United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1
EPA-45Q/4-90-01 9b
September 1990
Air
Background Document for
the Surface Impoundment
Modeling System (SIMS)
Version 2.0
control
technology center
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EPA-450/4-90-019b
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR
THE SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT
MODELING SYSTEM (SIMS)
VERSION 2.0
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CENTER
SPONSORED BY:
Emission Standards Division
Office of Air Quality Planning Standards
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Center for Environmental Research Information
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
September 1990
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EPA-450/4-90-019b
September 1990
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR
THE SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT
MODELING SYSTEM (SIMS)
VERSION 2.0
By
Sheryl L. Watkins
Radian Corporation
3200 Progress Center
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
EPA Contract No. 68-02-4378
Project Officer
David C. Misenheimer
Technical Support Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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NOTICE
This report was prepared by Radian Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC. It has been
reviewed for technical accuracy by the Emission Standards Division and the Technical Support Division of
the Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards, and the Air And Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory of the Office Of Research And Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report was prepared for the Control Technology Center by Sheryl L. Watkins of Radian
Corporation. The EPA project officer was David C. Misenheimer of the Office Of Air Quality Planning
And Standards. Also serving on the EPA project team were Penny E. Lassiter and Anne A. Pope of the
Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards and James B. White of the Office Of Research And
Development
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PREFACE
This document presents a brief description of the operation and design of
specific surface impoundments and wastewater collection systems, and
background information on the development of the Surface Impoundments Modeling
System (SIMS). Development of the SIMS was funded jointly by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Monitoring and Reports Branch (MRB)
and Control Technology Center (CTC).
MRB operates within the Technical Support Division of EPA's Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) and is responsible for assisting State
and local air pollution control agencies involved in the estimation of
emissions from single sources and in the preparation of criteria pollutant
emission inventories for various geographic areas. This assistance is
provided through the development of emission factors and equations (in hard
copy and/or computer software format), the issuance of emission inventory
guidance documents, and telephone support for specific questions.
The CTC was established by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD)
and OAQPS to provide technical assistance to State and local air pollution
control agencies. Three levels of assistance can be accessed through the CTC.
First, a CTC HOTLINE has been established to provide telephone assistance on
matters relating to air pollution control technology. Second, more in-depth
engineering assistance can be provided when appropriate. Third, the CTC can
provide technical guidance through publication of technical guidance
documents, development of personal computer software, and presentation of
workshops on control technology matters.
The technical guidance projects, such as this one, focus on national or
regional interests that are identified through contact with State and local
agencies. In this case, the CTC and MRB became interested in automating and
developing default parameters for calculations of volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions from surface impoundments and wastewater collection systems.
The emission models were developed by the Emission Standards Division (ESD)
during the evaluation of surface impoundments located in treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities (TSDF) and during the evaluation of VOC emissions from
industrial wastewater (IWW). SIMS allows the user to calculate emissions from
an individual unit or from any combination of surface impoundments and/or
nja.035 - i i
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collection system components in series. As part of the TSDF project, a
LOTUS l-2-3« spreadsheet program called CHEMDAT7 was developed for estimating
VOC emissions from wastewater and landfills. Wastewater emission models used
in this program were incorporated into the SIMS. In addition, emission models
for collection system components from the IWW CTC document were also
incorporated into the SIMS.
The technical document discusses these emission models, surface
impoundment and wastewater collection system design and operation, default
parameter development, and the emission estimation procedures. In addition, a
User's Manual and Programmer's Maintenance Manual were written to accompany
the PC program. The User's Manual presents a complete reference for all
features and commands in the SIMS, while the maintenance Tianual presents the
documentation of the SIMS computer code.
This is the second version of the SIMS program and supporting documents.
The following is a brief summary of the changes and/or additions to the
program,
In October 1989, Version 1.0 of SIMS was completed and distributed to
State/local agencies for estimating VOC and air toxics emissions from
wastewater treatment facilities. Version 1.0 included models for quiescent
and mechanically aerated surface impoundments. Since that time, numerous
comments have been received concerning the usefulness of the system and
modifications that would further improve/expand its use. This system
addresses a number of those comments including:
• Expansion of the compound database from 40 to 1!50 compounds.
• Addition of emissions models for diffused air systems and systems
with an oil film layer.
• Addition of the following emission models for collection system
components: junction boxes, lift stations, sumps, and weirs.
• Capabilities for estimating emissions from associated treatment and
collection system components in series.
• Improved reports.
These improvements are discussed in more detail herein and in the SIMS
User's Manual.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Preface i i
List of Symbols and Abbreviations ix
Executive Summary E-l
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT DESIGN AND OPERATION 2-1
2.1 Appl ications 2-1
2.2 Design and Operation 2-3
2.2.1 Physical Design 2-4
2.2.2 Flow and Level Control 2-5
2.2.3 Biodegradation 2-7
2.2.4 Mechanical Aeration 2-9
2.2.5 Diffused Aeration 2-12
2.3 References 2-14
3.0 COLLECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION 3-1
3.1 Junction Boxes 3-1
3.2 Lift Stations 3-2
3.3 Sumps 3-3
3.4 Weirs 3-4
3.5 Drains 3-5
3.6 Trenches 3-6
3.7 Manholes 3-7
3.8 References 3-8
4.0 SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT/COLLECTION SYSTEM EMISSION MODELS 4-1
4.1 Basic Emission Estimation Approach 4-1
4.2 Emission Equations 4-9
4.2.1 Flowthrough Impoundments 4-9
4.2.2 Disposal Impoundments 4-13
4.2.3 Collection System Components 4-19
4.3 References 4-22
nja.035 IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Section Page
5.0 DEFAULT PARAMETER DEVELOPMENT 5-1
5.1 Concentration Profiles 5-1
5.1.1 Industrial Category Raw Concentrations 5-2
5.1.2 Flow Weighting of Concentration Profiles 5-9
5.1.3 Surface Impoundments and Collection System
Components at POTW 5-12
5.2 Depth of Impoundment and Collection System Component 5-12
5.3 Other Input Parameters Required by the
Emission Models 5-18
5.4 References 5-22
6.0 EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE 6-1
6.1 References 6-31
Appendix A - Industrial Categories A-l
Appendix B - Pollutant Physical Properties Database B-l
nja.035
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
E-l Emission Data Equations E-5
E-2 Industrial Categories E-8
2-1 Results of a Survey on Surface Impoundment Applications 2-2
2-2 Design Parameters for Activated Sludge Processes 2-8
2-3 Impoundments Designed for Biodegradation 2-10
2-4 Typical or Default Values for Biomass Concentration 2-11
4-1 Emission Data Equations 4-3
4-2 Mass Transfer Correlations and Emission Equations 4-5
4-3 Equations for Calculating Individual Mass Transfer
Coefficients for Volatilization of Organic Solutes from
Quiescent Surface Impoundments 4-14
4-4 Equations for Calculating Individual Mass Transfer
Coefficients for Volatilization of Organic Solutes from
Turbulent Surface Impoundments 4-16
4-5 Equations for Calculating Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients
for Volatilization of Organic Solutes from Weirs 4-21
5-1 Industrial Categories 5-4
5-2 DSS Selected Consent Decree Pollutants 5-5
5-3 Total Indirect Flow Rates by Industrial Category 5-7
5-4 Water Discharge Statistics 5-10
5-5 Surface Impoundments 5-14
5-6 Typical Design Parameters for Surface Impoundments 5-15
5-7 Limits on Flowthrough Impoundment Retention Time 5-17
5-8 Collection System Default Depth and Height (Weirs) 5-19
5-9 Site-Specific Default Parameters 5-20
nja.035 Vi
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table
6-1 Example Model Data
6-2 Concentration Profile
6-3 VOC Emission Calculations for a Non-Aerated, Non-Biological
Di sposal Impoundment
6-4 VOC Emission Calculations for a Flowthrough, Aerated,
Biological Impoundment
6-5 VOC Emission Calculations for a Diffused Air, Biological,
Flowthrough Impoundment
6-6 VOC Emission Calculations for a Disposal Impoundment
With an Oil Film Layer
6-7 VOC Emission Calculations for a Flowthrough Junction Box...
6-8 VOC Emission Calculations for a Flowthrough Weir
Pa^e
6-5
6-6
6-8
6-11
6-18
6-22
6-25
6-29
nja.035
VII
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
E-l SIMS Model Structure E-10
2-1 Relationship of Freeboard to Wind, Surface Area, Depth, and
Fetch in a Surface Impoundment 2-6
4-1 Flow Diagram for Estimating VOC Emissions from Surface
Impoundments and Collection Systems 4-2
5-1 Flow Rate Versus Depth 5-16
6-1 SIMS Model Structure 6-2
nja.035 Vlil
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Parameter
A
<>,
CL
CL.ou
Co
C°oU
Ct
ctoil
d
D
d*
D.
d.
D02.«
Don
D
Definition
Surface area
Biomass concentration
Concentration of constituent in the
liquid phase
Concentration of constituent in the
oil phase
Initial concentration of constituent
in the liquid phase
Initial concentration of constituent
in the oil phase
Concentration of constituent in the
liquid phase at time = t
Concentration of constituent in the
oil phase at time - t
Impeller diameter
Depth
Impeller diameter
Diffusivity of constituent in air
Effective diameter
Diffusivity of oxygen in water
Oil-film thickness
Diffusivity of constituent in water
Units
m2
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
g/m3
cm
m
ft
cm2/s
m
cm2/s
m
cm2/s
FO
Fr
9C
h
Fraction of the compound emitted
to the air
Fraction of volume which is oil
Froude number
Gravitation constant
Weir height (distance from the
wastewater overflow to the receiving
body of water)
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
32.17 Ibm-ft/s2-lbf
ft
nja.035
IX
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued)
Parameter
H
J
Keq
Kmax
Kow
MW
MWL
N
Definition
Henry's Law Constant of constituent
Oxygen transfer rating of
surface aerator
Overall mass transfer coefficient for
transfer of constituent from liquid
phase to gas phase
Volatilization-reaeration theory mass
transfer coefficient
Equilibrium constant or partition
coefficient (concentration in gas
phase/concentration in liquid phase)
Equilibrium constant or partition
coefficient (concentration in gas
phase/concentration in oil phase)
Gas phase mass transfer coefficient
Liquid phase mass transfer coefficient
Maximum biorate constant
Overall mass transfer coefficient for
transfer of constituent from oil
phase to gas phase
Octanol-water partition coefficient
Half saturation biorate constant
Molecular weight of air
Molecular weight of oil
Molecular weight of water
Emissions
Number of aerators
Oxygen transfer correction factor
Power number
Vapor pressure of the constituent
Total pressure
Units
atm-m3/gmol
Ib 02/(hr-hp)
m/s
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
m/s
m/s
g/s-g biomass
m/s
dimensionless
g/m3
g/gmol
g/gmol
g/gmol
g/s
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
atm
atm
nja.035
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued)
Parameter
POWR
Q
Q.
QOH
R
Re
SCG
ScL
T
t
u* .
U10
V
Vav
Vojl
w
P.
PL
Poll
p.
PL
Definition
Total power to aerators
Volumetric flow rate
Diffused air flow rate
Volumetric flow rate of oil
Universal gas constant
Reynold's number
Schmidt number on gas side
Schmidt number on liquid side
Temperature of water
Residence time of disposal
Friction velocity
Windspeed at 10 m above the liquid
Volume
Turbulent surface area
Volume of oil
Rotational speed of impeller
Density of air
Density of liquid
density of oil
Viscosity of air
Viscosity of water
Units
hp
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
8.21 x 10'5 atm-m3/gmol-K
dimensionless
dimensionless
dimensionless
°C
s
m/s
surface m/s
m3
m2
m3
rad/s
g/cm3
g/cm3
g/m3
g/cm-s
g/cm-s
nja.035
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this document is to present background information on the
data, equations, default development, and procedures used by the Surface
Impoundment Modeling System (SIMS) Personal Computer (PC) Program. The PC
Program estimates volatile organic compound (VOC) and toxic air pollutant
emissions from surface impoundments (SI) and collection system components
(CSC) individually or in series.
The SIMS program was written in response to the State and local need for
a methodology to estimate emissions from SI and CSC located in treatment,
storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF), publicly owned treatment works
(POTW), and other similar processes. The emissions models contained in the
program were developed by the Emission Standards Division (ESD) during the
evaluation of TSDF. The program requires a minimum amount of information from
the user which include the following:
1) Total flow rate to impoundment or collection system component;
2) Flow model (flowthrough or disposal);
3) Type of impoundment (mechanically aerated/diffused air/nonaerated/
oil film layer and biodegradation/no biodegradation);
4) Impoundment or collection system component surface area;
5) Order of impoundments and/or collection system components in series;
and
6) Industrial categories discharged to impoundment (a list is given).
Based on this minimum information and standard design practices for SI
and CSC, the program assigns default values to all other input parameters
required by the models. However, the program is designed to allow the user to
replace most of the computer-assigned default values with actual values, when
available.
The technical document provides a brief description of surface
impoundment/collection system design and operation, summarizes the emission
nja.035 E-l
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models used by the program, discusses default program development, and
discusses the emissions estimation procedure used by the program.
Surface Impoundment/Collection System Design and Operation
SI are used for the treatment, storage, and disposal of liquid wastes.
From available data, waste treatment is the primary application for SI in the
municipal, industrial, and mining categories, while the majority of SI used
for agricultural purposes are designated for storage. Only the oil and gas
industry utilize the majority of SI for disposal. Current SI designs employ a
combination of several application objectives such as treatment followed by
temporary storage or by ultimate waste disposal.
Air emission rates are affected by the design and operation of the SI.
The design and operating parameters considered most important in determining
emissions are flow rate, surface area, liquid depth, retention time (for
disposal SI), degree of mechanical aeration or diffused air rate (for
mechanically aerated or diffused air SI), biomass concentration (where
biodegradation is a competing mechanism), and any physical design
characteristics that influence the effective wind speed across the liquid
surface.
Collection system components are used to transport wastewater from the
point of generation to treatment or storage systems. The number and types of
collection system components are facility specific. Most collection system
components are open to the atmosphere and thus create a potential for VOC
emissions. The magnitude of VOC emissions depends greatly on many factors,
such as the physical properties of the compounds in the wastewater,
temperature of the wastewater, and the design of the component. Common
collection system components include junction boxes, lift stations, sumps,
weirs, drains, trenches, and manholes. The SIMS program estimates emissions
from only the first four of these components; however, a brief discussion of
the applications and design parameters are provided in Chapter 3 for all
components mentioned.
nja.035 E-2
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Surface Impoundment/Conection System Emission Models
VOC emissions from SI and CSC occur due to volatilization at the water or
oil surface (for SI with an oil film layer). For all SI without an oil film
layer and all CSC except weirs, the rate of volatilization is based on the
two-film resistance theory. This theory assumes the rate limiting factor for
volatilization is the overall resistance to mass transfer at the interface of
the liquid surface and the ambient air. The overall resistance is due to
individual resistances in the liquid and gas phase films at the interface.
For SI with an oil film layer, the oil film is assumed thin and mass transfer
is controlled by the gas phase resistance only. For weirs, volatilization-
aeration theory is used. This theory assumes that emissions are based on
diffusivities of oxygen and the constituent in the water.
Individual mass transfer coefficients account for resistances in the
liquid and gas phase films. The individual mass transfer coefficients are
used to estimate overall mass transfer coefficients for each pollutant. These
overall coefficients are applied in mass balance equations to estimate air
emissions from SI and CSC. The forms of the mass balance equations depend on
type of flow (i.e., flowthrough or disposal), impoundment type (i.e.,
mechanically aerated, diffused air, nonaerated, oil film layer), and whether
or not pollutants are biodegraded in the impoundment. For the emission models
contained in SIMS, all SI and CSC are assumed to be well mixed (i.e., the
pollutant concentration is the same throughout the SI).
The basic approach used by the models to estimate emissions is as
fol1ows:
1) estimate individual liquid and gas phase mass transfer coefficients
for each pollutant, k( (for collection system components and
impoundments without an oil layer) and kg (m/s);
2) estimate equilibrium constants for each pollutant from the following
expressions:
A. Collection system components and surface impoundments without
an oil layer.
Keq = H/RT
where:
Keq » equilibrium constant, dimensionless
nja.035 E-3
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H - Henry's Law constant, atm m3/gmol
R - ideal gas law constant, atm nv'/gmol - °K
T » wastewater temperature, °K
B. Surface impoundments with an oil film layer.
Keqoil > P*PaMWoil/(PlMWaP0)
where :
P* . vapor pressure of the constituent, mmHg
P0 - total pressure, mmHg
pa - density of air, g/cm3
pt - density of water, g/cm3
MWoil * molecular weight of oil, g/gmol
MWa - molecular weight of air, g/gmol
3) estimate overall mass transfer coefficient for each pollutant from
the following expressions:
A. Collection system components and surface impoundments without
an oil layer.
1/K - l/kt + l/(kj(eq)
where:
K - overall mass transfer coefficient, m/s
B. Surface impoundments with an oil film layer.
where:
Keqojl - oil phase equilibrium constant
KoU - oil phase overall mass transfer coefficient, m/s
4) apply a mass balance around the surface impoundment to estimate
emissions
The emission rate, E, in g/s, is given in Table E-l for all mass balance
equation types included in SIMS.
nja.035 E-4
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Default Parameter Development
Default values were developed using the evaluation of TSDF for many of
the required inputs for the emissions models. However, default values were
not developed for (1) the concentration profile in the wastewater feed to the
SI, (2) the depth of the impoundment or CSC, and (3) certain physical property
data.
Because concentration data may not be available to State and local
agencies, methods were developed to assign default concentration values based
on the minimum information expected to be available. Raw concentration
profiles were developed for different industrial categories. These profiles
are used to define the composition of the impoundment feed based on the
industrial categories discharging to the SI. A listing of the 29 categories
is presented in Table E-2. In cases where the impoundment is fed by process
units in more than one type of industrial category, a flow weighting scheme is
required. In addition, if the impoundment is located at a POTW, it is also
necessary to know what percentage of the feed is from industrial (rather than
municipal) sources. (SIMS does not estimate VOC emissions from municipal
wastewater unless a concentration profile is provided).
A default depth of the impoundment was developed by plotting flow rate
versus depth from data contained in recent literature. The correlation gives
a linear relationship between flow rate and depth. Separate correlations were
developed for flowthrough and disposal impoundments because of the great
differences in data ranges. Given a specific flow rate, a default depth can
be determined by the following equations.
Flowthrough
Q - 4673.3 D - 3809.5 Q * 1446 m3/day
Q - 863.8 D 0 < Q < 1446 m3/day
Disposal
Q - 354.6 D - 700 Q * 253 m3/day
Q - 101.2 D 0 < Q < 253 m3/day
Default depths for collection system components were obtained from
average values reported in an EPA source (see Chapter 5).
nja.035 E-7
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TABLE E-2. INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES
Industrial
Industrial Category8 Category Code
Adhesives and Sealants 1
Battery Manufacturing 2
Coal, Oil, Petroleum Products, and Refining 3
Dye Manufacturing and Formulation 4
Electrical and Electronic Components 5
Electroplating and Metal Finishing 6
Equipment Manufacturing and Assembly 7
Explosives Manufacturing 8
Gum and Wood Chemicals, and Related Oils 9
Industrial and Commercial Laundries 10
Ink Manufacturing and Formulation 11
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing 12
Iron and Steel Manufacturing and Forming 13
Leather Tanning and Finishing 14
Nonferrous Metals Forming 15
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing 16
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing 17
Paint Manufacture and Formulation 18
Pesticides Manufacturing 19
Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing 20
Photographic Chemicals and Film Manufacturing 21
Plastics Molding and Forming 22
Plastics, Resins, and Synthetic Fibers Manufacturing 23
Porcelain Enameling 24
Printing and Publishing 25
Pulp and Paper Mills 26
Rubber Manufacturing and Processing 27
Textile Mills 28
Timber Products Processing 29
"Pesticides Formulation has been omitted from the original list of 30
industry categories because of the lack of data available for this
industrial category.
nja.035 E-8
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Physical property data for compounds in the SIMS were obtained from
values reported in EPA sources where available. These properties include
Henry's Law constants, diffusivities in air and water, biorates, vapor
pressures, and octanol-water coefficients. (See Appendix B for listing).
Emission Estimation Procedure
There are eighteen potential emission estimation models for the SIMS:
1) Flowthrough, aerated, biological system,
2) Flowthrough, non-aerated, biological system,
3) Flowthrough, aerated, non-biological system,
4) Flowthrough, non-aerated, non-biological system,
5) Flowthrough, diffused air, biological system,
6) Flowthrough, diffused air, non-biological system,
7) Flowthrough, oil-film layer, non-biological system,
8) Flowthrough, junction box,
9) Flowthrough, lift station,
10) Flowthrough, sump,
11) Flowthrough, weir,
12) Disposal, aerated, biological system,
13) Disposal, non-aerated, biological system,
14) Disposal, aerated, non-biological system,
15) Disposal, non-aerated, non-biological system,
16) Disposal, diffused air, biological system,
17) Disposal, diffused air, non-biological system, and
18) Disposal, oil film layer, non-biological system.
Assuming the user has the minimum information discussed earlier,
Figure E-l presents a decision tree for estimating VOC emissions. It is
important to realize that the accuracy of the emissions estimate decreases
with the use of the defaults, especially concentration of organics and biorate
constants. If a specific parameter is known or can be estimated with some
accuracy, it is recommended that the estimated value be used in the SIMS
program. Six detailed example calculations are presented in Chapter 6 of this
document.
nja.035
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The assessment of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions is essential
in order to develop State implementation plans (SIP) for the control of
atmospheric ozone. The assessment of toxic air pollutant emissions is
essential in order to develop strategies for the control of toxic air
emissions. Additionally, this information is basic to the review of
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) applications and other Federal,
State, and local agency programs involving assessment of air pollution.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently recognized
the State and local need for a methodology to estimate emissions from surface
impoundments and wastewater collection systems located in treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities (TSDF), publicly owned treatment works (POTW), and
other similar operations. A set of emission models for specific surface
impoundments was developed by EPA's Emission Standards Division (ESD) within
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) during the evaluation
of TSDF. These models can be used to estimate VOC emissions from surface
Impoundments based on input parameters such as impoundment type (aerated,
nonaerated, diffused air, or oil film layer), impoundment dimensions, influent
flow rate, and inlet pollutant concentrations. The CHEMDAT7 LOTUS 1-2-3®
spreadsheet program, developed as part of the TSDF program, was designed to
use these emission models. However, in some cases, State and local agency
personnel may not have information on all the input parameters required by
these models as presented in the CHEMDAT7 program.
For this reason, the air emission models were incorporated into a user
friendly, personal computer-based program entitled Surface Impoundments
Modeling System (SIMS). SIMS is a menu driven system that can be used by
individuals with limited experience with personal computers (PC). In addition
to estimating VOC emissions from specific surface impoundments, SIMS has
incorporated emission models for estimating VOC emissions from specific
collection system components. Emission models for these collection system
components were developed by the ESD during the evaluation of VOC emissions
from industrial wastewater (IWW). Most collection system emission models are
based on the same mass transfer correlations developed under the TSDF program.
nja.035 1-1
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SIMS also uses an updated version of the oil film layer emission model
used by CHEMDAT7. The CHEMDAT7 program does not make any correlation between
the water and oil phases, assuming that the user can provide concentration
Information in the oil phase. SIMS has incorporated this correlation into the
oil film emission model.
SIMS requires certain minimum information from the user. Based on this
information, and standard design practices for surface impoundments and
collection systems, the program assigns default values to all other input
parameters required by the models. In addition, the program is designed to
allow the user to replace most of the computer-assigned default values with
actual data, when available.
SIMS allows the user to calculate emissions from an individual unit or
from any combination of surface impoundments and/or collection system
components in series. Results show input parameters and total VOC emissions,
Inlet and outlet concentrations, and the amount biodegraded (for impoundments
with biodegradation only) in SI (Systeme Internationale d'Unites) or English
units.
In some cases, there could be volatile inorganic compound emissions from
surface impoundments. However, because the ESD emission models were developed
for VOC emissions, they do not necessarily apply to volatile inorganic
compound (VIC) emissions. For this reason, VIC emissions are not addressed in
this document.
The purpose of this document is to present background information on the
data, equations, and procedures used by the program to estimate emissions. A
brief description of surface impoundment and wastewater collection system
component design and operation is provided in Chapters 2 and 3, respectively.
The air emissions models used by the program are summarized in Chapter 4. The
development of the default parameters required by the emission models are
discussed 1n Chapter 5. Chapter 6 presents the overall procedure employed by
the SIMS to assign default values and estimate emissions.
SIMS data are primarily intended for regional studies. However, the
program can be used as a screening tool for evaluating permits, keeping in
mind that the models in SIMS do not represent EPA policy. These models are,
however, based on the best information available to the EPA at this time.
nja.035 1-2
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2.0 SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT DESIGN AND OPERATION
Surface impoundments are used in a variety of applications by facilities
In many different industrial categories. The design and operation of these
impoundments are affected by the type of application in which they are used.
A surface impoundment can be a basin, lagoon, treatment tank or any
confinement where wastewater is held for a period of time. However, the
Surface Impoundment Modeling System (SIMS) is limited to completely mixed
surface impoundments. Therefore, the SIMS is not applicable to plug flow (no
axial mixing) systems. (An example of a plug flow system is a narrow, fast
moving canal). A brief discussion of the various applications and impoundment
design and operating practices are provided in this chapter. Also discussed
is how these design and operating practices are incorporated into the emission
models developed by ESD and the computer program developed during this
project.
2.1 APPLICATIONS
Surface impoundments are used for the treatment, storage, and disposal of
liquid wastes. Table 2-1 shows the results of a national study surveying
surface impoundment applications.1 In this document, an impoundment with a
retention time more than 30 days is considered a disposal impoundment. If the
retention time is less than 30 days then it is considered a storage or
treatment impoundment.
Table 2-1 shows that waste treatment is the primary application for the
surface impoundments in the municipal, industrial, and mining categories. The
majority of surface impoundments used for the agricultural purposes are
designated for storage; only the oil and gas industry utilize the majority of
their surface impoundments for disposal. Current surface impoundment design
practices utilize a flexible applications approach, normally employing a
combination of several application objectives (e.g., treatment followed by
temporary storage or treatment followed by ultimate waste disposal).
As previously mentioned, impoundment applications vary depending on the
type of industrial facility using the impoundment. Typical applications
identified for different industries are detailed below:
nja.035 2-1
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TABLE 2-1. RESULTS OF A SURVEY ON SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT APPLICATIONS
Storage Disposal Treatment
(Percentage Use in Each Application, %)
Agricultural
Municipal
Industrial
Mining
Oil & Gas
55
5
17
18
29
26
31
31
26
67
19
64
52
56
4
nja.035
2-2
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1. Mining and Milling Operations - production of various waste waters
such as acid mine water, solvent wastes from solution mining, and
wastes from dump leaching. Surface impoundments may be used for
separation settling, washing, sorting of mineral products from
tailings, and recovery of valuable minerals by precipitation.
2. Oil and Gas Industry - one of the largest users of surface
impoundments. Surface impoundments may contain salt water
associated with oil extraction and deep-well repressurizing
operations, oil-water, and gas-fluids to be separated or stored
during emergency conditions, and drill cuttings and drilling muds.
3. Textile and Leather Industry - Surface impoundments are primarily
used for wastewater treatment and sludge disposal. Organic species
impounded include dye carriers such as halogenated hydrocarbons and
phenols; heavy metals impounded include chromium, zinc, and copper.
Tanning and finishing wastes may contain sulfides and nitrogenous
compounds.
4. Chemical and Allied .Products Industry - Surface impoundments are
used for wastewater treatment, sludge disposal, and residuals
treatment and storage. Waste constituents are process-specific and
include phosphates, fluoride, nitrogen, and assorted trace metals.
5. Other Industries - Surface impoundments are found at petroleum
refining, primary metals production, wood treating, and metal
"finishing facilities. Surface impoundments are also used for the
containment and/or treatment of air pollution scrubber sludge and
dredging spoils sludge.
Surface impoundments can be flowthrough or disposal systems. Most waste
treatment systems are flowthrough, while storage systems can be either
flowthrough (i.e., as input to a treatment system) or disposal. Types of
flowthrough or disposal surface impoundments include holding tanks or basins,
equalization or pH adjustment basins, aerated basins (with or without
biodegradation), activated sludge basins, clarifiers or any type of settling
basin, diffused air systems (with or without biodegradation), oil film layer
systems, and varying types of treatment tanks or basins where chemicals may be
added.
2.2 DESIGN AND OPERATION
Air emission rates are affected by the design and operation of surface
impoundments. The design and operating parameters considered most important
in determining emissions are: influent flow rate; surface area; liquid depth;
degree of aeration; retention time (or turnovers per year in the case of
nj8.035 2-3
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disposal impoundments); physical design characteristics that influence the
effective wind speed across the surface of the impoundment; and for
impoundments where biodegradation is a factor, the biomass concentration.
2.2.1 Physical Design2
The most common and economical shape for a surface impoundment is
rectangular with straight sides. The rectangular shape is normally preferred
because it presents fewer problems during construction and lining. Circular
shapes increase the costs of grading, liner installation, and construction.
The three major positions of surface impoundments with respect to the natural
grade are (1) below grade, (2) above-grade, and (3) a combination (below and
above grades). A below-grade surface impoundment is excavated such that most
of the capacity is below the natural grade of the surrounding land. An above-
grade impoundment is built so that most of the capacity is at an elevation
higher than the immediate surroundings. Combination types have
characteristics of both the above and below-grade installations. The design
chosen is determined by the economics of storage, containment, excavation
difficulty, and material use. In general, most surface impoundments are
constructed as the combination type because this design minimizes earthwork
costs.
A knowledge of all the parameters which govern the depth of liquid in the
Impoundment are used to properly size the unit. These parameters include
changes in liquid level due to storm surges as well as factors which
Influence the behavior of liquid while in the impoundment, such as wind speed
and dike slope. Determination of these parameters will, in part, dictate the
final design of the impoundment by establishing the maximum operating liquid
level and minimum freeboard requirements.
Freeboard is typically defined as the distance between the actual liquid
height in the impoundment and the top of the impoundment (height at which
stored liquid would overflow). Freeboard has an affect on the air emission
rate from an impoundment. As the freeboard height decreases, the liquid
surface is more exposed to the ambient wind above the impoundment. For this
reason, air emissions will increase as the freeboard height decreases.
Determination of the design freeboard height requires that several specific
parameters, including fetch, maximum liquid depth, and embankment slope, be
accurately measured. Fetch is defined as the maximum unobstructed distance
across a free liquid surface over which wind can act.
nja.035 2-4
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Figure 2-1 presents the relationship of freeboard to wind, surface area,
depth, and fetch in a surface impoundment. Typically, the longest fetch will
be the diagonal measurement across the surface of the impoundment. The
calculation of fetch will be different depending on the shape of the
impoundment (see Figure 2-1 for equations for circular or rectangular
designs). The fetch to depth ratio for the impoundment is an important
parameter in determining emissions.
It should be noted that the models described in Chapter 3 do not
incorporate a variable for freeboard. If freeboard at a particular facility
is significant, then the effective windspeed will be less than the measured
windspeed. Currently no data are available to provide guidance on adjusting
windspeed to account for freeboard.
In addition to freeboard, the effective wind speed across the liquid
surface of the impoundment is affected by other parameters. These include:
the design of the dikes around the impoundment and whether the impoundment is
constructed above or below grade. Design characteristics of the impoundment
that significantly decreases the effective wind speed above the liquid surface
will decrease air emissions.
The surface area and volume of the impoundment also have a significant
effect on air emissions. A 1981 survey compiled by Westat3 showed that the
median surface area for storage impoundments was 1,500 m2 and the median depth
was 1.8 m. These median values for area and depth yield a total liquid volume
of 2,700 m3.
2.2.2 Flow and Level Control4
The flow of liquid into and out of an impoundment, and the need to
control it, wil-1 be defined by the treatment process involved or the storage
requirements of the surface impoundment. The major components which
ultimately govern the flow into and out of an impoundment are the inflow and
outflow structures. In some situations, such as flowthrough systems, inflow
and outflow structures may have the same design. However, in most cases they
will differ. Normally the inflow structure is a pipe "equipped with a flow
valve. Typical outflow structures are weirs, spillways, and drain pipes.
Some impoundments are equipped with active level control systems. Level
sensing elements, such as floats, probes, and ultrasonic beams, detect changes
in the liquid level. This level change causes a level control element such as
nja.035 2-5
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a pump or control valve to take action and influence the amount of liquid
flowing into or out of the impoundment.
As discussed in the previous section, values for the median surface area
and depth of impoundments were compiled during a survey by Westat.
Information on retention times for impoundments were also gathered during the
study. Based on the survey, retention times ranged from 1 to 550 days, with
over half of the values at 46 days or less.5 The flow range represented by
this range in retention times can be determined from the median value for
impoundment volume reported in the previous section (2,700 m3). A flow range
of 5 to 2,700 cubic meters per day (m3/day) is obtained by dividing the median
volume by the range in retention times. These ranges in flow and retention
time have a significant impact on air emissions.
2.2.3 Biodegradation
Surface impoundments may be designed for biological activity. The major
mechanisms of organic removal in biologically active impoundments include
biodegradation, volatilization, removal with the effluent, and removal by
adsorption on the waste sludge. A study of purgeable volatile organics in a
pilot-scale wastewater treatment system showed that less than 0.4 percent
(generally less than 0.1 percent) of the volatiles were found in the waste-
activated sludge.6 Another study of municipal wastewater treatment concluded
that only a modest amount of purgeable toxics were transferred to the sludge.7
A third study found that the concentrations of volatiles organics in sludges
from pilot-scale systems were generally comparable to or less than the
corresponding concentrations in the process effluent.8 This indicated that
volatile organics do not have a high affinity for wastewater solids and do not
concentrate in the sludges.
Biologically active impoundments are used to treat entire plant wastes as
well as to polish the effluent from other treatment processes. Solids usually
settle out in the impoundment or are removed in a separate vessel. Generally,
the solids are not recycled; however, if the solids are returned, the process
is the same as a modified activated sludge process.9 For information
purposes, typical design parameters for an activated sludge process are given
in Table 2-2.10 Typical parameters associated with biologically active
impoundments are given in Table 2-3.11'12 The loading parameter is expressed
in terms of kg biological oxygen demand (BOD) per area or volume, and typical
nja.035 2-7
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TABLE 2-2. DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES
10
Process
Conventional6
CSTRd
Contact
stabilization
Extended aeration
02 systems
F/M,a
kg BOD/ kg
biomass day
0.2 -
0.2 -
0.2 -
0.05 -
0.25 -
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.15
1.0
Loading
kg BOD/m day
0.3
0.8
1.0
0.1
1.6
- 0.6
- 2.0
- 1.2
- 0.4
- 3.3
MLSS,b
g/L
1.5
3.0
1.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
- 3.0
- 6.0
- 3.0e
- 10f
- 6.0
- 8.0
Retention
t i me , h
4 - 8
3 - 5
0.5 - le
3 - 6f
18 - 36
1 - 3
*F/M - Food to microorganism ratio; BOD •
^LSS - Mixed liquor suspended solids.
'Plug flow design.
dCSTR - Continuous stirred-tank reactor.
"Contact unit.
fSolids stabilization unit.
Biological oxygen demand.
nja.035
2-8
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retention times in aerated impoundments range from 7 to 20 days. The level of
suspended solids in these impoundments is over an order of magnitude less than
the level in conventional activated sludge processes. Although the parameters
in Table 2-3 are listed as "typical," large variations exist among facilities,
and at a single facility the values may change with time. For example, a
study conducted over 12 months at an aerobic impoundment used to treat
municipal wastewater reported suspended solids levels of 0.02 to 0.1 g/L and
volatile suspended solids of 0.01 to 0.06 g/L.13 Anther study of eight
quiescent impoundments at four different sites with confirmed biological
activity estimated active biomass concentrations from the rate of oxygen
consumption that ranged from 0.014 to 0.22 g/L with an average of 0.057 g/L.14
The biomass concentration is an important parameter in estimating
biodegradation rates. The best value to use for a specific site is a direct
measurement such as volatile suspended solids for the system of interest. In
the absence of site-specific data, a number may be chosen from the ranges for
suspended solids given in Tables 2-2 and 2-3. Alternatively, typical or
default values for biomass concentration given in Table 2-4 may be used.15
Numerous models have been proposed for the removal of organic compounds
by biodegradation.16'17 However, there is a general agreement that the
biodegradation rate is zero-order with respect to concentration for high
organic loadings relative to biomass, and becomes first-order with respect to
concentration for low residual organic levels.
First-order or monod-type kinetics assumes that biodegradation of any one
constituent is independent of the concentrations of other constituents. The
significant features of this model are that at high concentrations, the
biodegradation rate is independent of (or zero-order with respect to) the
component concentration; and at low concentrations the rate becomes directly
proportional (or first-order to) the component concentration. Biodegradation
rates are also facility-specific since they are affected by the presence of
other compounds in the wastewater. Therefore, site-specific biodegradation
rates should be used if available. If site-specific rates are unavailable,
default values provided by SIMS and presented in Appendix B can be used.
2.2.4 Mechanical Aeration
Mechanical aerators are often used for the purpose of supplying oxygen
required by the microorganisms to biodegrade pollutants in the impoundment.
nja.035 2-9
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TABLE 2-4. TYPICAL OR DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS CONCENTRATION15
Units Biomass concentration (g/L)a
Quiescent impoundments 0.05b
Aerated impoundments 0.30C
Activated sludge units 4.0d
"These values are recommended for use in the emission equations when site-
specific data are not available.
''Based on the range (0.0014 to 0.22} and average (0.057) from actual
impoundments.
cFrom the data in Table 2-3 for aerated impoundments. Assumes biomass is
approximated by the suspended solids level.
value from Table 2-2 for CSTR based on mixed liquor suspended
solids.
nja.035 2-11
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However, not all impoundments equipped with aeration devices contain biomass,
which is necessary for biodegradation to occur. Some impoundments are aerated
for purposes such as evaporative cooling.
The emission models used by the computer program require values for the
parameters that describe the mechanical aeration system. Typical parameters
for impeller speed and diameter are 126 rad/s (1,200 rpm) and 61 cm (2 ft),
respectively. For impeller power, Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., suggest a range of
15 to 30 kw/1000 m3 (0.6 to 1.15 hp/1,000 ft3) for mixing in impoundments.18
However, more power may be needed to supply additional oxygen or to mix
certain treatment solutions such as in activated sludge units. A review of
information gathered during the evaluation of TSDF showed power usage as high
as 92.2 kw/1000 m3 (3.5 hp/1,000 ft3) at a specific TSDF impoundment.19 Data
included in the TSDF report show an average value of 52.67 kw/1000 m3
(2.0 hp/1000 ft3) for activated sludge units.17
Data from Metcalf and Eddy indicated that an aerator with a 75-hp motor
and a 61-cm diameter propeller turning at 126 rad/s (1200 rpm) would agitate a
volume of 658 m3 (23,240 ft3).20 Assuming a uniform depth in the impoundment
of 1.8 m, the agitated surface area was estimated as 366 rn2 (658/1.8). The
agitated surface is assumed to be turbulent and comprises a 24 percent
(366/1,500 x 100) of the total area. The balance of the surface area of the
Impoundment (76 percent) is assumed to be quiescent. As a comparison,
Thibodeaux reported a turbulent area of 5.22 m2/hp and investigated a range of
0.11 to 20.2 m2/hp. The value of 5.22 m2/hp and a total of 75 hp yields an
estimated turbulent area of 392 m2 (26 percent), which compares favorably with
the 24 percent turbulent area calculated by the alternative approach.21 For
activated sludge units, data presented in the TSDF report show an average
agitated surface area of 52 percent.17
2.2.5 Diffused Aeration
Diffused air or air sparging systems are generally used to promote
biodegradation or air stripping. The diffused air emission model assumes that
the concentration of the compound in the air bubbling through the liquid phase
reaches equilibrium with the liquid-phase concentration.
The diffused air impoundment model uses the quiescent mass transfer
correlation equations in the SIMS program (see Chapter 4 for quiescent
impoundment mass transfer correlations). In addition to values required by
these mass transfer correlations, the diffused air model requires a value for
nja.035 2-12
-------
the diffused air flow rate. Typically, diffused air flow rates range from 0.3
to 0.5 cubic meters per second per 1,000 cubic meters of total impoundment
volume (0.3-0.5 m3/s-l,000 m3).22
nja.035 2-13
-------
2.3 REFERENCES
1. EPA. 1983. Surface Impoundment National Assessment Report. EPA 570/9-
84-002. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati, OH.
2. K. W. Brown and Associated, Inc. Hazardous Waste Surface Impoundments.
Prepared for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-
03-1816.
3. Westat Corporation. National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators and
TSDF's Regulated Under RCRA in 1981. Prepared for the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6861. April 1984.
4. Reference 2. pp. 3-80 through 3-93.
5. Reference 3.
6. Petrasek, A., B. Austern, and T. Neiheisel. Removal and Partitioning of
Volatile Organic Priority Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment. Presented
at the Ninth U. S. - Japan Conference on Sewage Treatment Technology.
Tokyo, Japan. September 1983. p. 16.
7. Bishop, D. The Role of Municipal Wastewater Treatment in Control of
Toxics. Presented at the NATO/CCMS Meeting. Bari, Italy.
September 1982. p. 18.
8. Hannah, S., B. Austern, A. Eralp, and R. Wise. Comparative Removal of
Toxic Pollutants by Six Wastewater Treatment Processes. Journal WPCF.
5fi(l):30. 1986.
9. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill.
1972. p. 542-554.
10. Eckenfelder, W., M. Goronszy, and T. Quirk. The Activated Sludge
Process: State of the Art. CRC Critical Review in Environmental
Control. 15(2):148. 1984.
nja.035 2-14
-------
11. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Design Manual: Municipal
Wastewater Stabilization Ponds. Publication No. EPA-625/1-83-015.
October 1983. p. 3.
12. Reference 9, p. 557.
13. Englande, A. J. Performance Evaluation of the Aerated Lagoon System at
North Gulfport, Mississippi. Prepared for U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Publication No. EPA-600/2-80-006. March 1980. p. 39-41.
14. Allen, C. Project Summary: Site Visits of Aerated and Nonaerated Surface
Impoundments. Prepared for U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Contract No. 68-03-3253. Assignment 2-8. June 1987. p. 2.
15. Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) - Air
Emission Models, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Draft. April 1989, p. 4-21.
16. Reference 11, p. 75-146.
17. Reference 9, p. 481-573.
18. Reference 9, p. 502.
19. GCA Corporation. Hazardous Waste TSDF Waste Process Sampling, Prepared
for U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report No. EMB/85-HNS-3.
October 1985. p. 1-11.
20. Reference 9.
21. Thibodeaux, L. and D. Parker. Desorption Limits of Selected Gases and
Liquids from Aerated Basins. AIChE Symposium Series. 72(156):424-434.
1976.
22. Reference 9, p. 519.
nja.035 2-15
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3.0 COLLECTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION
Collection system components are used to transport wastewater from the
point of generation to treatment or storage systems. The number and types of
collection system components are facility specific. Most collection system
components are open to the atmosphere and thus create a potential for VOC
emissions. The magnitude of VOC emissions depends greatly on many factors,
such as the physical properties of the compounds in the wastewater,
temperature of the wastewater, and the design of the component. Common
collection system components include junction boxes, lift stations, sumps,
weirs, drains, trenches, and manholes. The SIMS program estimates emissions
from only the first four of these components; however, a brief discussion of
the applications and design parameters are provided in this chapter for all
components mentioned.
3.1 JUNCTION BOXES1
A junction box normally serves several process sewer lines. Process
lines meet at the junction box to combine the multiple wastewater streams into
one stream which flows downstream from the junction box. Generally, the flow
rate is controlled by the liquid level in the junction box. Junction boxes
are normally either square or rectangular and are sized based on the flow rate
of the entering streams. Typical junction box water depths range from 0.3 -
1.8 m, with an average of 0.9 m. Surface areas range from 0.007 - 2.5 m2,
with an average of 0.7 m2.
Emissions occur from junction boxes predominantly by convective mass
transfer. Organics in the wastewater volatilize into the ambient air just
above the liquid surface in an attempt to reach equilibrium between the liquid
and vapor phases.
Junction box design characteristics that affect emissions are: the fetch
to depth ratio, the water turbulence in the junction box, and the liquid
surface area. Depth is represented by the average liquid level in the
junction box. As the liquid depth in the junction box increases, so does the
resistance to liquid phase mass transfer. That is, organic compounds must
overcome more resistance before they reach the water surface. Once these
organics reach the surface, the fetch length, or linear distance across the
nja.035 3-1
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Impoundment, provides the route for volatilization into the ambient air.
Therefore, increases in the fetch to depth ratio for the junction box increase
air emissions.
Water turbulence enhances liquid phase mass transfer.2 In quiescent
flow through the junction boxes, pollutants slowly diffuse to the water
surface to replace the volatilizing pollutants. In turbulent flow through the
junction box, the organic compounds are thoroughly mixed and pushed rapidly
towards the surface. Therefore, more organic compounds are exposed to the
surface air, and the emission rate is increased. If the sewer lines feed
water to the junction box above the liquid surface, the exposure of organic
compounds to the surface air is also increased. The water spills into the
junction box causing splashing and additional turbulence at the liquid surface
which increases emissions. This effect can be minimized by introducing water
to the junction box below the liquid surface. The final design characteristic
affecting emissions is surface area. An increase in surface area at constant
depth Increases the hydraulic (water) retention time in the junction box.
Therefore, not only is the area for volatilization increased but so is the
time available for volatilization.
The SIMS program uses the turbulent liquid phase mass transfer
correlation and the quiescent gas phase mass transfer correlation,for
estimating VOC emissions from junction boxes (see Chapter 4).
3.2 LIFT STATIONS3
Lift stations are usually the last collection unit prior to the treatment
system, accepting wastewater from one or several sewer lines. The main
function of the lift station is to provide sufficient head pressure to
transport the collected wastewater to the treatment system. A pump is used to
provide this head pressure and is generally switched on and off by a preset
high and low liquid level controller. Lift stations are usually rectangular
1n shape and greater in depth than length or width. Typical water depths for
lift stations are 1.2 - 1.8 m, with an average of 1.5 m. Surface areas range
from 1.1 - 1.7 m2, with an average of 1.8 m2.
Emissions occur from lift stations predominantly by convective mass
transfer. Organics in the wastewater volatilize into the ambient air just
above the liquid surface in an attempt to reach equilibrium between the liquid
and vapor phases.
nja.035 3-2
-------
The characteristics affecting emissions from lift stations are the same
as the characteristics affecting emissions from junction boxes. In addition
to these design parameters, operation of the lift station affects air
emissions. The liquid level in a lift station normally rises and falls based
on the wastewater flow to the unit. As the level rises, the wastewater acts
as a piston displacing organic vapors above the liquid surface into the
ambient air. The linear distance between the low and high level limits in the
lift station determine the amount of displacement during normal operation. As
this distance increases, displacement increases and so does the emission rate.
Also, at lower liquid levels, wastewater is normally spilling into the lift
station above the liquid surface. This causes an increase in turbulence which
increases liquid phase mass transfer. Therefore, volatilization occurs more
rapidly above the surface of the rising liquid. At the higher liquid levels,
the sewer lines feeding the lift station are often submerged which reduces
splashing above the liquid surface.
The SIMS program also uses the turbulent liquid phase mass transfer
correlation and the quiescent gas phase mass transfer correlation for
estimating VOC emissions from lift stations (see Chapter 4).
3.3 SUMPS4
Sumps are typically used for collection and equalization of wastewater
flow from trenches prior to treatment. (Trenches are discussed in
Section 3.6). They are usually quiescent and open to the atmosphere. Typical
diameters and depths are approximately 1.5 meters.
Emissions occur from sumps by both diffusive and convective mechanisms.
As wastewater flows slowly through the sump, organics diffuse through the
water to the liquid surface. These organics volatilize into the ambient air
above the liquid, and can be swept into the air by wind blowing across the
surface of the sump.
The design characteristics which affect air emission rates from sumps
are: the fetch to depth ration, the liquid surface area, and the hydraulic
retention time. Fetch to depth ratios vary widely for different sumps. As
the fetch to depth ratio increases, so does the mass transfer rate of organics
into the ambient air. The hydraulic retention time, which is a function of
the wastewater flow rate and volume of the sump, also has an effect on
emissions. An increase in retention time provides additional time for organic
nja.055 3-3
-------
compound volatilization to occur and, therefore, emissions increase.
Likewise, an increase in the surface area of the sump increases the emissions
rate.
The SIMS program uses the quiescent mass transfer correlations for
estimating VOC emissions from sumps (see chapter 4).
3.4 WEIRS5
Weirs act as dams in open channels. The weir face is normally aligned
perpendicular to the bed and walls of the channel. Water from the channel
normally overflows the weir but may pass through a notch, or opening, in the
weir face. Because of this configuration, weirs provide some control of the
level and flow rate through the channel. This control, however, may be
insignificant compared to upstream factors which influence the supply of water
to the channel. Typical weir heights range from 0.9 - 2.7 m, with an average
of 1.8 m. The weir height is the distance between the top of the liquid level
and the point where the wastewater meets the receiving body of water.
Often the water overflowing the weir proceeds down stair steps, which
serve to aerate the wastewater. The wastewater splashes off each step
Increasing the surface area of the water in contact with ambient air. This
action increases diffusion of oxygen into the water which may be beneficial to
the biodegradation process (often the next treatment step). However, this
increased contact with air also accelerates emissions of volatile organics
contained in the wastewater.6'7 The organics volatilize from the surface of
the falling water in an attempt to reach equilibrium between the liquid and
vapor phases. The volatilizing organic compounds are swept into the ambient
air surrounding the weir.
The concentration and physical properties of the organic compounds in the
wastewater have a significant effect on VOC emissions. The diffusivity in
water of the specific organic compounds present in the wastewater may be the
most significant physical property. Organics must first diffuse through the
liquid phase before volatilizing from the surface of the falling wastewater.
Therefore, an increase in organic compound diffusivity in water tends to
increase the air emissions rate.
The height of the weir is the most significant design characteristic
affecting emissions.7 The height of the weir determines the length of time
that the wastewater stream is falling through the air. Because this is the
nja.035 3-4
-------
time period when the organics are being emitted to the air, an increase in
weir height will increase the magnitude of air emissions.
The SIMS program uses mass transfer correlations developed from
volatilization-reaeration theory for estimating VOC emissions from weirs (see
Chapter 4).
3.5 DRAINS8
Wastewater streams from various sources throughout a given process are
normally introduced into the collection system through process drains.
Individual drains are usually connected directly to the main process sewer
line. However, they may also drain to trenches, sumps, or ditches, some
drains are dedicated to a single piece of equipment such as a scrubber,
decanter, or stripper. Others serve several sources. These types of drains
are located centrally between the pieces of equipment they serve and are
referred to as area drains.
Emissions occur from drains by diffusive and convective mechanisms.9 As
wastewater flows through the drain, organics volatilize in an attempt to reach
equilibrium between the aqueous and vapor phases. The organic vapor
concentration in the headspace at the bottom of the drain riser is much higher
than ambient concentrations. Due to this concentration gradient, organics
diffuse from the drain into ambient air through the opening at the top of the
drain riser. In addition, if the temperature of the wastewater flowing
through the sewer is greater than the ambient air temperature, this
temperature gradient will induce air flow from the vapor headspace in the
sewer line. This air flow passes through the drain riser and into the ambient
air. The convective forces created by this air flow establishes convective
mass transfer of the organics. Air flows resulting from wind blowing over or
into the drain, or from wind currents entering another sewer opening and
flowing through the sewer, also aid the mass transfer.
Drain design characteristics such as diameter, and length of the drain
riser affect emissions. The diameter of the drain riser must be large enough
to prevent the wastewater from overflowing on to the ground. As the diameter
increases, so does the surface area exposed to ambient air. This increase of
the drain riser from the mouth of the drain to the process sewer is another
design parameter which affects emissions. Pollutants are more readily emitted
nja.035 3-5
-------
to the atmosphere from a short drain riser due to the smaller resistance to
dlffusional and convective mass transfer.
3.6 TRENCHES10
Trenches are normally used to transport wastewater from the point of
process equipment discharge to subsequent wastewater collection units such as
junction boxes and lift stations. This mode of transport replaces the drain
scenario as a method for introducing process wastewater into the downstream
collection system. In older plants, trenches are often the primary mode of
wastewater transportation in the collection system. Trenches are often
interconnected throughout the process area and handle pad water runoff, water
from equipment washes and spill cleanups, as well as process wastewater
discharges. Normally, the length of the trench is determined by the general
locations of the process equipment and the downstream collection system units.
This length typically ranges from 50 to 500 feet. Trench depth and width are
dictated by the wastewater flow rate discharged from process equipment. The
depth and width of the trench must be sufficient to accommodate expected as
well as emergency wastewater flows from the process equipment. Typical trench
depths range from 0.4 to 1.2 m, with an average of 0.8 m.
Emissions from trenches, like junction boxes and lift stations, occur
predominantly by convective mass transfer. As wastewater flows through the
trench, organic compounds volatilize into the ambient air above the liquid
surface in an attempt to reach equilibrium between the liquid and vapor
phases.
The trench design characteristics which affect emission rate include the
depth and width of the trench and the hydraulic retention time. Mass transfer
rates increase as the depth of "the trench becomes more shallow and the width
of the trench becomes wider. The hydraulic retention time in the trench is a
function of the wastewater flow rate and the volume of the trench. Longer
trenches increase the hydraulic retention for mass transfer to take place and,
therefore, will increase air emissions. The grade (slope) of the trench is
also important. Grade will have an effect on the turbulence of the wastewater
flowing through the trench. An increase in turbulence will reduce the liquid
phase resistance to mass transfer and thus increase air emissions.
nja.035 3-6
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3.7 MANHOLES11
Manholes are service entrances into process sewer lines which permit
Inspection and cleaning of the sewer line. They are normally placed at
periodic lengths along the sewer line. They may also be located where sewers
intersect or where there is a significant change in direction, grade, or sewer
line diameter. The lower portion of the manhole is usually cylindrical, with
a typical inside diameter of four feet to allow adequate space for workmen.
The upper portion tapers to the diameter of the opening at ground level. The
opening is normally about two feet in diameter and covered with a heavy
cast-iron plate. The cover usually contains two to four holes for ventilation
so that the manhole cover can be grasped for removal.
Emissions occur from manholes by diffusive and convective mechanisms.9 As
wastewater moves through the sewer lines, organics volatilize in an attempt to
reach equilibrium between the aqueous phase and the vapor headspace in the
sewer line. The organic vapor concentration in the headspace above the
wastewater is much higher than the concentration of organics in the ambient
air above the manhole. Due to this concentration gradient, organics will
diffuse from the sewer line into the ambient air through the manhole openings.
Manhole design characteristics that affect emission rates are: the
manhole diameter, length from the manhole cover down to the sewer line, the
thickness of the manhole cover, and the number and diameter of the vent holes
1n the manhole cover. The length from the manhole cover to the sewer line is
the distance organics must diffuse from the wastewater before being emitted to
the ambient air. Therefore, an increase in this length will decrease the
emission rate. The thickness of the cover adds to this diffusional length.
The diameter of holes in the cover along with the number of holes determine
the ultimate surface area available for diffusion and convection of organics
Into the air.
nja.035 3-7
-------
3.8 REFERENCES
1. Industrial Wastewater Volatile Organic Compound Emissions -- Background
Information for BACT/LAER Determinations. REVISED DRAFT. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Control Technology Center, Research
Triangle Park,' North Carolina. January 1990. pp. 3-12 to 3-15.
2. Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) - Air
Emission Models. DRAFT REPORT. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. April, 1989.
3. Reference 1, pp. 3-15 to 3-17.
4. Reference 1, pp. 3-20 to 3-21.
5. Reference 1, pp. 3-22 to 3-23.
6. Lyman, Warren, Ph.D., William F. Reehl, and David H. Rosenblatt, Ph.D.
Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, New York, 1982. pp. 15-19 to 15-31.
7. Berglund, R. L, and G. M. Whipple. "Predictive Modeling of Organic
Emissions". Chemical Engineering Progress, Union Carbide Corporation,
South Charleston, West Virginia, pp. 46-54.
8. Reference 1. pp. 3-7 to 3-9.
9. Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater
Systems - Background Information for Proposed Standards. Draft EIS.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. EPA-450/3-85-001a. (NTIS PB87 - 190335). February 1985.
10. Reference 1, pp. 3-17 to 3-20.
11. Reference 1, pp. 3-9 to 3-12.
nj«.035 3-8
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4.0 SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT EMISSION MODELS
Mass transfer models were developed to estimate pollutant emissions from
surface impoundments and collection system components during EPA's evaluation
of hazardous waste TSDF and VOC emissions from industrial wastewater,
respectively.1'2 Figure 4-1 presents a flow diagram for estimating VOC
emissions from surface impoundments and collection system components.
Table 4-1 presents a summary of all emission rate equations and Table 4-2
defines all mass transfer correlations given in Figure 4-1. The basic
estimation approach, the form of the emission equations, and the input
parameters required by the models are discussed in this chapter.
4.1 BASIC EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH
Emissions from surface impoundments and collection system components
result from the volatilization of organic compounds at the water surface or at
the oil film surface (for impoundments with an oil film layer). For surface
Impoundments without an oil film layer, and all collection system components
presented 1n this document except weirs, models based on two-film resistance
theory were developed to determine the rate of volatilization. This theory
assumes the rate limiting factor for volatilization is the overall resistance
to mass transfer at the liquid surface and the ambient air interface. The
overall resistance is due to the individual resistances in both the liquid and
gas phase films at the interface. For surface impoundments with an oil film
layer, the oil film is assumed to relatively thin, there is infinite
resistance between the water and oil phases, and that mass transfer is
controlled by the gas phase resistance only. For weirs, volatilization-
reaeration theory is assumed. This theory assumes that emissions are based on
diffusivities of oxygen and the constituent in water.
Individual mass transfer coefficients account for the resistances in the
liquid and gas phase films. These individual coefficients can be used to
estimate overall mass transfer coefficients for each pollutant. Air emissions
from the impoundment or collection system component are estimated by applying
these overall coefficients in mass balance equations. The forms of the mass
balance equations depend on a number of factors which are discussed in more
detail in the next section (Section 4.2).
nja.035 4-1
-------
Impoundment
K * Individual liquid phase mass transfer coefficient
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TABLE 4-2. MASS TRANSFER CORRELATIONS AND EMISSIONS EQUATIONS
Equation
No. Equations
1 kt (m/s) - 2.78 x 10'6 [D^D^,.]2'3
For: 0 < U10 < 3.25 m/s and all F/D ratios
kt (m/s) = [(2.605 x 10'9)(F/D) + (1.277 x lO'7>]U102[Dw/D.th.r]2/3
For: U10 > 3.25 m/s and 14 < F/D < 51.2
kt (m/s) = 2.61 x lO-7U102[DyDether]2/3
For: U10 > 3.25 m/s and F/D > 51.2
kt (m/s) = 1.0 x 10"6 + 144 x 10"4 (U*)2'2 (ScL)"°-5; U* < 0.3
kt (m/s) - 1.0 x 10'6 + 34.1 + 10"4 U* (ScL)'0'5; U* > 0.3
For U10 > 3.25 m/s and F/D < 14
where:
U* (m/s) - 0.01 U10 (6.1 + 0.63 U10)°'5
ScL - HL/(PLDW)
2 kg (m/s) » 4.82 x 10"3 (U10)0'78 (Sc,)'0'67 (de)'°-11
where:
ScG - n./(pa D.)
d.(m) - 2(A/it)°-5
3 K - k. Keg ka
Keq kg + ^
where :
Keq - H/(RT)
'9 (T-20) 6 0'5
4 kt (m/s) = [8.22 x 10' J (POWR)(1.024)(T-) Ot 10 MWL(VavpL)](DyDo2 J
where:
POWR (hp) - (Total Power to aerators)V
Vav (ft2) » (fraction of area agitated)A
'7 1'42 0'4 °-5 '°'21
5 kg (m/s) - 1.35 x 10' (Re)' (P)' (ScG)- (Fr)''(Da MW^d)
where:
Re - d2 w py^g
P - [0.85 (POWR) (550 ft-lbf/s-hp)/N,] gc/(pL d*5 w3)
nja.035 4-5
-------
TABLE 4-2. MASS TRANSFER CORRELATIONS AND EMISSIONS EQUATIONS (continued)
Equation
No. Equations
Fr - d w/gc
6 N(g/s) - (1 - Ct/Co) V Co/t
where:
Ct/Co - exp[-KAt/V]
7 N(g/s) - K CL A
where:
CL(g/m3) - Q Co/[KA + Q]
8 N(g/s) - (1 - Ct/Co) V Co/t
where:
Ct/Co - exp[-(KA + Keq Qa)t/V]
9 N(g/s) - (KA + QAKeq)CL
where:
CL(g/m3) - QCo/(KA + Q + QaKeq)
10 N(g/s) « (1 - Ct/Co)KA/(KA + Kraaxb,V/K,)VCo/t
where:
Ct/Co - exp[-Kmaxbjt/Ks - KAt/V]
11 N(g/s) « K CL A
where:
CL(g/m3) - [-b + (b2 - 4ac)°-5]/(2a)
and
a - KA/Q + 1
b - K9(KA/Q + 1) + Kmaxb,.V/Q - Co
c - -K.CO
s
12 Koil - kaKeqoil
where:
Keqoil - P'p.MHofl/(poU MWa Pa)
nja.035 4-6
-------
TABLE 4-2. MASS TRANSFER CORRELATIONS AND EMISSIONS EQUATIONS (continued)
Equation
No. Equations
13 N(g/s) - (1 - CtaU/CoOIl)VOIlCooU/t
where:
«o,i/CoaU - exp[-Kollt/Don]
and:
Coojl - KowCo/((l - FO) + FO(Kow))
Vofl - (FO)V
14 N(g/s) - KollClfOUA
where :
CL.outg/"') - QeiiCooll/(KollA + Qoil)
and:
Coojl - KowCo/((l - FO) + FO(kow))
QOH (FO)Q
15 N(g/s) - (1 - Ct/Co)(KA + QAKeq)/(KA + QAKeq + Kmaxb,-V/Ks)VCo/t
where:
Ct/Co - exp[-(KA + KeqQJt/V - Kmaxb,t/K,]
16 N(g/s) - (KA + QAKeq)CL
where:
CL(g/m3) - [-b +(D2 - 4ac)°'5]/(2a)
and
a - (KA + Q.Keq)/Q + I
b - KS[(KA + Q8Keq)/Q + 1] + Kmaxb,.V/Q - Co
c ' -KCo
s
17 K, » 0.16h
18 N (g/s) - [1 -
nja.035 4-7
-------
The basic approach used by the models to estimate emissions can be summarized
as follows:
(1) estimate individual liquid and gas phase mass transfer coefficients
for each pollutant, kt (for collection system components and
impoundments without an oil layer) and kg (m/s);
(2) estimate equilibrium constants for each pollutant from the following
expressions:
A. Collection system components and surface impoundments without
an oil layer.
Keq - H/RT
where:
Keq - equilibrium constant, dimension!ess
H - Henry's Law constant, atm m3/gmol
R » ideal gas law constant, atm m3/gmol - °K
T - wastewater temperature, °K
B. Surface impoundments with an oil film layer.
K*U - P*P,MWoU/(PlMWaP0)
where:
P* • vapor pressure of the constituent, mmHg
P0 - total pressure, mmHg
pa - density of air, g/cm3
pt - density of water, g/cm3
MWojl « molecular weight of oil, g/gmo'l
MWa - molecular weight of air, g/gmol
(3) estimate overall mass transfer coefficient for each pollutant from
the following expressions:
A. Collection system components and surface impoundments without
an oil layer.
1/K - l/kt + l/(kgKeq)
where:
K - overall mass transfer coefficient, m/s
nja.035 4-8
-------
B. Surface impoundments with an oil film layer.
where:
Keqojl - oil phase equilibrium constant
Koil * oil phase overall mass transfer coefficient, m/s
(4) apply a mass balance around the surface impoundment to estimate
emissions
4.2 EMISSION EQUATIONS
The emission models account for the following factors concerning the
design and operation of a surface impoundment: (1) the flow regime through
the impoundment (i.e., flowthrough or disposal), (2) the impoundment type
(i.e., aerated, diffused air, nonaerated, or oil film layer), and (3) whether
pollutants are biodegraded in the impoundment. These factors affect the
correlations used to estimate the individual mass transfer coefficients as
well as the forms of the mass balance emission equations.
Collection system components are flowthrough by nature and are aerated or
nonaerated, depending on the characteristics of the incoming flow. Junction
boxes and lift stations are characterized by turbulent flow, while sumps are
typically quiescent. Weirs are characterized by vplatilization-reaeration
theory. Emission models for these collection system components are described
briefly in Section 4.2.3.
4.2.1 Flowthrouqh Impoundments
Flowthrough impoundments act as temporary storage for wastewater prior to
subsequent treatment or discharge to a receiving body. Assuming a well -mixed
system with no reactions and no separate organic phase, the mass balance
for a flowthrough impoundment with a diffused air system (air sparging) yields
the following equation:3
QCo « QCL + V Kmaxb,CL/(K, + CL) + KACL + QAKeqCL
where:
Q - flow rate, m3/s
Co - inlet concentration, g/m3
nja.035 4-9
-------
CL - bulk liquid and effluent concentration, g/m3
Kmax - maximum rate constant, g/s-g biomass
Ks - half saturation constant, g/m3
b, - biomass concentration, g/m3
V - volume, m3
K - overall mass transfer coefficient, m/s
A - area, m2
QA - air flow rate, m3/s
Keq - equilibrium constant, dimensionless
In the equation, the pollutant mass loading into the impoundment is
represented by the term, QCo. The three predominant removal mechanisms
accounted for in the equation are volatilization, biodegradation, and air
sparging. The rates of removal by these three mechanisms are estimated from
the terms, KA/V (for volatilization), VKmaxb,.CL/(Ks + CL) (for biodegradation),
and QAKeq/V (for air sparging). Volatile organics not removed by these two
mechanisms are assumed to leave with the effluent flowing from the
impoundment. The rate of removal with the effluent is represented by the
term, QCL.
To determine the fraction of volatile organics emitted or biodegraded
using the Monod model, the above equation is solved for the equilibrium or
bulk concentration, Cu:
K'CL2 + [KSK' + (V/Q) Kmaxbj - Co]CL - K5Co - 0
where K' - (KA +QAKeq)/Q + 1
Using the quadratic formula,
CL - [-b + (b2 - 4ac)°'5]/2a
where:
a - K' - (KA + QAKeq)/Q + 1
b - KS[(KA + QAKeq)/Q + 1)] + (V/Q)Kmaxbj - Co
nja.035 4-10
-------
c - -K8Co
[NOTE: The plus sign in the quadratic equation is selected to ensure positive
effluent concentrations.]
The fraction of the inlet organic emitted to the air is calculated by the
following equation:
fajp - Mass of pollutant i emitted to the air - (KA + QAKeq)CL/(QCo)
Total mass of pollutant i
Therefore, for a well-mixed flowthrough impoundment with biodegradation and
sparged air, the expression for estimating the air emission rate (N, g/s) of
each pollutant is:
N - fsjPQCo - (KA + QAKeq)[-(Ks[(KA + QAKeq)/Q + 1] +
VKmaxbj/Q - Co) + [(KS[(KA + QAKeq)/Q + 1] +
Vkmaxb,./Q - Co)2 + 4((KA + QAKeq)/Q + l)(KsCo)]°-5]/
[2((KA + QAKeq)/Q + 1)]
For Impoundments which do not have diffused air systems, the air flow
rate, QA, 1s zero. For this case, the air emission'equation reduces to the
following:
N - f.jrqCo - KA[-(KS(KA/Q + 1) + VKmaxb,./Q - Co) +
((K,(KA/q + 1) + VKmaxbj/q - Co)2 +
4(KA/q + l)(KsCo))°-5]/[2(KA/q + 1)]
For flowthrough impoundments which contain no biomass, the biomass
concentration (b,) equals zero and no biodegradation of pollutants occurs in
the impoundment. For this case, the air emission equation reduces to the
following:
N - fajpqco - [KA/(q + KA)]qco
For flowthrough surface impoundments with an oil film layer,
biodegradation is assumed to be negligible. As previously mentioned, to
nja.035 4-11
-------
simplify the emission model for an oil film layer the following was assumed:
1) infinite resistance between the water and oil phases; 2) thin oil film; and
3) mass transfer is controlled by the gas phase (i.e., the resistance in the
liquid phase is Infinite). Equilibrium exists initially between the water and
oil phases (completely mixed system); however, the rate at which the compound
diffuses into the oil phase approaches zero (the oil film layer model used in
CHEMDAT7 assumes low resistance between the water and oil phases). The oil
film layer mass balance and emission equation for flowthrough systems is
presented in a memorandum to the file.4 The emission model equation for
flowthrough impoundments with an oil film is similar to that of a nonaerated,
non-biological flowthrough system with all parameters referencing the oil
phase:
N - «l.uCoell - [KOHA/(KOUA + Qou)] (QollCoall)
where:
Koll - overall mass transfer coefficient in the oil phase,
dimensionless
QoU » flow rate of oil, m3/s
Cooil - initial concentration of constituent in oil phase, g/m3
and where Coojl and Qojl are approximated by:
CooU - CoKow/((l - FO) + FO(Kow))
Qofl - (FO)Kow
where:
FO - fraction of impoundment volume as oil, dimensionless
Kow - octanol water coefficient of constituent,
dimensionless
As discussed in Section 4.1, individual liquid and gas phase mass
transfer coefficients are used to estimate the overall mass transfer
coefficient for each pollutant in the impoundment. Values for the individual
mass transfer coefficients depend on whether or not the impoundment is aerated
or nonaerated. Empirical correlations, available in the literature, can be
used to estimate values for these individual coefficients. The correlations
nja.035 4-12
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used in the computer program for nonaerated impoundments and diffused air
systems are presented in Table 4-3.5 The oil film layer emission model also
uses the quiescent individual gas phase mass transfer coefficient presented in
Table 4-3 (MacKay and Matasugu).6 The correlations presented in Table 4-3
relate the individual coefficients to the physical properties of the
pollutants, the dimensions of the impoundment, and the ambient wind speed.
The correlations used in the computer program for aerated impoundments are
presented in Table 4-4.7 These correlations relate the individual
coefficients to the physical properties of the pollutants, the dimensions of
the impoundment, and the characteristics of the aerators.
4.2.2 Disposal Impoundments
Disposal impoundments are defined as units that receive wastewater for
ultimate disposal rather than for storage or treatment. Generally, wastewater
is not continuously fed to or discharged from these types of impoundments.
Therefore, the assumption of an equilibrium bulk concentration, which is
applicable for flowthrough impoundments, is no longer applicable for disposal
Impoundments; the concentration of volatile organics in a disposal impoundment
decreases with time. The emission estimating procedure accounts for the
decreasing liquid-phase concentration which is the driving force for air
emissions. For a disposal impoundment that is filled with a batch of
wastewater, the disappearance rate of a volatile pollutant due to air
emissions, biodegradation, and air sparging can be expressed as:8
dCt/Ct - (-Kmaxb,./K8 - (KA + QAKeq)/V) dt
where
Ct » concentration in the impoundment at time = t, g/m3
t * time since disposal (residence time in the impoundment), sec
After integration from time - 0 to time - t, the above equation yields the
following expression for the fraction of each pollutant emitted in the air:
f-jp - Mass of pollutant i emitted to the air =
Total mass of pollutant i
(l-Ct/Co)(KA + QAKeq)/(KA + QAKeq + Kmaxb,V/Ka)
where:
Ct/Co - exp [-(KA + QAKeq)t/V - Kmaxb,.t/KJ
nja.035 4-13
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TABLE 4-3. EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING INDIVIDUAL MASS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS FOR VOLATILIZATION OF ORGANIC SOLUTES FROM
QUIESCENT SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
Liquid phase
Springer et al . (for all cases except F/D<14 and U10>3.25 m/s):
kt - 2.78 x 10'6[D,/Dether]2/3 (0 < U10<3.25) (m/s)
(All F/D ratios)
kt - [2.605 x 10'9 (F/D) + 1.277 x lO'^U^CD./^]273 (U10>3.25) (m/s)
(143.25)(m/s)
(F/D>51.2)
where:
U10 • windspeed at 10 m above the liquid surface, m/s
Dw - diffusivity of constituent in water, cm2/s
ather
- diffusivity of ether in water, cm2/s
F/D » Fetch-to-depth ratio (fetch is the linear distance across the impoundment
or effective diameter, de) .
MacKay and Yeun (for F/D <14 and U10>3.25 m/s):
kt - 1.0 x 10'6 + 34.1 x 10'4 U* ScL"°'5 (U*>0.3) (m/s)
kt - 1.0 x 10'6 + 144 x 10'4 U*2'2 ScL"°-5 (U*<0.3) (m/s)
where:
U* - friction velocity (m/s) = 0.01 U10 (6.1 + 0.63 U10)°'5
U10 - windspeed at 10 m above the liquid surface, m/s
Sc, - Schmidt number on liquid side - _ £L _
PLDU
jiL - viscosity of water, g/cm-s
PL » density of water, g/cm3
Du - diffusivity of constituent in water, cm2/s.
nja.035 4-14
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TABLE 4-3. EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING INDIVIDUAL MASS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS FOR VOLATILIZATION OF ORGANIC SOLUTES FROM
QUIESCENT SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS (continued)
Gas phase
MacKay and Matasugu (in Hwang):
kg - 4.82 x 10'3 U^0'78 Scg'°-67de'°-11(m/s)
where:
U10 - windspeed at 10m above the liquid surface, m/s
Scs - Schmidt number on gas side « ±a
Pa°a
H, - viscosity of air, g/cm-s
pa - density of air, g/cm3
Da " diffusivity of constituent in air, cm2/s
dt - effective diameter of impoundment - (4A/it)0'5, m
A - area of impoundment, m2.
nja.035 4-15
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TABLE 4-4. EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING INDIVIDUAL MASS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS FOR VOLATILIZATION OF ORGANIC SOLUTES FROM
TURBULENT SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
Liquid phase
Thibodeaux:
kt - [8.22 x 10 9 J (POWR) (1.024)1-20 Ot 106 MWL/(VavpL)] (Dy002(W)0-5 (m/s)
where:
J - oxygen transfer rating of surface aerator, 1b 02/h-hp
POWR - total power to aerators, hp
T - water temperature, *C
Ot » oxygen transer correction factor, dimensionless
MWL - molecular weight of liquid, g/gmole
Vav - turbulent surface area, m2
PL - density of liquid, g/cm3
DM - diffusivity of constituent in water, cm2/s
DQJ „ * diffusivity of oxygen in water = 2.4 x 10"5 cm2/s.
UC M
Gas phase
Reinhardt:
ka - 1.35 x 10 '7 Re1'42 p°'4 ScG0'5 Fr'°'21 D.MW./d (m/s)
where:
Re » d2wpa/jia » Reynold's number
d » impeller diameter, cm
w - rotational speed of impeller, rad/s
nja.035 4-16
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TABLE 4-4. EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING INDIVIDUAL MASS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS FOR VOLATILIZATION OF ORGANIC SOLUTES FROM
TURBULENT SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS (Continued)
pa - density of air, g/cm3
Ha • viscosity of air, g/cm-s
- 4.568 x 10'7 T(*C) + 1.7209 x 10'4
P, gy^d*) - power number
power to impeller, ft-lbf/s
0.85 (POWR) (550 ft-lbf/s-hp)/number of aerators (NJ,
where 0.85 - efficiency of aerator motor
gc - gravitation constant, 32.17 Ib
PL - density of liquid, lb/ft3
d* - impeller diameter, ft
Sc6 - Schmidt number on gas side - Ha/(pa Da)
Fr • d*wVgc - Froude number
Da - diffusivity of constituent in air, cm2/s
MWa - molecular weight of air.
nj«.035 4-17
-------
Therefore, the average emission rate for each pollutant over the period of
time - t is:
N - fajrVCo/t - (1 - exp [-(QAKeq + KA)t/V - Kmaxb,t/Kg]) *
(KA + QAKeq)/(KA + QAKeq + Kmaxb,V/K,)VCo/t
For disposal impoundments which do not have diffused air systems, the air
flow rate is zero. For this case, the air emission equation reduces to:
N - fajrVCo/t - (1 - exp [-KAt/V - Kmaxb,t/KJ) *
KA/(KA + Kmax^-V/KJVCo/t
For disposal impoundments which contain no biomass, the biomass
concentration (bf) equals zero and no biodegradation of pollutants occurs in
the impoundment. For this case, the fraction emitted from the impoundment
reduces to:
fair - (1-Ct/Co)
where:
Ct/Co - Concentration of pollutant i at time t = exp [-KAt/V]
Initial concentration of pollutant; i
And, the average emission rate for each pollutant over the period of
time - t is:
N - f,jPVCo/t - exp [-KAt/V]VCo/t
For disposal impoundments with an oil film layer, biodegradation is
assumed to be negligible, the oil film is thin, and gas phase resistance is
controlling. To calculate air emissions, the emission model equation for
disposal impoundments is similar to that of a nonaerated, non-biological
disposal impoundment with all parameters referencing the oil phase (The oil
film layer mass balance and emission equation for disposal systems is
presented in a memorandum to the file4:
N « f,ipVCoon/t - (1 - exp [-Koilt/DoU)VoilCooU/t
where:
Koil - overall mass transfer coefficient in the oil phase,
dimensionless
nja.035 4-18
-------
Qoil - flow rate of oil, m3/s
Cooil - initial concentration of constituent in oil phase, g/m3
Voil - volume of oil in impoundment, m3
and where KoUj Cooil, Qoil, and Vojl are approximated by:
Koil »KflKeqoil
Cooil - CoKow/((l - FO) + FO(Kow))
Qoil - (FO)Kow
Voil - (FO)V
where:
FO - fraction of impoundment volume as oil, dimension!ess
Kow - octanol water coefficient of constituent, dimensionless
Kg - individual mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase,
m/s
Keqojl - equilibrium mass transfer coefficient in the oil phase,
dimensionless
Values for the overall mass transfer coefficients (K and Kojt) in the
above expressions are estimated by the same technique used to estimate overall
coefficients for flowthrough impoundments. The individual liquid and gas
phase mass transfer coefficients are based on the same correlations presented
for flowthrough impoundments in Table 4-3 and Table 4-4. Therefore, values
for the overall mass transfer coefficients in disposal impoundments depend
only on whether the impoundment is aerated, air sparged, nonaerated, or
whether the impoundment has an oil film layer.
4.2.3 Collection System Components
Collection system component emission models for junction boxes, lift
stations, and sumps, are the same as emission models for flowthrough surface
Impoundments. As mentioned in Chapter 3, emissions models for drains,
manholes, and trenches are not presented in this document. See Reference 2
for more information on these types of collection system components. Weirs,
however, are based on volatilization-reaeration theory.
Junction boxes and lift stations are modeled with turbulent liquid phase
mass transfer correlations and quiescent gas phase mass transfer correlations
(see Sections 3.1 and 3.2 for a description of these components). Table 4-3
presents mass transfer correlations for quiescent systems, and Table 4-4
presents mass transfer correlations for turbulent systems. The liquid phase
mass transfer correlation assumes at least one surface aerator is present.
nja.035 4-19
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Although no aerator is present in reality, it can be assumed that the
splashing made from incoming flow is similar to the splashing pattern made by
a surface aerator.
Sumps are modeled using mass transfer correlations for quiescent
impoundments (see Table 4-3). Section 3.3 presents a description of flow and
emission patterns for sumps.
The emission model for weirs is based on volatilization-reaeration
theory. This approach is based on reaeration studies.9 The theory states
that for estimating volatilization, a correlation is needed only for
diffusivities for oxygen and the constituent in water.
The method has been demonstrated in particular for chemicals with high
volatility, high molecular weight, and low solubility. Table 4-5 presents the
mass transfer correlations used for weirs.
nja.035 4-20
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TABLE 4-5. EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING INDIVIDUAL MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
FOR VOLATILIZATION OF ORGANIC SOLUTES FROM WEIRS
Volatilization - Reaeration Theory
KO = MOsWD^J0'75
where:
^(Oj) - 0.16h
Du - diffusivity of constituent in water, cm2/s
D02 u * diffusivity of oxygen in water, cm2/s
h - height of the weir (distance from the wastewater overflow
to the receiving body of water), ft
nj«.035 4-21
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4.3 REFERENCES
1. Office of Air Quality, Planning and Standards. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities (TSDF) - Air Emission Models. EPA - 450/3-87-026.
February 1989.
2. Industrial Wastewater Volatile Organic Compound Emissions -- Background
Information for BACT/LAER Determinations. REVISED DRAFT. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Control Technology Center, Research
/ Triangle Park, North Carolina, January 1990.
3. Reference 1. p. 4-26.
4. Memorandum to file. "Documentation of the Oil Film Layer Emission Model
used in the SIMS Program." From Craig Berry, Radian Corporation, to
David Misenheimer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 28,
1990.
5. Reference 1. p. 4-6 through 4-7.
6. Reference 1. p. 4-57 through 4-59.
7. Reference 1. p. 4-34 through 4-35.
8. Reference 1. p. 4-45 and 4-57 through 4-59.
9. Lyman, W. J., W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt. Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New
York, 1982.
nja.035 4-22
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5.0 DEFAULT PARAMETER DEVELOPMENT
In some cases, State and local air pollution control agencies may not
have Information available for some of the inputs required by the air emission
models. However, State and local agencies should know at a minimum, the total
flow to the impoundment, the industries which generate the influent, whether
the impoundment is aerated, nonaerated, diffused air, or has an oil film
layer, and the impoundment surface area.
Default values were developed during EPA's evaluation of TSDF for many of
the required inputs. However, default values were not developed for: (1) the
concentration profile in the wastewater feed to the impoundment, (2) the depth
of the impoundment, and (3) certain physical property data. The purpose of
this chapter is to discuss the methods and the data used to develop default
values for these parameters. Default parameters developed during the
evaluation of TSDF and industrial wastewater VOC emissions for the other
Inputs required by the emission models are also covered in the chapter.
It 1s important to realize that the accuracy of the emissions estimate
decreases with the use of defaults and these values should only be used if no
data are available.
5.1 CONCENTRATION PROFILES
As previously discussed, the emission models require inputs for the
concentrations of each pollutant constituent in the feed to the surface
Impoundment. These concentration data may not be available to State and local
agencies. For this reason, methods were developed to assign default
concentration values based on the minimum information expected to be available
1n all cases. However, concentration defaults should not be used for
estimating individual toxic emissions.
The first step was to develop raw concentration profiles for each
industrial category. These profiles will be used to define the composition of
the impoundment feed based on the industrial categories discharging to the
impoundment. The development of the raw concentration profiles is discussed
in Section 5.1.1.
In cases where wastewater from process units in more than one type of
industrial category flow into the collection system component or impoundment,
nja.035 5-1
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a flow weighting scheme is required to use the raw concentration profiles
developed for each industry. This flow weighting scheme is presented in
Section 5.1.2. If the collection system component or impoundment is located
at a publicly owned treatment works (POTW), it is also necessary to know what
percentage of the feed to the impoundment is from industrial (rather than
municipal) sources. The development of this factor is discussed in
Section 5.1.3.
There are several terms which are important to the following discussion.
These are defined as follows.
Direct Discharge - Industrial facilities which collect wastewater, treat
it on-site, and discharge the treated water to a receiving stream are
called direct dischargers. Their effluent flows are termed direct
discharges.
Indirect Discharge - Some industrial facilities collect wastewater and
send it to a POTW. The POTW then treats this wastewater along with any
wastewater it receives and discharges the water to a receiving stream.
In this case, the industrial facility is called an indirect discharger.
Raw Concentration - Raw concentration refers to the concentration of
pollutants prior to any treatment. For a direct discharge, raw
concentration is the concentration prior to the facilities on-site
treatment facility.
Current Concentration - Current concentration refers to the concentration
of pollutants after pretreatment. For an indirect discharge, current
concentration is the concentration in the effluent sent to the POTW.
5.1.1 Industrial Category Raw Concentrations
The raw concentration profiles for each of the industrial categories
covered by this study were calculated directly from the Domestic Sewage Study
(DSS)1 data by dividing pollutant loadings (mass per unit time) by total
indirect wastewater flows (volume per unit time). The DSS covers only
indirect discharges.
It was assumed, however, that the raw concentrations for indirect
discharges are approximately the same as direct discharges from these
Industrial categories. That is, the raw pollutant concentrations in process
wastewater in each of these categories are not affected by whether wastewater
treatment is conducted on-site or off-site. It is not expected that the types
of processes used by facilities in the same industry are strongly affected by
nja.035 5-2
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whether the facility indirectly or directly discharges wastewater. For this
reason, the average raw concentrations for indirect and direct dischargers
should be reasonably similar.
Table 5-1 is a list of the 29 industrial categories and the industrial
category code assigned to each category in the DSS. These industrial
categories constitute the larger generators of hazardous wastes. Each of the
industrial categories in Table 5-1 encompasses multiple Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) codes grouped together for the purposes of the DSS. A
11st of the SIC codes grouped in each of the industrial categories presented
in Table 5-1 is shown in Appendix A.
The pollutant loadings used to develop default raw concentrations were
obtained from Appendix G of the DSS.1 Table 5-2 lists the 48 organic
pollutants covered by the DSS. The pollutants are classified as priority
pollutants (P), and/or volatile pollutants (V), and/or ignitable or reactive
(I/R) pollutants. The indirect wastewater flow rates presented in the DSS for
each Industrial category are shown in Table 5-3. The primary data sources for
the pollutant loadings and indirect wastewater flow rates presented in the DSS
are OWRS, Industrial Technology Division (ITD) Development Documents, DSS
Industry Profile Forms (updated data from the development documents), and the
Industrial Studies Data Base (ISDB) developed by the Office of Solid Waste
(OSW).
The ITD data bases were developed based on Section 308 surveys and
sampling data gathered under the Clean Water Act (CWA). The ISDB was based on
Information gathered from Section 3007 surveys under authority of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). In the DSS, data on loadings for four
organic chemical industries were presented in both the ITD and the ISDB data
bases. Loadings are available for more pollutants in the ISDB. Therefore,
this data base was used in developing the default concentration profiles for
these four industries. All other industrial categories contain data gathered
only from the ITD development documents or an updated version in the DSS
Industry Profile Forms.
5.1.2 Flow Weighting of Concentration Profiles
At some facilities, wastewater generated by processes in more than one
industrial category may feed an impoundment or collection system component.
If the flows from each industrial category are known, then the average
nja.035 5-3
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TABLE 5-1. INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES
Industrial
Industrial Category* Category Code
Adhesives and Sealants 1
Battery Manufacturing 2
Coal, Oil, Petroleum Products, and Refining 3
Dye Manufacturing and Formulation 4
Electrical and Electronic Components 5
Electroplating and Metal Finishing 6
Equipment Manufacturing and Assembly 7
Explosives Manufacturing 8
Gum and Wood Chemicals, and Related Oils 9
Industrial and Commercial Laundries 10
Ink Manufacturing and Formulation 11
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing 12
Iron and Steel Manufacturing and Forming 13
Leather Tanning and Finishing 14
Nonferrous Metals Forming 15
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing 16
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing 17
Paint Manufacture and Formulation 18
Pesticides Manufacturing 19
Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing 20
Photographic Chemicals and Film Manufacturing 21
Plastics Molding and Forming 22
Plastics, Resins, and Synthetic Fibers Manufacturing 23
Porcelain Enameling 24
Printing and Publishing 25
Pulp and Paper Mills 26
Rubber Manufacturing and Processing 27
Textile Mills 28
Timber Products Processing 29
"Pesticides Formulation has been omitted from the original list of 30
industry categories because of the lack of data available for this
industrial category.
nja.035 5-4
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TABLE 5-2. DSS SELECTED CONSENT DECREE POLLUTANTS
Acrolein - P, I/R, V
Benzene - P, I/R, V
B1s-(2-Chloroethyl) Ether - P, I/R, V
B1s-(2-Ethyl Hexyl) Phthalate - P
Bromomethane - P, V
Butyl Benzyl phthalate - P
Carbon Tetrachloride - P, V
Chlorobenzene - P, I/R
p-Chloro-ra-Cresol - P
Chloroethane - P, I/R, V
Chloroform - P, V
Chloromethane - P, I/R, V
2-Chloronapthalene - P
D1-N-Butyl Phthalate - P
1,2-Dichlorobenzene - P
1,3-Dichlorobenzene - P
1,4-Dichlorobenzene - P
l,l-D1chloroethane - P, I/R, V
1,2-Dichloroethane - P, I/R, V
1,1-Dichloroethylene - P, I/R, V
Diethyl Phthalate - P
2,4-Dimethyl Phenol - P
Dimethyl Phthalate - P
Di-N-Octyl Phthalate - P
Ethyl Benzene - P, I/R, V
Hexachloro-l,3-8utadiene - P
Hexachloroethane - P
Methylene Chloride - P, V
Naphthalene - P
Nitrobenzene - P
PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyls) - P
Pentachlorophenol - P
Phenol - P
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane - P, V
Tetrachloroethylene - P, V
Toluene - P, I/R, V
Bromoform - P
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene - P
1,1,1-Trichloroethane - P, V
1,1,2-Trichloroethane - P, V
nja.035
5-5
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TABLE 5-2. DSS SELECTED CONSENT DECREE POLLUTANTS (continued)
Trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene - P, I/R, V Trichloroethylene - P, V
2,4-Dichlorophenol - P Trichlorofluoromethane - V
1,2-Oichloropropane - P, I/R, V 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol - P
Dichlorodifluoromethane - V Vinyl Chloride - P, I/R, V
P - CWA priority pollutant
I/R - Ignitable or reactive compound
V - Volatile compound
nja.035 5-6
-------
TABLE 5-3. TOTAL INDIRECT FLOW RATES BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY
Total Indirect0
Discharge Flow
Industrial Category (MGD)
Adhesives and Sealants 2.7
Battery Manufacturing 7.9
Coal, Oil, Petroleum Products, and Refining 92.3
Dye Manufacturing and Formulation 11.3
Electrical and Electronic Components 33.5
Electroplating and Metal Finishing 575.7
Equipment Manufacturing and Assembly" 4,507.0
Explosives Manufacturing 1.0
Gum and Wood Chemicals, and Related Oils 3.5
Industrial and Commercial Laundries 526
Ink Manufacturing and Formulation 1.0
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing 18.5
Iron and Steel Manufacturing and Forming 430.7
Leather Tanning and Finishing 6.4
Nonferrous Metals Forming 36.0
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing1* 61.4
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing 65.9
Paint Manufacture and Formulation 0.8
Pesticides Manufacturing 4.3
Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing 48.0
nja.035 5-7
-------
TABLE 5-3. TOTAL INDIRECT FLOW RATES BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY (continued)
Total Indirect0
Discharge Flow
Industrial Category (MGD)
Photographic Chemicals and Film Manufacturing 1.6
Plastics Molding and Forming 18.4
Plastics, Resins, and Synthetic Fibers 21.2
Manufacturing
Porcelain Enameling 5.6
Printing and Publishing 46.4
Pulp and Paper Mills 1,029.3
Rubber Manufacturing and Processing 128.2
Textile Mills 339.2
Timber Products Processing 1.0
'Calculated from data found in Radian Memorandum, October 22, 1986; Subject:
Estimate of Solvent Dischargers to POTW from the Electroplating and Metal
Finishing and Equipment Manufacturing and Assembly Industrial Categories,
p. 4 and 10.
Calculated from Reference 2.
'Represents flow discharged from the industrial category to the POTW.
nja.035 5-8
-------
concentration can be calculated from the raw concentration profiles for each
category and the flows for each category. If only the categories of the
Industrial dischargers are known then it is necessary to develop a default
flow weighted concentration profile for the total flow stream.
To flow weight the raw concentration profiles developed for each
Industry, total flow rates (indirect plus direct) for each industry were used.
Total industrial flow rates listed by SIC code are available in the 1982
Census of Manufacturers' (COM) subject series "Water Use in Manufacturing".2
Flow rate data gathered from this source are summarized in Table 5-4 which
lists the Industrial categories, industrial category codes, total number of
Indirect plus direct industrial dischargers, and total industrial flow rates.
Total flow rates for Adhesives and Sealants, Battery Manufacturing,
Explosives Manufacturing, Industrial and Commercial Laundries, Ink
Manufacturing and Formulation, Leather Tanning and Finishing, and Printing and
Publishing are not available in the COM. For these industries, total indirect
flow rates from the OSS were divided by the total number of indirect
dischargers to get an average flow rate per facility for these industrial
categories. With this average flow rate per facility, a total industrial flow
rate (by Industrial category code) was obtained by multiplying this average
flow per facility by the total number of facilities in that industry (direct
plus Indirect dischargers).
The following equation is used to determine the flow-weighted
concentration of each pollutant in the feed:
Cj py « SUB of concentration of pollutant i multiplied by the flow rate of industrial category code i
' sun of flow rate from industrial category code j
F'
where:
C.I.FW - flow-weighted concentration of pollutant i
C, , - concentration of pollutant t in the first industrial category
code
C, n - Concentration of pollutant i in the nth industrial category
code
nja.035 5-9
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TABLE 5-4. WATER DISCHARGE STATISTICS1
Assigned
Industrial
Category
Industrial Category Code
Adhesives and Sealants6
Battery Manufacturing1*
Coal, Oil, Petroleum Products
and Refining
Dye Manufacturing and Formulation
Electrical and Electronic Components
Electroplating and Metal Finishing
Equipment Manufacturing and Assembly
Explosives Manufacturing6
Gum and Wood Chemicals, and
Related Oils
Industrial and Commercial Laundries'1
Ink Manufacturing and Formulation6
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Manufacturing and
Forming
Leather Tanning and Finishing6
Nonferrous Metals Forming
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing .
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing
Paint Manufacture and Formulation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Total No.
Dischargers
(Direct and
Indirect)
307
170
236
75
208
872
105,772
28
10
68,800
460
301
259
158
201
162
211
41
Total Flow8
Discharged
(MGD)
2.8
9.0
692.4
30.9
26.5
68.8
5,763.0
7.0
6.5
528.0
2.1
743.4
1,867.1
7.2
76.1
117.4
343.5
2.1
nja.035
5-10
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TABLE 5-4. WATER DISCHARGE STATISTICS (continued)1
Industrial Category
Pesticides Manufacturing
Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing
Photographic Chemicals and Film
Manufacturing
Plastics Molding and Forming
Plastics, Resins, and Synthetic
Fibers Manufacturing
Porcelain Enameling
Printing and Publishing6
Pulp and Paper Mills
Rubber Manufacturing and Processing
Textile Mills
Timber Products Processing
Assigned
Industrial
Category
Code
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Total No.
Dischargers
(Direct and
Indirect)
18
112
25
219
184
91
38,763
600
175
620
223
Total Flow8
Discharged
(MGD)
15.3
87.1
15.7
33.6
331.3
10.8
46.5
1,760.2
87.4
103.7
68.8
"Zero dischargers, or dischargers to the ground (well, spray, seepage) were
not included.
"Calculation from Domestic Sewage Study (OSS).
nja.035
5-11
-------
F1 - relative flow rate of wastewater from the first industrial
category code
Fn - relative flow rate of wastewater from the nth industrial
category code
The relative flow rates (Fn) used in the equation are the total wastewater
flow rates obtained for each industry from the COM. The concentration
variables used in the equation (Cf n) are obtained from the raw concentration
profiles developed for each industrial category.
5.1.3 Surface Impoundments and Collection System Components at POTW
At POTW, the total flow to the collection system component or surface
impoundment consists of both municipal and industrial wastewater. For this
reason, the concentration of pollutants in the industrial wastewater will be
diluted by the municipal flow. (SIMS assumes that municipal wastewater does
not contain volatile organics. If this is not the case, a pollutant
concentration profile for the municipal wastewater must be generated).
Therefore, it was necessary to develop a default value for the percentage of
Industrial flow in wastewater to POTW. This value is used by the program to
adjust the raw industrial concentrations to account for the municipal flow to
the Impoundment.
The contribution of municipal and industrial flow rates to the total feed
for approximately 1,600 POTW are listed in the 1984 NEEDS data base.3 Based
on this source, industrial flow rates were found to compose 19.5 percent of
the total flow rates to POTW on a national basis. This factor will be used to
normalize the raw concentration profiles in cases where the impoundment or
collection system component is located at a POTW. That is, if the total, but
not the industrial flow to the impoundment or collection system component is
known, the raw concentrations developed for each industrial category will be
multiplied by 0.195 to account for the dilution by non-industrial wastewater
sources.
5.2 DEPTH OF IMPOUNDMENT AND COLLECTION SYSTEM COMPONENT
Depth of the impoundment or collection system component is also needed as
an input parameter for the emission models. A correlation for impoundments
was developed for the default depth from data in Metcalf and Eddy's Wastewater
Engineering.4 Several approaches were evaluated. Plots of (1) retention time
nj«.035 ' 5-12
-------
versus depth, (2) depth versus the ratio of flow rate to surface area, and
finally (3) flow rate versus depth were generated. Data were used for four
types of treatment processes to generate the plots. Table 5-5 lists these
processes and their applications. Table 5-6 lists the respective ranges for
surface area, retention time, depth, and flow rate for each process. Each
plot was generated by matching the minimum and maximum values in each range
for each parameter and each process. That is, to generate the plot of flow
rate versus depth, the minimum value of the depth parameter in each process
was plotted versus the minimum value for flow rate in each process. The
maximum value of the depth parameter in each process was plotted versus the
maximum value for flow rate in each process.
The plot of flow rate versus depth was found to provide the best
correlation, giving a linear relationship between flow rate and depth. The
four processes were broken into two groups, flowthrough and non-flowthrough
(or disposal) impoundments, because of the great differences in data ranges.
Anaerobic processes have such long retention times that they can be considered
as non-flowthrough, or disposal impoundments. The other three processes are
flowthrough. Figure 5-1 shows the plot of flow rate, Q, versus depth, D, for
flowthrough and disposal impoundments. Given a specific flow rate, a default
depth can be determined by the following linear equations.
Flowthrough Q - 4673.300 - 3809.5 Q * 1446 m3/day
Q - 863.80 0 < Q < 1446 m3/day
Disposal Q - 354.600 - 700 Q * 253 m3/day
Q - 101.20 0 < Q < 253 m3/day
In order to insure that the calculated default depth produces a
reasonable retention time for flowthrough impoundments, limits were placed on
retention times. Table 5-7 presents the flowthrough impoundment retention
times. These limits are used by the program to calculate minimum and maximum
depths based on the input flow and surface area. The default depth is
compared to the minimum and maximum depths. If the default depth does not
fall between the minimum and maximum depth values, then the default depth is
set equal to the minimum or maximum depth (whichever is closer). If the user
nja.035 5-13
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TABLE 5-5. SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
Type Common Application
Aerobic Maturation or Used for polishing
tertiary pond effluents from
conventional secondary
treatment processes such
as trickling filter or
activated sludge.
Aerobic -
Anaerobic Facultative pond Treatment of untreated,
(oxygen source: screened or primary
algae) settled wastewater and
industrial wastes.
Aerobic -
Anaerobic Facultative pond with Treatment of untreated
(oxygen source: mechanical aeration screened or primary
surface aerators) settled wastewater and
industrial wastes.
Anaerobic
Anaerobic lagoon Treatment of domestic
(pond), anaerobic and industrial wastes.
pretreatment ponds
nja.035 5-14
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TABLE 5-6. TYPICAL DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
Type Surface Area (A) T Depth FlowRate(Q)3
(m2) (day) (m) (
Aerobic 10120 - 40470 5-20 1-1.5 2024 - 3035
Aerobic/ 10120 - 40470 7-30 1-2 1446 - 2698
Anaerobic (Oxygen Source: Algae)
Aerobic/ 10120 - 40470 3-10 2-6 6747 - 24282
Anaerobic (Oxygen Source: Aerators)
Anaerobic 2020 - 10120 20 - 50 2.5 - 5 253 - 1012
"Flow rate calculated by using available ranges. Q » V/T - AD/T
nj«.035 5-15
-------
(O
_e
—j
a.
O
3
(/I
8-
cS
LO
ai
a>
5-16
-------
TABLE 5-7. LIMITS ON FLOWTHROUGH IMPOUNDMENT RETENTION TIME
Impoundment Type
Quiescent
Aerated
Activated Sludge
Diffused Air
Oil Film Layer"
Retention Time
Minimum
10 days
5 days
5 hours
1 hour
10 days
Limits
Maximum
30 days
10 days
10 hours
3 hours8
30 days3
"Reference 5.
''Retention times for oil film layer systems were assumed to be the same as for
quiescent impoundments.
nja.035 5-17
-------
manually inputs a depth which falls outside the minimum and maximum values
± 10 percent, the program will use the manually input depth but will flag the
input for the user.
The above correlations should only be used if no information is available
to estimate the actual depth of the impoundment on-site. Most of the
information used to develop these correlations was taken from data for
impoundments such as lagoons, ponds or large biodegradation units where depth
is variable and difficult to measure accurately. Therefore, if a facility can
measure the depth or has a smaller impoundment or an impoundment which has a
fairly constant depth, actual depth measurements should be used over the
default.
Default depths used by SIMs for junction boxes, lift stations, and sumps
are presented in Table 5-8.6 In addition, the default weir height is also
presented.6 Table 5-8 also presents a range of depth and height for the above
collection system components. Defaults should only be used if actual data is
unavailable.
5.3 OTHER INPUT PARAMETERS REQUIRED BY THE EMISSION MODELS
Section 5.1 and 5.2 discussed the development of concentration and depth
defaults .required for use in the models. The purpose of this section is to
provide Information on the default values developed during the TSDF project
for the other Input parameters required by the model.
The types of other default parameters fall into two categories: 1)
pollutant-specific parameters, and 2) site-specific parameters. The
pollutant-specific default parameters are contained in Appendix C. These
parameters include physical properties (i.e., diffusivities, vapor pressures)
which are specific to a particular pollutant. Site-specific parameters and
defaults for these parameters are provided in Table 5-9.
nja.035 5-18
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TABLE 5-8. COLLECTION SYSTEM DEFAULT DEPTH AND HEIGHT (WEIRS)6
Defaults8
Depth Height Range
Collection System Component (m) (m) (m)
Junction Box 0.9 --- 0.6-1.2
Lift Station 1.5 --- 1.2-1.8
Sump 1.5 --- NA
Weir --- 1.8 0.9-2.7
Taken as the average of the dataset.
NA - Not Available
nj«.035 5-19
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TABLE 5-9. SITE-SPECIFIC DEFAULT PARAMETERS6'7
Default
Parameter
Definition
Default Value
General
T Temperature of water
U10 Windspeed
Biotreatment Systems
b, Biomass concentration (for biologically
active systems)
Quiescent treatment systems
Aerated treatment systems
Activated sludge units
POUR
d(d)
Total power to aerators
(for aerated treatement systems)
(for activated sludge)
Rotational speed of impeller
(for aerated treatment systems)
Impeller diameter
(for aerated treatment systems)
Turbulent surface area
(for aerated treatment systems)
(for activated sludge)
Oxygen transfer rating to surface aerator
(for aerated treatment systems)
Oxygen transfer correction factor
(for aerated treatment systems)
Diffused Air Systems
Q. Diffused air volumetric flow rate
25'C
4.47 m/s
0.05 g/1
0.30 g/1
4.0 g/1
0.75 hp/1000 ft3
2 hp/1000 ft3
126 rad/s (1200 rpm)
61 cm (2 ft)
0.24 (A) m2
0.52 (A) m2
3 Ib oxygen/hp-hr
0.83
0.0004 (V) m3/s
nja.035
5-20
-------
TABLE 5-9. SITE-SPECIFIC DEFAULT PARAMETERS (continued)6'7
Default
Parameter
Definition
Default Value
Oil Film Layers
MWojl Molecular weight of oil
Dojl Depth of oil layer
Voil Volume of oil
Qoil Volumetric flow rate of oil
pojl Density of oil
FO Fraction of volume which is oil
Junction Boxes
Va,, Turbulent surface area
Lift Station
Vav Turbulent surface area
282 g/gmol
0.001 (V/A) m
0.001 (V) m3
0.001 (Q) m3/s
0.92 g/cm3
0.0013
1.0 (A) m2
1.0 (A) m2
"Reference 8.
nja.035
5-21
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5.4 REFERENCES
1. Science Applications International Corporation. Domestic Sewage Study
(DSS) EPA 68-01-6912. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Analysis
and Evaluation Division, Washington, D. C., October 1985.
2. 1982 Census of Manufacturers, MC82-S-6 subject series, "Water Use in
Manufacturing", U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, March
1986.
3. 1984 NEEDS survey to Congress: Assessment of Publicly Owned Wastewater
Treatment Facilities in the United States. U. S. EPA Office of Municipal
Pollution Control, Municipal Facilities Divisions, Washington, D. C.,
February 1985.
4. Metcalf, and Eddy. Wastewater Engineering Treatment/Disposal/Reuse.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1979.
5. Eckenfelder, W., M. Goronszy, and T. Quirk. The Activated Sludge
Process: State-of-the-Art. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental
Control. 15(2):148.1984.
6. Industrial Wastewater Volatile Organic Compound Emissions -- Background
Information for BACT/LAER Determinations. REVISED DRAFT. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Control Technology Center, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, January 1990.
7. Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) -- Air
Emission Models. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
DRAFT. April, 1989.
nja.035 5-22
-------
8. VOC Emissions from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Systems -- Background
Information for Proposed Standards. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. EPA-450/3-85-001a. February 1985. p. 3-39.
nja.035 5-23
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6.0 EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE
This section discusses the emissions estimation procedure used by the
computer program. The equations used were previously discussed in
Section 4.0, and the development of default parameters were discussed in
Section 5.0. In this section the actual step by step calculation procedure is
explained, and example calculations are presented.
SIMS is designed for collection and treatment systems in series.
Although the default parameters for concentration assume the surface
impoundment or collection system is the first portion of the treatment system,
there may be cases where it is desired to estimate emissions from an
impoundment or collection system component which is not the first unit. The
model can still be used in these cases if all collection or treatment systems
prior to the unit are modeled. The program then adjusts the concentration
profile to account for the air emissions from the previous treatment or
collection system cycle.
Figure 6-1 shows a flow diagram of the SIMS program structure used in
defining the treatment and collection system components. After all parameters
are defined for the user's system, VOC emissions can be estimated. There are
18 different potential estimation models:
1) Flowthrough, aerated, biological system,
2) Flowthrough, non-aerated, biological system,
3) Flowthrough, aerated, non-biological system,
4) Flowthrough, non-aerated, non-biological system,
5) Flowthrough, diffused air, biological system,
6) Flowthrough, diffused air, non-biological system,
7) Flowthrough, oil-film layer, non-biological system,
8) Flowthrough, junction box,
9) Flowthrough, lift station,
10) Flowthrough, sump,
11) Flowthrough, weir,
12) Disposal, aerated, biological system,
13) Disposal, non-aerated, biological system,
14) Disposal, aerated, non-biological system,
nja.035 6-1
-------
feffh*
fSsJ li.'S
oSaflspdo:
I I I I I I I.I
[Ji
1
45 "3
JJ.SJ
*«
•^1
u.
35"S5"8 5
6-2
lll
-------
15) Disposal, non-aerated, non-biological system,
16) Disposal, diffused air, biological system,
17) Disposal, diffused air, non-biological system, and
18) Disposal, oil film layer, non-biological system.
For clarity of how the VOC emissions are estimated, six examples are
presented in this chapter for the following scenarios:
I. Disposal, non-aerated, non-biological impoundment,
II. Flowthrough, aerated, biological impoundment,
III. Flowthrough, diffused air, biological impoundment,
IV. Disposal, oil film layer impoundment,
V. Flowthrough, junction box, and
VI. Flowthrough, weir.
The first step of the program is to INPUT information to define the
system. STUDY is used to name the system and to input the wastewater flow
rate. As noted in Figure 6-1, all bold type indicate minimum information
required by SIMS. IMPOUNDMENTS is chosen next to define the impoundment or
collection system component or series of impoundments and/or collection system
components and their emission model parameters. ADD allows the.user to select
an Impoundment or collection system type, define the surface area, and change
any emission model default parameters. Once the impoundment is defined,
POLLUTANTS is chosen to define the pollutant concentration profile. If the
pollutant concentration profile is known, the user will simply ADD all
pollutants and their respective concentrations to a pollutant list for the
system. (There are 149 chemicals in the SIMS chemical database to choose
from). If the user does not have information on the pollutant concentration
profile, INDUSTRIES is chosen to define it. Under INDUSTRIES, the user is
required to select the industry category(ies) which discharge to the system.
The user must first match SIC codes with the corresponding industrial
category(ies), which are defined in Appendix A. The assigned code addresses
data collected for that particular industrial category. For INDUSTRIES, the
user must also specify if the impoundment or collection system component is at
a publicly owned treatment work (POTW). If the impoundment is at a POTW and
only the total flow is known, the percent industrial flow will be estimated
nja.035 6-3
-------
since the total flow is the sum of municipal and industrial wastewater. (SIMS
assumes no volatile organics are present in municipal wastewater. If this is
Incorrect, the user must supply the concentration profile). These parameters
will be given a default value if no information is supplied.
After the treatment and/or collection system is defined, CALCULATE runs
the program to calculate the individual and overall mass transfer
coefficients, and the total VOC emissions from the system.
The following six examples present the calculation steps involved to
estimate VOC emissions using SIMS. All of the six example calculations will
be performed using the information provided in Table 6-1. For clarity, the
concentration profile for the six examples will be calculated first. (If the
concentration profile has already been determined, INDUSTRIES need not be
used. If only a partial list of pollutants and their concentrations is known,
ADD allows the user to add pollutants or change the default concentration).
Then, assuming each impoundment or collection system is independent, VOC
emissions will be calculated for a selected compound. Calculation of
Impoundments and/or collection system components in series will not be shown
1n this chapter. However, all emission calculations for any one unit are
Identical 1f calculated in series. The effluent concentration from the first
Impoundment or collection system component is simply used as the inlet
concentration to the next unit.
Calculation of Concentration Profile
From Table 6-1, there are three industrial flow rates discharging to the
Impoundment or collection system component. The industrial category codes for
each discharge were obtained from Appendix A based on known SIC codes for each
discharge. Based on inputted industry codes, SIMS will automatically assign a
concentration profile.
If the impoundment is at a POTW, current concentrations will be assigned.
A "current" concentration accounts for pretreatment of an industrial waste
before 1t 1s discharged to a POTW. For this example, the surface impoundment
is not at a POTW and the raw concentration is used. (See Section 5.1 for a
description of "raw" and "current" concentrations). Table 6-2 presents the
concentration profile for each industry category. To calculate the total
concentration for each pollutant, the flow rate for each category is needed.
nja.035 6-4
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TABLE 6-1. EXAMPLE MODEL DATA
Scenario
Total Flow Total Surface Depth
Rate (Q), m3/s Area (A), m2 M
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Disposal, non-aerated,
non-biological impoundment
Flowthrough, aerated,
biological impoundment
Flowthrough, diffused air,
biological impoundment
Disposal, oil film layer,
0.001a
0.0623b
0.0075°
0.0623b
9,000"
17,652b
100C
900C
NA
NA
4
2
impoundment
V. Flowthrough, junction box 0.00252d
VI. Flowthrough, weir 0.00252'
0.656d 0.9°
height - 4 ft"
Number of Industrial flow rates discharged to impoundment6 - 3
SIC codes and industrial category for each industrial flow rate into the
Impoundment0
Industrial
SIC Code
2865
2879
2869
Description Cateaorv Code
Dye Manufacture and Formulation
Pesticides Manufacture
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing
4
19
17
"Reference 2, disposal impoundments.
Reference 1, aeration basin dimensions.
°Random choice.
Reference 1, junction box dimensions.
"Reference 1, weir dimension.
From Appendix A.
NA - Not Available by User.
nja.035
6-5
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TABLE 6-2. CONCENTRATION PROFILE
Industrial Category: Dye Manufacture
and Formulation
Concentration
Compound (g/ar1)
Acrolein
Benzene
Bia(2-ethyl Hexyl) phthalate
Bromonethane
Butyl Benzyl phthalate
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene 7.86 x 10''
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Oibutylphthalate
1.2 dicnlorobenzane 9.6
1,4 dichlorobenzene 16.32
1,2 dichloroethane
2,4 dichloropbenol
Diethyl Phthalate
Ethyl Benzene
Methylene chloride
Sapthalene
PCB'i 0.0187
Phenol 0 . 179
1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene 1 . 87
*
Toluene
1,2,4 Trichlorobenzene 8.44 x 10°
1,1,2 Trichloroethane
2,4,6 Trichlorophenol
Vinyl chloride
Organic Chemicals Pesticides
Manufacturing Manufacture
Concentration Concentration
Cg/iff1) (t/m")
2.6 x lO-
ll. 68 9.13 x 10-'
8 . 02
4.25 x 10°
8.02
1.06 0.143
2.0 x ID'1
9.06 1.3 x 10°
0.15 0.02
5 x ID'4
1.45 x 10-' 0.0878
~
3.83 x 10-
0.724
3.50 X ID'5
8.25 5.44 x 10-
1.04 1.09
8.02
—
27.30 0.108
9.98 x 10-
1.04 4.35
14.32 48.31
.-
1.51
5.97 x 10°
0.102
Total
Concentration
2.29 x
10.29
7.07
3.74 x
7.07
0.940
7.97 x
7.98
0.133
4.41 x
0.763
1.29
1.53 x
2.90 x
3.08 x
7.27
0.960
7.07
1.48 X
24.07
8.79 x
1.22
14.55
6.67 x
1.33
2.39 x
8.99 r.
io-4
10-'
10-'
10-
10-'
10-'
10-'
10°
10-'
10-
10-
10-
nja.035
6-6
-------
SIMS automatically assigns a default value for the industrial flow rates,
depending on whether the impoundment is at a POTW or not. (Municipal flow
must be accounted for if the impoundment is at a POTW). The user cannot
override the percent of total flow from each industrial category, as this
determines the default concentration profile. The default fraction of total
industrial flow rates are the following:
Industrial Fraction of
Category Industrial Total Industrial
Code Category Flow Rate
4 Dye Manufacture 0.079
and Formulation
17 Organic Chemicals 0.881
19 Pesticides 0.040
Manufacturing
The total concentration for each pollutant as shown in Table 6-2 is
weighted by flow rate as presented in Section 5.1.2.
The remainder of this chapter presents sample VOC emission calculations
for six scenarios assuming the above concentration profile (Tables 6-3 through
6-8 provide scenarios for estimation models 15, 1, 5, 18, 8, and 11,
respectively). For simplification, all emission calculations will be
performed for benzene only. The following is the format for calculating
emissions for each scenario:
I. User Supplied Information
II. Defaults
III. Pollutant Physical Property Data and Water, Air, and Other
Properties
IV. Calculate Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients
V. Calculate Equilibrium Mass Transfer Coefficient
VI. Calculate the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
VII. Calculate VOC Emissions
nja.035 6-7
-------
TABLE 6-3. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A NON-AERATED,
NON-BIOLOGICAL, DISPOSAL IMPOUNDMENT
I. User Supplied Information
Q - 0.001 m3/s (86.4 m3/day)
A - 9,000 m2
II. Defaults
A. Depth (from Section 5.2)
D - Q/101.2 for 0 < Q < 253 m3/day
D - 86.4/101.2
D - 0.854 m
B. Concentration (see Table 6-2)
Co, Benzene - 10.29 g/m3
C. Emission Model Parameters
U10 - 4.47 m/s
T - 25°C (298°K)
III. Pollutant Physical Property Data and Water, Air, and Other Properties
A. Benzene
9-8 x lO'6 cm2/s
«* 0.0055 atm-m3/gmol
B. Water, Air, and Other Properties
pa - 1.2 x 10"3 g/cm3
jia - 1.81 x 10"4 g/cm-s
8.5 x lO'6 cm2/s
nja.035 6-8
-------
TABLE 6-3. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A NON-AERATED,
NON-BIOLOGICAL, DISPOSAL IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
R » 8.21 x 10"5 atm-m3/gmol
IV. Calculate Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients
A. Calculate kt (see Table 4-3)
For U10 > 3.25 m/s and F/D > 51.2
F/D - (4A/*)°-5/D - (4(9,000)/«)°-5/0.854 » 125.3
kt(m/s) - 2.611 x 10*7(4.47 m/s)2[(9.8 x 10'6 cm2/s)/
8.5 x 1
-------
TABLE 6-3. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A NON-AERATED,
NON-BIOLOGICAL, DISPOSAL IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
Keq - (0.0055 atm-m3/gmol)/[(8.21 x 10'5 atm-m3/gmol-°K)(298°K)]
Keq « 0.225
VI. Calculate the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
1/K (m/s) - l/kt + l/(kgKeq)
1/K (m/s) - l/(5.74 x 10~6 m/s) + l/[(6.47 x 10'3 m/s)(0.225)]
. K - 5.72 x 10'6 m/s
VII. Calculate VOC Emissions for a Non-Aerated, Non-Biological, Disposal
Impoundment (see Table 4-1)
N (9/s) - [1 - exp(-KAt/V)]VCo/t
1) Calculate volume, V:
V - A*D - (9,000 m2)(0.854 m) - 7,686 m3
2) Calculate retention time, t:
t » V/Q - (7,686 m3)/(0.001 m3/s) - 7,686,000 s
N (g/S) - [1 - exp(-(5.72 x 10'6 m/s)(9,000 m2)(7,686,000 s)/(7,686 m3))]
[(7,686 m3)(10.29 g/m3)/(7,686,000 s)]
N - 0.01029 g/s
nja.035 6-10
-------
TABLE 6-4. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A FLOWTHROUGH,
AERATED, BIOLOGICAL IMPOUNDMENT
I. User Supplied Information
Q - 0.0623 m3/s (5382.7 m3/day)
A « 17,652 m2
II. Defaults
A. Depth (from Section 5.2)
- D (m) - (Q + 3809.5)4673.3
D (m) - (5382.7 + 3809.5)/4673.3
D - 1.97 m
B. Concentration (see Table 6-2)
Co, Benzene - 10.29 g/m3
C. Emission Model Parameters
U10 - 4.47 m/s
T - 25°C (298°K)
b, - 0.3 g/1 (300 g/m3)
J - 3 Ib 02/hp-hr
POWR -0.75 hp/1,000 ft3 (V)
Ot - 0.83
Vat «0.24 (A)
d - 61 cm, d* - 2 ft
w - 126 rad/s
N. - POWR/75 hp
nja.035 6-11
-------
TABLE 6-4. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A FLOWTHROUGH,
AERATED, BIOLOGICAL IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
III. Pollutant Physical Property Data and Water, Air, and Other Properties
A. Benzene
Dw.benzen. -*'** W* Cm2/S
' °-088 Cms
Hben2ene - 0.0055 atm-m3/gmol
5-28 * 1°"
Ks.benz*n. ' 13'6
B. Water, Air, and Other Properties
p. - 1.2 x 10'3 g/cm3
pL - 1 g/cm3 (62.4 Ibyft3)
l»a - 1.81 x 10"4 g/cm-s
Doz,« - 2.4 x 10'5 cm2/s
D.th.r - 8-5 x 10"6 cm2/s
MWL - 18 g/gmol
MW. - 29 g/gmol
gc - 32.17 lb(i-ft/lbf-s2
R - 8.21 x 10"5 atm-m3/gmol
IV. Calculate Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients
Because part of the impoundment is turbulent and part is quiescent, the
overall mass transfer coefficient is determined as an area weighted
average of the turbulent and quiescent overall mass transfer
coefficients.
nja.035 6-12
-------
TABLE 6-4. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A FLOWTHROUGH,
AERATED, BIOLOGICAL IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
A. Calculate kt (see Table 4-4)
kt(m/s) - [(8.22 x 10'9)J(POWR)(1.024)T'20Ot(106)
1) Calculate POWR:
POWR (hp) - 0.75 hp/1,000 ft3 (V)
V (m3) - A*D - (17,652 m2)(1.97 m)
V - 34,774 m3
POWR - (0.75 hp/1,000 ft3)(ft3/0.028317 m3) (34774 m3)
POWR - 921 hp
2) Calculate Vav:
Vav (ft2) - 0.24 A
Vav - 0.24(17,652 m2) (10. 758 ft2/m2)
Va,, « 45,576 ft2
- [(8.22 x 10'v)(3 Ib02/hp-hr)(921 hp)(1.024);"'<:uj(0.83)
(106>(18 g/gmol)/((45,576 ft2)(l g/on3))]
[(9.8 x 10'6 cmz/s)/(2.4 x 10'5 cm2/s)]0'5
kt (m/s) - (0.00838)(0.639)
kt - 5.35 x 10~3 m/s
B. Calculate kg (see Table 4-4)
ka (m/s) - (1.35 x 10'7) Re1-42p°-*ScB0-5Fr'0-21DaMWa/d
1) Calculate Reynold's Number, Re:
Re » d^p^jij
Re - (61 cm)2(126 rad/s)(1.2 x 10"3 g/cm3)/(1.81 x 10"4 g/cm-s)
Re - 3.1 x 106
nja.035 6-13
-------
TABLE 6-4. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A FLOWTHROUGH,
AERATED, BIOLOGICAL IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
2) Calculate power number, p:
p - (0.85)(POWR)(550 ft-lb/s-hpVNJg^p.d'V)
Na - POWR/75 hp (default)
p - [0.85 (75 hp)(550 ft-lbf/s-hp)(32.17 lbM-ft/1bf-s2)]/
[(62.4 lb)B/ft3)(2 ft)5(126 rad/s)3]
p - 2.8 x 10"4
3) Calculate Schmidt Number on the gas side, ScG:
Scc - (1.81 x 10"4 g/cm-s)/[(1.2 x 10"3 g/cm3)(0.088 cm2/s)]
ScG - 1.71
4) Calculate Froude Number, Fr:
Fr - dV/gc
Fr - (2 ft) (126 rad/s)2/(32.17 Ib^-ft/lb,-*2)
Fr - 990
ka (m/s) - (1.35 x 10'7(3.1 x 106)1'42(2.8 x 10'4)°-4(1.71)°-5(990)'0-21
(0.088 cm2/s)(29 g/gmol)/(61 cm)
kg » 0.109 m/s
Quiescent Surface Area of Impoundment
A. Calculate kt (see Table 4-3)
U10 > 3.25 m/s and F/D > 51.2
F/D - (4A/*)°-5/D
- (4(17,652 m2)/*)°-5/1.97 m
- 76.1
nja.035 6-14
-------
TABLE 6-4. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A FLOWTHROUGH,
AERATED, BIOLOGICAL IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
kt (m/s) - (2.611 x 10'')U1(
kt (m/s) - (2.611 x 10'7)(4.47 m/s)2[(9.8 x 10"6 cm2/s)/
(8.5 x 10'* cm2/s)]2/3
kt - 5.74 x 10"6 m/s
B. Calculate kg (see Table 4-3)
kg - (4.82 x lO'3)U100-7BSc8"°-*7dt"0-11
1) -Calculate the Schmidt Number on the gas side, ScG:
SCG * Ha/(Pa^a) * 1-71 (same as for turbulent impoundments)
2) Calculate the effective diameter, de:
d. (m) - (4AA)°-5
d, (m) - (4(17,652 m2)/it)°'5
de - 149.9 m
k, (m/s) - 4.82 x 10'3 (4.47 m/s)0'78 (1.71)'*67 (149.9 m)'0'11
kg - 6.24 x 10"3 m/s
V. Calculate Equilibrium Mass Transfer Coefficient
Keq - H/RT
Keq - (0.0055 atm-m3/gmol)/[(8.21 x 10"5 atm-m3/gmol-°K) (298°K)J
Keq - 0.225
nja.035 6-15
-------
TABLE 6-4. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A FLOWTHROUGH,
AERATED, BIOLOGICAL IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
VI. Calculate the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
Turbulent Surface Area of Impoundment
1/KT (m/s) - l/kt + l/(kgKeq)
1/KT (m/s) - l/(5.35 x 10'3 m/s) + 1/[(0.109)(0.225)]
KT « 4.39 x 10'3 m/s
Quiescent Surface Area of Impoundment
1/K, (m/s) - l/kt + l/(kgKeq)
1/K,, (m/s) - l/(5.74 x 10'6 m/s) + l/[(6.24 X 10'3 m/s) (0.225)]
Kg - 5.72 x 10'6 m/s
Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient Weighted bv Area
. K (m/s) » (KA + W/A
AT - 0.24A
A,, - (1 - 0.24)A
K (m/s) - [(4.39 x 10"3 m/s)(0.24 A) + (5.72 x 10'6 m/s)(l - 0.24)A]/A
K - 1.06 x 10'3 m/s
VII. Calculate VOC Emissions for an Aerated, Biological, Flowthrough
Impoundment (see Table 4-1)
N (g/s) - KA[-(K,(KA/Q + 1) + VKmaxbj/Q - Co) +
((KS(KA/Q + 1) + VKmaxbj/Q - Co)2 + 4(KA/Q + 1) *
(KsCo))°-5]/(2(KA/Q + 1))
nja.035 6-16
-------
TABLE 6-4. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A FLOWTHROUGH,
AERATED, BIOLOGICAL IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
1) Calculate KA/Q + 1:
(KA/Q + 1) - (1.06 x 10"3 m/s)(17,652 m2)/(0.0623 m3/s) + 1
(KA/Q + 1) - 301.3
2) Calculate VKmaxb,/Q:
VKmaxb/Q - (34,774 m3)(5.28 x 10*6 g/g-s)(300 g/m3)/
(0.0623 mVs)
VKmaxbyq » 884.1
N (g/s) - (1.06x 10'3 m/s)(17,652 m2)[-((13.6 g/m3)(301.3) + (884.1) -
10.29 g/m3) + (((13.6 g/m3)(301.3) + (884.1) - 10.29 g/m3)2 +
4(301.3)((13.6 g/m3)(10.29 g/m3)))0'5]/(2(301.3))
N (g/s) - (18.71)[-4971.5 + 4988.4]/(602.6)
N - 0.52 g/s
nja.035 6-17
-------
TABLE 6-5. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A DIFFUSED AIR,
BIOLOGICAL, FLOWTHROUGH IMPOUNDMENT
I. User Supplied Information
Q - 0.0075 m3/s
A - 100 m2
D - 4m
b, - 4,000 g/m3
II. Defaults
A. Depth - User has supplied the depth above.
B. Concentration (see Table 6-2)
C. Emission Model Parameters
U10 - 4.47 m/s
T - 25°C (298°K)
b, - 4.0 g/1 (4,000 g/m3) - User supplied
QA - 0.0004(V) - (0.0004) (100m2) (4m) =• 0.16 m3/s
III. Pollutant Physical Property Data and Water, Air, and Other Properties
A. Benzene
- 9-8 x ID'6 cm2/s
Hb«uene * 0.0055 atm-m3/gmol
5-28 x 10'6 g/g-s
nja.035 6-18
-------
TABLE 6-5. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A DIFFUSED AIR,
BIOLOGICAL, FLOWTHROUGH IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
B. Water, Air, and Other Properties
pa ' 1.2 x 10"3 g/cm3
pL - 1 g/cm3
(ia - 1.81 x 10~4 g/cm-s
L - 8.93 x 10"3 g/cm-s
.th.r
D - 8.5 x 10'6 cm2/s
R- 8.21 x 10"5 atm-m3/gmol -°K
IV. Calculate Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients
A. Calculate kt (see Table 4-3)
U10 > 3.25 m/s and F/D < 14
F/D - (4A/*)°'5/D
- (4(100 m2)A)°'5/4 m
- 2.8
kt (m/s) - (1.0 x 10'6) + (144 x 10"4)U*2-2ScL'0'5
for U* < 0.3 m/s
U" (m/s) - 0.01(U10)(6.1 + 0.63U10)°'5
U* (m/s) - 0.01(4.47 m/s)(6.1 + 0.63(4.47 m/s))°'5
U* « 0.133
1) Calculate Schmidt Number on the liquid side, ScL:
ScL - (8.93 x 10"3 g/cm-s)/[(l g/cm3) (9. 8 x 10'6 cm2/s)]
ScL « 911
2.2,m i >-0.5
kt (m/s) - (1.0 x 10'6) + (144 x 10'4)(0.133)2-2(911)
nja.035 6-19
-------
TABLE 6-5. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A DIFFUSED AIR,
BIOLOGICAL, FLOWTHROUGH IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
'*
kt - 6.64 x 10' m/s
B. Calculate kg (see Table 4-3)
kfl (m/s) - (4.82 x lO-3)U10°-7
1) Calculate Schmidt Number on the gas side, ScQ:
kfl (m/s) - (4.82 x lO-3)U10°-78ScG'°-6V-11
ScG - (1.81 x 10'4 g/cm-s)/[(1.2 x 10'3 g/cm3)(0.088 cm2/s)]
ScG - 1.71
2) Calculate the effective diameter, de:
d. (m) - (4A/*)°-5
d. (m) - (4(100 m2)/*)0'5
d. - 11.3 m
kg (m/s) - 4.82 x 10^3 (4.47 m/s)0-78 (1.71)"0'67 (11.2 m)'0'11
kg - 8.29 x 10"3 m/s
V. Calculate Equilibrium Mass Transfer Coefficient
Keq » H/RT
Keq - (0.0055 atm-m3/gmol)/[(8.21 x 10"5 atm-m3/gmol-°K)(298°K)]
Keq - 0.225
VI. Calculate the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
1/K - l/kt + l/(kgKeq)
1/K - l/(6.64 x 10'6 m/s) + l/[(8.29 x 10'3)(0.225)]
K - 6.62 x 10"6 m/s
nja.035 6-20
-------
TABLE 6-5. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A DIFFUSED AIR,
BIOLOGICAL, FLOWTHROUGH IMPOUNDMENT (continued)
VII. Calculate VOC Emissions for a Diffused Air, Biological, Flowthrough
Impoundment
N (g/s) - (KA + QAKeq)[-(Ks((KA + QAKeq)/Q + 1) + VKmaxb,/Q - Co) +
((K,((KA + QAKeq)/Q + 1) + VKmaxb,./Q - Co)2 +
4((KA + QAKeq)/Q + l)(KsCo))°-5]/(2((KA + QAKeq)/Q + 1))
1) Calculate KA + QAKeq):
(KA + QAKeq) - (6.62 x 10'6 m/s)(100 m2) + (0.16 m3/s)(0.225)
(KA + QAKeq) - 0.03666 m3/s
2) Calculate (KA + QAKeq)/Q:
(KA + QAKeq)/Q - (0.03666 m3/s)/(0.0075 m3/s)
(KA + QAKeq)/Q - 4.1
3) Calculate VKmaxb,/Q:
VKmaxb,/Q - (400 m3)(5.28 x 10'6 g/g-s)(4,000 g/m3)/(0.0075m3/s)
VKmaxb,/Q - 1126.4 g/m3
N (9/s) - (0.03666 m3/s)[-((13.6 g/m3)(4.888 + 1) + 1126.4 g/m3 -
10.29 g/m3) + (((13.6 g/m3)(4.888 + 1) + 1126.4 g/m3 -
10.29 g/m3)2 + 4(4.888 + 1)(13.6 g/m3)(10.29
(2(4.888 + 1))
N (g/s) - (0.03666)[-1196.2 + 1197.61/11.78
N - 4.28 x 10"3 g/s
nja.035 6-21
-------
TABLE 6-6. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A DISPOSAL IMPOUNDMENT
WITH AN OIL FILM LAYER
I. User Supplied Information
Q - 0.0623 m3/s
A - 900 m2
D - 2 M
II. Defaults
A. Depth - User has supplied the depth above.
B. Concentration (see Table 6-2)
C. Emission Model Parameters
U10- 4.47 m/s
T - 25°C (298°K)
FO • 0.001
III. Pollutant Physical Property Data and Water, Air, and Other Properties
A. Benzene
- °-088 c"»2/s
" 95-2 mti<3
- 78'91
B. Water, Air, and Other Properties
p. - 1.2 x 10"3 g/cm3
(ia - 1.81 x 10"* g/cm-s
jiou - 0.92 g/cm3
MWa - 29 g/gmol
nja.035 6-22
-------
TABLE 6-6. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A DISPOSAL IMPOUNDMENT
WITH AN OIL FILM LAYER (continued)
MWoil - 282 g/gmol
P0 - 760 mmHg
IV. Calculate Individual Gas Phase Mass Transfer Coefficients
kg - (4.82 x lO^U^Sc/0'67*."0'11
1) Calculate Schmidt Number on the gas side, ScG:
ScG - (1.81 x 10'A g/cm-s)/[(1.2 x 10'3 g/m3) (0.088 cm2/s)]
Scc - 1.71
2) Calculate the effective diameter, de:
d. (m) - (4A/0°'5
d. (m) - (4(900 m2)/*)0'5
d. - 33.85 m
k, (m/s) - (4.82 x 10"3)(4.47 m/s)°-78(l.7l)"°-67(33.85)'0-11
kg - 7.34 x 10'3 m/s
V. Calculate Equilibrium Mass Transfer Coefficient
Keq - P*P.MWoU/(poUMWaP0)
Keq - (95.2 mmHg)(1.2 x 10'3 g/cm3)(282 g/gmol)/
[(0.92 g/cm3)(29 g/gmol)(760 mmHg)]
Keq - 1.59 x 10"3
VI. Calculate the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
nja.035 6-23
-------
TABLE 6-6. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A DISPOSAL IMPOUNDMENT
WITH AN OIL FILM LAYER (continued)
K0,i (m/s) - (7.34 x 10*3 m/s)(1.59 x 10"3)
Kofl - 1.17 x 10"5 ra/s
VII. Calculate VOC Emissions for a Disposal Impoundment with an Oil Film Layer
N (g/s) - [ 1 - exp(-Kollt/DoU)]YollCooil/t
1) Calculate the residence time, t:
t (s) - V/Q
t (s) - (1800 m3)/(0.0623 m3/s)
t • 28892 s
2) Calculate VoU:
Voll (m3) - FO(V)
Voil (m3) » 0.001(1800 m3)
Voll - 1.8 m3
3) Calculate Cooil:
Cooll (g/m3) - CoKow/[(l - FO) + (FO)Kow)]
CooU (g/m3) - (10.29 g/m3)(78.91)/[(l - 0.001) + (0.001)(78.91)]
Coojl - 753 g/m3
4) Calculate Doil:
Dou (m) - O.OOl(D)
Dofl (m) - 0.001 (2m)
Doll - 0.002 m
N (g/s) - [1 - exp(-(1.17 x 10'5 m/s)(28892 s)/(0.002 m))]
(1.8 m3)(753 g/m3)/(28892 s)
N - 0.0469 g/s
nja.035 6-24
-------
TABLE 6-7. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A
FLOWTHROUGH JUNCTION BOX
I. User Supplied Information
Q - 0.00252 m3/s
A - 0.656 m2
0 - 0.91 m
II. Defaults
A. Depth - User has supplied the depth above.
B. Concentration (see Table 6-2)
Co^en. - 10.29 g/m3
C. Emission Model Parameters
U10- 4.47 m/s
T - 25°C (298°K)
J - 3 Ib/hp-hr
POWR - 0.75 hp/1,000 ft3(v)
Ot - 0.83
Vav - 1.0 (A)
d - 61 cm, d* - 2 ft
w - 126 rad/s
". - 1
MWU - 18 g/gmol
nja.035 6-25
-------
TABLE 6-7. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A
FLOWTHROUGH JUNCTION BOX (continued)
III. Pollutant Physical Property Data and Water, Air, and Other Properties
A. Benzene
9-8 X 10'6 Cm2/S
°'088 Cn|2/S
°-0055 a*m m3/gmol
B. Water, Air, and Other Properties
p. - 1.2 x 10'3 g/cm3
PL - 1 g/cm3 (62.4 Ib^ft3)
(ia - 1.81 x 10"4 g/cm-s
Do2.u " 2.4 x 10'5 cm2/s
R - 8.21 x 10"5 atni-m3/gmol
IV. Calculate Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients
A. Calculate kt (see Table 4-4)
kt (m/s) - [(8.22 x 10'9)J(POWR)(1.024)T'20Ot(106)
1) Calculate POWR:
POWR (hp) - 0.75 hp/1,000 ft3 (V)
V (ft3) - A*0 - (0.656 m2)(0.91 m) (35.31 ft3/m3)
V - 21.08 ft3
POWR (hp) - (0.75 hp/1,000 ft3) (21. 08 ft3)
POWR - 0.0158 hp
nja.035 6-26
-------
TABLE 6-7. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A
FLOWTHROUGH JUNCTION BOX (continued)
2) Calculate Vav:
Vav (ft2) - 1.0 A
Vay (ft2) - 1.0(0.656 m2)(10.76 ft2/m2)
Vav - 7.06 ft2
kt (m/s) - [(8.22 x 10'9)(3 Ib^/hp-hr) (0.0158 hp)(1.024)(25'20)(0.83)
(106)(18 g/gmol)/(7.06 ft2)(l g/cm3))]
[(9.8 x 10'6 cm2/s)/(2.4 x 10"5 cm2/s)]0'5
kt (m/s) - (0.000928) (0.639)
kt - 5.93 x 10'4 m/s
B. Calculate kfl (see Table 4-3)
kg (m/s) - 4.82 x 10'3 U^^^Sc,.-0-67^-0'11
1) Calculate Schmidt Number on the gas side, ScG:
ScG - (1.81 x 10'* g/cm-s)/[(1.2 x 10'3 g/cm3) (0.088 cm2/s)]
ScG - 1.71
2) Calculate the effective diameter, de:
0'5
d. (•) - (4AA)
d. (m) - (4(0.656)A)0'5
d. - 0.914 m
kg (m/s) - 4.82 x 10'3 (4.47 m/s)0-78 (1.71)'0'67 (0.914 m)'°'11
kg - 0.0109 m/s
nj«.035 6-27
-------
TABLE 6-7. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A
FLOWTHROUGH JUNCTION BOX (continued)
V. Calculate Equilibrium Mass Transfer Coefficient
Keq « H/RT
Keq - (0.0055 atm-m3/gmol)/[(8.21 x 10'5 atm-m3/gmol-0K)(2980K)]
Keq • 0.225
VI. Calculate the Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
1/K (m/s) - l/kt + l/(k8Keq)
1/K (m/s) - l/(5.93 x 10'4 m/s) + 1/[(0.0109 m/s)(0.225)]
K - 4.78 x 10'4 m/s
VII. Calculate VOC Emissions for a Flowthrough Junction Box
N (g/s) - KAQCo/(Q + KA)
N (g/s) - (4.78 x 10'4 m/s)(0.656 m2)(0.00252 m3/s)(10.29 g/m3)/
[0.00252 m3/s + (4.78 x 10"4 m/s)(0.656 m2)]
N - 0.00287 g/s
nja.035 6-28
-------
TABLE 6-8. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A
FLOWTHROUGH WEIR
I. User Supplied Information
Q - 0.00252 m3/s
h » 4 f t
II. Defaults
A. Depth - User has supplied the depth above.
B. Concentration (see Table 6-2)
COb^ - 10.29 g/m3
C. Emission Model Parameters
T - 25°C (298°K)
III. Pollutant Physical Property Data and Water, Air, and Other Pollutants
A. Benzene
B. Water, Air, and Other Properties
Do2fw " 2.4 x 10'5 cm2/s
VI. Calculate Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
KO - 0.16(4 ft) [(9. 8 x 10'6 cm2/s)/(2.4 x 10'5 cm2/*)]
K,, - 0.327
nj«.035 6-29
-------
TABLE 6-8. VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS FOR A
FLOWTHROUGH WEIR (continued)
VII. Calculate VOC Emissions for a Flowthrough Weir
N (g/s) » [1 - expf-K^QCo
N (g/s) - [1 - exp(-0.327)](0.0025 m3/s)(10.29 g/m3)
N - 0.00718 g/s
nja.035 6-30
-------
6.1 REFERENCES
1. Industrial Wastewater Volatile Organic Compound Emissions -- Background
Information for BACT/LAER Determinations. REVISED DRAFT. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Control Technology Center, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, January 1989.
2. Hazardous Waste TSDF - Background Information for Proposed RCRA Air
Emission Standards Volume 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, March 1988.
nj«.035 6-31
-------
APPENDIX A
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES
-------
Appendix A contains a listing of the industrial categories covered by
the'OSS. Each category is broken down into several subcategories which are
labeled by SIC code. Because there may be more than one SIC code for each
category, an industrial category code has been assigned to each industrial
category to alleviate any confusion.
onl.153 A-l
-------
Industrial Category Code: 1
Category Name: Adhesives and Sealants - Manufacture of household and
Industrial adhesives and sealants.
Subcateaorv SIC Code
Animal Glues and Other Protein
Adhesives 2891
Starch Adhesives 2891
Synthetic Resin Adhesives - Rigid
Thermosets 2891
Synthetic Resin Adhesives -
Rubbery Thermosets 2891
Synthetic Resin Adhesives -
Thermoplastics 2891
Copolymers and Mixtures 2891
Inorganic Adhesives 2891
Other Adhesives 2891
cml.153 A-2
-------
Industrial Category Code: 2
Category Name: Battery Manufacturing - Facilities engaged in the
manufacture of primary and/or storage batteries.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Cadmium 3691 3692
Calcium 3691 3692
Lead 3691 3692
Leclanche 3691 3692
Lithium 3691 3692
Magnesium 3691 3692
Zinc 3691 3692
Mercury 3691 3692
Other 3691 3692
cml.153 A-3
-------
Industrial Category Code: 3
Category Name: Coal. Oil. Petroleum Products, and Refining: - Petroleum
refining, and production of paving, roofing, and lubricating materials.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Coal Coking and Oil and Tar Recovery 2951 2992 2999
Coal Tar Distillation 2951 2992 2999
Coal Gasification 2951 2992 2999
Coal Liquefaction 2951 2992 2999
Petroleum Distillation/
Fractionation-Fuel Gas Production 2911
Petroleum Distillation/
Fractionation-Light Distillates 2911
Petroleum Distillation/
Fractionation-Intermed. Prod.
Distillates 2911
Petroleum Distillation/
Fractionation - Heavy Distillates 2911
Crude Feedstock Conversion to
Petrochemical Production and
Integrated Plants 2911
cml.153 A-4
-------
Industrial Category Code: 4
Category Name: Dve Manufacture and Formulation - Manufacture of chemicals
which impart color to fabrics or other materials with which they come into
contact.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Acid Dyes 2865
Azo Dyes 2865
Basic Dyes 2865
Direct Dyes 2865
Disperse Dyes 2865
Fiber-Reactive Dyes 2865
Fluorescent Dyes 2865
Mordant Dyes 2865
Solvent Dyes 2865
Vat Dyes 2865
Other Dyes 2865
Organic Pigments 2865
cml.153 A-5
-------
Industrial Category Code: 5
Category Name: Electrical and Electronic Components - Manufacture of
components that enable devices to utilize electricity.
Subcateqorv SIC Code
Semiconductors 3674
Electronic Crystals 3679 3339
Cathode Ray Tubes 3672 3673 3693
Receiving and Transmitting Tubes 3671 3673
Luminescent Materials 3641
Carbon and Graphite Products 3624
Transformers 3612 3677
Fuel Cells 3679
Electric Lamps 3641
cml.153 A-6
-------
Industrial Category Code: 6
Category Name: Electroplating/Metal Finishing - Industries engaged in
electroplating, fabricating, and finishing of ferrous and nonferrous metal
products.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Electroplating 3471
Electro!ess Plating 3679
Anodizing 3471
Coatings 3479
Chemical Etching and Milling 3479
Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing 3679
Cleaning/Degreasing 3471
Heat Treating 3398
Stamping 3465 3466 3469
Metal Fabrication/Metal Products
Manufacture 3421 3422 3423 3425
3429 3433 3441 3442
3443 3444 3445 3448
3449 3451 3452 3493
3494 3495 3496 3498
3499 3910 3911 3914
3931 3961 3964
cml.153 A-7
-------
Industrial Category Code: 7
Category Name: Equipment Manufacture and Assembly - All activities relating
to the manufacture and assembly of equipment, except those activities
covered by other categories (e.g., electroplating/metal finishing
operations).
Subcategory
Fabricated Metal products
Machinery, Except Electrical
Electric and Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Instruments and Related Products
Miscellaneous Metal Products
SIC Code
all 3400 SIC codes, N.E.C3
all 3500 SIC codes, N.E.C.
all 3600 SIC codes, N.E.C.
all 3700 SIC codes, N.E.C.
all 3800 SIC codes, N.E.C.
2500 2520 2522 2540 3993
N.E.C. - Not elsewhere classified.
cml.153
A-8
-------
Industrial Category Code: 8
Category Name: Explosives Manufacture - Manufacture, load, assemble, and
pack (LAP) of explosives, initiating compounds and propellants.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Manufacture and Load, Assemble,
and Pack (LAP) of Initiating
Compounds 2892
Manufacture of Propel!ants 2892
Manufacture of Explosives 2892
Formulation and Packaging of
Blasting Agents, Slurry Explosives
and Pyrotechnics 2899
Load, Assemble, and Pack of
Explosive Devices 2892
Load, Assemble, and Pack of Small
Arms Ammunition 3482
Load, Assemble, and Pack of Other
Ammunition 3483
cml.153 A-9
-------
Industrial Category Code: 9
Category Name: Gum and Wood Chemicals. Varnishes. Lacouers. and Related
Oils - Industries which manufacture chemical products derived from wood, as
well as oil and resin products applied to wood.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Char and Charcoal Products 2861
Gum Resin and Turpentine 2861
Wood Resin, Turpentine, and Pine Oil 2861
Tall Oil Resin, Fatty Acids, and Pitch 2861
Sulfate Turpentine (Turpentine from
Spent Kraft Mill Liquors) 2861
Lignin, Cellulose, and Derivatives
of Spent Pulping Liquors 2861
Other Gum and Wood Chemicals 2861
Linseed Oil and Other Drying Oils 2851
Oleoresinous Varnishes 2851
Spirit Varnishes, Shellac 2851
Enamels 2851
Lacquers 2851
cml.153 A-10
-------
Industrial Category Code: 10
Category Name: Industrial and Commercial Laundries - Laundering of
garments, linens, household fabrics, and industrial fabrics.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Power Laundries, Family and
Commercial 7211
Linen Supply 7213
Diaper Service 7214
Coin-Op Laundries and Dry Cleaning 7215
Dry Cleaning Plants, Except
Rug Cleaning 7216
Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning 7217
Industrial laundries 7218
Laundry and Garment Services, not
elsewhere classified 7219
Miscellaneous Laundries 7210
cml.153 A-11
-------
Industrial Category Code: 11
Category Name: Ink Manufacture and Formulation - Manufacture and
formulation of chemicals applied to paper or other materials in printing
operations.
Subcateqorv SIC Code
Printing Inks 2893
Letterpress, Dry Offset, and
Lithograph 2893
Radiation Cure Inks 2893
Flexographic and Rotogravure Inks 2893
Other Inks 2893
cml.153 A-12
-------
Industrial Category Code: 12
Category Name: Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing - Industries which
manufacture inorganic chemicals.
Subcategory SIC Code
Acids 2819
Alkalies, Chlorine, Chlorine
Chemicals 2812
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and
Magnesium Salts 2819
Inorganic Pigments 2816
Other Metal Salts 2819
Other Metal Oxides 2819
Nitrogen Inorganic 2819
Phosphorus and Phosphate Chemicals 2819
Silicon Chemicals 2819
Uranium and Radioactive Materials
Manufacturing and Processing 2819
Boron Chemicals 2819
Miscellaneous Inorganic Chemicals 2810 2819
Industrial Gases 2813
cml.153 A-13
-------
Industrial Category Code: 13
Category Name: Iron and Steel Manufacturing and Forming - Industries
engaged in the manufacture (including casting) and forming of ferrous
metals.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Cokemaking 3312
Sintering 3312
Ironmaking 3312
Steelmaking 3312 3313
Vacuum Degassing 3312 3313
Continuous Casting 3312
Hot Forming 3312 3315 3317 3493
Salt Bath Descaling 3312
Acid Pickling 3312
Cold Forming 3315 3316 3317
Alkaline Cleaning 3312
Hot Coating 3312 3479
Electrometal1urgi cal/Metal 1othermi c
Products 3313
Iron and Steel Forgings 3462 3312
Iron and Steel Casting 3321 3322 3324 3325
Miscellaneous Iron and Steel
Operations 3300
cml.153 A-14
-------
Industrial Category Code: 14
Category Name: Leather Tanning and Finishing - Hair removal, tanning,
retanning, finishing, and products processing of animal hides.
Subcateqorv SIC Code
Hair Pulp, Chrome Tan, Retan, Wet
Finish 3111
Hair Save, Chrome Tan, Retan, Wet
Finish 3111
Hair Save, Nonchrome Tan, Retan,
Wet Finish 3111
Retan, Wet Finish 3111
No Beamhouse 3111
Through-the-blue 3111
Shearling 3111
Pigskin 3111
Retan, Wet Finish-Splits 3111
Leather Products Processing 3100 3131 3140 3144
3149 3171 3172
cml.153 A-15
-------
Industrial Category Code: 15
Category Name: Nonferrous Metals Forming - Rolling, drawing, and extruding
of metals (including copper and aluminum).
Subcategorv SIC Code
Copper/Aluminum Metal Powder
Production and Powder Metallurgy 3399
Other Nonferrous Metals Forming 3350 3356 3497
Aluminum Forming 3353 3355 3354 3463
Copper Forming 3351 3357
cml.153 A-16
-------
Industrial Category Code: 16
Category Name: Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing - Facilities engaged in
manufacture (including casting) of nonferrous metals.
Subcateaorv SIC Code
Aluminum Casting 3361
Copper and Copper Alloy Casting 3362
Magnesium Casting 3369
Zinc Casting 3369
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Copper 3331
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Lead 3332
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Zinc 3333
Primary Production of Aluminum 3334
Primary Smelting and Refining of
Other Nonferrous Metals 3339
Secondary Smelting and Refining of
Nonferrous Metals 3341
Other Nonferrous Metals Casting 3369
onl.153 A-17
-------
Industrial Category Code: 17
Category Name: Organic Chemicals Manufacturing - Manufacture of basic
organic chemical feedstocks, (solvents and intermediates) and the
manufacture of organometallics and other organic chemicals.
Subcateqorv SIC Code
Solvents - Alcohol 2869
Solvents - Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 2869
Solvents - Alkyl Hal ides 2869
Solvents - Amines 2869
Solvents - Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2869
Solvents - Halogenated Aromatics 2869
Solvents - Esters 2869
Solvents - Glycol Ethers 2869
Solvents - Ketones 2869
Cyclic Intermediates 2869
Fermentation Products 2869
Organometal1i cs 2869
Rubber and Plastics in Additives
Manufacture 2869
cml.153 A-18
-------
Industrial Category Code: 18
Category Name: Paint Manufacture and Formulation - Industries engaged in
formulating paints by mixing various constituent chemicals (solvents, drying
oils, pigment extenders, etc.)-
Subcateoorv SIC Code
Paint Formulation - Water Based
Paints 2851
Paint Formulation - Solvent-Based
Paints 2851
cml.153 A-19
-------
Industrial Category Code: 19
Category Name: Pesticides Manufacture - Manufacture of compounds containing
any technical grade ingredient used to control, prevent, destroy, repel, or
mitigate pests.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Phosphates and Phosponates 2879
Ureas and Uracils 2879
Miscellaneous Pesticides 2879
Phosphorothioates 2879
Phosphorodithioates 2879
Other Organophosphates 2879
Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, and
Dithiocarbamates 2879
Amides, Anil ides, Imides, and
Hydrazides 2879
Other Nitrogen Containing Compounds 2879
Trlazines 2879
Amines, Nitro Compounds, and
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 2879
DOT and Related Compounds 2879
Chlorophenoxy Compounds 2879
Aldrin-Toxaphene Group 2879
Dihaloaromatic Compounds 2879
Highly Halogenated Compounds 2879
cml.153 A-20
-------
Industrial Category Code: 20
Category Name: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing - Production and processing of
medicinal chemicals and pharmaceutical products.
Subcateoorv SIC Code
Fermentation Products 2833
Extraction Products 2831 2833
Chemical Synthesis Products 2833
Mixing/Compounding and Formulation
Processes 2834
Other 2830 2833
cml.153 A-21
-------
Industrial Category Code: 21
Category Name: Photographic Chemicals and Film Manufacturing - Solution
mixing, emulsion or coating solution preparation, coating, packaging, and
testing.
Subcateqory SIC Code
Silver Halide Sensitized Products 3861
Diazo Sensitized Products - Aqueous 3861
Diazo Sensitized Products - Solvent 3861
Thermally Sensitized Products 3861
Photographic Chemical Products 3861
cml.153 A-22
-------
Industrial Category Code: 22
Category Name: Plastics Molding and Forming - Molding primary plastics and
manufacturing plastics products.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Miscellaneous Plastics Products 3000 3070 3079
cml.153 A-23
-------
Industrial Category Code: 23
Category Name: Plastics. Resins, and synthetic Fibers Manufacturing
Polymerization industries manufacturing resins, fibers, and films.
Subcateoorv SIC Code
Thermosetting resins and Related
Fibers and Films 2821
Thermoplastic Cellulosic Resins, and
Related Fibers and Film 2823 2824
Thermoplastic Cellulosic -
Cellulose Esters 2823 2824
Thermoplastic Resins - Synthetic 2821
Oil Soluble Resins 2821
cml.153 A-24
-------
Industrial Category Code: 24
Category Name: Porcelain Enameling - Manufacture of porcelain enameled
products.
Subcateqorv SIC Code
Steel Basis Materials 3431 3469 3631
3632 3633 3639
Cast Iron Basis Materials 3431 3631
Aluminum Basis Materials 3469 3631
Copper Basis Materials 3469 3631
cml.153 A-25
-------
Industrial Category Code: 25
Category Name: Printing and Publishing - All forms of publishing,
commercial printing, and services for the printing trade.
Subcategory SIC Code
Typesetting 2791
Photoengraving 2793
Electrotyping and Stereotyping 2794
Lithographic Platemaking and
Related Services 2795
Commercial Printing, Letterpress 2771 2751
Commercial Printing, Lithographic 2752
Commercial Printing, Gravure 2754
Commercial Printing, Screen 2751
Newspapers 2710 2711
Periodicals 2721
Books 2730 2731
Miscellaneous 2700 2741 2750 2753
2760 2761 2771 2790
Blankbooks, Looseleaf Binders,
and Devices 2782
Bookbinding 2789
cml.153 A-26
-------
Industrial Category Code: 26
Category Name: Pulp and Paper Mills - Manufacturing wood pulp and
processing wood pulp into products.
Subcateqorv SIC Code
Integrated Bleached Kraft Mills 2611 2621 2631
Integrated Unbleached Kraft Mills 2611 2621 2631
Integrated Semi-Chemical Mills 2611 2621 2631 2661
Integrated Sulfite 2611 2621
Groundwood Mills 2611 2621 2646
Nonintegrated Paper Mills 2621 2631
Secondary Fiber and De-Ink Mills 2621
Pulp Molding Mills 2646
Structure Board Manufacture 2661
Paper Products Processing 2600 2620 2640 2641
2642 2643 2645 2647
2648 2649 2650 2651
2653
cml.153 A-27
-------
Industrial Category Code: 27
Category Name: Rubber Manufacture and Processing - Production of elastomers
and the molding and extruding processes which convert these elastomers into
usable products.
Subcategorv SIC Code
Natural Rubber Manufacture -
Latex Products 3011
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Butadiene/Styrene Rubber 2822 3011
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Butadiene/Acrylonitrile Rubber 2822 3069
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Chloroprene Rubber 2822 3069
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Butyl Rubber 2822 3011
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Thiokol Rubber 2822 3069
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Urethane Rubber 2822 3069
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Ethylene/Propylene Polymers,
Terpolymers 2822 3041
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Synthetic Natural Rubber
(Polylsoprene, Polybutadiene) 2822 3011
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Urethane Rubber 2822 3069
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture -
Silicone Rubber 2822 9999
Rubber Processing and Fabricating
(Compounding, Coating, Molding,
Extruding) 3069
Manufacture of Other Rubbers 3069
cml.153 A-28
-------
Industrial Category Code: 28
Category Name: Textile Hills - Facilities which engage in the manufacture
of natural or synthetic fiber and the processing of these fibers into usable
products, particularly fabrics.
Subcateoorv SIC Code
Processing of Natural Fibers 2211 2221 2231 2241
Synthetic Fibers, processing
Cellulose Fibers 2221 2241
Synthetic Fibers, Processing Nylon
Fibers 2221 2241
Synthetic Fibers, Processing
Polyester Fibers 2221 2241
Synthetic Fibers, Processing
Spandex Fibers 2221 2241
Synthetic Fibers, Processing
Inorganic Fibers 2221 2241
Dyeing and Finishing of Processing
Textiles 2261 2262 2269
Miscellaneous Textile Mill
Operations 2200 2250 2252 2253
2254 2257 2258 2260
2270 2272
onl.153 A-29
-------
Industrial Category Code: 29
Category Name: Timber Products Processing - Production of lumber, wood, and
basic board materials.
Subcateqorv SIC Code
Veneer and Plywood Products 2435 2436
Structural Wood Members, not
elsewhere classified 2439
Particleboard Manufacturing 2492
Wet Process Hardboard Manufacturing 2499
Insulation Board Manufacturing 2661
Miscellaneous Timber Products
Processing 2400 2430 2434 2490
cml.153 A-30
-------
APPENDIX B
Pollutant Physical Properties Database
-------
APPENDIX B
This Appendix presents a database of 146 compounds which can be modeled
using SIMS. Compound physical property data used by the emission models to
estimate VOC emissions include vapor pressure (PVAP), Henry's Law Constant
(H_CONST), diffusivity in water (DIFF_WAT), diffusivity in air (DIFF_AIR),
maximum biorate constant (KMAX), biorate half saturation constant (KS), and
octanol-water coefficients (KOW). In addition, the database lists molecular
weight (MOLE_WT) and Antoine coefficients for estimating vapor pressure at
different temperatures where available.
All vapor pressure data was obtained from the CHEMDAT7 compound physical
property database with the exception of polychlorinated biphenols, di-N-octyl
phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and butyl benzyl phthalate.1'2 All Henry's Law
Constants were taken from the CHEMDAT7 database. Most compound diffusivities
in water and in air were obtained from CHEMDAT7. If these values were
unavailable, compound diffusivities in air were calculated using the FSG
Method,3 and diffusivities in water were estimated using the Hayduk and
Laudie Method.4
All maximum biorate constants and half saturation biorate constants were
also obtained from CHEMDAT7. It is important to note, however, that CHEMDAT7
has limited literature data, and defaults were provided by a physical
properties database called CHEM7.2 CHEM7 estimates unavailable physical
properties based on compounds of similar structure and/or functional groups.
Almost all octanol-water coefficients (KOW) were also obtained from the
CHEMDAT7. The exceptions were compounds not listed in CHEMDAT7 and include
di-n-octyl phthalate and trichlorobutane (1,2,3). The KOW values for these
compounds were obtained from the Domestic Sewage Study5 and from the
following correlation6 (noted by KOW and SOL in the database), respectively:
KOW - exp[7.494 - InCJ
where:
Cs - solubility in water, gmol/m3
and:
Cs » PVAP/(760 H_LAW)
PVAP - compound vapor pressure, mmHg
H_LAW - Henry's Law Constant, atm m3/gmol
nja.035 B-l
-------
Data.7
Solubility data was obtained from CHEMDAT7 or CHRIS Hazardous Chemical
7
Antoine coefficients were obtained from CHEMDAT7 and are in the following
form:
Log10PVAP(mmHg) - A - B/(T + C)
where:
A, B, and C - Antoine coefficients
T - temperature, °C
nja.035 B-2
-------
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REFERENCES
1. "Estimation of Vapor Pressures for Polychlorinated Biphenols: A
Comparison of Eleven Predictive Methods". Environmental Science and
Technology, Vol. 19, No. 6, June 1985. pp. 500-507.
2. User's Guide for CHEMDATA Compound Property Processor (CHEM7). Prepared
for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, December
1989.
3. Lyman, W. J., Ph.D., W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, Ph.D. Handbook
of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, New York, 1982. 17-9 pp.
4. Reference 3, 17-20 pp.
5. Science Applications International Corporation Domestic Sewage Study
(DSS). EPA-68-01-6912, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Analysis
and Evaluation Division, Washington, D.C., October 1975.
6. "Calculating Fugacity", Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 15,
No. 19, September 1981. 1009 pp.
7. CHRIS Hazardous Chemical Data. U. S. Department of Transportation,
United States Coast Guard, Washington, D.C., Commandant Instruction
M16465.12A, November 1984.
nja.035 B-3
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing/
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/4-90-019b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Background Document for the Surface Impoundment
Modeling System (SIMS) Version 2.0
5. REPORT DATE
September 1990
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Sheryl Watkins
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
P 0 Box 13000
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO
68-02-4378
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Control Technology Center.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: David C. Misenheimer
16. ABSTRACT
This document presents a brief description of the operation and design of surface
impoundments and background information on the development of the Surface Impoundments
Modeling System (SIMS). The SIMS was developed with funding from the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency's (EPA) Control Technology Center (CTC) and with project
management provided by EPA's Technical Support Division of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. SIMS is based on emission models developed by the Emission
Standards Division (ESD) during the evaluation of surface impoundments located in
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF). The purpose of this latest update
to SIMS is to add models for diffused air systems and several collection system
devices, and to expand the compound database from 40 to 150. This technical document
discusses these emission models, surface impoundment design and operation, default
parameter development, and the emission estimation procedure. Another document
entitled, SIMS Version 2.0 User's Manual, EPA-450/4-90-019a, presents a complete
reference for all features and commands in the SIMS PC program.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI I leld/Group
Wastewater, TSDF, impoundments
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS /This Report)
21 NO OF PAGES
165
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page}
22 PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«y. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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