EPA-904/9-79-040
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT CONFERENCE
February 22-23, 1979
REGION IV
IT. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Atlanta Civic Center
395 Piedmont Avenue
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
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REMARKS BY JOHN C. WHITE, EPA REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT CONFERENCE
ATLANTA, GA, FEBRUARY 22, 1979
Good afternoon and welcome to Atlanta. This Conference on Environmental
Impact Statements promises to be a good one. We are very pleased to
have CEQ Council Member Jane Yarn with us to deliver the Kenote Address.
As you probably know, the new regulations to implement the National
Environmental Policy Act are intended to accomplish three principal
objectives: reduce paperwork, expedite processing requirements, but
at the same time to produce a better vehicle for making decisions.
Regulations will replace the previously used guidelines and will be
uniformly applicable to all Federal agencies.
You will be hearing a lot about "scoping" today and tomorrow. The
Regulations establish a scoping procedure to insure that important issues
are selected for attention at the outset of facility planning.
We are happy to have in attendance representatives of the 25 Federal
agencies from which we received impact statements this past year. State
and local governments are also represented. Coast Guard personnel from
as far away as Alaska and Hawaii are here. They held their own separate
meeting earlier today. Also here are some members of Region 4's Citizen
Advisory Council composed of some of the leading environmentalists in
the southeast.
And, one more comment about our invitees. We asked representatives from
the various Federal agency Headquarter's staffs to join us. These are
the people who will write the implementing procedures. We wanted them
to get the regional perspective first.
Now it's my pleasure to introduce the Keynote Speaker. It would be
difficult to find someone more eminently qualified for her present
position than Jane Yarn. She has led the fight for a better environment
from Georgia to Washington with some notable successes. I will not
attempt to list all her accomplishments, but I do want to mention a few.
As founder and president of SAVE, i.e., Save America's Vital Environment,
Mrs. Yarn was instrumental in getting passed into law the reorganization
of State government during the Carter Administration as well as many
pieces of environmental legislation. The formation of a strong Environ-
mental Protection Division in Georgia was due, in large part, to her
efforts.
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Mrs. Yarn has served as Vice-chairman of the Nature Conservancy. . .
She worked to have Congress include the Bartram Trail in the National
Trails Act. . . She served as Chairman of the Charles A. Lindbergh
Fund, an organization which awards Grants to individuals who achieve
a better balance between technology and the environment. She has
authored many papers and publications and has been honored by the
foremost organization in the nation for her work in conservation and
protection of the environment.
Mrs. Yarn owns and manages a farm and lives with her husband, Dr.
Charles P. Yarn, Jr., in northwest Atlanta.
It is a distinct honor for me to present Mrs. Jane Yarn, Member,
Council on Environmental Quality.
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KEYNOTE SPEECH
JANE YARN
PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
It's a pleasure to be here today to participate at this Conference among
so many friends. And it's a particular pleasure to be able to discuss
with you some of the concerns that I know CEQ and EPA share together.
Perhaps no agency in government is more concerned than EPA with the
present debate over the role of regulations in our social affairs. We
at CEQ have taken special note of this issue as it affects environmental
quality and as it relates to the President's well placed concern about in-
flation.
I certainly support every effort to cure this economic cancer...but I am
dismayed by the extent to which officials in the government and in private
industry have turned to an easy attack on health, safety, and environ-
mental regulations as a prime contributor to inflation.
This is not the first time that environmental regulations have been used
as a scapegoat for economic ills rooted deeply in our society or stemming
from outside causes. You may remember, for example, that when the Arabs
imposed their oil boycott, and we were looking for answers to our energy
crisis, a relaxation of environmental safeguards was urged as the fastest
solution.
Thanks to strong support from environmentalists across the country, the
government was not stampeded on the energy issue. But it wasn't long
before critics found a new reason to ease up on environmental laws: un-
employment. It certainly is true that air and water pollution laws have
closed down some plants whose facilities were too obsolescent or margin-
ally profitable to make compliance worthwhile. So far, according to an
"early warning system" maintained by EPA, something like 22,000 men and
women have lost jobs through plant-closings.
But on the other hand, environmental laws passed by the Federal govern-
ment since 1970 have created more than 600,000 jobs in fields ranging
from the monitoring of water quality to the engineering and installation
of stack-scrubbers. Moreover, these jobs were created at a time of excess
industrial capacity and sluggish consumer demand...a time, in short, when
good capital-investment opportunities were rare for industry. Without
the jobs and investment mandated by pollution controls over the past years,
our gross national product would have been lower, and our unemployment
higher than they actually were.
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Now today — having failed to make persuasive anti-control arguments
out of the energy crisis or unemployment — the critics are trying to
use inflation.
There is no question that environmental regulation and protection does
add to the cost of doing business. So far, however, those costs are
well within the ability of our economy to absorb. According to a study
we know of — Federal pollution controls will add an average of three to
four-tenths of one percent to the Consumer Price Index annually for
the period 1970-1983. The figure this year is five-tenths of one
percent.
The Council on Wage and Price Stability quotes a slightly higher
figure: seven-tenths of one percent. There is not much difference
between their figure and ours. But even assuming that their number is
right — it indicates how slight an effect on inflation would be realized
by cutting back on environmental controls. Let us say, for example, that
we cut back environmental controls by 20 percent...a really substantial
reduction. Today the Consumer Price Index is running at an annual rate
of eight percent; if we did reduce the impact of environmental controls
by 20 percent, therefore, we would have a CPI of 7.9 percent instead
of 8 percent.
I doubt that such a drop would put any more steaks into the average
family's shopping-cart, or reassure the Gnomes of Zurich about the
soundness of the dollar.
On the other hand, we have to ask about the bad effects of relaxing
environmental protection. We know, in a general way, that efforts to
protect the environment yield benefits in public health, reduced property
damage, increased agricultural and resource yields, and enhanced recrea-
tion. Unfortunately, we have not made the continuing, precise study of
these effects needed to combat our critics. . .
But every now and then, some unusual event brings these other effects to
our attention. In 1952, London experienced a five-day episode of air
pollution. The English government estimated that the pollution was
responsible for 4,000 deaths; during those five days 1,100 patients
were admitted to London hospitals daily — 48 percent more than normally.
More recently, Doug Costle of EPA noted a recent article that stated
death-rates in San Francisco dropped 13.4 percent during the 1973-74 oil
embargo as compared with the same period for the four previous years;
the explanation appears to be reduced exposure to pollutants from auto
exhausts. Scientists have noted reductions in fish and tree growth in
Scandinavia and in our own Adirondacks...apparently as a result of acid
rains caused by auto emissions. And such incidents as the Kepone disaster
in Hopewell, Virginia, and the destruction of the Amoco Cadiz off the
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coast of Brittany help us gauge the costs of environmental disaster that
might have been prevented by strict regulation.
Certainly we must make every effort to ensure that environmental and health
regulations are not necessarily expensive, and that they take economic
impacts into account. As Yale economist Dr. James Tobin comments, "We
cannot pollute ourselves into prosperity." But as a matter of fact almost
all Federal environmental laws require such an economic impact analysis
now. If we are to control and, hopefully, trim back the current infla-
tion rate, we shall have to look elsewhere than an environmental regulation,
It well may be that our current inflation is an entirely new animal in our
experience, one that can evade all the nets thrown out by our traditional
economics. As the Council on Wage and Price Stability has noted, excess
consumer demand — demand exceeding supply — played a prominent role
in every other inflationary episode since World War II. But this one has
"persisted in the face of the worst recession" since 1945. Moreover,
this inflation is not restricted to the U. S. or to any single region;
on the contrary, it is common throughout the industrial world.
Why? If this inflation is different, what makes it so?
Lester Brown, Director of the Worldwatch Institute, offers a provocative
suggestion. "During the Seventies," he writes, "efforts to manage infla-
tion have been consistently less successful than in the past, in part
because new sources of inflation are emerging. In simplest terms, the
new inflationary forces arise from the claims on the earth's resources
of a continuously expanding global economy. . . at some point biological
systems begin to deteriorate; oil wells begin to go dry; high-grade,
easily accessible mineral reserves are used up; and there is no more fer-
tile, well-watered cropland that can easily be brought under the plow.
As the demand for the more scarce resources begins to outstrip supplies,
scarcity-induced price rises result.
The National Center for Economic Alternatives reached a similar con-
clusion in its report last year on what it called "the new inflation".
In comparison with the immediate post-war period, for the final quarter
of this century. . . there is widespread expert agreement that the
long-term outlook for global energy, food, and other resources is one
of increasing prices. Similar agreement exists about longer-term land
and capital costs which impact on housing prices. In the context of the
foreseeable upward slope to the cost of fundamental resources, the
frequency of sudden, unexpected price "jolts" in food, energy, and other
critical areas can only increase — especially at the top of the business
cycle, when high demand puts even greater pressure on global resource
supplies.
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These observations confirm my intuitive conviction that for decades
we have been benefiting from cheap prices based on our undervaluing
of natural goods. Refusing to confront the obvious truth that at some
point our oil resources would run out, and that other nations would
begin making their claims on international supplies, we have designed
a defused society accessible only to the automobile ... a society whose
expressways and sprawling suburbs we cannot undo. Resource-waste is
built into our lives. And for those expressways, suburbs and shopping
centers, we ripped up an average of 2,000 acres of land every day
between 1960 and 1970. Lax safety rules to protect miners and the lack
of any control on the restoration of strip-mined land made coal cheaper
in economic terms than it is in human terms . . . and helped retard
our recognition of the need for alternate energy supplies. Forest
products undervalued because of excessive harvesting on public lands
blinded us to the need for conservation . . . not only in our forests,
but also in the design of homes that could have been much more materials-
efficient and energy-efficient, if we had put our minds to those problems
in the first place.
Within the last decade we have begun to get a handle on those problems
through an informed environmentalist!!. But now that our wasteful poli-
cies of decades have come home to roost, environmentalist!! itself is
being blamed as the cause of our economic problems. If those of us
who believe that a spendthrift attitude toward natural resources is
the real cause and do not continue to oppose the anti-regulation crowd,
we shall simply let our nation in for another round of wasteful spending.
This latest attack on environmental protection is, then, more than a
brush fire. No matter what our individual concerns in the environmental
area, we've all got to focus on this one. What has been declared on
the very policies that would bring us back to sanity . . . and if we
allow our opponents to win it, it will be a most expensive war indeed —
not only for our nation, but for our earth.
Let me conclude these remarks not simply by raising this threat and
challenge but by citing some new and encouraging evidence that public
interest in wise use of our natural resources is broad and strong. Pres-
sure for changes in the ways we invest in and use the environment comes
not from a small band of zealots but from the entire spectrum of discip-
lines and professions — people who are willing to pay more in the short
run to save resources in the long run.
A poll conducted by Resources for the Future last year reveals the
following: In response to the question, "Do you feel your family benefits
from efforts to protect and expand national parks and wilderness areas?",
87 percent of those polled felt that their families did benefit.
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Asked if they thought their families benefited from efforts to protect
birds and animals, again 87% felt that their familes benefited. The
poll found that 60 percent of the people were active in or sympathetic
to environmental affairs. Only 6 percent were unsympathetic.
Bolstering these results was the telephone survey conducted by Opinion
Resource Corporation in 1975 and repeated in 1977. Asked, "Are you
willing to pay higher nrices or taxes to improve air and water quality?",
in 1975 60 percent said ''yes" but in 1977, the percentage rose to 68
percent.
In the face of these encouraging although frankly not surprising results,
it is vitally important to respond to the public with environmental
policies that are not only strong but efficient . . . effective and free
from unnecessary red tape. CEQ's most recent response to this need is our
NEPA Regulations which we developed after a long and fruitful public
participation process. We believe that these new regulations will go a
long way toward making Federal agencies focus effectively on the real and
significant impacts of and alternatives to their proposed actions having
environmental importance. Energetic implementation of these regulations
by EPA, which is a topic you will be concerned about throughout this
Conference, is particularly critical not only because of the significant
environmental EPA policies that will be involved, but also because of
the exemplary role that EPA must play in carrying out those policies.
It is gratifying and fitting that you have convened this Conference at
this time. We at CEQ certainly wish you well in translating your regu-
lations into effective procedures that will guide your actions for many
years to come. We look forward to helping you in making this effort in
the months ahead.
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Georgia's Endangered Species Program
Protected Plants
Mary Anne Young, Staff Specialist
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
The late 60's and early 70's saw a new public awareness of
environmental concern sweep the country. State and federal legislation
and those programs which this legislation spawned, were a direct
result of this awakening. Suddenly the Nation became concerned with
clearer air, cleaner water and better management of our natural
resources, including protection of endangered and threatened species.
Georgia was caught up in this environmental movement. In terms of
endangered species, we were one of the first states to pass legislation
for the protection of both endangered wildlife and endangered plants.
This resulted in the viable and progressive endangered species program
Georgia has today.
Federal endangered species legislation has been on the books since
the 1960's, in the form of the 1966 Endangered Species Preservation
Act and the 1969 Endangered Species Conservation Act. The most
significant legislation however, came in the form of PL 93-205, the
Endangered Species Act of 1973. This law broadened the scope of federal
involvement in endangered species in several ways:
(1) It provided for the conservation of "ecosystems" on which
endangered and threatened species depend;
(2) It provided for conservation programs for endangered and
threatened species;
(3) It provided for incentives to states through federal
assistance programs; (Sec. 6)
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(4) It provided /or Interagency Cooperation; (Sec. 7)
(5.) It began a review of the status of plant species. (Sec. 12)
The first endangered species legislation in Georgia was also
passed during 1973. The Endangered Wildlife Act and Wildflower
Preservation Act of 1973 provided the impetus for our State's endan-
gered species efforts. Provisions in the State legislation included:
(1) That the DNR inventory, within two years, all species of
wildlife and plants which it may determine to be rare,
unusual, or in danger of extinction, and designate these
as "protected species";
(2) It authorized DNR to promulgate rules and regulations
for the protection of endangered and threatened species
on public land.
Immediately after the passage of this legislation, the Department
of Natural Resources compiled a list of "protected species" based on
recommendations of experts in various fields. After additional status
investigations of these species, the Board of Natural Resources unani-
mously adopted the recommended list as presented by staff biologists.
Rules and regulations for the protection of endangered, threatened,
rare, and unusual species were also adopted at this same Board meeting.
In general, the rules and regulations provided for:
(1) the criteria for determination of protected species;
(2) procedures for modifying the state list;
(3) land acquisition for endangered species;
(4) prohibited acts and made any violation a misdemeanor; and
(5) special purpose permits.
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The passage of the federal legislation had a significant impact
on Georgia's program. Under Section 6 of the Act, a state could
qualify for matching funds for planning and implementation of endan-
gered wildlife programs if certain criteria were met. In October
of 1978, the state of Georgia entered into a cooperative agreement with
the Federal Government.
As stated previously, Georgia offers protection to both endangered
wildlife and plants. Unfortunately, the plant program is
not federally funded, since the language of the 1973 federal Act was
not interpreted to mean that plants could be included for cooperative
funding along with wildlife. However, since 1973, many states have
become motivated to initiate plant programs or, as in the case of
Georgia, were continuing the development and implementation of a
current program. Therefore a movement began to amend Section 6 of
the 1973 Act so that federal monies could be available to states to
continue their planning for plant protection. In the summer of 1973,
during reauthorization, Georgia was a leader in the pursuit of a speci-
fic plant amendment to Section 6 of the federal Act. Letters were
sent to Congress from Georgia's Department of Natural Resources, both
from the Director of the Game and Fish Division, and the Commissioner
of the Department. At present, the Fish and Wildlife Service is
developing rules and regulations pursuant to this amendment. When
these are finally adopted, Georgia hopes to qualify immediately.
Although not federally funded, Georgia's protected plant program
enjoys a high profile. Many aspects of the program contribute to its
present success. Among these are the fact that the list of plant
species protected under Georgia law is both credible and manageable.
10
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The 58 plant specie.s listed are the result of careful scrutiny of
proposed species. Unique to our program is the full support of the
State's DNR Law Enforcement Section. In-service training sessions
have been conducted with all law enforcement administrators and
field personnel. These individuals are vital to the program not only
in their capacity as conservation rangers, but because they represent
trained individuals in the field who serve as sources of information
and feedback. All persons who take the time to learn the facts are
important in this way, and our status and range monitoring of protected
plants is dependent upon alert observers.
In addition to law enforcement, training sessions have been
conducted with other Departmental field personnel, including our
wildlife biologists and personnel in Parks and Historic Sites. We
consider public education vital also and endeavor to keep the public
up-to-date with our program through publications and other mechanisms.
A primary concern of the plant program is in the maintenance and
recovery of endangered or threatened plants. To this end, we are
engaged in identification and management of sites on which protected
species grow. We are also developing cooperative programs with
outside agencies to facilitate recovery efforts.
At present we are completing negotiations with the U.S.D.A.
Forest Service on a Memorandum of Agreement which involves recovery
efforts for plant species appearing on both the State and Federal
lists. This cooperative effort will include seed processing services
for protected plants as conducted by the Forest Service, and the
replanting of such seeds or seedlings as conducted by the Department.
Another negotiation is underway with the Callaway Gardens Department
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of Horticulture. Under this Agreement, Callaway Gardens would serve
to provide active gene pools of protected plants some of which would
be available for public education. Other agencies and institutions
are presently expressing interest in cooperating with Department
in efforts involving plant recovery.
The concept of addressing endangered or threatened species is not
new to applicants for federal funds who are aware of the regulations in
regard to federally listed species, particularly of wildlife. All
of the wildlife the State protects, except 3 species, are listed
federally. Therefore, when an environmental inventory has addressed
federally protected species, the State concern will be simplified
automatically. What is new, however, is the list of protected plants.
This is, for the most part, a state list since only two plants which
are endangered in the state come also under federal jurisdiction. These
are the Hairy Rattleweed, Baptisia arachnifera, found in pine-flatwoods
in the Georgia coastal plain, and the Persistent Trillium, Trillium
persistens, located in extreme Northeast Georgia in association with
the Tullulah-Tugaloo River Systems. (Approximately a dozen other plant
species are federally proposed, while several more are under review.)
Applicants for federal funds should be aware of these overlaps in state
and federal programs.
We do not see our endangered plants or wildlife list or any other
list, as a sacrosanct entity, but rather a consolidation of available
information on life forms which demand immediate attention. Our long
term goal is to delist species, not list them. We aspire to keep the
door of communication open between Endangered Species Preservation and
social or political issues, and we are careful to make sure only accurate
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information is disseminated.
Unfortunately, the interest in endangered species has also
precipitated much misconception regarding both State and Federal
programs. In Georgia, we attempt to make it clear that no endangered
species program was intended to stop progress or halt development.
Inherent in our efforts to work with other interests is our involve-
ment with the A-95 Review Process, Although the 1973 State laws do not
have a "Section 7", i.e., a section addressing "critical habitat", we
encourage, through a set of Administrative Guidelines, that site
surveys be conducted for Protected Species. The guidelines are directed
at the applicants for federal grants, loans, permits, etc. and provide
policy for the Department of Natural Resources which performs the state-
level reivews. The objectives in issuing the Guidelines are twofold.
One is to address the protected species issue early in the planning
process so that the impact of the project on such species can be con-
sidered. Secondly, the purpose is to facilitate the entire review
process by clearly spelling out what the state reviewers for protected
species consider adequate when evaluating a planning document, a faci-
lity plan, and environmental impact statement, etc. The guidelines
describe the criteria for an adequate protected species survey.
Hypothetical surveys for vegetation and wildlife are included as
examples.
During 1978, the State Clearinghouse disseminated the Guidelines
to all Area Planning and Development Commissions. In addition, they
are sent by DNR's Environmental Protection Division in response to
individual requests. Also planned is the attachment of the protected
species Guidelines to an EPD publication entitled: Guidelines for
the Preparation of the Environmental Inventory and Environmental
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Assessment 201^ .Facilities Plan. These will go primarily to consulting
firms.
Since the issuance of the Guidelines, the state reviewers
for protected species have found a significant improvement in the
quality of environmental assessments and inventories. We would like
to attribute this to the establishment of communication. We know
that support from the Clearinghouse has facilitated this progress
since interim comments from the Clearinghouse to applicants include
our Protected Species concerns.
In Georgia, we are proud of our efforts toward the preservation of
endangered species and their habitats. We are aware, however, that
our efforts have only begun. Ron Odom, the staff specialist for
endangered wildlife, will discuss aspects of the state's endangered
wildlife program.
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An Overview of Georgia's Endangered Wildlife Program
by Ron R. Odom
Endangered Wildlife Specialist
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
There has been an unprecedented explosion of environmental aware-
ness and concern in this country, brought about,! think, by the rate of
change imposed upon us by recent technological progress. Today every
citizen in this country is very much concerned about what other people
do, or plan to do, to the environment. In an earlier day perhaps, we
may have dismissed this overwhelming concern as emotionalism. Today,
however, I think we realize that emotion is simply the first step in a
selective process of attention - giving which ultimately leads to under-
standing and then action. Certainly this has been the case with endang-
ered species programs. It was a direct result of these emotional con-
cerns that state and federal endangered species legislation was proposed
and implemented; and also that we have progressed as far as we have in our
endangered species/non-game efforts.
It is appropriate that the states, including Georgia, play a major
role in wildlife protection, management, and research for it is the states
that ultimately must administer two-thirds of the total land area of the
nation. The states also have the primary responsibility for the protect-
ion and management of resident wildlife.
The state of Georgia formally initiated endangered species conser-
vation efforts soon after the enactment of the 1973 federal and state en-
dangered species legislation. The Department of Natural Resources in-
volvement began with the sponsoring of the 1974 endangered species work-
shop at Fembank Science Center in Decatur. This original workshop was
organized for the purpose of drafting a "citizens list" of endangered,
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threatened, rare and unusual plant and animal species *in Georgia.
Experts from Georgfa and neighboring states gathered for the purpose of
compiling this original working list which would ultimately be used by
the Department of Natural Resources in drafting the official state list.
Approximately 159 species of vertebrates were listed as either endangered,
threatened, rare or unusual, or status undetermined.
After initial status investigations of those species on the Fern-
bank list, the Board of Natural Resources in March, 1975 unanimously a-
dopted the recommended list of protected plants and animals as presented
by staff biologists. Georgia presently lists 23 species of wildlife on
our official state list. Also adopted at this meeting were Rules and
Regulations For the Protection of Endangered, Threatened, Rare, or Un-
usual Species which has already been discussed. Among other things the
Rules and Regulations provided a mechanism for listing and delisting
species with the appropriate review processes. Species may be nominated to
the list, or taken off the list, by anyone who can provide scientifically
valid data to support their contentions. Presently, the Department of
Natural Resources is completing status reviews of the American alligator
and the gopher tortoise in Georgia and plan to go to the Department of
Natural Resources Board with recommendations next month.
With regard to the 1973 federal legislation Section 6 is of
particular significance to Georgia's program. Section 6 provides for
cooperative agreements with states that meet minimum criteria requirements.
Section 6 essentially provides for funding for acceptable state endangered
species programs. After considerable "beefing up" of our laws we were able
to meet federal standards which included:
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a) having the authority to conserve resident endangered species-
b) establishing the authority to conduct status and requirement in-
vestigations .
c) having the authority to establish programs, including the acquisit-
ion of land or aquatic habitat, for the conservation of endangered
species•
d) providing for public participation in the designation of endang-
ered and threatened species.
The state of Georgia entered into a Cooperative Agreement with the Fish
and Wildlife Service in October, 1978. The agreement enabled the Depart-
ment of Natural Resources to obtain federal funding on a 2/3 to 1/3
matching basis. In other words, for every dollar put up by the State,
two are provided by the Federal Government. This agreement and source of
funding enabled the Department of Natural Resources to initiate a compre-
hensive, meaningful program for our endangered and threatened wildlife
species. Prior to that time our endangered species efforts were compara-
tively token in nature.
Rather than staff a new section at that time our Department chose to
handle the bulk of our endangered species efforts through contracting.
Soon after signing the cooperative agreement we contacted competent re-
searchers throughout Georgia advising them of Department priorities and of
the new funding available for contract studies on endangered species re-
search and surveys and asking for project proposals. Numerous proposals
were received from the field, and finally, after careful screening, ten
projects were approved for funding. All of these are now well underway.
In addition, six other projects, to be carried out by the Department, were
approved and are in various stages of implementation.
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Each individual contractor is required to provide the 1/3 matching
funds, either through in-kind services or other non-federal sources. In
essence then we are currently operating our entire state endangered species
program with a very small amount of state expenditures. The program, as
operated now, is practically self-supporting<
CURRENT STUDIES
Study Title Contractor
Status Determination of Selected Vertebrates Universiry of Georgia
in Georgia Museum of Natural History
This study arose from data, or lack of data, generated at the 1974 endang-
ered species workshop at Fernbank. The Conference underscored the lack of
good population status data for many of Georgia's vertebrates. This pro-
ject should establish a firm foundation on which to build a more comprehen-
sive, endangered species/non-game program.
Objectives:
a) to update and revise the state protected species list and to provide
the Department of Natural Resources with a comprehensive status
report on the 159 species of vertebrates on the Fernbank list.
b) parameters which will be addressed in the study are:
1) distribution and density
2) systematics and variation
3) natural history
4) status
5) evaluation of status and recommendations
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Study Title Contractor
A Systematic Study of Geomys colonus University of Georgia
Museum of Natural History
There has been controversy among researchers as to whether the colonial
pocket gopher (Geomys colonus) is really a distinct species, or whether
it is simply a variant population of Geomys pinetus, which is very common
in the area. This study will attempt to provide genetic answers to this
question,'
Objective:
a) to determine, primarily through electrophoresus techniques, the
systematic position of G. colonus with respect to surrounding
populations of G. pinetus.
Study Title Contractor
The Status and Preservation of the Colonial University of. Georgia School
Pocket Gopher of Forest Resources
Available information on the colonial pocket gopher is very scarce. The
species was originally described around the turn of the century and little
has been done with thb species since then. This particular study will
provide basic life history information on the species necessary to
identify possible limiting factors.
Objectives:
a) to determine the size and location of each colony.
b) to estimate population parameters associated with each colony
including sex ratios, age distribution, reproductive capabilities,
and trends in abundance.
c) to describe occupied habitat.
d) to determine the impact of future development in this area on
the species.
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e) to determine the feasibility of establishing new colonies nearby.
The colonial pocket gopher was involved in the only confrontation be-
tween a listed species and environmental project since our program be-
gan four years ago. I don't think any real confrontation ever existed -
at least not until the problem was played up as a crisis situation by
the news media.
Star Route 40, in Camden County, was scheduled for widening soon
after we discovered the small colony of colonial pocket gophers. This
highway just happened to pass through the edge of some of the
gopherrs habitat - and possibly some gophers if they were not moved.
To make a long story short, we worked very closely with the Department
of Transportation, and I.T.T. Rayonier Corporation who owns the land,
and relocated 4 problem animals to a suitable area nearby, where they
now appear to be thriving. Construction of the road was continued after
our relocation efforts.
This, I think, is an example of what can be accomplished through
successful communication and cooperation among agencies. This example
underscores the basic philosophy of our program in Georgia - that of
continued progress, but with appropriate planning and consideration for
the wildlife resource. In most instances where alternatives are sought
for controversial projects that conflict with the wildlife resource, they
invariably can be found - in spite of what the media may think.
Although we have a number of sea turtles on our state list, the
loggerhead (Caretta caretta) is the only one that nests on our coastal
beaches. Loggerhead populations have declined over the years because
of a number of factors. Habitat loss is at the head of the list of limiting
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factors. Other turtle losses are due to severe nest predation on the
beaches and drownings caused by shrimp trawlers.
Federal and state legislation has attacked the habitat problems
while the National Marine Fisheries Service is conducting research on
ways to minimize losses from shrimpers. Our efforts in Georgia are directed
toward nesting-predatioh problems on the beaches. We currently have three
such projects under contract.
Study Title Contractor
Investigation of Hatchery Techniques for Savannah Science Musuem
Propagation of Loggerhead Sea Turtles in Wassaw Island
Georgia
Objectives:
a) publish a field manual on hatchery techniques and expected successes.
b) to increase the percent of loggerheads hatched successfully from
Wassaw Island Hatchery.
c) to determine the percent of turtles hatched successfully under
natural conditions on Wassaw Island.
Study Title Contractor
Ossabaw Island Loggerhead Sea Turtle Ossabaw Foundation
Conservation and Research Program
Objectives:
a) to improve current loggerhead management techniques on Ossabaw
Island.
b) to improve and continue loggerhead hatchery operations on Ossabaw
Island.
c) to gather data on nest predation and devise new methods of nest
protection.
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For years now programs have essentially been operating independently with
only token efforts to coordinate and compile data with regional or state-
wide perspective. This next project will insure that all data collecting
is coordinated through one clearing house and that interpretation of data—
will no longer be on a piecemeal basis.
Study Title Contractor
The Coordination of Research Efforts Involving University of Georgia
Nesting Female Loggerheads on Georgia'sInstitute of Ecology
Coastal Islands
Objectives:
a) to advise the state on the current status of research efforts and
research needs relating to sea turtles.
b) to develop communication and coordinate research efforts among
the various tagging programs in the state.
c) to act as consultant to the various research and tagging programs
in the state, providing statistical treatment and computer analysis
of data.
d) to provide logistical support in the following areas:
1) development, purchase, and distribution of flipper tags to
researchers.
2) administration of a statewide tagging program, including
computerized coordination of tag numbers and the paying of
rewards.
3) accessibility to computer facilities at realistic prices.
e) to provider means for analysing available data with an overall
statewide perspective.
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f) to prepare a major report on the status of sea turtle research in
Georgia.
The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is found locally throughout
the coastal plain of Georgia, occurring primarily on the sandhill regions.
Although the gopher tortoise is not currently listed by the State of
Georgia its status has been under review by the Department of Natural
Resources. Results of the evaluation will be available soon.
Habitat loss and reported over-harvest are thought to be assoc-
iated with population declines. Our gopher tortoise studies are designed
to identify and measure some of these limiting factors and to provide basic
life history information.
Study Title Contractor
The^Gopher Tortoise - Distribution, Ecology International Paper Company
and Effects of Forest Management
Objectives:
a) to detemine present range in Georgia.
b) to determine local population density, reproductive rate, mortality
factors, and home ranges and burrow characteristics used by
various sex and age classes.
c) to designate seasonal food requirements, nutrition, and essential
habitat components.
d) to develop a functional census technique.
e) to determine the impact of forest management on populations.
f) to investigate the feasibility of establishing gopher populations
in altered sandhill habitats.
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The irdigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperll) occurs primarily
throughout southeast Georgia, associated with basically the same sandhill
habitat that is occupied by the gopher tortoise.
The indigo snake was added to both the federal and state lists in
1978 as a threatened species. Habitat losses, and over-collecting are
thought to be primarily responsible for their decline in numbers. Efforts
by Auburn University will identify key habitat areas throughout the state
and will locate major indigo populations.
Study Title Contractor
Distribution of the Indigo Snake in Georgia Auburn University
Objectives:
a) to survey the occurrence and distribution of indigo snakes in
Georgia.
b) to gather information on the amount of suitable habitat currently
inhabited by indigo snakes in Georgia.
The red-cockaded woodpecker OPicoides borealis) is a very small bird -
associated with tracts of mature or overmature pine timber, primarily in
South Georgia. Red-cockaded woodpecker populations have declined drastically
over the years because of habitat loss. They require overmature pines
for nesting and current timber management practices favor short-term
rotation - in other words, most timber today is harvested before it ever
gets old enough to be used by red-cockaded woodpeckers.
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Study Title Contractor
The Status and Distribution of the Tall Timbers Research Station
Red-cockaded Woodpecker
Objectives:
a) to complete an inventory and update the status of the Red-cockaded
woodpecker in Georgia.
b) publish final status report.
Although peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) do not nest in Georgia,
they do frequent our coastal areas during their spring and fall migrations.
Coastal areas, with their abundant supply of shorebirds, provide excellent
feeding areas for migrating falcons. Through banding studies we hope to
learn more about their movements and migrational behavior.
Study Title Contractor
Banding and Field Study of Migrating Peregrine Joel Volpi
Falcons on Cumberland Island
Objective:
a) to capture and band as many peregrines as possible during October,
1978.
Department of Natural Resources Studies
Although osprey (Pandion haliaetus) populations have declined severely
over the past 10-15 years along the coast due to pesticide contamination,
recent population trends are encouraging. Increases over the past several
years may indicate a gradual cleaning up of our environment.
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Study Title Contractor
Statewide Osprey Nesting Survey Department of Natural Resources
Objective.:
a) to determine the number and locations of active osprey nests,
reproductive success, and habitat preferences in Georgia.
Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus) have not nested
successfully in Georgia since 1970. Pesticides have been associated with
reproductive failures in bald eagles, resulting in population declines. If
the environment is becoming better suited for raptor populations (less
contaminated) then reintroductions of bald eagles may restore populations
to acceptable levels once again.
Study Title Contractor
Hacking of Southern Bald Eagle Chicks Department of Natural Resources
Objective :
a) to raise southern bald eagle chicks by hacking, using eggs from
captive-reared adult eagles, to a self-sufficient flying state,
using artificial nesting structures.
Although we have no scientifically confirmed evidence of cougars in
Georgia for many years, indirect evidence would suggest that we have a
small population. Road-killed specimens have been taken in recent years
from bordering states of Alabama, Florida, and Tennessee. Each year our
biologists investigate numerous "reported sightings." However the reports
invariably turn out to be sightings of other animals. Our cougar data
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collection project will compliment similar efforts being made by the
Fish and Wildlife Service in the Southern Appalachians.
Study Title Contractor
Georgia Cougar Investigations Department of Natural Resources
Objectives:
a) to develop standardized reporting procedures and forms for re-
cording cougar sighting data.
b) to investigate reported sightings and accumulate data at a central
location for analysis.
Georgia has been conducting alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
surveys for about six years now. Night counts are conducted along major
river systems throughout the state to detect population changes. We also
periodically survey the amount of suitable alligator habitat statewide.
Study Title Contractor
Georgia Alligator Survey Department of Natural Resources
Objective:
a) to survey annually suitable alligator habitat in order to detect
population trends.
Problem alligators usually turn out to be more of a "people problem"
than an alligator problem. Neverless the complaints must be dealt with
by our biologists and considerable time and money is expended on this
problem. With an expanding human population,and an expanding alligator
population combined with habitat losses, the problem can only worsen.
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Study Title Contractor
Nuisance Alligator Control Department of'Natural Resources
Objective:
a) to relocate nuisance alligators from problem areas.
The need and demand for endangered species educational materials
has been overwhelming since the initiation of our program. The film
that our staff is currently working on should at least partially satisfy
that need. It is designed to be shown to a general audience and will
deal with endangered wildlife species, their problems and recovery efforts.
Study Title Contractor
Georgia's Endangered Wildlife Film Department of Natural Resources
Objective:
a) to produce a 30 minute film on Georgia's endangered wildlife.
The Rare and Endangered Wildlife Symposium held in August, 1978
was organized to assemble up-to-date information on select southeastern
endangered and threatened wildlife, to identify research and management
needs, to foster better communication among researchers, to provide the
public with feedback, and to stimulate similar symposium efforts.
Study Title Contractor
Rare and Endangered Wildlife Symposium Department of Natural Resources
Objectives:
a) to conduct a two day symposium on rare and endangered wildlife.
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b) to publish proceedings of symposium (currently being edited - to be
published soon).
The importance of effective law enforcement efforts cannot be over-
stated. With such a small staff, we must rely on law enforcement to make
many of the perr.ona] contacts in the field.
Study Title Contractor
Law Enforcement Training in Endangered Department of Natural Resources
Species
Objective:
a) to provide law enforcement personnel with eight hours of class-
room training in endangered species identification, habitat re-
quirements, and natural history.
The Department has been conducting heronry surveys on the Georgia
Coast for the past four years. The data generated from these surveys
are extremely useful to planners working with the development of
coastal resources.
Study Title Contractor
Heronry Surveys Department of Natural Resources
Objective:
a) to identify the location and species composition of heronries
along the Georgia coast.
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Mercury contamination is a problem that we have been monitoring, on
the Georgia coast for over seven years. Two areas are of particular
concern - the Brunswick and Savannah estuaries. Originally we monitored
only the clapper rail (Rallus longirostris) resource, since they were
hunted and therefore represented a potential human health hazard. For
the past three years we have expanded our efforts to include the mon-
itoring of other species of wildlife in the contaminated areas.
Study Title Contractor
Mercury Contamination Surveys Department of Natural Resources
Objectives:
a) to summarize all mercury contamination in coastal wildlife work
accomplished since 1971 and publish.
b) to monitor mercury levels in coastal clapper rail populations
annually.
c) to monitor mercury levels in wildlife of coastal Georgia every
three years.
d) to prepare a final report.
In closing let me read to you a quote from one of America's most
famous conservationists, Aldo Leopold, which I think summarizes in very
simple and concise terms, what we through our program are striving for:
"The objective of a conservation program for non-game wildlife should
be exactly parallel to a game mangement program; to retain for the average
citizen the opportunity to see, admire, and enjoy, and the challenge to
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understand the varied forms of birds and mammals indigenous to his state.
It implies not only that these forms be kept in existence, but that the
greatest possible variety of them exist in each community. In times past
both these categories of opportunity existed automatically and hence
were lightly valued. Both are now, by reason of their growing scarcity,
perceived to be immensely valuable. Conservation is nothing more or less
than a purposeful effort to perpetuate and extend them as one of our
standards of living."
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AIR ISSUES
J. Ronnie McHenry
EPA Region IV, Atlanta
The Clean Air Act of 1977 required the States to designate all areas
within their boundaries that were not attaining the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for total suspended particulates, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone. The States were to
then submit a plan to EPA by January 1, 1979, showing how the NAAQS would
be met. The NAAQS for total suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur oxides were to be attained by December 1982. For carbon
monoxide and ozone a five-year extension could be granted by the
Administrator provided all reasonable available control measures were
adopted and an Inspection and Maintenance Program for automobiles was
adopted and implemented. In Region IV 19 cities were designated non-
attainment for either carbon monoxide (CO) or ozone (Ox).
The State Implementation Plans (SIP) are developed by using measured
ambient air quality data, emission inventories and mathematical models.
Ambient air quality data are measured with instrumentation. For example,
total suspended particulate is measured by a "hi-vol" sampler, i.e.,
a vacuum device that pulls ambient air through a filter. The filter is
then weighed and the golume of air that was drawn in can be used to
determine what the ambient concentration was. The emission inventory
is determined for an area by using emission factors. An emission factor
is the mass of pollutant produced or generated per unit of time or
activity. In other words, if one knows the tonnage of material processed
or burned, the emission factor is used to determine the emissions for
this source. This process is then followed for all sources both sta-
tionary and mobile to ascertain the emissions inventory.
By using the emission inventory and the measured ambient data, a mathe-
matical model can be utilized to determine what percentage the emission
inventory must be reduced by in order to attain the standards. For
example, an urban area of 1,000,000 population would have an emission
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inventory of approximately 100,000 tons/year of hydrocarbons. In general,
the measured concentration of ozone would be around 0.16 ppm one hour
average. Using a model this would require a 25% reduction in hydrocarbons
in order to attain the ozone standard of .12 ppm. Ozone is formed when
hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide in the presence of sunlight photo-
dissociate to form ozone. In order to control ozone one of these pol-
lutants must be controlled. Based upon smog chamber studies, EPA has
found that hydrocarbons are the precursors that should be controlled.
Next, regulations for both mobile and stationary sources would be adopted
in order to reduce hydrocarbons by 25,000 tons/year to attain the ozone
standard. Some of the control measures for stationary sources the States
will be adopting are: control of hydrocarbons from petroleum refineries;
gasoline service stations; printing operations; automobile assembly plants,
etc. The mobile source control measures are: inspection and maintenance
programs for light duty vehicles; carpool programs; park and ride facilities;
mass transit; exclusive bus and carpool lanes, etc. Once these measures
are implemented the ambient air quality standards should be attained for
each urban area. Thus EPA and the States will have done their job of
protecting the public health and welfare of the citizens.
Finally, when you see comments in an environmental impact statement asking
for a total pollutant burden analysis for hydrocarbons, the above dis-
cussion should help put into perspective why EPA requires this analysis.
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AIR MODELS
Lew Nagler
Regional Meteorologist
EPA Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia
EPA modelling efforts are based on the Gaussian distribution of time
averaged plumes (1-hour). Concentrations calculated by this method for
each source are additive and are applicable to stable pollutants (SC>2,
TSP, CO) and to gently rolling terrain. This method is not applicable
to reactive pollutants (03, N02) or to areas of complex topography,
especially where terrain features are higher than plum heights.
Available methods of calculating concentrations can be done by hand
using workbooks such as the "Workbook of Dispersion Estimates" by
Bruce Turner or by computer methods. A list of models used by EPA,
although not inclusive, is listed under Model Applications Part I:
I. Models Used by EPA
A. Point Source Models
1. PTMAX
2. CRS-1/CRSTER/RAM
3. PTMTP-(W)
B. Area Source/Point Source Models
1. AQDM
2. Valley
3. COM
C. Other Models
1. Hiway
2. Calair
3. APRAC
4. Rollback
One of our biggest concerns involves model accuracy via measured and
predicted concentrations. There are several methods which one may use
in evaluating a model. Three criteria that have been used are: the
accuracy of the model in predicting the concentration produced at a
specific location during a specific time period; the accuracy of the
model in predicting the maximum concentration produced at a specific
location throughout the year without concern for the model's accuracy
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in determining the specific hours during which this maximum concen-
tration occurs, and the accuracy of the model in predicting the
maximum concentration produced throughout the year without concern
for the model's accuracy in determining either the specific location
or the specific hours during which this maximum concentration occurs.
In the U. S. EPA's present applications of the CRSTER model, Criterion
Three is the most important and relevant of these three criteria of
model accuracy.
Another concern in modelling involves the accuracy of the input data.
Temperature and velocity errors can account for calculation differences
of about 2% for temperature changes to 25% for velocity changes. Tem-
peratures and velocity also change with plant capacity; therefore,
accuracy suffers unless the correct input data are used. An examina-
tion of graphs showing the exact velocity and temperature with load
is a good way to show how these parameters can vary. Another factor
that is important is that of stability class. Stability is simply
how stable or unstable the atmosphere is and this governs the rate of
how poorly or how well a pollutant is dispersed. The importance of
model use and thereby model accuracy is important to EPA because models
are used to set and enforce emission limits.
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WORKSHOP I
Gerald Miller - Doris Kirby
EPA Region IV, Atlanta
This workshop was essentially a question and answer session which
dealt with the mechanics of EPA's Environmental Impact Statement
Review process. Included were the manner in which the different
types of documents are reviewed; the details of EPA's examination
of a facility's adherence to both new and existing provisions of
public laws, Executive Orders, etc.; the criteria for assigning a
rating to a given project, and lastly, some of the procedures man-
dated by the new CEQ regulations. This last matter fostered some
of the greatest interest as representatives of various agencies had
a number of concerns about how these new regulations would affect
projects already in various stages of completion. The concept of
a formalized scoping process was also discussed, especially as to
its efficiency in early problem identification.
EPA's rating system is central to the rating process and was dealt
with at length. This rating is based on its impact on the environ-
ment and the adequacy of the Statement, per se. The various rating
categories follow:
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE ACTION
LO - Lack of Objection
EPA has no objection to the proposed action as described in the
draft impact statement or suggests only minor changes in the pro-
posed action.
ER - Environmental Reservations
EPA has reservations concerning the environmental effects of certain
aspects of the proposed action. EPA believes that further study
of suggested alternatives or modifications is required and has asked
the originating Federal agency to reassess these impacts.
EU - Environmentally Unsatisfactory
EPA believes that the proposed action is unsatisfactory because of
its potentially harmful effect on the environment. Furthermore, the
Agency believes that the potential safeguards which might be utilized
may not adequately protect the environment from hazards arising from
this action. The Agency recommends that alternatives to the action
be analyzed further (including the possibility of no action at all).
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ADEQUACY OF THE IMPACT STATEMENT
Category 1 - Adequate
The draft impact statement adequately sets forth the environmental
impact of the proposed project or action as well as alternatives
reasonably available to the project or action.
Category 2 - Insufficient Information
EPA believes that the draft impact statement does not contain suf-
ficient information to assess fully the environmental impact of the
proposed project or action. However, from the information submitted,
the Agency is able to make a preliminary determination of the impact
on the environment. EPA has requested that the originator provide
the information that was not included in the draft statement.
Category 3 - Inadequate
EPA believes that the draft impact statement does not adequately assess
the environmental impact of the proposed project or action, or that the
statement inadequately analyzes reasonable available alternatives. The
Agency has requested more information and analysis concerning the po-
tential environmental hazards and has asked that substantial revision
be made to the impact statement.
In order for our responses to meet the requisite time frame, a total of
10 copies of the Report should be forwarded, viz., 5 copies to EPA
Washington and 5 copies to the Regional Office in which the project is
located. This may appear to be a rather large number; however, it allows
for a more timely response by circulating the document simultaneously
through the various technical support branches.
During the last year EPA has focused on a number of difficult issues
relative to impact statement review, e.g., wetlands protection—High-
way 78, MS, Marco Island, FL; stream alteration—Joyce Creek, NC, and
air quality—Sunshine Parkway, FL.
At the beginning of the second workshop session Mr. Robert Cooke, Jr.,
discussed the new changes in the Section 7 consultation process. An
explanation of the two "Step Down Process" follows:
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Explanation of Step Down Process
The 1978 Amendments to the Endangered Species Act have changed
the consultation process under Section 7. First a Federal agency
must determine if their actions are authorizing, funding, or
carrying out a construction or non-construction project.
For purposes of providing interim guidance, the Fish and Wildlife
Service considers construction projects to be any action conducted
or contracted by the Federal agency designed primarily to result
in the building or erection of such man-made structures as dams,
buildings, roads, pipelines, and the like.
This includes consideration of major Federal actions such as
permits, grants, licenses, or other forms of Federal authorization
or approval which may result in construction and which significantly
affect the quality of the human environment.
The following two "Step Down Processes" are for general guidance
and are not to be considered final, inasmuch as the Fish and
Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service are
preparing new Interagency Cooperation Regulations for the imple-
mentation of the new amendments to Section 7.
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Endangered Species Act of 1978
Section 7
STEP DOWN PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
1. Federal Agency requests from Regional Director whether any species
which is listed or proposed to be listed may be present.
2. Regional Director advises which species may be present. Minimum
information needed in a Biological Assessment:
A. Identification of proposed and listed species or Critical
Habitat determined to be present in area of activity.
B. Description of proposed activities.
C. Assessment of potential impacts of the activity on the
proposed and listed species or Critical Habitat.
"D. Where an impact is identified to proposed and listed species
or Critical Habitat, a discussion of efforts that will be
taken to eliminate any adverse effects.
3. Federal Agency has 180 days after the date of receipt of Regional
Director's letter or mutually negotiated date to complete Biological
Assessment.
4. Federal Agency then reviews assessment and determines if any listed
species is affected.
5. Sends a copy of the assessment and their determination to the
Regional Director.
6. If Federal Agency determines:
A. "No effect" - Consultation is not necessary, unless requested
by the Regional Director.
B. "May affect" - Consultation is requested in writing from the
Regional Director.
7. Regional Director acknowledges request and must issue a Biological
Opinion within 90 days of "date of receipt" or by a mutually
negotiated date.
8. Request is assigned to the appropriate Area Office to accomplish
the consultation.
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9. Area Office must review the information provided as soon as
possible to determine if additional information will be needed
and identify the type of information needed.
10. If additional information is needed, a letter will be sent to the
agency requesting the information and requesting an extension of
time to complete the consultation.
11. After receipt of information a Biological Opinion will be issued
stating:
A. Action will promote the conservation of the listed species.
B. Action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of
listed species or destroy or adversely modify Critical Habitat.
(1) Recommendation which would enhance.
C. Action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of
listed species and/or destroy or adversely modify Critical
Habitat.
(1) Presentation of reasonable and prudent alternatives
which will avoid jeopardy to the listed species or
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat
and which can be taken by the Federal agency, or the
permit or license applicant.
D. Action may jeopardize the continued existence of listed
species or destroy or adversely modify Critical Habitat.
(1) Used only when additional information was unobtainable
and,
(2) No extension of time was mutually agreed to.
12. Reinitiation of Consultation
A. New information reveals impacts of action that may affect
listed species or their habitats.
B. The Federal action is subsequently modified.
C. A new species is listed that may be affected by the action.
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Endangered Species Act of 1978
Section 7
STEP DOWN PROCESS
NON-CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
1. Federal agency reviews the project and determines:
A. "No effect" - Consultation is not necessary, unless
requested by the Regional Director.
B. "May affect" - Consultation is requested in writing from
the Regional Director and the agency:
(1) Provide biological information which includes:
a. Identification of proposed and listed species
or Critical Habitat determined to be present
in area of activity.
b. Description of proposed activities.
c. Assessment of potential impacts of the activity
on the proposed and listed species or Critical
Habitat.
d. Where an impact is identified to proposed and listed
species or Critical Habitat, a discussion of efforts
that will be taken to eliminate any adverse effects.
(2) Other relevant information.
2. Regional Director acknowledges request and must issue a Biological
Opinion within 90 days of "Date of Receipt," or by a mutually
negotiated date.
3. Request is assigned to the appropriate Area Office.
4. Area Office must review the information provided as soon as
possible to determine if additional information will be needed
and identify the type of information needed.
5. If additional information is needed, a letter will be sent to
the agency requesting the information and requesting an extension
of time to complete the consultation.
6. After receipt of information, a Biological Opinion will be
issued stating:
A. Action will promote the conservation of the listed species.
B. Action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence
of listed species or destroy or adversely modify Critical
Habitat.
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(1) Recommendation which would enhance.
C. Action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence
of listed species and/or destroy or adversely modify
critical habitat.
(1) Presentation of reasonable and prudent alternatives
which will avoid jeopardy to the listed species or
destruction or adverse modification of Critical
Habitat and which can be taken by the Federal
agency, or the permit or license applicant.
D. Action may jeopardize the continued existence of listed
species or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat.
(1) Used only when additional information was unobtainable
and,
(2) No extension of time was mutually agreed to.
Reinitiation of Consultation
A. New information reveals impacts of action that may affect
listed species or their habitats.
B. The Federal action is subsequently modified.
C. A new species is listed that may be affected by the action.
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WORKSHOP II
Information: The Backbone of The Environmental Impact Statement
Carolyn W. Mitchell
EPA Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia
The Information Workshop presented both information and communication re-
source techniques available for the EIS process. Speakers were from
different areas including Georgia Tech's Information Exchange Center, a
NASA/State funded research center in North Carolina, a private publisher,
and two environmental consultants. An especially interesting presentation
was made by Larry Wills of Claude Terry Associates. Mr. Wills has experi-
mented with using video tape in lieu of the printed EIS document, a format
which is especially useful for public participation.
Another interesting presentation was delivered by Saul Herner, a Washing-
ton, D. C., publisher which specializes in EIS related books and digests.
Mr. Herner's company has recently published Environmental Impact Statement
Process: A Guide to Citizen Action, by Neil Orloff. Orloff, formerly
with EPA and CEQ, has directed his efforts to citizen action in the EIS
process.
Information about: this workshop and some remaining packets which were
distributed are available from Carolyn Mitchell in the Library.
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INFORMATION WORKSHOP: THE SPEAKERS
Carolyn W. Mitchell, Head Librarian 404-881-4216
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV FTS 257-4216
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
As a professional librarian with four years of EPA experience, Mrs.
Mitchell has witnessed a large growth in the area of environmental
information, including both published and computerized systems, and
the difficulties and possibilities of retrieving and using that
information effectively.
******
Jim Dodd 404-894-4526
Georgia Institute of Technology
Information Exchange Center
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
J. Graves Vann, Jr. 800-334-8561
North Carolina Science and Technology Research Center (Ext. 100)
P. 0. Box 12235 919-549-0671
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (N. C.)
Both Mr. Dodd and Mr. Vann represent highly sophisticated information
services which are available for use in the EIS process. Using expert
subject or research specialists and on-line data bases, these services
can provide quick information on a wide number of subject areas, in-
cluding statistical and environmental, for a relatively small fee.
******
Saul Herner , 202-292-2605
Information Resources Press
2100 M Street
Washington, D. C. 20037
Information Resources Press, founded by Mr. Herner, has published
several books on the EIS process, including Neil Orloff's "Environ-
mental Impact Statement Process: A Guide to Citizen Action." "EIS:
Key to Environmental Impact Statements," a monthly digest, revises
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major issues of all current EIS's. This digest is well indexed by
subject, agency, and geographical location. Information Resources
Press also provides microfiche and paper copies of all impact state-
ments.
********
Kenneth Prest 904-433-0968
Environmental Licensing Group, Inc.
P. 0. Box 7151
Pensacola, Florida 32581
As President of the Environmental Licensing Group, Mr. Prest has
developed a systematic process for managing environmental regulatory
compliance problems of business and government. By maintaining
current knowledge of State and Federal regulations and by applying
this knowledge within the context of natural and social systems and
incorporating management decision making skills in working with
business and government, Mr. Prest has contributed to streamlining
the licensing process at State and Federal levels. The result of
this effort is enhanced cooperation between government and business
in resolving environmental problems.
********
Larry Wills 404-320-0430
Claude Terry & Associates
2220 Parklake Drive, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30345
With a background in Visual Design and eight years of experience as
an environmental consultant in the EIS field, Mr. Wills works to
improve the quality and readability of impact statements. As a
result of his communications background, Mr. Wills has been particu-
larly involved in NEPA's required public participation aspect. His
most recent effort involved the design of a comprehensive citizen
participation plan for the Louisville, Kentucky, 201 EIS. The
three-year CP program for this highly controversial project will
extensively use television to educate the public, record citizen
responses, and identify and respond to citizen concerns and issues.
46
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CHECKLIST FOR
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
IN THE
NEPA PROCESS
Prepared by:
Kenneth W. Prest, Jr.
Environmental Licensing Consultant
The Environmental Licensing Group, Inc.
P. 0. Box 12269
Pensacola, Florida 32581
Copyright (C) 1978 The Environmental Licensing Group, Inc
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CHECKLIST FOR
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
IN THE
NEPA PROCESS*
INTRODUCTION
On November 29, 1978, The Council on Environmental Quality pro-
mulgated regulations for the implementation of the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). The purpose of these
regulations is.-
... to provide all Federal agencies with an effi-
cient, uniform procedure for translating the law
into practical action...[and]...to accomplish
three principal aims: to reduce paperwork, to
reduce delays, and at the same time to produce
better decisions.
It is difficult to speculate, at this time, whether the regula-
tions will achieve the purpose and aims. While the regulations
do set out a "uniform procedure for translating the law into
action," the measure of the efficiency of the process and the
ability to reduce paperwork, delays and make better decisions
is a function of:
(1) the individual agency's interpretation of the regu-
lations ;
(2) the agency's ability to perceive a real difference
between "writing disclosure documents" and "making
real world decisions;" and
(3) the capability of the agency to understand the issues
under its review and its ability, (skill), for gathering
and applying information judiciously.
The Council recognizes these limitations by providing two contingen-
cies: the first in §1505.1, requires: "Agencies shall adopt pro-
cedures... to ensure that decisions are made in accordance with the
policies and purposes of the Act;" the second, in §1506.7, states
"The CHECKLIST FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN THE NEPA PROCESS (C)
was originally prepared for and presented at the Environmental
Impact Statement Conference, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia, 7-8 December, 1977, independent of
the preparation of the Council on Environmental Quality Regulations
It has been successfully applied in the preparation of an Environ-
mental Assessment Statement for a major coal-fired steam electric
generating Station.
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the environmental licensing group, inc.
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"The Council may provide further guidance concerning NEPA and its
procedures including...a handbook...which shall in plain language
provide guidance and instruction concerning the application of
NEPA and these regulations." The individual agency procedures
and the Council's "handbook" will figure prominently in the
effective implementation of the regulations.
In sum, the CEQ regulations have taken an important step in environ-
mental problem solving. However, inherently they create an illu-
sion that if not clearly understood and avoided, will defeat their
very purpose, that is: good documents and good regulations
result in good decisions. This is not true. Neither documents
nor regulations make decision; people do!
The decision making process is a mental process, a way of thinking
and looking at problems and opportunities. What comes out on
paper as an environmental assessment or an environmental impact
statement, is, in reality, nothing more than the documentation of
a decision making process. The process itself, goes on prior to
the documentation and is contingent on an open, informed flow of
information. Furthermore, people, whether in the private or
public sectors, can not make responsible decisions unless (1) they
know how to manage information and people; (2) they have the
ability and skills to make the process work; and (3) they are
willing to accept the consequences, i.e., risks, for decisions not
made and alternatives not chosen. Unless the individual "decision
makers" are adequately trained in decision making, have the techni-
cal knowledge upon which to base the decisions, and the commitment
to make the process work, the process will not function effectively.
The CHECKLIST FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN THE NEPA PROCESS has
been prepared as a guide to aid effective implementation of deci-
sion making as directed by the National Environmental Policy Act.
Its value rests not so much with the specific questions asked,
or responses obtained, but as a road map for a systematic process
employed to identify problems, develop meaningful information,
evaluate alternatives, decide a responsible course of action and
implement, knowingly, the decision. As required, the user should
adopt the process to his specific needs.
Information management is a skill which must be practiced. Know-
ledge about organizations, systems, management and human behavior
is as important as specific technical understanding. Subsequently,
it will behoove the individual involved in the NEPA process to:
(1) Generally broaden his skills and knowledge;
(2) Begin early to identify information sources and to
build information networks; and
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(3) Recognize and accept that all decisions must be made
within constraints. Learn how to use these constraints
advantageously.
With this approach, working within the NEPA framework should become
more objective, more effective, more productive and more satisfying
to all involved.
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CHECKLIST FOR
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
IN THE
NEPA PROCESS
STEP I: DEFINING THE ACTION, PROBLEM OR ISSUE TO BE ADDRESSED
1. What, specifically, is the problem or issue to be
addressed or the action taken? (This should be writ-
ten down for greatest clarification.)
2. What, specifically, is my agency's (section's, depart-
ment's) role in the NEPA process?
3. What specific action must I take on the problem?
4. What statutory, administrative, policy or attitu-
dinal limitations have been placed on defining the
problem and on my role in carrying out my responsi-
bilities?
5. How have similar issues been handled in the past?
6. Should the current problem be approached traditionally
or is a new perspective required?
7. Within what time frame must I act?
8. How will my actions interrelate with those of other
sections, branches, departments or agencies involved
in the same process?
9. What can I anticipate to be the end result of the
process? (This can be particuarly important since
there can be several means to any end.)
10. What is the extent (significance and magnitude) of
public interest and/or national interest in the problem
or issue? (Identifying public interest at this stage
is most important in broadening one's perspective of
issues.)
11. What consequences, long term as well as short term, can
reasonably be expected to result from action I may take
in the NEPA process? (Consequences should be consi-
dered as they may occur both in the private sector and
public domain.)
Copyright (C) 1978 The Environmental Licensing Group, Inc
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STEP II: ACQUIRING INFORMATION TO IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE THE PROBLEM
1. What specific information do I need to carry out my
responsibilities? (This should include information to
satisfy specific requirements as well as information
on the process used to achieve objectives.)
2. How will the information I produce be used in the over-
all NEPA process?
3. If a technological process is involved, do I clearly
understand how this process works and interacts with
the natural air, water and land resources and biologi-
cal and human systems supporting it?
4. In developing technical information, how much detail is
needed? What is the minimum level of information I need
to carry out my responsibilities and produce a defen-
sible recommendation?
5. To what extent can I rely on secondary information in
lieu of primary information? Can my actions be justi-
fied on a qualitative basis or must I develop quantita-
tive input also?
6. Can I set priorities on the kind and amount of informa-
tion that could be used in my review?
7. Where is the information I need located? Is it available?
(People as well as documents should be the basis for
consideration.)
8. Is the information in a readily useable form or will it
require extensive manipulation and interpretation?
9. Can I obtain the information? If so, how?
10. How long will it take to obtain the information? Can
I justify extensive researching or other delay in
receipt or specific information?
11. What alternatives are there if I can not obtain the
desired information?
STEP III: EVALUATING INFORMATION TO DETERMINE ITS USEFULNESS
1. Is the information obtained relevant to the problem?
(Relevancy can be reviewed in terms of generally
accepted basic principles and as pertinent site- or
action-specific requirements.)
52
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2. How will the information help resolve the problem or
complete my responsibilities?
3. Is the information obtained valid? If the validity is
questionable, how can this be resolved? Where or to
whom can I go for clarification?
4. Regarding site- or action-specific information, can
the information be applied directly or must its use
first be conditioned by assumptions?
5. Are the assumptions used in the evaluation reasonable
and rational? Can they be, (or have they been), fac-
tually and logically stated? Are they documented as
generally accepted or must they be considered unique
to the particular situation under review?
6. Under what conditions would the assumptions be invalid?
Might these conditions occur in the situation at hand?
7. What are the effects or consequences of using certain
assumptions as opposed to others? Can the choice
among assumptions be justified; theoretically, empiri-
cally, administratively (due to policy or law)?
8. Once collected, can the information be reused in other
situations? Is it worth storing for future use?
STEP IV: IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE APPLICATIONS
1. Considering how the problem was defined and what infor-
mation is available to be applied to the problem, what
options are reasonable and rational for solving the
problem or carrying out responsibilities?
2. How can the information be most effectively applied?
3. Will selecting one option or alternative over another
limit future flexibility or actions?
4. Will prevailing influences (i.e., social, legal, atti-
tudinal, political, limits-of-knowledge) have an effect
on the implementation of the alternative chosen? Will
these influences be the same at the time the final
decision is made as they are now?
5. Is the alternative and the procedure used to select the
alternative consistent with the overall implementation
of the NEPA process?
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STEP V: DECIDING THE SPECIFIC COURSE OF ACTION
1. Have I clearly satisfied my specific statutory and/or
job related responsibilities?
2. Is my action defensible? Would I make the same deci-
sion a year from now given the same limits-of-knowledge,
resources, and circumstances?
3. Have I documented the sequence of events and factual
considerations leading up to my decision and recommen-
dation?
4. Will my action enhance rather than complicate the NEPA
process?
STEP VI: IMPLEMENTING THE CHOSEN COURSE OF ACTION
1. Have I prepared and communciated my position clearly
and effectively? Have I used a form (tables, figures,
text) which best communicates my intent?
2. Have I constructed my position logically and completely
so that the reader will not have to assume my intent,
or misconstrue my meaning?
3. Have I presented reasonable, rational alternatives and
recommended the "best" course of action given the cir-
cumstances and limitations of time, manpower and infor-
mation?
4. Can I confidently defend my action under scrutiny?
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United States Region 4 Alabama, Georgia, Florida,
Environmental Protection 345 Courtland Street NE Mississippi, North Carolina,
Agency Atlanta GA 30308 South Carolina, Tennessee,
Kentucky
xvEPA
EIS-RELATED INFORMATION
CHEMICAL REGULATIONS REPORTER (BNA):
Weekly review of activities affecting chemical manufacturers and
users, including coverage of Federal and state laws and regulations.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ASSOCIATIONS (Gale Research Co.):
Detailed information including location, size, staff, objectives,
and telephone numbers of commercial, scientific, engineering,
agricultural, governmental, legal, military, and other
organizations. Includes alphabetical and key word indices.
ENERGY USERS REPORT (BNA):
Weekly report covering energy policy, technology, and supply.
Includes coverage of energy laws and regulations, energy
statistics, and a directory of energy-related departments and
organizations.
ENVIRONMENT REPORTER (BNA):
Weekly review of pollution control and related environmental
management problems, including coverage of Federal and state
environmental legislation, laws, and regulations.
EPA REPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY (NTIS):
Abstracts and indices of EPA reports. Provides ordering
information for purchasing reports through NTIS.
FINDING FACTS FAST by Alden Todd (William Morrow Co., 1972):
Text explains research methodology, library use, ideas for
outside-the-library investigation to help researchers find
out what they want to know immediately.
GOVERNMENT REPORTS ANNOUNCEMENTS AND INDEX (NTIS):
Biweekly summary and index of government research. Indexes
cummulate annually.
KEY TO EIS (Information Resources Press) :
Monthly index and abstracts to EIS, including access by subject,
agencies involved, geographic areas affected, laws and court
decisions relating to EIS. The impact statements are also
available on microfiche.
PEERS PROJECTIONS (U.S. Water Resources Council):
Five volume set including historical and projected data for
economic activity in the U.S. Organized by states, water
resources regions, and Bureau of Economic Analysis Economic
Areas. Includes one volume summary and explanation of methodology.
55
5 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OEFKE 1978- 746-73? /1 30-'
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PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS:
Several journals of professional organizations contain information
relevant to EIS research, such as 102 Monitor (CEQ), JOURNAL OF
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION, JOURNAL OF WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL FEDERATION.
PROJECTIONS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN (STATE), SERIES E, POPULATION
(Corps of Engineers):
Documents providing historical and projected demographic and
economic data for each of the nine states in the Southeast.
One volume summary of projections for the Southeastern states
is also available.
STATE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS (Environmental Information Center):
Collection of laws, rules and regulations of environmental
importance for all 50 states. (Available at EPA Region IV
Library in microfiche.)
COMPUTERIZED LITERATURE SEARCHES
NTISearch (NTIS):
Individual computer searches of entire NTIS Bibliographical Data
file covering Federally sponsored research projects since 1964.
Fees for searches begin at $100.
AIR POLLUTION TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION CENTER (APTIC) SEARCHES (EPA):
Literature searches of air pollution control articles through
the EPA Library at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Free to EPA personnel, current contractors and grantees of
EPA when endorsed by their EPA project officer, state and local
governmental agencies, non-profit environmental and citizens
groups.
ABSTRACTS
ENERGY INDEX (EIC)
Annual guide to literature in energy. Includes sections covering
year's events, key legislation, conferences, books, films, and
statistics relating to energy.
ENVIRONMENT INDEX (EIC):
Annual index covering 21 subject categories of environmental
concern. Indexes journals, newspapers, government documents,
and conferences. Includes listing of pollution control officials
and a chronology of the year's events of environmental importance.
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS (Water Resources Office, Interior Dept.)
Semi-monthly publication abstracting current and earlier mono-
graphs, journals, reports and other publications dealing with
water-related aspects of the sciences, engineering and the law.
Also includes coverage of conservation, control, use and
management of water. 5^
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Air Programs Branch, Region IV
Atlanta, Georgia
(FTS 257-2864; CML 404-881-2864)
STATE AIR QUALITY DATA CONTACTS
ALABAMA
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
KENTUCKY
MISSISSIPPI
NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTH CAROLINA
TENNESSEE
Ken Barrett, Air Quality Section, Division of Air
Pollution Control, Alabama Air Pollution Control
Commission, 645 South McDonough Street, Montgomery,
Alabama 36104 (205/834-6570)
Mark Hodges, Air Quality Section, Florida Department
of Environmental Regulation, Twin Towers Office
Building, 2600 Blair Stone Road, Tallahassee, Florida
32301 (904-844-8145)
William D. Estes, Chief, Air Quality Evaluation
Section, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia
Department of Natural Resources, 4297 Memorial Drive,
Decatur, Georgia 30032 (404-656-4997)
Joe Andrews, Chief, Air Quality, West Frankfort
Office Complex, U. S, 127 South, Frankfort,
Kentucky 40601 (502-564-6798)
D. D. Jones, Chief, Field Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Mississippi
Air & Water Pollution Control Commission, Post
Office Box 827, Jackson, Mississippi 39205
(601-354-2550)
George Murray, Air Quality Section, North Carolina
Department of Natural & Economic Resources, Post
Office Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611
(919-758-5581)
Gene Slice, Bureau of Air Quality Control, South
Carolina Department of Health & Environmental
Control, 2600 Bull Street, Columbia, South Carolina
29201 (803-758-5581)
Robert Foster, Chief, Technical Services, Tennessee
Department of Public Health, 256 Capitol Hill
Building, 301 Seventh Avenue, North, Nashville,
Tennessee 37219 (615-741-3651)
57
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Drilled States Region 4 Alabama, Gcorqia. Florid.i,
Environmentjl Protection 34b Courtl.mcl Street Nt Mississippi. North C.irolina.
Agency Atlantj GA 30308 South Carolina. Tennessee.
Kentucky
panpr^, r\
; -r.ij ~, -'A
*
WHERE TO FIND EIS-RELATED MATERIALS
DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES FOR GOVERNMENT DOCTJMENTS:
Public and university libraries (217 in the Southeast) compose
a nation-wide system that serves as storehouses for all Federal
government publications, as well as many state and local
documents.
GPO BOOKSTORES:
Located throughout the U.S., the bookstores provide a wide
selection of GPO materials for purchase, as well as ordering
information for all Federal publications.
INFORMATION CENTERS AT MAJOR RESEARCH LIBRARIES:
The centers provide thorough searches of the literature on
a given topic, usually for a fee. One such center is the
Georgia Tech Information Exchange Center.
LIBRARIES OF AGENCIES OR ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED WITH THE PROJECT:
Although quality of the collections may vary, many agencies
or organizations involved with a project may provide additional
information. Most Federal agencies do have a library system,
as with EPA, TVA, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Geological Survey.
UNIVERSITY OR COLLEGE LIBRARIES:
The reference librarians at large academic libraries,
especially those located near the area affected by the EIS,
are available to explain their library's collection.
Especially good for socio-economic information.
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGIONAL OFFICE LIBRARIES:
The regional libraries hold depository collections of EPA
reports, a substantial collection of state and local documents
relating to environmental problems, especially w'thin their
regions, as well as an assemblage of supportive books and
journals.
58
•k U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 — 746-732/1304
-------
United S.t.itrs Region 4 Alabama. Grorqi.i, Florida.
[ rwim'irii'Titjl Piote< tiori M'J Cuu rtl.im) Street N L: Mississippi", North C arolina,
A<](;ncy AtliinUi CiA 30308 S/;utn C.iiolind, Tpnnf.-sspc,
Kentucky
U \\
REGION IV LIBRARY
Librarian: Carolyn Mitchell, MLS
Assistant Librarian: (vacant)
The Region IV Library was established in May 1973. Some of the
material incorporated into the collection came from the pre-EPA
offices of the Public Health Service and the Federa] Water
Pollution Control Administration.
The collection presently consists of 1500 books, 10,000 cataloged
documents, 300 journal and newsletter subscriptions, and 175,000
reports on microfiche.
The subject areas of the collection are water quality, water supply,
wastewater treatment, air pollution, solid waste management, noise
pollution, toxic substances and hazardous materials, land use,
environmental law, and Southeastern U. S. ecology.
Special collections include EPA reports, Air Pollution Technical
Information Center (APT1C) reports, Southeastern environmental
materials, state environmental laws and regulations on microfiche,
and Federal Women's Program materials.
The. Library provides the Region IV staff with reference, circulation,
interlibrary loan and current awareness services. Assistance is
also provided to the general public.
59
•{, U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 — 748-732/1304
-------
WETLAND WORKSHOP HI
E. T. HEINEN
EPA REGION IV, ATLANTA
E. T. Heinen, Chief, Ecological Review Branch, Enforcement Division, LPA/
Atlanta, convened and chaired two consecutive sessions of a workshop to
discuss wetland issues and specific problem areas of EIS preparation and
review. The format was an open-discussion, question and answer session
in which questions were fielded and discussed by anyone who wished to
have an input.
1). Mr. Heinen introduced his staff which included two new members,
and gave areas for which they were responsible:
Mary Veale, Southern Florida and Kentucky;
Howard Marshall, South Carolina and Mississippi;
Bradley Nicolajsen, Tennessee and North Carolina*;
Bill Kruczynski, Northern Florida and Phosphate Mining;
Eric Hughes, Alabama, Gerogia and Florida Panhandle.
Telephone numbers (404-881-2643, FTS: 257-2643) and address (345 Court!and
Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30308) of the Ecological Review Branch were given.
It was explained that the above group would review and provide comments
on sections of EIS's dealing with water quality and wetlands to EPA's
EIS Branch who, in turn, would prepare Regional comments in a single
reference letter to the originating Federal agency.
2). Mr. Heinen indicated that new 404(b) guidelines are currently in
preparation and that more information concerning these may be available
next week, after the scheduled meeting of 404 Branch Chiefs in Dallas.
3). The bridging of wetlands for highways was discussed. It was asked
if EPA takes economics into consideration in making recommendations
or highway projects. Bridging wetlands can be very costly, and at
times, may double the budget of a project. It was explained that
EPA makes recommendations based on destruction of wetlands. One of
the factors considered is economics, but it is left up to the
Corps of Engineers to weigh all factors and decide what is in the
best interest of the public.
4). The above discussion led to an expression of need for studies
which determine the actual, economic value of wetlands. The
difficulties with such studies were discussed and it was stated that
approximately 10 studies give a dollar per acre value for tidal
wetlands on the east coast, and that these values vary by an order
of magnitude. It was also stated that developers often overlook the
fact that the economic importance of wetlands is given a time
category, and that once they are destroyed, the areas are usually
lost forever.
60
*Not Present
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5). The value of EPA's involvement at a very early stage in con-
sidering possible corridors, for new highway projects was discussed.
EPA would like to have an input and participate in pre-EIS dis-
cussions and field trips to walk through proposed corridors for
road siting. This is important so an input could be made before
monies are spent which makes it economically difficult to consider
alternatives.
6). The status of the Department of Interior's National Wetlands
Inventory Program was discussed. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
is heading this revision of the inventory and it is based on aerial
mapping with large scale photographs. Its availability was discussed
and it was pointed out that its use must be restricted and limited.
The survey should not be depended on for jurisdiction determinations.
It is the function of the Corps of Engineers to make jurisdictional
determinations. The adequacy of the regional offices of the Corps
in Florida was applauded; they can usually visit sites and make
jurisdictional determinations within the same week as requested.
7). It was asked what EPA looks for in an EIS. The Ecological
Review Branch, represented at this workshop, looks for discussions
of issues dealing with wetlands which might conflict with Section 404(b)
guidelines and Executive Orders 11990 and 11988. These regulations
will be made available to anyone on request.
8). The question of mitigation for loss of wetlands was raised.
EPA's general policy is that wetlands per se are not mitigated;
this is tantamount to the selling of permits. It also is very unfair
to owners of small acreages where mitigation is not possible;
large tract landowners can more easily mitigate. It was mentioned
that the Corps of Engineers never has made mitigation a condition of
a 404 permit. The Corps has suggested that the applicant work out
any mitigative measures with the appropriate federal agency.
9). The implications and history of the Jentgen trial were discussed.
Mr. Jentgen wished to develop a mangrove area in southern Florida and
was denied a Section 404 permit. He chose to pursue the matter in
the Court of Claims and rejected any compromise. The potential impact
of the ruling on this case are great and will affect enforcement
activities of all agencies, and perhaps even zoning.
61
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WORKSHOP IV
THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SNAGS IN RIVERS
Arthur C. Benke
School of Biology
Georgia Institute of Technology
For many years, man has attempted to manage streams and rivers
for various purposes, including flood control, navigation, agricul-
tural development of the floodplain, and hydropower. Some types of
management have involved varying degrees of channel modification, in-
cluding the removal of wood obstructions from the channel (snagging),
the removal of terrestrial vegetation from much of the floodplain
(clearing), and the widening, deepening and straightening of the
stream channel (channelization). These actions have often coincided
with plans for drainage of adjacent wetlands for agricultural devel-
opment, although the latter has sometimes remained undone. In the
last few years attempts have been made to document the ecological
consequences of such stream alterations, often emphasizing the sig-
nificance of the river swamps (e.g., Wharton 1970). Current research
on the Satilla River by a Georgia Tech study team was oriented to-
ward assessing the importance of the submerged wooden substrates that
are removed in snagging operations. These substrates, hereafter re-
ferred to as snags, include fallen trees, as well as the roots, branches,
and trunks of living trees that are periodically inundated. The re-
sults of this study are summarized herein.
The Satilla River is a blackwater river which lies entirely in
the Georgia Coastal Plain and empties into the Atlantic Ocean near
Cumberland Island. The purpose of the study was to assess the dis-
tribution of invertebrate production in the river, and how this pro-
duction related to overall ecological processes, especially the util-
ization of invertebrate species as a food source for fishes.
Three habitats were sampled for invertebrates at 2-4 week inter-
vals for a year: the sandy benthic habitat in the main channel, the
62
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muddy benthic habitat of the backwaters or sloughs, and the snags
along the river banks. By far the highest diversity of species and
biomass of invertebrates was found on the snags. Animal biomass
was 5 to 50 times higher on snag surfaces than in benthic habitats.
Snag species included many filter-feeding insects such as the larvae
of net-spinning caddisflies, midges, and blackflies. Wood consuming
beetles were also predominant, as well as invertebrate predators such
as dragonfly, stonefly and dobsonfly larvae. The benthic habitats
consisted primarily of midge larvae and worm species, with the bio-
mass considerably higher in the muddy backwaters than in the sand
habitat.
Concurrent with the habitat samples, invertebrates were also
captured with drift nets. Animals normally associated with the sub-
strates discussed above often are dislodged into the current and their
relative abundance can be independently assessed by drift analyses.
Approximately 80% of both the numbers and biomass of invertebrates
collected in the drift were species normally found on the snags. The
rest were from benthic habitats.
Extensive fish collections were made at two month intervals during
the same year as the habitat and drift sampling. The major sunfish
species, including bluegill and redbreast, were much more dependent
on snags than either benthic habitat for invertebrate food. Large-
mouth bass and pickerel utilized snag invertebrates early in life,
but switched to crayfish or fish prey as they grew.
The consistent picture of invertebrate dynamics in the Satilla
River strongly confirms earlier studies suggesting that snags are ex-
tremely important to the natural functioning of many river ecosystems,
especially as a source of food for fish. However, the ecological ef-
fect of snagging and clearing in rivers is not limited to a decline
in invertebrate production and fish food. For example, removal of
stream bank canopy (clearing) removes a major food source for aquatic
invertebrates; the invertebrates in turn function in processing of
organic matter in streams; the snags provide not only food, but cover
63
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and shelter for fish and other animals; snags seem to aid fish in
their orientation and may be important as spawning sites for some
species (Marzolf 1978).
References
1. Marzolf, G.R. 1978. The potential effects of clearing and snag-
ging in stream ecosystems. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. De-
partment of the Interior.
2. Wharton, C.H. 1970. The southern river swamp - a multiple use
environment. Georgia State University.
-------
Environmental Impacts of Cultural Practices
on Natural Ecosystems
Dr. Tom Simpson
Dames and Moore, Atlanta, Georgia
Societal growth and development may impart a variety of effects on
natural ecosystems. The present discussion relates to one aspect of
these impacts — those associated with alteration of streams. Much of
the information contained in this discussion was obtained from the
paper by Marzolf (1978).
Stream modification may be carried out for a variety of reasons such
as: draining floodplains for agriculture; protecting citizens from
floods, and maintaining navigable waterways.
The most common type of stream alterations are one or more of the
following: straightening; widening and/or deepening; lining; clearing
and snagging and/or dredging, and redirecting and/or recreating.
Most of these processes are designed to improve stream flow rate and
volume. Thus, widening and deepening simply increase the stream cross-
sectional dimensions and clearing, snagging, and dredging remove obstruc-
tions from the stream banks and stream beds. On the other hand, various
types of linings are implaced to slow stream erosion and may reduce stream
flow.
As of 1971, there were over 7,000 miles of completed stream alteration
and approximately 20,000 additional miles of rivers and creeks planned
for some type of modification (Wilkinson, 1975). The range of streams
that have undergone alteration varies from very small, unnamed streams
on private property to the nearly 4,000 miles of the Mississippi River,
the average stream alteration project involving about a 5-mile length
of stream. Over 80% of stream alterations occur in 10 southern States
(Wilkinson, 1975).
The impacts of stream alteration are both physical and biological. The
major physical changes (increased rate and volume of stream flow, in-
creased suspended solids, reduced amount of organic input, and increased
temperature) are each related to biological modifications. In addition,
the degree of biological response is dependent in part on geomorphic
principles such as the nature of the bedrock, the ease of erosion, and
the substrate chemistry. The classification system of streams by "order"
incorporates primarily physical features. By this system geologically
young channels are defined as first order streams; two first order streams
combine to produce a second order stream, and so forth, with the main
65
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trunk stream that leaves the watershed having the highest ordinal
classification. Embodied in this classification scheme, therefore, are
certain physical characteristics associated with low order through high
order streams that are reflected in general biological responses.
These general biological characteristics illustrated in Figure 1 follow
a pattern of change in major components and dominance of the biota as
the channel progresses from lower to higher order streams. As illustrated
in this Figure, the lower order streams or headwaters often have a tree
canopy layer that shades the stream and provides organic material in
the form of fallen leaves and twigs. Organisms described as shredders
are abundant in this section, adapted for reducing the large organic
particles (course particulate organic matter, CPOM) to smaller detritus
particles (fine particulate organic matter, FPOM). The passing of the
FPOM downstream, as well as the organisms of the lower stream order,
provide the energy inputs for collectors and predators in the higher
stream orders. Additionally, with reduced canopy layers, primary pro-
ductivity in the form of algae and higher plants becomes prevalent and
herbivores that feed on these producer species become common. The
general pattern along the stream channels, therefore, is a change in
roles played by different organisms in the food web with each species
having a different importance value based on its functional role in
each trophic level. Thus, insect larvae of a single species may play
different roles at different stages of their life cycle.
The effects of channelling, snagging and clearing, or otherwise modify-
ing streams and their shore lines are summarized in Table 1. The effects
on the biota in one stream order may impact other changes in the biota
in higher stream orders, downstream, much like falling dominoes. In
many cases there may simply be a shifting of the community downstream
to an area not affected by the stream modification. Through competition
with established species, however, the effect will generally be reduced
diversity and productivity. Conversely, removal of the canopy layer in
lower order streams may shift some communities closer to the headwaters,
with increased light providing higher primary productivity in upper
Teachings of the stream. Regardless of the type of modification con-
ducted, productive streams would likely change in species composition,
distribution and diversity.
Although little work has been done on ameliorating the effects of stream
alteration, recovery on reestablishment of original communities might
be hastened by a variety of measures, from reestablishing typical vege-
tation important in adding organic litter to the stream, to the addition
of substrates, such as rocks and twigs, as replacement habitats for
benthic organisms and fish. Additional studies are currently needed
to develop measures for mitigation of these impacts. Research would be
particularly important in the temporal changes in physico-chemical pro-
cesses that occur after specific kinds of alterations and in their
associated biological sucessions.
66
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Marzolf, G. Richard, 1978. The Potential Effects of Clearing and
Snagging on Stream Ecosystems. Publ. No. FWS/OBS-78/14, Jan. 1978.
National Stream Alteration Project, Office of Biological Services,
Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Dept. of Interior, Washington, D. C.
Wharton, Charles H., 1971. Statement for the Hearings on Dredging,
Modification, and Channelization of Rivers and Streams. Congress of
the U. S., Subcommittee on Conservation and Natural Resources,
Committee on Government Operation. 14 June, 1971, Washington, D. C.
Wilkinson, John M., 1975. Channelization in The Integrity of Water,
USEPA Symposium, March 10-12, 1975, Washington, D. C.
67
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FIGURE 1
Theoretical diagrammatic representation of certain changes in structure
and function in running water ecosystems from headwater to the mouth
(stream order shown at the left). The organisms pictured are merely
possible representatives of the functional groups shown. The decreasing
direct influence of the adjacent terrestrial component of the watershed
and increasing importance of upstream import from the headwaters (Orders
1-3) to the mouth is a basic feature of the system. Coupled with this
is a decrease in shredders and an increased dominance of collectors.
The mid-region of the river system is seen as the major region of pri-
mary production (growth of green plants) and associated grazer populations
(Orders 4-6). The lower reaches become more turbid with increased im-
portance of plankton (Orders 7-12). The fishes are dominated by inverti-
vores in the headwaters, and piscivores in the larger sections with
planktivores important in the highest order (Marzolf, 1978).
68
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cr
LJ
o
en
o
LJ
tr
H
(S)
(0.5 METERS)
^Z*
M^O
2- 0-2 METERS)
3 (4-6 METERS)
o:
LU 4- (|O METERS)
Q
5-
LU
o:
H
c/)
6-
tr
LU 7
O
cr
o
8
UJ
PRODUCERS
(PHYTOPLANXTON)
,. \COLLECTORS
(ZOOPLANKTON)
10
II
12 1700 METEKS)
69
(Marzolf, 1978)
-------
TABLE 1.
6UMMARY OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLEARING AND SNAGGING OF STREAM
ECOSYSTEMS (MARZOLF, 1978)
PHYSICAL MODIFICATION
Reduction of physical habitat
diversity through decreasing
hydraulic roughness of stream
channels
BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
Moves decomposition of organic matter
(leaves, twigs) downstream
Reduces benthos production
Reduces spawning and nursery habitat
Reduces fish cover and shelter
Disrupts fish territoriality and
orientation
Reduces plankton production by reducing
amount of quiet water
Removal of canopy
Changes of stream substrate
Increases light which increases
stream temperature and encourages
growth of benthic algae and
macrophyte growth
Decreases organic matter (leaves,
branches) input from terrestrial
vegetation
Changes production and kinds of benthic
algae and macrophytes
Changes distribution and species
composition of benthic microinverte-
brates
Removal of snags, logs, and
shoreline vegetation
Reduces habitat for nest - and case -
building macroinvertebrates
Reduces habitat for accumulation
and decomposition of organic matter;
results in less food for micro-
invertebrates
70
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Reduces diversity and amount of
fish food
Reduces fish cover and spawning
habitat
Disrupts fish territoriality and
orientation
71
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Implementing The CEQ Regulations
Michael Kane, Staff Member
CEQ, Washington, D. C.
Introduction
On November 29, 1978, the Council on Environmental Quality issued regula-
tions implementing the procedural provisions of the National Environmental
Policy Act ("NEPA regulations"). The regulations are binding on all
Federal agencies and were developed through interagency and public con-
sultation, review and comment. The regulations appear at Pages 55978-56007
of Volume 43 of the Federal Register.
Section 1507.3 of the NEPA regulations provides that each agency shall
adopt procedures implementing the NEPA regulations by July 30, 1979,
("agency implementing procedures").* The purpose of this memorandum is
to provide Federal agencies with general guidance for developing these
implementing procedures.**
* Implementing procedures for programs administered under
Section 102(2)(D) of NEPA or under Section 104(h) of the
Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 must also
be adopted by July 30, 1979. However, Section 1506.12
provides that the procedures for these programs will
not become effective until November 30, 1979 — four
months after the deadline for their adoption. This four
month hiatus has been established to allow State and
local agencies involved in these programs to adjust
their decision making to new implementing procedures.
On a separate point, Section 1506.12(a) also provides
that any agency may proceed under these regulations at
an earlier time. By this we mean that any agency may
either adopt and place into effect implementing pro-
cedures before the July 30, 1979, deadline, if approved
by the Council, or for selected proposals, conduct its
environmental reviews under the regulations before that
time. Agencies administering programs under Section
102(2)(D) of NEPA or under Section 104(h) of the Hous-
ing and Community Development Act of 1974 may proceed
under the regulations before November 30, 1979, with
the consent of the State or local agencies involved.
** In developing this memorandum we have consulted with,
circulated drafts to, and met with a number of the
NEPA liaisons from agencies which prepare significant
numbers of EIS's. We appreciate their contribution.
72
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Members of the Council's staff will be contacting you in the near
future regarding a schedule for developing implementing procedures.
We would like to become involved in your efforts early to avoid a
last-minute crunch later in the year. We have attached as Appendix A
a list of our staff members who will be available for consultation
throughout the process.
Procedural Considerations
In developing implementing procedures under the NEPA regulations,
agencies should bear in mind the following important considerations:
First, the purpose of agency procedures is both to provide agency
personnel with additional, more specific direction for implementing
the procedural provisions of NEPA and to inform the public and State
and local officials of how the NEPA regulations will be implemented
in agency decision-making. Agency procedures should, therefore,
provide Federal personnel with the direction they need to implement
NEPA on a day-to-day basis. The procedures must also provide a clear
and uncomplicated picture of what those outside the Federal govern-
ment may do to become involved in the environmental review process
under NEPA.
Second, the NEPA regulations provide that each agency shall as neces-
sary adopt procedures to supplement the regulations (Section 1507.3).
Major agency submits are also encouraged (with the consent of the
department) to adopt their own procedures. Departmental procedures
would then address issues of general concern for all of its agencies;
an individual agency's procedures would address the particulars of
its own planning and decision-making.
Third, agency implementing procedures are not required to, nor is it
desirable that they address every section of the regulations. The
sections which must be addressed are identified in Section 1507.3(b).
This is detailed in the "NEPA Procedures Checklist" enclosed herewith.
Agencies are encouraged to address other sections where this would
further implementation of the NEPA regulations.
Fourth, while the format for implementing procedures is largely a
matter of agency discretion, the following points should be noted:
(1) By Executive Order 11991, the President directed the Council
to establish a single and definitive set of uniform standards for
implementing NEPA government-wide. Therefore, while agencies may
quote the regulations in their implementing procedures, they shall
not attempt to restate or otherwise paraphrase the regulations
(Section 1507.3(a). Agencies shall continue themselves to proced-
ures which make the standards established by the NEPA regulations
effective in the context of their decision-making.
73
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(2) Agencies may quote from the regulations to provide a context
for implementing procedures. For example, an agency may quote
from Section 1508.9 on environmental assessment procedures. In
addition, agencies may produce a single, self-contained document
containing quotations from the NEPA regulations so that agency
personnel need not refer back and forth from NEPA regulations to
implementing procedures in conducting environmental reviews. How-
ever, whenever the NEPA regulations are quoted they must be quoted
verbatim, properly cited, and set off in some fashion (e.g., italics,
bold faced type) so that the reader can readily distinguish between
the NEPA regulations and agency implementing procedures. You will
understand the competing considerations that guide us here. On
the one hand we; intend the agency procedures to be the minimum
length possible consistent with the regulations and this memorandum.
On the other hand, we do not want to place readers in the position
of having constantly to refer to other documents.
(3) Implementing procedures should cross-reference relevant sec-
tions of the regulations where they are not quoted in full. It is
important to link agency procedures with corresponding sections
in the NEPA regulations so that agency personnel will have complete
picture of the standards which govern the environmental review
process.
(4) Agency implementing procedures should, where practicable,
follow the same sequence of procedural steps appearing in the NEPA
regulations. It will be easier to work with both documents if the
procedures and the regulations take a parallel approach.
Fifth, there is no need to include every detail of agency decision-making
in the implementing procedures. The NEPA regulations contemplate the
publication of further explanatory guidance with specific information
that may not be appropriate for agency implementing procedures (Section
1507.3(a). This further guidance, which may be in the form of an operat-
ing manual, administrative directives, explanatory bulletins, and other
publications, must also be reviewed by the Council and made available to
the public.
Sixth, agencies with similar programs should consult with each other and
the Council to coordinate their implementing procedures, especially for
programs requesting similar information from applicants (Section 1507.3(a).
Opportunities exist to improve the environmental review process through
a consistent approach to similar Federal programs. It is important that
agencies combine efforts in developing the approach and ensure that once
developed, it is uniformly adopted in agency implementing precedures. We
should be contacted for this purpose.
74
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Finally, in developing implementing procedures, agencies must allow time
for review by the Council and the public. Section 1507.3(a) of the NEPA
regulations establishes a three-step process leading to adoption of final
procedures by July 30, 1979: Agencies shall consult with the Council in
developing proposed implementing procedures. Agencies shall then publish
their proposed procedures in the Federal Register for public review and
comment. As the last step, and following changes made in response to
comments received during the review period, agencies shall submit the final
version of their proposed procedures for review by the Council for conform-
ity with the Act and the NEPA regulations. The Council will complete its
review within 30 days. The Council may thereafter make public the results
of its reviews.
To ensure that this process is concluded by July 30, 1979, the Council
recommends that agencies publish their proposed procedures in the Federal
Register for comment no later than April 1, 1979, and submit by June 1,
1979, the final version of the procedures to the Council for review.
Please note that the regulations go into effect and are binding throughout
the government on July 30, 1979, regardless of whether an individual agency
has adopted its procedures.
Once in effect, agency implementing procedures shall be filed with the
Council, published in the Federal Register, and made readily available
to the public. Please note that Section 1507.3(a) of the regulations re-
quires agencies continuously to review their policies and procedures and
in consultation with the Council to revise them as necessary to ensure full
compliance with the purposes and provisions of the Act.
75
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APPENDIX A
January 19, 1979
CEQ Staff Contacts
(The legal staff should be the first point of contact.)
Major Agencies
ACTION
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Serv.
Farmers Home Administration
Forest Service
Rural Electrification Administration
Science and Education Administration
Soil Conservation Service
Appalachian Regional Commission
Arms Control & Disarmament Agency
Central Intelligence Agency
Civil Aeronautics Board
Commerce
Economic Development Administration
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin.
Community Services Administration
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Defense
Air Force
Army
Corps of Engineers (Civil Works)
Navy ?6
Policy Staff
Baldwin
Baldwin
Smythe
Smythe
Kane
Williams
Brubaker
Smythe
Smythe
Smythe
Brubaker
Brubaker
Kane
Kane
Kane
Gillman
Kane
Bastian
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Smythe
Baldwin
Legal Staff
Nicholas
Nicholas
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Knight
Knight
Nicholas
Knight
Knight
Knight
Nicholas
Nicholas
Knight
Knight
Knight
Jamieson
Knight
-------
Energy MacKenzie
Bonneville Power Administration MacKenzie
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Brubaker
Environmental Protection Agency Burmaster
Executive Office of the President Strohbehn
Office of Management and Budget Strohbehn
Export-Import Bank Bennsky
Federal Communications Commission Kane
Federal Maritime Administration Kane
Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Kane
Insurance Corporation, Federal Home
Loan Bank Board, Federal Savings &
Loan Insurance Corporation, National
Credit Union Administration, Farm
Credit Administration
Federal Trade Commission Kane
General Services Administration Kane
Health, Education & Welfare Karch
Food & Drug Administration Karch
Indian Health Service Kane
National Institutes of Health Karch
Housing and Urban Development Kane
Interior Smythe
Bureau of Indian Affairs Smythe
Bureau of Land Management Williams
Bureau of Mines Smythe
Bureau of Reclamation Smythe
Fish and Wildlife Service Baldwin
Geological Survey Smythe
Heritage Conservation & Recreation Serv. Baldwin *
National Park Service Williams
77
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Knight
Nicholas
Nicholas
Knight
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson
-------
Interior (continued)
Office of Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation
Interstate Commerce Commission
Justice
Law Enforcement Assistance Admin.
Labor
Marine Mammal Commission
METRO
National Aeronautics & Space Admin.
National Capital Planning Commission
National Science Foundation
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corp.
Postal Service
Securities & Exchange Commission
Small Business Administration
Smithsonian
State
Agency for International Development
Tennessee Valley Authority
Transportation
Coast Guard
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Highway Administration
Federal Railroad Administration
78
Smythe
Kane
See legal staff.
Kane
Karch
Gillman
Baldwin
Buffington
Baldwin
Brubaker
Brubaker
Bennsky
Baldwin
Kane
Kane
Kane
Smythe
Bennsky
Bennsky
Smythe
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Jamieson
Nicholas
Knight
Knight
Nicholas
Knight
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Jamieson
Knight
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Knight
Knight
Jamieson
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
-------
Transportation (continued)
National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. Kane Knight
Urban Mass Transportation Admin. Kane Knight
Treasury Kane Knight
Veterans Administration Kane Nicholas
Water Resources Council Smythe Jamieson
River Basin Commissions Smythe Jamieson
NOTE: This list of agencies is not necessarily comprehensive. Agencies
not listed above should contact Jim Jamieson in the Office of the
General Counsel at CEQ (Tel. 395-5750).
Telephone Numbers
Malcolm Baldwin 395-4522
Carroll Bastian 395-4980
George Bennsky 395-5780
Gerry Brubaker 395-4946
Doug Buffington 395-5760
David Burmaster 395-4904
Kitty Gillman 395-5780
Jim Jamieson 395-5750
Nate Karch 395-4980
Foster Knight 395-4616
Michael Kane 395-4522
Jim MacKenzie 395-4946
Bob Nicholas 395-4616
Bob Smythe 395-4540
Larry Williams 395-4540
79
-------
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ATTENDANTS OF EIS CONFERENCE FEBRUARY 22-23, 1979
I.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Forest Service
Jay Christensen
U. S. Forest Service
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W. , Room 711
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Thomas R. Frazier
U. S. Forest Service
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W., Room 714
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
E. J. Giaquinto
U. S. Forest Service
1720 W. Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Chris Glover
U. S. Forest Service
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W., Room 804
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Chris Glover
U. S. Forest Service
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Robert A. Harper
U. S. Forest Service
601 Broad Street
Gainesville, Georgia 30501
Don Hughes
U. S. Forest Service
Rt. 3, Box 563-H
Tallahassee, Florida 32303
Theodore R. (Ted) Kaufmann
Environmental Coordinator
U. S. Forest Service
Southeast Area State and Private Forestry
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Com. 881-4663
FTS 257-4663
Com. 881-4592
FTS 257-4592
Com. 881-3846
FTS 257-3846
Com. 881-2242
FTS 257-2242
Com. 881-2242
FTS 257-2242
Com. 536-0541
Com. 878-1131
FTS 946-4276
Com. 881-4663
FTS 257-4663
98
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Jean Paul Kruglewicz Com. 881-2242
U. S. Forest Service FTS 257-2242
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
John W. Lamb Com. 881-4195
U. S. Forest Service FTS 257-4195
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Chris Martin Com. 881-3748
U. S. Forest Service FTS 257-3748
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
James Mclntyre
U. S. Forest Service
121 Orchard Lane, S. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30354
Bruce Medford ' Com. 881-2367
U. S. Forest Service FTS 257-3367
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Melissa Pearson Com. 703-552-4641
U. S. Forest Service
Jefferson N. F., Blacksburg R. D.
Rt. 1, Box 404
Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
W. E. Stalcup FTS 257-3748
U. S. Forest Service
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
John W. Taylor Com. 881-7934
USDA Forest Service FTS 257-7934
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W., Rm. 706
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Robert Williams Com. 881-2242
U. S. Forest Service FTS 257-2242
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Soil Conservation Service
Darwyn Briggs Com. (202) 447-3839
USDA/SCS FTS 447-3839
P. 0. Box 2890
Washington, D. C. 20013
99
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0. J. Cliett
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603
Georgia K. Desha
Soil Conservation Service
Federal Center
Fort Worth, Texas 76115
P. S. Courie
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603
B. Wayne Farmer
U. S. D. A., SCS, P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603
John J. Garrett
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 27307
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611
Pete Heard
Soil Conservation Service, USDA
P. 0. Box 1208
Gainesville, Florida 32602
Curtis L. Hobbs, Jr.
Soil Conservation Service
240 Stoneridge Dr.
Columbia, South Carolina 29210
John L. Mooney
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603
Brown Nevels
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603
Ronald C. Page
USDA Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603
Ray Swicegood
USDA Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 311
Auburn, Alabama 36830
Com. 546-2217
FTS 250-2217
FTS 334-5287
Com. 546-2217
FTS 250-2217
Com. 546-2116
FTS 250-2116
FTS 672-4527
Com. 377-8232
Com. 765-5684
FTS 677-5684
Com. 546-2217
FTS 250-2217
Com. 546-2116
FTS 250-2116
Com. 546-2276
FTS 250-2276
Com. 821-7870
FTS 534-4574
100
-------
Charles A. Till Com. 546-2116
USDA Soil Conservation Service FTS 250-2116
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30601
Arnold E. Watson Com. 606-233-2750
USDA Soil Conservation Service FTS 355-2750
333 Waller Avenue
Lexington, Kentucky 40504
Archie Weeks Com. 606-233-2750
USDA Soil Conservation Service FTS 355-2750
333 Waller Avenue
Lexington, Kentucky 40504
Bill White FTS 250-2276
USDA Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603
J. M. Woodson FTS 334-5287
Soil Conservation Service
Federal Center
Fort Worth, Texas 76115
II. COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Michael Kane, Staff Member Com. (202) 395-4522
Council on Environmental Quality FTS 395-4522
722 Jackson Place, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
Jane Yarn, Member Com. (202) 395-5700
Council on Environmental Quality FTS 395-5700
722 Jackson Place, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
III. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Economic Development Administration
John Cole Com. 881-7308
U. S. Department of Commerce, EDA FTS 8-881-7308
1365 Peachtree St., N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30305
Robert Crews Com. 881-7308
U. S. Department of Commerce, EDA FTS 8-881-7308
1365 Peachtree St., N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30305
Carol Shipley Com. 881-7316
U. S. Department of Commerce, EDA FTS 257-7316
1365 Peachtree St., N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30305 101
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IV. U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION IV
Robert Bridgers Water Supply Branch
Robert Cooper
Richard Gingrich
Richard Green
John E. Hagan, III
Edward T. (Red) Heinen
John Herrmann
Pat Jeanson
Marilynn Kelm
Doris Kirby
J. Ronnie McHenry
Stephanie Lankford
Martha Laurence
Ron Mikulak
Carolyn W. Mitchell
Sheppard N. Moore
EIS Branch
Water Department
EIS Branch
Chief, EIS Branch
Chief, Ecological
Review Branch
EIS Branch
Public Awareness
Branch
Public Awareness
Branch
EIS Branch
Chief, Trends Analysis
and Program Coordi-
nation Section
EIS Branch
EIS Branch
EIS Branch
Librarian
Chief, EIS Review
Section
Com. 881-3781
FTS 257-3781
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Com. 881-4989
FTS 257-4989
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Com. 881-2643
FTS 257-2643
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Com. 881-3004
FTS 257-3004
Com. 881-3004
FTS 257-3004
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Com. 881-3286
FTS 257-3286
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Com. 881-4216
FTS 257-4216
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
102
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Lewis Nagler
Frank Redmond
Thomas A. Strickland
Russell Todd
John C. White
Air Programs
Com. 881-3286
FTS 257-3286
Chief, Public Awareness Com. 881-3004
Branch FTS 257-3004
Air Programs Branch
EIS Branch
Com. 881-3286
FTS 257-3286
Com. 881-7458
FTS 257-7458
Regional Administrator Com. 881-4727
FTS 257-4727
V. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
U. S. Air Force
Thomas D. Sims
USAF Regional Civil Engineer
Eastern Region
526 Title Building, 30 Pryor
Street, S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
U. S. Army
Tom Allred
Fort McClellan
Enviro & Energ
AT2W-FEE
Fort McClellan, Alabama 36205
Jim Fletcher
U. S. Army Forces Command
ATTN: AFEN-FEQ
Ft. McPherson, Georgia 30330
James P. Huber
Fort McClellan ATZN-FE
Fort McClellan, Alabama 36205
Thomas M. McLaney
U. S. Army
Bldg. 1404
Ft. Rucker, Alabama 36362
Thomas E. Newkirk
U. S. Army, HQ TRADOC
ATEN-FE-NR
Ft. Monroe, Virginia 23651
Com. 221-6821
FTS 242-6821
Com. 205-238-3019
Com. 752-3375
Com. 205-238-3019
Com. 205-255-7105
Com. 804-727-3335
(Auto) FTS 680-3335
103
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Harold Pierce
U. S. Army
DFAE-ENVIRON
Ft. Gordon, Georgia 30905
Richard W. Price
U. S. Army Logistics Management Center
Environmental Management Committee
Fort Lee, Virginia 23801
Robert F. Walsh
U. S. Army
Ft. Gordon Env. Ofc.
Fort Gordon, Georgia 30905
Com. 791-7824
Com. 734-2323
(Auto) FTS 687-2323
Com. 791-6801
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
William F. Adams
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402
Joseph R. Castleman
Corps of Engineers - Ohio River Div.
P. 0. Box 1159
Cincinnati, Ohio 45201
Ard L. E^ulenfeld
South Atlantic Div., Corps of Engineers
510 Title Building
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Mickey Fountain
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 889
Savannah, Georgia 31402
Ray D. Hedrick
U. S. Army Engineer District, Nashville
P. 0. Box 1070
Nashville, Tennessee 37202
James 0. Hunter, Jr.
Huntington District, Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 2127
Huntington, West Virginia 25721
Betty K. Fry
Corps of Engineers
30 Pryor Street, 510 Title Building
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Com. 919-343-4748
FTS 671-4748
Com. 684-3057
FTS 684-3057
Com. 221-4580
FTS 242-4580
Com. 912-233-8822
Ext. 371-372
FTS 248-8371
Com. 615-251-5027
FTS 852-5027
Com. 304-529-5712
FTS 924-5712
Com. 221-6620
FTS 242-6620
104
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Bob Kauzinger
Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 59
Louisville, Kentucky 40201
Durley McLortz
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
668 Clifford Davis Fed. Bldg.
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
Charles W. Nelson
Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 2127
Huntington, West Virginia 25701
Gay Orr
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (MAWR Study)
P. 0. Box 1761
Atlanta, Georgia 30301
Steve Reed
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 80
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39108
Lloyd Saunders
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 4970
Jacksonville, Florida32201
Terry S. Siemsen
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 59
Louisville, Kentucky 40201
William E. Sinozich
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
502 8th St.
Huntington, West Virginia 25701
Laura Jane Swilley
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 60267
New Orleans, Louisiana 70160
St. Glair Thompson
Vicksburg District, Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 60
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
Com. 502-582-5452
FTS 352-5452
Com. 521-3831
FTS 222-3831
Com. 529-5702
FTS 924-5702
Com. 221-4477
FTS 242-4477
Com. 636-1311, Ext. 5255
FTS 542-5855
Com. 904-791-2202
FTS 946-2202
Com. 502-582-6475
FTS 352-6475
Com. 304-529-5636
FTS 924-5636
Com. 865-1121, Ex. 503
FTS 647-1503
Com. 601-636-1311, Ex. 5429
FTS 542-5429
105
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Vechere M. Vaughn
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
U. S. Courthouse
P. 0. Box 1070
Nashville, Tennessee 37202
Keith Wade Whittinghill
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 1070
Nashville, Tennessee 37202
Robert Woodyard
U. S. Army Engineer District
P. 0. Box 59
Louisville, Kentucky 40201
John Wright
Corps of Engineers
Clifford Davis Boulevard
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
Com. 251-5027 (615)
FTS 852-5027
Com. 615-251-5181
FTS 852-5181
FTS 352-5696
Com. 521-3857
FTS 222-3857
U. S. Marine Corps
Albert J. Palmer
Marine Corps Logistics Base
Albany, Georgia 31704
Herman C. (Cal) Garnett, Jr.
Natural Resources & Environmental Affairs Officer
MCRD Paris Is., Maintenance Dept., Marine Corps
Recruit Depot
Parris Island, South Carolina 29905
John A. Janega
U. S. Marine Corps
Office of the Staff Judge Advocate
Marine Corps Base Camp LeJeune
Camp LeJeune, North Carolina 28542
Ken Spiers
Marine Corps Air Station
MCAS Cherry Point
I & L, Bldg. 198
Cherry Point, North Carolina 28533
Julian I. Wooten
U. S. Marine Corps
Base Maint. Dept.
Camp LeJeune, North Carolina 28542
(Auto) Com. 912-439-5960
FTS 760-5960
Com. 803-525-3413
Com. 919-451-5383
Com. 919-466-3631
Com. 919-451-5003
106
-------
U. S. Navy
William D, Elder
Naval Facilities Engr. Command PC-1
Hoffman II Bldg.
200 Stovall Street
Alexandria, Virginia 22306
John C. Wilkins
U. S. Navy
Charleston, South Carolina 29411
Com. 202-525-0500
Com. 803-743-5510
FTS 679-5510
VI. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Patricia Bailey
Department of Health, Education & Welfare
101 Marietta Tower, Suite 1503
Atlanta, Georgia 30323
Com. 221-5754
FTS 242-5754
VII. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Buddy E. Arbuckle
DHUD, Jacksonville Area Office
661 Riverside Ave.
Jacksonville, Florida 32204
Dick Becker
DHUD, Knoxville Area Office
1111 Northshore Dr.
Knoxville, Tennessee 37919
Gayle Burbidge
DHUD
1371 Peachtree Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
W. Bowman Crum
U. S. DHUD
1371 Peachtree Street, Rm.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
117
William Davenport
DHUD
215 N. Edgeworth
Greensboro, North Carolina 27401
Ivar Iverson
DHUD, Regional Office
1371 Peachtree Street, N.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Com. 791-2610
FTS 946-2610
Com. 637-9300 (615)
FTS 854-1349
Com. 881-3471
FTS 257-3471
Com. 881-3471
FTS 257-3471
Com. 378-5377
FTS 699-5377
Com. 881-3521
FTS 257-3521
E.
107
-------
Russell M. 0. Jacobsen
DHUD, Atlanta Regional Office
1371 Peachtree St., N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Bob Lunsford
DHUD
15 South 20th Street
Birmingham, Alabama 35226
John Ogden
DHUD, R.I.E.A.T.
1371 Peachtree St., N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Bev Poolson
DHUD, Atlanta Regional Office
1371 Peachtree Street, N. E., Rm.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Jim Spann
DHUD, Atlanta Area Office
230 Peachtree Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
William S. Stoker, Env. Officer
US DHUD
241 Tudor Road (Home)
Columbia, South Carolina 29210
Harry Walls
DHUD, Atlanta Area Office
230 Peachtree Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Jody Williams
DHUD
1375 Peachtree Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Peggy Wireman
DHUD
451 7th Street, S. W., Rm. 7266
Washington, D. C. 20410
117
Com. 881-3521
FTS 257-3521
Com. 254-1619
FTS 229-1619
Com. 881-3471
FTS 257-3471
Com. 881-3471
FTS 257-3471
Com. 221-6629
FTS 242-6629
Com. 803-765-5595
FTS 677-5595
Com. 221-6629
FTS 242-6629
Com. 881-3471
FTS 257-3471
Com. 202-355-8909
FTS
VIII. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Office of The Secretary
Jim Lee
148 International Blvd., Room 410
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Com.
FTS
221-4524
242-4524
108
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Bureau of Mines
Nina S. Sparks Com. 221-6204
Bureau of Mines FTS 242-6204
19 MLKing, Jr. Dr., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Heritage Conservation & Recreation Service
Roy Almdale Com. 221-6928
HCRS FTS 242-6928
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Mike Bowman Com. 221-4711
HCRS FTS 242-4711
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Michael Dawe Com. 221-6928
HCRS FTS 242-6928
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Bill Huie Com. 221-6491
U. S. Department of Interior, HCRS FTS 242-6491
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Lincoln R. Martinez Com. 221-4711
HCRS FTS 242-4711
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Rich Sussman Com. 221-4538
HCRS FTS 292-4538
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
National Park Service
Meridith B. Ingham Com. 996-2520
National Park Service
1895 Phoenix Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30349
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Dick Bailey Com. 881-4291
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service FTS 257-4291
P. 0. Box 95067
Atlanta, Georgia 30319
109
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Dennis E. Chase
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service
17 Executive Park Dr., N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Harold W. Benson
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service
17 Executive Park
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Robert Cooke
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Endangered Species
17 Executive Park
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Roland R. Schulz
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Department of the Interior, OEC
Washington, D. C. 20240
Lou Villanova
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service
17 Executive Park
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Com. 881-4781
FTS 257-4781
Com. 881-4678
FTS 257-4678
Com. 881-4291
FTS 257-4291
FTS 653-5876
Com. 881-4078
FTS 257-4678
IX. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
Sam Calhoun
Tennessee Valley Authority
272 401 Bldg.
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
David L. Dunn
Tennessee Valley Authority
400 Chestnut Street, Tower II
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
Alvin H. Gutterman
Tennessee Valley Authority
400 Commerce Avenue
Knoxville, Tennessee 37902
Kenneth Parr
Tennessee Valley Authority
400 Chestnut Tower II
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
Dennis P. Ryan
272 401 Bldg.
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
Com. 615-755-3147
FTS 854-3147
Com. 615-755-3331
FTS 854-3331
Com. 615-632-2875
FTS 852-2875
Com. 615-755-3331
FTS 854-3331
Com. 755-3147
FTS 854-3147
110
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Greg Signer
Tennessee Valley Authority
400 commerce Avenue
Knoxville, Tennessee 37902
Com. 615-632-4171
FTS 852-4171
X. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Federal Aviation Administration
George Altman
Federal Aviation Administration
1568 Willingham Dr.
College Park, Georgia 30337
W. H. Ballew
Federal Aviation Adm.
Atlanta Airports District Office
1568 Willingham Dr., Suite C
College Park, Georgia 30337
Robert B. Chapman
Federal Aviation Adm.
1568 Willingham Dr.
College Park, Georgia 30337
John Garner
Federal Aviation Adm.
1568 Willingham Dr.
College Park, Georgia 30337
Robert E. Harris
Federal Aviation Adm.
1568 Willingham Dr.
College Park, Georgia 30337
George L. Warren
Federal Aviation Adm.
1568 Willingham Dr., Suite C
College Park, Georgia 30337
Winston Magill
Federal Aviation Adm.
P. 0. Box 18621
Memphis, Tennessee 38118
Wade Riggs
Chief of Planning
Federal Highway Adm.
P. 0. Box 18621
Memphis, Tennessee 38118
Com. 763-7631
FTS 246-7631
Com. 763-7268
FTS 246-7268
Com. 763-7268
FTS 246-7268
Com. 763-7708
FTS 246-7708
Com. 763-7639
FTS 284-7639
Com. 763-7631
FTS 246-7631
Com. 521-3495
FTS 222-3495
Com. 615-521-3495
FTS 222-3495
111
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Federal Highway Administration
Don Blankenship
Federal Highway Adm., Georgia Div.
1422 W. Peachtree St.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
David H. Densmore
Federal Highway Adm.
1422 W. Peachtree St.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
David A. Lacey
Federal Highway Adm.
1422 W. Peachtree St.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
J. L. Morris
Federal Highway Adm.
1720 Peachtree Rd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Paula Lee Oliver
Federal Highway Adm.
1720 Peachtree Road, Suite 200
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
James E. Scapellato
Federal Highway Adm.
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W. Suite 200
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Robert H. Talley
Federal Highway Adm., Region 4 Office
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Com. 881-4758
FTS 257-4758
Com. 881-4758
FTS 257-4758
Com. 881-4758
FTS 257-4758
Com. 881-4167
FTS 257-4167
Com. 881-4068
FTS 257-4068
Com. 881-4040
FTS 257-4040
Com. 881-4067
FTS 257-4067
U. S. Coast Guard
Harry C. Braff
U. S. Coast Guard, llth Dist,
400 Oceangate
Long Beach, California 90822
Ron DeBerry
U. S. Coast Guard
431 Crawford Street
Portsmouth, Virginia 23704
Don C. W. Dumlao
USCG, HQ G-WEP-7
400 7th St., S. W.
Washington, D. C. 20460
Com. 213-590-2287
FTS 924-9384
FTS 426-3300
112
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Lt. Paul C. Golden
U. S. Coast Guard
Commander Eighth Coast Guard Dist,
500 Camp St.
New Orleans, Louisiana 70130
J. L. Haas
U. S. Coast Guard
916 Stockbridge Dr.
Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462
Com. 504-589-2961
FTS 682-2961
FTS 927-9276
CCGDS(dpl) Com. 398-6276
Portsmouth,Va., 23705
J. W. Hendricks
USCG, 12th District
630 Sansome St.
San Francisco, California 94126
Robert D. Meiners
USCG
Box 3-5000 (dpi)
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Jerry P. Dimes
U. S. Coast Guard, 9th CG District
1240 E. 9th St.
Cleveland, Ohio 44199
Jay Silberman
U. S. Coast Guard
Commander (dpi), Governors Island
Governors Island, New York 10004
P. Don Weaver
U. S. Coast Guard (dpi)
51 S. W. 1st Ave.
Miami, Florida 33183
Com. 415-556-6074
FTS 556-6074
Com. 586-7348
FTS 586-7348
Com. 216-522-3919
FTS 293-3919
Com. 668-7001
FTS 664-7001
Com. 350-5503
FTS 350-5502
Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Tony Dittmeier
Department of Transportation
Urban Mass Transportation Adm.
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Com. 881-7875
FTS 257-7875
XI. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
George Lear
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Phillips Bldg., 7920 Norfolk Ave.
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Com. 301-492-7903
FTS 492-7903
113
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XII. NATIONAL LABORATORIES
Union Carbide
Robert M. Cushman Com. 615-574-7319
Oak Ridge National Laboratory FTS 624-7319
P. 0. Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
Steven G. DeCicco Com. 615-514-5775
Oak Ridge National Laboratory FTS 624-5775
P. 0. Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
James F. McBrayer Com. 615-574-7317
Environmental Sciences Div. FTS 624-7317
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P. 0. Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
du Pont
Oscar A. Towler FTS 239-2285
du Pont - Savannah River
Aiken, South Carolina 29801
W. G. Holmes FTS 239-2285
Savannah River Laboratory
Aiken, South Carolina 29801
XIII. STATE GOVERNMENTS
Alabama
N. K. Landgraf Com. 205-345-5545
West Alabama Plan & Development Council (208)
70 Drawer 28
Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35402
Paul G. Stough Com. 832-5593
Alabama Highway Department
11 S. Union Street
Montgomery, Alabama 36104
Florida
Harry A. Bail Com. 488-0130
Florida Dept. of Environmental Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
114
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C. L. Irwin
Florida Department of Transportation
605 Suwannee Street
Tallahassee, Florida 32304
Walter 0. Kolb
Florida Div. of State Planning
530 Carlton Bldg.
Tallahassee, Florida 32304
John B. Outland
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
2600 Blair Stone Rd., Twin Towers Office Bldg.
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Com. 904-487-1435
Com. 904-488-2401
Com. 904-488-0130
Georgia
C. H. Badger
State Office of Planning & Budget
State Clearinghouse
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Jimmy B. Benson
Georgia Environmental Protection Div.
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Delores Dewberry
Coastal APDC
Brunswick, Georgia 31520
Toni D. Gardner
Georgia Department of Transportation
65 Aviation Circle
Atlanta, Georgia 30336
R. L. Gensel, Projects Control Manager
Cobb County, Georgia
P. 0. Box 649
Marietta, Georgia 30061
David H. Hinson
Southwest Georgia APDC, P. 0. Box 346
Camilla, Georgia 31730
Barbara Hogan
Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources
Rm. 814
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Com. 656-3829
Com. 656-6905
Com. 912-264-7363
Com. 422-2320, Ex. 393
Com. 912-336-5616
Com. 656-5162
115
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Dale Jaeger Com- 536-3431
Georgia Mountains APDC
P. 0. Box 1720
Gainesville, Georgia 30501
F. William Kroeck Com. 656-7789
Atlanta Regional Commission
Suite 200
230 Peachtree St.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
J. Leonard Ledbetter Com. 656-4713
Georgia Environmental Division, EPD
270 Washington Street, S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Jerry Lo Wa Com. 656-4810
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Peter Malphurs Com. 696-4634
Georgia Department of Transportation
#2 Capitol Square
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Ron R. Odom Com. 557-2532
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Rte. 2
Social Circle, Georgia 30279
Dick Powell Com. 912-233-9321
City of Savannah
P. 0. Box 1027
Savannah, Georgia 31402
Elizabeth G. Rayfield Com. 536-3431
Georgia Mountains APDC
P. 0. Box 1720
Gainesville, Georgia 30501
Miles B. Schoenfield Com. 656-5164
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
270 Washington Street, S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
John Shaw Com. 696-4634
Georgia Department of Transportation
#65 Aviation Circle
Atlanta, Georgia 30336
116
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Pat Stevens Com. 656-5162
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Rm. 814
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Paul R. Teiemke Com. 696-4634
Georgia Department of Transportation
65 Aviation Circle
Atlanta, Georgia 30336
Al Tate Com. 696-4635
Georgia Department of Transportation
Environmental Analysis Bureau
65 Aviation Circle, S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30336
David Vinson Com. 656-4769
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
240 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Sam Williams Com. 656-3855
Georgia State Clearinghouse
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Mary Ann Young Com. 656-3212
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Game and Fish Division
Endangered Species Program
270 Washington St., S. W., Rm. 713
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Kentucky
Bill Moyer Com. 606-886-6869
Big Sandy Area Development District
552 S. Lake Dr.
Prestonburg, Kentucky 41653
Mississippi
W. K. MaGee Com. 354-7355
Mississippi State Highway Department
P. 0. Box 1850
Jackson, Mississippi 39205
117
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Anna W. Paine Com. 601-354-2550
Mississippi Air & Water Pollution Control Comm.
P. 0. Box 827
Jackson, Mississippi 39205
North Carolina
Chrys Baggett Com. 919-733-7061
North Carolina Clearinghouse
116 W. Jones Street
Raleigh, North Carolina 27608
Richard B. Hazard Com. 919-733-5245
N. C. Natural Resources & Community Development
Department, Div. of Parks Recreation
Archdale Bldg.
Raleigh, North Carolina 27603
David W. Richardson Com. 704-264-5558
Environmental Planner
Region D Council of Governments
P. 0. Box 1820
Boone, North Carolina 28607
Anne Taylor Com. 919-733-4006
Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development
Archdale Bldg.
Raleigh, North Carolina 27603
South Carolina
Paul Embler Com. 758-3284
South Carolina State Highway Dept.
955 Park Street
Columbia, South Carolina 29202
Tennessee
Hale Booth Com. 615-266-5781
Chattanooga Area Reg. Council of Governments
413 James Bldg.
735 Broad Street
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37402
Joe Guthrie Com. 615-266-5781
Southeast Tennessee Development Dist.
413 James Bldg.
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37402
118
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XIV. NON-GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Robert Adowailo Com. 202-293-2600
IRP, Hernie & Co.
2100 M. Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20460
Carole Ashkinaze
Atlanta Constitution
72 Marietta Street, N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Arthur C. Benke Com. 894-3700
School of Biology
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Thomas E. Crumlish Com. 813-933-7406
Seminole Electric Cooperative
2410 E. Busch Blvd.
Tampa, Florida 33612
Jim Dodd Com. 894-4526
Director of User Services, Lib.
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Sandy Enyeart Com. 208-523-7252
STAFCO, Inc.
P. 0. Box 2249
Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401
Stephen E. Everette Com. 526-0625
EG&G Idaho, Inc. FTS 583-0111
P. 0. Box 1625
Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401
Louise B. Franklin Com. 329-0430
Claude Terry & Assoc., Inc.
1955 Cliff Valley Way, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Ruben Garza Com. 214-234-2722
Geo-Marine, Inc.
777 S. Central Expressway
Richadson, Texas 75080
Don Gibeaut Com. 262-2915
Dames & Moore
455 E. Paces Ferry Rd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30305
119
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David E. Hawkins Com. 262-2914
Dames & Moore Consultants
455 E. Paces Ferry Rd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30305
Saul Herner Com. 202-293-2600
Information Resources Press
2100 M Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20037
Jo Jones Com. 393-3008
Georgia Clean Water Coalition
10 River Court Parkway, N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30328
Nicholas W. Lees Com. 449-6639
Envirosphere Company
145 Technology Dr.
Norcross, Georgia 30092
Tom Lowndes Com. 898-3303
Georgia Conservancy FTS 469-0242
Georgia Wildlife Federation
634 Scotland Ct.
Stone Mountain, Georgia 30088
Evelyne Parkerson Com. 378-4436
532 Westchester Dr.
Decatur, Georgia 30030
Keith C. Price 504-927-4724
Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendoff
5615 Corporate Blvd.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806
Nilo Priede Com. 904-744-5459
Priede-Sedgwick, Inc.
P. 0. Box 8117
Jacksonville, Florida 32211
Thomas N. Sargent Com. 325-0770
Engineering - Science
57 Executive Park S, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Don Sherrill Com. 688-5370
Battelle Southern Operations
Suite 3525
101 Marietta Twr.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
120
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Tom Simpson, Biologist Com. 262-2915
Dames & Moore
455 East Paces Ferry Road
Atlanta, Georgia 30305
Mark Spiegal Com. 325-0770
Engineering - Science
57 Executive Park South
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Robert E. Thorn, R.L.A. Com. 952-8643
Regional Manager, Environmental Planning Div.
Camp Dresser and McKee
1945 The Exchange N. W. Suite 290
Atlanta, Georgia 30339
J. G. Vann, Jr. Com. 919-549-0671
N. C. Science & Technology Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Rusty Wooten Com. 813-866-5528
Florida Power Corp.
P. 0. Box 14042
St. Petersburg, Florida 33731
Larry Wills Com. 329-0430
CTA
Claude Terry & Assoc.
1955 Cliff Valley Way N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Lee Wilson Com. 512-454-4797
Radian Corp.
8500 Shoal Creek Blvd.
Austin, Texas 75766
121
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