EPA-904/9-79-040
                       ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT CONFERENCE

                                February 22-23,  1979
                                     REGION IV

                         IT.  S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                  Atlanta Civic  Center
                                  395 Piedmont Avenue
                                Atlanta,  Georgia 30308

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         REMARKS BY JOHN C. WHITE,  EPA REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
           TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT CONFERENCE
                    ATLANTA, GA, FEBRUARY 22,  1979
Good afternoon and welcome to Atlanta.   This Conference on Environmental
Impact Statements promises to be a good one.  We are very pleased to
have CEQ Council Member Jane Yarn with us to deliver the Kenote Address.

As you probably know, the new regulations to implement the National
Environmental Policy Act are intended to accomplish three principal
objectives:  reduce paperwork, expedite processing requirements, but
at the same time to produce a better vehicle for making decisions.
Regulations will replace the previously used guidelines and will be
uniformly applicable to all Federal agencies.

You will be hearing a lot about "scoping" today and tomorrow.  The
Regulations establish a scoping procedure to insure that important issues
are selected for attention at the outset of facility planning.

We are happy to have in attendance representatives of the 25 Federal
agencies from which we received impact statements this past year.  State
and local governments are also represented.  Coast Guard personnel from
as far away as Alaska and Hawaii are here.  They held their own separate
meeting earlier today.  Also here are some members of Region 4's Citizen
Advisory Council composed of some of the leading environmentalists in
the southeast.

And, one more comment about our invitees.  We asked representatives from
the various Federal agency Headquarter's staffs to join us.  These are
the people who will write the implementing procedures.  We wanted them
to get the regional perspective first.

Now it's my pleasure to introduce the Keynote Speaker.  It would be
difficult to find someone more eminently qualified for her present
position than Jane Yarn.  She has led the fight for a better environment
from Georgia to Washington with some notable successes.  I will not
attempt to list all her accomplishments, but I do want to mention a few.

As founder and president of SAVE, i.e., Save America's Vital Environment,
Mrs. Yarn was instrumental in getting passed into law the reorganization
of State government during the Carter Administration as well as many
pieces of environmental legislation.  The formation of a strong Environ-
mental Protection Division in Georgia was due,  in large part,  to her
efforts.

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Mrs. Yarn has served as Vice-chairman of the Nature Conservancy. .  .
She worked to have Congress include the Bartram Trail in the National
Trails Act. . .  She served as Chairman of the Charles A. Lindbergh
Fund, an organization which awards Grants to individuals who achieve
a better balance between technology and the environment.  She has
authored many papers and publications and has been honored by the
foremost organization in the nation for her work in conservation and
protection of the environment.

Mrs. Yarn owns and manages a farm and lives with her husband, Dr.
Charles P. Yarn, Jr., in northwest Atlanta.

It is a distinct honor for me to present Mrs. Jane Yarn, Member,
Council on Environmental Quality.

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                            KEYNOTE SPEECH

                              JANE YARN
            PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

                           WASHINGTON, D. C.


It's a pleasure to be here today to participate at this Conference among
so many friends.  And it's a particular pleasure to be able to discuss
with you some of the concerns that I know CEQ and EPA share together.

Perhaps no agency in government is more concerned than EPA with the
present debate over the role of regulations in our social affairs.  We
at  CEQ have taken special note of this issue as it affects environmental
quality and as it relates to the President's well placed concern about in-
flation.

I certainly support every effort to cure this economic cancer...but I am
dismayed by the extent to which officials in the government and in private
industry have turned to an easy attack on health, safety, and environ-
mental regulations as a prime contributor to inflation.

This is not the first time that environmental regulations have been used
as a scapegoat for economic ills rooted deeply in our society or stemming
from outside causes.  You may remember, for example, that when the Arabs
imposed their oil boycott, and we were looking for answers to our energy
crisis, a relaxation of environmental safeguards was urged as the fastest
solution.

Thanks to strong support from environmentalists across the country, the
government was not stampeded on the energy issue.  But it wasn't long
before critics found a new reason to ease up on environmental laws:  un-
employment.  It certainly is true that air and water pollution laws have
closed down some plants whose facilities were too obsolescent or margin-
ally profitable to make compliance worthwhile.  So far, according to an
"early warning system" maintained by EPA, something like 22,000 men and
women have lost jobs through plant-closings.

But on the other hand, environmental laws passed by the Federal govern-
ment since 1970 have created more than 600,000 jobs in fields ranging
from the monitoring of water quality to the engineering and installation
of stack-scrubbers.  Moreover, these jobs were created at a time of excess
industrial capacity and sluggish consumer demand...a time, in short, when
good capital-investment opportunities were rare for industry.  Without
the jobs and investment mandated by pollution controls over the past years,
our gross national product would have been lower, and our unemployment
higher than they actually were.

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Now today — having failed to make persuasive anti-control arguments
out of the energy crisis or unemployment — the critics are trying to
use inflation.

There is no question that environmental regulation and protection does
add to the cost of doing business.  So far, however, those costs are
well within the ability of our economy to absorb.  According to a study
we know of — Federal pollution controls will add an average of three to
four-tenths of one percent to the Consumer Price Index annually for
the period 1970-1983.  The figure this year is five-tenths of one
percent.

The Council on Wage and Price Stability quotes a slightly higher
figure:  seven-tenths of one percent.  There is not much difference
between their figure and ours.  But even assuming that their number is
right — it indicates how slight an effect on inflation would be realized
by cutting back on environmental controls.  Let us say, for example, that
we cut back environmental controls by 20 percent...a really substantial
reduction.  Today the Consumer Price Index is running at an annual rate
of eight percent; if we did reduce the impact of environmental controls
by 20 percent, therefore, we would have a CPI of 7.9 percent instead
of 8 percent.

I doubt that such a drop would put any more steaks into the average
family's shopping-cart, or reassure the Gnomes of Zurich about the
soundness of the dollar.

On the other hand, we have to ask about the bad effects of relaxing
environmental protection.  We know, in a general way, that efforts to
protect the environment yield benefits in public health, reduced property
damage, increased agricultural and resource yields, and enhanced recrea-
tion.  Unfortunately, we have not made the continuing, precise study of
these effects needed to combat our critics. . .

But every now and then, some unusual event brings these other effects to
our attention.  In 1952, London experienced a five-day episode of air
pollution.  The English government estimated that the pollution was
responsible for 4,000 deaths; during those five days 1,100 patients
were admitted to London hospitals daily — 48 percent more than normally.

More recently, Doug Costle of EPA noted a recent article that stated
death-rates in San Francisco dropped 13.4 percent during the 1973-74 oil
embargo as  compared with the same period for the four previous years;
the explanation appears to be reduced exposure to pollutants from auto
exhausts.  Scientists have noted reductions in fish and tree growth in
Scandinavia and in our own Adirondacks...apparently as a result of acid
rains caused by auto emissions.   And such incidents as the Kepone disaster
in Hopewell, Virginia, and the destruction of the Amoco Cadiz off the

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coast of Brittany help us gauge the costs of environmental disaster that
might have been prevented by strict regulation.

Certainly we must make every effort to ensure that environmental and health
regulations are not necessarily expensive, and that they take economic
impacts into account.  As Yale economist Dr. James Tobin comments, "We
cannot pollute ourselves into prosperity."  But  as a matter of fact almost
all Federal environmental laws require such an economic impact analysis
now.  If we are to control and, hopefully, trim back the current infla-
tion rate, we shall have to look elsewhere than an environmental regulation,

It well may be that our current inflation is an entirely new animal in our
experience, one that can evade all the nets thrown out by our traditional
economics.  As the Council on Wage and Price Stability has noted, excess
consumer demand — demand exceeding supply — played a prominent role
in every other inflationary episode since World War II.  But this one has
"persisted in the face of the worst recession" since 1945.  Moreover,
this inflation is not restricted to the U. S. or to any single region;
on the contrary, it is common throughout the industrial world.

Why?  If this inflation is different, what makes it so?

Lester Brown, Director of the Worldwatch Institute, offers a provocative
suggestion.  "During the Seventies," he writes,  "efforts to manage infla-
tion have been consistently less successful than in the past, in part
because new sources of inflation are emerging.  In simplest terms, the
new inflationary forces arise from the claims on the earth's resources
of a continuously expanding global economy. . .  at some point biological
systems begin to deteriorate; oil wells begin to go dry; high-grade,
easily accessible mineral reserves are used up;  and there is no more fer-
tile, well-watered cropland that can easily be brought under the plow.
As the demand for the more scarce resources begins to outstrip supplies,
scarcity-induced price rises result.

The National Center for Economic Alternatives reached a similar con-
clusion in its report last year on what it called "the new inflation".
In comparison with the immediate post-war period, for the final quarter
of this century. . . there is widespread expert agreement that the
long-term outlook for global energy, food, and other resources is one
of increasing prices.  Similar agreement exists about longer-term land
and capital costs which impact on housing prices.  In the context of the
foreseeable upward slope to the cost of fundamental resources, the
frequency of sudden, unexpected price "jolts" in food, energy, and other
critical areas can only increase — especially at the top of the business
cycle, when high demand puts even greater pressure on global resource
supplies.

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These observations confirm my intuitive conviction that for decades
we have been benefiting from cheap prices based on our undervaluing
of natural goods.  Refusing to confront the obvious truth that at some
point our oil resources would run out, and that other nations would
begin making their claims on international supplies, we have designed
a defused society accessible only to the automobile ... a society whose
expressways and sprawling suburbs we cannot undo.  Resource-waste is
built into our lives.  And for those expressways, suburbs and shopping
centers, we ripped up an average of 2,000 acres of land every day
between 1960 and 1970.  Lax safety rules to protect miners and the lack
of any control on the restoration of strip-mined land made coal cheaper
in economic terms than it is in human terms .  . . and helped retard
our recognition of the need for alternate energy supplies.  Forest
products undervalued because of excessive harvesting on public lands
blinded us to the need for conservation . . . not only in our forests,
but also in the design of homes that could have been much more materials-
efficient and energy-efficient, if we had put our minds to those problems
in the first place.

Within the last decade we have begun to get a handle on those problems
through an informed environmentalist!!.  But now that our wasteful poli-
cies of decades have come home to roost, environmentalist!! itself is
being blamed as the cause of our economic problems.  If those of us
who believe that a spendthrift attitude toward natural resources is
the real cause and do not continue to oppose the anti-regulation crowd,
we shall simply let our nation in for another round of wasteful spending.

This latest attack on environmental protection is, then, more than a
brush fire.   No matter what our individual concerns in the environmental
area, we've all got to focus on this one.  What has been declared on
the very policies that would bring us back to sanity . .  .  and if we
allow our opponents to win it, it will be a most expensive war indeed —
not only for our nation, but for our earth.

Let me conclude these remarks not simply by raising this threat and
challenge but by citing some new and encouraging evidence that public
interest in wise use of our natural resources is broad and strong.  Pres-
sure for changes in the ways we invest in and use the environment comes
not from a small band of zealots but from the entire spectrum of discip-
lines and professions — people who are willing to pay more in the short
run to save resources in the long run.

A poll conducted by Resources for the Future last year reveals the
following:  In response to the question, "Do you feel your family benefits
from efforts to protect and expand national parks and wilderness areas?",
87 percent of those polled felt that their families did benefit.

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Asked if they thought their families benefited from efforts to protect
birds and animals, again 87% felt that their familes benefited.  The
poll found that 60 percent of the people were active in or sympathetic
to environmental affairs.  Only 6 percent were unsympathetic.

Bolstering these results was the telephone survey conducted by Opinion
Resource Corporation in 1975 and repeated in 1977.  Asked, "Are you
willing to pay higher nrices or taxes to improve air and water quality?",
in 1975 60 percent said ''yes" but in 1977, the percentage rose to 68
percent.

In the face of these encouraging although frankly not surprising results,
it is vitally important to respond to the public with environmental
policies that are not only strong but efficient . .  . effective and free
from unnecessary red tape.  CEQ's most recent response to this need is our
NEPA Regulations which we developed after a long and fruitful public
participation process.  We believe that these new regulations will go a
long way toward making Federal agencies focus effectively on the real and
significant impacts of and alternatives to their proposed actions having
environmental importance.  Energetic implementation of these regulations
by EPA, which is a topic you will be concerned about throughout this
Conference, is particularly critical not only because of the significant
environmental EPA policies that will be involved, but also because of
the exemplary role that EPA must play in carrying out those policies.

It is gratifying and fitting that you have convened this Conference at
this time.  We at CEQ certainly wish you well in translating your regu-
lations into effective procedures that will guide your actions for many
years to come.  We look forward to helping you in making this effort in
the months ahead.

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                Georgia's Endangered Species Program
                        Protected Plants

                 Mary Anne Young, Staff Specialist
              Georgia Department of Natural Resources
     The late 60's and early 70's saw a new public  awareness of

environmental concern sweep the country.  State  and federal legislation

and those programs which this legislation spawned,  were a direct

result of this awakening.  Suddenly the Nation became  concerned with

clearer air, cleaner water and better management of our natural

resources, including protection of endangered and threatened species.

Georgia was caught up in this environmental movement.   In terms of

endangered species, we were one of the first states to pass legislation

for the protection of both endangered wildlife and  endangered plants.

This resulted in the viable and progressive endangered species program

Georgia has today.

     Federal endangered species legislation has  been on the books since

the 1960's, in the form of the 1966 Endangered Species Preservation

Act and the 1969 Endangered Species Conservation Act.   The most

significant legislation however, came in the form of PL 93-205, the

Endangered Species Act of 1973.  This law broadened the scope of federal

involvement in endangered species in several ways:

     (1)  It provided for the conservation of "ecosystems" on which

          endangered and threatened species depend;

     (2)  It provided for conservation programs  for endangered and

          threatened species;

     (3)  It provided for incentives to states through federal

          assistance programs;  (Sec. 6)

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     (4)  It provided /or Interagency Cooperation; (Sec. 7)



     (5.)  It began a review of the status of plant species. (Sec. 12)



     The first endangered species legislation in Georgia was also



passed during 1973.  The Endangered Wildlife Act and Wildflower



Preservation Act of 1973 provided the impetus for our State's endan-



gered species efforts.  Provisions in the State legislation included:



     (1)  That the DNR inventory, within two years, all species of



          wildlife and plants which it may determine to be rare,



          unusual, or in danger of extinction, and designate these



          as "protected species";




     (2)  It authorized DNR to promulgate rules and regulations



          for the protection of endangered and threatened species



          on public land.



     Immediately after the passage of this legislation, the Department



of Natural Resources compiled a list of "protected species" based on



recommendations of experts in various fields.  After additional status



investigations of these species, the Board of Natural Resources unani-



mously adopted the recommended list as presented by staff biologists.



Rules and regulations for the protection of endangered, threatened,



rare, and unusual species were also adopted at this same Board meeting.



In general, the rules and regulations provided for:



     (1)  the criteria for determination of protected species;




     (2)  procedures for modifying the state list;



     (3)  land acquisition for endangered species;




     (4)  prohibited acts and made any violation a misdemeanor; and




     (5)  special purpose permits.

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     The passage of the federal legislation had a significant impact




on Georgia's program.  Under Section 6 of the Act, a state could



qualify for matching funds for planning and implementation of endan-



gered wildlife programs if certain criteria were met.  In October



of 1978, the state of Georgia entered into a cooperative agreement with



the Federal Government.



     As stated previously, Georgia offers protection to both endangered




wildlife and plants.  Unfortunately, the plant program is



not federally funded, since the language of the 1973 federal Act was



not interpreted to mean that plants could be included for cooperative



funding along with wildlife.  However, since 1973, many states have



become motivated to initiate plant programs or, as in the case of



Georgia, were continuing the development and implementation of a



current program.  Therefore a movement began to amend Section 6 of



the 1973 Act so that federal monies could be available to states to



continue their planning for plant protection.  In the summer of 1973,



during reauthorization, Georgia was a leader in the pursuit of a speci-




fic plant amendment to Section 6 of the federal Act.   Letters were



sent to Congress from Georgia's Department of Natural Resources, both



from the Director of the Game and Fish Division, and the Commissioner



of the Department.  At present, the Fish and Wildlife Service is



developing rules and regulations pursuant to this amendment.  When



these are finally adopted, Georgia hopes to qualify immediately.



     Although not federally funded, Georgia's protected plant program



enjoys a high profile.   Many aspects of the program contribute to its



present success.  Among these are the fact that the list of plant



species protected under Georgia law is both credible and manageable.
                               10

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The 58 plant specie.s listed are the result of careful scrutiny of



proposed species.   Unique to our program is the full support of the



State's DNR Law Enforcement Section.  In-service training sessions



have been conducted with all law enforcement administrators and



field personnel.   These individuals are vital to the program not only



in their capacity as conservation rangers, but because they represent




trained individuals in the field who serve as sources of information



and feedback.   All persons who take the time to learn the facts are



important in this way, and our status and range monitoring of protected



plants is dependent upon alert observers.



     In addition to law enforcement, training sessions have been



conducted with other Departmental field personnel, including our



wildlife biologists and personnel in Parks and Historic Sites.  We



consider public education vital also and endeavor to keep the public



up-to-date with our program through publications and other mechanisms.




     A primary concern of the plant program is in the maintenance and



recovery of endangered or threatened plants.  To this end, we are



engaged in identification and management of sites on which protected



species grow.   We are also developing cooperative programs with



outside agencies to facilitate recovery efforts.



     At present we are completing negotiations with the U.S.D.A.



Forest Service on a Memorandum of Agreement which involves recovery




efforts for plant species appearing on both the State and Federal



lists.  This cooperative effort will include seed processing services



for protected plants as conducted by the Forest Service, and the



replanting of such seeds or seedlings as conducted by the Department.



Another negotiation is underway with the Callaway Gardens Department





                              11

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of Horticulture.  Under this Agreement, Callaway Gardens would serve



to provide active gene pools of protected plants some of which would



be available for public education.  Other agencies and institutions



are presently expressing interest in cooperating with Department



in efforts involving plant recovery.



     The concept of addressing endangered or threatened species is not



new to applicants for federal funds who are aware of the regulations in




regard to federally listed species, particularly of wildlife.  All



of the wildlife the State protects, except 3 species, are listed



federally.  Therefore, when an environmental inventory has addressed



federally protected species, the State concern will be simplified



automatically.   What is new, however, is the list of protected plants.



This is, for the most part, a state list since only two plants which



are endangered in the state come also under federal jurisdiction.  These



are the Hairy Rattleweed, Baptisia arachnifera, found in pine-flatwoods



in the Georgia coastal plain, and the Persistent Trillium, Trillium



persistens,  located in extreme Northeast Georgia in association with



the Tullulah-Tugaloo River Systems.  (Approximately a dozen other plant



species are  federally proposed, while several more are under review.)



Applicants for federal funds should be aware of these overlaps in state



and federal  programs.



     We do not see our endangered plants or wildlife list or any other



list, as a sacrosanct entity, but rather a consolidation of available



information  on life forms which demand immediate attention.  Our long



term goal is to delist species, not list them.  We aspire to keep the



door of communication open between Endangered Species Preservation and



social or political issues, and we are careful to make sure only accurate




                                 12

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information is disseminated.
     Unfortunately, the interest in endangered species has also
precipitated much misconception regarding both State and Federal
programs.  In Georgia, we attempt to make it clear that no endangered
species program was intended to stop progress or halt development.
Inherent in our efforts to work with other interests is our involve-
ment with the A-95 Review Process,  Although the 1973 State laws do not
have a "Section 7", i.e., a section addressing "critical habitat", we
encourage, through a set of Administrative Guidelines, that site
surveys be conducted for Protected Species.   The guidelines are directed
at the applicants for federal grants, loans, permits, etc. and provide
policy for the Department of Natural Resources which performs the state-
level reivews.  The objectives in issuing the Guidelines are twofold.
One is to address the protected species issue early in the planning
process so that the impact of the project on such species can be con-
sidered.  Secondly, the purpose is to facilitate the entire review
process by clearly spelling out what the state reviewers for protected
species consider adequate when evaluating a planning document, a faci-
lity plan, and environmental impact statement, etc.  The guidelines
describe the criteria for an adequate protected species survey.
Hypothetical surveys for vegetation and wildlife are included as
examples.
     During 1978, the State Clearinghouse disseminated the Guidelines
to all Area Planning and Development Commissions.  In addition, they
are sent by DNR's Environmental Protection Division in response to
individual requests.  Also planned is the attachment of the protected
species Guidelines to an EPD publication entitled:  Guidelines for
the Preparation of the Environmental Inventory and Environmental
                                13

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Assessment 201^ .Facilities Plan.  These will go primarily to consulting



firms.



     Since the issuance of the Guidelines, the state reviewers



for protected species have found a significant improvement in the



quality of environmental assessments and inventories.  We would like



to attribute this to the establishment of communication.  We know



that support from the Clearinghouse has facilitated this progress



since interim comments from the Clearinghouse to applicants include



our Protected Species concerns.



     In Georgia, we are proud of our efforts toward the preservation of



endangered species and their habitats.  We are aware, however, that



our efforts have only begun.  Ron Odom, the staff specialist for



endangered wildlife, will discuss aspects of the state's endangered



wildlife program.
                               14

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           An  Overview of Georgia's Endangered Wildlife  Program

                           by Ron R. Odom
                   Endangered Wildlife Specialist
               Georgia Department of Natural  Resources
     There has been an unprecedented explosion of environmental aware-

ness and concern in this country, brought about,! think, by the rate of

change imposed upon us by recent technological progress.  Today every

citizen in this country is very much concerned about what other people

do, or plan to do, to the environment.   In an earlier day perhaps, we

may have dismissed this overwhelming concern as emotionalism.   Today,

however, I think we realize that emotion is simply the first step in a

selective process of attention - giving which ultimately leads to under-

standing and then action.  Certainly this has been the case with endang-

ered species programs.  It was a direct result of these emotional con-

cerns that state and federal endangered species legislation was proposed

and implemented; and also that we have  progressed as far as we have in our

endangered species/non-game efforts.

     It is appropriate that the states, including Georgia, play a major

role in wildlife protection, management, and research for it is the states

that ultimately must administer two-thirds of the total land area of the

nation.  The states also have the primary responsibility for the protect-

ion and management of resident wildlife.

     The state of Georgia formally initiated endangered species conser-

vation efforts soon after the enactment of the 1973 federal and state en-

dangered species legislation.  The Department of Natural Resources in-

volvement began with the sponsoring of  the 1974 endangered species work-

shop at Fembank Science Center in Decatur.  This original workshop was

organized for the purpose of drafting a "citizens list" of endangered,


                                  15

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 threatened, rare and unusual plant and animal species *in Georgia.




 Experts from Georgfa and neighboring states gathered for the purpose of



 compiling this original working list which would ultimately be used by



 the Department of Natural Resources in drafting the official state list.



 Approximately 159 species of vertebrates were listed as either endangered,



 threatened, rare or unusual, or status undetermined.



     After initial status investigations of those species on the Fern-



 bank list, the Board of Natural Resources in March, 1975 unanimously a-



 dopted the recommended list of protected plants and animals as presented



 by staff biologists.  Georgia presently lists 23 species of wildlife on



 our official state list.  Also adopted at this meeting were Rules and



 Regulations For the Protection of Endangered, Threatened, Rare, or Un-



 usual Species which has already been discussed.  Among other things the



 Rules and Regulations provided a mechanism for listing and delisting



 species with the appropriate review processes.  Species may be nominated to



 the list, or taken off the list, by anyone who can provide scientifically



 valid data to support their contentions.  Presently, the Department of



 Natural Resources is completing status reviews of the American alligator



 and the gopher tortoise in Georgia and plan to go to the Department of



 Natural Resources Board with recommendations next month.



     With regard to the 1973 federal legislation  Section 6  is of



 particular significance to Georgia's program.   Section 6 provides for



 cooperative  agreements with states that meet minimum criteria requirements.



Section 6 essentially provides for funding for acceptable state endangered



 species programs.   After considerable "beefing up" of our laws we were able



to meet federal standards which included:
                                 16

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     a) having the authority to conserve resident endangered species-



     b) establishing the authority to conduct status and requirement in-



        vestigations .



     c) having the authority to establish programs, including the acquisit-



        ion of land or aquatic habitat, for the conservation of endangered



        species•



     d) providing for public participation in the designation of endang-



        ered and threatened species.




     The state of Georgia entered into a Cooperative Agreement with the Fish



and Wildlife Service in October, 1978.  The agreement enabled the Depart-



ment of Natural Resources to obtain federal funding on a 2/3 to 1/3



matching basis.  In other words, for every dollar put up by the State,



two are  provided by the Federal Government.  This agreement and source of



funding enabled the Department of Natural Resources to initiate a compre-



hensive, meaningful program for our endangered and threatened wildlife



species.  Prior to that time our endangered species efforts were compara-



tively token in nature.



     Rather than staff a new section at that time our Department chose to



handle the bulk of our endangered species efforts through contracting.



Soon after signing the cooperative agreement we contacted competent re-



searchers throughout Georgia advising them of Department priorities and of



the new funding available for contract studies on endangered species re-



search and surveys and asking for project proposals.  Numerous proposals



were received from the field, and finally, after careful screening, ten



projects were approved for funding.  All of these are now well underway.



In addition, six other projects, to be carried out by the Department, were



approved and are in various stages of implementation.




                                    17

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     Each individual contractor is required to provide the 1/3 matching

funds, either through in-kind services or other non-federal sources.  In

essence then we are currently operating our entire state endangered species

program with a very small amount of state expenditures.  The program, as

operated now, is practically self-supporting<


                              CURRENT STUDIES


     Study Title                                        Contractor

Status Determination of Selected Vertebrates   Universiry of Georgia
in Georgia                                     Museum of Natural History

This study arose from data, or lack of data, generated at the 1974 endang-

ered species workshop at Fernbank.  The Conference underscored the lack of

good population status data for many of Georgia's vertebrates.  This pro-

ject should establish a firm foundation on which to build a more comprehen-

sive, endangered species/non-game program.

Objectives:

     a)  to update and revise the state protected species list and to provide

         the Department of Natural Resources with a comprehensive status

         report on the 159 species of vertebrates on the Fernbank list.

     b)  parameters which will be addressed in the study are:

           1) distribution and density

           2) systematics and variation

           3) natural history

           4) status

           5) evaluation of status and recommendations
                                 18

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     Study Title                                         Contractor

A Systematic Study of Geomys colonus           University of Georgia
                                               Museum of Natural History

There has been controversy among researchers as to whether the colonial

pocket gopher (Geomys colonus) is really a distinct species, or whether

it is simply a variant population of Geomys pinetus, which is very common

in the area.  This study will attempt to provide genetic answers to this

question,'

Objective:

     a) to determine, primarily through electrophoresus techniques, the

        systematic position of G. colonus with respect to surrounding

        populations of G. pinetus.



         Study Title                                     Contractor

The Status and Preservation of the Colonial     University of. Georgia  School
Pocket Gopher                                   of Forest Resources

Available information on the colonial pocket gopher is very scarce.  The

species was originally described around the turn of the century and little

has been done with thb species since then.  This particular study will

provide basic life history information on the species  necessary to

identify possible limiting factors.

Objectives:

     a) to determine the size and location of each colony.

     b) to estimate population parameters associated with each colony

        including sex ratios, age distribution, reproductive capabilities,

        and trends in abundance.

     c) to describe occupied habitat.

     d) to determine the impact of future development in this area on

        the species.

                                   19

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     e) to determine the feasibility of establishing new colonies nearby.



The  colonial pocket gopher was involved in the only confrontation be-



tween a listed species and environmental project  since our program be-



gan  four years ago.  I don't think any real confrontation ever existed -




at least not until the problem was played up as a crisis  situation by



the  news media.



     Star Route 40, in Camden County, was scheduled for widening soon



after we discovered the small colony of colonial  pocket gophers.  This



highway just happened to pass through the edge of some of the



gopherrs habitat - and possibly some gophers if they were not moved.



     To make a long story short, we worked very closely with the Department



of Transportation, and I.T.T. Rayonier Corporation who owns the land,



and  relocated 4 problem animals to a suitable area nearby, where they



now  appear to be thriving.  Construction of the road was  continued after



our  relocation efforts.



     This, I think, is an example of what can be  accomplished through



successful communication and cooperation among agencies.  This example



underscores the basic philosophy of our program in Georgia - that of



continued progress, but with appropriate planning and consideration for



the  wildlife resource.  In most instances where alternatives are sought



for  controversial projects that conflict with the wildlife resource, they



invariably can be found - in spite of what the media may  think.










     Although we have a number of sea turtles on our state list, the



loggerhead (Caretta caretta) is the only one that nests on our coastal



beaches.  Loggerhead populations have declined over the years because




of a number of factors.   Habitat loss  is at the head of the  list  of limiting





                                   20

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factors.  Other turtle losses are due to severe nest predation on the

beaches and drownings caused by shrimp trawlers.

     Federal and state legislation has attacked the habitat problems

while the National Marine Fisheries Service is conducting research on

ways to minimize losses from shrimpers.  Our efforts in Georgia are directed

toward nesting-predatioh problems on the beaches.   We currently have three

such projects under contract.


             Study Title                                  Contractor

Investigation of Hatchery Techniques for         Savannah Science Musuem
Propagation of Loggerhead Sea Turtles in         Wassaw Island
Georgia

Objectives:

     a) publish a field manual on hatchery techniques and expected successes.

     b) to increase the percent of loggerheads hatched successfully from

        Wassaw Island Hatchery.

     c) to determine the percent of turtles hatched successfully under

        natural conditions on Wassaw Island.
             Study Title                                  Contractor

Ossabaw Island Loggerhead Sea Turtle               Ossabaw Foundation
Conservation and Research Program

Objectives:

     a) to improve current loggerhead management techniques on Ossabaw

        Island.

     b) to improve and continue loggerhead hatchery operations on Ossabaw

        Island.

     c) to gather data on nest predation and devise new methods of nest

        protection.

                                  21

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For years now programs have essentially been operating independently with

only token efforts to coordinate and compile data with regional or state-

wide perspective.  This next project will insure that all data collecting

is coordinated through one clearing house and that interpretation of data—

will no longer be on a piecemeal basis.
               Study Title                                   Contractor

The Coordination of Research Efforts Involving     University of Georgia
Nesting Female Loggerheads on Georgia'sInstitute of Ecology
Coastal Islands


Objectives:

     a) to advise the state on the current status of research efforts and

        research needs relating to sea turtles.

     b) to develop communication and coordinate research efforts among

        the various tagging programs in the state.

     c) to act as consultant to the various research and tagging programs

        in the state, providing statistical treatment and computer analysis

        of data.

     d) to provide logistical support in the following areas:

          1) development, purchase, and distribution of flipper tags to

             researchers.

          2) administration of a statewide tagging program,  including

             computerized coordination of tag numbers and the  paying of

             rewards.

          3) accessibility to computer facilities at realistic prices.

     e) to provider means for analysing available data with  an overall

        statewide perspective.


                                  22

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     f) to prepare a major report on the status of sea turtle research in

        Georgia.




     The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is found locally throughout

the coastal plain of Georgia, occurring primarily on the sandhill regions.

Although the gopher tortoise is not currently listed by the State of

Georgia its status has been under review by the Department of Natural

Resources.  Results of the evaluation will be available soon.

     Habitat loss and reported over-harvest are thought to be assoc-

iated with population declines.  Our gopher tortoise studies are designed

to identify and measure some of these limiting factors and to provide basic

life history information.


               Study Title                                 Contractor

The^Gopher Tortoise - Distribution, Ecology      International Paper Company
and Effects of Forest Management

Objectives:

     a) to detemine present range in Georgia.

     b) to determine local population density, reproductive rate, mortality

        factors, and home ranges and burrow characteristics used by

        various sex and age classes.

     c) to designate seasonal food requirements, nutrition, and essential

        habitat components.

     d) to develop a functional census technique.

     e) to determine the impact of forest management on populations.

     f) to investigate the feasibility of establishing gopher populations

        in altered sandhill habitats.
                               23

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     The irdigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperll) occurs primarily




throughout southeast Georgia, associated with basically the same  sandhill




habitat that is occupied by the gopher tortoise.



     The indigo snake was added to both the federal and state lists in



1978 as a threatened species.  Habitat losses, and over-collecting are



thought to be primarily responsible for their decline in numbers.  Efforts



by Auburn University will identify key habitat areas throughout the state



and will locate major indigo populations.










                Study Title                                Contractor



Distribution of the Indigo Snake in Georgia          Auburn University



Objectives:



     a) to survey the occurrence and distribution of indigo snakes in



        Georgia.



     b) to gather information on the amount of suitable habitat currently



        inhabited by indigo snakes in Georgia.





     The red-cockaded woodpecker OPicoides borealis) is a very small bird  -



associated with tracts of mature or overmature pine timber, primarily in



South Georgia.  Red-cockaded woodpecker populations have declined drastically



over the years  because of habitat loss.    They require overmature pines



for nesting  and current timber management practices favor short-term



rotation - in other words, most timber today is harvested before it ever



gets old enough to be used by red-cockaded woodpeckers.
                                 24

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        Study Title                                  Contractor

The Status and Distribution of the        Tall Timbers Research Station
Red-cockaded Woodpecker

Objectives:

     a) to complete an inventory and update the status of the Red-cockaded

        woodpecker in Georgia.

     b) publish final status report.


     Although peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) do not nest in Georgia,

they do frequent our coastal areas during their spring and fall migrations.

Coastal areas, with their abundant supply of shorebirds, provide excellent

feeding areas for migrating falcons.  Through banding studies we hope to

learn more about their movements and migrational behavior.




                Study Title                             Contractor

Banding and Field Study of Migrating Peregrine        Joel Volpi
Falcons on Cumberland Island

Objective:

     a) to capture and band as many peregrines as possible during October,

        1978.



                 Department of Natural Resources Studies


     Although osprey (Pandion haliaetus) populations have declined severely

over the past 10-15 years along the coast due to pesticide contamination,

recent population trends are encouraging.  Increases over the past several

years may indicate a gradual cleaning up of our environment.


                                25

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        Study Title                                  Contractor




Statewide Osprey Nesting Survey           Department of Natural Resources



Objective.:



     a) to determine the number and locations of active osprey nests,



        reproductive success, and habitat preferences in Georgia.






     Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus) have not nested



successfully in Georgia since 1970.  Pesticides have been associated with




reproductive failures in bald eagles, resulting in population declines.  If



the environment is becoming better suited for raptor populations (less



contaminated) then reintroductions of bald eagles may restore populations



to acceptable levels once again.
             Study Title                               Contractor



Hacking of Southern Bald Eagle Chicks       Department of Natural Resources




Objective :



     a) to raise southern bald eagle chicks by hacking, using eggs from



        captive-reared adult eagles, to a self-sufficient flying state,



        using artificial nesting structures.





     Although we have no scientifically confirmed evidence of cougars in



Georgia for many years, indirect evidence would suggest that we have a



small population.  Road-killed specimens have been taken in recent years



from bordering states of Alabama, Florida, and Tennessee.  Each year our



biologists investigate numerous "reported sightings." However the reports



invariably turn out to be sightings of other animals.  Our cougar data
                                 26

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collection project will compliment similar efforts being made by the



Fish and Wildlife Service in the Southern Appalachians.










                Study Title                               Contractor




Georgia Cougar Investigations                  Department of Natural Resources



Objectives:



     a) to develop standardized reporting procedures and forms for re-



        cording cougar sighting data.



     b) to investigate reported sightings and accumulate data at a central



        location for analysis.







    Georgia has been conducting alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)



surveys for about six years now.  Night counts are conducted along major



river systems throughout the state to detect population changes.  We also



periodically survey the amount of suitable alligator habitat statewide.









            Study Title                                Contractor



Georgia Alligator Survey                    Department of Natural Resources



Objective:



     a) to survey annually suitable alligator habitat in order to detect



        population trends.



     Problem alligators usually turn out to be more of a "people problem"



than an alligator problem.  Neverless the complaints must be dealt with



by our biologists and considerable time and money is expended on this



problem.  With an expanding human population,and an expanding alligator



population combined with habitat losses, the problem can only worsen.
                                 27

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         Study Title                                Contractor



Nuisance Alligator Control               Department of'Natural Resources



Objective:



     a) to relocate nuisance alligators from problem areas.




     The need and demand for endangered species educational materials



has been overwhelming since the initiation of our program.  The film



that our staff is currently working on should at least partially satisfy



that need.    It is designed to be shown to a general audience and will



deal with endangered wildlife species, their problems and recovery efforts.
             Study Title                                  Contractor



Georgia's Endangered Wildlife Film            Department of Natural Resources



Objective:



     a) to produce a 30 minute film on Georgia's  endangered wildlife.





     The Rare and Endangered Wildlife Symposium held in August, 1978



was organized to assemble up-to-date information on select southeastern



endangered and threatened wildlife, to identify research and management



needs, to foster better communication among researchers,  to provide the



public with feedback, and to stimulate similar symposium efforts.
                Study Title                               Contractor



Rare and Endangered Wildlife Symposium       Department of Natural Resources



Objectives:



     a) to conduct a two day symposium on rare and endangered wildlife.
                                 28

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     b) to publish proceedings of symposium (currently being edited -  to be

        published soon).


     The importance of effective law enforcement efforts cannot be over-

stated.  With such a small staff, we must rely on law enforcement to make

many of the perr.ona]  contacts in the field.
               Study Title                              Contractor

Law Enforcement Training in Endangered          Department of Natural Resources
Species

Objective:

     a) to provide law enforcement personnel with eight hours of class-

        room training in endangered species identification, habitat re-

        quirements, and natural history.


     The Department has been conducting heronry surveys on the Georgia

Coast for the past four years.  The data generated from these surveys

are extremely useful to planners working with the development of

coastal resources.
              Study Title                                 Contractor

Heronry Surveys                                Department of Natural Resources

Objective:

     a) to  identify the  location and  species  composition of heronries

        along the Georgia  coast.
                                 29

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     Mercury contamination is a problem that we have been monitoring, on



the Georgia coast for over seven years.  Two areas are of particular



concern - the Brunswick and Savannah estuaries.  Originally we monitored



only the clapper rail (Rallus longirostris)  resource, since they were



hunted and therefore represented a potential human health hazard.  For



the past three years we have expanded our efforts to include the mon-




itoring of other species of wildlife in the contaminated areas.
          Study Title                                   Contractor



Mercury Contamination Surveys                 Department of Natural Resources




Objectives:



     a) to summarize all mercury contamination in coastal wildlife work



        accomplished since 1971 and publish.



     b) to monitor mercury levels in coastal clapper rail populations




        annually.



     c) to monitor mercury levels in wildlife of coastal Georgia every



        three years.



     d) to prepare a final report.








     In closing let me read to you a quote from one of America's most



famous conservationists, Aldo Leopold, which I think summarizes in very



simple and concise terms, what we through our program are striving for:



     "The objective of a conservation program for non-game wildlife should



be exactly parallel to a game mangement program; to retain for the average




citizen the opportunity to see, admire, and enjoy, and the challenge to
                                30

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understand the varied forms of birds and mammals indigenous to his state.




It implies not only that these forms be kept in existence, but that the



greatest possible variety of them exist in each community.  In times past



both these categories of opportunity existed automatically and hence



were lightly valued.  Both are now, by reason of their growing scarcity,



perceived to be immensely valuable.  Conservation is nothing more or less



than a purposeful effort to perpetuate and extend them as one of our



standards of living."
                                  31

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                               AIR ISSUES
                           J. Ronnie McHenry
                         EPA Region IV, Atlanta
The Clean Air Act of 1977 required the States to designate all areas
within their boundaries that were not attaining the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for total suspended particulates, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone.  The States were to
then submit a plan to EPA by January 1, 1979, showing how the NAAQS would
be met.  The NAAQS for total suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur oxides were to be attained by December 1982.  For carbon
monoxide and ozone a five-year extension could be granted by the
Administrator provided all reasonable available control measures were
adopted and an Inspection and Maintenance Program for automobiles was
adopted and implemented.  In Region IV 19 cities were designated non-
attainment for either carbon monoxide (CO) or ozone (Ox).

The State Implementation Plans (SIP) are developed by using measured
ambient air quality data, emission inventories and mathematical models.
Ambient air quality data are measured with instrumentation.  For example,
total suspended particulate is measured by a "hi-vol" sampler, i.e.,
a vacuum device that pulls ambient air through a filter.  The filter is
then weighed and the golume of air that was drawn in can be used to
determine what the ambient concentration was.  The emission inventory
is determined for an area by using emission factors.  An emission factor
is the mass of pollutant produced or generated per unit of time or
activity.  In other words, if one knows the tonnage of material processed
or burned, the emission factor is used to determine the emissions for
this source.  This process is then followed for all sources both sta-
tionary and mobile to ascertain the emissions inventory.

By using the emission inventory and the measured ambient data, a mathe-
matical model can be utilized to determine what percentage the emission
inventory must be reduced by in order to attain the standards.  For
example, an urban area of 1,000,000 population would have an emission
                                 32

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inventory of approximately 100,000 tons/year of hydrocarbons.   In general,
the measured concentration of ozone would be around 0.16 ppm one hour
average.  Using a model this would require a 25% reduction in hydrocarbons
in order to attain the ozone standard of .12 ppm.  Ozone is formed when
hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide in the presence of sunlight photo-
dissociate to form ozone.  In order to control ozone one of these pol-
lutants must be controlled.  Based upon smog chamber studies,  EPA has
found that hydrocarbons are the precursors that should be controlled.

Next, regulations for both mobile and stationary sources would be adopted
in order to reduce hydrocarbons by 25,000 tons/year to attain the ozone
standard.  Some of the control measures for stationary sources the States
will be adopting are:  control of hydrocarbons from petroleum refineries;
gasoline service stations; printing operations; automobile assembly plants,
etc.  The mobile source control measures are:  inspection and maintenance
programs for light duty vehicles; carpool programs; park and ride facilities;
mass transit; exclusive bus and carpool lanes, etc.  Once these measures
are implemented the ambient air quality standards should be attained for
each urban area.  Thus EPA and the States will have done their job of
protecting the public health and welfare of the citizens.

Finally, when you see comments in an environmental impact statement asking
for a total pollutant burden analysis for hydrocarbons, the above dis-
cussion should help put into perspective why EPA requires this analysis.
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                             AIR MODELS
                             Lew Nagler
                       Regional Meteorologist
                   EPA Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia
EPA modelling efforts are based on the Gaussian distribution of time
averaged plumes (1-hour).   Concentrations calculated by this method for
each source are additive and are applicable to stable pollutants (SC>2,
TSP, CO) and to gently rolling terrain.  This method is not applicable
to reactive pollutants (03, N02) or to areas of complex topography,
especially where terrain features are higher than plum heights.

Available methods of calculating concentrations can be done by hand
using workbooks such as the "Workbook of Dispersion Estimates" by
Bruce Turner or by computer methods.  A list of models used by EPA,
although not inclusive, is listed under Model Applications Part I:

I.  Models Used by EPA

    A.  Point Source Models

        1.  PTMAX
        2.  CRS-1/CRSTER/RAM
        3.  PTMTP-(W)

    B.  Area Source/Point Source Models

        1.  AQDM
        2.  Valley
        3.  COM

    C.  Other Models

        1.  Hiway
        2.  Calair
        3.  APRAC
        4.  Rollback

One of our biggest concerns involves model accuracy via measured and
predicted concentrations.  There are several methods which one may use
in evaluating a model.  Three criteria that have been used are:  the
accuracy of the model in predicting the concentration produced at a
specific location during a specific time period; the accuracy of the
model in predicting the maximum concentration produced at a specific
location throughout the year without concern for the model's accuracy
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in determining the specific hours during which this maximum concen-
tration occurs, and the accuracy of the model in predicting the
maximum concentration produced throughout the year without concern
for the model's accuracy in determining either the specific location
or the specific hours during which this maximum concentration occurs.
In the U. S. EPA's present applications of the CRSTER model, Criterion
Three is the most important and relevant of these three criteria of
model accuracy.

Another concern in modelling involves the accuracy of the input data.
Temperature and velocity errors can account for calculation differences
of about 2% for temperature changes to 25% for velocity changes.  Tem-
peratures and velocity also change with plant capacity; therefore,
accuracy suffers unless the correct input data are used.  An examina-
tion of graphs showing the exact velocity and temperature with load
is a good way to show how these parameters can vary.  Another factor
that is important is that of stability class.  Stability is simply
how stable or unstable the atmosphere is and this governs the rate of
how poorly or how well a pollutant is dispersed.  The importance of
model use and thereby model accuracy is important to EPA because models
are used to set and enforce emission limits.
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                            WORKSHOP I

                    Gerald Miller - Doris Kirby
                      EPA Region IV, Atlanta
This workshop was essentially a question and answer session which
dealt with the mechanics of EPA's Environmental Impact Statement
Review process.  Included were the manner in which the different
types of documents are reviewed; the details of EPA's examination
of a facility's adherence to both new and existing provisions of
public laws, Executive Orders, etc.; the criteria for assigning a
rating to a given project, and lastly, some of the procedures man-
dated by the new CEQ regulations.  This last matter fostered some
of the greatest interest as representatives of various agencies had
a number of concerns about how these new regulations would affect
projects already in various stages of completion.  The concept of
a formalized scoping process was also discussed, especially as to
its efficiency in early problem identification.

EPA's rating system is central to the rating process and was dealt
with at length.  This rating is based on its impact on the environ-
ment and the adequacy of the Statement, per se.  The various rating
categories follow:
                ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE ACTION

LO - Lack of Objection

EPA has no objection to the proposed action as described in the
draft impact statement or suggests only minor changes in the pro-
posed action.

ER - Environmental Reservations

EPA has reservations concerning the environmental effects of certain
aspects of the proposed action.  EPA believes that further study
of suggested alternatives or modifications is required and has asked
the originating Federal agency to reassess these impacts.

EU - Environmentally Unsatisfactory

EPA believes that the proposed action is unsatisfactory because of
its potentially harmful effect on the environment.  Furthermore, the
Agency believes that the potential safeguards which might be utilized
may not adequately protect the environment from hazards arising from
this action.  The Agency recommends that alternatives to the action
be analyzed further (including the possibility of no action at all).
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                  ADEQUACY OF THE IMPACT STATEMENT
Category 1 - Adequate

The draft impact statement adequately sets forth the environmental
impact of the proposed project or action as well as alternatives
reasonably available to the project or action.

Category 2 - Insufficient Information

EPA believes that the draft impact statement does not contain suf-
ficient information to assess fully the environmental impact of the
proposed project or action.  However, from the information submitted,
the Agency is able to make a preliminary determination of the impact
on the environment.  EPA has requested that the originator provide
the information that was not included in the draft statement.

Category 3 - Inadequate

EPA believes that the draft impact statement does not adequately assess
the environmental impact of the proposed project or action, or that the
statement inadequately analyzes reasonable available alternatives.  The
Agency has requested more information and analysis concerning the po-
tential environmental hazards and has asked that substantial revision
be made to the impact statement.
In order for our responses to meet the requisite time frame, a total of
10 copies of the Report should be forwarded, viz., 5 copies to EPA
Washington and 5 copies to the Regional Office in which the project is
located.  This may appear to be a rather large number; however, it allows
for a more timely response by circulating the document simultaneously
through the various technical support branches.

During the last year EPA has focused on a number of difficult  issues
relative to impact statement review, e.g., wetlands protection—High-
way 78, MS, Marco Island, FL; stream alteration—Joyce Creek, NC, and
air quality—Sunshine Parkway, FL.

At the beginning of the second workshop session Mr. Robert Cooke, Jr.,
discussed the new changes in the Section 7 consultation process.  An
explanation of the two "Step Down Process" follows:
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                  Explanation of Step Down Process
The 1978 Amendments to the Endangered Species Act have changed
the consultation process under Section 7.  First a Federal agency
must determine if their actions are authorizing, funding, or
carrying out a construction or non-construction project.

For purposes of providing interim guidance, the Fish and Wildlife
Service considers construction projects to be any action conducted
or contracted by the Federal agency designed primarily to result
in the building or erection of such man-made structures as dams,
buildings, roads, pipelines, and the like.

This includes consideration of major Federal actions such as
permits, grants, licenses, or other forms of Federal authorization
or approval which may result in construction and which significantly
affect the quality of the human environment.

The following two "Step Down Processes" are for general guidance
and are not to be considered final, inasmuch as the Fish and
Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service are
preparing new Interagency Cooperation Regulations for the imple-
mentation of the new amendments to Section 7.
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Endangered Species Act of 1978
Section 7
                         STEP DOWN PROCESS
                       CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
1.   Federal Agency requests from Regional Director whether any species
     which is listed or proposed to be listed may be present.

2.   Regional Director advises which species may be present.  Minimum
     information needed in a Biological Assessment:

     A.   Identification of proposed and listed species or Critical
          Habitat determined to be present in area of activity.

     B.   Description of proposed activities.

     C.   Assessment of potential impacts of the activity on the
          proposed and listed species or Critical Habitat.

    "D.   Where an impact is identified to proposed and listed species
          or Critical Habitat, a discussion of efforts that will be
          taken to eliminate any adverse effects.

3.   Federal Agency has 180 days after the date of receipt of Regional
     Director's letter or mutually negotiated date to complete Biological
     Assessment.

4.   Federal Agency then reviews assessment and determines if any  listed
     species is affected.

5.   Sends a copy of the assessment and their determination to the
     Regional Director.

6.   If Federal Agency determines:

     A.   "No effect" - Consultation is not necessary, unless requested
          by the Regional Director.

     B.   "May affect" - Consultation  is  requested  in writing from the
          Regional Director.

7.   Regional Director acknowledges request and must  issue a Biological
     Opinion within 90 days  of  "date of receipt" or by a  mutually
     negotiated date.

8.   Request is assigned to  the  appropriate Area Office to accomplish
     the  consultation.
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9.   Area Office must review the information provided as soon as
     possible to determine if additional information will be needed
     and identify the type of information needed.

10.   If additional information is needed, a letter will be sent to the
     agency requesting the information and requesting an extension of
     time to complete the consultation.

11.   After receipt of information a Biological  Opinion will be issued
     stating:

     A.   Action will promote the conservation  of the listed species.

     B.   Action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of
          listed species or destroy or adversely modify Critical Habitat.

          (1)  Recommendation which would enhance.

     C.   Action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of
          listed species and/or destroy or adversely modify Critical
          Habitat.

          (1)  Presentation of reasonable and prudent alternatives
               which will avoid jeopardy to the listed species or
               destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat
               and which can be taken by the Federal agency, or the
               permit or license applicant.

     D.   Action may jeopardize the continued existence of listed
          species or destroy or adversely modify Critical Habitat.

          (1)  Used only when additional information was unobtainable
               and,

          (2)  No extension of time was mutually agreed to.

12.   Reinitiation of Consultation

     A.   New information reveals impacts of action that may affect
          listed species or their habitats.

     B.   The Federal action is subsequently modified.

     C.   A new species is listed that may be affected by the action.
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Endangered Species Act of 1978
Section 7
                        STEP  DOWN  PROCESS
                    NON-CONSTRUCTION  PROJECTS
 1.    Federal  agency  reviews  the  project  and determines:

      A.    "No effect"  -  Consultation  is  not necessary, unless
           requested  by the Regional Director.

      B.    "May affect"   - Consultation  is  requested  in writing  from
           the Regional Director  and the  agency:

           (1)  Provide biological  information  which  includes:

               a.    Identification of proposed  and  listed  species
                     or Critical  Habitat  determined  to be  present
                     in area  of activity.

               b.    Description  of proposed activities.

               c.    Assessment of  potential impacts  of the activity
                     on the proposed and  listed  species or Critical
                     Habitat.

               d.    Where an  impact is  identified  to proposed  and  listed
                     species  or Critical  Habitat,  a  discussion  of  efforts
                     that will be taken  to  eliminate  any  adverse effects.

           (2)  Other relevant information.

 2.    Regional Director acknowledges request and must issue a Biological
      Opinion  within  90 days  of "Date  of Receipt,"  or by  a mutually
      negotiated date.

 3.    Request  is assigned to  the  appropriate Area  Office.

 4.    Area  Office must  review  the information  provided as  soon  as
      possible to determine if additional  information will  be needed
      and  identify  the  type of information  needed.

 5.    If  additional  information is  needed,  a letter will  be sent to
      the  agency requesting the information and requesting an extension
      of  time  to complete the  consultation.

 6.    After receipt of  information, a  Biological Opinion  will be
      issued  stating:

      A.    Action will  promote the  conservation of the listed species.

      B.    Action  is  not  likely to  jeopardize  the  continued existence
           of  listed  species  or destroy or  adversely modify Critical
           Habitat.

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     (1)  Recommendation which would enhance.

C.    Action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence
     of listed species and/or destroy or adversely modify
     critical  habitat.

     (1)  Presentation of reasonable and prudent alternatives
          which will avoid jeopardy to the listed species or
          destruction or adverse modification of Critical
          Habitat and which can be taken by the Federal
          agency, or the permit or license applicant.

D.    Action may jeopardize the continued existence of listed
     species or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat.

     (1)  Used only when additional information was unobtainable
          and,

     (2)  No extension of time was mutually agreed to.

Reinitiation of Consultation

A.    New information reveals impacts of action that may affect
     listed species or their habitats.

B.    The Federal action is subsequently modified.

C.    A new species is listed that may be affected by the action.
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                             WORKSHOP  II
      Information:  The Backbone of The Environmental Impact Statement

                           Carolyn W.  Mitchell
                      EPA Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia
The Information Workshop presented both information and communication re-
source techniques available for the EIS process.   Speakers were from
different areas including Georgia Tech's Information Exchange Center, a
NASA/State funded research center in North Carolina, a private publisher,
and two environmental consultants.  An especially interesting presentation
was made by Larry Wills of Claude Terry Associates.  Mr. Wills has experi-
mented with using video tape in lieu of the printed EIS document, a format
which is especially useful for public participation.

Another interesting presentation was delivered by Saul Herner, a Washing-
ton, D. C., publisher which specializes in EIS related books and digests.
Mr. Herner's company has recently published Environmental Impact Statement
Process:  A Guide to Citizen Action, by Neil Orloff.  Orloff, formerly
with EPA and CEQ, has directed his efforts to citizen action in the EIS
process.

Information about: this workshop and some remaining packets which were
distributed are available from Carolyn Mitchell in the Library.
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               INFORMATION WORKSHOP:  THE SPEAKERS
Carolyn W. Mitchell, Head Librarian                            404-881-4216
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV               FTS 257-4216
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30308

As a professional librarian with four years of EPA experience, Mrs.
Mitchell has witnessed a large growth in the area of environmental
information, including both published and computerized systems, and
the difficulties and possibilities of retrieving and using that
information effectively.
                           ******
Jim Dodd                                                       404-894-4526
Georgia Institute of Technology
Information Exchange Center
Atlanta, Georgia 30332

J. Graves Vann, Jr.                                            800-334-8561
North Carolina Science and Technology Research Center           (Ext. 100)
P. 0. Box 12235                                                919-549-0671
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709                   (N. C.)
Both Mr. Dodd and Mr. Vann represent highly sophisticated information
services which are available for use in the EIS process.  Using expert
subject or research specialists and on-line data bases, these services
can provide quick information on a wide number of subject areas, in-
cluding statistical and environmental, for a relatively small fee.
                           ******
Saul Herner                                       ,             202-292-2605
Information Resources Press
2100 M Street
Washington, D. C. 20037

Information Resources Press, founded by Mr. Herner,  has published
several books on the EIS process, including Neil Orloff's "Environ-
mental Impact Statement Process:  A Guide to Citizen Action."  "EIS:
Key to Environmental Impact Statements," a monthly digest, revises

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major issues of all current EIS's.  This digest is well indexed by
subject, agency, and geographical location.  Information Resources
Press also provides microfiche and paper copies of all impact state-
ments.
                           ********
Kenneth Prest                                                  904-433-0968
Environmental Licensing Group, Inc.
P. 0. Box 7151
Pensacola, Florida 32581

As President of the Environmental Licensing Group, Mr. Prest has
developed a systematic process for managing environmental regulatory
compliance problems of business and government.  By maintaining
current knowledge of State and Federal regulations and by applying
this knowledge within the context of natural and social systems and
incorporating management decision making skills in working with
business and government, Mr. Prest has contributed to streamlining
the licensing process at State and Federal levels.  The result of
this effort is enhanced cooperation between government and business
in resolving environmental problems.
                           ********
Larry Wills                                                    404-320-0430
Claude Terry & Associates
2220 Parklake Drive, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30345

With a background in Visual Design and eight years of experience as
an environmental consultant in the EIS field, Mr. Wills works to
improve the quality and readability of impact statements.  As a
result of his communications background, Mr. Wills has been particu-
larly involved in NEPA's required public participation aspect.  His
most recent effort involved the design of a comprehensive citizen
participation plan for the Louisville, Kentucky, 201 EIS.  The
three-year CP program for this highly controversial project will
extensively use television to educate the public, record citizen
responses, and identify and respond to citizen concerns and issues.
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                    CHECKLIST FOR
                INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
                       IN THE
                    NEPA PROCESS
                      Prepared by:
                 Kenneth W.  Prest,  Jr.
          Environmental Licensing Consultant
        The Environmental Licensing Group,  Inc.
                    P.  0. Box 12269
               Pensacola, Florida 32581
Copyright (C) 1978 The Environmental  Licensing  Group,  Inc
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                          CHECKLIST FOR
                     INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
                             IN THE
                          NEPA PROCESS*


INTRODUCTION

On November 29, 1978, The Council on Environmental Quality pro-
mulgated regulations for the implementation of the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).   The purpose of these
regulations is.-

          ... to provide all Federal agencies with an effi-
          cient, uniform procedure for translating the law
          into practical action...[and]...to accomplish
          three principal aims:  to reduce paperwork, to
          reduce delays, and at the same time to produce
          better decisions.

It is difficult to speculate, at this time, whether the regula-
tions will achieve the purpose and aims.   While the regulations
do set out a "uniform procedure for translating the law into
action," the measure of the efficiency of the process and the
ability to reduce paperwork, delays and make better decisions
is a function of:

     (1)  the individual agency's interpretation of the regu-
          lations ;

     (2)  the agency's ability to perceive a real difference
          between "writing disclosure documents" and "making
          real world decisions;" and

     (3)  the capability of the agency to understand the issues
          under its review and its ability, (skill), for gathering
          and applying information judiciously.

The Council recognizes these limitations by providing two contingen-
cies:  the first in §1505.1, requires:  "Agencies shall adopt pro-
cedures... to ensure that decisions are made in accordance with the
policies and purposes of the Act;" the second, in §1506.7, states
"The CHECKLIST FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN THE NEPA PROCESS (C)
was originally prepared for and presented at the Environmental
Impact Statement Conference, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia, 7-8 December, 1977, independent of
the preparation of the Council on Environmental Quality Regulations
It has been successfully applied in the preparation of an Environ-
mental Assessment Statement for a major coal-fired steam electric
generating Station.

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"The Council may provide further guidance concerning NEPA and its
procedures including...a handbook...which shall in plain language
provide guidance and instruction concerning the application of
NEPA and these regulations."  The individual agency procedures
and the Council's "handbook" will figure prominently in the
effective implementation of the regulations.

In sum, the CEQ regulations have taken an important step in environ-
mental problem solving.  However, inherently they create an illu-
sion that if not clearly understood and avoided, will defeat their
very purpose, that is:   good documents and good regulations
result in good decisions.  This is not true.  Neither documents
nor regulations make decision; people do!

The decision making process is a mental process, a way of thinking
and looking at problems and opportunities.  What comes out on
paper as an environmental assessment or an environmental impact
statement, is, in reality, nothing more than the documentation of
a decision making process.  The process itself, goes on prior to
the documentation and is contingent on an open, informed flow of
information.  Furthermore, people, whether in the private or
public sectors, can not make responsible decisions unless (1) they
know how to manage information and people; (2) they have the
ability and skills to make the process work; and (3) they are
willing to accept the consequences,  i.e., risks, for decisions not
made and alternatives not chosen.  Unless the individual "decision
makers" are adequately trained in decision making, have the techni-
cal knowledge upon which to base the decisions, and the commitment
to make the process work, the process will not function effectively.

The CHECKLIST FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN THE NEPA PROCESS has
been prepared as a guide to aid effective implementation of deci-
sion making as directed by the National Environmental Policy Act.
Its value rests not so much with the specific questions asked,
or responses obtained,  but as a road map for a systematic process
employed to identify problems, develop meaningful information,
evaluate alternatives,  decide a responsible course of action and
implement, knowingly, the decision.   As required, the user should
adopt the process to his specific needs.

Information management is a skill which must be practiced.  Know-
ledge about organizations, systems,  management and human behavior
is as important as specific technical understanding.  Subsequently,
it will behoove the individual involved in the NEPA process to:

     (1)  Generally broaden his skills and knowledge;

     (2)  Begin early to identify information sources and to
          build information networks;  and
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     (3)  Recognize and accept that all decisions  must  be made
          within constraints.   Learn how to use  these constraints
          advantageously.

With this approach, working within the NEPA framework should  become
more objective, more effective, more productive  and more  satisfying
to all involved.
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                         CHECKLIST FOR
                    INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
                            IN THE
                         NEPA PROCESS


STEP I:   DEFINING THE ACTION, PROBLEM  OR ISSUE TO BE ADDRESSED

         1.   What, specifically, is the problem or issue to be
             addressed or the action taken?   (This should be writ-
             ten down for greatest clarification.)

         2.   What, specifically, is my agency's (section's, depart-
             ment's) role in the NEPA  process?

         3.   What specific action must I take on the problem?

         4.   What statutory, administrative,  policy or attitu-
             dinal limitations have been placed on defining the
             problem and on my role in carrying out my responsi-
             bilities?

         5.   How have similar issues been handled in the past?

         6.   Should the current problem be approached traditionally
             or is a new perspective required?

         7.   Within what time frame must I act?

         8.   How will my actions interrelate  with those of other
             sections, branches, departments  or agencies involved
             in the same process?

         9.   What can I anticipate to  be the  end result of the
             process?  (This can be particuarly important since
             there can be several means to any end.)

        10.   What is the extent (significance and magnitude) of
             public interest and/or national  interest in the problem
             or issue?  (Identifying public interest at this stage
             is most important in broadening  one's perspective of
             issues.)

        11.   What consequences, long term as  well as short term,  can
             reasonably be expected to result from action I may take
             in the NEPA process?  (Consequences should be consi-
             dered as they may occur both in the private sector and
             public domain.)
    Copyright (C) 1978 The Environmental Licensing Group, Inc
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STEP II:   ACQUIRING INFORMATION TO IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE THE PROBLEM

          1.   What specific information do I need to carry out my
              responsibilities?  (This should include information to
              satisfy specific requirements as well as information
              on the process used to achieve objectives.)

          2.   How will the information I produce be used in the over-
              all NEPA process?

          3.   If a technological process is involved, do I clearly
              understand how this process works and interacts with
              the natural air, water and land resources and biologi-
              cal and human systems supporting it?

          4.   In developing technical information, how much detail is
              needed?  What is the minimum level of information I need
              to carry out my responsibilities and produce a defen-
              sible recommendation?

          5.   To what extent can I rely on secondary information in
              lieu of primary information?  Can my actions be justi-
              fied on a qualitative basis or must I develop quantita-
              tive input also?

          6.   Can I set priorities on the kind and amount of informa-
              tion that could be used in my review?

          7.   Where is the information I need located?  Is it available?
              (People as well as documents should be the basis for
              consideration.)

          8.   Is the information in a readily useable form or will it
              require extensive manipulation and interpretation?

          9.   Can I obtain the information?  If so, how?

          10.   How long will it take to obtain the information?  Can
              I justify extensive researching or other delay in
              receipt or specific information?

          11.   What alternatives are there if I can not obtain the
              desired information?

 STEP III: EVALUATING INFORMATION TO DETERMINE ITS USEFULNESS

          1.   Is the information obtained relevant to the problem?
              (Relevancy can  be reviewed in  terms of  generally
              accepted basic  principles and  as pertinent  site- or
              action-specific  requirements.)
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         2.   How will the information help  resolve  the  problem or
             complete my responsibilities?

         3.   Is the information obtained valid?   If the validity is
             questionable,  how can this  be  resolved? Where or to
             whom can I go  for clarification?

         4.   Regarding site- or action-specific  information,  can
             the information be applied  directly or must its  use
             first be conditioned by assumptions?

         5.   Are the assumptions used in the  evaluation reasonable
             and rational?   Can they be,  (or have they been),  fac-
             tually and logically stated?  Are they documented as
             generally accepted or must  they  be  considered unique
             to the particular situation under review?

         6.   Under what conditions would the  assumptions be invalid?
             Might these conditions occur in  the situation at hand?

         7.   What are the effects or consequences of using certain
             assumptions as opposed to others?   Can the choice
             among assumptions be justified;  theoretically,  empiri-
             cally, administratively (due to  policy or  law)?

         8.   Once collected, can the information be reused in other
             situations?  Is it worth storing for future use?


STEP IV: IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE  APPLICATIONS


         1.   Considering how the problem was  defined and what infor-
             mation is available to be applied to the problem,  what
             options are reasonable and  rational for solving  the
             problem or carrying out responsibilities?

         2.   How can the information be  most  effectively applied?

         3.   Will selecting one option or alternative over another
             limit future flexibility or actions?

         4.   Will prevailing influences  (i.e., social,  legal, atti-
             tudinal, political, limits-of-knowledge) have an effect
             on the implementation of the alternative chosen?  Will
             these influences be the same at  the time the final
             decision is made as they are now?

         5.   Is the alternative and the  procedure used  to select the
             alternative consistent with the  overall implementation
             of the NEPA process?
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STEP V:  DECIDING THE SPECIFIC COURSE OF ACTION

         1.   Have I clearly satisfied my specific statutory and/or
             job related responsibilities?

         2.   Is my action defensible?  Would I make the same deci-
             sion a year from now given the same limits-of-knowledge,
             resources, and circumstances?

         3.   Have I documented the sequence of events and factual
             considerations leading up to my decision and recommen-
             dation?

         4.   Will my action enhance rather than complicate the NEPA
             process?

STEP VI: IMPLEMENTING THE CHOSEN COURSE OF ACTION

         1.   Have I prepared and communciated my position clearly
             and effectively?  Have I used a form (tables, figures,
             text) which best communicates my intent?

         2.   Have I constructed my position logically and completely
             so that the reader will not have to assume my intent,
             or misconstrue my meaning?

         3.   Have I presented reasonable, rational alternatives and
             recommended the "best" course of action given the cir-
             cumstances and limitations of time, manpower and infor-
             mation?

         4.   Can I confidently defend my action under scrutiny?
                               54

              the environmental licensing group, inc.

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            United States            Region 4                Alabama, Georgia, Florida,
            Environmental Protection     345 Courtland Street NE      Mississippi, North Carolina,
            Agency                Atlanta GA 30308          South Carolina, Tennessee,
                                                       Kentucky
       xvEPA
                             EIS-RELATED INFORMATION
        CHEMICAL REGULATIONS REPORTER (BNA):
                 Weekly review of activities  affecting chemical manufacturers and
                 users, including coverage of Federal and state laws and regulations.

        ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ASSOCIATIONS (Gale Research Co.):
                 Detailed information including location, size, staff, objectives,
                 and telephone numbers of commercial, scientific, engineering,
                 agricultural, governmental,  legal, military, and other
                 organizations.  Includes alphabetical and key word indices.

        ENERGY USERS REPORT (BNA):
                 Weekly report covering energy policy, technology, and supply.
                 Includes coverage of energy  laws and regulations, energy
                 statistics, and a directory  of energy-related departments and
                 organizations.

        ENVIRONMENT REPORTER (BNA):
                 Weekly review of pollution control and related environmental
                 management problems, including coverage of Federal and state
                 environmental legislation, laws, and regulations.

        EPA REPORTS BIBLIOGRAPHY (NTIS):
                 Abstracts and indices of EPA reports.  Provides ordering
                 information for purchasing reports through NTIS.

        FINDING FACTS FAST by Alden Todd (William Morrow Co., 1972):
                 Text explains research methodology, library use, ideas for
                 outside-the-library investigation to help researchers find
                 out what they want  to know immediately.

        GOVERNMENT REPORTS ANNOUNCEMENTS AND  INDEX (NTIS):
                 Biweekly summary and index of government research.  Indexes
                 cummulate annually.

        KEY TO EIS (Information Resources Press) :
                 Monthly index and abstracts  to EIS, including access by subject,
                 agencies involved,  geographic areas affected, laws and court
                 decisions relating  to EIS.  The impact statements are also
                 available on microfiche.

        PEERS PROJECTIONS (U.S. Water Resources Council):
                 Five volume set including historical and projected data for
                 economic activity in the U.S.  Organized by states, water
                 resources regions,  and Bureau of Economic Analysis Economic
                 Areas.  Includes one volume  summary and explanation of methodology.

                                         55

5 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OEFKE  1978-  746-73? /1 30-'

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PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS:
         Several journals of professional organizations contain information
         relevant to EIS research,  such as 102 Monitor (CEQ),  JOURNAL OF
         AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION, JOURNAL OF WATER POLLUTION
         CONTROL FEDERATION.

PROJECTIONS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN (STATE), SERIES E, POPULATION
(Corps of Engineers):
         Documents providing historical and projected demographic and
         economic data for each of the nine states in the Southeast.
         One volume summary of projections for the Southeastern states
         is also available.

STATE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS (Environmental Information Center):
         Collection of laws, rules and regulations of environmental
         importance for all 50 states.  (Available at EPA Region IV
         Library in microfiche.)
                COMPUTERIZED LITERATURE SEARCHES

NTISearch (NTIS):
         Individual computer searches of entire NTIS Bibliographical Data
         file covering Federally sponsored research projects since 1964.
         Fees for searches begin at $100.

AIR POLLUTION TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION CENTER (APTIC) SEARCHES (EPA):
         Literature searches of air pollution control articles through
         the EPA Library at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
         Free to EPA personnel, current contractors and grantees of
         EPA when endorsed by their EPA project officer, state and local
         governmental agencies, non-profit environmental and citizens
         groups.
                            ABSTRACTS

ENERGY INDEX (EIC)
         Annual guide to literature in energy.  Includes sections covering
         year's events, key legislation, conferences, books, films, and
         statistics relating to energy.

ENVIRONMENT INDEX  (EIC):
         Annual index covering 21 subject categories of environmental
         concern.  Indexes journals, newspapers, government documents,
         and conferences.  Includes listing of pollution control officials
         and a chronology of the year's events of environmental importance.

SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS  (Water Resources Office, Interior Dept.)
         Semi-monthly publication abstracting current and earlier mono-
         graphs, journals, reports  and other publications dealing with
         water-related aspects of the sciences, engineering and the law.
         Also includes coverage of  conservation, control, use and
         management of water.    5^

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                                Air Programs Branch, Region IV
                                Atlanta, Georgia
                                (FTS 257-2864; CML 404-881-2864)
                STATE AIR QUALITY DATA CONTACTS
ALABAMA
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
KENTUCKY
MISSISSIPPI
NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTH CAROLINA
TENNESSEE
Ken Barrett, Air Quality Section, Division of Air
Pollution Control, Alabama Air Pollution Control
Commission, 645 South McDonough Street, Montgomery,
Alabama  36104     (205/834-6570)

Mark Hodges, Air Quality Section, Florida Department
of Environmental Regulation, Twin Towers Office
Building, 2600 Blair Stone Road, Tallahassee, Florida
32301    (904-844-8145)

William D. Estes, Chief, Air Quality Evaluation
Section, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia
Department of Natural Resources, 4297 Memorial Drive,
Decatur, Georgia  30032     (404-656-4997)

Joe Andrews, Chief, Air Quality, West Frankfort
Office Complex, U. S, 127 South, Frankfort,
Kentucky  40601      (502-564-6798)

D. D. Jones, Chief, Field Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Mississippi
Air & Water Pollution Control Commission, Post
Office Box 827, Jackson, Mississippi   39205
(601-354-2550)

George Murray, Air Quality Section, North Carolina
Department of Natural & Economic Resources, Post
Office Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611
(919-758-5581)

Gene Slice, Bureau of Air Quality Control, South
Carolina Department of Health & Environmental
Control,  2600 Bull Street, Columbia, South Carolina
29201    (803-758-5581)

Robert Foster, Chief, Technical Services, Tennessee
Department of Public Health, 256 Capitol Hill
Building, 301 Seventh Avenue, North, Nashville,
Tennessee  37219     (615-741-3651)
                                  57

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               Drilled States             Region 4                Alabama, Gcorqia. Florid.i,
               Environmentjl Protection      34b Courtl.mcl Street Nt      Mississippi. North C.irolina.
               Agency                 Atlantj GA 30308          South Carolina. Tennessee.
                                                          Kentucky
               panpr^, r\
               ; -r.ij ~, -'A
                       *
                          WHERE TO FIND EIS-RELATED MATERIALS
          DEPOSITORY LIBRARIES  FOR GOVERNMENT DOCTJMENTS:
                   Public  and university libraries  (217 in  the  Southeast) compose
                   a nation-wide system that serves as storehouses  for all Federal
                   government publications, as well as many  state  and local
                   documents.

          GPO BOOKSTORES:
                   Located  throughout the U.S., the bookstores  provide a wide
                   selection of GPO materials for purchase,  as  well as ordering
                   information  for all  Federal publications.

          INFORMATION CENTERS AT MAJOR  RESEARCH LIBRARIES:
                   The  centers  provide  thorough searches of  the literature on
                   a given  topic, usually for a fee.  One such  center is the
                   Georgia  Tech Information Exchange Center.

          LIBRARIES OF  AGENCIES OR ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED WITH  THE PROJECT:
                   Although quality of  the collections may  vary, many agencies
                   or organizations involved with a project  may provide additional
                   information.  Most Federal agencies do have  a library system,
                   as with  EPA, TVA, Corps of Engineers, U.  S.  Geological Survey.

          UNIVERSITY OR COLLEGE LIBRARIES:
                   The  reference librarians at large academic  libraries,
                   especially  those located near the area affected by the EIS,
                   are  available to explain their library's  collection.
                   Especially  good for  socio-economic information.

          U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGIONAL OFFICE LIBRARIES:
                   The  regional libraries hold depository collections of EPA
                   reports, a  substantial collection of state  and  local documents
                   relating to  environmental problems,  especially  w'thin their
                   regions, as  well as  an assemblage of supportive books and
                   journals.
                                            58
•k U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 — 746-732/1304

-------
                United S.t.itrs              Region 4                 Alabama. Grorqi.i, Florida.
                [ rwim'irii'Titjl Piote< tiori      M'J Cuu rtl.im) Street N L:       Mississippi", North C arolina,
                A<](;ncy                  AtliinUi CiA 30308          S/;utn C.iiolind, Tpnnf.-sspc,
                                                            Kentucky
                     U  \\
           REGION IV LIBRARY
           Librarian:  Carolyn Mitchell,  MLS
           Assistant Librarian:   (vacant)

           The Region IV Library  was  established in May  1973.   Some of  the
           material incorporated  into the collection  came  from the pre-EPA
           offices of the Public  Health Service and the  Federa]  Water
           Pollution Control Administration.

           The collection presently consists of 1500  books,  10,000 cataloged
           documents, 300 journal and newsletter subscriptions,  and 175,000
           reports on microfiche.

           The subject areas of the collection are water quality, water supply,
           wastewater treatment,  air  pollution, solid waste  management, noise
           pollution, toxic substances and hazardous  materials,  land use,
           environmental law, and Southeastern U.  S.  ecology.

           Special collections include EPA reports, Air  Pollution Technical
           Information Center  (APT1C) reports, Southeastern  environmental
           materials, state environmental laws and regulations on microfiche,
           and Federal Women's Program materials.

           The. Library provides the Region IV staff with reference, circulation,
           interlibrary loan and  current  awareness services.   Assistance is
           also provided to the general public.
                                           59
•{, U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 — 748-732/1304

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                           WETLAND WORKSHOP  HI


                              E.  T. HEINEN
                         EPA  REGION IV,  ATLANTA
E. T. Heinen, Chief, Ecological  Review Branch, Enforcement Division,  LPA/
Atlanta, convened and chaired two consecutive sessions  of a workshop  to
discuss wetland issues and specific problem areas of EIS preparation  and
review.  The format was an open-discussion, question and answer session
in which questions were fielded and discussed by anyone who wished to
have an input.

     1).  Mr. Heinen introduced his staff which included two new members,
    and gave areas for which they were responsible:

          Mary Veale, Southern Florida and Kentucky;
          Howard Marshall, South Carolina and Mississippi;
          Bradley Nicolajsen, Tennessee and North Carolina*;
          Bill  Kruczynski, Northern Florida and Phosphate Mining;
          Eric Hughes, Alabama,  Gerogia and Florida  Panhandle.

Telephone numbers (404-881-2643, FTS:   257-2643) and address (345 Court!and
Street, Atlanta, Georgia  30308) of the Ecological Review Branch were given.
It was explained that the above group  would review and  provide  comments
on sections of EIS's dealing with water quality and  wetlands to EPA's
EIS Branch who, in turn, would prepare Regional comments in a single
reference letter to the originating Federal agency.

     2).  Mr. Heinen indicated that new 404(b) guidelines are currently in
     preparation and that more information concerning these may be available
     next week, after the scheduled meeting of 404 Branch Chiefs in Dallas.

     3).  The bridging of wetlands for highways was  discussed.   It was asked
     if EPA takes economics into consideration in making recommendations
     or highway projects.  Bridging wetlands can be  very costly, and  at
     times, may double the budget of a project.  It  was explained that
     EPA makes recommendations based on destruction  of wetlands.  One of
     the factors considered is economics, but it is  left up to  the
     Corps of Engineers to weigh all factors and decide what is in the
     best interest of the public.

     4).  The above discussion led to  an expression  of need for studies
     which determine the actual, economic value of wetlands.  The
     difficulties with such studies were discussed and it was stated  that
     approximately 10 studies give a dollar per acre value for  tidal
     wetlands on the east coast, and that these values  vary by  an order
     of magnitude.  It was also stated that developers  often overlook the
     fact that the economic importance of wetlands is given a time
     category, and that once they are  destroyed, the areas are  usually
     lost forever.

                                   60

*Not Present

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5).  The value of EPA's involvement at a very early stage in con-
sidering possible corridors, for new highway projects was discussed.
EPA would like to have an input and participate in pre-EIS dis-
cussions and field trips to walk through proposed corridors for
road siting.  This is important so an input could be made before
monies are spent which makes it economically difficult to consider
alternatives.

6).  The status of the Department of Interior's National Wetlands
Inventory Program was discussed.  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
is heading this revision of the inventory and it is based on aerial
mapping with large scale photographs.  Its availability was discussed
and it was pointed out that its use must be restricted and limited.
The survey should not be depended on for jurisdiction determinations.
It is the function of the Corps of Engineers to make jurisdictional
determinations.  The adequacy of the regional offices of the Corps
in Florida was applauded; they can usually visit sites and make
jurisdictional determinations within the same week as requested.

7).  It was asked what EPA looks for in an EIS.  The Ecological
Review Branch, represented at this workshop, looks for discussions
of issues dealing with wetlands which might conflict with Section 404(b)
guidelines and Executive Orders 11990 and 11988.  These regulations
will be made available to anyone on request.

8).  The question of mitigation for loss of wetlands was raised.
EPA's general policy is that wetlands per se are not mitigated;
this is tantamount to the selling of permits.  It also is very unfair
to owners of small acreages where mitigation is not possible;
large tract landowners can more easily mitigate.  It was mentioned
that the Corps of Engineers never has made mitigation a condition of
a 404 permit.  The Corps has suggested that the applicant work out
any mitigative measures with the appropriate federal agency.

9).  The implications and history of the Jentgen trial were discussed.
Mr. Jentgen wished to develop a mangrove area in southern Florida and
was denied a Section 404 permit.  He chose to pursue the matter in
the Court of Claims and rejected any compromise.  The potential impact
of the ruling on this case are great and will affect enforcement
activities of all agencies, and perhaps even zoning.
                             61

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                            WORKSHOP IV

          THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SNAGS IN RIVERS

                         Arthur C. Benke
                        School of Biology
                  Georgia Institute of Technology

     For many years, man has attempted to manage streams and rivers
for various purposes, including flood control, navigation, agricul-
tural development of the floodplain, and hydropower.  Some types of
management have involved varying degrees of channel modification, in-
cluding the removal of wood obstructions from the channel (snagging),
the removal of terrestrial vegetation from much of the floodplain
(clearing), and the widening, deepening and straightening of the
stream channel (channelization).  These actions have often coincided
with plans for drainage of adjacent wetlands for agricultural devel-
opment, although the latter has sometimes remained undone.  In the
last few years attempts have been made to document the ecological
consequences of such stream alterations, often emphasizing the sig-
nificance of the river swamps (e.g., Wharton 1970).  Current research
on the Satilla River by a Georgia Tech study team was oriented to-
ward assessing the importance of the submerged wooden substrates that
are removed in snagging operations.  These substrates, hereafter re-
ferred to as snags, include fallen trees, as well as the roots, branches,
and trunks of living trees that are periodically inundated.  The re-
sults of this study are summarized herein.
     The Satilla River is a blackwater river which lies entirely in
the Georgia Coastal Plain and empties into the Atlantic Ocean near
Cumberland Island.  The purpose of the study was to assess the dis-
tribution of invertebrate production in the river, and how this pro-
duction related to overall ecological processes, especially the util-
ization of invertebrate species as a food source for fishes.
     Three habitats were sampled for invertebrates at 2-4 week inter-
vals for a year: the sandy benthic habitat in the main channel, the
                              62

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muddy benthic habitat of the backwaters or sloughs, and the snags
along the river banks.  By far the highest diversity of species and
biomass of invertebrates was found on the snags.  Animal biomass
was 5 to 50 times higher on snag surfaces than in benthic habitats.
Snag species included many filter-feeding insects such as the larvae
of net-spinning caddisflies, midges, and blackflies.  Wood consuming
beetles were also predominant, as well as invertebrate predators such
as dragonfly, stonefly and dobsonfly larvae.  The benthic habitats
consisted primarily of midge larvae and worm species, with the bio-
mass considerably higher in the muddy backwaters than in the sand
habitat.
     Concurrent with the habitat samples, invertebrates were also
captured with drift nets.  Animals normally associated with the sub-
strates discussed above often are dislodged into the current and their
relative abundance can be independently assessed by drift analyses.
Approximately 80% of both the numbers and biomass of invertebrates
collected in the drift were species normally found on the snags.  The
rest were from benthic habitats.
     Extensive fish collections were made at two month intervals during
the same year as the habitat and drift sampling.  The major sunfish
species,  including bluegill and redbreast, were much more dependent
on snags than either benthic habitat for invertebrate food.  Large-
mouth bass and pickerel utilized snag invertebrates early in life,
but switched to crayfish or fish prey as they grew.
     The consistent picture of invertebrate dynamics in the Satilla
River strongly confirms earlier studies suggesting that snags are ex-
tremely important to the natural functioning of many river ecosystems,
especially as a source of food for fish.  However, the ecological ef-
fect of snagging and clearing in rivers is not limited to a decline
in invertebrate production and fish food.  For example, removal of
stream bank canopy (clearing) removes a major food source for aquatic
invertebrates; the invertebrates in turn function in processing of
organic matter in streams; the snags provide not only food, but cover
                            63

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and shelter for fish and other animals; snags seem to aid fish in
their orientation and may be important as spawning sites for some
species (Marzolf 1978).

References

1. Marzolf, G.R.  1978.  The potential effects of clearing and snag-
   ging in stream ecosystems.  Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. De-
   partment of the Interior.
2. Wharton, C.H.  1970.  The southern river swamp - a multiple use
   environment.  Georgia State University.

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             Environmental Impacts of Cultural Practices
                        on Natural Ecosystems

                           Dr. Tom Simpson
                  Dames and Moore, Atlanta, Georgia
Societal growth and development may impart a variety of effects on
natural ecosystems.  The present discussion relates to one aspect of
these impacts — those associated with alteration of streams.  Much of
the information contained in this discussion was obtained from the
paper by Marzolf (1978).

Stream modification may be carried out for a variety of reasons such
as: draining floodplains for agriculture; protecting citizens from
floods, and maintaining navigable waterways.

The most common type of stream alterations are one or more of the
following: straightening; widening and/or deepening; lining; clearing
and snagging and/or dredging, and redirecting and/or recreating.

Most of these processes are designed to improve stream flow rate and
volume.  Thus, widening and deepening simply increase the stream cross-
sectional dimensions and clearing, snagging, and dredging remove obstruc-
tions from the stream banks and stream beds.  On the other hand, various
types of linings are implaced to slow stream erosion and may reduce stream
flow.

As of 1971, there were over 7,000 miles of completed stream alteration
and approximately 20,000 additional miles of rivers and creeks planned
for some type of modification (Wilkinson, 1975).  The range of streams
that have undergone alteration varies from very small, unnamed streams
on private property to the nearly 4,000 miles of the Mississippi River,
the average stream alteration project involving about a 5-mile length
of stream.  Over 80% of stream alterations occur in 10 southern States
(Wilkinson, 1975).

The impacts of stream alteration are both physical and biological.  The
major physical changes (increased rate and volume of stream flow, in-
creased suspended solids, reduced amount of organic input, and increased
temperature) are each related to biological modifications.  In addition,
the degree of biological response is dependent in part on geomorphic
principles such as the nature of the bedrock, the ease of erosion, and
the substrate chemistry.  The classification system of streams by "order"
incorporates primarily physical features.  By this system geologically
young channels are defined as first order streams; two first order streams
combine to produce a second order stream, and so forth, with the main
                                 65

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trunk stream that leaves the watershed having the highest ordinal
classification.  Embodied in this classification scheme, therefore, are
certain physical characteristics associated with low order through high
order streams that are reflected in general biological responses.
These general biological characteristics illustrated in Figure 1 follow
a pattern of change in major components and dominance of the biota as
the channel progresses from lower to higher order streams.  As illustrated
in this Figure, the lower order streams or headwaters often have a tree
canopy layer that shades the stream and provides organic material in
the form of fallen leaves and twigs.  Organisms described as shredders
are abundant in this section, adapted for reducing the large organic
particles (course particulate organic matter, CPOM) to smaller detritus
particles (fine particulate organic matter, FPOM).  The passing of the
FPOM downstream, as well as the organisms of the lower stream order,
provide the energy inputs for collectors and predators in the higher
stream orders.   Additionally, with reduced canopy layers, primary pro-
ductivity in the form of algae and higher plants becomes prevalent and
herbivores that feed on these producer species become common.  The
general pattern along the stream channels, therefore, is a change in
roles played by different organisms in the food web with each species
having a different importance value based on its functional role in
each trophic level.  Thus, insect larvae of a single species may play
different roles at different stages of their life cycle.

The effects of channelling, snagging and clearing, or otherwise modify-
ing streams and their shore lines are summarized in Table 1.  The effects
on the biota in one stream order may impact other changes in the biota
in higher stream orders, downstream, much like falling dominoes.  In
many cases there may simply be a shifting of the community downstream
to an area not affected by the stream modification.  Through competition
with established species, however, the effect will generally be reduced
diversity and productivity.  Conversely, removal of the canopy layer in
lower order streams may shift some communities closer to the headwaters,
with increased light providing higher primary productivity in upper
Teachings of the stream.  Regardless of the type of modification con-
ducted, productive streams would likely change in species composition,
distribution and diversity.

Although little work has been done on ameliorating the effects of stream
alteration, recovery on reestablishment of original communities might
be hastened by a variety of measures, from reestablishing typical vege-
tation important in adding organic litter to the stream, to the addition
of substrates, such as rocks and twigs, as replacement habitats for
benthic organisms and fish.  Additional studies are currently needed
to develop measures for mitigation of these impacts.  Research would be
particularly important in the temporal changes in physico-chemical pro-
cesses that occur after specific kinds of alterations and in their
associated biological sucessions.


                                  66

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                           BIBLIOGRAPHY
Marzolf, G. Richard, 1978.  The Potential Effects of Clearing and
Snagging on Stream Ecosystems.  Publ. No. FWS/OBS-78/14, Jan. 1978.
National Stream Alteration Project, Office of Biological Services,
Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Dept. of Interior, Washington, D. C.

Wharton, Charles H., 1971.  Statement for the Hearings on Dredging,
Modification, and Channelization of Rivers and Streams.  Congress of
the U. S., Subcommittee on Conservation and Natural Resources,
Committee on Government Operation. 14 June, 1971, Washington, D. C.

Wilkinson, John M., 1975.  Channelization in The Integrity of Water,
USEPA Symposium, March 10-12, 1975, Washington, D. C.
                               67

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FIGURE 1
Theoretical diagrammatic representation of certain changes in structure
and function in running water ecosystems from headwater to the mouth
(stream order shown at the left).   The organisms pictured are merely
possible representatives of the functional groups shown.  The decreasing
direct influence of the adjacent terrestrial component of the watershed
and increasing importance of upstream import from the headwaters (Orders
1-3) to the mouth is a basic feature of the system.   Coupled with this
is a decrease in shredders and an increased dominance of collectors.
The mid-region of the river system is seen as the major region of pri-
mary production (growth of green plants) and associated grazer populations
(Orders 4-6).  The lower reaches become more turbid with increased im-
portance of plankton (Orders 7-12).   The fishes are dominated by inverti-
vores in the headwaters, and piscivores in the larger sections with
planktivores important in the highest order (Marzolf, 1978).
                                  68

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cr
LJ
o
en
o
LJ
tr
H
(S)
      (0.5 METERS)


          ^Z*
      M^O

 2- 0-2 METERS)
 3 (4-6 METERS)
o:
LU  4- (|O  METERS)
Q
    5-
LU
o:
H
c/)
    6-
tr
LU  7
O
cr
o
    8
UJ

                             PRODUCERS

                             (PHYTOPLANXTON)
                                  ,. \COLLECTORS

                                 (ZOOPLANKTON)
10

II
   12  1700 METEKS)
                                          69
                                                             (Marzolf,  1978)

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TABLE 1.
6UMMARY OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLEARING AND SNAGGING OF STREAM
  ECOSYSTEMS (MARZOLF, 1978)
PHYSICAL MODIFICATION

Reduction of physical habitat
diversity through decreasing
hydraulic roughness of stream
channels
BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES

Moves decomposition of organic matter
(leaves, twigs) downstream

Reduces benthos production

Reduces spawning and nursery habitat

Reduces fish cover and shelter

Disrupts fish territoriality and
orientation

Reduces plankton production by reducing
amount of quiet water
Removal of canopy
Changes of stream substrate
Increases light which increases
stream temperature and encourages
growth of benthic algae and
macrophyte growth

Decreases organic matter (leaves,
branches) input from terrestrial
vegetation


Changes production and kinds of benthic
algae and macrophytes

Changes distribution and species
composition of benthic microinverte-
brates
Removal of snags, logs, and
shoreline vegetation
Reduces habitat for nest - and case -
building macroinvertebrates

Reduces habitat for accumulation
and decomposition of organic matter;
results in less food for micro-
invertebrates
                                70

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        Reduces diversity and amount of
        fish food

        Reduces fish cover and spawning
        habitat

        Disrupts fish territoriality and
        orientation
71

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                     Implementing The CEQ Regulations

                        Michael Kane, Staff Member
                          CEQ, Washington, D. C.
Introduction
On November 29, 1978, the Council on Environmental Quality issued regula-
tions implementing the procedural provisions of the National Environmental
Policy Act ("NEPA regulations").   The regulations are binding on all
Federal agencies and were developed through interagency and public con-
sultation, review and comment.   The regulations appear at Pages 55978-56007
of Volume 43 of the Federal Register.

Section 1507.3 of the NEPA regulations provides that each agency shall
adopt procedures implementing the NEPA regulations by July 30, 1979,
("agency implementing procedures").*  The purpose of this memorandum is
to provide Federal agencies with general guidance for developing these
implementing procedures.**

    *  Implementing procedures for programs administered under
       Section 102(2)(D) of NEPA or under Section 104(h) of the
       Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 must also
       be adopted by July 30, 1979.  However, Section 1506.12
       provides that the procedures for these programs will
       not become effective until November 30, 1979 — four
       months after the deadline for their adoption.  This four
       month hiatus has been established to allow State and
       local agencies involved in these programs to adjust
       their decision making to new implementing procedures.
       On a separate point, Section 1506.12(a) also provides
       that any agency may proceed under these regulations at
       an earlier time.  By this we mean that any agency may
       either adopt and place into effect implementing pro-
       cedures before the July 30, 1979, deadline, if approved
       by the Council, or for selected proposals, conduct its
       environmental reviews under the regulations before that
       time.  Agencies administering programs under Section
       102(2)(D) of NEPA or under Section 104(h) of the Hous-
       ing and Community Development Act of 1974 may proceed
       under the regulations before November 30, 1979, with
       the consent of the State or local agencies involved.
   **  In developing this memorandum we have consulted with,
       circulated drafts to, and met with a number of the
       NEPA liaisons from agencies which prepare significant
       numbers of EIS's.  We appreciate their contribution.
                                  72

-------
Members of the Council's staff will be contacting you in the near
future regarding a schedule for developing implementing procedures.
We would like to become involved in your efforts early to avoid a
last-minute crunch later in the year.  We have attached as Appendix A
a list of our staff members who will be available for consultation
throughout the process.

Procedural Considerations

In developing implementing procedures under the NEPA regulations,
agencies should bear in mind the following important considerations:
First, the purpose of agency procedures is both to provide agency
personnel with additional, more specific direction for implementing
the procedural provisions of NEPA and to inform the public and State
and local officials of how the NEPA regulations will be implemented
in agency decision-making. Agency procedures should, therefore,
provide Federal personnel with the direction they need to implement
NEPA on a day-to-day basis.  The procedures must also provide a clear
and uncomplicated picture of what those outside the Federal govern-
ment may do to become involved in the environmental review process
under NEPA.

Second, the NEPA regulations provide that each agency shall as neces-
sary adopt procedures to supplement the regulations (Section 1507.3).
Major agency submits are also encouraged (with the consent of the
department) to adopt their own procedures.   Departmental procedures
would then address issues of general concern for all of its agencies;
an individual agency's procedures would address the particulars of
its own planning and decision-making.

Third, agency implementing procedures are not required to, nor is it
desirable that they address every section of the regulations.  The
sections which must be addressed are identified in Section 1507.3(b).
This is detailed in the "NEPA Procedures Checklist" enclosed herewith.
Agencies are encouraged to address other sections where this would
further implementation of the NEPA regulations.

Fourth, while the format for implementing procedures is largely a
matter of agency discretion, the following points should be noted:

   (1)  By Executive Order 11991, the President directed the Council
   to establish a single and definitive set of uniform standards for
   implementing NEPA government-wide.  Therefore, while agencies may
   quote the regulations in their implementing procedures, they shall
   not attempt to restate or otherwise paraphrase the regulations
   (Section 1507.3(a).  Agencies shall continue themselves to proced-
   ures which make the standards established by the NEPA regulations
   effective in the context of their decision-making.
                               73

-------
      (2)  Agencies may quote from the regulations to provide a context
      for implementing procedures.  For example,  an agency may quote
      from Section 1508.9 on environmental assessment procedures.   In
      addition, agencies may produce a single,  self-contained document
      containing quotations from the NEPA regulations so that agency
      personnel need not refer back and forth from NEPA regulations to
      implementing procedures in conducting environmental reviews.   How-
      ever, whenever the NEPA regulations are quoted they must be quoted
      verbatim, properly cited, and set off in some fashion (e.g.,  italics,
      bold faced type) so that the reader can readily distinguish between
      the NEPA regulations and agency implementing procedures.  You will
      understand the competing considerations that guide us here.   On
      the one hand we; intend the agency procedures to be the minimum
      length possible consistent with the regulations and this memorandum.
      On the other hand, we do not want to place readers in the position
      of having constantly to refer to other documents.

      (3)  Implementing procedures should cross-reference relevant  sec-
      tions of the regulations where they are not quoted in full.   It is
      important to link agency procedures with corresponding sections
      in the NEPA regulations so that agency personnel will have complete
      picture of the standards which govern the environmental review
      process.

      (4)  Agency implementing procedures should, where practicable,
      follow the same sequence of procedural steps appearing in the NEPA
      regulations.  It will be easier to work with both documents if the
      procedures and the regulations take a parallel approach.

Fifth, there is no need to include every detail of agency decision-making
in the implementing procedures.  The NEPA regulations contemplate the
publication of further explanatory guidance with specific information
that may not be appropriate for agency implementing procedures (Section
1507.3(a).  This further guidance, which may be in the form of an operat-
ing manual, administrative directives, explanatory bulletins, and other
publications, must also be reviewed by the Council and made available to
the public.

Sixth, agencies with similar programs should consult with each other and
the Council to coordinate their implementing procedures, especially for
programs requesting similar information from applicants (Section 1507.3(a).
Opportunities exist to improve the environmental review process through
a consistent approach to similar Federal programs.  It is important that
agencies combine efforts in developing the approach and ensure that once
developed, it is uniformly adopted in agency implementing precedures.  We
should be contacted for this purpose.
                                  74

-------
Finally, in developing implementing procedures, agencies must allow time
for review by the Council and the public.  Section 1507.3(a) of the NEPA
regulations establishes a three-step process leading to adoption of final
procedures by July 30, 1979:  Agencies shall consult with the Council in
developing proposed implementing procedures.  Agencies shall then publish
their proposed procedures in the Federal Register for public review and
comment.  As the last step, and following changes made in response to
comments received during the review period, agencies shall submit the final
version of their proposed procedures for review by the Council for conform-
ity with the Act and the NEPA regulations.   The Council will complete its
review within 30 days.  The Council may thereafter make public the results
of its reviews.

To ensure that this process is concluded by July 30, 1979, the Council
recommends that agencies publish their proposed procedures in the Federal
Register for comment no later than April 1, 1979, and submit by June 1,
1979, the final version of the procedures to the Council for review.
Please note that the regulations go into effect and are binding throughout
the government on July 30, 1979, regardless of whether an individual agency
has adopted its procedures.

Once in effect, agency implementing procedures shall be filed with the
Council, published in the Federal Register, and made readily available
to the public.  Please note that Section 1507.3(a) of the regulations re-
quires agencies continuously to review their policies and procedures and
in consultation with the Council to revise them as necessary to ensure full
compliance with the purposes and provisions of the Act.
                                  75

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                                                            APPENDIX A

                                                            January 19,  1979
                           CEQ Staff Contacts
         (The legal staff should be the first point of contact.)
Major Agencies

ACTION

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

Agriculture

  Animal and Plant Health  Inspection Serv.

  Farmers Home Administration

  Forest Service

  Rural Electrification Administration

  Science and Education Administration

  Soil Conservation Service

Appalachian Regional Commission

Arms Control & Disarmament Agency

Central Intelligence Agency

Civil Aeronautics Board

Commerce

  Economic Development Administration

  National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin.

Community Services Administration

Consumer Product  Safety Commission

Defense

  Air Force

  Army

     Corps of  Engineers  (Civil Works)

  Navy                            ?6
Policy Staff

Baldwin

Baldwin

Smythe

Smythe

Kane

Williams

Brubaker

Smythe

Smythe

Smythe

Brubaker

Brubaker

Kane

Kane

Kane

Gillman

Kane

Bastian

Baldwin

Baldwin

Baldwin

Smythe

Baldwin
Legal Staff

Nicholas

Nicholas

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Knight

Knight

Nicholas

Knight

Knight

Knight

Nicholas

Nicholas

Knight

Knight

Knight

Jamieson

Knight

-------
Energy                                      MacKenzie

  Bonneville Power Administration           MacKenzie

  Federal Energy Regulatory Commission      Brubaker

Environmental Protection Agency             Burmaster

Executive Office of the President           Strohbehn

  Office of Management and Budget           Strohbehn

Export-Import Bank                          Bennsky

Federal Communications Commission           Kane

Federal Maritime Administration             Kane

Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit     Kane
  Insurance Corporation, Federal Home
  Loan Bank Board, Federal Savings &
  Loan Insurance Corporation, National
  Credit Union Administration, Farm
  Credit Administration

Federal Trade Commission                    Kane

General Services Administration             Kane

Health, Education & Welfare                 Karch

  Food & Drug Administration                Karch

  Indian Health Service                     Kane

  National Institutes of Health             Karch

Housing and Urban Development               Kane

Interior                                    Smythe

  Bureau of Indian Affairs                  Smythe

  Bureau of Land Management                 Williams

  Bureau of Mines                           Smythe

  Bureau of Reclamation                     Smythe
  Fish and Wildlife Service                 Baldwin
  Geological Survey                         Smythe

  Heritage Conservation & Recreation Serv.  Baldwin *

  National Park Service                     Williams
                                  77
Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Knight

Nicholas

Nicholas

Knight

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas
Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson
Jamieson
Jamieson

Jamieson

Jamieson

-------
Interior (continued)
  Office of Surface Mining Control and
    Reclamation

Interstate Commerce Commission

Justice

  Law Enforcement Assistance Admin.

Labor

Marine Mammal Commission

METRO

National Aeronautics & Space Admin.

National Capital Planning Commission

National Science Foundation

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Overseas Private Investment Corporation

Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corp.

Postal Service

Securities & Exchange Commission

Small Business Administration

Smithsonian

State

  Agency for International Development

Tennessee Valley Authority

Transportation

  Coast Guard

  Federal Aviation Administration

  Federal Highway  Administration

  Federal Railroad Administration

                                  78
Smythe


Kane

See legal staff.

Kane

Karch

Gillman

Baldwin

Buffington

Baldwin

Brubaker

Brubaker

Bennsky

Baldwin

Kane

Kane

Kane

Smythe

Bennsky

Bennsky

Smythe

Kane

Kane

Kane

Kane

Kane
Jamieson


Nicholas

Knight

Knight

Nicholas

Knight

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Jamieson

Knight

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Nicholas

Knight

Knight

Jamieson

Knight

Knight

Knight

Knight

Knight

-------
Transportation (continued)

  National Highway Traffic Safety Admin.    Kane             Knight

  Urban Mass Transportation Admin.          Kane             Knight

Treasury                                    Kane             Knight

Veterans Administration                     Kane             Nicholas

Water Resources Council                     Smythe           Jamieson

  River Basin Commissions                   Smythe           Jamieson
NOTE:  This list of agencies is not necessarily comprehensive.  Agencies
       not listed above should contact Jim Jamieson in the Office of the
       General Counsel at CEQ (Tel. 395-5750).
                            Telephone Numbers

Malcolm Baldwin                             395-4522

Carroll Bastian                             395-4980

George Bennsky                              395-5780

Gerry Brubaker                              395-4946

Doug Buffington                             395-5760

David Burmaster                             395-4904

Kitty Gillman                               395-5780

Jim Jamieson                                395-5750

Nate Karch                                  395-4980

Foster Knight                               395-4616

Michael Kane                                395-4522

Jim MacKenzie                               395-4946

Bob Nicholas                                395-4616

Bob Smythe                                  395-4540

Larry Williams                              395-4540

                                  79

-------
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                   ATTENDANTS  OF  EIS  CONFERENCE  FEBRUARY  22-23,  1979
I.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
         Forest Service

         Jay Christensen
         U.  S.  Forest Service
         1720 Peachtree Rd.,  N.  W. ,  Room 711
         Atlanta,  Georgia 30309

         Thomas R.  Frazier
         U.  S.  Forest Service
         1720 Peachtree Rd.,  N.  W.,  Room 714
         Atlanta,  Georgia 30309

         E.  J.  Giaquinto
         U.  S.  Forest Service
         1720 W.  Peachtree Rd.,  N.  W.
         Atlanta,  Georgia 30309

         Chris Glover
         U.  S.  Forest Service
         1720 Peachtree Rd.,  N.  W.,  Room 804
         Atlanta,  Georgia 30309

         Chris Glover
         U.  S.  Forest Service
         1720 Peachtree Rd.,  N.  W.
         Atlanta,  Georgia 30309

         Robert A.  Harper
         U.  S.  Forest Service
         601 Broad Street
         Gainesville, Georgia 30501

         Don Hughes
         U.  S.  Forest Service
         Rt. 3, Box 563-H
         Tallahassee, Florida 32303

         Theodore R. (Ted) Kaufmann
         Environmental Coordinator
         U.  S. Forest Service
         Southeast Area State and Private Forestry
         1720 Peachtree Rd.,  N.  W.
         Atlanta, Georgia 30309
                                                   Com.  881-4663
                                                   FTS  257-4663
                                                   Com. 881-4592
                                                   FTS 257-4592
                                                   Com. 881-3846
                                                   FTS  257-3846
                                                   Com. 881-2242
                                                   FTS  257-2242
                                                   Com. 881-2242
                                                   FTS  257-2242
                                                   Com. 536-0541
                                                   Com. 878-1131
                                                   FTS  946-4276
                                                   Com. 881-4663
                                                   FTS  257-4663
                                          98

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Jean Paul Kruglewicz                            Com. 881-2242
U. S. Forest Service                            FTS  257-2242
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

John W. Lamb                                    Com. 881-4195
U. S. Forest Service                            FTS  257-4195
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

Chris Martin                                    Com. 881-3748
U. S. Forest Service                            FTS  257-3748
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

James Mclntyre
U. S. Forest Service
121 Orchard Lane, S. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30354

Bruce Medford           '                        Com. 881-2367
U. S. Forest Service                            FTS  257-3367
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

Melissa Pearson                                 Com. 703-552-4641
U. S. Forest Service
Jefferson N. F., Blacksburg R. D.
Rt. 1, Box 404
Blacksburg, Virginia 24060

W. E. Stalcup                                   FTS 257-3748
U. S. Forest Service
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

John W. Taylor                                  Com. 881-7934
USDA Forest Service                             FTS  257-7934
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W., Rm. 706
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

Robert Williams                                 Com. 881-2242
U. S. Forest Service                            FTS  257-2242
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Soil Conservation Service

Darwyn Briggs                                   Com. (202) 447-3839
USDA/SCS                                        FTS  447-3839
P. 0. Box 2890
Washington, D. C. 20013

                                   99

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0. J. Cliett
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603

Georgia K. Desha
Soil Conservation Service
Federal Center
Fort Worth, Texas 76115

P. S. Courie
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603

B. Wayne Farmer
U. S. D. A., SCS, P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603

John J. Garrett
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 27307
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611

Pete Heard
Soil Conservation Service, USDA
P. 0. Box 1208
Gainesville, Florida 32602

Curtis L. Hobbs, Jr.
Soil Conservation Service
240 Stoneridge Dr.
Columbia, South Carolina 29210

John L. Mooney
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603

Brown Nevels
Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603

Ronald C. Page
USDA Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603

Ray  Swicegood
USDA Soil Conservation Service
P. 0. Box 311
Auburn, Alabama 36830
Com. 546-2217
FTS  250-2217
FTS  334-5287
Com. 546-2217
FTS  250-2217
Com. 546-2116
FTS  250-2116
FTS  672-4527
Com. 377-8232
Com. 765-5684
FTS  677-5684
Com. 546-2217
FTS  250-2217
Com. 546-2116
FTS  250-2116
Com. 546-2276
FTS  250-2276
Com. 821-7870
FTS  534-4574
                                    100

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            Charles A. Till                                 Com. 546-2116
            USDA Soil Conservation Service                  FTS  250-2116
            P. 0. Box 832
            Athens, Georgia 30601

            Arnold E. Watson                                Com. 606-233-2750
            USDA Soil Conservation Service                  FTS  355-2750
            333 Waller Avenue
            Lexington, Kentucky 40504

            Archie Weeks                                    Com. 606-233-2750
            USDA Soil Conservation Service                  FTS  355-2750
            333 Waller Avenue
            Lexington, Kentucky 40504

            Bill White                                      FTS 250-2276
            USDA Soil Conservation Service
            P. 0. Box 832
            Athens, Georgia 30603

            J. M. Woodson                                   FTS 334-5287
            Soil Conservation Service
            Federal Center
            Fort Worth, Texas 76115
 II.    COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

            Michael Kane, Staff Member                      Com.  (202) 395-4522
            Council on Environmental Quality                FTS  395-4522
            722 Jackson Place, N.  W.
            Washington, D. C.  20006

            Jane Yarn, Member                                Com.  (202) 395-5700
            Council on Environmental Quality                FTS  395-5700
            722 Jackson Place, N.  W.
            Washington, D. C.  20006
III.     U. S.  DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

            Economic Development Administration

            John Cole                                       Com.  881-7308
            U.  S.  Department of Commerce,  EDA               FTS  8-881-7308
            1365 Peachtree St., N.  E.
            Atlanta, Georgia 30305

            Robert Crews                                    Com.  881-7308
            U.  S.  Department of Commerce,  EDA               FTS  8-881-7308
            1365 Peachtree St., N.  E.
            Atlanta, Georgia 30305

            Carol Shipley                                   Com.  881-7316
            U.  S.  Department of Commerce,  EDA               FTS  257-7316
            1365 Peachtree St., N.  E.
            Atlanta, Georgia 30305                101

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IV.    U.  S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,  REGION IV

      Robert Bridgers                  Water  Supply Branch
      Robert Cooper


      Richard Gingrich


      Richard Green


      John E. Hagan,  III


      Edward T.  (Red) Heinen


      John Herrmann


      Pat Jeanson


      Marilynn Kelm


      Doris Kirby


      J.  Ronnie McHenry



      Stephanie Lankford


      Martha Laurence


      Ron Mikulak


      Carolyn W. Mitchell


      Sheppard N. Moore
EIS Branch
Water Department
EIS Branch
Chief, EIS Branch
Chief, Ecological
  Review Branch

EIS Branch
Public Awareness
  Branch

Public Awareness
  Branch

EIS Branch
Chief, Trends Analysis
  and Program Coordi-
  nation Section

EIS Branch
EIS Branch
EIS Branch
Librarian
Chief, EIS Review
  Section
Com. 881-3781
FTS  257-3781

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458

Com. 881-4989
FTS  257-4989

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458

Com. 881-2643
FTS  257-2643

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458

Com. 881-3004
FTS  257-3004

Com. 881-3004
FTS  257-3004

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458

Com. 881-3286
FTS  257-3286
Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458

Com. 881-4216
FTS  257-4216

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458
                                        102

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       Lewis Nagler
       Frank Redmond
       Thomas A. Strickland
       Russell Todd
       John C. White
Air Programs
Com. 881-3286
FTS  257-3286
Chief, Public Awareness  Com. 881-3004
  Branch                 FTS  257-3004

Air Programs Branch
EIS Branch
Com. 881-3286
FTS  257-3286

Com. 881-7458
FTS  257-7458
Regional Administrator   Com. 881-4727
                         FTS  257-4727
V.  DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
    U. S. Air Force

    Thomas D. Sims
    USAF Regional Civil Engineer
    Eastern Region
    526 Title Building, 30 Pryor
      Street, S. W.
    Atlanta, Georgia 30303

    U. S. Army

    Tom Allred
    Fort McClellan
    Enviro & Energ
    AT2W-FEE
    Fort McClellan, Alabama 36205

    Jim Fletcher
    U. S. Army Forces Command
    ATTN: AFEN-FEQ
    Ft.  McPherson, Georgia 30330

    James P. Huber
    Fort McClellan ATZN-FE
    Fort McClellan, Alabama 36205

    Thomas M. McLaney
    U. S. Army
    Bldg. 1404
    Ft.  Rucker,  Alabama 36362

    Thomas E. Newkirk
    U. S. Army,  HQ TRADOC
    ATEN-FE-NR
    Ft.  Monroe,  Virginia 23651
                         Com. 221-6821
                         FTS  242-6821
                         Com. 205-238-3019
                         Com. 752-3375
                         Com. 205-238-3019
                         Com. 205-255-7105
                         Com. 804-727-3335
                  (Auto) FTS  680-3335
                                         103

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Harold Pierce
U. S.  Army
DFAE-ENVIRON
Ft. Gordon, Georgia 30905

Richard W. Price
U. S.  Army Logistics Management Center
Environmental Management Committee
Fort Lee, Virginia 23801

Robert F. Walsh
U. S.  Army
Ft. Gordon Env. Ofc.
Fort Gordon, Georgia 30905
       Com.  791-7824
       Com.  734-2323
(Auto)  FTS  687-2323
       Com.  791-6801
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

William F. Adams
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402

Joseph R. Castleman
Corps of Engineers - Ohio River Div.
P. 0. Box 1159
Cincinnati, Ohio 45201

Ard L. E^ulenfeld
South Atlantic Div., Corps of Engineers
510 Title Building
Atlanta, Georgia 30303

Mickey Fountain
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 889
Savannah, Georgia 31402

Ray D. Hedrick
U. S. Army Engineer District, Nashville
P. 0. Box 1070
Nashville, Tennessee 37202

James 0. Hunter, Jr.
Huntington District, Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 2127
Huntington, West Virginia 25721

Betty K. Fry
Corps of Engineers
30 Pryor Street, 510 Title Building
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
       Com.  919-343-4748
       FTS  671-4748
       Com.  684-3057
       FTS  684-3057
       Com. 221-4580
       FTS  242-4580
       Com. 912-233-8822
            Ext. 371-372
       FTS  248-8371
       Com. 615-251-5027
       FTS  852-5027
       Com. 304-529-5712
       FTS  924-5712
       Com. 221-6620
       FTS  242-6620
                                    104

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Bob Kauzinger
Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 59
Louisville, Kentucky 40201

Durley McLortz
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
668 Clifford Davis Fed. Bldg.
Memphis, Tennessee 38103

Charles W. Nelson
Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 2127
Huntington, West Virginia 25701

Gay Orr
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (MAWR Study)
P. 0. Box 1761
Atlanta, Georgia 30301

Steve Reed
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 80
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39108

Lloyd Saunders
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 4970
Jacksonville, Florida32201

Terry S. Siemsen
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 59
Louisville, Kentucky 40201

William E. Sinozich
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
502 8th St.
Huntington, West Virginia 25701

Laura Jane Swilley
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 60267
New Orleans, Louisiana 70160

St. Glair Thompson
Vicksburg District, Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 60
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
Com. 502-582-5452
FTS  352-5452
Com. 521-3831
FTS  222-3831
Com. 529-5702
FTS 924-5702
Com. 221-4477
FTS  242-4477
Com. 636-1311, Ext. 5255
FTS  542-5855
Com. 904-791-2202
FTS  946-2202
Com. 502-582-6475
FTS  352-6475
Com. 304-529-5636
FTS  924-5636
Com. 865-1121, Ex. 503
FTS  647-1503
Com. 601-636-1311, Ex. 5429
FTS  542-5429
                                    105

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Vechere M. Vaughn
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
U. S. Courthouse
P. 0. Box 1070
Nashville, Tennessee 37202

Keith Wade Whittinghill
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 1070
Nashville, Tennessee 37202

Robert Woodyard
U. S. Army Engineer District
P. 0. Box 59
Louisville, Kentucky 40201

John Wright
Corps of Engineers
Clifford Davis Boulevard
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
       Com.  251-5027 (615)
       FTS   852-5027
       Com.  615-251-5181
       FTS   852-5181
       FTS  352-5696
       Com.  521-3857
       FTS  222-3857
U. S. Marine Corps

Albert J. Palmer
Marine Corps Logistics Base
Albany, Georgia 31704

Herman C. (Cal) Garnett, Jr.
Natural Resources & Environmental Affairs Officer
MCRD Paris Is., Maintenance Dept., Marine Corps
  Recruit Depot
Parris Island, South Carolina 29905

John A. Janega
U. S. Marine Corps
Office of the Staff Judge Advocate
Marine Corps Base Camp LeJeune
Camp LeJeune, North Carolina 28542

Ken Spiers
Marine Corps Air Station
MCAS Cherry Point
I & L, Bldg. 198
Cherry Point, North Carolina 28533

Julian I. Wooten
U. S. Marine Corps
Base Maint. Dept.
Camp LeJeune, North Carolina 28542
(Auto)  Com.  912-439-5960
       FTS  760-5960
       Com.  803-525-3413
       Com.  919-451-5383
       Com.  919-466-3631
       Com. 919-451-5003
                                 106

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        U. S. Navy
        William D, Elder
        Naval Facilities Engr. Command PC-1
        Hoffman II Bldg.
        200 Stovall Street
        Alexandria, Virginia 22306

        John C. Wilkins
        U. S. Navy
        Charleston, South Carolina 29411
                                  Com. 202-525-0500
                                  Com. 803-743-5510
                                  FTS  679-5510
 VI.  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE

      Patricia Bailey
      Department of Health, Education & Welfare
      101 Marietta Tower, Suite 1503
      Atlanta, Georgia 30323
                                  Com. 221-5754
                                  FTS  242-5754
VII.  DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

      Buddy E. Arbuckle
      DHUD, Jacksonville Area Office
      661 Riverside Ave.
      Jacksonville, Florida 32204

      Dick Becker
      DHUD, Knoxville Area Office
      1111 Northshore Dr.
      Knoxville, Tennessee 37919

      Gayle Burbidge
      DHUD
      1371 Peachtree Street
      Atlanta, Georgia 30309
      W.  Bowman Crum
      U.  S. DHUD
      1371 Peachtree Street, Rm.
      Atlanta, Georgia 30309
 117
      William Davenport
      DHUD
      215 N.  Edgeworth
      Greensboro, North Carolina 27401
      Ivar Iverson
      DHUD, Regional Office
      1371 Peachtree Street, N.
      Atlanta, Georgia 30309
                                  Com. 791-2610
                                  FTS  946-2610
                                  Com. 637-9300 (615)
                                  FTS  854-1349
                                  Com. 881-3471
                                  FTS  257-3471
                                  Com. 881-3471
                                  FTS  257-3471
                                  Com. 378-5377
                                  FTS  699-5377
                                  Com. 881-3521
                                  FTS  257-3521
E.
                                         107

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        Russell M.  0.  Jacobsen
        DHUD,  Atlanta  Regional Office
        1371 Peachtree St.,  N.  E.
        Atlanta, Georgia 30309

        Bob Lunsford
        DHUD
        15 South 20th  Street
        Birmingham,  Alabama  35226

        John Ogden
        DHUD,  R.I.E.A.T.
        1371 Peachtree St.,  N.  E.
        Atlanta, Georgia 30309

        Bev Poolson
        DHUD,  Atlanta  Regional Office
        1371 Peachtree Street,  N.  E.,  Rm.
        Atlanta, Georgia 30309

        Jim Spann
        DHUD,  Atlanta  Area Office
        230 Peachtree  Street
        Atlanta, Georgia 30303

        William S.  Stoker, Env.  Officer
        US DHUD
        241 Tudor Road (Home)
        Columbia, South Carolina 29210

        Harry Walls
        DHUD,  Atlanta  Area Office
        230 Peachtree  Street
        Atlanta, Georgia 30303

        Jody Williams
        DHUD
        1375 Peachtree Street
        Atlanta, Georgia 30309

        Peggy Wireman
        DHUD
        451 7th Street, S. W., Rm. 7266
        Washington, D. C. 20410
117
                          Com.  881-3521
                          FTS  257-3521
                          Com.  254-1619
                          FTS  229-1619
                          Com.  881-3471
                          FTS  257-3471
                          Com.  881-3471
                          FTS  257-3471
                          Com.  221-6629
                          FTS  242-6629
                          Com. 803-765-5595
                          FTS  677-5595
                          Com. 221-6629
                          FTS  242-6629
                          Com. 881-3471
                          FTS  257-3471
                          Com. 202-355-8909
                          FTS
VIII.   DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
        Office of The Secretary

        Jim Lee
        148 International Blvd., Room 410
        Atlanta, Georgia 30303
                          Com.
                          FTS
221-4524
242-4524
                                            108

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Bureau of Mines

Nina S. Sparks                                             Com. 221-6204
Bureau of Mines                                            FTS  242-6204
19 MLKing, Jr. Dr., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Heritage Conservation & Recreation Service

Roy Almdale                                                Com. 221-6928
HCRS                                                       FTS  242-6928
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303

Mike Bowman                                                Com. 221-4711
HCRS                                                       FTS  242-4711
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303

Michael Dawe                                               Com. 221-6928
HCRS                                                       FTS 242-6928
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303

Bill Huie                                                  Com. 221-6491
U. S. Department of Interior, HCRS                         FTS  242-6491
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303

Lincoln R. Martinez                                        Com. 221-4711
HCRS                                                       FTS  242-4711
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303

Rich Sussman                                               Com. 221-4538
HCRS                                                       FTS  292-4538
148 International Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
National Park Service

Meridith B. Ingham                                         Com. 996-2520
National Park Service
1895 Phoenix Blvd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30349

U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Dick Bailey                                                Com. 881-4291
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service                              FTS  257-4291
P. 0. Box 95067
Atlanta, Georgia 30319

                                  109

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        Dennis E.  Chase
        U.  S.  Fish & Wildlife Service
        17  Executive Park Dr.,  N.  E.
        Atlanta,  Georgia 30329
        Harold W.  Benson
        U.  S.  Fish & Wildlife Service
        17  Executive Park
        Atlanta,  Georgia 30329

        Robert Cooke
        U.  S.  Fish & Wildlife Service
        Endangered Species
        17  Executive Park
        Atlanta,  Georgia 30329

        Roland R.  Schulz
        U.  S.  Fish and Wildlife Service
        Department of the Interior,  OEC
        Washington, D. C. 20240

        Lou Villanova
        U.  S.  Fish & Wildlife Service
        17  Executive Park
        Atlanta,  Georgia 30329
Com. 881-4781
FTS  257-4781
Com. 881-4678
FTS  257-4678
Com. 881-4291
FTS  257-4291
FTS 653-5876
Com. 881-4078
FTS 257-4678
IX.   TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

        Sam Calhoun
        Tennessee Valley Authority
        272 401 Bldg.
        Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401

        David L. Dunn
        Tennessee Valley Authority
        400 Chestnut Street, Tower II
        Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401

        Alvin H. Gutterman
        Tennessee Valley Authority
        400 Commerce Avenue
        Knoxville, Tennessee 37902

        Kenneth Parr
        Tennessee Valley Authority
        400 Chestnut Tower II
        Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401

        Dennis P. Ryan
        272 401 Bldg.
        Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
Com. 615-755-3147
FTS  854-3147
Com. 615-755-3331
FTS  854-3331
Com. 615-632-2875
FTS  852-2875
Com. 615-755-3331
FTS 854-3331
 Com.  755-3147
 FTS   854-3147
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           Greg Signer
           Tennessee Valley Authority
           400 commerce Avenue
           Knoxville, Tennessee 37902
Com. 615-632-4171
FTS  852-4171
X.  DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

           Federal Aviation Administration

           George Altman
           Federal Aviation Administration
           1568 Willingham Dr.
           College Park, Georgia 30337

           W.  H. Ballew
           Federal Aviation Adm.
           Atlanta Airports District Office
           1568 Willingham Dr., Suite C
           College Park, Georgia 30337

           Robert B.  Chapman
           Federal Aviation Adm.
           1568 Willingham Dr.
           College Park, Georgia 30337

           John Garner
           Federal Aviation Adm.
           1568 Willingham Dr.
           College Park, Georgia 30337

           Robert E.  Harris
           Federal Aviation Adm.
           1568 Willingham Dr.
           College Park, Georgia 30337

           George L.  Warren
           Federal Aviation Adm.
           1568 Willingham Dr., Suite C
           College Park, Georgia 30337

           Winston Magill
           Federal Aviation Adm.
           P.  0. Box 18621
           Memphis, Tennessee 38118

           Wade Riggs
           Chief of Planning
           Federal Highway Adm.
           P.  0. Box 18621
           Memphis, Tennessee 38118
Com. 763-7631
FTS  246-7631
Com. 763-7268
FTS  246-7268
Com. 763-7268
FTS  246-7268
Com. 763-7708
FTS  246-7708
Com. 763-7639
FTS  284-7639
Com. 763-7631
FTS  246-7631
Com. 521-3495
FTS  222-3495
Com. 615-521-3495
FTS  222-3495
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Federal Highway Administration
Don Blankenship
Federal Highway Adm.,  Georgia Div.
1422 W. Peachtree St.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

David H. Densmore
Federal Highway Adm.
1422 W. Peachtree St.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

David A. Lacey
Federal Highway Adm.
1422 W. Peachtree St.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

J. L. Morris
Federal Highway Adm.
1720 Peachtree Rd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

Paula Lee Oliver
Federal Highway Adm.
1720 Peachtree Road, Suite 200
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

James E. Scapellato
Federal Highway Adm.
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W. Suite 200
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

Robert H. Talley
Federal Highway Adm., Region 4 Office
1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Com. 881-4758
FTS  257-4758
Com. 881-4758
FTS  257-4758
Com. 881-4758
FTS 257-4758
Com. 881-4167
FTS  257-4167
Com. 881-4068
FTS  257-4068
Com. 881-4040
FTS 257-4040
Com. 881-4067
FTS  257-4067
U. S. Coast Guard

Harry C. Braff
U. S. Coast Guard, llth Dist,
400 Oceangate
Long Beach, California 90822

Ron DeBerry
U. S. Coast Guard
431 Crawford Street
Portsmouth, Virginia  23704

Don C. W. Dumlao
USCG, HQ  G-WEP-7
400 7th St., S. W.
Washington, D.  C.  20460
 Com.  213-590-2287
 FTS  924-9384
 FTS   426-3300
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          Lt. Paul C. Golden
          U. S. Coast Guard
          Commander Eighth Coast Guard Dist,
          500 Camp St.
          New Orleans, Louisiana 70130

          J. L. Haas
          U. S. Coast Guard
          916 Stockbridge Dr.
          Virginia Beach, Virginia 23462
                  Com. 504-589-2961
                  FTS  682-2961
                  FTS  927-9276

CCGDS(dpl)        Com. 398-6276
Portsmouth,Va., 23705
          J. W. Hendricks
          USCG, 12th District
          630 Sansome St.
          San Francisco, California 94126

          Robert D. Meiners
          USCG
          Box 3-5000 (dpi)
          Juneau, Alaska 99802

          Jerry P. Dimes
          U. S. Coast Guard, 9th CG District
          1240 E. 9th St.
          Cleveland, Ohio 44199

          Jay Silberman
          U. S. Coast Guard
          Commander (dpi), Governors Island
          Governors Island, New York 10004

          P. Don Weaver
          U. S. Coast Guard (dpi)
          51 S. W. 1st Ave.
          Miami, Florida 33183
                  Com. 415-556-6074
                  FTS  556-6074
                  Com. 586-7348
                  FTS  586-7348
                  Com. 216-522-3919
                  FTS  293-3919
                  Com. 668-7001
                  FTS  664-7001
                  Com. 350-5503
                  FTS  350-5502
          Urban Mass Transportation Administration

          Tony Dittmeier
          Department of Transportation
          Urban Mass Transportation Adm.
          1720 Peachtree Rd., N. W.
          Atlanta, Georgia 30309
                  Com. 881-7875
                  FTS  257-7875
XI.  NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION

          George Lear
          Nuclear Regulatory Commission
          Phillips Bldg., 7920 Norfolk Ave.
          Bethesda, Maryland 20014
                  Com. 301-492-7903
                  FTS  492-7903
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 XII.  NATIONAL LABORATORIES
              Union Carbide
              Robert M. Cushman                                      Com.  615-574-7319
              Oak Ridge National Laboratory                          FTS  624-7319
              P. 0. Box X
              Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

              Steven G. DeCicco                                      Com.  615-514-5775
              Oak Ridge National Laboratory                          FTS  624-5775
              P. 0. Box X
              Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

              James F.  McBrayer                                      Com.  615-574-7317
              Environmental Sciences Div.                             FTS  624-7317
              Oak Ridge National Laboratory
              P. 0. Box X
              Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
              du Pont

              Oscar A.  Towler                                        FTS  239-2285
              du Pont - Savannah River
              Aiken, South Carolina 29801

              W. G. Holmes                                           FTS  239-2285
              Savannah River Laboratory
              Aiken, South Carolina 29801
XIII.  STATE GOVERNMENTS
               Alabama
               N.  K.  Landgraf                                        Com.  205-345-5545
               West Alabama Plan & Development Council (208)
               70 Drawer 28
               Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35402

               Paul G. Stough                                        Com.  832-5593
               Alabama Highway Department
               11 S.  Union Street
               Montgomery, Alabama 36104
               Florida

               Harry A. Bail                                         Com. 488-0130
               Florida Dept. of Environmental Regulation
               Twin Towers Office Building
               2600 Blair Stone Road
               Tallahassee, Florida 32301
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 C. L.  Irwin
 Florida Department of Transportation
 605  Suwannee  Street
 Tallahassee,  Florida 32304

 Walter 0. Kolb
 Florida Div.  of State Planning
 530  Carlton Bldg.
 Tallahassee,  Florida 32304

 John B. Outland
 Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
 2600 Blair Stone Rd., Twin Towers Office Bldg.
 Tallahassee,  Florida 32301
Com. 904-487-1435
Com. 904-488-2401
Com. 904-488-0130
Georgia

C. H. Badger
State Office of Planning & Budget
State Clearinghouse
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Jimmy B. Benson
Georgia Environmental Protection Div.
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Delores Dewberry
Coastal APDC
Brunswick, Georgia 31520

Toni D. Gardner
Georgia Department of Transportation
65 Aviation Circle
Atlanta, Georgia 30336

R. L. Gensel, Projects Control Manager
Cobb County, Georgia
P. 0. Box 649
Marietta, Georgia 30061

David H. Hinson
Southwest Georgia APDC, P.  0. Box 346
Camilla, Georgia 31730

Barbara Hogan
Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources
Rm. 814
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Com. 656-3829
Com. 656-6905
Com. 912-264-7363
Com. 422-2320, Ex. 393
Com. 912-336-5616
Com. 656-5162
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Dale Jaeger                                           Com- 536-3431
Georgia Mountains APDC
P. 0. Box 1720
Gainesville, Georgia 30501

F. William Kroeck                                     Com. 656-7789
Atlanta Regional Commission
Suite 200
230 Peachtree St.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303

J. Leonard Ledbetter                                  Com. 656-4713
Georgia Environmental Division, EPD
270 Washington Street, S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Jerry Lo Wa                                           Com. 656-4810
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Peter Malphurs                                        Com. 696-4634
Georgia Department of Transportation
 #2 Capitol Square
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Ron R. Odom                                           Com. 557-2532
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Rte. 2
Social Circle, Georgia 30279

Dick Powell                                           Com. 912-233-9321
City of Savannah
P. 0. Box 1027
Savannah, Georgia 31402

Elizabeth G. Rayfield                                 Com. 536-3431
Georgia Mountains APDC
P. 0. Box 1720
Gainesville, Georgia 30501

Miles B. Schoenfield                                  Com. 656-5164
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
270 Washington Street, S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

John Shaw                                             Com. 696-4634
Georgia Department of Transportation
#65 Aviation Circle
Atlanta, Georgia 30336
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Pat Stevens                                           Com. 656-5162
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Rm. 814
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Paul R. Teiemke                                       Com. 696-4634
Georgia Department of Transportation
65 Aviation Circle
Atlanta, Georgia 30336

Al Tate                                               Com. 696-4635
Georgia Department of Transportation
Environmental Analysis Bureau
65 Aviation Circle, S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30336

David Vinson                                          Com. 656-4769
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
240 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Sam Williams                                          Com. 656-3855
Georgia State Clearinghouse
270 Washington St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334

Mary Ann Young                                        Com. 656-3212
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Game and Fish Division
Endangered Species Program
270 Washington St., S. W., Rm. 713
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Kentucky

Bill Moyer                                            Com. 606-886-6869
Big Sandy Area Development District
552 S. Lake Dr.
Prestonburg, Kentucky 41653
Mississippi

W. K. MaGee                                           Com. 354-7355
Mississippi State Highway Department
P. 0. Box 1850
Jackson, Mississippi 39205
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Anna W. Paine                                         Com. 601-354-2550
Mississippi Air & Water Pollution Control Comm.
P. 0. Box 827
Jackson, Mississippi 39205
North Carolina

Chrys Baggett                                         Com. 919-733-7061
North Carolina Clearinghouse
116 W. Jones Street
Raleigh, North Carolina 27608

Richard B. Hazard                                     Com. 919-733-5245
N. C. Natural Resources & Community Development
  Department, Div. of Parks Recreation
Archdale Bldg.
Raleigh, North Carolina 27603

David W. Richardson                                   Com. 704-264-5558
Environmental Planner
Region D Council of Governments
P. 0. Box 1820
Boone, North Carolina 28607

Anne Taylor                                           Com. 919-733-4006
Department of Natural Resources and
  Community Development
Archdale Bldg.
Raleigh, North Carolina 27603
South Carolina

Paul Embler                                           Com. 758-3284
South Carolina State Highway Dept.
955 Park Street
Columbia, South Carolina 29202
Tennessee

Hale Booth                                            Com. 615-266-5781
Chattanooga Area Reg. Council of Governments
413 James Bldg.
735 Broad Street
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37402

Joe Guthrie                                           Com. 615-266-5781
Southeast Tennessee Development Dist.
413 James Bldg.
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37402

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XIV.  NON-GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
           Robert Adowailo                                       Com. 202-293-2600
           IRP, Hernie & Co.
           2100 M. Street, N.  W.
           Washington, D.  C.  20460

           Carole Ashkinaze
           Atlanta Constitution
           72 Marietta Street, N.  W.
           Atlanta,  Georgia 30303

           Arthur C. Benke                                       Com. 894-3700
           School of Biology
           Georgia Institute  of Technology
           Atlanta,  Georgia 30332

           Thomas E. Crumlish                                    Com. 813-933-7406
           Seminole Electric  Cooperative
           2410 E. Busch Blvd.
           Tampa, Florida 33612

           Jim Dodd                                              Com. 894-4526
           Director of User Services, Lib.
           Georgia Institute  of Technology
           Atlanta,  Georgia 30332

           Sandy Enyeart                                         Com. 208-523-7252
           STAFCO, Inc.
           P. 0. Box 2249
           Idaho Falls,  Idaho 83401

           Stephen E.  Everette                                   Com. 526-0625
           EG&G Idaho, Inc.                                      FTS  583-0111
           P. 0. Box 1625
           Idaho Falls,  Idaho 83401

           Louise B. Franklin                                    Com. 329-0430
           Claude Terry  & Assoc.,  Inc.
           1955 Cliff  Valley  Way,  N.  E.
           Atlanta,  Georgia 30329

           Ruben Garza                                           Com. 214-234-2722
           Geo-Marine, Inc.
           777 S. Central Expressway
           Richadson,  Texas 75080

           Don Gibeaut                                           Com. 262-2915
           Dames & Moore
           455 E. Paces  Ferry Rd.
           Atlanta,  Georgia 30305

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David E. Hawkins                                      Com. 262-2914
Dames & Moore Consultants
455 E. Paces Ferry Rd.
Atlanta, Georgia 30305

Saul Herner                                           Com. 202-293-2600
Information Resources Press
2100 M Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20037

Jo Jones                                              Com. 393-3008
Georgia Clean Water Coalition
10 River Court Parkway, N. W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30328

Nicholas W. Lees                                      Com. 449-6639
Envirosphere Company
145 Technology Dr.
Norcross, Georgia 30092

Tom Lowndes                                           Com. 898-3303
Georgia Conservancy                                   FTS  469-0242
Georgia Wildlife Federation
634 Scotland Ct.
Stone Mountain, Georgia 30088

Evelyne Parkerson                                     Com. 378-4436
532 Westchester Dr.
Decatur, Georgia 30030

Keith C. Price                                        504-927-4724
Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendoff
5615 Corporate Blvd.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806

Nilo Priede                                           Com. 904-744-5459
Priede-Sedgwick, Inc.
P. 0. Box 8117
Jacksonville, Florida 32211

Thomas N. Sargent                                     Com. 325-0770
Engineering - Science
57 Executive Park S, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329

Don Sherrill                                          Com. 688-5370
Battelle Southern Operations
Suite 3525
101 Marietta Twr.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303


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Tom Simpson, Biologist                                Com. 262-2915
Dames & Moore
455 East Paces Ferry Road
Atlanta, Georgia 30305

Mark Spiegal                                          Com. 325-0770
Engineering - Science
57 Executive Park South
Atlanta, Georgia 30329

Robert E. Thorn, R.L.A.                               Com. 952-8643
Regional Manager, Environmental Planning Div.
Camp Dresser and McKee
1945 The Exchange N. W. Suite 290
Atlanta, Georgia 30339

J. G. Vann, Jr.                                       Com. 919-549-0671
N. C. Science & Technology Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709

Rusty Wooten                                          Com. 813-866-5528
Florida Power Corp.
P. 0. Box 14042
St. Petersburg, Florida 33731

Larry Wills                                           Com. 329-0430
CTA
Claude Terry & Assoc.
1955 Cliff Valley Way N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30329

Lee Wilson                                            Com. 512-454-4797
Radian Corp.
8500 Shoal Creek Blvd.
Austin, Texas 75766
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