)
1, 4,
5, 13
13
13
13
13
1
13
13
13
1, 4, 13
13
13
nickel, toluene
3221 --- arsenic, chlorine/HCl, methylene 1, 13
chloride
3229 --- arsenic, chlorine/HCl, mercury, 1, 10,
formaldehyde, lead, methyl chloroform, 13
methylene chloride, styrene, toluene,
perchloroethylene, cadmium, chromium
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-21
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
3231
3241
3251
3253
3255
3261
3263
3264
3269
3271
3272
3273
3274
3281
3291
Reference
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
ammonia, toluene, trichloroethylene,
xylene
3 05 007 06 chromium, copper, mercury, arsenic,
nickel, cadmium, chlorine/HCl, lead,
zinc, toluene
beryllium, lead, arsenic
— beryllium, lead, arsenic
beryllium, chromium, mineral fibers
styrene, toluene
— toluene
beryllium, trichloroethylene, zinc,
xylene, ammonia, methyl chloride,
copper, lead, hydrogen sulfide,
methyl bromide, naphthalene, toluene,
perchloroethylene
— lead, methyl chloroform
— styrene, chromium
— ammonia, gasoline vapors, toluene,
chromium, zinc
— asbestos, hydrogen sulfide
mercury
trichloroethylene
3 05 009 99 ammonia, cadmium, formaldehyde,
13
1, 3,
5, 10,
13
1
1
1, 10
13
13
1, 13
1, 13
5, 13
5, 13
13
1
13
1, 13
chromium, chlorine/HCl, lead,
manganese, methyl chloroform, zinc,
methylene chloride, phenol, styrene,
perchloroethylene, toluene, xylene
C-22
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Codea Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3292 --- asbestos, copper, formaldehyde, 1, 5, 13
hydrogen sulfide, methyl chloroform,
naphthalene, xylene, chromium, benzene
3293 --- ammonia, asbestos, gasoline vapors, 13
hydrogen chloride, lead, toluene,
chlorobenzene, trichloroethylene, zinc
3295 --- chlorine/HCl, chromium, gasoline 10, 13
vapors, copper
3296 — ammonia, carbon tetrachloride, phenol, 10, 13
formaldehyde, mineral fibers
3297 --- beryllium, chromium, mineral fibers, 1, 4,
ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen 10, 13
chloride, phenol, zinc/zinc oxide
3299 --- mineral fibers, copper, styrene, 10, 13
chlorine/HCl, toluene
3300 — hydrogen chloride, methyl chloroform, 13
naphthalene, tetrahydrofuran, vinyl
chloride, zinc/zinc oxide
3312 3 03 008 03 chlorine/HCl, chromium, coke oven 3, 4,
3 03 009 01 emissions, toluene, xylene, phenol, 5, 1,
3 03 009 03 cadmium, mercury, beryllium, lead, 7, 10,
3 03 004 07 manganese, PAH, arsenic, nickel, 12, 13
benzene, naphthalene, POM, ammonia,
formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, zinc,
toluene, trichloroethylene
3313 3 03 007 01 nickel, manganese, cadmium, arsenic, 1, 3,
chromium, copper 4, 13
3315 --- PCS, lead, ammonia, chlorine/HCl, 1, 13
methyl chloride, toluene, zinc
3316 --- methylene chloride, toluene 13
3317 — ammonia, perch!oroethylene 13
C-23
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
3321
SCC Codea
3 04 003 03
3 04 003 01
Potential Poll
acetaldehyde, xylene
beryllium, manganese
utant
, arsenic, lead,
, cadmium, zinc,
Reference
(page C-50)
1, 4,
7, 13
nickel, chromium, toluene, styrene,
naphthalene, phenol, acrolein,
ammonia, benzene, copper, hydrogen
sulfide, formaldehyde, methyl
chloroform
3322 — ammonia, formaldehyde, zinc 13
3323 --- hydrogen chloride, methyl chloroform 13
3324 — cadmium, chromium 3
3325 --- arsenic, ammonia, cadmium, methyl 1, 3,
chloride, chromium, copper, hydrogen 13
chloride, -lead, methyl chloroform,
naphthalene, nickel, phenol, styrene,
perchloroethylene, toluene, xylene,
zinc
3331 3 03 005 03 nickel, chromium, copper, arsenic, 5, 7,
mercury, cadmium, zinc/zinc oxide 10, 13
3332 3 03 010 09 chromium, arsenic, mercury, lead, 1, 7, 10
3 03 010 03 cadmium, nickel, zinc/zinc oxide
3 03 010 05
3 03 010 08
3 03 010 25
3 03 010 24
3 03 010 02
3 03 010 01
3333 --- cadmium, zinc/zinc oxide, mercury, 1, 10
lead
3334 --- chlorine/HCl, phosgene 13
3339 --- chlorine/HCl, nickel, lead, cadmium, 1, 4, 6
arsenic, zinc/zinc oxide, ammonia, 10, 12,
copper 13
C-24
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
3341
3350
3351
3352
3354
3355
3356
SCC Codea Potential Pollutant
3 04 001 07 zinc/zinc oxide, copper, chromium,
3 04 004 03 arsenic, nickel, lead, cadmium,
ammonia, chlorine/HCl , styrene
chromium, hydrogen chloride
lead, zinc/zinc oxide, copper,
nickel, cadmium
chlorine/HCl, toluene
chlorine/HCl
lead, chlorine/HCl, zinc/zinc oxide
lead, nickel, zinc/zinc oxide,
ammonia, perchloroethylene, hydrogen
Reference
(page C-50)
1, 5,
7, 10,
13
1, 10,
12, 13
13
13
1, 13
1, 4,
10, 13
chloride
3357 --- cresol, hydrogen chloride, toluene, 4, 13
naphthalene, vinyl chloride
3360 --- copper, zinc 13
3361 --- ammonia, benzene, chlorine/HCl, zinc, 13
copper, formaldehyde, methyl
chloroform, phenol, styrene, toluene
3362 — chromium, copper, methyl chloride, 5, 10,
lead, ammonia, formaldehyde, methyl 13
chloroform, trichloroethylene, methyl
chloride, lead, methylene chloride,
chlorobenzene, phenol, toluene, zinc
3369 --- beryllium, zinc/zinc oxide, copper, 4, 10,
lead, toluene, perchloroethylene, 13
styrene, ammonia, chlorine/HCl
3391 --- toluene 13
3392 --- hydrogen chloride 13
3398 --- lead, ammonia, trichloroethylene 1, 13
C-25
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3399 — ammonia, chromium, manganese 13
34 -- trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 13
methylene chloride, formaldehyde,
ammonia, toluene
3411 --- methyl chloroform, xylene, toluene, 5, 6, 13
perchloroethylene, benzene, lead
3412 --- ammonia, methyl chloroform, toluene, 13
naphthalene
3421 --- lead, chromium, trichloroethylene, 1, 13
toluene
3423 --- ammonia, chromium, chlorine/HCl, 13
methyl chloroform, methylene
chloride, styrene, toluene, zinc,
trichloroethylene
3425 --- copper, lead, nickel, toluene, zinc, 13
trichloroethylene
3429 — perchloroethylene, ammonia, copper, 13
chlorine/HCl, chromium, hydrogen
sulfide, lead, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, naphthalene,
phenol, toluene, trichloroethylene,
zinc/zinc oxide
3431 --- methylene chloride, toluene 13
3432 --- ammonia, cadmium, formaldehyde, 13
hydrogen chloride, phenol, toluene,
trichloroethylene, zinc oxide
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-26
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3433 --- ammonia, benzene, chromium, phenol, 13
formaldehyde, perchloroethylene,
toluene
3440 --- toluene 13
3441 --- xylene, toluene, copper, zinc oxide 6, 13
3442 — methyl chloroform, xylene, toluene, 1, 6,
ammonia, cadmium, formaldehyde, zinc, 13
perchloroethylene
3443 --- methyl chloroform, copper, styrene, 1, 13
tri chloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
tetrahydrofuran, toluene, gasoline
vapors, hydrogen chloride, lead
3444 --- trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1, 13
methyl chloroform, toluene, ammonia,
toluene diisocyanate
3446 — trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1, 13
methyl chloroform, ammonia, copper,
toluene
3447 --- toluene 13
3448 --- toluene, xylene 5
3449 — benzene, ammonia, toluene 1, 13
3451 --- methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene 13
3452 — cadmium, hydrogen chloride, methyl 13
chloroform, methylene chloride,
trichloroethylene, zinc
3461 — benzene, carbon tetrachloride, methyl 13
chloroform, methylene chloride,
naphthalene, perchloroethylene,
toluene, trichloroethylene
3462 --- hydrogen sulfide 13
C-27
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3465 — ammonia, methyl chloride, methylene 13
chloride, perch!oroethylene, toluene
3466 ---lead 1
3469 --- trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1, 10,
methyl chloroform, copper, toluene 13
3470 --- toluene 13
3471 — copper, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, 1, 6,
lead, zinc/zinc oxide, nickel, 10, 13
benzene, acrolein, ammonia, methyl
chloroform, chlorine/HCl, methylene
chloride, nitrobenzene, formaldehyde,
perch!oroethylene, tri chloroethylene,
toluene
3477 --- chromium 13
3479 — arsenic, benzene, lead, nickel, 1, 10, 13
zinc/zinc oxide, acetaldehyde, xylene,
cadmium, ammonia, chromium, copper,
chlorine/HCl, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, perchloroethylene,
toluene, trichloroethylene
3482 --- lead 1, 13
3483 --- hydrogen sulfide, trichloroethylene, 13
toluene
3484 --- ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen 1, 13
chloride, lead, arsenic, phenol,
toluene, Freon 113, zinc oxide
3490 --- toluene 13
3492 --- toluene 13
3493 --- hydrogen chloride, methyl chloroform, 13
toluene
C-28
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
SCC Code'
Potential Pollutant
Reference
(page C-50)
3494
3496
3497
3499
35U
3511
3519
3522
3523
3531
copper, methyl chloroform, phenol, 13
toluene, trichloroethylene, zinc
methyl chloroform, ammonia, hydrogen 6, 13
chloride, nickel, perchloroethylene,
toluene, vinyl chloride
lead, zinc/zinc oxide, copper, ammonia, 1, 10,
hydrogen chloride, perchloroethylene 13
trichloroethylene, toluene, Freon 113, 6, 10,
acrylonitrile, ammonia, 1,3-butadiene, 13
cadmium, chlorine/HCl, copper, lead,
formaldehyde, hydrazine, mercury,
methyl chloroform, methyl chloride,
styrene, perchloroethylene, zinc
Freon 113, methyl chloroform 10, 13
ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen 13
chloride, maleic anhydride, methyl
chloroform, phenol, styrene, toluene,
perchloroethylene, xylene, toluene
diisocyanate
hydrazine, ethylene dichloride, 1, 5,
ethylene dibromide, benzene, 4, 9,
gasoline vapors, ammonia, methyl 13
chloroform
toluene 13
toluene 13
carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen 13
chloride, perchloroethylene, toluene
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-29
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3540
3541
3542
3544
3545
3547
3548
3549
3551
3552
3553
Reference
SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
— xylene, nickel, chromium, lead,
methyl chloroform
toluene
ammonia, toluene, trichloroethylene
ammonia, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc
toluene, perchloroethylene
— perchloroethylene
lead, ammonia, trichloroethylene,
toluene
benzene, lead, ammonia, toluene,
methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene,
perchloroethylene
methyl chloride, 1,4-dichlorobenzene,
formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride,
methyl chloroform, methylene chloride,
naphthalene, tetrahydrofuran, toluene,
trichloroethylene, zinc
— beryllium, ammonia, chromium, hydrogen
chloride, methyl chloroform, toluene,
trichloroethylene
— cadmium, chromium, zinc/zinc oxide
— chromium, toluene
— copper, nickel, zinc, toluene
arsenic
trichloroethylene, toluene, xylene
chlorine/HCl , toluene
6, 13
13
13
13
13
13
1, 13
1, 13
13
1, 13
1, 10
13
13
1
5, 13
13
C-30
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3554 --- trichloroethylene, perch!oroethylene, 2, 13
ammonia, toluene'
3555 — lead, ammonia, chromium, methyl 1, 13
chloroform, methylene chloride, zinc
oxide, toluene, toluene diisocyanate
3559 — methyl chloroform, benzene, arsenic, 1, 13
lead, ammonia, perchloroethylene,
copper, chromium, trichloroethylene,
toluene
3561 — ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen 13
chloride, lead, methyl chloroform,
phenol, perchloroethylene, toluene,
xylene
3562 --- copper, methyl chloroform, toluene, 10, 13
naphthalene
3563 --- toluene 13
3564 --- copper, gasoline vapors, lead, methyl 13
chloroform, toluene, trichloroethylene
3565 --- formaldehyde, phenol 13
3566 — methyl chloroform, perchloroethylene, 13
toluene
3567 --- arsenic, lead, copper, toluene, zinc, 1, 10,
trichloroethylene, hydrogen chloride 13
3568 — copper, ammonia, hydrogen chloride 10, 13
3569 — ammonia, chromium, copper, cresol, 13
epichlorohydrin, formaldehyde, lead,
hydrogen chloride, methyl chloroform,
nickel, phenol, toluene, zinc oxide,
trichloroethylene
C-31
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3572 — benzene, cadmium, formaldehyde, lead, 6, 13
nickel, xylene, toluene, beryllium,
hydrogen chloride, ammonia
3573 --- methyl chloroform, methylene chloride, 1, 6,
ammonia, arsenic, asbestos, benzene, 13
benzo(a)pyrene, benzidine, chloroform,
bis(chloromethyl) ether, chlorine/HCl,
methyl chlorine, chromium, copper,
Freon 113, hydrogen sulfide, lead,
methyl chloroform, methylene chloride,
naphthalene, nickel, nitrobenzene,
phenol, perchloroethylene, toluene,
tetrahydrofuran, trichloroethylene,
vinyl chloride, zinc
3574 --- arsenic, hydrogen chloride, methyl 13
chloroform
3579 --- hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride, 13
toluene
3581 --- toluene 13
3582 --- arsenic, perchloroethylene, toluene 1, 13
3585 — toluene, xylene, ammonia, copper, 5, 13
formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, lead,
methyl chloroform, methylene chloride,
phthalic anhydride, toluene, Freon 113,
trichloroethylene, zinc
3586 --- toluene 13
3589 --- toluene 13
3592 --- nickel, ammonia, formaldehyde 1, 13
3599 --- ammonia, formaldehyde, methyl 13
chloroform, methylene chloride,
phenol, toluene, trichloroethylene
C-32
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
36 — Freon 113, trichloroethylene, 10
perchloroethylene, methylene chloride
3610 — ammonia, toluene 13
3611 — ammonia, hydrogen chloride, lead, 13
mercury, methyl chloroform, toluene,
perch!oroethylene, tri chloroethylene
3612 — xylene, beryllium, PCB, ammonia, lead, 1, 4,
hydrogen chloride, methyl chloroform, 6, 13
methylene chloride, naphthalene, zinc
oxide, toluene, vinyl chloride, phenol,
tri chloroethylene, perchloroethylene
3613 — ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen 13
chloride, methyl chloroform, toluene,
perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene
3619 --- methyl chloroform, naphthalene, 13
trichloroethylene
3620 --- arsenic, lead, toluene 13
3621 --- methyl chloroform, ammonia, lead, 2, 13
formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride,
styrene, toluene, trichloroethylene,
naphthalene, phenol
3622 --- ammonia, styrene, toluene, methyl 13
chloroform, trichloroethylene
3623 --- nickel, toluene 13
3624 --- benzo(a)pyrene, chlorine/HCl, 13
hydrogen sulfide, styrene
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants-, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-33
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3629 — mercury, PCB, copper, ammonia, 1, 4,
benzo(a)pyrene, hydrogen chloride, 10, 13
methyl chloroform, perchloroethylene,
trichloroethylene
3631 --- methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene 13
3632 --- toluene 13
3633 --- toluene, perchloroethylene 13
3634 --- beryllium, toluene 1, 13
3636 --- toluene, methyl chloroform 13
3641 --- mercury, ammonia, cadmium, methyl 1, 13
chloroform, toluene, trichloroethylene
3642 --- mercury, ammonia, formaldehyde, zinc, 1, 13
hydrogen chloride, lead, methyl
chloroform, naphthalene, phenol,
perchloroethylene, toluene, xylene,
trichloroethylene, vinylidene chloride
3643 — methyl chloroform, ammonia, copper, 5, 13
formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride,
manganese, methyl chloroform, nickel,
methylene chloride, phenol, toluene,
perchloroethylene, tri chloroethylene,
toluene diisocyanate, zinc
3644 --- copper, hydrogen chloride, styrene, 13
toluene, trichloroethylene, vinyl
chloride, zinc
3645 --- ammonia, hydrazine, methyl chloroform, 13
toluene, trichloroethylene
3646 --- methyl chloroform, toluene 13
3648 --- toluene, trichloroethylene 13
C-34
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Codea Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3651 — xylene, toluene, ammonia, methyl 1, 13
chloroform, toluene, trichloroethylene
3661 --- perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 5, 6,
methylene chloride, xylene, toluene, 13
methyl chloroform, hydrogen chloride,
perchloroethylene, styrene, ammonia,
copper, methyl chloride, formaldehyde
3662 --- methyl chloroform, ammonia, benzene, 2, 13
chlorine/HCl, methyl chloride, copper,
formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, lead,
methylene chloride, perchloroethylene,
toluene, toluene diisocyanate, xylene,
trichloroethylene, zinc
3670 — ammonia, methyl chloride, copper, 13
gasoline vapors, hydrazine, hydrogen
chloride, lead, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, phenol, styrene,
perch!oroethylene, tetrahydrofuran,
toluene, toluene diisocyanate, zinc
oxide, trichloroethylene
3672 --- beryllium, lead 1
3673 — ammonia, beryllium, benzene, cadmium, 1, 13
chromium, copper, hydrogen chloride,
lead, nickel, styrene, toluene,
trichloroethylene, xylene
3674 --- trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1, 2,
methyl chloroform, xylene, beryllium, 6, 13
arsenic, lead, phenol, ammonia, zinc,
chlorine/HCl, mercury, methylene
chloride, chlorobenzene, nickel, phenol,
styrene, toluene, toluene diisocyanate
3675 --- ally! chloride, chromium, methylene 13
chloride, epichlorohydrin, lead, methyl
chloroform, trichloroethylene
C-35
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
Reference
(page C-50)
3679 — perch!oroethylene, beryllium, benzene, 1, 2,
chromium, methyl chloroform, xylene, 4, 8,
methyl chloride, methylene chloride, 9, 13
acetaldehyde, ammonia, arsenic, benzyl
chloride, cadmium, chlorine/HCl, copper,
chloroform, ethylene dichloride, lead,
epichlorohydrin, formaldehyde, gasoline
vapors, hydrogen sulfide, manganese,
mercury, naphthalene, nickel, PCS, zinc/
zinc oxide, phenol, phosgene, styrene,
tetrahydrofuran, toluene, toluene
diisocyanate, trichloroethylene
3691 --- zinc/zinc oxide, methyl chloroform, 1, 4,
beryllium, lead, manganese, cadmium, 6, 10
nickel
3692 --- cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc/zinc 1, 4,
oxide, naphthalene 10, 13
3693 --- toluene, beryllium, zinc oxide, 1, 6,
hydrogen chloride, trichloroethylene 13
3694 --- beryllium, hydrogen chloride, methyl 1, 13
chloroform, toluene, perchloroethylene
3699 --- beryllium, perchloroethylene, methyl 1, 13
chloroform, toluene, lead, copper,
vinyl chloride, xylene, zinc
37 --- trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
methylene chloride
3710 --- toluene 13
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-36
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Codea Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3711 — ammonia, cadmium, chromium, hydrogen 13
chloride, formaldehyde, lead, phenol,
methylene chloride, toluene
3713 --- chromium, nickel, methylene chloride, 5, 13
styrene, toluene
3714 --- methyl chloroform, chromium, ammonia, 2, 5,
cadmium, zinc/zinc oxide, copper, 10, 12,
asbestos, benzene, chlorine/HCl, lead, 13
formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide,
manganese, methylene chloride, toluene,
naphthalene, perchloroethylene, toluene
diisocyanate, trichloroethylene
3717 — ammonia, asbestos, hydrogen.>chloride, 13
lead, methylene chloride, toluene,
trichloroethylene, zinc oxide
3721 --- ammonia, chromium, hydrogen chloride, 13
hydrogen sulfide, lead, methyl
chloroform, methylene chloride, nickel,
styrene, perchloroethylene, toluene,
trichloroethylene, xylene, zinc
3722 — hydrogen chloride, methylene chloride, 13
nickel, trichloroethylene
3728 — methyl chloroform, ammonia, hydrogen 2, 13
chloride, methylene chloride, toluene,
perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
zinc oxide
3729 --- ammonia, toluene 13
3731 --- asbestos 5
3732 --- styrene 13
3742 --- ammonia, hydrogen chloride, methyl 13
chloroform, methylene chloride, toluene
C-37
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3743 — chromium, nickel, ammonia, toluene 5, 13
diisocyanate
3751 --- toluene 13
3761 — trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1
xylene, hydrazine, toluene,
formaldehyde
3764 --- hydrazine, trichloroethylene 1, 13
3769 — hydrazine, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, 1, 13
lead, methylene chloride, toluene
3799 --- hydrogen chloride, methylene chloride, 13
toluene >
38 --- Freon 113, methyl chloroform, toluene 13
3810 --- formaldehyde 13
3811 --- beryllium, arsenic, lead, ammonia, zinc, 1, 13
asbestos, cadmium, chromium, copper,
hydrogen chloride, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, phenol, toluene,
perch!oroethylene, tri chloroethylene
3821 --- ammonia, chloroform, chromium, copper, 13
formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, lead,
mercury, methyl chloroform, toluene,
toluene diisocyanate, zinc oxide,
trichloroethylene
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-38
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
3822 --- beryllium, chlorine/HCl, mercury, 1, 13
trichloroethylene
3823 --- beryllium, lead, cadmium, hydrogen 1, 5, 13
chloride, toluene, zinc/zinc oxide
3825 — methyl chloroform, beryllium, toluene 1, 6, 13
3829 --- mercury, ethylene oxide, ammonia, 1, 6, 13
toluene
3831 --- ammonia, chromium, ethylene oxide, 13
hydrogen chloride, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, naphthalene,
nickel, toluene, trichloroethylene,
Freon 113
3832 --- acetaldehyde, trichloroethylene, 2, 4, 13
methyl chloroform, methylene
chloride, formaldehyde, toluene
3840 --- ammonia, hydrogen chloride, toluene, 13
trichloroethylene
3841 --- ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, methyl 5, 6, 13
chloroform, perchloroethylene, zinc,
toluene, trichloroethylene
3842 — methyl chloroform, ethylene oxide, 2, 4,
ammonia, chromium, formaldehyde, 5, 12,
hydrogen chloride, lead, nickel, 13
tetrahydrofuran, toluene, vinylidene
chloride
3843 — cadmium, ethylene oxide, zinc/zinc 1, 5,
oxide, ammonia, chlorine, methyl 10, 13
chloroform, formaldehyde, phenol,
toluene
3851 — methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene, 6, 13
ammonia
C-39
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
SCC Code'
Potential Pollutant
Reference
(page C-50)
3861
3871
3873
39b
3911
3914
3915
3931
benzyl chloride, methyl chloroform, 1, 5,
xylene, hydrazine, toluene, ammonia, 6, 10,
formaldehyde, chloroform, ethylene 13
dichloride, acetaldehyde, methylene
chloride, benzene, zinc/zinc oxide,
acrylonitrile, arsenic, asbestos,
benzene, benzidine, bis(chloromethyl)
ether, cadmium, carbon tetrachloride,
chlorine/HCl, chloroform, chromium,
ethylene dichloride, dimethyl sulfate,
1,4-dioxane, epichlorohydrin, lead,
formaldehyde, hydrazine, mercury,
chlorobenzene, naphthalene, nickel,
phenol, phosgene, propylene oxide,
styrene, vinylidene chloride, toluene
diisocyanate, perchloroethylene,
tetrahydrofuran, vinyl chloride,
trichloroethylene
toluene 13
hydrogen chloride, trichloroethylene 13
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 10, 13
methylene chloride, toluene
methyl chloroform, ammonia, hydrogen 2, 13
chloride, lead, toluene, Freon 113,
trichloroethylene
beryllium, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, 1, 13
lead, trichloroethylene
lead, ammonia, hydrogen chloride 1, 13
lead, toluene, trichloroethylene 1, 13
Where 2 digit SIC codes are presented with a group of pollutants, some data
indicate that the pollutants shown are likely to be associated with a broad
classification represented by a 2 digit SIC code. No data were found to
link those pollutants with a more specific 4 digit SIC code. The pollutants
are listed by 2 digit SIC code to provide more information, even though it
is not as specific.
C-40
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
3941
3942
3943
3944
3949
3951
3952
3953
3955
3961
3962
3963
3964
3993
3995
3996
3999
Reference
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
— methyl chloroform, styrene, toluene,
perchloroethylene
acrylonitrile, toluene
methyl chloroform
— toluene, styrene
styrene, perchloroethylene, toluene
— chlorine, methylene chloride, toluene,
perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene
copper, formaldehyde, toluene
— lead, toluene, trichloroethylene, zinc
toluene
ammonia, chlorine/HCl, lead, toluene,
perchl oroethyl ene, tri chl oroethyl ene
toluene
— formaldehyde, styrene, toluene,
trichloroethylene
— formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, lead,
toluene, trichloroethylene, zinc
— beryllium, ammonia, hydrogen chloride,
methyl chloroform, naphthalene, toluene,
perchl oroethyl ene, tri chl oroethyl ene ,
zinc
— toluene
benzene
— arsenic, ammonia, hydrogen chloride,
13
13
13
13
13
13
10, 13
13
13
13
13
13
13
1, 13
13
1
1, 13
methylene chloride, styrene, toluene,
trichloroethylene, zinc/zinc oxide
C-41
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
4091
4111
4131
4212
4226
4231
44$3
4469
4582
4612
4613
4742
4782
4811
4899
4911
Reference
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
mercury
asbestos, formaldehyde, toluene
copper, nickel, toluene
— toluene
ammonia, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, xylene,
ethylene dichloride, gasoline vapors,
hydrogen chloride, methyl methacrylate,
methyl ene chloride, styrene, toluene
chromium, toluene
ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride,
toluene, perchloroethylene, methyl
chloroform, trichloroethylene, xylene
lead, toluene diisocyanate
toluene
— hydrogen sulfide
— gasoline vapors
methyl chloroform, xylene, toluene,
ammonia
toluene
toluene
— beryllium
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, cadmium,
benzo(a)pyrene, PAH, POM, mercury,
beryllium, manganese, nickel, PCB,
1
13
13
13
13
13
13
1
13
13
1
1, 13
13
13
1
1, 3,
4, 5,
13
benzene, chromium, arsenic, copper,
lead
4922 --- benzene, hydrogen sulfide, toluene 13
C-42
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
4923
4924
4925
4931
4932
4941
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
— toluene
mercury
— hydrogen sulfide
copper, methyl chloroform, PCB
hydrogen sulfide
— trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
Reference
(page C-50)
13
1
13
13
13
12, 13
arsenic, chromium, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen sulfide, mercury, methyl
chloroform, perchloroethylene, vinyl
chloride, trichloroethylene
4952 — ammonia, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, 13
copper, hydrogen chloride, lead,
mercury, nickel, zinc
4953 --- chlorine/HCl, lead, cadmium, nickel, 3, 4,
manganese, PAH, POM, chromium, PCB, 5, 12
arsenic, beryllium, mercury, ammonia,
copper, toluene, vinyl chloride, zinc
4959 --- benzene, chloroform, perchloroethylene, 13
ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride,
methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene,
vinyl chloride
4961 — toluene, formaldehyde, benzene 1
5013 --- asbestos, formaldehyde 13
5021 --- toluene 13
5039 --- toluene diisocyanate 1
5042 --- toluene 13
5052 --- zinc/zinc oxide 10
C-43
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
5074
5078
5081
5084
5085
5086
5092
5093
5094
5096
5111
5113
5153
5161
Reference
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
hydrogen chloride
naphthalene, toluene
— toluene
toluene
— hydrogen chloride
— ammonia
gasoline vapors
— ammonia, asbestos, chromium, copper,
hydrogen chloride
ammon i a
ammonia
— naphthalene
— toluene
— ammonia
ammonia, benzene, 1,3-butadiene,
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
hydrogen chloride, methylene chloride,
styrene, toluene, methyl chloroform,
vinyl chloride
5171 — gasoline vapors, xylene, toluene, 1, 5,
ethylene dibromide, benzene, benzyl 6, 13
chloride, carbon tetrachloride,
chlorine/HCl, ethylene dichloride,
formaldehyde, methyl methacrylate,
styrene, tetrahydrofuran
5172 --- ethylene dibromide, gasoline vapors, 5, 13
benzene, hydrogen sulfide, toluene
C-44
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
5191
5194
5211
5212
5341
5511
5531
5541
5551
5599
5710
5712
5944
5984
5999
6324
6499
6512
Reference
SCC Codea Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
perchloroethylene, ammonia
--- benzene, toluene, xylene
toluene
— toluene
— toluene
— toluene
— trichloroethylene
xylene, toluene, ethylene dichloride,
benzene, gasoline vapors
toluene
— toluene
toluene
— ammonia, methyl chloroform, toluene,
methylene chloride
— hydrogen chloride
— toluene
toluene
— ethylene oxide, hydrogen chloride
— toluene
acetaldehyde, ammonia, cadmium, lead,
6, 13
5
13
13 -
13
13
13
8
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
chromium, formaldehyde, naphthalene,
methyl chloroform, phenol, styrene,
perchloroethylene, toluene, xylene,
trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, zinc
C-45
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
6513 — ammonia, copper, hydrogen chloride, 13
hydrogen sulfide, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, naphthalene, zinc/
zinc oxide, perchloroethylene, toluene,
vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene
6514 --- ammonia, manganese, methyl chloroform, 13
styrene, perchloroethylene, toluene,
trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride
7210 --- perchloroethylene 13
7211 — perchloroethylene 13
7213 --- perchloroethylene 13
7215 — perchloroethylene 10
7216 4 01 001 99 methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene, 1, 2,
4 01 002 02 perchloroethylene, ethylene 5, 6,
dichloride, toluene 8, 13
7218 --- perchloroethylene 10
7219 --- perchloroethylene 13
7221 --- ammonia 13
7291 --- perchloroethylene 13
7332 --- ammonia 13
7333 --- ammonia 13
7372 --- trichloroethylene 13
7391 --- trichloroethylene, mercury, ammonia, 1, 2,
cadmium, chromium, copper, hydrogen 13
chloride, formaldehyde, lead, hydrogen
sulfide, manganese, methyl chloroform,
methylene chloride, nickel, phosgene,
phthalic anhydride, styrene, toluene,
perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
zinc/zinc oxide
C-46
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
7392
7394
7395
7397
7399
7461
7499
7512
7531
7534
7535
7538
7539
7541
7629
7641
7694
7699
7716
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
— ammonia, hydrogen chloride
— toluene
— methyl chloroform, methyl ene chloride
epichlorohydrin, hydrogen sulfide
— perchloroethylene, toluene, benzene,
methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene
— hydrogen chloride, methylene chloride
toluene
toluene
— naphthalene, toluene
— toluene
— toluene, xylene, naphthalene, zinc
oxide, benzene
— methyl chloroform, toluene
— ammonia, asbestos, formaldehyde,
toluene
toluene
— toluene
ammonia, lead, methylene chloride,
toluene, xylene
copper, hydrogen chloride, toluene,
naphthalene
— arsenic, copper, ammonia, toluene,
chlorine/HCl , xylene
perchloroethylene
Reference
(page C-50)
13
' 13
2, 13
13
1, 2,
13
13
13
13
13
12, 13
13
13
13
13
13
13
4, 13
13
C-47
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
SIC Code
7819
7869
7941
7999
8021
8061
8062
8063
8069
8071
8091
8211
8220
B222
8244
8249
8411
8910
8922
8931
8999
SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant
— formaldehyde, methyl chloroform
hydrogen chloride, phosgene, phthalic
anhydride
lead
ethylene oxide
— mercury
ethylene oxide
phenol, ethylene oxide, styrene,
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide
methyl ene chloride
ethylene oxide
ethylene oxide
— ethylene oxide
phenol, lead, toluene, xylene
— toluene
— methyl chloroform
— toluene
— toluene
toluene
ammonia
ammonia, methyl chloroform
— ammonia
— copper, styrene, toluene
Reference
(page C-50)
13
13
13
13
1
13
2, 13
13
4
4
13
2, 13
13
6
13
13
13
13
13
13
10, 13
C-48
-------
TABLE C-l. Continued
Reference
SIC Code SCC Code3 Potential Pollutant (page C-50)
9111 — ammonia, chlorine 13
9189 — benzene, perchloroethylene, methyl 13
chloroform, trichloroethylene
9199 --- ammonia 13
9349 — benzene, methyl chloroform, toluene, 13
perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
vinyl chloride
9511 --- benzene, hydrogen sulfide, mercury, 13
methylene chloride, chlorobenzene,
toluene, trichloroethylene, xylene
9711 --- trichloroethylene, methylene 1, 2,
chloride, xylene, methyl chloroform, 5, 10
toluene, phenol, beryllium, cadmium, 13
benzene, chromium, ethylene oxide,
manganese, formaldehyde, lead, PAH,
gasoline vapors, nickel, POM, ammonia,
radionuclides, chlorine/HCl, hydrogen
sulfide, methylene chloride,
chlorinated phenols, perchloroethylene
C-49
-------
APPENDIX C REFERENCES
1. KVB. Airborne Toxic Materials Study for Sacramento County. July 1983.
2. Santa Barbara County APCD. Santa Barbara County 1983 Toxics Emissions
Inventory. November 1983.
3. Radian Corporation. Washington Toxic Air Contaminants Study. Final
Report. December 1984.
4. Radian Corporation. Potential Sources of Air Toxics Emissions in
Virginia. Task 2 Technical Note. February 1984.
5. Radian Corporation. North Carolina Air Toxics Survey. Identification
of Pollutants of Concern and Potential Emission Sources. Prepared for
EPA Region IV. April 1985.
6. Radian Corporation. Colorado Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Inventory
and Prioritization for Further Study. October 1984.
7. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Receptor Model Source
Composition Library. EPA 450/4-85-002. November 1984.
8. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Species Data Manual. Second Edition. EPA 450/4-80-015. July -1980.
9. South Coast Air Quality Management District. Emissions of Potentially
Toxic/Hazardous Air Contaminants in the South Coast Basin.
September 1983.
10. Grayson, M. Editor. Kirk Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 1985.
11. Radian Corporation. Final Work Products Supporting the Development of
a Toxic Air Pollutant Regulation for the State of Maryland.
12. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Air Toxics Information
Clearinghouse. NATICH Data Base Report on State and Local Agency Air
Toxics Activities. September 1985.
13. NATICH On-Line Data Base. Interactive Permitting Report, Number 13.
May 1986.
C-50
-------
APPENDIX D
POLLUTANT/SIC INDEX
-------
APPENDIX D
POLLUTANT/SIC INDEX
This table shows, by pollutant, the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) codes of source categories that potentially emit each pollutant. The
material here is identical to that found in Appendix C and was obtained from
the same data sources, but is presented in a different format. The Chemical
Abstracts Services (CAS) number, a unique substance identification number,
is also shown.
The data presented here are potential or likely associations between
pollutant and source category (by SIC). Every source may not emit all of
the pollutants shown with its SIC code. Also, the data do not have any
bearing on the quantity of pollutant emitted. Pollutants may be emitted in
trace amounts or In tons per year.
D-l
-------
Pollutant
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acry'lonitrile
Allyl chloride
CAS No.
75-7-0 2013
2095
2099
2421
2643
2654
107-02-8 2048
2095
107-13-1 2211
2221
2252
2261
2269
107-5-1 2822
2834
2869
3675
SIC
2821
2844
2851
2865
2869
2879
2821
2844
2821
2822
2824
2833
2834
Code
2892
2911
3079
3321
3479
3679
2869
2879
2865
2869
2879
3079
3499
3832
3861
4911
6512
3321
3471
3861
3942
Reference
(pg. D-19)
1, 4, 5, 13
1, 3, 4, 13
1, 4, 5, 11,
4, 13
Ammonia 7664-41-7 0289 2834 3433 3729 1, 12, 13
0723 2840 3442 3742
0724 2841 3444 3743
1031 2842 3446 3769
1094 2844 3449 3811
1311 2851 3465 3821
1321 2865 3471 3829
1950 2869 3479 3831
1951 2872 3484 3840
2013 2873 3496 3842
2023 2874 3497 3843
2036 2875 3499 3851
2080 2879 3511 3861
2253 2891 3519 3911
2282 2892 3535 3914
2294 2893 3536 3915
2311 2895 3541 3961
2321 2899 3542 3993
2328 2911 3551 3999
2335 2951 3554 4226
2339 3011 3555 4742
2361 3069 3559 4939
2371 3079 3561 4952
2387 3126 3568 4953
2396 3200 3569 5086
2432 3211 3572 5093
2511 3220 3573 5094
2522 3231 3585 5096
2531 3264 3592 5153
2541 3272 3599 5161
2545 3291 3610 5191
D-2
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Ammonia continued)2621329336TI5712
2641 3296 3612 6512
2643 3297 3613 6513
2649 3312 3621 6514
2653 3312 3622 7221
2654 3315 3629 7332
2655 3317 3641 7333
2661 3321 3642 7391
2751 3322 3643 7392
2752 3325 3645 7539
2754 3339 3651 7641
2782 3341 3661 7699
2791 3356 3662 8910
2800 3361 3670 8922
2812 3362 3673 8931
2815 3369 3674 9111
2816 3398 3679 9199
2818 3399 3711
2819 3400 3714
2821 3423 3717
2823 3429 3721
2833 3432 3728
Arsenic 7440-38-2 0724 2253 2851 3332 1, 4, 5, 6,
1021 2271 2861 3339 7, 10, 13
1031 2279 2865 3341
1059 2283 2869 3471
1081 2291 2879 3479
1111 2295 2891 3484
1112 2335 2892 3551
1213 2352 2893 3559
1446 2396 2899 3569
1453 2491 2911 3573
1477 2621 3200 3574
1481 2641 3211 3582
1499 2731 3221 3620
1629 2812 3229 3674
1711 2813 3241 3679
1721 2816 3251 3811
1799 2819 3253 3861
2011 2821 3299 3999
2013 2823 3312 4911
2033 2831 3313 4941
2086 2833 3321 4952
2091 2834 3325 4953
2097 2842 3331 7699
Asbestos 1332-21-4 1499 2821 3273 3811 5, 6, 13
2261 2851 3292 3861
2296 2869 3293 4111
2431 2891 3573 5013
2661 2951 3714 5093
D-3
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Asbestos continued)28lO295237177539
2812 2992 3731
Benzene 71-43-2 0289 2296 2893 3573 1, 3, 4, 5, 9
1041 2396 2899 3579
1382 2591 2911 3662
1721 2751 2921 3673
1781 2752 2951 3714
1799 2753 2992 3833
2023 2754 3011 3834
2032 2810 3031 3861
2051 2812 3069 3996
2065 2818 3079 4226
2099 2819 3194 4922
2111 2821 3292 4959
2141 2822 3312 4961
2211 2823 3321 5161
2221 2831 3361 5171
2231 2841 3411 5172
2241 2842 3433 5194
2252 2843 3449 5541
2253 2844 3461 7359
2261 2851 3471 7535
2262 2861 3479 9189
2269 2865 3519 9349
2272 2869 3542 9511
2293 2879 3559 9711
2295 2891 3572
Benzidine 92-87-5 2099 2865 4, 13
2251 3573
2269 3861
Benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8 1612 2895 2951 3624 5, 13
See also POM, PAH 26 2911 3312 3629
2861 2921 3573 4911
Benzyl chloride 100-44-7 2819 3844 3079 5171 1, 3, 4, 5, 1
2834 2865 3679
2843 2869 3861
Beryllium 7440-41-7 1099 3253 3634 3822 1, 3, 4, 5, 1
1446 3255 3659 3823
1453 3264 3672 3825
1499 3297 3673 3914
1629 3312 3674 3993
2063 3321 3679 4899
2813 3369 3691 4911
2911 3545 3693 4953
3079 3572 3694 9711
3251 3612 3811
D-4
-------
Pollutant
Bis(chloromethyl)
ether
1,3 -Butadiene
Cadmium
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Chlorine/HCl
CAS No.
542-89-1 22
28
106-99-0 2269
2812
2821
7440-43-9 1021
1031
1499
2387
2512
2621
2631
2819
2821
2826
2873
2874
2879
2893
2899
56-23-5 0289
1382
2079
2431
2800
2810
2812
108-90-7 2865
2869
2879
0289
75-00-3 2821
2869
67-66-3 0289
2013
2099
2111
2221
2511
2521
7782-50-5 0723
7647-01-0 2046
2399
2408
2611
SIC
3573
3861
2822
2827
2869
2911
3031
3200
3211
3229
3241
3291
3313
3321
3324
3325
3331
3332
3333
3339
2813
2818
2821
2822
2833
2834
2842
1382
2812
2818
3203
2522
2611
2621
2631
2800
2810
2812
2840
2842
2860
2865
2869
Code
2879
4226
5161
3341
3351
3432
3442
3452
3471
3479
3499
3536
3547
3572
3641
3673
3679
3692
2851
2865
2869
2879
2952
3296
3461
3362
3555
3662
3674
2816
2822
2834
2842
2865
2869
2879
3339
3341
3352
3354
3361
Reference
5, 13
5, 13
3711 1, 4, 5, 6,
3714 7, 13
3811
3823
3843
3861
4911
4952
4953
6512
7391
9711
3531 1, 3, 4, 6, 1
3674
3861
5171
3861 3, 4, 5, 13
10, 13
3573 3, 5, 6, 13
3679
3821
3861
4959
9711
3679 10, 12, 13
3711
3714
3822
3843
D-5
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Chlorine/HCL continued)2621287933693861
2810 2899 3429 3951
2812 2911 3471 3961
2818 3069 3499 4953
2819 3079 3553 5171
2821 3229 3573 7699
2822 3295 3624 9111
2823 3312 3662
2834 3334 3674
Chloroprene 126-99-8 2821 5
2822
Chromium 7440-47-3 1499 3255 3423 3713 1, 3, 4, 5,
2261 3271 3429 3714 7, 13
2491 3272 3433 3721
2816 3291 3471 3743
2819 3292 3477 3811
2834 3295 3479 3821
2851 3297 3481 3831
2861 3312 3533 3842
2865 3313 3545 3861
2869 3321 3547 4231
2899 3324 3548 4911
2911 3325 3555 4941
2951 3331 3559 4952
2952 3332 3569 4953
2999 3341 3573 5093
3111 3350 3673 6512
3211 3362 3675 7391
3229 3399 3679 9711
3241 3421 3711
Coke oven emissions 2911 10
3312
Copper 7440-50-8 1021 3295 3471 3673 10, 12, 13
1761 3299 3479 3679
2262 3313 3494 3699
2387 3321 3536 3714
2491 3325 3549 3811
2512 3331 3559 3821
2800 3339 3562 3952
2810 3341 3564 4131
2819 3351 3567 4911
2824 3360 3568 4931
2851 3361 3569 4952
2879 3362 3573 4953
2893 3369 3585 5093
2899 3425 3629 6573
3111 3429 3643 7391
3220 3441 3644 7694
D-6
-------
Pollutant
CAS No.
SIC Code
Reference
(Copper continued)
Cresol
Dibenzofurans
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
Dimethyl sulfate
1,4-Dioxane
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl ene di bromide
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene oxide
3241
3264
3292
1319-77-3 2295
2491
2514
2491
2865
106-46-7 2261
2834
2842
91-94-1 2822
2865
77-78-1 2099
2816
2824
123-91-1 2211
2221
2231
2241
106-89-8 2099
2821
2822
2834
106-93-4 0723
2834
2869
2879
107-06-2 0289
1382
2070
2075
2221
23
2821
75-21-8 2099
2800
2813
2821
2834
2841
3443
3446
3469
2800
2821
2842
2865
2879
2844
2865
3861
2262
2816
2834
2842
2842
2851
2869
2992
2911
3519
5171
5172
2822
2823
2824
2831
2833
2834
2841
2869
2879
3069
3079
3829
3831
3661
3662
3670
2851
2865
2879
2843
2844
2851
2865
3569
3675
3679
3861
2865
2869
2879
2911
3079
3679
3861
3841
3842
3843
6324
7999
8060
7699
8999
3357
3569
2891
3842
3861
7397
4226
4463
4959
5171
5541
7216
8061
8062
8069
8071
8091
9711
4, 13
10
4, 5
4, 13
1, 5, 13
1, 4, 8, 13
1, 4, 5, 13
3, 4, 5, 13
1, 4, 5, 6,
8, 13
2, 4, 6, 13
D-7
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
Formaldehyde50-00-002892541376139641, 3, 4, 5,
1311 2643 3810 4111 6, 8, 13
2011 2649 4911 3471
2013 2651 9711 3484
2023 2754 3585 3499
2032 2800 3592 3511
2051 2812 3599 3544
2065 2819 3613 3544
2111 2821 3621 3561
2221 2833 4961 3565
2231 2834 2991 3569
2269 2841 2992 5013
2272 2842 3069 5171
2421 2844 3291 6512
2431 2851 3292 7391
2432 2861 3296 7539
2435 2865 3297 7819
2451 2869 3312 4711
2631 2892 3321 3642
2080 2893 3322 3643
2099 2899 3361 3661
2262 2911 3362 3662
2294 2921 3400 3679
2295 2951 3432 3711
2296 2952 3433 3714
2408 3079 3442 3821
2490 3111 3843 3841
2499 3229 3861 3842
2521 3572 3952
2522 3573 3963
Freon 113 75-69-4 2844 3600 3585 3911 5, 10, 13
2869 3800 3662
3499 0289 3579
35 3484 3831
Gasoline vapors 8006-61-9 1094 3519 4613 3079 6, 10, 13
1311 3564 5092 3272
1380 5172 5171 3293
1501 5541 2754 3295
1791 9711 2818 3443
1799 3670 2821
2911 3679 2865
2999 4226 2869
Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 2865 3, 4, 5
2869
2879
Hexachlorocyclo- 77-47-4 2869 5, 10, 11, 13
pentadiene 2879
2899
D-8
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
Hydrazine302-01-2226228l8287936451, 3, 4, 5,
2269 2834 2899 3670 13
2499 2865 3499 3761
2816 2869 3519 3861
Hydrogen sulfide 7783-06-4 0723 2841 9711 3629 5, 13
1094 2865 2992 3643
1211 2869 3079 3662
1311 2873 3264 3670
1321 2874 3273 3673
1381 2875 3292 3674
1382 2899 3312 3679
1389 2911 3321 3714
1477 4941 3341 3721
1799 4952 3429 3728
2091 5171 3462 3861
2611 5172 3471 3911
2621 6513 3483 4612
2641 7391 3569 4922
2818 7397 3573 4925
2819 8062 3585 4932
2821 9511 3624
Lead 7439-92-1 0291 2911 3425 3573 1, 3, 4, 5,
1446 3031 3429 3583 6, 7, 13
1453 3069 3443 3611
1711 3079 3466 3612
1721 3111 3471 3620
1741 3194 3479 3621
1761 3200 3482 3642
1799 3229 3484 3662
2282 3241 3497 3670
2295 3251 3499 3691
2421 3253 3533 3692
2512 3264 3536 3811
2731 3269 3541 2821
2732 3291 3542 3823
2794 3293 3555 3842
2800 3312 3559 3561
2816 3321 3561 3911
2819 3325 3564 3914
2821 3332 3567 3915
2822 3333 3569 4469
2831 3339 3672 4952
2833 3341 3673 4953
2834 3351 3674 6512
2851 3355 3675 9711
2873 3356 3679 7391
2879 3362 3699 7641
2891 3369 3714 7941
2892 3398 3717 8211
D-9
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Lead continued)
Maleic anhydride
Manganese
Mercury
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
2893
2899
108-31-6 2099
2821
2822
2865
7439-96-5 3291
3313
3321
7439-97-6 1021
1031
1092
2812
2813
2819
2821
2833
2834
2851
2869
74-83-9 2011
2048
2299
2833
74-87-3 2818
2821
2869
3679
71-55-6 0289
1382
1781
1950
1951
2013
2111
2291
2298
2329
2434
2511
2521
2522
2542
2591
2641
2643
3411
3421
2869
2879
2899
2911
3399
3643
3679
2879
2892
2911
3079
3200
3241
3274
3229
3241
3312
3331
2865
2879
3264
2879
2899
3315
3199
3200
3208
3229
3269
3291
3292
3300
3321
3323
3325
3361
3362
3411
3412
3421
3423
3429
3721
3769
3691
3714
4911
3332
3333
3499
3611
3629
3641
3642
3674
3679
3821
3822
3555
3559
3561
3562
3564
3566
3567
3573
3573
3574
3585
3585
3599
3611
3612
3613
3613
3619
4, 5, 13
4953 4, 5, 13
6514
9711
3829 1, 3, 4, 5,
3861 13
4091
4911
4941
4952
4953
8021
9511
1, 13
8, 13
3714 1, 2, 3, 4,
3721 5, 6, 13
3728
3742
3800
3811
3821
3822
3825
3831
3832
3841
3842
3843
3851
3861
3911
3941
D-10
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Methyl Chloroform continued)273234^236213943
2750 3443 3621 3993
2754 3444 3622 4742
2782 3446 3629 4931
2800 3451 3631 4941
2810 3452 3636 4959
2819 3461 3641 5712
2821 3469 3642 6512
2831 3471 3643 6513
2834 3479 3645 6514
2842 3493 3646 7216
2844 3494 3651 7391
2851 3496 3661 7395
2851 3499 3661 7538
2869 3500 3662 7819
2891 3511 3670 8222
2951 3519 3674 8922
2992 3533 3675 9182
3011 3542 3679 9349
3021 3544 3691 9711
3069 3545 3694
3079 3551 3699
Methyl isocyanate 624-83-9 2099 2899 10, 13
2865 2951
2869 3029
2879
Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 2821 2841 2899 5171
2833 2851 3079
2834 2869 4226
Methylene chloride 75-09-2 0289 2865 3551 3799 2, 3, 4, 5,
2070 2869 3555 3811 6, 8, 13
2095 2870 3573 3831
2099 2879 3573 3832
2111 2891 3579 3861
2431 3011 3585 3861
2434 3069 3599 3900
2499 3079 3600 3911
25 3221 3612 3951
2511 3229 3643 3999
2521 3291 3661 4226
2522 3316 3662 4463
2542 3362 3670 4959
2599 3411 3674 5161
2643 3423 3675 5712
2751 3429 3679 6513
2754 3431 3700 7391
2800 3452 3711 7395
2818 3461 3713 7461
2821 3465 3714 7641
D-ll
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Methyl ene Chloride
Mineral fibers
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
Nitrosomorpholine
continued) 2822
2833
2834
2842
2844
2221
2241
3255
91-20-3 0299
0851
2392
2432
2433
2491
2499
2511
2521
2643
2751
2800
2819
2851
7440-02-2 1061
1422
2079
2251
2496
2754
2819
2851
2873
2911
3200
3211
3220
98-95-3 2099
2821
2842
59-89-2 2865
2869
2891
3471
3479
3499
3544
3545
3297
3296
3299
2861
2865
2869
2911
2999
3021
3031
3069
3079
3111
3264
3292
3300
3312
3241
3312
3313
3321
3325
3331
3332
3339
3341
3356
3425
3471
3479
2851
2865
2869
3721
3722
3728
3742
3769
3312
3321
3325
3357
3412
3429
3461
3481
3544
3562
3573
3612
3619
3621
3533
3549
3569
3572
3573
3592
3623
3643
3673
3674
3679
3691
3692
2892
3471
3573
8063
9511
9711
*
10
3642 10, 12, 13
3679
3692
3714
3831
3861
3993
5078
5111
6512
6513
7531
7535
3713 1, 4, 5, 6,
3721 7, 13
3722
3743
3831
3842
3861
4131
4911
4952
4953
7391
9711
1, 3, 4, 5,
13
4
Perch!oroethylene 127-18-4 0289 2869 3542 3949 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1216 2893 3554 3951 6, 8, 13
2000 2899 3559 3961
2111 3041 3561 3993
2216 3069 3566 4463
D-12
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Perchloroethylene continued)2221321635734941
2231 3229 3582 4959
2253 3264 36 5191
2256 3291 3611 6512
2262 3317 3612 6513
2269 3325 3613 6514
2295 3369 3629 7210
2296 3400 3633 7212
2371 3411 3642 7213
2435 3437 3643 7215
2500 3442 3661 7215
2522 3443 3670 7216
2542 3444 3674 7216
2641 3446 3679 7218
2643 3446 3694 7218
2751 3461 3699 7219
2754 3465 37 7221
2754 3469 3714 7291
2810 3471 3721 7391
2819 3479 3728 7399
2821 3496 3761 7716
2822 3497 3811 9189
2834 3499 3841 9349
2841 3511 3861 9711
2842 3531 3900
2851 3540 3941
Phenol/chlorinated 108-95-2 0289 2865 3362 3642 2, 4, 5, 13
phenols 1446 2869 3429 3643
2013 2879 3432 3670
2099 2892 3433 3674
22 2911 3484 3679
2431 3011 3494 3711
2491 3079 3511 3811
2499 3291 3561 3843
2800 3296 3565 3861
2819 3297 3569 4226
2821 3312 3573 6512
2833 3321 3599 8062
2834 3325 3612 8211
2851 3361 3621 9711
Phosgene 75-44-5 2812 2834 3334 7869 4, 5, 13
2815 2865 3679
2818 2869 3861
2819 2879 7391
Phthalic anhydride 85-44-9 2599 2851 3079 7391 10, 12, 13
2821 2865 3511 7869
2821 2879 3585
Polychlorinated 2812 3629 1, 4, 13
biphenyl - PCB
D-13
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Polychlorinated331549Tl
buphenyl - PCB continued) 3612
Polycyclic aromatic 1612 2861 2911 4911 4
hydrocarbons - PAH 2421 2865 2952 4953
26 2895 3312 9711
Polycyclic organic 1111 2865 2952 9711 5
matter - POM 2421 2869 3312
26 2911 4911
2861 2951 4953
Propylene oxide 75-56-9 2821 3411 4, 13
2843 3585
2869 3861
Radionuclides 1094 4511 4, 5
1475 9711
2819
Styrene 100-42-5 1711 2869 3423 3861 5, 13
1743 3011 3443 3941
2221 3069 3499 3944
2295 3079 3511 3949
2434 3079 3621 3963
2511 3229 3622 3999
2522 3261 3624 4226
2821 3271 3661 5161
2821 3291 3670 5171
2822 3299 3673 6512
2822 3321 3674 6514
2833 3325 3679 7391
2834 3341 3713 8062
2851 3361 3721 8999
2865 3369 3732
Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 2821 3300 3573 3842 5, 13
2865 3443 3670 3861
3079 3544 3679 5171
Toluene 108-88-3 0282 2833 3490 3831 1, 4, 6, 8
0289 2834 3492 3832
0373 2834 3493 3840
1382 2841 3494 3841
1616 2842 3496 3842
1629 2843 3499 3843
1721 2844 3499 3861
1781 2851 3511 3861
1791 2851 3522 3871
1799 2860 3523 3900
1950 2865 3531 3911
2000 2865 3534 3931
D-14
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Toluene continued)20T3286935353941
2023 2869 3537 3942
2032 2891 3541 3944
2033 2891 3542 3949
2051 2892 3544 3951
2052 2893 3545 3952
2065 2893 3548 3953
2079 2899 3549 3955
2086 2911 3551 3961
2111 2911 3552 3962
2190 2921 3553 3963
2261 2951 3554 3964
2269 2951 3555 3993
2295 2992 3559 3995
2296 3011 3561 3999
2369 3021 3562 4111
2387 3031 3563 4131
2389 3041 3564 4212
2392 3041 3566 4226
2396 3060 3567 4231
2411 3069 3569 4463
2421 3079 3572 4582
2423 3079 3572 4742
2426 3111 3573 4782
2431 3141 3579 4811
2431 3143 3581 4922
2431 3172 3582 4923
2432 3199 3585 4953
2434 3200 3585 5021
2434 3211 3586 5042
2449 3220 3589 5078
2479 3229 3599 5081
2490 3231 3610 5084
2491 3241 3611 5113
2499 3261 3612 5161
2511 3263 3613 5171
2511 3264 3620 5171
2512 3272 3621 5172
2514 3291 3622 5194
2514 3293 3623 5211
2517 3299 3629 5212
2519 3312 3632 5341
2521 3312 3633 5511
2521 3315 3634 5541
2522 3316 3636 5541
2522 3321 3641 5551
2531 3325 3642 5599
2541 3352 3643 5710
2542 3357 3644 5712
2599 3361 3645 5984
2621 3362 3648 5999
2631 3369 3651 6499
D-15
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Toluene continued)26413391365165T2
2641 3400 3661 6513
2643 3411 3661 6514
2644 3411 3662 7216
2645 3412 3670 7391
2649 3421 3673 7394
2652 3425 3674 7399
2654 3429 3679 7499
2655 3431 3693 7512
2700 3432 3694 7531
2741 3433 3699 7534
2750 3440 3710 7535
2751 3441 3711 7538
2752 3442 3713 7539
2754 3442 3714 7541
2754 3443 3717 7629
2782 3446 3721 7641
2789 3447 3728 7694
2800 3448 3729 7699
2810 3448 3742 8211
2812 3449 3751 8220
2815 3461 3761 8244
2818 3465 3769 8249
2819 3469 3799 8411
2819 3470 3800 8999
2821 3471 3811 9349
2821 3479 3821 9511
2822 3481 3823 9711
2822 3483 3825 9711
2833 3484 3829
Toluene diisocyanate 584-84-9 1081 2282 2869 3662 1, 10, 13
1112 2521 3069 3670
1213 2541 3069 3674
1446 2800 3079 3679
1453 2821 3079 3714
1481 2822 3291 3743
1629 2824 3444 3821
1799 2851 3511
2221 2861 3555
2281 2865 3643
Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 0289 3126 3567 3821 1, 2, 3, 4,
37 3172 3569 3822 6, 13
39 3200 3573 3831
1721 3208 3585 3832
1781 3231 3599 3832
1950 3264 3600 3840
1951 3281 3611 3841
2099 3293 3612 3851
2425 3312 3613 3861
2429 3362 3619 3873
D-16
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Trichloroethylene continued)24323369362139TI
2500 3398 3622 3914
2511 3400 3629 3931
2514 3411 3631 3951
2521 3421 3641 3953
2522 3423 3642 3961
2541 3442 3643 3963
2542 3443 3644 3964
2599 3444 3645 3993
2621 3446 3648 3999
2645 3451 3651 4463
2653 3452 3661 4941
2711 3461 3662 4941
2751 3469 3670 4959
2752 3471 3673 5531
2754 3479 3674 6512
2782 3481 3674 6513
2810 3483 3675 6514
2812 3494 3679 7216
2819 3499 3693 7372
2819 3535 3699 7391
2842 3541 3714 7391
2844 3542 3717 7399
2851 3544 3721 9189
2865 3545 3722 9349
2869 3552 3728 9511
2899 3554 3761 9711
2992 3559 3764
3069 3564 3811
Vinyl chloride 75-01-4 1442 2879 3573 4959 4, 5, 8, 13
2269 2893 3612 5161
2396 3029 3644 6512
2799 3069 3699 6513
2812 3079 3861 6514
2821 3300 3899
2865 3357 4941
2869 3496 4953
Vinylidene chloride 75-35-4 0289 2821 2834 3861 4, 5, 13
2269 2822 2869
2295 2824 3642
2812 2833 3842
Xylene 1330-20-7 1382 2869 3448 3721 1, 4, 6,
1629 2879 3479 3761 8, 13
1781 2891 3511 3861
2269 2893 3533 3861
2295 2899 3552 4463
2431 2911 3572 4742
2434 2992 3585 5171
2511 3231 3612 5194
D-17
-------
Pollutant CAS No. SIC Code Reference
(Xylene continued)25l4326436425541
2521 3291 3651 6512
2522 3292 3661 7535
2531 3312 3662 7641
2754 3321 3662 7699
2821 3325 3673 9511
2834 3411 3674 9711
2851 3441 3679
2865 3442 3699
Zinc/zinc oxide 1314-13-2 1031 3300 3484 3693 1, 10, 12, 13
1951 3300 3494 3714
2387 3312 3494 3714
2522 3315 3497 3717
2646 3321 3499 3721
2699 3322 3536 3728
2816 3325 3544 3811
2818 3331 3547 3823
2819 3332 3549 3841
2834 3333 3551 3843
2842 3339 3555 3861
2843 3341 3567 3861
2844 3351 3569 3953
2851 3355 3573 3964
2864 3356 3573 3993
2879 3360 3585 3999
2893 3361 3612 3999
2899 3362 3642 4952
2911 3369 3643 4953
3011 3369 3644 5052
3069 3423 3662 6512
3079 3425 3670 6513
3241 3429 3674 6513
3264 3442 3679 7391
3272 3452 3679 7535
3291 3471 3691
3293 3471 3692
3297 3479 3692
D-18
-------
APPENDIX E
SIC CODE DESCRIPTORS
-------
APPENDIX E
SIC CODE DESCRIPTORS
The descriptions of all two, three, and four digit Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) Codes are listed in this Appendix. Descriptions were
obtained from the Standard Industrial Classification Code Manual, available
from the U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Two digit SIC codes represent the broadest classification of industry
type. For example, SIC 28 represents the chemical and allied products
industry. A three digit code specifies a slightly more detailed
classification. Thus, SIC 287 represents the chemical and allied products
industry, specifically the agricultural chemicals group. Finally, a four
digit SIC code represents the most detailed SIC classification. For
example, SIC 2874 represents phosphatic fertilizer manufacture.
E-l
-------
SIC Code
Descriation.
SIC Code
Description
01
011
0111
3112
3115
3116
0119
013
0131
013?
0133
C1134
0139
016
0161
017
C171
0172
0173
0174
0175
0179
018
'3131
0182
0139
019
0191
02
021
0211
0213
0214
0212
0219
024
0241
025
0221
0252
0253
0254
0259
027
0271
0272
0279
029
0291
07
071
0711
072
0721
0722
0723
0724
0729
074
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Agricultural production-crops
Cash grains
Wheat
Rica
Corn
Soybeans
Cash grains, nee
Field crops, except sash grains
Cotton
Tooacco
Sugar croos
Irish potatoes
Field crops, except cash grains, nee
Vegetables and melons
Vegetaoles and nelons
Fruics and tree nuts
3erry crops
Grapes
Tree nuts
Citrus fruits
Qeciduous tree fruits
Fruits and tree nuts, nee
Horticultural so«eialties
Ornamental nursery products
rood crops grown uncer caver
Horticultural specialties, nee
General farms, primarily crop
General farms, primarily crop
Agricultural praduction-livestock
livestock, exc. dairy, poultry, etc.
3«ef cattle feedlots
Hogs
Sheep and goats
3eef cattle, except feedlots
General I ivestoek, nee
Dairy farms
Dairy farms
Poultry and eggs
Broiler, fryer and roaster chickens
Chicken eggs
Turkeys and turkey eggs
Poultry hatcheries
Poultry i eggs, nee
Animal specialties
Fur-bearing animals and rabbits
Horses and other equine*
Animal specialties, nee
General farms, primarily livestock
General farms, primarily livestock
Agricultural services
Soil preparation services
Soil preparation services
Crop services
Crop planting and protection
Crop harvesting
Crop preparation services for market
Cotton ginning
General crop services
Veterinary services
0741 Veterinary services, farm livestock
0742 Veterinary services, specialties
075 Animal services, except veterinary
0751 Livestock services, exc. specialties
0752 Animal specialty services
076 Farm labor and management services
0761 Farm laoor contractors
0762 Farm management services
073 Landscape and horticultural services
0781 Landscape counseling and planning
0732 Lawn and garden services
0733 Ornamental snruo and tree services
CS Forestry
031 Timber tracts
0811 Timber tracts
082 Forest nurseries and seed gathering
0221 Forest nurseries and seed gathering
034 Gathering of misc. forest procucts
0843 Extraction of pine gum
C849 Gathering of forest products, nee
085 Forestry services
0851 Forestry services
09 Fishing, hunting, and crapping
091 Commercial fishing
0912 Finfisn
3913 Shellfish
0919 Miscellaneous .wine prooucts
092 Fish hatcheries and preserves
0921 Fish hatcheries and preserves
097 Hunting, crapping, game propagation
0971 Hunting, trapoing, game propagation
8 Mining
E-2
10 Metal mining
101 Iron ores
1011 Iron ores
102 Copper ores
1021 Copper ores
103 Lead and tine ores
1031 Lead and zinc ores
104 Gold and silver ores
1041 Gold ores
1044 Silver ores
105 Sauxita and other aluminum ores
10S1 Sauxitt and other aluminum ores
106 Ferroalloy ores, except vanadium
1061 Ferroalloy ores, except vanadium
108 Metal mining services
1081 Metal mining services
109 Miscellaneous metal ores
1092 Mercury ores
1094 Uranium-radium*vanadium ores
1099 Metal ores, nee
11 Anthracite mining
111 Anthracite mining
'111 Anthracite
1112 Anthracite mining services
12 Bituminous coal and lignite mining
121 Bituminous coal and lignite mining
1211 Bituminous coal and lignite
1213 Bituminous £ lignite mining services
-------
13 Oil «nd gas extraction
131 Crude petroleus and natural gas
1311 Crude pttroleun and natural gas
132 Natural gas liquids
1321 Natural gas liquids
133 Oil and gas field services
1331 Drilling ail and gas wells
1332 Oil and gas exploration services
1339 Oil and gas field services, nee
14 Normetallic ninerals, except fuels
141 Dimension stone
1411 Dimension stone
%2 Crushed and Sroken stsne
*i22 Crusned ana irsicen limestone
1423 Crusned and broken granite
1429 Crushed and oroicen stone, nee
144 Sand and gravel
1442 Construction sand ana gravel
1446 Industrial sand
145 Clay, ceramic i refractory minerals
1432 3entonite
14S3 fire clay
1454 Fuller's earth
1455 Kaolin and sail clay
1459 Ctay and related nmerals, nee
147 Chemical and fertilizer minerals
1472 Sarita
1473 Fluorspar .>
1474 Potash, soda, and borate minerals
1475 Phosphate roci
1476 Socle salt
1477 Sulfur
1479 Chemical and fertilizer mining, nee
142 Monmtallic minerals services
1431 Nonmetallic minerals services
149 Miscellaneous normetallic minerals
1492 Gypsum
1494 Talc, soapstone, and pyrophyllita
1499 Nonmetallic minerals, nee
C Construction
15 General building contractors
152 Residential building construction
1521 Single-family housing construction
1522 Residential construction, nee
153 Operative builders
1531 Operative buiIders
154 Monrtsidential building construction
1541 Industrial buildings and warehouses
1542 Nonresidential construction, nee
16 Heavy construction contractors
161 Highway and street construction
1611 Highway and street construction
162 Heavy construction, except highway
1622 Bridge, tunnel, i elevated highway
1623 Water, sewer, and utility lines
1629 Heavy construction, nee
17 Special trade contractors
171 Pluming, heating, air conditioning
1711 Plugging, heating, air conditioning
172 Painting, paper hanging, decorating
1721 Painting, paoer hanging, decorati-g
173 Electrical work
1731 electrical work
174 Masonry, stonework, and plastering
1741 Masonry and other stonework
1742 Plastering, dry wall and insulation
1743 Terrazzo, tile, marole, mosaic work
175 Carpentering and flooring
1751 Carpentering
1752 Floor Laying and floor work, nee
176 Roofing and sheet metal work
1761 Roofing and sne-t .net a I work
177 Ccncrate »ork
1771 Csncrete «ork
173 Water well drilling
1731 Water well drilling
179 Misc. soecial trade contractors
1791 Structural steel erection
1793 Class and glazing work
1794 Excavating and foundation work
1795 Wracking ard semoii::cn »crk
1796 Installing building «euianent, nee
1799 Soecial trade csntractors, r.ec
0 "anufaetur'ng
E-3
20 rood and kirared aroaucts
201 Meet products
2011 Meat packing plants
2013 Sausages and other prepared meats
2016 Poultry dressing plants
2017 Poultry and egg processing
202 Dairy products
2021 Creamery butter
2022 Cheese, natural and processed
2023 Condensed and evaporated milk
2024 Ice cream and frozen desserts
2026 Fluid milk
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables
2032 Canned specialties
2033 Canned fruits and vegetables
2034 Dehydrated fruits, vegetables, soups
2035 Pickles, sauces, and salad dressings
2037 Frozen fruits and vegetables
2033 Frozen specialties
i04 Uratrrnritt proouctS
2041 Flour and other grain mill products
2043 Cereal breakfast foods
2044 Rice milling
2045 3Iended and prepared flour
2046 Wet corn milling
2047 Dog, cat, and other pat food
2048 Prepared feedSj^nes.
205 Bakery prooucts
2051 3read, cake, and related products
2052 Cookies and crackers
206 Sugar and confectionery products
2061 Raw cane sugar
2062 Cane sugar refining
2063 3eet sugar
2065 Confectionery products
2066 Chocolate and cocoa products
-------
2C67 dewing gun
207 Fats and oils
207>» Cottonseed oil mills
2071 Soybean ail nil Is
2076 Vegetable oil mills, nee
2077 Animal and marine fats and oils
2079 Shortening and cooking oils
203 Severages
2032 Malt beverages
20S3 Malt
2084 Wines, brandy, and brandy spirits
2C85 Distilled liquor, except brandy
208.6 Settled and canned soft drinks
2C37 Flavoring extracts and siruss, nee
209 Misc. fooos and kindred products
2091 Canned and cured seafoods
2092 Fresn or frozen packaged fish
2C95 Coasted coffee
2097 Manufactured ic«
2093 Macaroni and spaghetti
2C99 Food preparations, nee
21 Tobacco nanufactur«s
211 Cigarettes
2111 Cigarettes
212 Cigars
2121 Cigars
213 Chewing and smoking tcbacca
2131 Clewing and smiting tobacco
216 Tobacco stemming and redrying
2141 Tobacco stemming and redrying
22 Textile mill products
221 Weaving mills, cotton
2211 Weaving nil Is, cotton
222 Weaving mills, synthetics
2221 Weaving mills, synthetics
223 Weaving and finishing mills, wool
2231 Weaving and finishing mills, wool
224 Marrow fabric mills
2241 Narrow fabric mills
225 Knitting mills
2251 Women's hosiery, except socks
2252 Hosiery, nee
2253 Knit outerwear mills
2254 Knit underwear mills
2257 Circular knit fabric mills
2253 warp knit fabric mills
2259 Knitting mills, nee
226 Textile finishing, except wool
2261 Finishing plants, cotton
2262 Finishing plants, synthetics
2269 Finishing plants, nee
227 Floor covering mills
2271 Woven carpets and rugs
2272 Tufted carpets and rugs
2279 Carpets and rugs, nee
228 Tarn and thread mi I Is
2281 Tarn mills, except wool
2282 Throwing and winding mills
2283 Wool yarn mills
2284 Thread mi I Is
E-4
229
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2259
23
231
2311
232
2321
2322
2323
2327
2323
2329
233
2331
2335
2337
2339
234
2341
2342
235
2351
2352
236
2361
2363
2369
237
2371
233
2381
2384
2335
2386
2337
2339
239
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2399
24
241
2411
242
2421
2426
2429
Miscellaneous textile goods
Felt goods, «xc. woven felts 4 hats
Lace gooca
Paddings and upholstery filling
Processed textile waste
Coated fabrics, not rubberized
Tire card and fabric
Monwoven fabrics
Cordage and twine
Textile goods, nee
Aoparel and other textile products
Men's and boys' suits and saats
suits and csats
furnishings
snicts and nigntwear
underwear
neckwear
seoarace trousers
work clotning
Men's and soys'
Hen's and boys'
Men's and boys'
Men's and boys'
Men's and soys'
Men's and soys'
Men's and boys'
Men's and boys' clothing, nee
Women's and .Hisses' outerwear
Women's & .Hisses' blouses i -aisrs
Women's and misses' dresses
Women's and misses' suits and coats
Women's and misses' outerwear, nee
Women's and children's 'jrdergarments
Women's and en i I aren's uneeruear
Srassieres and allied garments
Hats, caps, and millinery
Millinery
Hats and caps, except millinery
Children's outerwear
Children's dresses and blouses
Children's coats and suits
Children's outerwear, nee
Fur goods
Fur goods
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories
Fabric dress and work gloves
Robes and dressing gowns
Waterproof outergarments
Leather and sheep lined clothing
Apparel belts
Apparel and accessories, nee
Misc. fabricated textile products
Curtains and draperies
House furnishings, nee
Textile bags
Canvas and related products
Pleating and stitching
Automotive and apparel trimmings
Schiffli machine emproideries
Fabricated textile products, nee
Lumber and wood products
Logging camps 4 logging contractors
Logging cams it logging contractors
Sawmills and planing mills
Sawmills and planing mills, general
Hardwood dimension and flooring
Special product sawmills, nee
-------
243 Millwork, plywood & structural
2431 Hiltwort
2434 Wood kitchen cabinets
2435 Hardwood veneer and plywood
2636 Softwood v«n«er and plywood
2439 Structural wood meweers, n«c
244 Uood containers
2441 Mailed wood boxes and shook
2443 Uood pallets and skids
2449 Uood containers, nee
245 Uood buildings and mobile homes
2451 Mobile homes
2452 Prefabricated wood buildings
249 Miscellaneous wood products
2491 Uood preserving
2492 Particleboard
2499 Uood products, nee
25 Furniture and fixtures
251 Household furniture
2511 Uood household furniture
2512 Upholstered household furniture
2514 Metal household furniture
2515 Mattresses and bedsprings
2517 Wood tv and radio cabinets
2519 Household furniture, nee
252 Office furniture
2521 Uood office furniture
2522 Metal office furniture
252 Public building & related furniture
2531 Public building i related furniture
254 Partitions and fixtures
2541 Uood partitions and fixtures
2542 Metal partition* and fixtures
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures
2591 Drapery hardware £ btfnds 1 shades
2599 Furniture and fixtures, nee
26 Paper and allied products
261 Pulp mi Us
2611 Pulp oil Is
262 Paper mills, except building paper
2621 Paper mills, except building peper
263 Paperboard mills
2631 Paperboard mills
264 Misc. converted paper products
2641 Paper coating and glazing
2642 Envelopes
2643 Saga, except textile begs
2645 Die-cut paper and board
2646 Pressed and molded pulp goods
2647 Sanitary paper products
2648 Stationery products
2649 Converted peper products, nee
265 Paperboard containers and boxes
2651 Folding paperboard boxes
2652 Set-up paperboard boxes
2653 Corrugated and solid fiber boxes
2654 Sanitary food containers
2655 Fiber cans, drums t similar products
266 Building paper and board mills
2661 Building paper and board mills
E-5
27 Printing and publishing
271 Newspapers
2711 Mewspapers
272 Periodicals
2721 Periodicals
273 Books
2731 Book publishing
2732 Book printing
274 Miscellaneous publishing
2741 Miscellaneous puolishing
275 Commercial printing
2751 Comnercial printing, letterpress
2752 Ccnroercial printing, I i t.hograpnic
2753 Engraving and plate printing
2754 Commercial printing, gravure
276 Manifold business forms
2761 Manifold business forms
277 Greeting card publisning
2771 Greeting card puolishing
273 Blankbooks and bookbinding
2732 Blankbooks and looseleaf binders
2739 Bookbinding and related WOCK
279 Printing trade services
2791 Typesetting
2793 Photoengraving
2794 Etectrotyping and stereotyping
2795 Lithographic platemaking services
28 Oiesricals and allied products
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals
2812 AUalies and chlorine
2813 Industrial gases
2816 Inorganic pigments
2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, nee
282 Plastics materials and synthetics
2821 Plastics materials and resins
2822 Synthetic rubber
2823 Cellulosic man-made fibers
2824 Organic fibers, noncellulosic
283 Drugs
2831 Biological products
2833 Medicinals and botanicals
2834 Pharmaceutical preparations
284 Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods
2841 Soap and other detergents
2842 Polishes and sanitation goods
2843 Surface active agents
2844 Toilet preparations
285 Paints and allied products
2851 Paints and allied products
286 Industrial organic chemicals
2861 Gun and wood chemicals
2865 Cyclic crudes and intermediates
2869 Industrial organic chemicals, nee
287 Agricultural chemicals
2873 nitrogenous fertilizers
2874 Phosphat i c f erti I i zers
2875 Fertilizers, nixing only
2879 Agricultural chemicals, nee
289 Miscellaneous chemical products
2891 Adhesives and sealants
-------
2392 Explosives
2393 Printing ink
2395 Carbon black
2899 Chemical preparations, nee
29 Petroleum and coal products
291 Petroleua refining
2911 Petroleum refining
295 Paving and roofing materials
2951 Paving mixtures and blocks
2952 Asphalt felts and coatings
299 Misc. petroleum and coal products
2992 Lubricating oils and greases
2999 Petroleua and coal products, nee
30 Rubber and misc. plastics products
301 Tires and inner tubes
3011 Tires and inner tubes
302 Rubber and plastics footwear
3021 Rubber and plastics footwear
303 Reclaimed rubber
3031 Reclaimed rubber
304 Rubber and plastics hose and belting
3041 Rubber and plastics hose and belting
306 Fabricated rubber products, nee
3C69 Fabricated rubber products, nee
307 Miscellaneous plastics products
3079 Miscellaneous plastics products
31 Leather and leather products
511 Leather tanning and finishing
3111 Leather tanning and finishing
313 Footwear cut stock
3131 Footwear cut stock
314 Footwear, except rubber
3142 House slippers
3143 Men's footwear, except athletic
3144 Women's footwear, except athletic
3149 Footwear, except rubber, nee
315 Leather gloves and mittens
3151 Leather gloves and mittens
316 Luggage
3161 Luggage
317 Handbags and personal leather goods
3171 women's handbags and purses
3172 Personal leather goods, nee
319 Leather goods, nee
3199 Leather goods, nee
32 Stone, clay, and glass products
321 Flat glass
3211 Flat glass
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
3221 Glass containers
3229 Pressed and blown glass, nee
323 Products of purchased glaaa
3231 Products of purchased glaaa
324 Cement, hydraulic
3241 Cement, hydraulic
325 Structural clay products
3251 Brick and structural clay tile
3253 Ceramic wall and floor tile
3255 Clay refractories
3259 Structural clay products, nee
E-6
326 Pottery and related products
3261 vitreous plowing fixtures
3262 vitreous china food utensils
3263 Fin* earthenware food utensils
3264 Porcelain electrical supplies
3269 Pottery products, nee
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
3271 Concrete bloc* and brick
3272 Concrete products, nee
3273 Ready-nixed concrete
3274 Lime
3275 Gypsum products
323 Cut stcne ana stone products
3231 Cut stone and stone products
329 Misc. nonmetallic mineral products
3291 Abrasive products
3292 Asbestos products
3293 Gaskets, packing and sealing devices
3295 Minerals, ground or treated
3296 Mineral wool
3297 Monday refractories
3299 Nonmetallic Mineral products, nee
33 Primary metal industries
331 Slast furnace and aastc steal products
3312 3last furnaces and steel .Dills
3313 slectrometallurgical products
331S Steel wire and related products
3316 Cold finishing of steel shapes
3317 Steel pip* and tubes
332 Iron and steel foundries
3321 Gray iron foundries
3322 Malleable iron foundries
3324 Steel investment foundries
3325 Steel foundries, nee
333 Primary nonferrous metals
3331 Primary copper
3332 Primary lead
3333 Primary zinc
3334 Primary aluminua
3339 Primary nonferrous metals, nee
334 Secondary nonferrous metals
3341 Secondary nonferrous metals
333 Nonferrous rolling and drawing
3351 Copper rolling and drawing
3353 Aluminua sheet, plate, and foil
3354 Aluminum extruded products
3355 Aluminum rolling and drawing, nee
3356 Nonferrous rolling and drawing, nee
3357 Nonferrous wire drawing t insulating
336 Nonferrous foundries
3361 Alujainua foundries
3362 9rass, bronze, and copper foundries
3369 Nonferrous foundries, nee
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products
3398 Metal heat treating
3399 Primary metal prooucts, nee
34 Fabricated metal products
341 Metal cans and shipping containers
3411 Metal cans
3412 Metal barrels, drum, and pails
-------
342 Cutlery, hand toots, and hardware
3421 Cutlery
3423 Hand and eqga tools, nee
3425 Hand saws and saw blades
3429 Hardware, nee
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric
3431 Metal sanitary were
3432 Piloting fittings and brass goods
3433 Heating equipment, except electric
344 Fabricated structural metal products
3441 Fabricated structural metal
34A2 Metal doors, sash, and trim
3443 Fabricated plate work (boiler snaps)
34ii Sheet metal work
3446 Architectural metal work
3443 Prefabricated .net a I buildings
3*49 Miscellaneous metal work
345 Screw macnine products, bolts, «cc.
3451 Screw machine prooucts
3452 3olts, nuts, rivets, and washers
346 Metal forcings and stampings
3462 Iron and steel forgings
3463 Monferrous forgings
3465 Automotive stampings
3466 Crowns and closures
3469 Metal stampings, nee
347 Metal services, nee
3471 Plating and polishing
3479 Metal costing and allied services
343 Ordnance and accessories, nee
3432 Small arms ammunition
3483 Anounition, exc. for small arms, nee
34*4 soil l arms
3489 Ordnance and accessories, nee
349 Misc. fabricated metal products
3493 Steal springs, except wire
3494 Velves and pipe fittings
3495 Wire springs
3496 Misc. fabricated wire products
3497 Metal foil and leaf
3498 Fabricated pipe and fittings
3499 Fabricated metal products, nee
35 Machinery, except electrical
351 Engines and turbines
3511 Turbines and turbine generator sets
3519 Internal combustion engines, nee
352 Fan and garden machinery
3523 Fans machinery and equipment
3524 Lawn and garden equipment
353 Construction and related machinery
3531 Construction machinery
3532 Mining machinery
3533 Oil field machinery
3534 Elevators and moving stairways
3535 Conveyors and conveying equipment
3536 Hoists, cranes, and monorails
3537 Industrial trucks and tractors
354 Metalworking machinery
3541 Machine tools, metal cutting types
3542 Machine tools, metal forming types
E-7
3544 Special dies, rools, jigs 1 fixtures
3545 Machine tool accessories
3S46 Power driven hand tools
3547 Rolling mill machinery
3549 Metalworking machinery, nee
355 Special industry machinery
3551 Food products machinery
3552 Textile machinery
3553 Woodworking machinery
3554 Paper industries machinery
3555 Printing trades macninery
3559 Special industry nachinery, nee
356 General industrial macninery
3561 Punps and pumping equipment
3562 3all and roller bearings
3563 Air and gas compressors
3564 3lowers and fans
3565 Industrial patterns
3566 Speed changers, drives, and gears
3567 Industrial furnaces and ovens
3563 Power transmission equipment, nee
3569 General industrial machinery, nee
357 Office and computing machines
3572 Typewriters
3573 Electronic computing equiomenc
3574 Calculating and accounting .-nac.iines
3576 Scales and balances, «xe. laboratory
3579 Office machines, nee
358 Refrigeration and service nacninery
3581 Automatic merchandising machines
3582 Commercial laundry equipment
3585 Refrigeration and heating equipment
3586 Measuring and dispensing punps
3589 Service industry machinery, nee
359 Misc. machinery, except electrical
3592 Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves
3599 Machinery, except electrical, nee
36 Electric and electronic equipment
361 Electric distributing equipment
3612 Transformers
3613 Switchgear and switchboard apparatus
362 Electrical industrial apparatus
3621 Motors and generators
3622 Industrial controls
3623 Welding apparatus, electric
3624 Carbon and graphite products
3629 Electrical industrial apparatus, nee
363 Household appliances
3631 Household cooking equipment
3632 Household refrigerators and freezers
3633 Household laundry equipment
3634 Electric housewares and fans
3635 Household vacuum cleaners
3636 Sewing machines
3639 Household appliances, nee
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment
3641 Electric lamps
3643 Current-carrying wiring devices
3644 Honourrent-carrying wiring devices
3645 Residential lighting fixtures
-------
3646 Commercial lighting fixtures
3647 Vehicular lighting equipment
3648 Lighting equipment, nee
365 Radio and tv receiving equipment
3651 Radio and tv receiving sets
3652 Phonograph records
366 Comnunication equipment
3661 Telephone and telegraph apparatus
3662 Radio and tv coomnication equipment
367 Electronic components and accessories
3671 Electron tubes, receiving type
3672 Cathode ray television picture tubes
3673 electron tubes, transmitting
3674 Semiconductors and related cevicas
3475 Electronic capacitors
3676 Electronic resistors
3677 Electronic coils and transformers
3678 Electronic connectors
3679 Electronic comccnents, nee
369 Misc. electrical equipment i supplies
3691 Storage batteries
3692 Primary batteries, dry and wet
3693 X-ray aoparatus and tubes
3694 Engine electrical equipment
3699 Electrical equipment 4 supplies, nee
37 Transportation equipment
371 Motor vehicles and equipment
3711 Motor vehicles and car boaies
3713 Truck and bus bodies
3714 Motor vehicle parts and accessories
3715 Truck trailers
3716 Motor Homes
372 Aircraft and parts
3721 Aircraft
3724 Aircraft engines and engine parts
3728 Aircraft equipment, nee
375 Ship and boat building and repairing
3751 Ship building and repairing
3752 Boat building and repairing
374 Railroad equipment
3743 Railroad equipment
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts
3751 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts
3761 Guided misailas and space vehicles
3764 Space propulsion units and parts
3769 Space vehicle equipment, nee
379 Miscellaneous transportation equipment
3792 Travel trailers and campers
3795 Tanks and tank components
3799 Transportation equipment, nee
38 Instruments and related products
381 Engineering i scientific instruments
3811 Engineering & scientific instruments
382 Measuring and controlling devices
3822 Environmental controls
3823 Process control instruments
3824 Fluid meters and counting devices
382S Instruments to measure electricity
3829 Measuring & controlling devices, nee
E-3
383 Optical instruments and lenses
3232 Optical instruments and lenses
384 Medical instruments and supplies
3841 Surgical and radical instruments
3842 Surgical appliances and supplies
3843 Dental equipment and supplies
38S Ophthalmic goods
3851 Ophthalmic goods
326 Photographic equipment and supplies
3861 Photographic equipment and supplies
387 Watches, clocks, and uatchcases
3373 Watches, clocks, and watcncases
39 Miscellaneous manufacturing ineustries
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plates ware
3911 Jewelry, precious -octal.
3914 Silverware and plated ware
3915 Jewelers' materials t laoidary worfc
393 Musical instruments
3931 Musical instruments
394 Toys and sporting joods
3942 Soils
3944 Games, toys, and children's venicles
3949 Sporting and athletic goods, nee
395 Pens, pencils, office and art supplies
3951 Pens and mechanical pencils
3952 Lead pencils and art goods
3953 Marking devices
3955 Carbon paper and inked ribbons
396 Costume jewelry and notions
3961 Costume jewelry
3962 Artificial flowers
3963 Buttons
3964 Needles, pins, and fasteners
399 Miscellaneous manufactures
3991 Brooms and brushes
3993 Signs and advertising displays
3995 Burial caskets
3996 Hard surface floor coverings
3999 Manufacturing industries, nee
E Transportation and public utilities
40 Railroad transportation
401 Railroads
4411 Railroads, line-haul operating
4013 Switching and terminal services
41 Local and interurban passenger transit
411 Local and suburban transportation
4111 Local and suburban transit
4119 Local passenger transportation, nee
412 Taxicabs
4121 Taxicabs
413 Intercity highway transportation
4131 Intercity highway transportation
414 Transportation charter service
4141 Local passenger charter service
4142 Charter service, except local
415 School buses
4151 School buses
417 Sua terminal and service facilities
4171 Sua terminal facilities
4172 Sus service facilities
-------
42 Trucking and warehousing
421 Trucking, local and long distance
4212 Local trucking, without storage
4213 Trucking, except local
4214 Local trucking and storage
422 Public warehouaing
4221 Farm product warehousing and storage
4222 (tefrigerated warehousing
4224 Household goods warehousing
4225 General warehousing and storage
4226 Special warehousing and storage, nee
423 Trucking terminal facilities
4231 Trucking terminal facilities
43 U.S. postal service
431 U.S. postal service
4311 U.S. postal service
44 Water transportation
441 Deep sea foreign transportation
4411 Deep sea foreign transportation
442 Deep sea domestic transportation
4421 Noncontiguous area transportation
4422 Coastwise transoortaticn
4423 Intercoastal transportation
443 Great lakes transportation
4431 Great lakes transportation
444 Transportation on rivers and canals
4441 Transportation on rivers and canals
445 Local water transportation
4452 Ferries
4453 Lighterage
4454 Towing and tugboat service
4459 Local water transportation, nee
444 Water transportation services
4443 Marine cargo handling
4464 Canal operation
4469 Water transportation services, nee
45 Transportation by air
451 Certificated air transportation
4511 Certificated air transportation
452 Moncertifloated air transportation
4521 Mooeertifloated air transportation
453 Air transportation service*
4582 Airports and flying fields
4583 Airport terminal services
44 Pipe lines, except natural gas
461 Pipe lines, except natural gas
4612 Crude petroleum pipe lines
4613 Refined petroleum pipe lines
4619 Pipe lines, nee
47 Transportation services
471 Freight forwarding
4712 Freight forwarding
472 Arrangement of transportation
4722 Passenger transportation arrangement
4723 Freight transportation arrangement
474 Rental of railroad cars
4742 Railroad car rental with service
4743 Railroad car rental without service
478 Miscellaneous transportation services
4782 Inspection and weighing services
4783 Packing and crating
4784 Fixed facilities for vehicles, -we
4789 Transportation services, nee
43 Communication
481 Telephone conmunication
4811 Telephone communication
482 Telegraph communication
4821 Telegraph comnunication
483 Radio and television broadcasting
4832 Radio broadcasting
4833 Television broadcasting
489 Communication services, nee
4899 Comnunication services, nee
49 Electric, gas, and sanitary services
491 Electric services
4911 Electric services
492 Gas production and distribution
4922 Natural gas transmission
4923 Gas transmission and distribution
4924 Natural gas distribution
4925 Gas production and/or distribution
493 Combination utility services
4931 Electric and ather services comoined
4932 Gas and other services cotnoined
4939 Combination utility services, nee
494 Water supply
4941 water supply
495 Sanitary services
4952 Sewerage) systems
4953 *ei*use system
4959 Sanitary services, nee
496 Steam supply
4961 Steam supply
497 Irrigation systems
4971 Irrigation systems
F wholesale trade
E-9
50 Wholesale trade-durable goods
501 Motor vehicles & automotive equipment
5012 Automobiles and other motor vehicles
5013 Automotive parts and supplies
5014 Tires and tubes
502 Furniture and home furnishings
5021 Furni tur*
5023 Home furnishings
503 Lumber and construction materials
5031 Lumber, plywood and millwork
5039 Construction materials, nee
504 Sporting goods, toys and hobby goods
5041 Sporting and recreational goods
5042 Toys and hobby goods and supplies
5043 Photographic equipment and supplies
505 Metals and minerals, except petroleum
50S1 Metals service centers and offices
5052 Coal and other minerals and ores
506 Electrical goods
5063 Electrical apparatus and equipment
5064 Electrical appliances, tv and radios
5065 Electronic parts and equipment
507 Hardware, plunbing i heeting equipment
5072 Hardware
-------
5074 Plumbing i hydronic heating supplies
5075 Warn air heating 3, air conditioning
5073 Refrigeration equipment and supplies
503 Machinery, equipment, and supplies
5041 Commercial machines and equipment
5082 Construction and mining machinery
5083 Farm machinery and equipment
5084 Industrial machinery and equipment
508S Industrial supplies
5084' Professional equipment and supplies
5087 Service estaolishment equipment
50S8 Transportation equipment i suoplies
509 Miscellaneous durable goods
5093 Scrap and waste materials
5094 Jewelry, watches, & precious stones
5099 Durable goods, nee
51 Wholesale crade-nonduraole goods
511 Paper and paper products
5111 Printing and writing paper
5112 Stationery supplies
5113 Industrial t personal servica paper
512 Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries
5122 Drugs, proprietaries, and sundries
513 Apparel, piece goods and notions
5133 Piece goods
5134 Motions and other dry goods
5136 Hen's clothing and furnishings
5137 Woman's and children's clothing
5139 Footwear
514 Groceries and related products
5141 Groceries, general line
5142 Frozen foods
5143 Dairy products
5144 Poultry and poultry products
5145 Confectionery
514o Fish and seafoods
5147 Meats and meat products
5148 Fresh fruits and vegetables
5149 Groceries and related products, nee
515 Farm-product raw materials
5152 Cotton
5153 Grain
5154 Livestock
5159 Farm-product raw materials, nee
516 Chemicals and allied products
5161 Chemicals and allied products
517 Petroleum and petroleum products
5171 Petroleum bulk stations & terminals
5172 Petroleum products, nee
518 Seer, wine, and distilled beverages
5181 3e«r and ale
5182 Wines and distilled beverages
519 Misc. nondurable goods
5191 Farm supplies
5194 Tobacco and tobacco products
5198 Paints, varnishes, and supplies
5199 Nondurable goods, nee
G Retail trade
52 Building materials S garden supplies
521 Lumber and other building materials
E-10
5211 Lumber and other building materials
523 Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores
5231 Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores
52S Hardware stores
5251 Hardware stores
526 Retail nurseries and garden stores
5261 Retail nurseries and garden stores
527 Mobile home dealers
5271 Mobile hone dealers
53 General .nerchandise stores
531 Department stores
5311 Department stores
533 Variety stores
5331 Variety stores
539 Misc. general merchandise stores
5399 Misc. general merchandise stores
54 food stores
541 Grocery stores
5411 Grocery stores
542 Meat markets i freezer provisioners
5422 Freezer and locker meat provisioners
5423 Meat and fish (seafood) markets
543 Fruit stores and vegetable markets
5431 Fruit stores and vegetaole markets
544 Candy, nut, and confectionery stsrss
5441 Candy, nut, and confectionery stores
545 Dairy products stores
5451 Dairy products stores
546 Retail bakeries
5462 Retail bakeries-baking and selling
5463 Retail bakeries-selling only
549 Miscellaneous food stores
5499 Miscellaneous food stores
55 Automotive dealers i service stations
551 Mew and used car dealers
5511 New and used car dealers
552 Used car dealers
5521 Used car dealers
553 Auto and home suoply stores
5531 Auto and home supply stores
554 Gasoline service stations
5541 Gasoline service stations
555 3oat dealers
5551 Seat dealers
556 Recreation & utility trailer dealers
5561 Recreation & utility trailer dealers
557 Motorcycle dealers
5571 Motorcycle dealers
559 Automotive dealers, nee
5599 Automotive dealers, nee
56 Apparel and accessory stares
561 Men's & boys' clothing i furnishings
5611 Men's & boys' clothing & furnishings
562 Women's ready-to-wear stores
5621 Women's ready-to-wear stores
563 Women's accessory & specialty stores
5631 Women's accessory & specialty stores
564 Children's and infants' w«ar stores
5641 Children's and infants' wear stores
565 Family clothing stores
-------
5651 Faarily clothing stores
566 Shoe stores
5661 Shoe store*
568 Furriers and fur shops
5631 Furriers and fur shop*
569 Miscellaneous apparel & accessories
5699 Miscellaneous apparel £ accessories
57 furniture and hone furnishings store*
571 furniture and home furnishings stores
5712 Furniture stores
5713 floor covering stores
5714 Oraoery and ijoholstery stores
5719 Misc. home furnishings stores
572 Household appliance stores
5772 Household appliance stares
573 Radio, television, and music stores
5732 Radio and television stores
5733 Music stores
56 Sating and drinking places
531 Sating and drinking places
5312 Sating places
5313 Drinking places
59 Miscellaneous retail
591 Drug stares and proprietary stores
5912 Drug stores and proprietary stores
592 Liquor stores
5921 Liquor stores
593 Used merchandise stores
5931 Used merchandise stores
594 Miscellaneous shopping goods stores
5941 Sporting goods and bicycle shops
5942 3ook stores
5943 Stationery stores
5944 jewelry stores
5945 Hobby, toy, and game shops
5946 Camera i photographic supply stares
5947 Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops
5943 Luggage) and leather goods stores
5949 Sewing, needlework, and piece goods
596 Nonstore retailers
5961 Mail order houses
5962 Merchandising machine operators
5963 Direct selling organizations
598 fuel and ice dealers
5982 fuel and ice dealers, nee
5983 fuel oil dealers
5984 Liquified petroleum gas dealers
599 Retail stores, nee
5992 florists
5993 Cigar stores and stands
5994 Mews dealers and newsstands
5999 Miscellaneous retail stores, nee
H finance, insurance, and real estate
"SO Banking
601 federal reserve banks
6011 federal reserve banks
602 Commercial and stock savings banks
6022 State banks, federal reserve
6023 State banks, not fed. reserve, fdic
6024 State banks,, not fed. res., not fdic
E-n
6025 National banks, federal reserve
6026 National banks, not fed. res., fdic
6027 National banks, not fdic
6028 Private banks, not incorp., not fdic
603 Mutual savings banks
6032 Mutual savings banks, fed. reserve
6033 Mutual savings banks, nee
6034 Mutual savings banks, not fdic
604 Trust companies, nondeposit
6042 Nondeposit trusts, federal reserve
6044 Nondeoosit trusts, not fdic
605 Functions closely related to barking
6052 Foreign exchange establisnments
6054 Safe deposit companies
6055 Clearingnouse associations
6056 Corporations for banking abroad
6059 Functions related :o banking, nee
61 Credit agencies other than oanics
611 Rediscount and financing institutions
6112 Rediscounting, not for agricultural
6113 Rediscounting. for agricultural
612 Savings and loan associations
6122 Federal savings i loan associations
6123 State associations, insured
6124 State associations, noninsured, fhlb
6125 State associations, nomnsured, nee
613 Agricultural credit institutions
6131 Agricultural credit institutions
614 Personal credit institutions
6142 Federal credit unions
6143 State credit unions
6144 Nondeposit industrial loan companies
6145 Licensed saall loan lenders
6146 Installment sales finance companies
6149 Misc. personal credit institutions
615 Business credit institutions
6153 Short-tern business credit
6159 Misc. business credit institutions
616 Mortgage bankers and brokers
6162 Mortgage bankers and correspondents
6163 Loan brokers
62 Security, commodity brokers S services
621 Security brokers and dealers
6211 Security brokers and dealers
622 Commodity contracts brokers, dealers
6221 Commodity contracts brokers, dealers
623 Security and commodity exchanges
6231 Security end comnodity exchanges
628 Security and coonodity services
6281 Security and commodity services
63 Insurance carriers
631 Life insurance
6311 Life insurance
632 Medical service and health insurance
6321 Accident and health insurance
6324 Hospital and radical service plans
633 fire, marine, and casualty insurance
6331 fire, marine, and casualty insurance
635 Surety insurance
6351 Surety insurance
-------
636 Title insurance
6361 Title insurance
637 Pension, health, and welfare funds
6371 Pension, health, and welfare funds
639 Insurance carriers, nee
6399' Insurance carriers, nee
64 Insurance agents, brokers, & service
641 Insurance agents, brokers, & service
6411 Insurance agents, brokers, i service
65 Real estate
651 Real estate operators and lessors
6512 "Presidential building ooerators
6513 Apartment building operators
6514 Dwelling operators, exc. apartments
6515 Mobile home site operators
6517 Railroad prooerty lessors
65'9 Real property lessors, nee
653 Real estate agents and managers
6531 Real estate agents and managers
654 Title abstract offices
6541 Title abstract offices
655 Subdividers and developers
6552 Subaividers and developers, nee
6553 Cemetery subdividers and developers
66 Cjmoined real estate, insurance, etc
661 Combined real estate, insurance, etc
6611 Comoined real estate, insurance, etc
67 Holding and other investment offices
671 Holding offices
6711 Holding offices
672 investment offices
6722 Management investment, open-end
6723 Management investment, closed-end
6724 Unit investment, trusts
6725 Face-amount certificate offices
673 Trusts
6732 Educational, religious, etc. trusts
6733 Trusts, nee
679 Miscellaneous investing
6792 Oil royalty traders
6793 Comodity traders
6794 Patent owners and lessors
6798 Real Estate Investment Trusts
6799 Investors, nee
1 Services
70 Hotels and other lodging places
701 Hotels, motels, and tourist courts
7011 Hotels, motels, and tourist courts
702 Rooming and boarding houses
7021 Rooming and boarding houses
703 Camps and trailering parks
7032 Sporting and recreational camps
7033 Trailering parks for transients
704 Membership-basis organization hotels
7041 Membership-best's organization hotels
72 Personal services
721 Laundry, cleaning, S, garment services
7211 Power laundries, family & coomercial
7212 Garment pressing J cleaners' agents
7213 Linen supply
E-12
7214 Diaper service
7215 Coin-operated laundries and cleaning
7216 Dry cleaning plants, except rug
7217 Carpet and upholstery cleaning
7213 Industrial launderers
7219 Laundry and garment services, nee
722 Photographic studios, portrait
7221 Photographic studios, portrait
723 Seauty shops
7231 Seauty shops
724 Barber shops
7741 Barber shops
725 Shoe reoair and hat cleaning shops
7251 Shoe repair and hat cleaning sncps
726 Funeral service and crematories
7261 Funeral service and crematories
729 Miscellaneous personal services
7259 Miscellaneous personal services
73 Business services
731 Advertising
7311 Advertising agencies
7312 Outdoor advertising services
7313 Radio, tv, publisher representatives
7319 Advertising, nee
732 Credit reporting and collection
7321 Credit reporting and collection
733 Mailing, reproduction, stenograpntc
7331 Direct mail advertising services
7332 Blueprinting and pnotocopying
7333 Commercial photography and art
7339 Stenographic and reproduction, nee
734 Services to buildings
7341 Window cleaning
7342 Disinfecting and exterminating
7349 Building maintenance services, nee
735 Mews syndicates
73S1 News syndicates
736 Personnel supply services
7361 Employment agencies
7362 Temporary help supply services
7369 Personnel supply services, nee
737 Computer and data processing services
7372 Computer programming and software
7374 Data processing services
7379 Computer related services, nee
739 Miscellaneous business services
7391 Research & development laboratories
7392 Management and public relations
7393 Detective and protective services
7394 Equipment rental and leasing
7395 Photofinishing laboratories
7396 Trading stamp services
7397 Commercial testing laboratories
7399 Business services, nee
75 Auto repair, services, and garages
751 Automotive rentals, without drivers
7512 Passenger ear rental and leasing
7513 Truck rental and leasing
7519 Utility trailer rental
752 Automobile parking
-------
7523 Parking lota
7323 Parking structure*
773 Automotive repair shops
7531 Top and body repair shops
7534 Tire retreading and repair shop*
7535 Paint shop*
7538 General automotive repair shops
7539 Automotive repair shops, nee
754 Automotive services, except repair
7542 Car washes
7549 Automotive services, nee
76 Miscellaneous repair services
762 Electrical repair shoos
7622 Radio and television repair
7623 Refrigeration service and repair
7629 Electrical repair shops, r.ec
763 Watch, clock, and jewelry repair
7631 Watch, clock, and jewelry repair
764 Reupnolstery and furniture repair
7641 Reupnolstery and furniture repair
769 Miscellaneous repair shops
7692 Welding repair
7694 Armature rewinding shops
7699 Repair services, nee
78 Motion pictures
731 Motion picture production i services
7313 Motion picture production, except tv
7814 Motion picture production for tv
7319 Services allied to notion pictures
782 Motion picture distribution & services
7823 Motion picture film exchanges
7324 Film or tap* distribution for tv
7829 Motion picture distribution services
783 Motion picture theaters
7332 Motion picture theaters, ex drive-in
7833 Drive-in notion picture theaters
79 Amusement & recreation services, nee
791 Dane* halls, studios, and schools
7911 Oanca halls, studios, and schools
792 Producers, orchestras, entertainers
7922 Theatrical producers and services
7929 Entertainers & entertainment group*
793 Bowling and billiard establishments
7932 Billiard and pool establishments
7933 Sowling alley*
794 Conaereial sports
7941 Sports clubs, managers, & promoters
7944 Racing, including track operation
799 Misc. amusement, recreational service*
7992 Public golf course*
7993 Cain-operated amusement device*
7996 Amusement parks
7997 Membership sports & recreation clubs
7999 Amusement and recreation, nee
80 Health service*
301 Offices of physicians
3011 Offices of physicians
302 Office* of dentists
3021 Offices of dentists
303 Office* of osteopathic physicians
E-13
8031 Office* of osteopathic physicians
804 Office* of other health practitioners
3041 Offices of chiropractors
3042 Offices of optometrists
3049 Office* of health practitioners, nee
305 Nursing and personal care facilities
3051 Skilled nursing care facilities
3059 Nursing and personal care, nee
806 Hospitals
3062 General medical I surgical hospitals
3063 Psychiatric hospitals
2069 Specialty hospitals, «xc psychiatric
307 Medical and dental laooratories
3071 Medical laboratories
3072 Dental laboratories
308 Outpatient care facilities
3081 Outpatient care facilities
309 Health and allied services, nee
3091 Health and allied services, nee
31 Legal services
311 Legal services
3111 Legal services
32 Educational services
321 Elementary and secondary schools
3211 Elementary and secondary scnools
322 Colleges and universities
3221 College* and universities, nee
a??3 Junior calleges
323 Libraries and information centers
3231 Libraries and information centers
324 Correspondence and vocational schools
3241 Correspondence schools
3243 Data processing schools
3244 Business and secretarial schools
3249 Vocational schools, nee
829 Schools 4 educational services, nee
3299 Schools & educational services, nee
83 Social services
832 Individual and family services
8321 Individual and family services
333 Job training and related services
8331 Job training and related services
835 Child day care services
8351 Child day care services
836 Residential care
8361 Residential car*
839 Social services, nee
3399 Social services, nee
84 Museums, botanical, zoological gardens
841 Museuas and art galleries
3411 Museums and art galleries
842 Botanical and zoological gardens
8421 Botanical and zoological gardens
86 Membership organizations
861 Business association*
3611 Business associations
362 Professional organizations
8621 Professional organizations
863 Labor organizations
8631 Labor organizations
-------
364 Civic and social association*
3641 Civic and social associations
365 Political organizations
3651 Political organizations
366 Religious organizations
3661 Religious organizations
369 Membership organizations, n*c
3699 Membership organizations, nee
38 Private households
331 Private households
3311 Private housenolds
39 Miscellaneous services
391 Engineering 4 architectural services
3911 Engineering 1 architectural services
392 noncommercial research organizations
3922 Noncommercial research organizations
393 Accounting, auditing, i bookkeeoing
3931 Accounting, auditing, & bookkeeping
399 Services, nee
3999 Services, nee
J »ublic administration
91 Executive, legislative, and general
911 Executive offices
9111 Executive offices
712 legislative boaies
9121 Legislative bodies
913 Executive and legislative comoined
9131 Executive and legislative combined
919 General government, nee
9199 General government, nee .
92 Justice, public order, and safety
921 Courts
9211 Courts
922 Public order and safety
9221 Police protection
9222 Legal counsel and prosecution
9223 Correctional institutions
9224 Fire protection
9229 Public order and safety, nee
93 Finance, taxation, i monetary policy
931 Finance, taxation, £ monetary policy
9311 Finance, taxation, i monetary policy
94 Adaininistration of human resources
941 Admin, of educational program
9411 Adnrin. of educational program
943 Adain. of public health program
9431 Adain. of public health program
944 Adain. of social t manpower program
9441 Adain. of social t manpower programs
945 Administration of veterans' affairs
9451 Adninistration of veterans' affairs
95 Environmental quality and housing
951 Environmental quality
9511 Air, water & solid waste management
9512 Land, mineral, wildlife conservation
953 Housing and urban development
9531 Housing programs
9532 Urban and coomunity development
96 Administration of economic programs
961 Acttin. of general economic programs
9611 Admin, of general economic programs
962 Regulation, admin, of transportation
9621 Regulation, adnin. of transportation
963 Regulation, admin, of utilities
9631 Regulation, aonin. of utilities
964 Regulation of agricultural marketing
9641 Regulation of agricultural marketing
965 Regulation misc. commercial sectors
9651 Regulation misc. ccomercial sectors
966 Space research and technology
9661 Space reseerch and technology
97 National security and intl. affairs
771 national security
9711 national security
972 International affairs
9721 International affairs
t Honelassifiaole establ isnmenta
99 Mcnclassiliable estaalisnments
999 Honclassifiable estaalishments
9999 Nortelassifiaole estaoI isnments
E-14
-------
APPENDIX F
SOURCE CATEGORY/POLLUTANT INDEX
-------
APPENDIX F
SOURCE CATEGORY/POLLUTANT INDEX
This appendix presents several tables that match source category and
toxic air pollutant. The material is excerpted from an EPA document
(EPA 625/6-86-Olla) entitled "Evaluation of Control Technologies for
Hazardous Air Pollutants, Volume 1, Technical Report."
The tables are presented by source category (solvent usage,
metallurgical industry, etc.). In addition to listing toxic air pollutants,
the tables also list some specific sources of the pollutants (dryers,
reactors, furnaces, kettles, filters, etc.) within each source category.
This information is presented to assist agencies that do not choose to
or are not able to use pollutant/Sic or Sic/pollutant indices. The data may
also be useful in cases where Sic/pollutant indices are not specific>enough
or are too specific.
As is true of the other indices presented in these Appendices, these
data do not define the quantity of pollutant emitted. Quantities emitted
may range from trace amounts to tons per year.
F-l
-------
TABLE F-l POTENTIAL MAP'S FOR SOLVENT USAGE OPERATIONS
Source Category
Solvent Degreasing
Dry Cleaning
Graphic Artsa
Waste Solvent Reclaiming
SCb-Flatwood Paneling0
SC-Machineryd
SC-Appliancese
SC-Metal Furniture
SC-Auto/Truckf
SC- Fabrics
SC-Cans9
SC-Paper, Tapes, Labels
Magnetic Tape Coating
SC-Electrical Insulation
SC-Marine Vessels*1
Vinyl 4 Acrylic Coatings1
SC-Wood Furniture
SC-Trans. Vehicles-}
Machine Lubricants
Rubber Tire Manufacturing
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Organic Inorganic
Vapor Particulate Vapor Particulate
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X >
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
References
pg. F-30
2,3,4,15
3,5,9,15
3,5,6,15
5
1,5,6
1,7
1,5
1,12
1,5,12
5,15
1,5,6,8
1,5,13
10,11
1,15
1,3,20
3,16
1,17
1,20
33
34
aCategory incl
bSC: surface
GCategory incl
Category incl
eCategory incl
f Category incl
9Category incl
^Category incl
1 Category incl
JCategory incl
udes flexography, lithography, offset printing, and textile printing.
coating.
udes coating of other flat stock.
udes coating of misc. metal parts, machinery, and equipment.
udes all categories of appliances: large and small.
udes coating of automobiles and light-duty trucks.
udes surface coating of coils, cans, containers, and closures.
udes coating and maintenance of marine vessels.
udes vinyl, acrylic, and nitrocellulose coatings.
udes coating of trucks, buses, railroad cars, airplanes, etc.
F-2
-------
TABLE F-2 EMISSION SOURCES FOR SOLVENT USAGE OPERATIONS
Potential HAP Emission Sources
Source Cateyory
»
Solvent Deyreasing
Dry Cleaning
Graphic Arts
Waste Solvent Reclaiming
SC-Flatwood Paneling
SC-Machinery
SC-Appliances
SC-Metal Furniture
SC- Auto/Truck
SC-Fabrics
SC-Cans
SC-Paper, Tapes, Labels
Magnetic Tape Coating
SC-Electrical Insulation-
SC-Marine Vessels
Vinyl & Acrylic Coatings
SC-Wood Furniture
SC-Trans. Vehicles
Machine Lubricants
Rubber Tire Manufacturing
Process
Point
C
F
F
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F
0
0
0
F
Process
Fugitive
A,B,D
E.G.H.I
L,M,N
I
L,P
Q,R
Q,R
Q,R
S,R
D,K,Q,R,T
Q,U
B,I,Q,T
I.Q.T
Q
L,P
S.R.T
S,R
I,V,W
Area
Fugitive
K
J,K
J,K
Q
Q
Source Key
A -' bath evaporation
B - solvent transfer
C - ventilation
0 - waste solvent disposal
E - washer
F - drying
G - still, filtration
H - cooker
I - solvent storage
J - pipes, flanges, pumps
K - transfer areas
L - rollers
M - ink fountains
N - condenser
0 - oven
P - coaters
Q - application area
R - flashoff area
S - spray booth
T - solvent/coating mixing
U - quench area
V - green tire spraying
W - sidewalI/tread end/undertread
cementing
F-3
-------
TABLE F-3 POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
Source 'Category
Primary Aluminum Production
Primary Cadmium Production
Metallurgical Coke c
w
Primary Copper Smelting
Ferroalloy Production
Iron and Steel Production
Primary Lead Smelting
Primary Zinc Smelting
Manganese Production
Nickel Production
Secondary Aluminum Operations
Secondary Copper Operations
(Brass and Bronze Production)
Gray Iron Foundries
Secondary Lead Smelting
Steel Foundries
Secondary Zinc Processing
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Organic Inorganic
Vapor Particulate Vapor Particulate
1 1
i
,h,m,s,u, r d,C a,e,f,g,i,n,
,z,A,B,D o,p,q,t,v
r a,l a.e.i.k,
n,o,t,x
r i,j,k,n,p,
q,v,x
r 1 f,i,j,k,n,
P.q.v.x
r a,l a.e.i.k,
n,o,t
r a,l a,i ,k,n,
o,t,x
r p
r a,l a,i,n,q,t,x
1 l,q
r x i ,k ,n,
q,t,x
b,c,m, r a,f,g,i,j,
s,u,w k,n,o,p,q,
v,x,y
r a,n-,p,t
a.j.g,
p»q,y
x i,o,q,t,x
References
pg. F-30
5,23,25
36
5,24,25,27,
28,31,35,36
5,18,23,24,25
30,31,32,36
5,19,21,22,
24,25,27,30,
32,35
5,23,24,25,
26,30,32,35,36
5,18,23,24,
25,30,32,36
5,18,23,24,
25,30,31,32,36
23,24,26,35
23,24,35
5,27
5,23,25,27,
30,32
5,21,23,24
25,26,27,30,
32,35
5,21,23,24,25
5,24,25,26,
27,35
5,24,25,27,37
(Continued)
F-4
-------
TABLE F-3 POTENTIAL MAP'S FOR METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
(concluded)
Source Category
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Organic Inorganic References
Vapor Particulate Vapor Particulate pg. F-30
Lead Acid Battery Production
Cadmium-Nickel Battery Prod.
Dry Battery Production
Misc. Lead Products
n n 5,30
i.n 24,27,35
p 24,26,35
n e,n 5
Pollutant Key
a - arsenic
b - acrolein
c - acetaldehyde
d - ammonia
e - antimony
f - barium
g - beryllium
h - benzene
i - cadmium
j - chromium
k - copper
1 - fluoride
m - formaldehyde
n - lead >
o - mercury
p - manganese
q - nickel
r - polycyclic organic
matter (POM)
s - phenol
t - selenium
u - toluene
v - vanadium
w - xylene
x - zinc
y - iron
z - cresols
A - cyanides
B - pyridine
C - hydrogen sulfide
D - methyl mercaptan
F-5
-------
TABLE F-4 EMISSION SOURCES FOR METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
Potential HAP Emission Sources
Source Category
Primary Aluminum Production
Primary Cadmium Production
Metallurgical Coke
Primary Copper Smelting
Ferroalloy Production
Iron and Steel Production
Primary Lead Smelting
Primary Zinc Smelting
Manganese Production
Nickel Production
Secondary Aluminum Operations
Secondary Copper Operations
Gray Iron Foundries
Secondary Lead Smelting
Steel Foundries
Secondary Zinc Processing
Lead Acid Battery Production
Cadmium-Nickel Battery Prod.
Dry Battery Production
Misc. Lead Products
Process Process
Point Fugitive
A, J,M,N,R H,K,D
J,E 0,P
B C,0,X
F.J.T G,H,K,0,P,X
J H,K,0,P
B.J.V C,H,K,0,X
J,V H.K.O.P
E.J.T.S 0
J H,K,M,P
A/ J.M.T P
J H.K.P
J H,K,P
J,Y H,K,G,P
J H,K,P
J,Y G,H,K,P
J.E.S H,K,L,P
0,P
V N,0
M,N,0
G.O.P
Area
Fugitive
N.Q.U.Z
N,Z
N.O.Q.U
N,Q,U,W,Z
N,Q,W
0,N,Q,U,W,Z
N,Q,U,W,Z
N,Q,U,W,Z
N,0,Z
N.Q.Z
U
U
U
U,Q
U
U
Source Key
A - calciner
B - coke oven
C - coke oven charging/pushing
D - coke quenching
E - condenser
F - converter
G - converter charging/ etc.
H - furnace tapping
J - furnace
K - furnace charging
L - galvanizing vessel
M - material crusher/mill
N - material storage and
0 - material preparation
P - metal casting
g - outdoor storage pile
R - reduction eel 1
S - retort
T - roaster
U - service road
V - sintering machine
W - slag dumping
X - vessel leakage
Y - foundry mold & core
Z - mining operations
handling
decomposition
F-6
-------
TABLE F-5 EMISSION SOURCES FOR THE SOCMI3
-
Source Category
(Generic Source)
Storage and Handling
Reactor Processes
Separation Processes
Fugitives
Potential HAP Emission Sources
Process Process
Point Fugitive
A
E,F G
F,L G.M.N
G,M,N
(Specific)
Area
Fugitive^
8,C,0
C,D,H
I.J.K
K
8,C,D,H,I
J,K,M,N,0
aSources: References 14, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43.
bGroups of small point sources (e.g., valves, compressors, pumps, etc.)
at a SOCMI plant are considered as area fugitive sources in this manual
Source Key
A - storage, transfer, and handling
B - spills
C - valves
0 - flanges
E - reactors
F - product recovery devices
(absorber, adsorber,
condenser)
G - process drains
H - pumps
I - compressors
J - sampling lines
K - pressure relief devices
L - separation devices
(distillation column,
absorber, crystalizer,
dryer, etc.)
M - hotwel1
N - accumulator
0 - cooling tower
F-7
-------
TABLE F-6 POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR INORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Source Category Inorganic
Vapor Particulate
Al uminum chloride f ,1
Aluminum fluoride s
Ammonia a
Ammonium acetate a
Ammonium-nitrate, sulfate a
thiocyanate, formate, tartrate
Ammonium phosphate a,s
Antimony oxide g
Arsenic-disulfide, iodide d d >
pent afluo ride, thioarsenate
tribromide, trichloride,
trifluoride, trioxide
orthoarsenic acid
Barium-carbonate, chloride h
hydroxide, sulfate, sulfide
Beryllium-oxide, hydroxide i
Boric acid and Borax k
Bromine j,l
Cadmium (pigment) -sulfide q
sulfoselenide, lithopone
Calcium-carbide, arsenate e,s d
phosphate
Chlorine 1 B
Chlorosulfonic acid u,K
Chromic acid n m,n
References
pg. F-30
25
25
5,25,44
25
25,45,46
25
25
15,47
25,48
15,24,25
25
25
15,25,49
15,24,25,47
5,25,29,49
25
22,24,25
(continued)
F-8
-------
TABLE F-6 POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR INORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
(continued)
Source Category
Chromium-acetate, borides
halides etc.
Chromium (pigment) -oxide
Cobalt-acetate, carbonate
halides, etc.
Copper sulfate
Fluorine
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Iodine (crude)
Iron chloride
Iron (pigment)-oxide
Lead-arsenate, halides
hydroxides, dioxide,
nitrate
Lead chromate
Lead (pigments) -oxide
carbonate, sulfate
Manganese dioxide
(Potassium permanganate)
Manganese sulfate
Mercury-halides, nitrates,
oxides
Nickel -halides, nitrates,
oxides
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Inorganic
Vapor Particulate
in
m
0
P
s
a,P
U,V V
s
1 0
1 ,V V
Q
e d,x
y
X
A z
z
B
C
References
t pg. F-30
15,22,24,25
15,22,24,25
25
25,32
25
25
5,25
5,25
25
25
25
15,24,25,30,47
25
5,25,30
15,24,25,26,35
15,24,25,26,35
15,24,25,29,31
15,24,25,27
(continued)
F-9
-------
TABLE F-6 POTENTIAL MAP'S FOR INORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
(continued)
Source Category
Nickel sulfate
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Wet Process -
Thermal Process -
Phosphorus
Phosphorus oxychloride
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus trichloride
Potass ium-bi chromate ,
chromate
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium arsenate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chlorate
Sodium chromate-
di chromate
Sodium hydrosulfide
Sodium-si 1 icofl uoride,
fluoride
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur monochloride-
dichloride
Zinc chloride
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Inorganic
Vapor Particulate
D C
E E
d,G,t G
s
1
H,F F
I.l.F F
r r
1 B
d
a
1
r r
t
s
J,K J
1
M,x x
References
pg. F-30
15,24,25,27
5,25,50
5,15,23,25
25
25
25
25
22,24,25
15,24,25
15,25,47
5,25,51
25
22,24,25
25
25
5,25,52,53
25
25
(continued)
F-10
-------
TABLE F-6
POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR INORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
(concluded)
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Source Category
Zinc chromate (pigment)
Zinc oxide (pigment)
Inorganic
Vapor Particulate
L
N
References
P9 F-30
25
25
Pollutant Key
a - ammonia
d - arsenic
e - arsenic trioxide
f - aluminum chloride
g - antimony trioxide
h - barium salts
i - beryllium
j - bromine
k - boron salts
1 - chlorine
m - chromium salts
n - chromic acid mist
o - cobalt metal fumes
p - copper sulfate
q - cadmium salts E
r - chromates (chromium) F
s - fluorine G
t - hydrogen sulfide H
u - hydrogen chloride I
v - hydrochloric acid J
x - lead K
y - lead chromate L
z - manganese salts M
A - manganese dioxide N
B - mercury 0
C - nickel P
0 - nickel sulfate Q
nitric acid mist
phosphorus
phosphoric acid mist
phosphorus pentasulfide
phosphorus trichloride
sulfuric acid mist
sulfur trioxide
zinc chromate
zinc chloride fume
zinc oxide fume
iodine
hydrazine
iron oxide
F-ll
-------
TABLE F-7 EMISSION SOURCES FOR INORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Source Category
Aluminum chloride
Aluminum fluoride
Ammonia
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium-nitrate, sulfate
thiocyanate, formate, tartrate
Ammonium phosphate
Antimony oxide
Arsenic-di'sulfide, iodide
pentafluoride, thioarsenate
tribromide, trichloride,
trifluoride, trioxide,
orthoarsenic acid
Barium-carbonate, chloride
hydroxide, sulfate, sulfide
Beryllium-oxide, hydroxide
Boric acid and Borax
Bromine
Cadmium (pigment) -sulfide
Sulfoselenide, lithopone
Calcium-carbide, arsenate
phosphate
Chlorine
Chlorosulfonic acid
Chromic acid
Potential
Process
Point
X
X
B.D.E
X
C.F.I.L
X
X
H,U
C,£,G,I,L,U
X
X
X
X
H
H,C
X
H
HAP Emission Sources
Process Area
Fugitive Fugitive
X
X
K J,S
X
Q
X
X
K,Q,T J.S
N,P,Q,T
X
X
X
X
K,P
K,R J
X
K,N,0,Q J,S
(continued)
F-12
-------
TABLE F-7 EMISSION SOURCES FOR INORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
(continued)
Source Category
Chromium-acetate, borides
halides, etc.
Chromium (pigment) -oxide
Cobalt-acetate, carbonate
halides, etc.
Copper sulfate
Fluorine
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Iodine (crude)
Iron chloride
Iron (pigment) - oxide
Lead-arsenate, halides
hydroxides, dioxide,
nitrate
Lead chromate
Lead (pigments) -oxide
carbonate, sulfate
Manganese dioxide
(Potassium permanganate)
Manganese sulfate
Mercury-halides, nitrates,
oxides
Nickel -halides, nitrates,
oxides
Potential
Process
Point
X
X
X
X
X
X
B
8,6
X
X
X
G,L
G.R
G,R
G.L
G,L
X
HAP Emission
Process
Fugitive
X
X
X
X
X
X
K,R
X
X
X
P,Q
P,Q
P,Q
Q.P.T
Q.P.T
X
P,0
Sources
Area
Fugitive
cont:nued)
F-13
-------
TABLE F-7 EMISSION SOURCES FOR INORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
(continued)
Source Category
Nickel sulfate
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Wet Process -
Thermal Process -
Phosphorus
Phosphorus oxychloride
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus trichloride
Potassium-bichromate,
chromate
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium arsenate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chlorate
Sodium chromate-
di chromate
Sod-ium hydrosulfide
Sodl im-si 1 icof 1 uoride,
fluoride
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur monochloride-
dichloride
Zinc chloride
Potential
Process
Point
L
B,H
H,C,W
B.G
X
X
X
X
I
X
H
I.L.V
X
G.I.L.M
X
X
A.B.C.H
X
X
HAP Emission
Process
Fugitive
Q,T
K,N,R
K.N.P.T
K,N,R,T
X
X
X
X
X
K,P
P
X
P,Q
X
X
K,R
X
X
Sources
Area
Fugitive
J.S
J,S
J,s
J,S
(continued)
F-14
-------
TABLE F-7 EMISSION SOURCES FOR INORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
(concluded)
Potential HAP Emission Sources
Source Category
Process
Point
Process
Fugitive
Area
Fugitive
Zinc chromate (pigment)
Zinc oxide (pigment)
X
X
Source Key
A - converter
B - absorption tower
C - concentrator
D - desulfurizer
E - reformer
F - neutralizer
G - kiln
H - reactor
I - crystal lizer
J - compressor and pump seals
K - storage tank vents
L - dryer
M - leaching tanks
N - filter
0 - flakers
P - mil ling/grinding/crushing
Q - product handling and
packaging
R - cooler (cooling tower,
condenser)
S - pressure relief valves
T - raw material unloading
U - purification
V - calciner
W - hot well
X - no information
F-15
-------
TABLE F-8 POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Source Category
Carbon Black
Charcoal
Explosives
Fertilizers
Paint & Varnish
Pharmaceutical
Plastics
Printing Ink
Pesticides
Soap and Detergents
Synthetic Fibers
Synthetic Rubber
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Organic Inorganic
Vapor Particulate Vapor Participate
n,o,u,P,x 0 a a,g,j ,k,B,C,K
d,w,D 0
w
w,z,R W
P.v.E.T f,B,Q,V
q,r,E,H,T B
w,G,I,M,P,X,Y,Z
b,p,A,P,T,S
i,p,q,r,t,y, S
F.J.M.U,
h,H 0 a a,e
c,h,m,n,s,
w.F.L.N.P,
T,x
c,l,r,t,v, 0
G.H.I.J.T.W
References
P9 F-30
15,24,25
15,24,25,54
24,35
5,15,24,
35,55
15,23,24,35
15,24,35,
56,57,58
15,24,25,35,59
5,15,24,35
15,24,35,
57,58,60
23,24,35
15,24,25,
35,61
15,24,25,
35,61,62
Pollutant Key (see next page).
(continued)
F-16
-------
TABLE F-8 POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
(concluded)
Pollutant Key
a - arsenic
b - acrolein
c - acrylonitrile
d - acetic acid
e - boron
f - barium
g - beryllium
h - benzene
i - cresols
j - cadmium
k - chromium
1 - chloroprene
m - caprolactum
n - carbon disulfide
o - carbonyl sulfide
p - carbon tetrachloride
q - chloroform
r - dichlorobenzene
s - dimethylformamide
t - dimethyl amine
u - ethylene
v - ethylene dichloride
w - formaldehyde
x - hydrogen sulfide
y - hexachlorocyclopentadiene
z - hydrogen fluoride
A - ketones
8 - mercury
C - manganese
D - methanol
E - methyl chloroform
(1,1,1-trichloroethane)
F - maleic anhydride
G - butadiene, 1,3-
H - morpholine
I - methylene chloride
J - nitrosomines
K - nickel
L - perchloroethylene
M - phosgene
N - phthalic anhydride
0 - polycyclic organic matter
P - phenol
Q - selenium
R - silicontetrafluoride
S - terpenes
T - toluene
U - xylene
V - zinc
W - ammonia
X - vinyl chloride
Y - toluene diisocyanate
Z - pyridine
F-17
-------
TABLE F-9 EMISSION SOURCES FOR THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Source Category
Carbon Black
Charcoal
Explosives
Fertilizers D
Paint and Varnish
Potential
Process
Point
B,H
E
A,C,H
,H,R,S,V
N,0
Pharmaceutical A,H,U,W
Plastics
Printing Ink
Pesticides
Soap and Detergents
Synthetic Fibers A
Synthetic Rubber A
A,P,V
Q
A,H,0,X
M,N,0
,H,J,0,U,
v,x,z
,H,0,P,X,Z
HAP Emission Sources
Process Area
Fugitive Fugitive
G,K,L I
K
K.T
L
G,L F
K,L F,I
G F,I
K,L
G,K I
Y F
Source Key
A - reactor
8 - furnace
C - concentrator
D - neutral izer
E - kiln
F - compressor and pump seals;
flanges, open ended lines,
lines
G. - storage tank vents
rt - dryer
I - spills
J - spin cell or bath
K - product handling, finishing
and packaging
L - raw material transport and
M - spray dryer
N - kettle
0 - mixing tank (blend tank)
P - polymerization vessel
Q - cooking vessel
R - pril 1 tower
valves,
sampling
»
unloading
S - granulator
T - screen
U - distillation
V - cooler (condenser)
W - crystal lizer
X - filter
Y - milling/blending/
compounding
Z - flash tank
F-18
-------
TABLE F-10 POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR THE MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Source Category Organic Inorganic
Vapor Particulate Vapor Particulate
Asbestos Products c.j.q
Asphalt Batching Plants b,h,m r
Brick, Ceramic, and j,l
Related Clay Prod. u,z g,j,l
Refractories j,1 j,l
Cement Manufacture r j,l, g.iij.n,
q.w 0,q,x,y
Coal Cleaning (Dry) v
Coal Cleaning (Wet) a,e,f,g,i,j,k,
n,p,q,t,u,x
Coal Conversion h,s, r d.w a,e,g,i,n,
A,B o,p,q,t,C
Glass Fiber Manuf. m,s s f|t,u
Frit Manufacturing 1 1
Glass Manufacturing a,d,l,n,z a,e,f,l,
n,t,u
Lime Manufacturing o o
Mercury Ore Processing o o
Mineral Wool Manuf. m,s 1 ,w
Perlite Manufacturing 1 1
Phosphate Rock Processing f,t,u f,t,u
Taconite Ore Processing c
References
pg. F-30
23,24,27
5,15,23,
24,25,63
5,15,22,23,
24,25,64
5,15,22,
24,65
5,15,22,24,
25,26,27,30,
31,49,64,66
25,28
28,67
5,27,28,67
5,23,68,69
5,23
5,15,23,24,
25,47,68
15,24,31,70
71
29,31
5,25,69,72
5,15,73
15,24,25,74
75
(continued)
Pollutant Key (see next page).
F-19
-------
TABLE F-10 POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR THE MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
(concluded)
Pollutant Key
a - arsenic k - copper t - selenium
b - aldehydes 1 - fluoride u - boron
c - asbestos m - formaldehyde v - coal dust
d - ammonia n - lead w - hydrogen sulfide
e - antimony o - mercury x - zinc
f - barium p - manganese y - iron
g - beryllium q - nickel z - chlorine
h - benzene r - polycyclic organic A - cresols
i - cadmium matter (POM) B - toluene
j - chromium s - phenol C - phosphorus
F-20
-------
TABLE F-ll EMISSION SOURCES FOR THE MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Source Category
Asbestos Products
Asphalt Batching Plants
Brick, Ceramic, and
Related Clay Products
Refractories
Cement Manufacture
Coal Cleaning (Dry Process)
Coal Cleaning (Wet Process)
Coal Conversion
Glass Fiber Manufacturing
Frit Manufacturing
Glass Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Mercury Ore Processing
Mineral Wool Manufacturing
Perlite Manufacturing
Phosphate Rock Processing
Taconite Ore Processing
Potential
Process
Point
B
B.E.C
B,E
E
B,C
B,H
C,0
B,C
C
E.T
C
C,0
B,C
A,B,Q
C,Q
HAP Emission Sources
Process Area
Fugitive Fugitive
D,N
F.J.M
O.F.N
D.F.N
F.G.N.S
M,N,R
M,N
F,G,M,N
D,F,G,N,P
S
D,F,M,N
G,R,S
G,N
0,G,P
G,M,N,S
F,M,N,R
F,M,N,R
I,L
I
I.L
I
I.L
I.L
I,L
I.L
I
I.L
I
I.L
I.L
I.L
I.L
I.L
I.L
Source Key
A - calciner
B - dryer
C - furnace
D - end-product forming and finishing
E - kiln
F - raw material preparation/mixing
G - cooling
H - reactor
I - storage pile
J - saturator
L - mining operations
M - raw material handling/
transport
N - raw material crusher/mill
0 - oven
P - resin application
Q - washers
R - screening
S - end-product handling/
grinding/bagging
T - hydrator
F-21
-------
TABLE F-12 POTENTIAL MAP'S FOR THE WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Source Category
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Organic Inorganic References
Vapor Particulate Vapor Particulate pg. F-30
Chemical Wood Pulping
Kraft Pulp Mill
a,b,c,d 5,15,23,
24,25,76
Sulfite Pulp Mill
Neutral Sulfite Pulp Mill
Plywood, Particleboard,
Hard board
Wood Preservative
o,p
g,m,n
f,k a.b.c.d 5,15,22,
24,25
a.c.d
5,23,25
5,24,35
75
24,25,58
Pollutant Key
a - arsenic
b - asbestos
c - chromium
d - mercury
e - polycyclic organic matter (POM)
f - chlorine
g - chlorobenzene
h - formaldehyde
i - methyl mercaptan
k - hydrogen sulfide
1 - phenol
m - pentachlorophenol
n - cresols
o - abietic acid
p - pinene
F-22
-------
TABLE F-13 EMISSION SOURCES FOR THE WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Source Category
Potential HAP Emission Sources
Process
Point
Process
Fugitive
Area
Fugitive
Chemical Wood Pulping
Kraft Pulp Mill A.B.C.D
Sulfite Pulp Mill A,B,C
Neutral Sulfite Pulp Mill A,C,E
Plywood, Particleboard, G
Hardboard
Wood Preservative
F
F
Source Key
A - recovery furnace
B - digester
C - blow tank
D - lime kiln
E - fluidized bed reactor
F - resin and/or adhesive application
G - dryer
F-23
-------
TABLE F-14 POTENTIAL MAP'S FOR PETROLEUM RELATED INDUSTRIES^
(General Listing for Entire Source Category)
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Organic
Vapor Particulate
Inorganic
Vapor Particulate
Parafins (CI-CIQ) Coke fines
'Cycloparafins
(C6-Cg)
Aromatics (e.g.,
benzene, toluene
xylene)
Phenols
Sulfur containing
compounds (e.g.,
mercaptans,
thiophenes)
Sulfides Catalyst fines
(e.g., hydrogen
sulfide, carbon
disulfide,
carbonyl sulfide)
Ammonia
aSource: References 28, 77, 78,79, 80, 81, and 82.
pg. F-30
F-24
-------
TABLE F-15 POTENTIAL HAP'S FDR PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRIES3
(Specific Listing for Petroleum Refining Segment)
Process
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Organic
Vapor Particulate Vapor
Inorganic
Particulate
Crude Separation
Light Hydrocarbon
Processing
Middle and Heavy
Distillate
Processing
Residual
Hydrocarbon
Processing
Auxili ary
Processes
a,b,d,e, o c.m.t.u, P,I,Q,R
f.g.h.i, v.x.y.L
jtfcJ ,m,
o.A.B.C,
D.E.F.J
g.h.i.n, R t,v G.H.Q
N.O.P
a,d,e,f, o,R m.t.u.v, p,q,G,H,
g.M.j. x.y.L I,Q,U
Ic.l.F.J,
K.O.P.S,
T
a,d,e,f, o,R m.s.t.u, p.q.G.H,
g.n.i.j, v.x.y.L I,Q,U
k,l,n,F,
J.M.N.P,
S,T
a.b.d.e, o,R c.m.s.u, p.q.r.z,
f.g.h.i, y,L I
A'.B'.C'.D!
J.K.M.T
aSource: Reference 28. P9- ^-
Pollutant Key (see next page).
(continued,
F-25
-------
TABLE F-15 POTENTIAL MAP'S FOR PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRIES3
(Specific Listing for Petroleum Refining Segment)
(concluded)
Pollutant Key
a - malelc anhydride A
b - benzole acid B
c - chlorides C
d - ketones D
e - aldehydes E
f - heterocyclic compounds F
(e.g., pyrldlnes) G
g - benzene H
h - toluene I
1 - xylene J
j - phenols K
k - organic compounds containing L
sulfur (sulfonates, sulfones) M
1 - cresol N
m - inorganic sulfides 0
n - mercaptans P
o - polynuclear compounds (benzo Q
pyrene, anthracene, etc.) R
p - vanadium S
q - nickel T
r - lead U
s - sulfuric acid
t - hydrogen sulfide
u - ammonia
v - carbon disulfide
x - carbonyl sulfide
y - cyanides
z - chromates
acetic acid
formic acid
methy1 ethyl amine
diethyl amine
thiosulflde
methyl mercaptan
cobalt
molybdenum
zinc
cresylic acid
xylenols
thiophenes
thlophenol
nickel carbonyl
tetraethyl lead
cobalt carbonyl
catalyst fines
coke fines
formaldehyde
aromatic amines
copper
F-26
-------
TABLE F-16 EMISSION SOURCES FOR THE PETROLEUM RELATED INDUSTRIES
Source Category
OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
Exploration, Site Preparation
and Drilling
Crude Processing
Natural Gas Processing
Secondary and Tertiary
Recovery Techniques
PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
Crude Separation
Light Hydrocarbon Processing
Middle and Heavy Distillate
Processing
Residual Hydrocarbon Processing
Auxiliary Processes
BASIC PETROCHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Olefins Production
Butadiene Production
Benzene/Tol uene/Xylene
• (BTX) Production
Naphthalene Production
Cresol/Cresylic Acids Production
Normal Paraffin Production
Potential HAP Emission Sources
Process Process Area
Point Fugitive Fugitive
A C D,E
G F.H
G,J,K H I
G I
G.J.L F.H.M.N I
0,6 F,H Q
G,0,P,R F,H I
B,G,K,0,R H I
G F.H I
G,K,0 F.H I
G,J,L,0,R F,H,N I
G,K,0,R F,Q I
G,L,0 F,H I
G,L F.H
6,0 F,H I
Source Key
A - blowout during drilling
B - visbreaker furnace
C - cuttings
D - drilling fluid
E - pipe leaks (due to corrosion)
F - wastewater disposal (process
drain, blowdown, cooling water)
G - flare, incinerator, process
heater, boiler
H - storage, transfer, and handling
I - pumps, valves, compressors,
fittings, etc.
J - absorber
K - process vent
L - distillation/fractionation
M - hotwells
N - steam ejectors
0 - catalyst regeneration
P - evaporation
0 - catalytic cracker
R - stripper
F-27
-------
TABLE F-17 POTENTIAL HAP'S FOR COMBUSTION SOURCES
Source Category
Coal Combustion
Oil Combustion
Natural Gas Combustion
Gasoline Combustion
Diesel Combustion
Wood Combustion
Waste Oil Combustion
Municipal Refuse
Incineration
Sewage SI udge
Incineration
PCS Incineration
Hazardous Air Pol
lutants
Organic Inorganic
Vapor Particulate Vapor
n,y,8 s a,b,h,
i ,m,q
» * » T
A
n s m,q,A
n s
n s q
s
c,d, n,y s A
g, u,w,z s
s q,A
s q
u s
Particulate
a,b,e,f,
hi i k o
p,r,t,v,x
a,b,e,f,h,
i j k o p
r,v,x,C
0
f,r
P,t
f,h,i,o,r
f,h,i,k,o,
P,r
a,f,h,i,o,
P,r
D
References
pg. F-30
5,22,23,25,
26,27,28,20,
31,32,35,26,
55,74,83,84
5,22,23,25
26,27,32,35,
36,55,74,83,84
5,23,37,84
5,15,25,35
5,15,35
5,15,25,35
5,30,83
5,15,22,25,26,
27,29,30,32,36
5,15,22,25,26
27,30,26,85
35,86
Pollutant Key
a - arsenic
b - amtimony
c - acetaldehyde
d - acetic acid
e - barium
f - beryl 1 ium
g - benzene
h - cadmium
i - chromium
j - cobalt
k - copper
p - manganese
q - mercury
r - nickel
s - polycyclic organic matter (POM)
t - phosphorus
u - polychlorinated biphenyls- (PCB)
v - radionuclides
w - trichloroethylene
x - zinc
y - phenol
z - ethyl benzene
m - fl uoride
n - formaldehyde
o - lead
A - chlorine
B - pyridine
C - vanadium
D - dibenzofuran
F-28
-------
TABLE F-18
EMISSION SOURCES FOR COMBUSTION SOURCES
Potential HAP Emission Sources
Source Category
Process
Point
Process
Fugitive
Area
Fugitive
Coal Combustion A,8
Oil Combustion A,B,E
Natural Gas Combustion A,B,E,F
Gasoline Combustion G
Diesel Combustion G
Wood Combustion A,B,C
Waste Oil Combustion A,B,D
Municipal Refuse Incineration 0
Sewage Sludge Incineration D
PCB Incineration D,B
Source Key
A - furnace
B - boiler
C - woodstove/fireplace
D - incinerator
E - gas turbine
F - reciprocating engine
G - industrial engine and/or equipment
H -1 coal storage pile
I - ash handling system
F-29
-------
References for Appendix F
1. National Paint and Coatings Association. Section III: Paint and
Coatings Markets. Table A-6. Estimated Consumption of Solvents in
Paints and Coatings, by Market - 1981. pp. 208-209. (no date).
2. U.S. EPA. Organic Solvent Cleaners - Background Information for
Proposed Standard (Draft).EPA-450/2-78-045a.October 1979.
3. U.S. EPA. End Use of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds.
EPA-450/3-79-032. May 1979.
4. U.S. EPA. Source Assessment: Solvent Evaporation - Degreasing
Operations. EPA-600/2-79-019f. August 1979.
5. U.S. EPA. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Sources. Third
Edition: Supplements 1-15. AP-42. January 1984.
6. U.S. EPA. Guidance for Lowest Achievable Emission Rates for 18
%
April 1979.
Major Stationary Sources of Particulates, Nitrogen Oxides,
Sulfur Dioxide, or Volatile Organic Compounds. EPA-450/3-79-Q24.
7. U.S. EPA. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing
Stationary Sources - Vol. VI: Surface Coating of Miscellaneous
Metal Parts and Products. EPA-450/2-78-015. June 1978.
8. U.S. EPA. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing
Stationary Sources - Volume II: Surface Coating of Cans, Coils,
Paper, Fabrics, Automobiles, and Light Duty Trucks.
EPA-450/2-77-008.May 1977.
9. U.S. EPA. Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from
Large Petroleum Dry Cleaners.EPA-450/3-82-009.September 1982.
10. Bob Buzenburg, Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc.,
to Bill Johnson and Bob Short, EPA. Trip Report - Plant Visit of
September 24, 1981, to IBM, Boulder, Colorado.
11. Bob Buzenburg, Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc.,
;to Bill Johnson and Bob Short, EPA. Trip Report - Plant Visit of
'November 9, 1981, to 3-M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota.
12. D. Salman, EPA/CPB, to L. Zaragoza, EPA/PAB. Memo - Volatile Organic
Compound Potentially Emitted from Topcoats at Ford's Twin Cities
Plant. February 7, 1985.
13. U.S. EPA. Pressure Sensitive Tape and Label Surface Coating Industry -
Background Information for Proposed Standards.EPA-450/3-80-003a.
September 1980.
14. U.S. EPA. Hazardous/Toxic Air Pollutant Control Technology: A
Literature Review. EPA-600/2-84-194. December 1984.
F-30
-------
15. U.S. EPA. Nonindustrial Sources of Toxic Substance Emissions and Their
Applicability to Source Receptor ModelingDraft Report, EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3509, Task No. 42. July 27, 1983.
16. U.S. EPA. Control Technique Guidelines for the Control of Volatile
Organic Emissions from Wood Furniture Coating (Draft).April 1979.
17. U.S. EPA. Flexible Vinyl Coating and Printing Operations - Background
Information for Proposed Standards.EPA-450/3-81-016a.January 1983.
18. U.S. EPA. Background Information for New Source Performance Standards:
Primary Copper, Zinc, and Lead Smelters - Volume 1: Proposed Standards.
EPA-450/2-74-002a.October 1974.
19. U.S. EPA. Background Information for Standards of Performance:
Electric Submerged Arc Furnaces for Production of Ferroalloys -
Volume 1: Proposed Standards. EPA-450/2-74-018a. October 1974.
20. U.S. EPA. Control Techniques for Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
from Stationary Sources - Third Edition (Draft).April 1985.
21. U.S. EPA. A Method for Characterization and Quantification of Fugitive
Lead Emissions from Secondary Lead Smelters, Ferroalloy Plants, and
Gray Iron Foundries.EPA-450/3-78-003.January 1978.
22. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Chromium. EPA-450/4-84-007g. July 1984.
23. U.S. EPA. A Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous and Other
Pollutants.EPA-R4-73-021.February 1973.
24. U.S. EPA. Industrial Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants - Draft.
September 1983~I
25. U.S. EPA. Source Assessment: Noncrlteria Pollutant Emissions (1978
Update). EPA-600/2-78-004T.July 1978.
26. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Manganese (Draft). September 1984.
27.-U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Nickel. EPA-450/4-84-007F.March 1984.
28. U.S. EPA. Potentially Hazardous Emissions from the Extraction and
Processing of Coal and 011.EPA-650/2-75-038.April 1975.
29. U.S. EPA. Review of National Emission Standards for Mercury.
EPA-450/3-84-01.December 1984.
30. U.S. EPA. Status Assessment of Toxic Chemicals: Lead.
EPA-600/2-79-210h. December 1979.
F-31
-------
31. U.S. EPA. Status Assessment of Toxic Chemicals: Mercury.
EPA-600/2-79-210i. December 1979.
32. U.S. EPA. Sources of Copper Air Emissions. EPA-600/2-85-046.
April 1985.
33. U.S. EPA. The Use and Fate of- Lubricants, Oils, Greases and Hydraulic
Fluids in The Iron and Steel Industry"EPA-600/2-78-101.May 1978.
34. U.S. EPA. Rubber Tire Manufacturing Industry - Background Information
for Proposed Standards.EPA-450/3-81-008a. July 1981.
35. U.S. EPA. Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations of Selected
Chemicals. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3066. February 1982.
36. U.S. EPA. Survey of Cadmium Emission Sources. EPA-450/3-81-013.
Septemc^r 1981.
37. U.S. EPA. Source Category Survey: Secondary Zinc Smelting and
Refinery Industry.EPA-450/3-80-012.May 1980.
38. U.S. EPA. Air Oxidation Processes in Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing Industry - Background Information for Proposed Standards.
EPA-450/3-32-OUla.October 1983.
39. U.S. EPA. Reactor Processes in Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufac-
turing - Background Information for Proposed Standards (Draft)"!
October 1984.
40. U.S. EPA. VOC Emissions from Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Tanks -
Background Information for Proposed Standards (Draft).
EPA-450/3-81-003.July 1984.
41. U.S. EPA. VOC Fugitive Emissions in Synthetic Organic Chemicals
Manufacturing Industry - Background Information for Promulgated
Standards. EPA-450/3-80-033b. June 1982.
42. U.S. EPA. Distillation Operations in Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing - Background Information for Proposed Standards.
EPA-450/3-83-005a.December 1983.
43i. U.S. EPA. Organic Chemical Manufacturing Volume 6: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-028a.December 1980.
44. U.S. EPA. Source Category; Ammonia Manufacturing Industry.
EPA-450/3-80-014. August 1980.
45. U.S. EPA. Source Assessment; Ammonium Nitrate Production.
EPA-600/2-77-107i.September 1977..
46. U.S. EPA. Ammonium Sulfate Manufacture - Background Information
for Proposed Standards. £PA-450/3-79-034a. December 1979.
47. U.S. EPA. Preliminary Study of Sources of Inorganic Arsenic.
EPA-450/5-82-005. August 1982.
F-32
-------
48. U.S. EPA. Source Assessment: Major Barium Chemicals.
EPA-600/2-78-004b.March 1978.
49. U.S. EPA. Emission Factors for Trace Substances. EPA-450/2-73-001.
December 197TI
5U. U.S. EPA. Review of New Source Performance Standards for Nitric Acid
Plants. EPA-450/3-84-011.April 1984.
51. U.S. EPA. Sodium Carbonate Industry - Background Information for
Proposed Standards.EPA-450/3-80-029a.August 1980.
52. U.S. EPA. Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use: Sulfur,
Sulfur Oxides and Sulfuric Aci"dT EPA-600/2-77-023w. February 1977.
53. U.S. EPA. Final Guideline Document: Control of Sulfuric Acid Mist
Emissions from Sulfuric Acid Production PlantsIEPA-450/2-77-019.
September 1977.
54. U.S. EPA. Source Assessment: Charcoal Manufacturing.
EPA-600/2-78-004Z. December 1978.
55. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Formaldehyde. EPA-450/4-84-007e. March 1984.
56. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Chloroform.EPA-450/4-84-007c.March 1984.
57. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Carbon Tetrachloride.EPA-450/4-84-007b. March 1984.
58. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Chiorobenzenes (Draft). September 1984.
59. U.S. EPA. Plastics and Resins Industry - Industrial Process Profiles
for Environmental Use. EPA-600/2-77-023J. February 1977.
60. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
pnosgene (Draft). September 1984.
61. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
; Acrylonitrile. EPA-450/4-84-007a. March 1984.
62. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Ethylene Dichloride.EPA-450/4-84-007d.March 1984.
63. U.S. EPA. Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Industry - Background
Information for Proposed Standards (Draft).EPA-450/3-80-021a.
June 1980.
64. U.S. EPA. Trace Pollutant Emissions from the Processing of
Nonmetallic Ores.EPA-650/2-74-122.November 1974.
65. U.S. EPA. Source Category Survey: Refractory Industry.
EPA-450/3-80-006. March 1980.
F-33
-------
66. U.S. EPA. A Review of Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources - Portland Cement Industry.EPA-450/3-79-012.March 1979.
67. U.S. EPA. Background Information for Standards of Performance:
Coal Preparation Plants Volume I: Proposed Standards.
EPA-450/2-74-021a.October 1974.
/
68. U.S. EPA. Glass Manufacturing Plants, Background Information:
Proposed Standards of Performance (Draft). EPA-450/3-79-Q05a.
June 1979.
69. U.S. EPA. Wool Fiberglass Insulation Manufacturing Industry -
Background Information for Proposed Standards (Draft).
EPA-450/3-83-002A. December 1983.
70. U.S. EPA. Standards Support and Environmental Impact Statement
Volume I: Proposed Standards of Performance for Lime Manufacturing
Plants.EPA-450/2-77-007a.April 1977.
71. U.S. EPA. Final Standards Support and Environmental Impact
Statement Volume II: Promulgated Standards of Performance for
Lime Manufacturing Plants.EPA-450/2-77-007b.October 1977.
72. U.S. EPA. Source Category Survey: Mineral Wool Manufacturing
Industry. EPA-450/3-80-016. March 1980.
73. U.S. EPA. Source Category Survey: Perlite Industry.
EPA-450/3-80-005. May 1980. _
74. U.S. EPA. Radionuclides - Background Information Document for Final
Rules. Volume I.EPA-520/1-84-022-1.October 1984.
75. Standards Support and Environmental Impact Statement for the Iron
Ore Benefication Industry (DraftTIBattelle Columbus Laboratories.
December 1976.
76. U.S. EPA. Kraft Pulping - Control of TRS Emissions from Existing
Mills. EPA-450/2-78-003b. March 1979.
77. U.S. EPA. Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use:
• Chapter 2. Oil and Gas Production Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023b.
February 19777
78. U.S. EPA. Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use:
Chapter 3. Petroleum Refining Industry"! EPA-600/2-77-023C.
January 1977.
79. U.S. EPA. Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use:
Chapter 5. Basic Petrochemicals Industry"! EPA-600/2-77-023e.
January 1977.
80. U.S. EPA. VOC Fugitive Emissions in Petroleum Refining Industry -
Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-4bO/3-81-015a.
November 1982.
F-34
-------
81. U.S. EPA. VOC Species Data Manual, Second Edition.
EPA-450/4-80-115.July 1980.
82. U.S. EPA. Sulk Gasoline Terminals - Background Information for
Proposed Standards (Draft).EPA-450/3-80-038a.December 1980.
83. U.S. EPA. Air Toxics Emission Patterns and Trends - Final Report.
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, Task 46. July 1984.
84. U.S. EPA. Hazardous Emission Characterization of Utility Boilers.
EPA-650/2-75-066.July 1975.
85. U.S. EPA. Thermal Conversion of Municipal Wastewater Sludge
Phase II: Study of Heavy Metal Emissions. EPA-600/2-81-203.
September 1981.
86. U.S. EPA. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Polycnlorlnated Blphenyls (Draft).November 1984.
F-35
-------
APPENDIX G
POLLUTANT/SOURCE INDEX
-------
APPENDIX G
POLLUTANT/SOURCE INDEX
This appendix contains three pollutant-emission source indices that may
be used to identify potential sources of toxic pollutants. Table G-l
addresses point sources, while Tables G-2 and G-3 concern area sources.
The information presented here may be useful to agencies who do not
choose to or are not able to use Sic/pollutant and pollutant/SIC indices.
The associations presented here are probable or likely, and not definite in
all cases. Also, these data do not describe or reflect the quantity of
pollutant emitted. Quantities emitted vary from source to source and may
range from trace amounts to tons per year.
These data were compiled from references shown on page G-15.
G-l
-------
TABLE G-l. EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTED TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
Pollutant
Potential Emission Sources
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylom trile
Al uminuin
Arsenic
Aniline
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzyl chloride
Beryl 11 urn
Pentaerythritol production
Wood combustion
Methiomne analogs (poultry feed supplements)
production
Production of acrylic acid intermediate
Acrylic/ modacrylic fiber production
Production of ABS and SAN resins
Nitrlle rubber and latex production
Aery 1 amide production
Production of nitrile barrier resins
Aluminum ingot production
Aluminum chemicals
End-use in pesticide, herbicides, and fungicides
Primary copper and zinc smelting
Glass manufacturing
Coal combustion
Primary and secondary lead smelting
Production of chemicals containing arsenic
(Including Insecticides, herbicides, and wood
preservatives)
Sewage sludge incinerators
Gray iron foundries
Manufacture of dyes, medicinal s, resins, varnishes
Production of asbestos-containing products
(Including brake linings, shingles and siding,
textiles, paper and felt, floor tile, and cement
pipe and sheet)
Installation of asbestos construction materials
Roadway surfacing
Building demolition and renovation
Automobile exhaust
Gasoline evaporation
Production of ethyl benzene, styrene, phenol,
cyclohexane, maleic anhydride, aniline, chloro-
benzenes, nitrobenzene, ethylene, and 1 inear
alkyl benzene
Solvent usage 1n textile manufacturing, degreasing,
organic synthesis, pharmaceutical synthesis,
aluminum alkyls, alcohols, and consumer products
Benzidine production
Production of commercial dyes (primarily azo,
mordant, and direct dyes)
Manufacturing of rubber chemicals
End-use of dyes (mainly in textiles, paper, and
leather Industries)
Quaternary amnonlum compounds production
Coal combustion
011 combustion
Gray iron foundries
Beryllium metal and alloy production
Waste incineration
Cement production
Ceramic plants
Rocket motor firings
-------
TABLE G-l. Continued
Pol 1 utant
Potential Emission Sources
Bis (chloromethyl) ether
1.3-Butadiene
Cadmiun
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Chlorofluorocarbons
Chi oro benzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Chronlura
Anion-exchange resin production
Textile manufacturing (segment using formaldehyde-
containing reactants and resins in fabric
finishing and as adhesives)
Nonwoven industry (using thermosetting acrylic -
emulsion polymers)
Synthetic rubber manufacture
Iron and steel manufacturing
Secondary copper smelting
Primary lead smelting
Coal combustion
Waste and sewage sludge incineration
Production of cadmium paint pigments
Production of cadmium-barium plastic stabilizers
Ni-Cd battery manufacturing
Cement production
Paper production
Manufacture of rayon, soil disinfectants
Solvent for phosphorous, fats, rubber, printing
paper, cigarette filter production
Miscellaneous solvent applications (as an oil, wax,
and fat extractant; in rubber cement; in shoe and
furniture polishes; in paints and lacquers; in
printing 1nkj in floor waxes; and in stains)
Fluorocarbon gas production (F-ll and F-12)
Miscellaneous uses (Pharmaceuticals manufacturing
pesticide formulation, carbon tetrabromide
manufacturing, chlorine production)
Critical cleaning of electrical and mechanical
assembl ies
Solvent applications (primarily degreasing,
cleaning and drying)
Solder flux removal
Dry cleaning
Intermediate in refrigerant production
End-use as degreasing solvent (cold cleaners) and
intermediate in pesticides manufacturing
Miscellaneous solvent end-uses (manufacturing of
artificial silk/ plastics, floor polishes,
fl uorocarbons. dyes, pesticides)
Evaporation from pulp/paper bleaching wastewater
Pharmaceuticals production
Chloroform production
Cool ing towers
Chloroprene production and captive use In poly-
chloroprene synthetic rubber manufacturing
(neoprene. duprene)
Steel production
Coal combustion
Chromium chemicals production (primarily sodium
chrornate and sodium dichromate)
011 combustion
Waste and sewage sludge incineration
Cement production
Cool ing towers
Electroplating
G-3
-------
TVBLE G-l. Continuad
Pol 1 utant
Potential Emission Sources
Crasols
Di brcmoethane (Ethylene dibrcmide)
1,4-01 chlorobenzene (p-D1 chlorobenzene)
Dlchloroethane (Ethylene d1 chloride)
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)
Dimethyl sulfate
Oioxane
Dloctyl phthai ate
Dimethyl terephthalate
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl enedl fats,
pharmaceutical s)
End-use as a cleaning solvent (plastics, textiles,
apparel)
Formulation and use of household paint and varnish
removers
End-use as a metal degreasing solvent (primarily
cold cleaners)
Aerosol vapor depressant
Plastics processing
Intermediate in dye and pharmaceutical production
Extraction solvent for soils, fats, and waxes
Manufacturing of methyl esters, ethers and amines,
dyes, drugs, perfume, phenol derivatives, and
pesticides
Solvent 1n the separation of mineral oils
Solvent for cellulose acetate, dyes, fats, greases,
lacquers, mineral oil, paints, polyvinyl
polymers, resins, varnishes, and waxes
Paint and varnish stripping
Wetting/dispersing agent in textile processing, dye
baths, and stain and printing compositions
Rubber coating of fabrics
Terephthal 1c add production
Epoxy resin production
Epichlorohydrin and glycerin production
Production of miscellaneous eplchlorohydrin
products (polya»1de-epichlorohydrin resins,
eplchlorohydrin elastomers, and surfactants)
Solvent for shellac, casein,
Stabilizer for rubber latex
Textile lubricant
and sulfur
Textile Industry (used for fl ameproof ing, shrink-
prooflng, stiffening, and waterproofing)
G-4
-------
TABLE G-l. Continued
Pol 1utant
Potential Emission Sources
Ethylene oxide
Fl uori des
Formal dehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexamethylenetetramine
Hydrazine
Lithium and compounds
Mai el c anhydride
Manganese
Mercury
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Nickel
Production of ethylene glycol, di-, tn-» and poly-
ethylene glycol, surface active agents, and
ethanol amines
Sterilization of medical apparatus
Fiberglass production
Production of urea, phenol ic» and melamine resins
Production of pentaerythritol. butanediol, acetal
resins, and hexamethylenetetramine
Formaldehyde production
Resin applications (primarily in construction
materials industries)
End-uses in textile (textile treating), paper, ana
coating industries)
Fuel combustion
Manufacture of paper, rayon
Manufacturing of flame retardants, pesticides, and
flame-retardant resins
Hexamethylenetetramine production
Used in chemical synthesis (anticorrosives, dyes,
textile agents, pesticides, Pharmaceuticals)
Lithium raining, lithium chemical production
Production of phthalic anhydride and unsaturated
polyester resins
Ferroal1oy production
Iron and steel production
Gray iron foundries
Coal combustion
Chemical applications and battery production
Solid waste and sewage incineration
Cool 1ng towers
011 combustion
Chi or alkali manufacturing
Coal combustion
Copper and zinc smelting
Paint appl Ication
Incineration
Solvent in surface coating
Manufacture colorless synthetic resins
Solvent for gums, resins
011 combustion (Including diesel fuel)
Ferroalloys, iron and steel, and non-ferroalloy
production
Coal combustion
Secondary nickel smelting
Gray Iron foundries
Cement productions
Cool ing towers
Municipal and sewage sludge incinerators
Electroplating
N1-Cd battery manufacturing
G-5
-------
TABLE G-l. Continued
Pol 1utant
Potential Emission Sources
Nitrobenzene
N-Nitrosod1methyl amine
Nitrosomorphol 1ne
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Poly chlorinated blphenyls (PCSs)
Polycycllc Organic Matter
(Includes Banzo(a)pyrene)
RadionuclIdes
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchl oroetfiylene)
Tetrahydrof uran
End-use as solvent in cellulose ether manufacturing
(petroleum industry)
Uses as intermediate in production of dimethyl
formamide and dimethyl acetamide (industrial
solvents), lauryl dimethyl amine oxide, dimetnyl
. hydrazine pesticides, and rubber chemical
accelerators
End-use as a corrosion inhibitor in boiler systems
Polish and wax formulating
Production of rubber processing chemicals
Manufacturing of optical brighteners (soap and
detergent industry)
Wood preserving
Phenol production
Production of phenolic resins
Caprol actara and adipic acid production
Production of nonylphenol, salicylic acid, and
dodecyl phenol
Production of toluene di isocyanate, polymeric
isocyanateSf and polycarbonates
Electronic components manufacture
Disposal by Incineration or burning of transformers
and capacitors containing PCSs
Transformer leaks
Residential fuel combustion (primarily wood and
coal)
Motor vehicles
Prescribed burning and wildfires
Municipal and industrial Incineration
Other fuel combustion (burning coal refuse piles,
power plants/ industrial boilers, catalytic
cracking)
Carbon black and charcoal production
Asphalt production
Dye, pignent manufacturing
Fossil fuel combustion
Uranium mining and processing
Nuclear fuel fabrication, nuclear reactor
operation, and spent fuel reprocessing
Elemental phosphorous plants
Manufacture of plastics, synthetic rubber, resins
Dry cleaning
Textile processing and refinlshing
Metal cleaning and degreasing (solvent)
Miscellaneous chemicals production (intermediate)
Miscellaneous solvent applications (magnetic tapes,
plastics, rubber solutions, paint removers, inks,
solvent soaps, fats, and oils)
Solvent for polyvinyl chloride
G-6
-------
TABLE G-l. Continued
Pol 1 utant
Potential Emission Sources
Tol uene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform)
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Vlnylidene chloride
Xylene
Automobile exhaust
Manufacturing and application of paint and coatings
Manufacturing and use of adhesives, IRKS, and
pharmaceutical s
Evaporation of gasoline
Toluene diisocyanate production
Benzoic acid production
Metal cleaning (degreasing)
Various other solvent and cleaning applications
End-use in aerosol formulations
Metal degreasing (vapor degreasers and cold
cleaners)
Various other solvent and cleaning applications
PVC production
Vinyl chloride and PVC production
Ethylene dichloride production
Production of copolymer coating resins (saran,
cellophane, latex)
Manufacturing of modacrylic fibers
Mixed xylene solvent usage (primarily in paints and
coatings)
Automobile exhaust
Gasoline evaporation
Terephthalic acid production
G-7
-------
TABLE 6-2. AREA SOURCES THAT POTENTIALLY EMIT TOXIC AIR
CONTAMINANTS LISTED BY POLLUTANT
Pollutant
Area Source
Acetaldehyde
Arsenic
Asbestos
Benzene
Beryllium
Cadmium
Carbon tetrachloride
Chiorof1uorocarbons
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium
Slash burning/forest fires
Residential wood combustion
Industrial wood combustion
Pesticide application
Waste oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential coal combustion
Wrecking and demolition
Petroleum marketing
Mobile sources
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Airport operations
Waste oil combustion
Industrial oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential coal combustion
Waste oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential coal combustion
Pesticide application
Miscellaneous surface coating
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Dry cleaners
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Waste oil combustion
Industrial oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential coal combustion
G-8
-------
TABLE G-2. Continued
Pollutant
Area Source
Ethylene dibromide
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylene dichloride
Methylene chloride
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxane
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Phenol
Petroleum marketing
Pesticide application
Waste oil combustion
Pesticide application
Petroleum marketing
Pesticide application
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Industrial wood combustion
Industrial oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Slash burning/forest fires
Residential wood combustion
Residential coal combustion
Slash burning/forest fires
Waste oil combustion
Industrial wood combustion
Industrial oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential wood combustion
Residential coal combustion
Waste oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential coal combustion
Waste oil combustion
Industrial oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential coal combustion
Slash burning/forest fires
Industrial wood combustion
Residential wood combustion
G-9
-------
TABLE G-2. Continued
Pollutant
Area Source
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polycyclic organic matter
Radionuclides
Perchloroethylene
Toluene
Methyl chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Xy'l ene
Waste oil combustion
Asphalt distribution and usage
Mobile sources
Slash burning/forest fires
Waste oil combustion
Industrial wood combustion
Industrial oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential wood combustion
Residential coal combustion
Airport operations
Mobile sources
Industrial oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential coal combustion
Airport operations
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Dry-cleaners
Asphalt distribution and usage
Petroleum marketing
Mobile sources
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous surface coating
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Airport operations
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Asphalt distribution and usage
Petroleum marketing
Mobile sources
Waste oil combustion
Miscellaneous surface coating
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Airport operations
G-10
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TABLE G-3. AREA SOURCES THAT POTENTIALLY EMIT TOXIC AIR
POLLUTANTS LISTED BY AREA SOURCE
Area Source
Potential Pollutant(s)
Asphalt distribution and usage
Petroleum marketing
Mobile sources (fuel combustion)
Airport operations
Pesticide application
Waste oil combustion
Polycyclic organic matter
Toluene
Xylene
Benzene
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Toluene
Xylene
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Polycyclic organic matter
Toluene
Xylene
Benzene
Polycyclic organic matter
Toluene
Xylene
Arsenic
Carbon tetrachloride
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Arsenic
Benzene
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chloroform
Chromium
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Methylene chloride
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polycyclic organic matter
G-ll
-------
TABLE G-3. Continued
Area Source
Potential Pollutant(s)
Waste oil combustion
(continued)
Industrial wood combustion
Industrial oil combustion
Industrial coal combustion
Residential wood combustion
Residential coal combustion
Perchloroethylene
Toluene
Methyl chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Xylene
Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Phenol
Polycyclic organic matter
Beryl 1i urn
Chromium
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Nickel
Polycyclic organic matter
Radionuclides
Arsenic
Beryl 1i urn
Cadmium
Chromium
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Polycyclic organic matter
Radionuclides
Acetaldehyde
Cresols
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Phenol
Polycyclic organic matter
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
6-12
-------
TABLE G-3. Continued
Area Source
Potential Pollutant(s)
Residential coal combustion
(continued)
Slash burn ing/forest fires
Miscellaneous surface coating
Miscellaneous solvent usage
Dry-cleaners
Wrecking and demolition
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Polycyclic organic matter
Radionuclides
Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Phenol
Polycyclic organic matter
Carbon tetrachloride
Toluene
Xylene
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chiorof1uorocarbons
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Ethylene dichloride
Methylene chloride
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxane
Perchloroethylene
Toluene
Methyl chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Xylene
Chiorof1uorocarbons
Perchloroethylene
Asbestos
G-13
-------
APPENDIX G REFERENCES
Radian Corporation, 1984a. Potential Sources of Air Toxics Emissions in
Virginia. Task 2 Technical Note. February 1984.
Radian Corporation, 1984b. Colorado Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Inventory
and Prioritization for Further Study. October 1984.
Radian Corporation, 1984c. Washington Toxic Air Contaminants Study. Final
Report. December 1984.
Radian Corporation, 1984d. Program Approach for the Control of Toxic Air
Pollutants in the State of Maryland. February 29, 1984.
Radian Corporation, 1985a. North Carolina Air Toxics Survey.
Identification of Pollutants of Concern and Potential Emission Sources.
Prepared for EPA Region IV. April 1985.
Radian Corporation, 1985b. Final Work Products Supporting the Development
of a Toxic Air Pollutant Regulation for the State of Maryland. July 1985.
G-14
-------
APPENDIX H
EMISSION FACTORS FOR TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
-------
APPENDIX H
EMISSION FACTORS FOR TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
The emission factors listed in Table H were compiled as the result of a
contractor literature search to provide preliminary information to support
analysis of air toxics problems. The data herein have not been subjected to
the EPA or peer review normally provided to such data. These data should
not be used for regulatory purposes unless the primary references have been
researched and the data are determined to be adequate. The emission factors
were chiefly taken from EPA documents such as the "Locating and Estimating
Emissions of Pollutant" and "Survey of Pollutant Emission Sources." Because
only brief notes concerning the documentation of the factors are given in
this appendix, the factors should be used as default values. That is, the
factors should be used only when access to the primary literature is not
available. No attempt was made to describe the accuracy or validity of the
factors.
H-l
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