EPA/530/SW-5.4
AUGUST 1975
„„,.
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An environmental protection publication in the
solid waste management series (SW-5.4)
Requests for technical information related to specific contracts should
be addressed to the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20400. Requests for
published information should be address to Solid Waste Management Publi-
cations Distribution, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
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SUMMARIES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACTS
July 1, 1970—March 31, 1975
This publication (SW-5.4) was compiled
by RALPH J. BLACK.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1975
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FOREWORD
THE CONTRACT MECHANISM is an important tool of the Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Technical investigations are conducted by the Office's own staff, but
this staff is not large enough to carry on all the research and studies
needed for working out the Nation's problems in managing its solid
wastes. While capabilities of universities and other nonprofit organizations
are being tapped through research grants as well as other types of
grants, 1~3 contracts make it possible to use the accumulated practical
experience and trained staffs of business and professional consultants.
Contracts are administered by means of regular written reports and
oral discussion on a basis comparable to the review of work performed
within the Office itself. This helps to ensure that the contract research
fully meets the study intent. At the same time it keeps the Office
staff informed on research progress and findings as they develop.
It is also important that the research world and the public at
large learn of the results of contract investigations. Although a full
report on each contract is usually published upon conclusion of the
work, there is a legitimate demand for publication of prospectuses of
the contracts and any information that can be made available on contract
progress.
The present compilation is intended to satisfy that need. It
contains abstracts on contracts undertaken from the beginning of activities
conducted with funds appropriated under the Solid Waste Disposal Act.
In the initial stages, many of the subjects for study were suggested by
1LEFKE, L. W., A. G. KEENE, R. A. CHAPMAN, and H. JOHNSON, comps.
Summaries of solid waste research and training grants—1970. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1596. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1971. 134 p.
2
SPONAGLE, C. E., and P. L. STUMP. Solid waste management demonstration
grant projects—1971; for grants awarded during the period June 1,
1966-June 30, 1971. Public Health Service Publication No. 1821.
Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 247 p.
3TOFTNER. R. O., D. D. SWAVELY, W. T. DEHN, and B. L. SWEENEY,
comps. State solid waste planning grants, agencies, and progress—1970,
report of activities through June 30, 1970. Public Health Service
Publication No. 2109. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office,
1971. 26 p.
iii
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applicants and led to unsolicited contracts. As more detailed information
was developed, it became easier to pinpoint gaps in our solid wastes
knowledge and, therefore, to utilize contracts that are directed toward
meeting these deficiencies.
The variety and extent of subject matter defy easy characterization
and can be judged only by a look at the table of contents. The contracts
described in this publication, as well as other contracts planned, hold
great promise of extending the field of knowledge on solid waste management.
IV
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.
BATTELLE PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORIES
Program for the Management of
Hazardous Waste 3
BIOSPHERICS, INC.
Verification of Bibliographic
Citations and Editing and
Typing of Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs Reports.... 5
BOOZ-ALLEN & HAMILTON
An Evaluation of the Impact of
Discriminatory Taxation on
the Use of Primary and
Secondary Materials 6
CALSPAN CORPORATION
Environmental Impacts of
Recycling Ferrous, Aluminum
and Plastics 7
DIMPEX ASSOCIATES, INC.
Investigation and Evaluation of
Inner-City Solid Waste
Problems 8
ERNST & ERNST
An Estimation of Consumer
Demand Elasticities 9
STUART FINLEY, INC.
Solid Waste Management Annual
Film Report 10
THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE
Editing and Typing of Office
of Solid Waste Management
Programs Summary Reports
and Verification of Biblio-
graphic Citations 11
Updating and Operation of the
Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System (SWIRS) 12
Verification of Bibliographic
Citations 13
GORDIAN ASSOCIATES
Analysis of the Environmental
Impacts of Production from
Virgin and Secondary Paper,
Glass, and Rubber 14
Industrial Energy Requirements
Data and Environmental Impacts
of Selected Material Recycle
and Product Reuse Options 15
ROSS HOFMANN, ASSOCIATES
A Study of Pneumatic Solid
Waste Collection Systems as
Employed in Hospitals 16
JOHN F. HOLMAN, CO., INC.
Technical Writing and Editing
Services
.17
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC.
Alternatives to the Management
of Hazardous Wastes at
National Disposal Sites 18
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Base Line Forecasts of Resource
Recovery 1972 to 1990 20
Evaluation and Comparison of
Size-reduction Equipment 21
Resource and Environmental Profile
Analysis of Nine Beverage
Container Alternatives 22
THE MITRE CORPORATION
Assistance for the Office of
Solid Waste Management
Programs, EPA, in Evaluating
Proposals for Resource
Recovery Systems Demonstration
Grants 23
MOSHMAN ASSOCIATES
Transportation Rates and Costs
for Selected Virgin and
Secondary Commodities 24
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NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE
RECOVERY, INC.
Contingency Planning for
Resource Recovery 25
RAYTHEON SERVICE COMPANY
Technical Writing and Editing
Services 26
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
An Evaluation of the Effec-
tiveness and Costs of
Regulatory and Fiscal Policy
Instruments on Product
Packaging 27
The Selection of Materials and
Products for Source
Reduction 28
RESOURCE PLANNING ASSOCIATES
Effectiveness of Federal
Regulatory Program 29
ROBERT P. STEARNS
Cost Analysis of Source
Separate Collection of
Solid Waste 30
SOLID WASTE ENGINEERING AND
TRANSFER SYSTEMS
The Economic Feasibility of
Adding Resource Recovery
Systems to Existing Solid
Waste Treatment Facilities.... 31
RALPH STONE AND COMPANY, INC.
Evaluation of a Full-Scale
Solid Waste Baler 32
THOR ASSOCIATES, INC.
Technical Writing and Editing
Services 33
VERSAR, INC.
Assessment of Industrial
Hazardous Waste Practices,
Inorganic Chemicals
Industry 34
VI
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SUMMARIES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACTS
July 1, 1970--March 31, 1975
THIS IS A COMPENDIUM of contract projects supported by the Office of
Solid Waste Management Program and its predecessors since the passage of
the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965. This publication is intended to
inform readers of the variety of contracts being supported so that
information developed from this activity can be made quickly available
and disseminated to those persons who can best use the information. We
hope that the publication may stimulate prospective contractors to
conceive new approaches that through research and development will lead
to an advancement of technology and to better methods of solid waste
management.
The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, as amended by the Resource
Recovery Act of 1970, directs the Secretary of the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare (functions transferred by Reorganization Plan No.
3 to the Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency) to conduct and
encourage—and to cooperate with and assist appropriate public author-
ities, agencies, and institutions; private agencies and institutions;
and individuals in the conduct of: (1) research, training, demonstrations,
surveys, and other studies relating to adverse health and welfare effects
caused by solid wastes; (2) operation and financing of solid waste
disposal programs; (3) reduction of the amounts of such waste and
unsalvageable waste materials; (4) development and application of new
and improved methods of solid waste processing and materials and energy
recovery; (5) identification of solid waste components and potential
recoverable materials and energy.
In carrying out the provisions as directed, the Secretary is author-
ized to: (1) collect and make available, through publications and other
means, the results of such research and other activities; (2) cooperate
with public and private agencies, institutions, and industries in the
preparation and conduct of such research and other activities; (3) make
grants-in-aid and contracts with public or private agencies, institutions,
and individuals for research, training, surveys, and demonstrations.
Any grant, agreement, or contract made or entered into is to contain
provisions to ensure that all information, uses, processes, patents, and
other developments resulting from any activity undertaken pursuant to
such grant, agreement, or contract will be made readily available on
fair and equitable terms to those industries utilizing methods of solid
waste disposal and to industries engaged in furnishing devices, facilities,
equipment, and supplies to be used in connection with solid waste disposal.
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The summaries, arranged, alphabetically by contractor, represent the
efforts made to carry out this contract authority. One can readily see
that there is no single approach applicable to the wide variety of solid
wastes produced and that, as the concept of solid waste management has
developed, so has the scope of our contracts. The characteristics of
solid wastes are continually changing through product innovation,
industrial process modification, and changes in living habits of the
general population. Storage, collection, transport, processing, utili-
zation, and disposal practices must continually be modified to keep pace
with these changes.
Research contracts are used to implement the efforts directed by
the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 and the Resource Recovery Act of
1970. The contract mechanism makes it possible to support projects for
which neither staff nor equipment is available. This mechanism permits
the national program to utilize specialized facilities, organizations,
and capabilities wherever they may exist. A contract may be a separate
project in itself or may complement in-house research.
Solicited contracts are awarded to qualified contractors who submit
the best proposals in response to advertised requests as they appear in
the Commerce Business Daily. This competitive mechanism is used to
ensure that the work required will be performed in the most economical
manner by those best qualified.
Profit and nonprofit organizations desiring to perform research
within the scope and intent of the Solid Waste Disposal Act are invited
to submit proposals for consideration. All proposals submitted are
evaluated for technical contribution and program relevancy, and compete
with other proposals, both solicited and unsolicited, for priority
funding.
Each project summary in this compilation includes the objectives,
the approach used, and a summary of progress where available. The
subject index, at the end of the publication, is the work of Miss Julie
Larsen, to whom we are also indebted for much assistance in preparation
of this volume. The compendium omits many contracts for which information
was incomplete but which we hope to include in the next edition.
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Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
PROGRAM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0762
CONTRACTOR: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories COST: $580,000
Richland, Washington 99352 PROJECT START: September 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Ward H. Swift PROJECT END: May 1973
OBJECTIVE
To examine the technical and economic feasibility of a system of national
disposal sites (NDS) for the processing or disposal of hazardous wastes.
APPROACH
The contract was the last in a series of five separate, but interrelated, contract
studies commissioned by EPA to generate the information needed for the report to
Congress mandated by Section 212 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (P.L. 89-272),
as amended. The major investigative phases of the work included: (1) review and
analysis of the information and data generated by the previous contract studies
in this series; (2) recommendations on quantities and categories of hazardous
wastes to be processed at national disposal sites; (3) recommendations on
methods of processing recovery and disposal to be established at the sites;
(4) development of criteria for selection, evaluation, and recommendation of
potential sites; (5) preparation of conceptual designs for hazardous waste
processing and disposal systems at the sites; (6) preparation of capital and
operational cost estimates for the facilities; (7) examination of financing and
cost distribution mechanisms; and (8) recommendations on implementation mechanisms
for the establishment of a system of national disposal sites.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A final report has been submitted, which contains: (1) data, analysis, and
rationale for defining and indentifying hazardous waste streams according to
industry classification and by hazardous constituents; (2) a ranking system
that may be used to develop a priority-of-concern list of hazardous wastes;
(3) conceptual designs and process types of systems and subsystems (e.g.,
liquids-solids separation module, resource recovery, effluent monitoring);
(4) detailed cost estimates for small, medium, and large site-types;
(5) specific site selection criteria, site screening procedures, characteristics
and locations of existing and potential sites, and a rating system to be used in
site selection; (6) an analysis of economic and financing considerations,
including public and private sector financing; (7) a listing of twelve
institutional alternatives for implementing a system of national disposal sites
along with an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each; and
(8) a listing of existing State and Federal legislation and regulations dealing
with transportation, processing, disposal, and storage of hazardous wastes.
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BATTTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE. Program for the management of hazardous wastes.
v.l. Environmental Protection Publication SW-54c. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1974. 385 p.
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE. Program for the management of hazardous wastes.
v.2. Environmental Protection Publication SW-54c. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1974. 778 p.
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Biospherics, Inc.
VERIFICATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS AND EDITING AND TYPING OF
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS REPORTS
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-2600
CONTRACTOR: Biospherics, Inc. COST: $60,542
4928 Wyaconda Road
Rockville, Maryland 20852 PROJECT START: April 1974
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Karen Levin PROJECT END: June 1975
OBJECTIVE
Verification of reference citations; preparation of verified references
according to printing process planned; preparation of subject and author
indexes; cataloging of reports and open file reports.
APPROACH
Manuscripts and publications are submitted to the contractor for verification
of reference citations, technical editing, or cataloging and indexing. This
service is used to provide input for a variety of publications.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A total of 398 hours of editing has been utilized, 622 references have been
verified, and 316 publications catalogued.
Publication: This service is used to provide input for a variety of
publications.
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Booz-Allen & Hamilton
AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF DISCRIMINATORY TAXATION
ON THE USE OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MATERIALS
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0792
CONTRACTOR: Booz-Allen & Hamilton COST: $97,358
Management Consultants
1025 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. PROJECT START: January 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: John Reilly PROJECT END: July 1974
OBJECTIVE
To identify and discuss the different tax incentives available to suppliers
of virgin and secondary materials and to compare the tax savings at the raw
material and product levels where virgin and secondary materials compete. The
ultimate effect of tax incentives on prices of and demand for secondary materials
will also be discussed.
APPROACH
The literature was surveyed to identify tax incentives and their value to
various industries; additional information was gathered by discussions with
industry personnel. Price and demand effects were then determined.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A final report is being reviewed for publication by the National Technical
Information Service.
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Calspan Corporation
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RECYCLING:
FERROUS, ALUMINUM AND PLASTICS
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0794
CONTRACTOR: Calspan Corporation COST: $91,000
P.O. Box 235
Buffalo, N.Y. 14221 PROJECT START: February 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: S. M. Yaksich PROJECT END: April 1974
OBJECTIVE
To develop data on the comparative air and water pollutant emission, solid
waste generation, energy consumption and other environmental impacts of
production of basic steel, aluminum, and plastics materials via alternative
virgin and secondary (recycle) production systems. Costs of pollution
control are also considered.
APPROACH
The entire material production system from raw material extraction through
processing stages was studied to develop technical data on a modular
(industry/process) basis. Basic methods used were a literature search and
general interviews. 1975-1977 air and water pollution control standards
governed emission-level and cost-of-control data acquisition and analysis.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The final report draft covering steel and aluminum has been completed.
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Dimpex Associates, Inc.
INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF INNER-CITY
SOLID WASTE PROBLEMS
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0577
CONTRACTOR: Dimpex Associates, Inc. COST: $95,783
51 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017 PROJECT START: October 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Vernon R. Hazlewood PROJECT END: May 1973
OBJECTIVE
To look for, assess, and compare the causes of poor solid waste conditions in
seven inner-city areas.
APPROACH
Data were sought on: (1) physical and social characteristics of each target area,
including income levels, population density, incidence of home ownership,
numbers of vacant lots and dilapidated buildings; (2) the solid waste itself,
including the amount and kinds of litter, bulk, and miscellaneous waste such
as white goods, abandoned autos, tires; (3) solid waste storage facilities,
including a count of all forms of containerization within the target areas and
an assessment of both their storage capacity and utilization by container type;
(4) solid waste collection methodology, including a description of collection
methods, level of service, charges, the role of supplemental public agencies
in the collection process, and the role of private collectors in the inner
city; (5) municipal ordinances and codes pertaining to solid waste management,
including an examination of their currency, scope, the extent to which
authority for environmentally sound solid waste management, is fragmented
throughout city operating departments, and problems of providing resources
to meet code standards.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
All phases of the project have been completed and a final report submitted.
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Ernst & Ernst
AN ESTIMATION OF CONSUMER DEMAND ELASTICITIES
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-2284
CONTRACTOR: Ernst & Ernst COST: $59,617
1225 Connecticut Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20036 PROJECT START: April 1974
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Frederick L. McCoy PROJECT END: April 1975
OBJECTIVE
To develop elasticities for various products and product classes to determine
whether fiscal policy is a viable tool for effecting source reduction in the
products that significantly contribute to the solid waste stream.
APPROACH
A survey of current literature and techniques of elasticity estimation was
conducted to indicate areas already estimated and gaps in knowledge. A
detailed data base will be assembled to enable specific product estimation to
be undertaken. Elasticity coefficients will be estimated and the results
evaluated.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The survey of literature and techniques for elasticity estimation is now
complete.
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Stuart Finley, Inc.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ANNUAL FILM REPORT
CONTRACT NO. CPE-69-111
CONTRACTOR: Stuart Finley, Inc. COST: $246,436
3428 Mansfield Road
Falls Church, Virginia 22041 PROJECT START: July 1969
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Stuart Finley PROJECT END: March 1975
OBJECTIVE
To develop 16-mm, color, sound motion pictures on solid waste management
activities. These will help fulfill the program's basic responsibility for
improving solid waste management in the United States through the dissemination
of technical information.
APPROACH
The contractor provides all production personnel, materials, and services
necessary for the preparation and completion of motion pictures.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
Six films have been completed.
The stuff we throw away (June 1970).
What's new in solid waste management (November 1970).
Recycling (May 1971).
The realities of recycling (August 1971).
5,000 Dumps (May 1971).
The big pickup (March 1975).
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The Franklin Institute
EDITING AND TYPING OF OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
SUMMARY REPORTS AND VERIFICATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-1804
CONTRACTOR: The Franklin Institute COST: $38,720
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 PROJECT START: February 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Dawn Spickler PROJECT END: May 1974
OBJECTIVE
To edit and type approximately 3,500 pages of summary reports resulting from
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs (OSWMP) grants and contracts, and
to verify approximately 2,200 references.
APPROACH
The contractor provides all the necessary personnel, services, materials,
supplies, and facilities. Citations are checked against previously verified
OSWMP references on file and new citations verified against the source document.
The edited reports and verified bibliographic citations are typed on MTST tapes
with an MTSR element for input into the SWM/EPA Electronic Composition System.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A total of 3,533 manuscript pages have been completed and 2,275 references
verified.
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The Franklin Institute
UPDATING AND OPERATION OP THE SOLID WASTE
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (SWIRS)
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0447
CONTRACTOR: The Franklin Institute COST: $538,500
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 PROJECT START: August 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Alec Peters PROJECT END: December 1974
OBJECTIVE
To continue the day-to-day operations of the Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System (SWIRS), Office of Solid Waste Management Programs.
APPROACH
The contractor provides continuous input from the world's open literature,
both in abstract and document form, to the existing information bank. This
input consists of periodical, nonperiodical, and patent literature. Output
provided consists of responding to day-to-day inquiries for literature
searches in the area of solid waste management from a wide range of users,
preparing Linotron coded computer tapes of monthly abstract bulletins,
preparing limited translations upon the request of the Project Office, and
conducting annual user surveys regarding the effectiveness of the system.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
In the first 22 months, specific user needs were satisfied, and the input
requirements were completed, as were two user surveys. One report as a
result of the first user survey was completed during the first year's effort.
The required number of issues of the monthly abstract bulletin have been
delivered to the program.
CONNOLLY, J. A., ed. Solid Waste Management; Abstracts from the Literature:
Monthly Bulletin. 1972-1975. (In preparation.)
Solid waste information retrieval system (SWIRS) user survey no. 1.
Rockville, Md., The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories Science
Information Services, May 23, 1973. 37 p.
Solid waste information retrieval system(SWIRS) user survey no. 2.
Rockville, Md., The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories Science
Information Services, Sept. 20, 1974. 15 p., app.
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The Franklin Institute
VERIFICATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-0044
CONTRACTOR: The Franklin Institute COST: $31,158.09
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 PROJECT START: July 1971
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Alec Peters PROJECT END: June 1972
OBJECTIVE
To verify, restyle, and type bibliographic citations from contract, grant,
and research studies sponsored by the Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs. These citations will then be published in the reports on each
study.
APPROACH
The contractor checked reference citations submitted by OSWMP against those
on file that had already been verified by OSWMP and the Franklin Institute
and verified new citations by locating the source document.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The project is completed.
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Gordiart Associates
ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF PRODUCTION FROM VIRGIN
AND SECONDARY PAPER, GLASS, AND RUBBER
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-1815
CONTRACTOR: Gordian Associates COST: $64,513
30 Rockefeller Center
New York, N.Y. PROJECT START: March 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Robert Kapner PROJECT END: February 1974
OBJECTIVE
To develop data on the comparative air and water pollutant emissions, solid
waste generation, energy consumption, and other environmental impacts of
production of primary paper, rubber, and glass products via alternative virgin
and secondary (recycle) production systems. The cost of pollution control in
the paper sectors considered is also to be studied.
APPROACH
The entire material production system from raw material extraction through
processing was considered, and technical data on a modular (unit process)
basis was 4evel°Pe<^- Methods employed included a literature search,
interviews, and engineering calculations. 1975-1977 air and water pollution
control standards were used to figure emission-level control costs.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A final report is being written for publication.
14
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Gordian Associates
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY REQUIREMENTS DATA
AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SELECTED MATERIAL
RECYCLE AND PRODUCT REUSE OPTIONS
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-11105
CONTRACTOR: Gordian Associates COST: $75,000
30 Rockefeller Center
New York, N.Y. PROJECT START: October 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Adel Hakki PROJECT END: December 1974
OBJECTIVE
To develop basic data on energy requirements for total production systems for
six basic materials industries, and on environmental impacts of alternative
material and product industry systems.
APPROACH
Through a literature search, interviews, and engineering calculations, modular
data for all major stages and components of material production systems were
developed. Basic material industries include ferrous metal, aluminum, glass,
rubber, plastic, and paper for the energy data development. Products and
materials included in the environmental impact comparisons are principally
related to containers and paperboard packaging.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A final report has been submitted and approved: An Energy Analysis of the
Production of Selected Products in Six Basic Material Industries, April 4,
1974. A revised draft final report has been received: Environmental Impacts
Associated with Selected Options for the Recycling of Materials, Reuse of
Products, and Recovery of Energy from Solid Waste, July 1, 1974.
15
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Ross Hofmann, Associates
A STUDY OF PNEUMATIC SOLID WASTE COLLECTON
SYSTEMS AS EMPLOYED IN HOSPITALS
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-0300
CONTRACTOR: Ross Hofmann, Associates COST: $87,174
2908 Salzedo
Coral Gables, Florida 33134 PROJECT START: June 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Ross Hofmann PROJECT END: January 1974
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate and determine the technical, economic, and environmental
feasibility of handling hospital solid waste via pneumatic transport; and to
compare a pneumatic tube system with more conventional handcarting and gravity
chute systems.
APPROACH
The three main pneumatic tube systems used by hospitals today were studied.
They are: (1) single tube for trash/linen—thin wall construction; (2) dual,
individual tube for trash/linen—thin wall construction; (3) dual, individual
tube for trash/linen—heavy wall construction. Three hospitals were selected;
and user rates and methodologies were studied in detail, as were maintenance
aspects, environmental aspects, and total system costs. Cost comparisions
were made with traditional handling techniques.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The study was completed in January, 1974. In addition to the above the
final report also discusses: (1) solid waste management in hospitals in
general, (2) architectural design influences on transport systems, (3) design
and construction considerations for pneumatic transport systems, and
includes specific descriptions of the hospitals surveyed.
ROSS HOFMANN, ASSOCIATES. A study of pneumatic solid waste collection
systems as employed in hospitals. Environmental Protection Publication
SW-75c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. 260 p., app.
(Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Va., as PB-236 543.)
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John F. Holman, Co. , Inc.
TECHNICAL WRITING AND EDITING SERVICES
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-2643
CONTRACTOR: John F. Holman, Co., Inc. COST: $39,662
1346 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036 PROJECT START: June 1974
PROJECT DIRECTOR: John F. Holman PROJECT END: June 1976
OBJECTIVE
To obtain editorial and writing services to supplement Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs Technical Information Staff resources.
APPROACH
The contract was designed to purchase 4,500 hours of editorial support and
writing services on a fixed-price basis. This service is used to provide input
for a variety of publications.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
Approximately 650 hours of services have been utilized.
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Arthur D. Little, Inc.
ALTERNATIVES TO THE MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS
WASTES AT NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0556
CONTRACTOR: Arthur D. Little, Inc. COST: $156,807
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts PROJECT START: June 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Dr. John Funkhouser PROJECT END: March 1973
OBJECTIVE
To define and evaluate on technical, economic, safety, and legal grounds the
various alternatives for managing hazardous wastes.
APPROACH
The contract was part of a series of five separate, but interrelated, contract
studies commissioned by EPA to generate the information needed for the report
to Congress mandated by Section 212 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (P.L.
89-272) as amended. The basic alternative approaches considered included:
on-site processing; offsite processing; and onsite pretreatment with offsite
treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. The study was mainly devoted
to assessing differences among these alternative approaches in: (1) the
economics associated with waste treatment; (2) the immediate risk to human
safety, as well as the eventual hazard to the environment; and (3) the legal
and institutional issues that would have an impact on a national treatment
system.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A report was published, which includes comparisons of costs between offsite
and onsite processing facilities, and concludes that the economies of scale
associated with offsite processing facilities, in most cases, outweigh the
transportation costs required to ship the wastes to the offsite facilities. A
series of economic decision maps" was developed and can be used in making decisions
about whether a waste producer would select onsite versus offsite treatment.
Risk factor analyses were performed on all operations, including storage,
transfer, transport, processing, and ultimate disposal. Analyses of legal
and institutional factors indicated that: (1) few existing laws relate
specifically to hazardous wastes; (2) there is a strong need for regulations
to ensure that hazardous wastes are either properly treated or disposed of or
not created in the first place; and (3) most of the substances found in a
hazardous waste stream are not receiving adequate attention—especially with
regard to ultimate disposal.
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ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Alternatives to the management of hazardous wastes
at national disposal sites. Environmental Protection Publication SW-46c.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. 85 p. (Distributed by
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as
PB-225 164.)
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC. Alternatives to the management of hazardous wastes
at national disposal sites, v.2. Appendices. Environmental Protection
Publication SW-46c.l. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. 235 p.
(Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.,
as PB-237 264.)
19
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Midwest Research Institute
BASE LINE FORECASTS OF RESOURCE RECOVERY 1972 TO 1990
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0793
CONTRACTOR: Midwest Research Institute COST: $64,000
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110 PROJECT START: January 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: William Franklin PROJECT END: September 1974
OBJECTIVE
To develop forecasts of waste materials generated, recoverable waste materials,
and resource recovery for seven types of materials common in solid wastes—paper,
ferrous metals, aluminum, glass, rubber, plastics and textiles.
APPROACH
Forecasts of production and consumption of each material studied were prepared.
Various products were forecast where intermaterial competition could shift
material usage patterns. Waste quantities were estimated, and current and
expected technology (energy and materials recovery facilities) for recovery of
waste were considered. Combined forecasts for the amount of waste produced, the
amount potentially recoverable, and the amount that would actually be recovered
were made.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
Detailed data for all materials and forecasts have been prepared. A final report
has been written.
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Midwest Research Institute
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF SIZE-REDUCTION EQUIPMENT
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-0137
CONTRACTOR: Midwest Research Institute COST: $33,720.97
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110 PROJECT START: June 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Hugh S. Hass PROJECT END: March 1973
OBJECTIVE
To develop a detailed procedure for the evaluation and comparison of
size-reduction equipment.
APPROACH
Manufacturers and operating installations were contacted for basic data
concerning size reduction. Various types of equipment were described in
detail, and current techniques were listed. A complex decisionmaking
algorithm was developed to help the solid waste manager select size-reduction
equipment.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The project was completed.
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Midwest Research Institute
RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE ANALYSIS
OF NINE BEVERAGE CONTAINER ALTERNATIVES
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-1848
CONTRACTOR: Midwest Research Institute COST: $50,000
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110 PROJECT START: May 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: William Franklin PROJECT END: August 1974
OBJECTIVE
To discover the impact of the use of alternative beverage containers on
resource and energy consumption and the generation of solid waste and
other pollutants.
APPROACH
A detailed study of each manufacturing and transporation step in the
life cycle of a container was undertaken from the extraction of raw
materials through the fabrication of the product, distribution, use,
and final disposal.
Throughout the container life cycle, seven resource and environmental
impact categories were identified and quantified: (1) virgin raw
materials use, (2) energy consumption, (3) water use, (4) industrial
solid waste production, (5) post-consumer solid waste generation,
(6) air pollution emissions, (7) water pollution effluents.
To assure the accuracy or the analysis, a draft report was provided
for review by industrial and other technical experts.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A report on the resource and environmental impact of nine different
beverage container systems has been accepted. Detailed data for each
process in the life cycle of a beverage container are included. A
summary section compares alternative container systems and describes
the impact of recycling on all container systems and the impact of
various trip rates (number of times actually reused) for reusable
containers. The analysis shows that a shift from current beverage
container systems to a returnable system that maximizes reuse and
recycling of containers would result in a significant reduction in raw
material and energy use, and a decrease in environmental pollution.
HUNT, R. G., W. E. FRANKLIN, et al. Resource and environmental profile
analysis of nine beverage container alternatives. Environmental
Protection Publication SW-91c. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1974. 178 p.
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The Mitre Corporation
ASSISTANCE FOR THE OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS,
EPA, IN EVALUATING PROPOSALS FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY SYSTEMS
DEMONSTRATION GRANTS
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0749
CONTRACTOR: The Mitre Corporation COST: $130,300
P.O. Box 208
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730 PROJECT START: June 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Stephen G. Lewis PROJECT END: November 1972
OBJECTIVE
To assist the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs (OSWMP) in developing
an impartial, consistent, comprehensive evaluation plan for ranking proposals
for resource recovery demonstration grants to be awarded under section 208
of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, as amended, and using the plan
developed, to assist the Office in the evaluation of grant proposals.
APPROACH
Evaluation criteria were developed from OSWMP objectives for the grant program.
These criteria were grouped into three principal catagories: technical
feasibility, local feasibility, and national applicability. The grant
proposal evaluation was conducted by a team composed of EPA and contractor
personnel, who worked with the proposals and made site visits to gather
information for the evaluation structure. After data gathering, the teams
assigned scores to evaluation factors and subfactors, summarized their
findings in narrative form, and made recommendations to the Director, Resource
Recovery Division, OSWMP. Division recommendations were submitted to the
Deputy Assistant Administrator, Solid Waste Management Programs, for final
decision and grant award.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The contract has been completed and a final report, A Framework for Evaluation
of Demonstration Resource Recovery System, is available. However, it was
not produced in volume, since the evaluation structure presented applies
only to the Federal demonstration grant program.
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Moshman Associates
TRANSPORTATION RATES AND COSTS
FOR SELECTED VIRGIN AND SECONDARY COMMODITIES
CONTRACT NO. 68-02-0790
CONTRACTOR: Moshman Associates COST: $59,175
6400 Goldsboro Road
Bethesda, Maryland 20034 PROJECT START: December 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: David G. Abraham PROJECT END: September 1973
OBJECTIVE
To examine and compare transportation rates for competing secondary and virgin
materials and to examine the basis for these rates. The reasonableness of the
rates for each commodity, the fairness of the level of rates for secondary
commodities compared with their virgin counterparts, and the magnitude of the
effect of transportation charges on commodity prices will be determined.
APPROACH
The study was primarily concerned with the rail movement of virgin and secondary
commodities although barge and truck traffic were briefly considered. Common
moves from processors to mill were established for competing virgin and
secondary materials. The materials studied were steel, paper, aluminum, glass,
and rubber. The freight rates charged were ascertained, and the costs to the
carriers to provide these services calculated. Costs and revenues were compared,
and, finally, the effect of the transportation charges upon the delivered price
of the material was described.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A report on the findings has been published. The average rates for all commodities
were reasonable, but numerous examples of inequities were found. For longer
moves, secondary materials (scrap iron and most moves of glass cxillet and
reclaimed rubber) were at a disadvantage compared to substitutable virgin
commodities. Only cullet prices were significantly affected by transportation
charges.
ABRAHAM, D. G., W. B. SAUNDERS, and T. G. WOODALL. Transportation rates and
costs for selected virgin and secondary commodities. Environmental
Protection Publication SW-59c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1974. 234 p. (Distributed by National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va., as PB-233 871.)
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National Center for Resource Recovery, Inc.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-1831
CONTRACTOR: National Center for
Resource Recovery, Inc. COST: $40,000
1211 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036 PROJECT START: April 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Frank Bernheisel PROJECT END: September 1974
OBJECTIVE
To obtain a report of the experience of the National Center for Resource
Recovery, Inc., in the conduct of a series of contingency planning studies for
resource recovery systems for municipal solid waste. The results will be used
by EPA to provide technical assistance.
APPROACH
The Center prepared analytical summaries of data accumulated in the course of
its studies. One report describes a planning effort that resulted in the
establishment of a resource recovery facility, and a second report summarizes the
Center's total contingency planning effort, involving a number of municipalities.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The contractor has completed the studies and is in the process of writing the
final reports.
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Raytheon Service Company
TECHNICAL WRITING AND EDITING SERVICES
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-2635
CONTRACTOR: Raytheon Service Company COST: $31,552
Presidential Building
6525 Belcrest Road
Hyattsville, Maryland 20782 PROJECT START: June 1974
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Fred Krester PROJECT END: June 1976
OBJECTIVE
To obtain editorial and writing services to supplement OSWMP/TIS staff resources.
APPROACH
The contract was designed to purchase 4,500 hours of editorial support and
writing services on a fixed-price basis. These services provide input for
a variety of publications.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
Currently two manuscripts are being prepared: a revised SWIRS request form
and an ASCE sanitary landfill manual.
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Research Triangle Institute
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND COSTS
OF REGULATORY AND FISCAL POLICY INSTRUMENTS
ON PRODUCT PACKAGING
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0971
CONTRACTOR: Research Triangle Institute COST: $75,849
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina 27709 PROJECT START: January 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Tayler Bingham PROJECT END: July 1974
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the costs and effectiveness of government policy instruments
(regulation and tax) that may be used to influence the quantity and composition
of consumer products packaging and the use of recycled materials in consumer
product package manufacture.
APPROACH
The contractor developed detailed data on current consumer packaging practices
and materials use by product class and analyzed the effectiveness of government
policy in reducing solid waste generation and raw materials consumption,
increasing post-consumer waste consumption, and reducing energy utilized and
costs of implementation. This analysis of consumer packaging changes will be
made for four government policies at various rates. The four policies are:
regulation requiring recycled material use (at 10, 20, and 30 percent use of
recycled materials), a tax per ton of packaging materials used (at 10, 22, 50
and 100 dollars-per-ton rates), a tax per ton of packaging materials used with
an exemption for recycled material (same rates as tax per ton with no exemption)
and a tax per container (at 0.5 cents, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 per unit).
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
A final report has been completed.
BINGHAM, T. H., et al. An evaluation of the effectiveness and costs of
regulatory and fiscal policy instruments on product packaging.
Environmental Protection Publication SW-74c. Cincinnati, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. 301 p.
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Research Triangle Institute
THE SELECTION OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-2248
CONTRACTOR: Research Triangle Institute COST: $118,656
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709 PROJECT START: February 1974
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Tayler Bingham PROJECT END: February 1975
OBJECTIVE
To develop data and criteria necessary to select specific materials and products
for a source reduction program and to analyze all major material and products in
the municipal waste stream in relation to these criteria.
APPROACH
Specific criteria will be established in the general areas of resource
conservation, waste management, and environmental impact. Data pertaining to
all major materials, products, and product classes in the waste stream will be
developed from published sources and industry contacts. An analysis of this
data in relation to the criteria will be performed to indicate specific
candidates for a source reduction program.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
Criteria development and data collection tasks are in progress.
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Resource Planning Associates
EFFECTIVENESS OF FEDERAL REGULATORY PROGRAM
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-2256
CONTRACTOR: Resource Planning Associates COST: $57,593
14 Story Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 PROJECT START: February 1974
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Henri-Claude Bailly PROJECT END: February 1975
OBJECTIVE
To describe in detail the implementation and enforcement of past and present
Federal programs that directly regulate material usage or product quantity
and characteristics.
APPROACH
A survey of current regulatory efforts by all Federal agencies was made.
Specific programs were identified that fit the objective. Interviews with
operating program personnel and literature reviews will be conducted to
analyze the effectiveness, impact, and costs of the programs.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The survey of Federal regulatory programs has been completed, and specific
programs have been selected for further examination. Interviews and reviews
of the literature are in progress.
29
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SCS Engineers
COST ANALYSIS OF SOURCE SEPARATE COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0789
CONTRACTOR: SCS Engineers COST: $82,600
4014 Long Beach Boulevard
Long Beach, California 90807 PROJECT START: December 1972
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Robert P. Stearns PROJECT END: August 1974
OBJECTIVE
To quantify and analyze the costs and revenues involved in recovering waste
materials for recycling through separation at the source.
APPROACH
The contract was divided into three segments corresponding to the three major
methods of source separation: (1) separate curbside collection of recyclable
materials, (2) separation at recycling centers, (3) office separation. Case
studies were performed in all three categories to ascertain real-world costs,
and a computer model was developed. Time-motion studies were also conducted
at the collection area. A householder impact study was performed in which
approximately 20 families kept cost, time, and weight data on their recycling
activities.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The contract has been completed.
SCS ENGINEERS. Analysis of source separate collection of recyclable solid
waste, v.l. Separate collection studies. Environmental Protection
Publication SW-95c.l. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975.
(In press; distributed by National Technical information Service,
Springfield, Va., as PB-239 775.)
SCS ENGINEERS. Analysis of source separate collection of recyclable
solid waste, v.2. Collection center studies. Environmental
Protection Publication SW-95c.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1975. (In press; distributed by National Technical Information.
Service, Springfield, Va., as PB-239 776.)
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Solid Waste Engineering and Transfer Systems
THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF ADDING RESOURCE
RECOVERY SYSTEMS TO EXISTING SOLID WASTE TREATMENT
FACILITIES
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-1880
CONTRACTOR: Solid Waste Engineering and Transfer Systems
501 Tunnel Avenue COST: $25,000
San Francisco, California 94134 PROJECT START: June 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Wayne Trewhitt PROJECT END: August 1974
OBJECTIVE
To study the economic feasibility of adding resource recovery systems to
existing solid waste treatment facilities, and to provide this information in
report form.
APPROACH
The study was a cooperative effort among designers, engineers, system operators,
and potential customers for recycled materials. A system was designed; the
cost of equipment and facilities was estimated from bids from suppliers; and
operating costs and revenues were estimated.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
The contractor: has completed the study and is writing the final report.
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Ralph Stone and Company, Inc.
EVALUATION OF A FULL-SCALE SOLID WASTE BALER
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-0332
CONTRACTOR: Ralph Stone and Company, Inc. COST: $88,665
10954 Santa Monica Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90025 PROJECT START: June 1973
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Richard Kahle PROJECT END: July 1974
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the technology and economics of a full-scale solid waste baling
operation as well as the environmental impacts of landfilling baled solid
waste.
APPROACH
Bale production rate, density, and springback over varying periods were
studied. Incoming solid waste was sampled and the composition (including
moisture) determined. Maintenance and operating procedures were described
and analyzed, and a test cell for baled solid waste was constructed and
evaluated. The cell was monitored on a regular basis for leachate and gas
generation and composition, settlement, and load-bearing capacity. Total
system costs were determined.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
All cost analysis, baled production, and bale characterization work has been
completed. Monitoring of the test cell was completed in November 1974 and
a draft final report submitted in December 1974.
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Thor Associates, Inc.
TECHNICAL WRITING AND EDITING SERVICES
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-2644
CONTRACTOR: Thor Associates, Inc. COST: $39,880
3301 New Mexico Avenue, N.W.
Suite 248, Foxhall Square
Washington, D.C. 20016 PROJECT START: June 1974
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Carole G. Brownlee PROJECT END: June 1976
OBJECTIVE
To obtain editorial and writing services to supplement OSWMP/TIS staff resources.
APPROACH
The contract was designed to purchase 4,500 hours of editorial support and
writing services on a fixed-price basis.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
At present, contractor is writing a slide show to communicate the problems of
hazardous waste and rewriting manuscripts that deal with OSWMP's major technical
assistance to cities.
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Versar, Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE PRACTICES
INORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-2246
CONTRACTOR: Versar, Inc. COST: $170,000
General Technologies Division
6621 Electronic Drive
Springfield, Virginia 22151 PROJECT START: January 1974
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Dr. Robert G. Shaver PROJECT END: September 1974
OBJECTIVE
To identify and quantify the hazardous wastes that are or will be generated by
the inorganic chemicals industry (SIC Code 281), to describe current practices
for treating and disposing of hazardous wastes and control technologies that
might reduce the hazards of disposal, and to estimate the cost of control
technology implementation.
APPROACH
The industry was categorized by product and production quantity, process
used, location, and age of firms and plants. Types, amounts, and sources of
hazardous wastes generated were identified, and the technical adequacy and
availability of in-process, treatment and disposal technology (other than
techniques used for air and water pollution control) were assessed, Costs
to the industry of implementing adequate hazardous waste treatment and disposal
practices were also assessed.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
Categorization of the industry using 5-digit SIC code classifications has been
completed. Tables have been developed showing the following data by State:
number of establishments, plant size grouping by daily capacity, plant age
groupings, groupings by process type, and annual production tonnage. Mass
balance diagrams of numerous processes have been produced identifying points
of generation, composition, and quantities of hazardous wastes. Data have
been compiled on treatment and disposal technology.
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SUBJECT LISTING
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
Assistance for the Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, EPA,
in Evaluating Proposals for
Resource Recovery Systems Demo-
stration Grants 23
COLLECTION
Cost Analysis of Source Separate
Collection of Solid Waste 30
A study of Pneumatic Solid Waste
Collection Systems as Employed in
Hospitals 16
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Industrial Energy Requirements Data
and Environmental Impacts of
Selected Material Recycle and
Product Reuse Options 15
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Analysis of the Environmental Impacts
of Production from Virgin and
Secondary Paper, Glass, and
Rubber 14
Environmental Impacts of Recycling
Ferrous, Aluminum and Plastics....?
Industrial Energy Requirements Data
and Environmental Impacts of
Selected Material Recycle and
Product Reuse Options 15
EQUIPMENT
Evaluation and Comparison of Size-
Reduction Equipment 21
Evaluation of a Full-Scale Solid
Waste Baler 32
FEDERAL REGULATIONS
Effectiveness of Federal
Regulatory Program
.29
HAZARDOUS WASTES
Alternatives to the Management of
Hazardous Wastes at National
Disposal Sites 18
Assessment of Industrial Hazardous
Waste Practices, Inorganic
Chemicals Industry 34
Program for the Management of
Hazardous Wastes 3
INCENTIVES/DISINCENTIVES
An Evaluation of the Effec-
tiveness and Costs of
Regulatory and Fiscal Policy
Instruments on Product
Packaging 27
An Evaluation of the Impact of
Discriminatory Taxation on the
Use of Primary and Secondary
Materials 6
Transportation Rates and Costs for
Selected Virgin and Secondary
Commodities 24
MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
Investigation and Evaluation of
Inner-City Solid Waste
Problems 8
RESOURCE RECOVERY/RECYCLING
Analysis of the Environmental
Impacts of Production from
Virgin and Secondary Paper,
Glass, and Rubber 14
Assistance for the Office of
Solid Waste Management Programs,
EPA, in Evaluating Proposals for
Resource Recovery Systems Demo-
stration Grants 23
Base Line Forecasts of Resource
Recovery 1972 to 1990 20
Contingency Planning for
Resource Recovery 25
The Economic Feasibility of
Adding Resource Recovery
Systems to Existing Solid
Waste Treatment Facilities...31
Environmental Impacts of
Recycling Ferrous, Aluminum
and Plastics 7
Industrial Energy Requirements
Data and Environmental Impacts
of Selected Material Recycle
and Product Reuse Options....15
SOURCE REDUCTION
An Estimation of Consumer Demand
Elasticities 9
Resource and Environmental Profile
Analysis of Nine Beverage
Container Alternatives 22
35
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The Selection of Materials and
Products for Source
Reduction 28
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Editing and Typing of Office of
Solid Waste Management Programs
Summary Reports and Verification
of Bibliographic Citations 11
Solid Waste Management Annual
Film Report 10
Technical Writing and Editing
Services (Holman) 17
Technical Writing and Editing
Services (Raytheon) 26
Technical Writing and Editing
Services (Thor) 33
Updating and Operation of the
Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System (SWIRS) 12
Verification of Bibliographic
Citations 13
Verification of Bibliographic
Citations and Editing and Typing
of Office of Solid Waste Manage-
ment Programs Reports 5
TRANSPORT
Transportation Rates and Costs for
Selected Virgin and Secondary
Commodities 24
36
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PROJECT DIRECTORS
Abraham, David G., 24
Bailly, Henri-Claude, 29
Bernheisel, Frank, 25
Bingham, Tayler, 27, 28
Brownlee, Carole G., 33
Finley, Stuart, 10
Franklin, William, 20, 22
Funkhouser, John, 18
Hakki, Adel, 15
Hass, Hugh S., 21
Hazlewood, Vernon R., 8
Hofmann, Ross, 16
Holman, John F., 17
Kahle, Richard, 32
Kapner, Robert, 14
Krester, Fred, 26
Levin, Karen, 5
Lewis, Stephen G., 23
McCoy, Frederick L., 9
Peters, Alec, 12, 13
Reilly, John, 6
Shaver, Robert G., 34
Spickler, Dawn, 11
Stearns, Robert P., 30
Swift, Ward H., 3
Trewhitt, Wayne, 31
Yaksich, S. M., 7
V0730
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE' 1975-631-405/915 3-1
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