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APPENDIX
EPA OFFICE OF DRINKING WATER PROJECTS
The EPA Office of Drinking Water (ODW) has studies underway on several
potentially toxic chemicals as part of its regulatory development
activities. Information on these projects has been included in the National
Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse ongoing research and regulatory
development projects document because many toxic drinking water contaminants
being studied by ODW are also potential air pollutants. Clearinghouse users
may find health information generated by ODW projects useful. For further
information on the projects described below, contact: Joseph Cotruvo or
Craig Vogt, Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water
(WH-550D), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, S.W.,
Washington, D.C., 20460, (202) 382-7575, (FTS) 382-7575.
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency is required to publish regulations which apply to public
drinking water systems and control specific contaminants which in the
Administrator's judgment "may have any adverse effect on the health of
persons." Information concerning these regulations is listed below.
Drinking Water Regulations
under
1986 Amendments to SDWA
Significant directives to EPA's standard-setting program for drinking
water contaminants included in the 1986 Amendments to the SDWA are provided
below:
t EPA is to set Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations for 83 specific contaminants and for any
other contaminant in drinking water which may have any adverse effect
upon the health of persons and which is known or anticipated to occur
in public water systems.
t Recommended Maximum Contaminant Levels (RMCLs) are now termed Maximum
Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs). No changes were made in the basis of
an MCLG; i.e.:
MCLGs are non-enforceable health goals which are to be set at the
level at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on the
health of persons occur and which allows an adequate margin of
safety.
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) are to be set as close to MCLGs as is
feasible. The definition of "feasible" is as follows:
Feasible means with the use of the best technology, treatment
techniques and other means, which the Administrator finds, after
examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely
under laboratory conditions, are generally available (taking costs
into consideration).
97
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Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) is stated in the SDWA as feasible for
the control of synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs), and any technology
or other means found to be best available for control of SOCs must be
at least as effective in controlling SOCs as GAC.
MCLGs and MCLs are to be proposed at the same time and also promulgated
simultaneously.
MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements are to be set for 83
contaminants listed in the SDWA. The best available technology (BAT)
must also be specified for each.
The 83 contaminants are shown in Table A-l. Seven substitutes are
allowed if regulation of any seven other contaminants would be more
protective of public health. The list of substitutes must be proposed
by June 19, 1987.
The timetable to produce the MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements is
as follows:
9 by June 19, 1987
40 by June 19, 1988
34 by June 19, 1989
MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements are also to be set for other
contaminants in drinking water that may pose a health risk.
The 1986 Amendments require the EPA to publish a list of drinking
water contaminants that may require regulation under the SDWA.
The list must be published by January 1, 1988, and every 3 years
fol1owi ng.
MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements are to be set for at least
25 contaminants on the list by January 1, 1991.
MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements are to be set for at least
25 contaminants every 3 years following January 1, 1991
(i.e., 1994, 1997, ...).
Criteria must be established from which States can determine which
surface water systems must install filtration. The criteria are to be
set by December 19, 1987.
A treatment technique regulation is to be set that will require all
public water systems to use disinfection.
Variances are available. EPA will specify variance criteria.
The disinfection treatment rule must be promulgated by
June 19, 1989.
98
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Requirements are to be set for water systems to monitor for unregulated
contaminants.
Minimum monitoring frequency would be five years.
States can add/delete contaminants from list.
Monitoring regulations are to be promulgated by December 19, 1987.
MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements are to be reviewed by EPA every
three years.
Other requirements/provisions of the 1986 Amendments:
Public notification regulations are to be changed to provide for
different types and frequencies of notice depending upon the
potential health risk. Final regulations are due
September 19, 1987.
BAT for issuance of variances is to be set when MCLs are set. BAT
may vary depending upon the size of systems and other factors,
including costs.
Exemptions can be extended for systems with 500 connections or
less. No limit is placed on the number of extensions but certain
criteria will have to be met.
A summary of deadlines pertinent to standard-setting is presented in
Table A-2.
The status of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations is
presented in Table A-3.
99
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TABLE A-l. CONTAMINANTS REQUIRED TO BE REGULATED
UNDER THE SDWA OF 1986
Volatile Organic Chemicals
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Carbon tetrachloride
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Vinyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Total coliforms
Turbidity
Giardia lamblia
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Nitrate
Selenium
Silver
Fluoride
Aluminum
Antimony
Endrin
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
2,4-D
2,4,5-TP
Aldicarb
Chlordane
Dalapon
Diquat
Endothall
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Dichlorobenzene
Trichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene
Microbiology and Turbidity
Inorganics
Orqanics
Viruses
Standard plate count
Legionella
Molybdenum
Asbestos
Sulfate
Copper
Vanadium
Sodium
Nickel
Zinc
Thallium
Beryllium
Cyanide
1,1,2-Tri chloroethane
Vydate
Simazine
PAHs
PCBs
Atrazine
Phthalates
Acrylamide
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
1,2-Di chloropropane
Pentachlorophenol
100
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TABLE A-l. CONTAMINANTS REQUIRED TO BE REGULATED.
UNDER THE SDWA OF 1986 (Continued)
Orqanics (Continued)
Glyphosate Pichloram
Carbofuran Dinoseb
Alachlor Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
Epichlorohydrin Dibromomethane
Toluene Xylene
Adi pates Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Radionuclides
Radium 226 and 228 Gross alpha particle activity
Beta particle and .photon radioactivity Radon
Uranium
101
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TABLE A-2. SUMMARY OF DEADLINES FOR STANDARDS UNDER SDWA OF 1986
What
When
Nine MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring Requirements
Propose Seven Substitutes
Public Notice Revisions
Filtration Criteria
Monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants
List of Contaminants
40 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring Requirements
34 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring Requirements
Disinfection Treatment
25 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring Requirements
June 19, 1987
June 19, 1987
September 19, 1987
December 19, 1987
December 19, 1987
January 1, 1988
June 19, 1988
June 19, 1989
June 19, 1989
January 1, 1991
102
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TABLE A-3. NATIONAL REVISED PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS SCHEDULE
Phase
Date
Phase 1: VOCs
Advance notice of proposed rulemaking
Proposed MCLGs
Final MCLGs, propose MCLs, monitoring
requirements
Final MCLs and monitoring requirements
Phase 2: SOCs, IOCS, Microbials
Advance notice of proposed rulemaking
Proposed MCLGs
Phase 2A: Fluoride
Advance notice of proposed rulemaking
Proposed MCLG
Final MCLG, proposed MCL, SMCL, monitoring
requirements
Final MCL, SMCL, monitoring requirements
Phase 3: Radionuclides
Advance notice of proposed rulemaking
Phase 4: Disinfection By-products
MCLGs/MCLs
March 4, 1982
June 12, 1984
November 13, 1985
October 1986
October 5, 1983
November 13, 1985
October 5, 1983
May 14, 1985
November 14, 1985
April 2, 1986
September 30, 1986
1991
103
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agonoy
;>l'ion 5, Library (5PL-16)
230 S. Dearborn Street, Room 1670
Cnica-go, 'IL 60604
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