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All of the unit operations in the proposed STP are aerobic,
hence all of the gaseous by-products theoretically produced during
sewage decomposition — for example, carbon dioxide — should be
odorless. Septic odor-producing conditions may develop, however, in
certain areas. These areas include the raw sewage lift station, the
tertiary filter building, and the sludge concentrator building.
The raw sewage may be septic as it comes into the plant prior to
its combination with activated sludge. Odor from fresh sewage is minimal
and is confined to the lift station. In long sewer lines at low flow
rates with no storm or ground water additions, sewage may become septic.
Chlorine has been proposed as one method of odor control in the lift
station. This is cost-effective because chlorine will be used also
to disinfect the final effluent. Chlorine, however, reacts with some
of the organic components in raw sewage, and certain chlorinated
hydrocarbons, such as the chloramines, have been identified as possible
health hazards.
In addition to the chemical control of odors in the raw sewage,
the lift station air vent will be equipped with a scrubber system.
This trap will effectively keep any lift station odors from reaching
the outside atmosphere. This unit must be properly maintained in
order to be effective.
The tertiary rapid sand filter and sludge concentrator building
air vents will be equipped with activated carbon filters. Activated
carbon will adsorb and absorb any odorous compounds and prevent their
reaching the outside atmosphere. Although these filters are very
effective, they do wear out and must be replaced or recharged. This
maintenance is the responsibility of the plant operator and is necessary
267
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to ensure adequate odor control. The wastewater from the periodic
backwashing of the tertiary filters will be returned to the aerators
for treatment. Therefore, no periodic odor problems will result from
filter backwashing.
Hydrogen peroxide, also, could be used for odor control. No
chlorine is involved. However, a hydrogen peroxide system, in addition
to the chlorinators for final disinfection, would add to the cost of
the plant.
One other potential source of odor, though not necessarily an
obnoxious odor, is the aeration-dechlorination system. One purpose
of this operation is to reduce the chlorine residual by releasing it
into the atmosphere. The chlorine may be detectable near the aeration
tank, but its concentration there and certainly outside the plant area
should not be objectionable. The use of another method of dechlorination,
such as sulfur dioxide or granular activated carbon, would result in
no release of chlorine into the atmosphere.
3. Noise Impact
Unwanted sound, referred to as noise, is generated by most mechanical
equipment including that proposed for the Delaware County Sewage Treatment
Plant. Noise can have an adverse impact on people that ranges from
simple annoyance to psychological and physiological stress. Such reactions
include increased irritability, loss of concentration, nervous tension,
impaired aptitude, and loss of sleep. The extent of the impact depends
primarily on the loudness, pitch, intermittency, and familiarity of the
noise reaching sensitive human receivers.
268
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Noise levels are typically measured in decibels in the "A" scale
(dBA). The scale emphasizes a certain set of frequencies to which
the human ear is most sensitive. Examples of common indoor and outdoor
noise levels are listed in Figure 41.
Noise can be attentuated, i.e., reduced, before it reaches sensitive
human receivers. Distance, vegetation, and topography, including hills
and walls, can reduce noise levels significantly. For example, a five
foot wall has been shown to reduce highway noise by five dBA (Sexton, 1969)
Vegetation must be quite dense to attenuate noise. In a dense evergreen
woods with a visibility of 70-100 feet, the attenuation of sound is
approximately 18 dBA per 1000 feet. Trees with tall trunks to a height
of 6 to 8 feet and spaced about 10 feet apart provide no attenuation
(Embleton and Thiessen, 1962). Planting vegetation to improve the
aesthetic appearance of the noise-generating area has been shown to reduce
local sensitivity to noise without actually reducing the noise levels
(Sexton, 1969).
The Delaware County Sewage Treatment Plant equipment that may cause
a significant noise impact on receivers outside the plant area includes
the blowers and the emergency power generator. The large pumps will
also produce high noise levels, but this equipment will be located
below ground level and the noise impact will be limited to plant personnel
who must service this equipment.
The nearest non-plant receivers include a residence and a park
approximately 400 feet and 1000 feet away, respectively, from the
proposed site of the blower building. The blowers, with their piping
and blow-offs are capable of routinely producing noise levels exceeding
100 dBA at a distance approximately three feet from the uncovered
269
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COMMON OUTDOOR
NOISE LEVELS
Jet Flyover at 1000 ft
Gas Lawn Mower at 3ft
Diesel Truck at 50 ft
Noisy Urban Daytime
Gas Lawn Mower at 100 ft
Commercial Area
Heavy Traffic at 300ft
Quiet Urban Daytime
Quiet Urban Nighttime
Quiet Suburban Nighttime
Quiet Rural Nighttime
NOISE LEVEL
(dBA)
•100
90
--80
- 70
- 60
r 50
h 40
30
20
- 10
0
' COMMON INDOOR
NOISE LEVELS
Rock Band
Inside Subway Train (New York)
Food Blender at 3 ft
Garbage Disposal at 3ft
Shouting at 3ft
Vacuum Cleaner at 10 ft
Normal Speech at 3 ft
Large Business Office
Dishwasher Next Room
Small Theatre, Large Conference Room
(Background)
Library
Bedroom at Night
Concert Hall (Background)
Broadcast and Recording Studio
Threshold of Hearing
Figure 41. Common Indoor and Outdoor Noise Levels
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1973
270
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operating equipment (Allis Chalmers, Inc., 1975). However, this
equipment would be housed in a structure with 8-inch thick cement
block walls, 1 1/4 thick urethane insulation, and 5/8 inch thick
redwood veneer. If the blow-off is vented inside the building, or if
it is adequately muffled and vented outside, the total noise level
immediately outside the building should be consistently below 90 dBA.
Using a noise level of 90 dBA immediately outside of the building,
the noise levels at various distances from the building are shown in
Table 53.
TABLE 52. Noise Level in dBA at Various Distances
from the Proposed Blower Building
Distance
in ft.
Noise Level 7,
in DBA
) 100 200 500 1000 2000
5 75 72 68 64 57
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
These levels are derived by the dissipation law of sound pressure,
assuming the absence of sound barriers. Lagging the piping, i.e.,
covering it with sound-deadening insulation, may further reduce outside
noise levels (Allis Chalmers, Inc., 1975). These precautions, together
with the distances to the sensitive receivers, should result in a minimum
acoustical impact from this noise source. Moreover, strategic placement
of the blower building and emergency power generator housing with regard
*
to existing and proposed topography, and the planting of aesthetically
pleasing vegetation, should ensure local acceptance of the minimum
acoustical impact.
271
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Private Communication
Allis Chalmers, Inc., 1975.
Caterpillar Manufacturing Company, 1975.
References
Embleton, T.F.W. and G.J. Thiessen, "Train Noises and Use of Adjacent
Land", Sound, January-February 1962.
Liptak, E.G., ed., Environmental Engineers' Handbook, Vol.2, Air Pollution,
Chilton Book Company, 1974.
Sexton, B.H., "Traffic Noise", Traffic Quarterly, July 1969.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Fundamentals and Abatement of Highway
Traffic Noise, 1973.
272
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E. MITIGATIVE MEASURES
Several areas of special concern have been discussed relating to the
impacts of the proposed facilities on water quality. Consequently, this
section explores measures designed to mitigate the impacts of stream
crossings, outfall location, and excessive nitrogen and chlorine content
in the effluent.
1. Interceptor Stream Crossings
Placement of sewer interceptor lines across or beneath stream
beds can cause temporary or permanent disruption of stream flow and
a corresponding increase in sedimentation. This may in turn lead
to impacts on water quality and sensitive biological organisms.
These impacts can be minimized by careful consideration of:
• Number of crossings
• Placement of crossings
• Construction phasing
• Construction techniques
Minimizing the number of crossings and correct placement of those that
are necessary are both important early in the planning process because
these crossings affect emplacement of lines that lead away from the
stream. Construction phasing provides assurance that such adverse impacts
as erosion or sedimentation, which might occur during temporarily delayed
construction, would be minimized. Construction techniques are related
to sewer emplacement in that bedrock depth and soil type are deter-
mining factors in the identity of the environmental problems posed and
273
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both the cost and technical feasibility of the construction methods
used.
The common method for minimizing stream crossings in a basin,
in which the stream runs through the service area, is to align inter-
ceptors along both sides of the river. This permits connections to any
segment from outlying areas with the use of gravity flow interceptors.
This scheme is used on both the Scioto and Alum Creek Watersheds in
the Delaware County interceptor plans because of the difficulty of
constructing a crossing of the reservoirs. The present design for
the Olentangy River, however, includes ten stream crossings between
Winter Road (Figure 15) on the north and the Delaware-Franklin County
line. Some of these crossings are designed to avoid areas in which
rock excavation or deep entrenchment would be required; others are so
located to avoid forested areas. The large number of crossings also
facilitates connection with future housing developments and prevents
developers from constructing their own lines across the Olentangy in
order to connect with sewer service. In certain reaches of the river,
these objectives can also be accomplished at some additional expense
with a double line system.
The currently planned interceptor lines include five river cross-
ings above Home Road (Figure 15) and five more at Home Road and below.
These two areas are substantially different in both topography and
the availability of highway rights-of-way. The topography below Home
Road on the east bank of the river is much steeper than upstream and
is interrupted by a substantial number of gulleys and small waterways.
Shale lies near the surface in this area. It would be difficult and
274
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expensive to lay a sewer line entirely on the east bank in this area.
Because there is no highway right-of-way on the east bank, it would
be necessary to locate the sewer line through forested areas. Some
damage to the wooded area would result. The five river crossings in
this southern area are therefore justifiable insofar as both costs
and adverse environmental impacts would be less than those incurred
by the alternative.
North of Home Road, however, the emplacement of an interceptor
line along both east and west banks would serve to eliminate five
river crossings without significant impact on the terrestrial environ-
ment. The topography here is less steep than farther downstream, and
Perry, Taggart, and Chapman Roads could provide convenient rights-of-
way for the line. With the use of two lines the required size of each
interceptor would be less.
Location of stream crossings should be determined from engi-
neering, topographic, and environmental considerations. Engineering
and topographic limitations have been well considered in the presently
designed southern stream crossings. No information is available con-
cerning aquatic life distribution on a fine geographic scale. No
particular short stretches of river are known to possess important
habitat requirements. Therefore, recommendations for small changes
in interceptor crossing locations can not be made. The safest way to
compensate for this gap in information is to reduce impact of the
crossings through well-chosen construction phasing and techniques.
Well-planned construction phasing takes into consideration the
adverse effects of construction sites on which work is delayed awaiting
275
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construction elsewhere. These delays usually result from attempts to
reduce costs of mobilizing earth moving equipment by clearing all
sites at once. Under such circumstances the savings are often oblit-
erated by increased costs generated by erosion and sedimentation. In
this case, such a policy would result in an increased load of sedi-
ments and pollutants washed into the Olentangy as well as onto ad-
joining farm, residential, or forested areas. A preferred phasing
policy would call for completion of all construction phases on each
river crossing site or on small segments of line construction before
proceeding to the next section. This will prove more expensive in
short-term costs but advantageous in the long run because it would
minimize pollution runoff and lengthy habitat disturbance.
Stream crossing construction techniques may involve diversion
or partial diversion of the river. Total diversion of the Olentangy
would be unwise and unnecessary due to the lack of a suitable diver-
sion course and the low water volume in the river. Other possible
techniques involve either partial diversion with temporary impound-
ments, dredging, or boring under the river bed.
Diversion of half of the river at a time is the method proposed
by the Delaware County Sanitary Engineer's Office (Gilbert, 1975).
This entails building an embankment completely around the construction
channel for half of the river width at a time. Both the building of
the embankment and the channelization of the stream could cause in-
creases in erosion and turbidity in the stream. This would, in turn,
cause some detrimental impacts on downstream aquatic life. If this
construction technique was chosen, its impacts could be reduced through
276
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• Use of sandbags or other non-eroding material for the
embankment
• Agreement with Delaware Reservoir to keep the river near low
f low
• Rapid completion of the crossing
• Resurfacing over the upper cement pipe casing with the orig-
inal bottom sediments and restoring the original topographic
contour of the river bottom.
These measures should all be used in conjunction in order to achieve
optimization of cost and reduction of damages. It is particularly
important to leave the riverbed in its natural state after completion
of construction. In this regard, some amount of bottom sediments
should be replaced above the pipe casing as a buffer against riverbed
changes caused by storm-generated surges in flow or by channel scour
and fill.
Dredging and laying the pipe in an open trench without diversion
is another possible construction technique. The pipe can be laid in
segments and the water pumped out after completion of the crossing.
This technique, however, causes a large amount of sediment to be
washed into the river and thereby results in some disruption of river
habitat. If dredging cannot be avoided, a settling basin and long
effluent skimming weirs with significant retention time should be pro-
vided. The settling basin would provide for settling of the fine silt
which must be dredged first as well as providing enough detention time
for the oxidation of sulfides (HS or H_S) into less toxic sulfates.
277
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Boring under the riverbed is a more expensive but more environ-
mentally compatible solution (Levins, 1975). In this technique, a
hole 12-20 inches larger than the pipe diameter is bored and a steel
casing inserted as the hole is drilled. After completion of the hole
and pumping, pipe is inserted and the area between pipe and casing is
filled with cement. This technique, if properly handled, has no adverse
effects on the river, but it might have a greater effect than other
methods on the surrounding terrestrial environment because a larger
construction area is required. The cost-benefit tradeoff may, thus,
vary with site, but this method merits consideration.
2. Outfall Location and Design
The location of the proposed plant's discharge is very important
from a biological viewpoint. For example, placement of the outfall
at the Delaware-Franklin County line would subject the fish of the
river downstream of that point to potentially harmful chlorine and
ammonia discharges. The concentrations of these compounds and their
possible damaging effects are discussed on pages 226-232.
The best location for the outfall in order to protect the fish
populations in the river is below the artificial fish habitat area which
is located at Highway 1-270. Emplacement of the outfall below this area
would ensure preservation of those areas of the river that contain the
most abundant numbers of the fish found there by electroshocking and
creel surveys (Griswold, 1975). The electroshocking survey shows that
from the fish habitat area of 1-270 downstream to Henderson Road, the
fish population decreases greatly because in this reach there is slow-
moving water and a silty-mud bottom. Because the more desirable game
species are not found in great numbers in this area, it is the best
location for the sewage outfall.
278
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The design of the outfall contributes substantially to the biological
impact as well. Tsai (1971) studied the four types of outfall designs
in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania , shown in Figure 42. Because
Type I was located on one side of the river, its effluent mixed gradually
downstream toward the opposite bank. Type II, located in the center
of the river on the bottom, permitted mixing of the effluent downstream
toward both banks. Type III consisted of two concrete barriers, each
built out from one side of the stream, allowing the sewage to discharge
into the middle of the stream and providing for thorough mixing of the
effluent. Type IV had multiple outlet ports across the river bottom.
Tsai found Types III and IV to have higher dilution efficiencies than
Type I.
Type I was the most common outfall design in the three states
studied. Type II was a commonly used design in Pennsylvania, while
Types III and IV were represented by only one plant each. Types III
and IV provide a quick mixing of the effluent and river water, but
produce a zone of concentrated sewage across the river which caused
heavy fish depletion and a barrier that adversely affected fish movement
and migration. In contrast, the effluent leaving a Type I outfall
traveled a greater length of river and required a longer time before
it became completely mixed with the water across the river. Thus, the
effluent underwent a better dilution and natural purification. The
mixing zone in this type of design contained less concentrated sewage
when compared to the other three types of outfalls. From the standpoint
of fish protection, the primitive Type I outfall is a better design
than the other more complicated types (Tsai, 1971).
279
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TYPE I
WATER FLOW
TYPE II
TYPE III
TYPE IV
rjx.x::::.::::::::x:;:x -x-xx- : - •:,
Figure 42. Sewage Outfalls Typed According To Locations and
Methods of Sewage Dilution in Stream
Source': Tsai, 1971
280
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3. Nitrogen Removal
The chief nitrogeneous pollutants in municipal wastewters have
been categorized (Taras et al., 1971) into three groups: ammonia
nitrogen, organic .nitrogen, and nitrite and nitrate nitrogens.
Ammonia N in x^astewater is formed by the enzymatic breakdown of urea,
proteins, and other nitrogen-containing substances. Most of the
organic nitrogen in wastewaters is in the form of amino acids,
polypeptides, and proteins. Nitrite and nitrate are the end products
of the oxidation of ammonia in the wastewaters.
A high ammonia concentration on the order of 1.5 mg/1 may have
adverse effects on some aquatic flora and fauna (pages 232-238). A
maximum ammonia concentration of 0.27 mg/1 in the receiving water
would be desirable to protect all aquatic species. This means that
according to the dilution ratio of 0.67, the effluent concentration
of ammonia from the plant must not exceed 0.4 mg/1 as nitrogen.
The conventional biological treatment processes employed by the
proposed plant have a short detention time in all biological treatment
units, as shown in Table 53, and can have only 30 to 50 percent efficiency
in nitrogen removal. This level of efficiency is not adequate to reduce
the effluent containing a 1.5 mg/1 ammonia as nitrogen to the desired
level of 0.4 mg/1. Therefore, more advanced wastewater treatment
processes would have to be employed. These nitrogen removal operations
may be categorized into biological, chemical, and physical treatment
processes.
•
The biological processes include nitrification, anaerobic de-
nitrification, and algae harvesting. The nitrification process utilizes
autotrophic bacteria of the genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobactors to
281
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oxidize ammonia to nitrate. The nitrates are then reduced to nitrogen
gas by a number of facilitative bacteria including the genera Pseudomonas
anc^ Bacillus. Methanol is required as a supplementary source of carbon
for the denitrification process in which nitrates are reduced to elemental
nitrogen. A retention time of approximately 10 days in the anaerobic de-
nitrification unit is normally required (Eliassen and Tchobanoglous, 1969).
Nitrogen in wastewaters may be removed by algae which are grown at
the maximum sustainable rates in specially designed shallow ponds.
Presumably, algae absorb nitrogen nutrients from the wastewater and use
them for growth of cell tissue. It is necessary to supplement the waste
with carbon dioxide and a carbon source such as methanol to achieve complete
nitrogen removal. The process involves a large land area, and costs are
incurred associated with harvesting and disposal of the algae.
On the basis of the same concept of algae harvesting, hyacinth
harvesting and use of marshes as tertiary sewage treatment methods have
been investigated. Experiments at Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, by researchers
from the National Space Technology Laboratory (Engineering News Record,
1975) have revealed that the hyacinth readily thrives on phosphates and
nitrates in wastewater. The hyacinth could easily be grown in a lagoon
at the treatment site. The lagoon would serve as the tertiary bio-filtration
system for water leaving the sewage treatment plant. As a side effect,
the rapidly groxving hyacinth could be periodically harvested and used as
a source of fuel or cattle feed.
The use of marshes, bogs, and swamps for tertiary sewage treatment is
currently being examined by researchers from the University of Michigan
(Engineering News Record, 1975). Preliminary studies indicate that the
natural processes at work in a marsh may provide final treatment of
secondary effluent without ecological disruption.
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Chemical methods include ammonia stripping, ion exchange, electro-
dialysis, and breakpoint chlorination. In the ammonia stripping method,
the pH value of the wastewater is adjusted to 10 or above and the water
is agitated in the presence of air. By this method more than 85 percent
of the ammonia nitrogen is released as a gas. This generally is done in
a packed tray tower equipped with an air blower. The process causes air
pollution problems by the release of ammonia gas and ammonium sulfate
aerosols. Calcium carbonate is deposited within the treatment tower as
a product of the use of lime (CaO) to control pH (Eliassen and
Tchobanoglous, 1969).
Ion exchange is a unit process in which ions of a given species are
displaced from an insoluble exchange material (resin) by ions of different
species from wastewater. With the use of resin as an anion exchanger,
anionic nitrogen compounds can be removed efficiently. In this process,
however, material tends to foul the resin by selective adsorption on the
resin particles. To make ion exchange economical for tertiary treatment,
it is desirable to use regenerants and restorants that remove both the
inorganic anions and the organic material from the spent resin (Eliassen
and Tchobanoglous, 1969).
Electrodialysis uses an induced electric current to separate the
cationic and anionic components in the wastewater by means of selective
membranes. Membrane fouling is the major problem with the electrodialysis,
Acidification of the wastewater is required to reduce membrane fouling
(Eliassen and Tchobanoglous, 1969).
Breakpoint chlorination provides a selective means for ammonia
removal. The process is discussed in detail on pages 286-294. The end
products of the process are chiefly gaseous elemental nitrogen and small
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amounts of nitrate and a nuisance residual of nitrogen trichloride.
Neutralization of the excess acids produced with proper mixing during
the process is required to reduce the formation of nitrogen trichloride
(Presley et al. , 1972). The advantage of breakpoint chlorination
is that removal of ammonia and disinfection of effluent can be
achieved in one process.
The physical methods of nitrogen removal include reverse osmosis
and distillation (Eliassen and Tchobanoglous, 1969). Reverse osmosis
involves the enforced passage of water through cellulose acetate
membranes against the natural osmotic pressure. This method has been
used for the production of fresh water from salt water. A major problem
associated with reverse osmosis for desalinization is membrane fouling.
In the application of this method to wastewater treatment, pretreatment
of the water with sand filtration will reduce membrane fouling.
Distillation involves vaporization of wastewater by heating and
subsequent condensation of water vapor. In practice, a variety of
different processes exists, such as flash distillation, differential
distillation, and steam distillation. They are all quite expensive.
The efficiency of nitrogen removal and costs are shown in Table 54.
In order to reduce the ammonia concentration from 1.5 mg/1 to 0.4 mg/1,
removal or conversion of ammonia to nitrate at an efficiency of 74 percent
would be required for the proposed plant. Among these processes,
distillation would be the most effective, but the most expensive method.
However, other methods such as ammonia stripping, anaerobic denitrification,
algae harvesting, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis would be effective,
if properly designed and operated. Electrodialysis would be the least
cost-effective. Breakpoint chlorination followed by dechlorination would
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be an effective method of removing ammonia while disinfecting the
effluent, and would be compatible with the ammonia stripping method
in terms of costs.
4. Chlorination-Dechlorination and Ozonation.
Chlorination is a common and cost-effective way of disinfecting
the effluent from a sewage treatment plant. However, residual chlorine
in the effluent can cause severe biological effects on aquatic flora
and fauna in receiving streams. One way of reducing the biological
effects is to dechlorinate the chlorinated effluent before discharging it
to natural water systems. Ozonation of effluent proves to be an
effective method with wide acceptance in effluent disinfection, and at
the same time, increases the dissolved oxygen level in the effluent.
This section starts out with discussion of various alternative methods
of effluent disinfection followed by the discussion of dechlorination
methods, and concludes with a discussion of ozonation methods.
The most common disinfectants are the oxidizing chemicals such as
bromine, iodine, chlorine, ozone, and other non-oxidizing chemicals
such as acids and alkalies. Bromination, chlorination, and iodination
of the sewage effluent leave bromine, chlorine, and iodine, respectively,
in the effluent. Disinfection by addition of acids or alkalies is not
effective unless the pH value of the water is less than 3 or greater
than 11. Except for ozonation, all the disinfection treatment processes
which involve the addition of chemicals, discussed above, leave
significant amounts of dissolved solids in the effluent.
Bromination and iodination are not commonly used for sewage treatment,
because bromine and iodine are more costly than chlorine. Effluent
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disinfection by the addition of acids or alkalies requires large amounts
of acids or alkalies and further requires neutralization of the effluent
to pH 7. Only the chlorination-dechlorination and ozonation methods
and their cost-effectiveness are considered here.
Chlorination is used in wastewater treatment operations for
disinfection and reduction of BOD, ammonia-nitrogen, color, odor, cyanide,
and hydrogen sulfide concentrations. In a plant the size of the proposed
Delaware facility, chlorine as free chlorine gas is dissolved in a
sidestream of water. Once the gaseous chlorine (C10) goes into solution,
it reacts almost immediately with the water (H~0) to form hypochlorous
i —
acid (HOC1) and hydrogen and chloride ions (H and Cl ). The hypochlorous
acid (HOC1) ionizes to form hypochlorite ions (OC1 ) and hydrogen ions (H ).
The ratio between elemental chlorine (Cl,,), hypochlorous acid (HOC1),
and hypochlorite ions (OC1 ) depends on the pH of the solution. At the
anticipated pH level of the effluent (6-7), hypochlorous acid (HOC1)
should comprise 60-80 percent of the chlorine added, and elemental chlorine
(Cl,,) should be almost absent. These three forms of chlorine are
referred to as "free available chlorine residuals".
Ammonia (NH,,), present in the wastewater, reacts with the free
available chlorine to form monochloramines (Nil Cl), dichloramines (NHC19),
and nitrogen trichloride (NCI ). At the pH levels of wastewater, mono-
and dichloramines will predominate. These compounds are referred to as
"combined available chlorine residuals" and have some disinfecting
ability; however, this disinfecting property is considerably less than
that of free available chlorine residuals (Fair and Geyer, 1963).
By the addition of extra chlorine and the provision of adequate
detention time, the ammonia may be completely oxidized, resulting in the
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formation and release of elemental nitrogen gas. This process is
referred to as "breakpoint chlorination" and is one method of nitrogen
reduction in wastewater. In general, the chlorine dosage required to
achieve breakpoint on a molar basis is twice that of the ammonia. The
necessary contact time must be determined by on-site tests (Fair and
Geyer, 1963).
In addition to reacting with water and ammonia, chlorine will also
react with organic matter in the sewage, thereby reducing the BOD but
also forming complex organic chloramines. Certain of these compounds
are possible health hazards.
Free and combined available chlorine compounds at varying concentrations
are toxic to aquatic organisms. Examples of the effects of various concen-
trations of chlorine residuals on various fish types are listed in Table 48
on page 229 (Brungs, 1973; Becker and Thatcher, 1973). The recommended
safe level for chlorine residuals in warm-water aquatic systems is
0.01 mg/1 (Brungs, 1975). Assuming a river flow rate of 2.93 million
gallons per day (mgd) (7-day 10-year low flow), and an effluent discharge
of 1.5 mgd, the required residual chlorine concentration in the effluent,
to keep the stream chlorine concentration below 0.01 mg/1, would be
approximately 0.03 mg/1. Effluent residual chlorine levels of less than
0.01 mg/1 are possible and desirable.
Reduction of chlorine residuals in sewage effluents may be accomplished
by various methods, including aeration, sulfur dioxide addition, or granular
activated carbon filtration. Aerating the chlorinated effluent for
15 minutes to 8 hours will reduce the concentrations of various related
compounds, including elemental chlorine (Cl?) , hypochlorous acid (HOC1),
dichloraminc (NHC1 ), and trichloramine (NC13) (Fair and Geyer, 1963;
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Hinde Engineering, 1975). Monochloramine, which is an important chlorine
residual, is not removed. Consequently, the resulting residual chlorine
concentration in the effluent is difficult to estimate without actual
operating data. Aeration does not remove complex organic chloramines,
but it increases the dissolved oxygen concentration in the effluent.
Sulfur dioxide addition is also a suitable technique for dechlorination.
Sulfur dioxide reacts with chlorine to form sulfuric and hydrochloric
acids; consequently, a provision for pH adjustment should be provided.
Sulfur dioxide in the gaseous state is dissolved in the chlorinated
effluent until the concentration of SO exceeds that of the residual
chlorine. At residual chlorine concentrations of 2 and 4 mg/1, approximately
37.5 and 62.6 pounds per day of SO- are required. A relatively short
contact time of ten minutes is required. The resulting residual chlorine
concentration should be less than 0.01 mg/1. Complex organic chloramines
are not removed by the addition of sulfur dioxide. Furthermore, chlorides
and sulfates, as end products of the method, are left in the effluent.
The increase of total dissolved solids load from this method ranges from
300 to 600 pounds per day as compared to the TDS load of 29,860 pounds
per day of the plant at flow rate of 6 mgd.
Granular activated carbon may also be used for dechlorination. It
is more commonly used to adsorb organic matter and other compounds
responsible for BOD and odor. Certain types of activated carbon systems,
such as downflow units, also act as filters and remove suspended solids.
Filtration may clog the downflow units and the BOD in the effluent may
encourage the growth of microorganisms on the carbon. Backwashing of
the downflow units reduces clogging and biological accumulations. Counter-
current upflow units do not clog, hence do not require backwashing.
Adsorption is a non-consumptive surface phenomenon, and the carbon can be
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regenerated and reused. In dechlorination, the chlorine is absorbed
by the pores in the carbon granules and reacts with the carbon to produce
carbon dioxide gas and hydrochloric acid. Therefore, in this process,
carbon is consumed.
Activated carbon systems are more complicated and expensive to
construct and operate than either aeration or sulfur dioxide units. A
capital cost comparison of aeration, sulfur dioxide, and granular
activated carbon dechlorination systems is presented in Table 54. A
sulfur dioxide system has the lowest capital cost; the aeration units,
depending on electrical rates, should have the lowest operating costs.
Aerating systems, however, do accomplish the necessary goal of increasing
the dissolved oxygen concentration in the effluent. A combined system
using aeration and sulfur dioxide might be very cost-effective. The
aeration time required to raise the dissolved oxygen concentration is less
than the aeration time necessary to dechlorinate.
Assuming that the effluent prior to discharge has a dissolved oxygen
concentration of 1 mg/1 and that the final effluent must have 5 mg/1, then
4 mg/1 or approximately 50 pounds of oxygen per day must be added. A
typical design figure for aeration units is four pounds of oxygen transferred
per horse power hour. At this rate, approximately 96 pounds of oxygen
per day could be provided by a one horse power unit.
Allowing for BOD, residual dissolved oxygen requirements, and
continuous supply regulation, two 2 horse power units would be needed.
With a one hour detention time (instead of 8 hours), this system should
be able to meet dissolved oxygen requirements. For dechlorination, sulfur
dioxide could be fed into the tank using the air bubbles for mixing.
This hybrid system is more expensive than the single dechlorination
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system, such as aeration or sulfur dioxide addition, but it appears to
be the least expensive dual purpose system.
The dechlorination capacity depends on the residual chlorine
concentration in the chlorinated wastewater. A pH of 7, a temperature
of 21°C, a final residual chlorine concentration of 0.01 mg/1, and a
3
loading of 1 gpm flows/foot of carbon are assumed for the purpose of
subsequent calculations. Using these assumptions, the dechlorinating
life of 1042 cubic feet of granular activated carbon for incoming residual
chlorine concentrations of 2 and 4 mg/1 is 5.3 and 1.7 years, respectively.
TABLE 54. Costs of Various Dechlorination Processes
Process
Aeration
Sulfur Dioxide
Granular Activated Carbon
Combined Aeration, Sulfur
Dioxide
Capital Cost in $
(1.5 mgd plant)
Operating Cost
in $/1000 gal
150,000
50,000
300,000
80,000
.016
.011
.016+
Source: Calgon Corporation, 1975;
Hinde Engineering Corporation, 1975
Many complex organic compounds including chlorinated forms will be
absorbed into the carbon surface. The resulting effect on the dechlorinating
ability of the carbon should not be significant and the overall quality of
the final effluent should be improved.
Use of ozone as a disinfectant as compared to conventional chlorination
and dechlorination is increasing for a number of reasons. Ozone is a highly
291
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effective disinfectant and leaves no residuals and no dissolved solids.
In addition to the bacterial kills, ozone treatment can purge virus
particles and pollutants, such as surfactants, that survive treatment
with chlorine. Coin (1969) has reported that a little more than 3
minutes of ozone treatment, with 0.4 milligram of ozone per liter of
water, kills all three types of polio virus. Ozone is also capable of
higher reductions of residual BOD and total organic carbon (TOG) than
carbon adsorption polishing, and is fully cost competititve. Furthermore,
ozone is more effective than chlorine against the major taste- and odor-
causing compounds, such as phenols and amines. Chlorination merely
converts these into compounds that are less resistant to oxidation
(Environmental Science and Technology, 1970). The shorter half-life
(20 minutes) of ozone in water, as compared to chlorine, limits its
application because it provides no residual protection against contamination.
This problem, quite pertinent to the treatment of drinking water, apparently
does not exist in the treatment of secondary effluent.
In the process of ozonating effluent considerable amounts of air
or oxygen are introduced into the waste, thus increasing the dissolved
oxygen level of the receiving stream. Therefore, if the ozonation
process were to be adopted for the project, the post-aeration process
could be eliminated.
The two major inputs for a typical ozonation system are air or
oxygen, and electricity. The air usually is first cleaned by filtration,
its moisture removed by a refrigerative unit, and the air is further
conditioned by air adsorptive dryer prior to ozonation. Electrodes with
high voltage up to 20,000 volts are used to produce a corona in the air
supply to generate ozone. The concentration of ozone generated is
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APPENDICES
Technical data in support of the information contained in the report
are presented in Appendices A through F. A record of private communications
appears in Appendix G.
Appendix A - Factors Affecting Development
Appendix B - The River-Bank Trees Along the Olentangy River
Appendix C - Letter from C. E. Faulkner
Appendix D - Letter of US Army Corps of Engineers
NPDES Permit Processing Guidelines No. 26
Appendix E - Visibility Analysis
Appnedix F - Extracts of Applicable Laws of the State of Ohio
Appendix G - Private Communications
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APPENDIX A
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
Five townships, Berlin, Concord, Genoa, Liberty, and Orange, form a
close approximation of the proposed project service area in Delaware County.
A geographic description of each of the geographic boundaries of these
townships are displayed in Figure A-l. Factors affecting the location of
development within each township are discussed in turn.
1. Berlin Township
Major factors affecting the development potential of Berlin
Township are accessibility to major highways, attractiveness of and
accessibility to the Alum Creek Reservoir, depth to bedrock, soil
drainage characteristics, and the suitability of soils for septic
systems. Accessibility of most of the township to the City of Delaware
is excellent and both the interchange of US Route 36 on Interstate 71
and US Route 23 allow good access to population centers in Franklin
County. The Alum Creek Reservoir should attract considerable numbers
of recreation seekers, but is not expected to attract extensive resi-
dential development.
Shallow depth to bedrock in the area of Peachblow and Platt Roads
might cause difficulty in the construction of homes with basements.
Generally, most of the area west of the reservoir has a high water
table and is poorly drained. Almost the entire township is poorly
suited for septic tanks. Each of these soil characteristics contributes
substantially to the costs of development.
Existing residential development is a mixture of old farm structures
and newer large lot, single family homes. These residential areas are
located in strips along existing roads; especially near Cheshire on
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Cheshire Road, along Peachblow Road, and along Shanahan Road. Cheshire
Village has experienced a moderate growth rate. Small areas of commer-
cial development are located near the northeast and southwest corners
of the township. Industrial uses are virtually non-existent in the
township.
There is a potential for moderate development in Berlin Township.
Most of this development should be residential, although there may be
the addition of small areas of neighborhood commercial development
oriented to serving users of the Alum Creek Reservoir. Large lot, single
family residential development may occur in strips along existing roads
near US Route 23, near the intersection of US Route 36 with Interstate 71,
and in the area near the Village of Cheshire.
Most of the small expected amounts of neighborhood commercial
development will probably occur near US Route 23, near the Village of
Cheshire and near the interchange of US Route 36 on Interstate 71.
Some light industrial development can also be expected near the inter-
change of US Route 36 with Interstate 71. Residential development
which can normally be expected near a newly constructed reservoir will
probably not materialize here. The large acreage of government-owned
land around the reservoir will preclude home sites next to the water
and severely restrict the number of potential home sites within sight
of the water.
2. Concord Township
Major factors affecting development in Concord Township are accessi-
bility and soil conditions. Interstate 270, with interchanges at both
Sawmill Road and State Route 161, provides easy access between Columbus
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and most parts of Concord Township. Most of the soils outside of the
Scioto River Drainage Basin area are of a Blount-Pewamo-Morley associa-
tion. These soils present moderate to severe limitations on development
that does not have central sewering.
The Scioto River Drainage Basin area contains Milton-Morley soils
which, primarily because of their better drainage characteristics,
offer greater advantages to development that is not centrally sewered.
As a consequence, most current development in Concord Township is located
near the Scioto River. Erosion is a potential problem in almost all
areas of the township.
Current development in Concord Township is predominately residential.
The two incorporated areas are Shawnee Hills and part of Dublin.
Shawnee Hills has less expensive and older housing than the areas
immediately around it. Thus, much recent housing development has taken
place in the area around, but not in, Shawnee Hills. A high income
residential area is being actively promoted in the Dublin incorporation.
Other residential development in the township is located in scattered
sites on existing thoroughfares and in a few small subdivisions. Generally,
this development lies relatively close to the Scioto River.
Commercial development is entirely of a neighborhood shopping and
service type and is scattered on a few small sites throughout the town-
ship. Industrial development consists of a small site northwest of
Shawnee Hills and a quarry adjacent to 0'Shaughnessy Reservoir.
Potential development for that part of the township which does
not have central sewers is greatest in the area near the Scioto River.
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This development is primarily expected in the Shawnee Hills-Dublin area.
Most development will be residential, although some small commercial
and industrial uses may be attracted to the township.
3. Genoa Township
Major factors affecting the development potential of Genoa Town-
ship are restrictive zoning, accessibility, growth pressures caused
by the presence of Westerville, and soil conditions. Genoa Township
has two separate zoning ordinances. One ordinance, which affects only
small portions of the proposed service area, allows for the reduction
in minimum lot size required for planned unit developments. The other
ordinance, which affects much more of the proposed service area, does
not currently allow such reductions in the existing large minimum lot
size. Accessibility to areas within the township, to Westerville and
to Columbus is excellent. Growth pressures from Westerville, already
expressed by a small annexation, are mitigated by restrictive zoning
ordinances. Poor drainage, a high seasonal water table and poor suit-
ability for septic fields contribute to the cost of any development
in that portion of the township which lies in the project area.
Existing development is predominately residential of both strip
and subdivided varieties. Within the project area there are some
strip residential areas along Worthington-Galena Road and several
small subdivisions near Africa Road and Worthington-Galena Road. Al-
though commercial development is virtually non-existent, there is a
commercially zoned area near the township line on the east side of
Africa Road. Industrial development in the project area is insignifi-
cant in area.
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Potential development within that portion of the project area
lying in Genoa Township will be almost exclusively residential with
some supportive neighborhood commercial uses. Construction of a pro-
posed interchange at Big Walnut Road and Interstate 71 would enhance
residential development and possibly light industrial development
along Big Walnut Road. A possible interchange at Powell Road in
Orange Township would enhance the same type of development, but the
distance from the boundary of Genoa Township to the interchange would
limit the amount of development in Genoa Township. Strict zoning
regulations, if continued, will most certainly retard rapid future
development of all types.
4. Liberty Township
Developmental factors in Liberty Township are planned major growth
for Powell, accessibility to Columbus and the City of Delaware, and
soil conditions. The Village of Powell anticipates large amounts of
growth in the future and is presently in the first steps of implementing
a land use plan and instituting a planning process. The plan envisions
the rapid expansion of Powell from >a village of approximately 400 people
to a city of 30,000 people. Interchanges on Interstate 270 with Sawmill
Road and State Route 315 provide excellent access to Columbus. State
Route 315 provides easy access to the City of Delaware.
Soil conditions present severe limitations for septic tanks, except
for small amounts of Fox soils in the Fox-Eel associations. All soils
have poor bearing values and most soils have poor drainage. The poor
bearing values and poor drainage contribute to development costs.
Milton-Morley soils (steeper slopes) and Fox soils (mostly near the
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Olentangy River) are well drained but need erosion controls to facili-
tate environmentally sound development.
Existing development consists of residential, commercial, and
light industrial uses. Major residential areas consist of strip develop-
ment along Seldom Seen Road, Sawmill Road, and the Jewett Road-Olentangy
River Road area, small clusters in Hyattville and Powell, and several
new subdivisions near Olentangy River Road. Most commercial usage is
in scattered parcels adjacent to US Route 23, or clustered at the center
of the Village of Powell. The major industrial users are Searle
Reference Laboratories, Inc. (just north of Powell) and North Electric
Research Center (on US Route 23).
The greatest potential for development in Liberty Township is for
residential uses. However, there is substantial potential for small
scale commercial and light industrial development. The major concen-
trations of residential development are expected in the area covered
by Powell's land use plan. The plan visualizes the first major resi-
dential growth occuring to the southeast of the present boundaries of
the Village of Powell.
A proposed subdivision, Liberty Woods, located just west of the
Village of Powell may provide another node of residential development.
Neighborhood commercial uses are expected to develop near subdivisions.
Larger commercial uses are expected to eventually develop near the
Village of Powell and along US Route 23 as the population density
increases. Some additional industrial development is expected both
along US Route 23 and along the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad.
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5. Orange Township
Major determinants of development potential in Orange Township
are accessibility to major highways, slope of the land, drainage,
suitability for on-site sewage disposal, and bearing strengths of the
soils. Accessibility to Orange Township from other townships is good.
US Route 23 provides excellent north-south access to the western por-
tion of the township and Interstate 71 extends across the eastern por-
tion. Although there are no interchanges located within the township
one has been proposed for construction, either at Lewis Center and Big
Walnut Roads or at Powell Road.
Accessibility to most points within the township is excellent;
County Roads 10, 21, 13 and 106 serve as feeders to State Routes 315
and 750 and US Route 23. Slopes that might hinder development are
located along the Olentangy River, Alum Creek and tributary streams.
Most of the area west of Alum Creek Reservoir and west of Interstate
71 have soils with combinations of poor drainage, high water table, low
bearing strengths, and poor suitability for sewage disposal. These
factors add to the cost of, but do not preclude, development.
Existing development is primarily strip residential along existing
highways. A large amount of this residential development consists
of new homes. Commercial development is concentrated in strips along
US Route 23. Swan Rubber Company on US Route 23, employing less than
100 people, is the only major industrial activity in the township.
Development potential is strong in several portions of Orange
Township. A 244-acre residential complex is planned west of US Route
23 and north of Powell Road. Impetus provided by the building of this
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complex will set the pattern for a major future node of development.
The increased accessibility to Columbus created by the completion
of any interchanges on Interstate 71 will foster large amounts of
development. An interchange at Lewis Center and Big Walnut Roads would
enhance residential and commercial development both at the interchange
and in the vicinity of Alum Creek Reservoir. Large incentives for
residential development near the reservoir do not exist, because the
government controls most of the land adjacent to or within sight of
the lake. An interchange at Powell Road would enhance residential,
commercial, and light industrial development along Powell Road and, in
general, in the southern portion of the township. Planned improvements
in the Penn Railroad may foster industrial development along its north-
south traverse of the county.
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APPENDIX B
THE RIVER-BANK TREES
ALONG THE OLENTANGY RIVER
The following discussion describes the tree types present along the
riverbank area of the proposed plant site on the Olentangy River. Their
expected periods of existence and replenishment are presented in relation
to their use as a buffer zone for a treatment plant west of the Highbanks
Park. A sycamore-cottonwood-boxelder tree association predominates along
the riverbanks; some oaks, beech, elm, willow, and maples are interspersed.
All of these trees are found on a variety of soil types, but the alluvial
river bottom areas of Ohio are excellent areas for their best and most
rapid growth.
1. American Sycamore
The American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis, is one of the
larger eastern hardwoods. Commonly, it can attain a height of over
100 feet and have a diameter of 3 to 8 feet. Growth is fast, and the
sycamore can live 500 to 600 years. The minimum seed-bearing age for
a sycamore tree is about 25 years, and its optimum seed production
occurs between 50 to 200 years. Sycamore, generally, is not dependable
for seed production after the age of 250 years. The tree usually bears
a good seed crop every 1 or 2 years with some seeds produced every year.
The sycamore seeds are dispersed from September through May of the
spring following ripening. The seeds are widely scattered by the wind
and are also carried by water. Water-borne seeds are deposited on mud-
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flats along river courses. These mudflats usually provide favorable
conditions for germination.
The best seedbeds for sycamore germination are on moist to wet
soils. Reproduction in some instances can be greatly reduced or totally
absent if the leaf mold and other forest litter is too deep. Sycamore
seedlings require direct sunlight to survive. Under favorable conditions
they develop and grow rapidly, at a rate of up to 3 or 4 feet in height
the first year. The sycamore is fast-growing throughout its life. Open-
grown sycamores have a large, usually irregular crown that may spread
out to a diameter of 100 feet. Sycamore is generally classed as being
intermediate in tolerance to shade and competitive ability, and can
compete successfully with cottonwoods and willows.
2. Eastern Cottonwood
The eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides, is a medium- to large-
sized tree that can attain a height of 100 to 175 feet, and a diameter
of 4 to 6 feet. The cottonwood is a relatively short-lived species;
trees over 70 years old begin to deteriorate, and the maximum life span
is no more than two centuries.
Seed production begins when the trees are about 10 years old.
Flowering takes place between February and April before the leaves
appear, and the fruit matures from April through August of the first
year. Seedfall occurs during this period. The optimum seed-bearing
age is from 30 to 40 years; good seed crops are the rule. Much of the
seed is carried from the parent tree by wind and by water. Some water-
borne seeds are left on mud silt deposits. Unless floating on or immersed
in water, the cottonwood seed needs to reach a favorable seedbed and
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germinate very soon after falling from the tree. The seeds remain
viable for several weeks or longer in water, but cannot endure more
than a week of exposure under dry conditions. Germinative capacity
averages about 88 percent. Seedlings grow very slowly at first but
accelerate steadily and rapidly after about three weeks. Full light
for a substantial portion of each day is needed by the seedlings once
they are well established. Within the better part of its range, un-
managed cottonwood stands pass the peak of their growth in about 45
years. On the better sites, the trees often grow two-thirds to one
inch in diameter and 4 to 5 feet in height per year up to 25 to 30
years of age.
The cottonwood is less tolerant to shade than any of its associates
except willow. The willow generally is found on the wetter areas in
which the cottonwood occupies the slightly higher areas. Because of
its intolerance and the absence of suitable seedbeds under existing
stands, the cottonwood does not generally succeed itself, except along
those river areas where there is a significant deposition of fresh soil
material that serves as suitable seedbed material.
3. Boxelder
The boxelder, Acer negundo, is a common and well-known maple. It
is a small to medium-sized tree that reaches a height of 50 to 75 feet
and a diameter of 2 to 4 feet. The boxelder is characterized by an
irregular bole (trunk), a relatively shallow root system, and a bushy,
spreading crown. It is most common on deep, moist soils and is perhaps
the most aggressive of the maples in maintaining itself in unfavorable
locations. The boxelder grows rapidly, but it is a short-lived tree
usually of poor form.
307
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It has sexes on separate trees with greenish-yellow staminate
and pistillate flowers. The stamens are in drooping clusters while the
pistils are in drooping groups. The seeds are winged, in a V-shape,
and are from one and one-half to two inches long. The seed clusters
hang on the trees throughout winter and fall in the following spring.
Most boxelder seeds are dispersed by wind. Growth of the boxelder sap-
lings after germination is usually rapid.
4. Bur Oak
The bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa, is a medium- to large-sized tree
that can grow 80 to 100 feet tall with a diameter of 3 to 4 feet, and
can live 200 to 300 years. It characteristically has a massive trunk
with a broad, open crown of stout branches. The bur oak flowers shortly
after the leaves appear; this period of flowering varies from about
the first of April to about mid-June. The minimum seed-bearing age is
around 35 years, and the optimum age is between 75 and 150 years. Good
seed crops occur every 2 to 3 years. Light crops occur in the inter-
vening years.
The acorns become ripe within the year and drop from the tree
between August and November. Germination usually takes place soon
after seedfall, and reproduction of bur oak in open bottom-land areas
is often prolific. The root growth is rapid, and the taproot penetrates
deeply into the soil before the leaves unfold. Bur oaks are relatively
slow-growing trees. In the sapling stage the taproot development
continues to be rapid, accompanied by abundant lateral growth. The
bur oak is intermediate in shade tolerance.
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5. Swamp White Oak
The swamp white oak, Quercus bicolor, is a medium-sized tree
ranging from 60 to 90 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Some
trees have been reported to be 7 feet in diameter and 100 feet tall.
The root system is relatively shallow, but the tree is relatively long-
lived, up to 300 years or more in some instances.
Good seed crops of swamp white oak generally occur every 3 to 5
years; light crops are produced during the intervening years. The
minimum seed-bearing age is 35 years; the optimum age is between 75 and
200 years. The swamp white oak flowers in May or June, depending upon
its location. The acorns are about one inch long and one-half to three-
quarter inch in diameter, mature in 1 year and fall during the months
of September and October. The principal dispersing agents for the
acorns are rodents, gravity, and water. In the autumn the acorns
germinate shortly after they fall from the parent tree and the root
system grows and develops. This growth is inhibited until the following
spring by low temperatures. The swamp white oak is intermediate in
shade tolerance, and seedlings can become established in moderate shade
conditions. In forest stands, the swamp white oak has a straight trunk
with ascending branches and a fairly narrow crown.
6. Pin Oak
The pin oak, Quercus palustris, is a moderately large tree that
normally grows to a height of 70 to 90 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3
feet. Some specimens 120 feet tall and 4 to 5 feet in diameter have
been found. The pin oak is not a long-lived tree; it usually attains
its physiological maturity in about 80 to 100 years. It has rapid
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height growth and the trunk is well defined and distinct throughout
the crown. In open areas the crown is generally pyrimidal and sym-
metrical in shape. In the forest the pin oak is tall, straight, and
has a relatively narrow crown.
The pin oak flowers in early April to mid-May when or just after
new leaves appear. It takes from 16 to 18 months for the acorns to
develop and they then ripen and fall from September to November.
Germination occurs the following spring. Pin oaks bear seed between
the ages of 25 and 80 years. During good seed crop years approximately
70 percent of the acorns are fully developed and sound as compared to
only about 10 percent during the poorest seed years. When favorable
temperature and moisture conditions exist, shoot growth of the seedlings
starts about the time of leafing-out and continues throughout the
summer. On typical pin oak sites, moisture is not a limiting factor
for seedling survival.
Pin oak is more intolerant of shade than are elm and boxelder.
It is more tolerant than the cottonwood and willow. The pin oak is a
sub-climax tree, but it persists in wet soil areas because it produces
an abundance of fertile seeds and grows more rapidly than most other
trees in the association.
7. Beech
The American beech, Fagus grandifolia, under optimum growing con-
ditions, may become 120 feet tall. Generally they average between 60
to 80 feet in height. They live from 200 to 300 years, and occasionally
more than 300 years.
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The beech flowers in late April and early May when the leaves
are about one-third grown. They generally begin to produce seed when
they are about 40 years old, and by the time they are 60 years old
large quantities of seeds are produced. Good seed crops occur at 2
or 3 year intervals. The beech nuts require one growing season to
mature, and they ripen between September and November. Seed fall
begins after the first heavy frosts have caused the burs to open,
and usually is completed within a period of a few weeks.
The beech seeds germinate from early spring to early summer.
Sometimes germination is slow due to a dormant embryo. On either
mineral soil or leaf litter, germination is good, but on excessively
wet sites it is poor. The beech seedlings develop better under the
shade of a moderate canopy than they do in open areas where the surface
soil may dry out below the depth of the shallow roots. Beech is a
very tolerant tree to shade conditions, and in some parts of its range,
it is the most tolerant species in its association.
8. American Elm
The American elm, Ulmus americana, may grow in the Lake States
to a height of 100 to 125 feet and live 200 years with 300 years not
being rare. The diameters of forest-grown trees may be up to 4 to 5
feet. This species matures at about 150 years of age.
The smooth flower buds of the elm swell in mid-April to early May
and appear 2 to 3 weeks before the leaves unfold. The elm is mostly
wind-pollinated, and the flowers are largely self-sterile. Pollination
may be hampered during a wet spring since the flowers' anthers will not
open in a saturated atmosphere. The fruit ripens in June, and seedfall
is usually completed by late June.
311
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Seed production by the American elm may begin in saplings as early
as 15 years of age, but this fruiting is seldom abundant before the
trees are 40 years old. After this age, seed production continues to
be abundant until the trees are about 150 years old. In closed stands
of trees the seed production is greatest in the exposed tops of the
trees. The winged seeds are light and readily spread by the wind. The
elm seeds usually germinate soon after falling, but some may remain
dormant until the following spring.
The elm seedlings can become established on moist litter and
decaying material such as logs or stumps but not as readily as on
mineral soil. During the first year, their best growth is with about
one-third full sunlight; after the first year or two, best growth is
made in full sunlight. The depth of rooting varies with soil texture
and soil moisture. In wet soils, as along river courses, the root
system is wide spread and most of the roots are within 3 or 4 feet of
the surface.
The elm is intermediate in shade tolerance among the eastern hard-
woods. Once it has become dominant in a mixed hardwood stand, it is
seldom overtaken by other species. However, it also persists as
an understory species under such species as cottonwood and willow. The
Dutch elm disease caused by the wilt fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi, is
presently responsible for serious losses of both elm shade and forest
trees throughout the East and Midwest. This fungus is carried on the
bodies of bark beetles brought to this country presumably in a shipment
*
of elm veneer logs from Europe. Due to its continued spreading across
the country, there is a possibility that the elm trees present in the
312
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buffer zone along the river may be affected by this disease. If
this does happen, then the tall and long-lived elms will be lost and
will not be able to serve as part of the buffer zone for the treatment
plant.
9. Black Willow
The black willow, Salix nigra, can grow to a height of 140 feet
with a diameter of 3 to 4 feet. The black willow is a short-lived tree.
The greatest age recorded for a sound tree is 70 years. The average
black willow matures in 55 years.
Seed production can begin when the tree is 10 years old, but the
optimum seed-bearing ages are from 25 to 70 years. The trees usually
have good seed crops almost every year with only a few interspersed
poor crops. Rare failures result from late freezes after the flower
buds have begun to open. Flowering takes place in May or early June,
and usually occurs after the leaves appear. The seeds mature and fall
between April and July of the following year. When the seeds fall,
the long silky hairs act as wings for the seed. The seeds are widely
distributed by wind action and water systems. Unless the willow seed
is floating on water, it must reach a suitable seedbed within 12 to 24
hours, because its viability is greatly reduced by only a few days of
dry conditions. The germinative capacity is usually high and no dor-
mancy is known. Very moist exposed mineral soil is best for satis-
factory germination and early development. Full sunlight promotes
rapid growth once the seedling is well established. Seedlings, in a
favorable environment, may often grow as much as 4 feet in height the
first year. Moisture is a controlling factor, and the seedlings grow
best when there is abundant moisture available throughout the growing
season.
313
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Open-grown willows along stream and river bottoms are generally
limby and have a fairly large canopy. The willow is also a very weak
tree and is especially subject to wind breakage. Willow is less toler-
ant to shade than any of its associated trees.
10. Red Maple
The red maple, Acer rubrum, may grow under ideal conditions to a
height of 120 feet and a diameter of 5 feet. However, average mature
red maples are usually from 60 to 90 feet in height and from 1-1/2 to
2-1/2 feet in diameter. It is a short to medium-lived tree that seldom
lives longer than 150 years. In northern hardwood associations, red
maple begins to give way to sugar maple and other more tolerant hard-
woods after about 80 years of age.
The red maple is one of the first trees to begin flowering in the
spring. The flowers are perfect structurally but never functionally
perfect. The red maple has a tendency to have the sexes on different
trees. Thus, some of the trees are entirely female, some entirely male,
and some have both male and female flowers, often found on different
branches. The red maple usually has a good seed crop every year. The
fruit, a samara, ripens during the period from March to late June. The
seed of the red maple is the lightest of all maple seeds and their dis-
persant is wind.
The major portion of the seeds germinate in the early summer soon
after falling, but some lie over until the following spring. The seeds
do not need much sunlight to germinate. A thin layer of hardwood leaf
litter poses no impediment to germination if the underlying soil is
moist.
314
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Seedlings on wet sites tend to form short taproots and a long,
well-developed lateral root system. When favorable moisture and light
conditions are available, the seedlings grow rapidly at a rate of
1 foot for the first year, and 2 feet or more annually during the next
few years. Growth is rapid during early life, particularly during the
pole stage, but later growth is not often as well sustained. The red
maple is a subclimax species.
11. Silver Maple
The silver maple, Acer saccharinum, can reach 2 to 4 foot diameters
and heights ranging from 70 to 120 feet. Some trees have occasionally
grown to diameters of 5 feet or more. Under good moisture and light
conditions it may grow as much as one-half inch in diameter a year.
Its most rapid period of growth is during the first 50 years. The
silver maple is a short-lived tree that seldom lives over 125 years.
The silver maple flowers from February to April, and its fruit
ripens from April to mid-June. The flowers are vulnerable to frost
damage due to this early flowering habit. The silver maple is a very
prolific seeder, and it usually has a good seed crop every year. It
has the largest sized seed of all the native maples. Forest-grown trees
begin their seed production when 35 to 40 years of age. The seeds,
after they have ripened, fall over a period of 10 to 20 days during the
spring. They are largely distributed by wind, but some are also dis-
seminated by water. Due to the seeds' sensitivity to drying, their
viability is so transient that they must rapidly germinate after falling.
When the seeds are dispersed their moisture content is approximately 60
percent. They will experience a complete loss of viability when "their
moisture content drops to 30 to 40 percent.
315
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The best seedbed for the seeds is moist mineral soil with a con-
siderable amount of organic matter. The seedlings' growth is rapid
during the first year, and they may grow as much as 1 to 3 feet high.
The silver maple is usually found in mixed hardwood stands, and it is
moderately tolerant to shade on good soil sites.
12. Summary
Of the trees along the river bank area, the sycamore, cottonwood,
bur oak, pin oak, American elm, black willow, and silver maple, will
tend to be the tallest in the buffer zone. The other trees, the box-
elder, swamp white oak, American beech, and red maple, are moderate in
height and will also make up a substantial portion of the buffer zone.
All of these trees, when considered together, will act as a barrier to
reduce the visibility of the plant to the park areas and to help reduce
the transmission of odors or noise from the plant. The additional
planting of other evergreen and deciduous trees around the plant site
would also reduce any visual impacts of the plant to the park areas.
The trees within this area should be able to reproduce and main-
tain themselves adequately throughout the life span of this proposed
project. The soil and moisture conditions present in the buffer zone
are adequate for growth and should be able to furnish good seedbeds for
the trees to be replenished. This association of trees is a typical
riverine grouping that is common along river systems in this part of the
State of Ohio.
316
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APPENDIX C
LETTER FROM C. E. FAULKNER
United States Department of the Interior
HSilANDWIIUMlKSIRVK-H IH«,LVK«»TO:
Fcdcr;il Hui!Jiii«, fort Snelinig ES-PER
Twin Cities, Minnesota 55 I ! 1
M M ^ L- ,riT 21 197S
Mr, Ned h. Wilnams
Ohio HPA RE: Powell Sewage Treatment Plant
450 East. Town Street Powell, Ohio
P.O. Box 1049 Board of County Commissioners
Columbus, Ohio 43216 Delaware County
OEFA Permit No: K 901 *AD
Dear Mr. llillians:
The U..c. Fish and Wildlife Service has reviewed the referenced proposed
facility and associated material describing the discharges and condi-
tions under which the applicant proposer-, to operate the facility. This
supercedes cur letter of March 24, 1975. Our comments ?re rubmitced
under the authority of ana in accordance with the provisions of the
Fish and Uildlife Coordination Act (48 Stat. 401> as -wended; 16 U.S.C.
661 et sect,}.
On March 24, 1975, the Service sent, a "no action" letter to Mie Ohio f.r-
vironniental Protection Agency (EPA) to indicate that we die' not nave
awileble recc'jrccs, at. the tir.,i, to i^ke an investigation of the ap-
plicant's prop:;sod facility wl present our commits r>>;-j rf.r.onn^'i'j-t'ior;;
The subjoc-' p:rr. fit Lst.uir;cj effective i'ay 6, 1975, 3inc^ uor. ti;..e.', ?os-
siblc1 problems of having the1 sewage t.refitinsnt. plaiit (c"i?) located at x!-t
proposed r-itc 'jnd ch:-.charging into tiic- Olentengy River r?ve Lccrn broujln
to our attention by several sources. For this reason a biologist, from
our Lebanon, Ohio, field office made in ons-He in"c-riratios, of the p'."o-
pos-stJ plc-nt site on Hay 28, 1975. O'.ir roncprns, v.irlch are exp":air,e'J
below, arc folii.n'/oc! by recoM^i.daticn: tiia t; we fiovs df/terr;;incd to be
ncco'isar.;' to protect fish end wildlife rc-sourcrs of the ?ffrcteci areas.
The applicant proposes to construct a sewage treatment olort with an
averafjc Affluent flo,, of 1.5 million call on.- per oay (:,'?!)) cti)proxi-
mately one-fourth mile north of the Delawpre-Fra'ik'iin C-ornty line. K'e
understcipd that the location of the 31T; will be within v;e flood plair,
but above the 100-year flood level. A March ?.S, 1975 i.-.c-rporandum from
the U.S. LPA further indicated that the initial cepacily of the STP
would be 1.5 MCD with a 3.4 MGD peak tiow capacity. Further expansion
is planned to 6.0 MGD with 9.6 MGD peak flow. The effluent, will enter
the OlffirLuiKjy River opposite the Mign?:anks Metropolitan Park located
north of the FranUiiv-Dolaware County line. The affected reach of the
Oleniangy River represents one of several streams in central Ohio with
a water quality adequate to support a substantial warmwater sport fish-
ery as indicated by the following surveys.
\ 317
-------
2.
In a partial creel survey conducted on the Olentangy River from June 3,
1974 to September 24, 1971 (Weber, 1974) fishermen were interviewed on
each of the 49 survey days at three 1,000-meter reaches of the rivcr--at
Powell Road, 1-270, and Henderson Road. The Powell Road site is charac-
teristic of the natural river and is located about 1 mile upstream
from the proposed outfall. At the intersection of Interstate 270, the
Ohio Department of Transportation has constructed a series of 5 artifi-
cial riffle-pool complexes which provide fish habitat along with a well
maintained public access. This area is located about 2 miles down-
stream from the proposed outfall. The sampling area at Henderson Road,
4 miles below the outfall, is characteristic of an old channelized
river in an advanced stage of recovery. Tiie creel census data v/as ex-
trapolated to include the entire June-September period for these three
sites. The summarized data follow:
Total fishermen 1,560
Number fishermen-hours 2,753
Number of fish caught 1,079
Groups and species of fish caught expressed as a percentage include:
Rock Bass 34%
Sunflsh 29^
Smallmouth bass 2C«
Channel catfish 6%
Other 5%
More detailed creel census information is given in Table 1 of the Ap-
pendix. In addition, extensive elcctrofishing has been done in these
three 1,000-meter sections of the river. This data is compiled by
month in Table 2 r,f the Appendix. The fish population, which includes
smallioouth bass and pan fish in abundance, ic- indicative of a h?s1J:hy
warniwater stream environment.
The Ohio State University.. -opr.-tment of Zoology, conducted ether fish-
ery surveys of the affected r^-cnes of the Olentangy River and have
found the spotted darter (j[t!xx>stp_me m^^uvaTa), an endangered fish for
the State of Ohio (Ohio's Endangered" Wild Animals, Publication 316., Ohio
Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife). Further, dead
shells of two State of Ohio endangered rnollusks, cob shsll (.Qu_ad_r_u_l_a_
cyjjjndri ca) and northern riff To shell (Fpioblasma torulpr.a ranniana),
were found in a November 1974 study of tne area (Stein, 1975).
Two parameters limited in the proposed permit could be detrimental to
aquatic life, especially during low-flow conditions: ammonia which is
limited to 1.5 mg/1 for both a 30-day mean and a 7-day mean during the •
12-month period, and residual chlorine which is limited to 0.5 rng/1.
318
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3.
MD il9 DJ zed_Ammoirja
Various fish species have yielded mean 96-hour LCgQ values of 0.29 to
0.89 nig/1 of un-ionized ammonia (Ball 1967). Exposure of carp to sub-
letfial un-ionized annionia concentrations in the range of 0.11 to 0.34
mg/1 resulted iri extensive necrotic changes and tissue disintegration
in various organs (Flis, "(968). The maximum acceptable concentration
of un-ionized oiinonia in water is 0.05 of the 96-hour LC5g. We under-
stand that the un-ionized ammonia form is very persistent in the aque-
ous medium. If pi! and temperature remain constant, un-ionized ammonia
remains toxic until dilution reduces the concentration.
The concentration of toxic un-ionized ammonia is calculated from the
concentration of total ammonia limited in the proposed permit. Since
the percentage of resulting un-ionized ammonia is dependent on pH and
temperature, these parameters must be considered in the calculations.
Using a pH of 9 allowable in the proposed permit, and a maximum tem-
perature of 30° C5 the final limitation of un-ionized ammonia could bs
0.81 nig/1 (Tiiuvston, et al., 1974). U. S. EPA (1973) recommends that
the concentre.lic'ri of un-ionized arwiioriia be limited to 0.02 mg/1, or
less} for the protection of aquatic life. A dilution factor of 40.5
would be requires to reduce un-icr.ized emrnonia concentration ~;-o >">on-
toxic leve/is urioe-r these conditions. \'e understand frcrn the U. S.
Arciy, Co.'ps of fir.rriiieerr. '~{~.'J'. thr- iyr!r;i:,.i,!ii flov; relasse from thj Dela-
ware Reservoir ii set ai t fv'/ic. feet: per second (cFs) or 3.232 MGD.
The 7-day 2-year low flor/ for the Olentengy River at Stratford is
3.736 f-;GD (Cross, 1965). Under such conditions effluent from the pro-
posed facility would only be diluted 2.5 times, thus alien-ring toxic
concentrations of un-ionized ammonia beyond the mixing zone.
Although the above values are possible, the following table utilized
ranges of data from the U. S. Geological Survey, i'ater Resources Data
for C:rip_ collected at the gauging station on the- (Jicntangy "River near
Worthington, Ohio.
Table 1 indicates that under certain physical and chemical conditions
likely to occur in The Qlc.ntar.gy River, uri-iormecl am:r,onia will be
toxic to aquatic life. During peak load operations of the STP end wit!)
the increased volume of discharge due to projected expansion of the
applicant's facilities, the concentration of un-ionized ammonia remains
toxic at a lower pH and temperature. Such concentrations of toxic am-
monia could exist in the Olentangy River over extended periods of the
year.
/
In addition to the insurance of a minimum release of 5 cfs from the
Delaware Reservoir, we understand from Corps of Lngineers personnel
that additional water (20 to 40 cfs total) has been released from the
319
-------
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4.
reservoir to aid in controlling pollution of the Scioto River below
Columbus, Ohio. There is, however, no binding '"jreemcnt for this pol-
lution abatement measure. An independent water treatment firm uses
water from the Olentangy River downstream from the Delaware Reservoir.
If the STP is built, this firm plans to increase its operations, which
would decrease flews of the river affected by the proposed STP. Table
2 indicates periods of the water years 1961 to 1970 when the flow in
the Olentangy River v/as 20 cfs or less, at which times (11.4%) such
flows, under conditions indicated, would be inadequate to dilute toxic
levels of un-ionized ammonia. It should also be noted that low-flow
conditions are usually associated with the summer and early autumn when
water temperatures of the streams are near maximum upper limits. The
minimum flow for the consecutive 10-year period v/as 7.6 cfs.
TABLE 2. Periods of 4 consecutive days (96 hours), or more, in which
the flow in Olentangy River near Worthington was 20 cfs, or
less for water years 1961 to 1970.
Water year (Oct.-Sept.) Total number of days Periods (of 4 or more
with flow at 20 consecutive days)
cfs or less
1961 36 Dsc. 9-13; Dec. 17-Jan. 13
19GR 50 May 23-27; Jim. 2-5; Jun.
8-11; Jun. 13-23; Jun. 25-
Jul. 2
1963 26 Jun. 26-Jul. 1; Jul. 7-12;
Sept. 4-11; Sept. 14-30
1964 110 Oct. 1-Nov. 6; Nov. 24-
Jan. 17; Sept. 13-19; Sept,
21-30
1965 59 Oct. 1-Nov. 16; Jun. 21-30
1966 15 Sept. 13-19; Sept. 23-30
1967 36 Oct. 1-10; Oct. 12-15;
Oct. 18-24; Sept. 13-27
1968 25 Oct. 1-5; Oct. 11-18; Sept.
14-21
1969 41 Oct. 12-16; Oct. 19-28;0ct.
Nov. 6
1970 • 18 ' Sept. 13-30
321
-------
5.
jResI dua 1 Chi on' no
The toxicity of chlorine in water to aquatic life depends on the con-
centration of residual chlorine and choramines v/hich are formed when
chlorine is in contact with nitrogenous materials. Choramines, how-
ever, are not monitored in the proposed permit. It has been shown that
total numbers of fish and diversity of fishes in receiving waters are
drastically reduced by chlorinated sewage effluents (Tsai, 1968, 1970).
Zillich (1972) determined that the threshold toxicity for fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) was 0.04-0.05 mg/1 residual chlorine.
The survival of Gamniarus, an important food source for game fish, was
reduced at 0.04 mg/1 and reproduction was reduced at 0.0034 mg/1.
U.S. EPA (1973) recommends that the concentration of residual chlorine
in the receiving waters should not exceed 0.003 mg/1 at any time or
place for the protection of aquatic life. If 0.5 mg/1 were discharged,
a dilution factor of about 166 would be required to reduce residual
chlorine concentrations to non-toxic levels. Again, under low-flew
conditions of 3.736 MGD, the effluent would be only diluted 2.5 times.
It can be concluded that if concentrations of arnnon'ie and residual
chlorine described in the issued permit are. allov/cd, important popula-
tions of game fish along with forage fish and aquatic invertebrates
will be seriously reduced or eliminated in the Olentangy River.
RF.COMI€NDATIGNS
It is recommended that the permit for the proposed discharge be modified
to include the following conditions:
1. Thst the effluent limitation on ammonia nitrogen should be
such that un-ionized ammonia concentration in the receiving
waters will not exceed 0.02 mg/1. Further, we recommend
that ammonia nitrogen be ultimately limited in the receiving
waters as determined by bioassays, performed by the applicant
within tv/o yc?rs after permit ii,suance» using the receiving
water and the most sensitive aquatic fish and/or inverte-
brate species in the locality to determine possible acute
and chronic effects of the discharge on these organisms.
Provided further, that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
and other interested Federal and State agencies will be
afforded the opportunity to review the results of these
bioassays and submit subsequent recommendations.
2. That the effluent limitation on residual chlorine should
be such that it will not exceed 0.003 mg/1 in the receiving
waters.
322
-------
6.
K!e would appreciate a response to this letter as to what action you
plan to, take with respect to our recommendations.
LITERATURE CITED '
Ball, I.R. 1967. The relative suscepribilites of some species of
freshwater fish to poisons. I. Ammonia. Water Research 1:767-775.
Cross, W.P. 1965. Low-flow frequency and storage-requirement indices
for Ohio Streams . Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, Bulletin 40.
Flis, J. 1968, Histopathological changes induced in carp (Cypriiius
carjrip_L.) by ammonia water. Acta Hydrobiol. 10 (h): 205-238.
Stein, C.B. 1975. The naiads (Phylum Mollusca, family Unionidae) of
the Olentangy River between Powell Road and 1-270, Delaware and
Franklin Counties, Ohio. Ohio State University Museum of Zoology,
Columbus, Ohio. Jan. 1975.
Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C., and K. Emerson, 1974. Aqueous ammonia
equilibrium calculations. Technical Report No. 74-1 s July. Fisheries
Bioassey Laboratory, f'iontana State University.
Tsa'i , C.P. '!:>6fe. iiffecio c-r ^li'sOf-'indit-a ~;.w<\gc effluet-ls oi'i fish in
ilnr-r-v P •>•!•• iv ^p-;- R-ivr-" M--»"v'l -Mir' r'npc-iri;v ("•• ^ri <"> (?}• P'-i-Q'^
U |-^'L" i ! u v\J Au! i t/ i\ i \ 'J • 5 i tv* i y I n ! !L' * v,. I it .--u j -'JCJ. i\-S. vL I . ^ \ {. j • OO ~>O •
Tsai j C.F. 1970, Changes in fish populations and migration in rela-
tion to increased sewage pollution in Little Patuxent River, Maryland.
Chesapeake Sci. 11 (1): 34-41.
U.S. EPA. 1972. M§I_SlLaJJ'ty -ClL1"-?!1.0- 1S72 U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington," D.'C. '594 p.
Zillich, J,.A. 1972. Toxicity of combin(?d chlorine residuals to fresh
water fish. Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed. 44:212-220.
i
Sincerely yours,
r. FAULKNER
.
Acting Regional Director
cc: U.S. EPA, Permits Branch, Chicago
Chief, Ohio Div. of Wildlife, Columbus
Mr. Boussu, NMFS, Gloucester
Mr. Edward F. Hutchins, Metropolitan Park District of Columbus
and Franklin Counties, Hesterville
Mr. John T. Cuneo, Enviro Control, Rockville
Mr. ilarlen Hirt, Region 5 Planning Branch, U.S. EPA, Chicago
323
-------
APPENDIX D
LETTER OF US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
NPDES PERMIT PROCESSING GUIDELINE NO. 26
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
HUNTINGTON DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P. O. BOX 2127
HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA 23721
REPLY TO
ATTENTION OF:
ORHED-HO 11 August 1975
Mr. John Cuneo
Enviro Consultants
1530 East Jefferson Street
Rockville, Maryland 20852
Dear Mr. Cuneo:
The estimated 7-day, 10-year low-flow for the Olentangy River below
Delaware Dam, which you requested by phone 24 July 1975, is 5.2 c.f.s.
The present low-flow release schedule for Delaware Lake is tabulated
below:
Period Scheduled Discharge
1-10 July 25
11-20 July 25
20-31 July 35
1-20 August 40
21-31 August 35
1 September-31 October 20
Minimum Release 5
Low-flow discharges as listed above are released from storage when
inflows are insufficient to maintain the required flows.
Storage for low-flow releases were authorized during the planning phase
of Delaware Dam and the schedule of releases has been periodically
adjusted to better serve the needs of the Olentangy and Scioto River
Basins.
Any future changes in release schedules or minimum discharges must be
throughly investigated to ascertain that the best all-around use is made
of the limited storage available for that purpose.
-------
ORHED-HO 11 August 1975
Mr. John Cuneo
Median flow for the Olentangy River at Worthington, Ohio, is computed to
be 66.6 mgd. Median flow is defined as that flow which is exceeded 50
percent of the time and is not necessarily the same as the mean or
average flow.
Sincerely yours,
HAROLD W. BEEME
Chief, Engineering Division
2
325
-------
TABLE D-l. Number of Fish Caught in Olentangy
River, May - November 1974
Month
May
June
July
August
and
September
November
May
through
November
Fish
Channel Catfish and Bullheads
Carp
Smallmouth Bass
Rock Bass
Sunfish
Other
Catfish and Bullheads
Carp
Smallmouth Bass
Rock Bass
Sunfish
Other
Catfish and Bullheads
Carp
Smallmouth Bass
Rock Bass
Sunfish
Other
Catfish and Bullheads
Carp
Smallmouth Bass
Rock Bass
Sunf ish
Other
Catfish and Bullheads
Carp
Smallmouth Bass
Rock Bass
Sunfish
Other
Catfish and Bullheads
Carp
Smallmouth Bass
Rock Bass
Sunfish
Other
Powell
Road
4
36
29
18
92
54
6
46
66
77
134
133
3
86
19
114
153
103
8
55
23
68
119
125
17
43
137
168
169
426
38
266
274
217
667
841
1-270
10
64
101
33
153
87
4
64
143
101
501
138
18
71
134
75
424
239
10
44
108
26
191
153
25
46
307
102
494
257
67
289
793
337
1763
874
Henderson
Road
2
86
8
3
11
125
5
109
5
1
61
123
11
60
9
6
113
110
3
18
4
2
34
117
16
48
21
4
72
450
37
321
47
16
291
925
Source: Adopted from Griswold, Bernard, private communication, 1975
326
-------
March 27, 1974
PPA: March 12, 1975
NPDES Permit Processing Guideline No. 26
QUESTION:
POLICY:
What is the most stringent requirement OEPA will specify
for existing public and semi-public facilities?
Effluent requirements for existing public and semi-public
facilities shall not be more stringent than the following
Existing Semi-Public Facilities
Constituent
BOD5
SS
NH3, N, July thru Oct.
Nov. thru June
Fecal Coliform
P* (1)
DO *(2)
Monthly Average
8 mg/1
8 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
2.5 mg/1
200 counts/100 ml
1.0 mg/1
Existing Public Facilities under 0.5 mgd capacity
10
12
1.0
2.5
200
1.0
SS
N, July thru Oct.
Nov. thru June
Fecal Col i form
P*(l)
D0*(2)
Existing Public Facilities over 0.5 mgd capacity
BOD5 8
SS 8
NH3, N, July thru Oct. 1.0
Nov. thru June 2.5
Fecal Col i form 200
P*(l) 1.0
D0*(2)
Weekly Average
12 mg/1
12 mg/1
1.5 mg/1
5.0 mg/1
400 counts/100 ml
1.5 mg/1
15
18
1.5
5.0
400
1.5
12
12
1.5
5.0
400
1.5
New sources are to be in conformance with the permit to install
regulations.
*(1) See NPDES Permit Processing Guideline No. 24
*(2) DO: 6.0 mg/1 minimum for warm water fishery; 6.5 mg/1 minimum for cold
water fishery.
327
-------
Page 2
POSITION PAPER
A. BOD5 -
B. Suspended
Solids -
C. Ammonia
(NH3) -
Justification included in the position paper for NPDES Permit
Processing Guideline No. 25.
The U.S. EPA's Technology Transfer Manual entitled Process De-
sign Manual for Suspended Sol ids Removal - January, 1975, clear-
ly indicates that monthly and weekly average effluent levels of
8 mg/1 and 12 rng/1, respectively, can normally be met with the
following processes, which are listed in order of reliability:
1.) Filtration of chemically treated secondary effluent.
2.) Filtration of effluent from secondary biological treatment.
3.) Secondary Treatment followed by microscreens.
Jeffrey Van Atten's thesis, which was prepared for the Univer-
sity of Cincinnati during 1969, entitled, A Field Study on the
Effect of a Surface _Sand_Fi1_ter for Polishing the Effluent from
an Extended Aeration Plant, disclosed that the suspended solids
levels in question can be obtained.
In summary, the above treatment schemes are capable of obtain-
ing the specified suspended solids effluent levels when pro-
perly applied.
1.) Summer
a.) Suspended Growth Systems - Nitrification can be
accomplished in either single-stage or two-stage systems.
Single-stage systems include activated sludge, contact
stabilization, extended aeration, and oxidation ditches.
The Flint Wastewater Treatment Plant, which was described
in October, 1972 JWPCF, is an activated sludge plant
which was designed to obtain an effluent ammonia nitrogen
limitation of 0.5 mg/1. The design detention times in the
aeration tanks, including the return sludge, was 7.0 hrs.
at average flow and 5.0 hrs. at maximum flow.
The Ohio EPA monitoring program, conducted during the
summer of 1973, disclosed that well operated extended
aeration plants consistently produced average NH3 - N
effluent values of less than 1.0 mg/1. Six extended
aeration plants are included in this survey. This
efficiency was improved by surface sand filters, not
appreciably affected by rapid sand filters and micro-
strainers, and reduced by tertiary lagoons. The study
also indicated that oxidation ditches accomplish high
degrees of nitrification (0.2 mg/1 average NH? - N
obtained from the one underloaded plant tested.)
328
-------
Page 3
b.) Fixed Growth Systems - A high degree of ammonia re-
removal can be obtained with plastic media trickling fil-
ters which follow secondary treatment plants. Buddies
and Richardson in their paper OP. studies at Midland, Mich.
entitled, Application of Plastic Media Trickling Filters
for Biological Nitrification Systems, reported that,
"High level nitrification can be achieved in summer at
application rates in the range of 1.0 - 1.5 gpm/sq. ft.,
and winter application rates in the range of 0.5 gpm/
sq. ft. plus recycle." However, "There appears to be a
final effluent limitation for ammonia nitrogen in the
range of 1 - 2 nig/1. ' F. F. Sampayo in his paper entitled,
The Use of Nitrification Towers at Lima, Ohio reported
that, "Ammonia nitrogen levels of less than 0.5 mg/1 can
be achieved by using plastic media trickling filters."
2.) Winter
a.) Suspended Growth Systems - The U.S. EPA technology
transfer bulletin entitled, Nitrification and Dentri-
fication Facilities, August. 1973, states that "It has
been well established that no treatment plants, including
those of the extended aeration type, are capable of accom-
plishing complete nitrification, year round, in our
Northern States." It is obvious that winter temperatures
reach levels in Ohio which greatly affect nitrification.
The Ohio EPA monitoring program conducted during the win-
ter of 1974 disclosed that variable degrees of nitrifica-
tion are obtained with extended aeration plants. One of
the plants yielded an average NH3 - N effluent of 2.7 mg/1
for 8 tests; however, 4 of the 8 tests provided effluent
NH3 - N levels of 0.3 mg/1 or less. The other extended
aeration plant tested provided an average effluent of
4.6 mg/1. Tests on an oxidation ditch produced an average
effluent level of 0.6 mg/1 (all of the values were less
than 1.5 mg/1).
b.) Fixed Growth Systems - Our winter monitoring program
disclosed that a single-stage plastic media trickling fil-
ter plant produced an average NH3 - N effluent level of
1.3 mg/1 (all of the 7 tests results were below 1.7 mg/1).
The study conducted by Duddles and Richardson (noted under
C-l-b) disclosed that the system had shown consistent and
stable performance in the winter; however, the winter appli-
cation rates must be in the range of 0.5 gpm/sq. ft. plus
recycle. They further noted that, "If a system is to be
designed for high level performance throughout the year,
i.e. producing an effluent of 1.5 mg/1 of ammonia nitrogen
at a treatment facility located in a northern climate, the
system design would have to be based on a relatively low
influent feed rate." Sampay's study (noted under C~l-b)
provided the following information:
329
-------
Page 4
l) Ammonia oxidation thiuuyh the tower is graatly
reduced during the winter.
2} At the loadings investiga^H ammonia nitrogen levels
of less than 1.0 mg/1 NH3 cannot be achieved in cold
weather.
3) Although winter time operation produces a higher
NH3 - N content in the plant effluent, the increase
in NH3 discharge should not be deleterious to the
stream since nitrification in the stream will be
inhibited due to cold weather. The inhibition of
nitrification in the stream will prevent lowering of
the stream water D.O. due to the nitrogenous oxygen
demand.
In summary, it is clear that some plants in Ohio are
obtaining ammonia effluent levels of 2.5 mg/1 monthly
average and 5.0 mg/1 weekly average, during winter
time operation. However, the information indicates
that high levels of winter ammonia removal are not
assured with conventional type treatment plants and,
therefore, cannot be adequately justified.
D. Fecal Coliform -
The effluents limits specified are those used in the
regulations contained in 40 CFR 133, which was intended
to provide information on the level of effluent quality
attainable through the application of secondary treatment.
Section 301(b)(l)(B) of PL 92-500 requires that effluent
limitations, based on secondary treatment, be achieved for
all publicly owned treatment works in existence on
July 1, 1977.
E. Phosphorous -
F. Dissolved Oxygen -
The position paper for NPDES Permit Processing Guide!
No. 24 is applicable.
ine
It is obvious that dissolved oxygen levels up to the
effluent's saturation point can be obtained with conservatively
designed reaeration facilities. Guideline 17 outlines
what dissolved oxygen limitations are applicable.
330
-------
April 30, 1975
PPA: April 30, 1975
NPDES Permit Processing Guideline No. 26.1
QUESTION: What is the most stringent requirement OEPA will specify for existing public
and semi-public facilities?
POLICY: Effluent requirements for existing public and semi-public facilities shall
not be more stringent than the following:
POSITION
PAPER:
Constituent
60D5
ss
NH3-N - July thru Oct.
Fecal Coliform
Phosphorus P
DO*
Monthly Average
10 mg/1
12 mg/1
1.5 mg/1
200 counts/100 ml
1.0 mg/1
Weekly Average
15 mg/1
18 mg/1
2.5 mg/1
400 counts/100 ml
1.5 mg/1
The Position Paper for NPDES Permit Processing Guideline No. 26 demonstrates th&
the BODc,, SS, and summer NH^-N limitations can be obtained with available
technology. The limitations are slightly less stringent than those in
Guideline No. 26, in order to provide some flexibility in the degree of
reliability which must be designed into the treatment works. Since waste
load allocations are based on the annual minimum 7 day average flow which
has a recurrence period of once in ten years, this flexibility in the
reliability of the treatment works is considered appropriate.
The winter NH3-N limitation has been removed from the list of constituents
because biological nitrification is severely inhibited by low winter temperature
It is anticipated that treatment works designed to obtain high percentage
summer NH3-N removal will obtain lower but parallel levels of NH3-N removal
during the winter. Also, the information relative to winter nitrification
included in the Position Paper for NPDES Permit Processing Guideline No. 26
is applicable.
*See Guideline 17
331
-------
APPENDIX E
VISIBILITY ANALYSIS
The following 16 figures describe vertical profiles of the landscape
in 16 different directions from the proposed site. Figure 41 on page 262
describes the direction and extent of each profile. Each of the pro-
files in this appendix shows the proposed STP on the left. The placement
of the STP in no way affects the accuracy of the determined limits of
visability.
332
-------
+J
QJ
900 '
890 -
880
870 '
860 '
850 •
840
c 830 -I
o
5 820 1
•3 810 J
800 -
790 •
780
770 -
760 -
750
limits of
visibility
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plant in feet
4000
PROFILE 1
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
333
-------
limits of
visibility
930-
920
910
900
890
880"
870'
« 860
c 850
•r—
§ 8401
•r—
5 830J
QJ
^ 820"
810-
800
790
780
770-
760-
750-
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plant in feet
4000
PROFILE 2
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
334
-------
zone of
restricted
visibility
930.
920
910
900
890
880
870-
« 860 -
o>
c 850 •
§ 840 •
•r~
£ 830-
QJ
^ 820-
810-
800-
790-
780-
770-
760-
750 •"
/
limits of
visibility
with foliage
winter
limits of
visibility
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plant in feet
4000
PROFILE 3
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
335
-------
limits of
visibility
930 •
920 •
910 -
900 -
890 •
880 •
870 •
a! 860 •
M-
c 850 •
o 840 1
| 830 "I
* 820 -
810 -
800
790 •
780 '
770
760
750
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plant in feet
4000
PROFILE 4
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
336
-------
940
930
920
910
900
890
880
870
g 8601
«*-
c 850-1
I 840-1
I 8301
OJ
820-
810-
800'
790-
780-
770-
760-
750J
limits of
visibility /
with foliage (
r
winter
limits of
visibility
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plant in feet
4000
PROFILE 5
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
337
-------
limits of
visibility
930
920
910
900
890
880
870
860
-------
limits of
visibility
4,
O)
CD
930
920-
910 •
900 •
890 -
880-
870
860 '
850-
840-
830-
820-
810'
800-
790-
780-
770-
760'
750-
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plant in feet
4000
PROFILE 7
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
339
-------
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o
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IO
o
o
CD
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to
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340
-------
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341
-------
930-
920-
910-
900-
890-
880-
870-
860 -
QJ
£ 850 i
* 840
830
820
810
800
790
780
770
760
750
c
o
re
QJ
0
limits of
visibility
with foliage
winter
limits of
visibility
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plane in feet
PROFILE 10
4000
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
342
-------
O)
930
920
910
900 -I
890
880 •
870 •
860 -
850 -
840 -
E 830 -I
fO
I 820 J
810 .
800 .
790
780 .
770 -
760-
750 -
winter
limits of
visibility
limits of
visibility
with foliage
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plant in feet
PROFILE 11
4000
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
343
-------
930-
920-
910-
900-
890-
880'
870"
^ 860-
OJ
" 8501
c
" 840
830-1
I 820
810 -\
800
790
780
770
760
750
limits of
visibility
1000 2000 3000
distance from treatment plant in feet
PROFILE 12
4000
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
344
-------
winter
limits of
visibility
930
920
910
900
890
880
870
860
+j
-------
930
920
910
900
890
880
870
,
8501
§840
<"820
810
800
790
780
770
760
750
r-
0
. winter
limits of
visibility
limits of
visibility
with foliage
1000 2000 3000 4000
distance from treatment plant in feet
5000
PROFILE 14
Source: Enviro Control, Inc., 1975
346
-------
930
920
910
900
890
880
870
S860
t-
c850
o840
5830
OJ
810
800
790
780
770
760
750
winter
limits c
visibili
limits of
visibility
1000 2000 3000 4000
distance from treatment plant in feet
5000
PROFILE 15
Source: Enviro Control, Inc.
347
-------
o
o
•o
00
o
.0
o
o
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o
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APPENDIX F
EXTRACTS OF APPLICABLE LAWS OF THE STATE OF OHIO
'•7 ] 'v:'" *'.
, \ COUXTIRS
46
3. A county is without authority in law to join
with a city in the joint acquisition and ownership
of a building for the housing of county and city
offices, but may puisuant to CC § 2450-1 (RC
§ 307.14) cl scq, conlntct with a city for the erection
by the county of a buidling to house all such offices;
and pursuant to such contract, such city may turn
•over to the county piopcrty real 01 pcisonab useful
for such purpose, including the proceeds of bonds
issued by the niiniicip.ility: 1952 OAG No.1573.
4. Such contiact may be for such term as the
county and city m.iy agree upon or for an indefinite,
term, and may provide for an agreed icntal basis and
costs of maintenance: 1952 OAG No.1573.
§ 307.15 Agreements authorized between
board of county commissioners and other legisla-
tive authorities; relative powers and duties. (GC
§ 2450-2)
The board of county commissioners may enter
into an agreement with The legislative authority
of any municipal corporation, school district, li-
brary district, health district, park district, soil
conservation district, water conservancy district.
or other taxing district, or with the board of any
other county, and such legislative authorities may
_ enter into agreements with the_ board, whereby,
such board undertakes, and is authorized by the
contracting subdivision, to exercise any power,
perform any function, or render any service,~ih
.behalf of the contracting subdivision or its leggs-
-lative authority, which such subdivision or legis-
lative authority may exercise, perform, or render.
Upon the execution ot such agreement and
within the limitations prescribed by it, the, board
_ may exercise the same; powers as the contracting
subdivision possesses with respect to the .perform-
ance of any function nr the rendering of any
service, which, by such agreement, it undertakes,
. to perform or rentier, and all powers necessary
or incidental thereto, ns amply as such powers are
possessed and exercised by the contracting sub-
division directly. In the absence in such agree-
ment of provisions determining by what officer,
office, department, agency, or authority the
powers and duties of the board shall be exercised
or performed, the board shall determine and
assign such powers and duties. Sections 307.14
to 307.19, inclusive, of the Revised Code, or any
agreement authorized by such sections, shall not
suspend the possession by a conli acting sub-
division of any power or function exercised or
performed by the board in pursuance of such
agreement. Nor shall the board, by virtue of any
agreement entered into under this section, ac-
quire any power to levy taxes within and in
behalf of a contracting subdivision unless other-
wise provided for by law.
HISTOKY: GC 82-150-2; JJC v 102, 82; 12-1 v 264, §11.
Ell 10-1-5:).
Cross-Hcferene.es to Related Sections
Power to levy taxes, RC § 5113.02.
Research Aids ,
Power to contract: -
O-Jur: Counties §236 --;' '
Am-Jur: Counties § 46
CASE NOTES- ' "" -\
See also case notes 1, 2 under RC § 307.16.
1. County commissioners, city officials and town-
ship trustees may not enter into an agreement
whereby the county commissioners or an agent
appointed by them would investigate and handle
temporary and partial relief cases for the con-
tracting subdivisions; municipalities have the right
to appoint an investigatoi and would have the right
under this section to enter into an agreement with
othci cities or municipalities for the appointment
of an investigator and may contribute to his com-
pensation because of express statutory authorization;
township trustees have no power to compensate from
public funds an investigator which they may ap-
point: 1937 OAG No.750.
2. County commissioners and villages are author-
ized under this section et seq., to adopt resolu-
tions providing that the board of county commis-
sioners sponsor the construction of sidewalls, street
and storm sewer improvement projects within
municipal corporations within their county as works
progress administration projects, providing none of
the cost of the same is paid by said villages; if the
villages pay any part of such cost, the action of
council providing for the expenditure of the money
of the village on such project must be by ordinance
and must follow the usual legislative steps required
in each case: 1938 OAG No. 2660.
3. A county and a municipality may not legally
enter into a contract for point ownership of a police
broadcasting system unless such joint ownership
is specifically provided for by statute: 1939 OAG
No.600.
4. A county may, by contract, furnish to a munici-
pality information over the county broadcasting
system for a sum to be agreed upon between the
proper county and municipal authorities. The sum
agreed upon may be paid by the municipality in
advance of receiving such information or service:
1939 OAG No.827.
§ 307.16 Agreement to provide manner of
payment. (GC § 2450-3) $
Every agreement entered into under sections
307.14 to 307.19, inclusive, of the Revised Code,
shall provide, either in specific terms or by pre-,
scribing a method for determining the amounts,
for any payments to be made by the contracting
subdivision into the county treasury, in considera-J
tion of the performance of the agreement. la
cases where it is deemed practicable, the agree-
ment may provide that payment shall be mada,
by the retention in the treasury of the amounts
due from taxes collected for the contracting sub-
division and the county auditor and county treas-
urer shall be governed by any such provision in
settling the accounts for such taxes. '
HISTORY: GC §2450-3; 116 v 102 (103), 8 S. EH 10-1-53.
CASE NOTES '
1. This section does not prescribe a mandatory
form requiring payments to be made by contracting
subdivision into county treasury. It does prescribe
a mandatory form to be followed in case the agrec-
349
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(.c ?S liui-i-oii .UK! <><>o.! >_M> tui, ^ "io:i.2i, <>uu.- <
22) to eonhacl \\illi :i illy iidj.K cut to smh scwci ""
district for Midi facilities as- aie deemed necessary —
to obtain a water supply loi such district and its
inhabit.nits, and may pay the cost of (lie same out of i_
(lie general hind ol sueli eotintv: 1951 OAG No.
892.
5:5. Undci ('.(' s t I 7.02 Hates. (GO § 6602-1)
Tjic Iniaid .if county commissioners may fi\
leasniiablc ialt's or rli.ircfcs (if mils to !)(• paid
In tin* coiinlx loi the me til tlir scweis or sewage
licalnu'iil or disposal \uiiks referred to in section
6117.01 .(if the tU'vised Code: by._evcry person,/
linn, or coiporation whose pu'miscs are served,
b\ a connectionto siu-li scwcis or sewage trc.TT
incnl or_disposa1 \\orks. and may change such
rates or_.ch mjvs as it deems advisable. When
am such charges are not paid, the board shall
cerlifx the same to the county auditor, who shall
place them upon the veal property duplicate
against the properly served by such connection.
Such charges shall be a lien on such property
from ihe date the same are placed upon the
real property duplicate by the auditor and shall
be collected in the same manner as other taxes.
All moneys collected as rents for use of such
sewers or sewage treatment or disposal \vorks_
in any sewer district shall be paid to the county
treasurer and kept in a separate and distinct fund
to the credit of such district. Such fund shall
be used for the payment of the cost of the man-
agement, maintenance, and operation of the .
sewers of the distiict and sewage treatment or
disposal works used by the district. Any surplus
in such fund may be used for the enlargement
or replacement of such sewers and sewage treat-
ment or disposal woiks, for the payment of the_
interest and principal on any debt incurred for-
the construction of such sewers or sewage treat-
ment or disposal works, or for the creation of a
sinking fund for the payment of such debt.
Money so collected shall not be expended other-
wise than for the \ise and benefit of such district.
HIS TORY: (.(.: S MiO!M; 107 , 110, SI; 108 v I'll 'id!!;
HI) \ S»2; 112 \ 275 (27I>); 12'! \ 111. SI EH JO-l-VI.
Foiim-i GC 8 Gfl02-l «.is it-pi-iik-il in 11)7 v -110 ('118), g I'l.
See RC S 6103.17 which refcis to this section.
See case note 6 under HC 5' 6117.01
§ 6117.03 Board of county commissioners
may lay out, establish, and maintain sewer dis-
tricts. (GC § 6602-In)
Whenever authori/ed by the legislative author-
jly ol any municipal corpoiation, the board of
..county.commissioners may by resolution lay out,
establish, .aid maintain one or nunc se\sci distiicts
within its county to include a part or all of the
territory within such municipal corporation as
the whole, or a part of such district. Such jm-
thoiity shall be evidenced by an ordinance or
resolution of the legislative authority of such
municipal corporation, entered upon its recoids^
1IISTOKV: <-C S 66112-1•>; lltt v 338 oTO). EB IO-I-5'I.
Cioss-Hcfc'rcnces to Related Sections
See ]1C §6117.40 which refers to this section.
Ktsearch Aids
Seweis within municipality:
O-Jur: Sanil.uy Oist. SS 13, 10
- ' Am-Jur: Sanitary Dist. §.§ 20, 21, 25, 26
CASE NOTES
1. Anlhonty panted ,mcicr GC § 6602-1 b (RC
S 6117 (It) and this .section cannot be limited or de-
fined by onlitiance or resolution of council in such
a manner as to K'vc supervisory powers to the coun-
cil (>\ei tlic establishment, construction, repair and
opeiation of a county sewer district. The board of
county commissioners should not regard any limita-
tion or (nullification as giving the consent of the
municipality to the establishment of the sewer dis-
tiict: 1925 OAG p.66.
§ 6117.04 Authority of the board in re-
gard to sewer districts. (GC § 6602-lb)
The authority of the board of county commis-
sioners to provide sewer improvements and_.to_
maintain and operate the same within <^"-pr Hic-_
tricts which include a part or all of the territory
within one or more municipal corporations is
the same as provided by law within districts^
wholly outside of municipal corporations, includ-
ing the levying of assessments. Such authority
f shall be limited to main works only, qnd does
not include construction and maintenance of
lateral sewers for local service \vithin cnc
ipnl r'Orn()yi^|'jnr|| HMTlip plni^ t;pppifjpatipnsl and
estimated cost for any improvement within such
municipal corporation, shall be approved by its__
legislative authority prior to the'fetting of any.
contiact lor the construction thereof. 'All road
surfaces, curbs, sidewalks, sewers, water pipes,
or other public property disturbed or damaged
by such construction shall be restored to their
original condition within a reasonable time by
the board, and the cost thereof shall be a part
of the cost of such improvement. After such main
works are constructed, such municipal corporation
may use the same as an outlet for branch and
local sewers constructed by it for the service and
use only of thai part of the municipal corporation
which lies within the area assessed or to be
assessed for the cost of such main works, subject
to such rules and regulations as are established
by the board and subject, to all requirements
of the department of health.
At any time after a district is established com-
prising or including a part or all of the territory
350
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engineer. For the purpose of paying for said
sewers and the maintenance thereof, the board
may issue bonds or certificates of indebtedness
and assess the cost against the benefited property
in the same manner as provided by sections
6117.01 to 6117.40, inclusive, of the Revised
Code, for the construction of an original sewer.
HISTORY:. GC g 6602-Sh; 107 v 410 (418), g 16; 108 T
I'll 368 (.171); 112 \ 275 (2'J1). Efl t0.1-r>3. The Icgislatuie
mimlx-rrd this section 6602-8h, but it was printed 6602-h,
In misl.ike, in 108 \ Ptl 368 ('171).
Research Aids
Acquisition of property li\ county:
rage: Counties §§ 95, 96
O-Jm: Counties § 218
Am-Jur: Counties J 35
CASE NOTES
1. Under C.C S tiiW-Mi I.RC s 0117.38) the own-
ei.- of premises in an aiea adjacent to a sewer dis-
tuet nia\. by contiact. bo petr.ntted to connect the
se\\.it-V system \\ithr.i such adi.uvnt area to the s\s-
tein alie.idy existing \\itlun such district, and the
payment for such sen ice m.iy be made by special
assessment on the lots or parcels of land involved,
b, t such assessments ma\ not be less than the onginal-
as-essment for similar propertx \\ithin the district.
Such contract payments, c\en though made bv way
of special assessments, do not constitute such a re-
.ipportionmcnt of the cost of die mam se\\ er line in
si.eh original district, but any funds raided under such-
arrangements ma> properly be appropriated for the
u>e of the original se\\er district and specifically may
be used to pay the cost of maintenance and operation
of the original impiovemer.i. 1953 OAG No.2364.
§ 6117.39 Right of eminent domain. (GC
? 6602-Si)
Whenever in the opinion of the board of coun,-
tv commissioners it is necessary to procure real
estate, a right of way, or an easement for the
construction, maintenance, or operation of any
sewer or other impiovement authorized by sec-
tions 6117.01 to 6117.45, inclusive, of the Re-
vised Code, or the right to construct, maintain,
and operate such sc\\ er or other improvement in
and upon any property within or without a sewer
district, it may purchase the same, or if siirb
. board and the owners thereof are unable to agree
upon its purchase and sale, or the amount of
damicrcs to be awarded therefor, the board may
appropriate such real estate, right of way, case-
ment, or right. For such purposes the board
shall make an accurate survey and description
of the parcel of land needed for such purposes
ana shall file it with the probate judge of the
count}-. Thereupon the same proceedings shall
be had as are provided for the appropriation of
private property by municipal corporations by
the laws governing such procedure at the time
such appropriation is made. The board shall
perform all duties required to be performed by
the ma\or or legislative authority of a municipal
corporation by such laws and the passage of
equivalent resolutions by such board shall fulfill
the requirements of such laws as to resolutions
and ordinances to be passed by the legislative
authority of a municipal corporation.
IHSTOKY: GC 86602-81; 107 T 410 (448), g 17; 112 T
275 (292). Efl 10-1-5:1. AnaloKous to Supp. to P&A ft 6602-9.
Research Aids
Eminent domain:
Page: Eminent Domain § 33
O-Jur: Counties § 218, Eminent Domain §§ 34,
356
Am-Jur: Counties 5 35. Eminent Domain S3 27,
49 to 59, 63. 65 to SI
§ 6117.40 Board may construct sewer
within municipal corporation. (GC § 6602-9)
^yhenevcr in the opinion of the board of coun-
ty commissioners it becomes necessary to con-
struct a ?e\vcr \\ithin the boundaries of a munici.-
pal corporation lor the service of se\\ or districts
wholly. oiiKuic lit Muh municipal corporation.'
the board may construct such sc\\er in the streets
and allc\s of such municipal corporation but
shall lostore all such ?tivot< and alleys to their
original condition, anil the cost thereof shall be .
,-a part of the cost of siu'li seuer
Prior to the picparation of plans for such im-
provement, such munkinal corporation shall be
given an opportunity' to co-operate in the con-
struction and use of such sev, er as provided in
'section 6117.03. 611704. or 6117.41 of the Re- _
vised Code
HISTORY: C.C g 6602-9; 112 N 275 (202). Efl 10-1-55.
Foinu-r GC S 6602-9, 101 \ 734 (7401, 89 was repealed in
112 \ 275 (3061, 84.
Research Aids
Severs within municipalities.
O-Jur: Sanitary Dist. 5 16
Am-Jur: Sanitary Dist. §§20, 21, 25, 26
[JOINT SEWER DISTRICTS]
§ 6117.41 Joint construction and use of
sewers and sewage disposal works. (GC § 6602-
10)
x board of county commissioners of any
county or the legislative authority of any munici-
pal corporation may enter into a contract, upon
such terms and for such period of time as are
mutually agreed upon, with any other county or
.municipal corporation to prepare all necessary
plans and estimates of cost, to connect any sewers
of such county or municipal corporation \\ith any
se\\crs constructed, or to be constructed, by any
_Qthcr county or municipal corporation, and to"
provide for the joint use bv such contracting
parties of such sewers and of any sewage treat-
ment or .disposal works of such county or munici-
prjl corporaHnn
HISTORY: GC §6602-10; 107 v 59, g 1. Efl 10-1-53.
Analogous lo Supp. to P&A gg 6602-10 and 6602-11. Tomicr
GC 8 6602-10 was repealed in 107 v 59 (60), g 5.
351
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OHIO CODE SUPPLEMENT
§ 6117.42
$ 6117.34 Director of environmental pro-
don may order improvement.
Whenever the legislative authority or board
health, or the officers performing the duties
the legislative authority or board of health of
Municipal corporation, the board of health of
general health district, or a board of township
istees makes complaint in writing to the cuvi-
imental protection agency that unsanitary con-
qons exist in any county, the director of cnvi-
imental protection shall forthwith inquire into
\d invPstijTfitfi the conditions complained of. If
on investigation of such complaint the director
.ds that it is necessary for the public health and
ilfare that sewer improvements or sewage treat-
ant or disposal works be constructed, main-
ned. and operated for the service of any terri-
ry outside of municipal corporations in any
unty, the director shall notify the board~of
unty commissioners of such county- of its find-
g^. The board shall obey such order and pro-
ed as provided in sections 6117.01 to 6117.45
> of the Revised Code, to establish sewer dis-
icts, provide necessary funds, and construct
" ch sewers or treatment works, or maintain, re-
ar, or operate the same, as are required by such
•der and in such manner as is satisfactory to the
rector. Any or all of the cost of such impruve-
finr or maintenance may he assessed upon the.
operty benefited as provided in sections 6117.01
i fill 7.45 <^ nf trip Hpvi'gffl rnrlt.
* HISTORY: 134 T S 597. Eft 10-23-72.
CASE NOTES
1. This section provides that when the director
; health finds unsanitary conditions existing in any
junty and that it i* necessary for the public health
id welfare that sewer improvements or sewage
eatment works be constructed, for any territory
jtside municipal corporations, he shall order the
junty commissioners to make such improvement,
ad such commissioners are required to construct or
jpair such sewers or treatment works, and may assess
ie cost thereof upon the property benefited: 1958
IAG No. 2504.
§6117.35 Repealed, 134 v S 397, §2
GC §6602-8e; 107 v 440; 112 v 275]. Elf
0-23-72.
§6117.36 Order may be enforced by a
ml of mandamus.
If the board of county commissioners fails after
hirty days after the notice and order given to it
iy the director of environmental protection to
erform any act required of it by sections 6117.01
3 6117.40^ of the Revised Code, and by any
uch order and notice of the director, such order
nay be enforced by a witt r( mandamus issued
.....lli™;«..,l I,. isylll» lllfll Wll'tg
•HISTORY: 1S4 T S S97. Eff 10-23-72.
[The reference In the History to this section in the
bound volume, to 108 v PtI 368 should be to 112 v
275 (290).]
§6117.38
Research Aids
— Acquisition of property by county:
O-Jur2d: Counties §§ 195 to 197
CASE NOTES
1. Where pursuant to RC 86117.38, a county ha«
.obtained tide to privately owned sewer lines con-
structed within a sewer district established by the
commissioners of such county, and such lines are
-connected to the county system, the county com-
missioners may lawfully fix a reasonable rate for
"receiving and disposing of the sewage from the linej
• so acquired, and is obligated to maintain them: 1955
OAG No.5419.
§ 6117.39 Appropriation or purchase ol
property.
Whenever in the opinion of the board of
county commissioners it is necessary to procure
real estate, a right of way, or an easement for
the construction, maintenance, or operation of
any sewer or other improvement authorized by
sections 6117.01 to 6117.45, inclusive, of the
Revised Code, or the right to construct, main-
tain, and operate such sewer or other improve-
ment in and upon any property within or without
a sewer district, it may purchase the same, or
if such board and the owners thereof are unable
to agree upon its purchase and sale, or the
amount of damages to be awarded therefor, the
board may appropriate such real estate, right of
way, easement, or right. ^ Such proceedings
shall be had as are provided for ^ in sections
163.01 to 163.22, inclusive, of the Revised Code.
* HISTORY: 131 T 1429. EB !-!-««.
Research Aids
Eminent domain:
O-Juj2d: Counties
105 to 197
§6117.41
I. Under RC §86117.41, 6117.42 and 6117.43 •
board of county commissioners having established a
lewer district in an unincorporated area adjoining
a city, may enter into a contract with the city
whereby the county shall pay to the city a part of
the cost of a sewage treatment plant and interceptor
sewers to be constructed by such city entirely within
the city limits, which contract gives the county the
right to discharge its sewage into the city sewer and
disposal works: 1958 OAG No.6981.
§ 6117.42 Provisions in regard to pay-
ment on contracts; exceptions.
All contracts under section 6117-41 of the Re-
vised Code shall provide for payment to tha
ronnlv or municipal corporation owning, con-
352
-------
structing, or about to construct a sewer or sewage
treatment or disposal works, to, bo jointly used, of
the amount" agreed upon by the county or muni-
cipal corporation so contracting for the joint use
thereof. Any such county or municipal corporation
owning, constructing, or agreeing to construct any
such sewer improvement or sewage treatment
works, as provided in sections 0117.41 to 6117.44
^ of the Revised Code, and permitting the use
thereof by such other county or municipal cor-
poration, shall retain full control and manage-
ment of the construction, maintenance, repair,
and operation of such sewer improvement and
sewage treatment or disposal works, except when
conveyed to a municipal corporation as provided
in this section. Any such contract before'going
into effect shall be approved by the director of
environmental protection Any completed sower
improvement or sewage treatment works construc-
ted under sections 0! 17.01 to 6117.45 <^ of the.
Revised Code, for the nse of any sewer district
and located within any municipal corporation or
within any area which may be annexed to or
incorporated as a municipal corporation, may by
mutual agreement between the board of county
commissioners and such municipal corporation be
convevcd to such rnunicip.nl corporation, which
shall thereafter maintain and operate such sewer
improvement or sewage tieatmcnt works. The
board may retain the right to joint use of such
sewers or treatment works for the benefit of the
district. The validity of any assessments levied to
provide means for the payment of the cost of
construction or maintenance of such sewer im-
provement or sewage treatment works or any
part thereof shall not be affected by such convey-
ance.
* HISTORY; 134 v S 397. Efl 10.23-72.
CASE NOTES
See caie note 1 under I\C §6117.41.
1. The county is authorized by this section and
I 6117.43 to finance its cost in payment of its obli-
gation to such city under such contract, by levy of
t&xes or by the Issuance of geneial obligation bonds
ot the county, such bonds to he retired from the
proceeds of special assessments levied on the prop-
erty in the sewer district which will be served by
the sanitary sewers constructed or proposed to be
constructed by .said county in :aid sewer district:
1958 OAG No'6981.
§ 6117.43
See case note 1 under RC 86117.41; 1 under RC
§6117.42.
§ 6117.46 Construction of trunk or main
sewers in counties.
When the director of environmental protection
finds that a trunk or main sewer is necessary in a
county for sanitary purposes, the board of county
mrn'mi.«inm;r.-i nf such county may make surveys
thereof and prepare plans and specifications there-
of. Upon approval by the director of su
and specifications, the board may construct and
maintain saici trunk or main sower. or part thereof
within or without the limits of a municipal cor-
poration^ regulate the tapping thereof bv lateral-
sewers. and prescribe the, conditions of such tap-
* HISTORY: 134 v S 397. Eff IO-2S-72.
§ 6117.47
Research Aids
Eminent domain:
O-Jnr2d: Counties §§ 195 to 197
§6117.48 Appropriation of property.
When it is necessary to procure real estate or
a light of way or an easement therein for a
trunk or main sewer provided for in section
6117.40 of the Revised Code, and the owners
thereof are unable to agree upon the compensa-
tion therefor, the board of county commissioners
may appropriate it in accordance with sections
163 01 to 163.22. inclusive, of the Revised Code.
•HISTORY: 151 T 14*9. EB M-CS.
§6110.01 Organization of district; pur-
pose.
Anv area sihiared in any unincornnrated part
of one or more contiguous counties or in one
or more municipal corporations, or both, may
be organized as a regional water and sewer dis-
trict in the manner and subject to the condi-
tions provided in Chapter 6119. of the Re-
vised Code, for either or both of the following
purposes:
(A) To ^ supply water •& to users within and
without the district:
fR) To provide for the collection, treatment,
and disposal of .fo waste wiitpr «fo wit-bin—aild.
without the district.
* HISTORY: 134 v S 166. Eff 1M9-71.
Cross-Tiefcrcnces to Related Sections
Bonds for purchasing, constnicting, improving, or
extending water or sewerage systems not con-
sidered In certain tax limitations, RC S 133.03
(D).
C§ 6119.01.13 §6119.011 Defini-
tions.
As used in Chapter 8119. of the Revised
Code:
(A) "Court of common pleas" or "court" means,
unless the context indicates a different meaning
or intent, the court of common pleas in which the
petition for the organization of a regional water
and sewer district is filed.
353
-------
31. General Code §§ 6828-1 to 6828-79" (RC
§6101.01 et seq) contain abundant provisions which
grant not only to the parties to the cause but to
anyone who may desire to become a complainant or
objector, his "day in court" and by reason thereof
said act does not vrolate the "due process" clause of
the federal constitution. Tins includes the three-
tenths mill levy ot the act: Miami County v. Dayton,
92 OS. 215, 110 NK 726 [see to the same Cllcct,
Ambiosc v. Miami Conservancy Dist., 104 OS 615].
32. Since GC §6828-1 (KG s 6101 01) et seq pro-
vide Ioi notice in GC §6828-5 (HC 56101.07), and
make ample provision for a hearing in GC S 6828-6
(HC § 6101.08), such statute docs not provide for
taking property without due process ot law: Miami
County v. Dayton, 92 OS 215, lit) NIC 726 [see to
the same ellcct, Ambrose v. Miami Conservancy
Dist., 104 OS 615J, Silvey v. Commissioners, 273
Fed 202.
33, An adjudication in a proceeding Ioi appiais-
mg leal property lo delray the cost ol an improve-
ment in earning out an oilier.rl plan Ioi Hood control
under the consci\atuy at t ot Ohio (CC -^ 6828-1
to 6S2S-79 [KG S 6101.01 el .scq!) is final and incon-
testable as to all piopcit) appiaiscd, and is res
judicata as to all o\\nns ol piopci[\ \\hicb VA as
appiaisccl m .such proceeding: State c\ rel Gioss v.
Miami Conservanc) Dist, HI OS 52, 25 OO 149,
•16 MC(2d) 407.
Delegation of legislative power
38. Where a power is quasi-legislative, quasi-
admiuistialive or quasi-judicial, or so mixed in its
nature that it may be regarded as a combination of
all ot them, the legislature may in the first instance
characterr/e such power and confer it cither upon
an existing agenc) ot the government or an agency
especial!) created tor that purpose. There is no
delegation of legislative power in the conservancy
act violative oi any constitutional provision: Miami
Count) v. Day ton,'92 OS 215, 110 XE 726 [see to
the same effect, Ambiosc v. Miami Conservancy Dist ,
101 OS 615J.
39. This and following sections providing for es-
tablishing conservancy districts on petition to the
court ol common pleas, do not delegate legislative
powei to the courts; nor do they delegate the power
ot taxation to the directors of the district in viola-
tion of Ait. II, § 1 of the Ohio constitution: Miami
Count)- v. Dayton, 92 OS 215, 110 N'E 726 [see to
the same effect, Ambrose v. Miami Conservancy
Disl., 104 OS 615].
40. This and following sections providing for es-
tablishing conservancy districts cm petition to the
court of common pleas, do not delegate legislative
power lo the courts, in violation of Ait. IV, § 1 of
the Ohio constitution. Miami County v. Dav ton, 92
OS 215, 110 NE 726 [.see to the same effect, Ambrose
v. Miami Conservancy Dist., 104 OS 615], Silvey v.
Commissioners, 273 Fed 202.
§ 6101.02 Style of conservancy bonds,
books, arid records.
(A) The bonds issued under sections 6101.01
lo 6101.84, inclusive, of the Revised Code, may
be called "conservancy bonds," and shall be so
engraved or printed on their face.
(B) The tax books and records provided for
in such sections shall be termed "conservancy
books" or "conservancy records," and such titles
shall be printed, stamped, or written thereon.
HISTORY: Hiiieau of Code Revision. Eff 10-1-53.
Comment
This section is derived from CG § 6828-1. See also
1JC §6101.01.
§ 6101.03 Short forms and abbreviations.
(GC § 6828-77)
(A) In any orders of the court the words
"The court now here finds that it hath jurisdiction
of the parties to and of the subject matter of
this proceeding" are equivalent to a finding that
each jurisdictions! fact necessary to confer plenary
jurisdiction upon the court, beginning with the
proper signing and filing of the initial petition to
the date of the order containing such recital, has
been scrutinized by the court and has been found
to meet every legal requirement imposed by sec-
tions 6101.01 to 6101.84, inclusive, of the Re-
vised Code.
(15) No other evidence of the legal hypothe-
cation of the special tax to the payment of the
bonds is required than the passage of a bonding
resolution by the board of directors of a con-
servancy district and the issuance of bonds in
accordance therewith.
(C) In the preparation of any assessment or
appraisal record the usual abbreviations employed
by engineers, surveyors, and abstractors may be
used.
(D) Where properly to describe any parcel
of land, it would be necessary lo use a long de-
scription, the board of appraisers of a conservancy
district, after locating the land generally, may
refer to the book and page of the public record
of any instrument in \\hich the land is described,
which reference shall suffice to identify for all
the purposes of such sections the land described
in the public record so referred to.
(E) It is not necessary in any notice required
by such sections to be published to specify the
names of the owners of the lands or of the per-
sons interested therein; but any such notice may
be addressed "To All Persons or Public Cor-
porations Interested" with like effect as though
such notice named by name every owner of any
lands within the territory specified in the notice
and every person interested therein, and every
Honor, actual or inchoate.
(F) Every district declared upon hearing to
be a conservancy district shall thereupon be-
come a political .subdivision and a public cor-,
Doration of the state, invested with all the powers
.and privileges conferred upon such districts by
such sections.
HISTORY: GC £6828-77; 104 v 13 (5G), 877; 117 v 163
(21fi), 8 1. Eff 10-1-53.
[ORGANIZATION OF DISTRICT]
§ 6101.04 Organization and purposes ol
conservancy districts. (CC § 6828-2)
Any area or areas situated in one or more
counties may be organized as a conservancy dis-
354
-------
CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS
§ 6101.05
trict, in tlic manner and subject to the conditions
jrovidcd by sections_6_101.0I to 6101.84. inclu-
which petition shall bo signrd fithcr bv five.
Jiundrcd freeholders, or hy a mnjority of the/
sive, of the. Revised Code, for any of the, following
purposes;
(A) Preventing floods;
(B) Regulating stream channels by changing,
widening, and deepening the same;
(C) Reclaiming or filling wet and overflowed
lands;
(D) Providing for irrigation where it may be
needed;
(E) Regulating the flow of streams and con-
serving the waters thereof;
(F) Diverting or in whole or in part elimin-
ating water-courses;
(G) Providing a water supply for domestic,
industrial, and public use;
_(H) Providing for ihc rnlWHnn find dis
freeholders, or -by the owners of more than half
of the property, in cither acreage or value, within
flic limits of the territory proposed to be organ-
ized iiitp n distn'r^ Such- n petition inny be
signed bv the governing body of any. .public cor-
poration lying wholly or partly within the pro-
posed district, in such manner as it prescribes,
and when so signed by such governing body such
a petition ..on the nart of the said governing body
shall fill all the requirements of representation
upon such petition of the freeholders of such
public corporation, as thov appear upon the tax
dunlirnte: nnd thereafter it is not necessary for
individuals within said public corporation to sign
such a petih'nn Siirb n petition mny nkn be
.posaj signed bv railroads and other corporations o\\-n-
of sewage and other liquid wastes produced with-
in the district;
(I) Arresting erosion along the Ohio shore
line of Lake Erie.
This section does not terminate the
nf nny rlkrriff nvrfprii/prl prior to July 19, 1937,
. pntiroly \vitbin ;i
The purposes of a district may be altered by
the same procedure as provided for the esfabb's-b-
incr lands.
Such petition may be filed bv any citv inter-
ested in some degree in the improvement, upon
proper action bv its governing body.
The petition shall set forth the proposed name
of said district, the necessity for the proposed
work and that it will be conducive to the public
health, safety, convenience, or welfare, and a.
_gcncral description of the purpose of the con-
templated improvement, and of the territory to
ment of such a district.
HISTORY: GC » 0828-2; 101 v 13 (14), $ 2; 117 v 1(J3
(1C4), g 1; 1!>2 > 157, « 1. Lit HM.jl.
Research Aids
Organization:
Page: Drainage § 49
O-Jur: Gonseiv. Dist. S 9
CASE NOTES
See also case note 2 umlei KG §6101.18.
1. The appointment of diieetois and appraisers for
conservancy districts under GC S 6828-1 (HC § 6101 -
OJ) ct seq, is not legislative in (haiaetei, and a giant
be_. included in f?io nronosef? rh'sfricf.
to the couit of
appoint such directors and
of legislative po\vei. Mi,in
s of the power to
Said de-
scription need not be given by metes and bounds
or by legal subdivisions, but it is sufficient if a
generally accurate description is given of the
territory to be organized as a district. Said ter-
ritory need not be contiguous, provided it is so
situated that the public health, safety, conveni-
ence, or welfare will be promoted hy the organi-
zation as a single district of the territory dc-
M.-IIOOC}. Except in the case of a subdistrirt
or.nani/cd in pursuance of section 610L71 of the
Kc\ ised Code, said tenitorv shall not be included
aisers is not a grant yjiollv within the limits of a
M.nly v. D.iylmi, 92 wl,,,,ratK,n.
gle
OS 215, 110 KM 720. Il.iwlho IK- \ 'hoy, 102 OS
689, 130 KE 9«, Stale- r\ <-l Silvey v. Miami
Conservancy Disl., J02 OS 690, 130 ML 9-43.
2. The fact that an order establishing a eonsciv-
aney district under GG S 6828-1 (KG S 6)0],01) et
seq, is rendered by a court whieh is composed of
more than one common pleas judge, docs not pre-
vent such court from being a couit of common pleas;
nor does it prevent such judgment iiom being a
judgment of the court of common pie.is. Miami
Goimty v. Dayton, 92 OS 215, 110 N!<; 726 [sec to
the same effect, Ambrose v. Miami Gons-crvam-y
Dist., 10-1 OS 615].
§ 6101.05 Petition to establish conserv-
ancy district. (CC S 6828-3)
Proceedings for the fy[jib)is-hmcnt of n cop-
scrvancy disliicl shall bo iniiiatcd only bv the
filing of a petition m llu- nflicc of the clerk of 1)10
court of common picas ol one of the counties
containing tcrriloiv \villiin the proposed district.
Said petition shall pray for the organization
of the district by the name proposed.
Upon the filing of such petition a judge of
the court of common picas of the county where-
in the petition was filed shall determine whether
it bears the necessary signatures and complies
\vith the requirements of this section as to form
and content. No petition with the requisite signa-
tures shall be declared void because of alleged
defects, but the judge, or the court in subse-
quent proceedings, may at any time permit the
petition to be amended in form and substance to
conform to the facts by correcting any errors in
the description of the territory, or in any other
particular. Several similar petitions or duplicate
copies of the same petition for the organization
of the same district may be filed and shall to-
gether be regarded as one_p_eti_tion._ All such
355
-------
6101.32 of the Revised Code, any such notice
may be addressed "To All Persons or Public Cor-
porations Interested" with like effect as though
such notice named by name every owner of any
lands within the territory specified in the notice
and every person interested therein, and every
lienor, uctual or inchoate. ~
» HISTORY: 150 v Ft. 2, Z06. EH 12-18-64.
See provisions, § 3 of H 19 (130 v Ft 2, 298)
following RC § 6101.43.
§ 6101.04
Reseaich Aids
Organization:
O-Jur2d: Conserv. Dist. 1 5
§ 6101.05 Petition to establish conserv-
ancy district
.Proceedings for the establishment of a con-
servancy district shall be initiated only by the
filing ot a petition in the oilice of the clerk of the
court of common pleas of one of the counties"
ponfnnn'nfT teirilory wuln'p thp proposed district,
which petition shall be sitn\eLd. either hy five
hundred freeholders. or_by a majority of the free-
holders, or liy the owners of more than half of
the property, iu either acreage or value, within
, the hunts of die territory proposed to be or-
into n distiii't. Snrh peHHnn may
*•
(TQverninfy |jpdv
-p
blif
corporation or watershed district created under
section 61().'i.Q2 of the Revised (,:_pde lying wholly
or puitly within _ the proposed district, in such
manner as it prescribes, and v,hen so signed by
such governing body such a petition on the part
of the s.iiJ governing body shall fill all the re-
quirements ot representation upon such petition
of the heeholders of such public corpoiation or
watershed district, as they appear upon the tax
duplicate: and thereafter it is not necessary for
individuals within said public corporation or
watershed d is (rift to siffil sn^ih fl petition. Such
a petition may also be signed by railroads and
other corporations owning lands.
Such petition may be filed by anv city inter-
ested in some degree in the improvement, upon
proper action by its governing body.,
The petition shall set forth the proposed name.
of s.iid district, the necessity tor the proposed •
work and that it will be conducive to the public-
health, safety, convenience, or \\elfare. and, a*
general description ot the purpose of the coa-
50 situated that the public health, safety, con-
venience, or welfare will ho promoted by the
-Organization as a single district of the territory
described. Except in the case of a subdistrict
organized in pursuance of section 6101.71 of the
Revised Code, said territory shall not be in-
cluded wholly within the limits of a single
municipal, corporation.
Said petition shall pray for the organization
of the district by the name proposed.
Upon the filing of such petition a judge of the
court of common pleas of the county wherein
the petition was filed shall determine whether
it bears the necessary signatures and complies
with the requirements of this section as to form
and content. No petition with the requisite
signatures shall be declared void because of
alleged defects, but the judge, or the court in
subsequent proceedings, may at any time permit
the petition to be amended in form and sub-
stance to conform to the facts by correcting any
_errors in the description of the territory, or in
. any other particular. Several similar petitions
or duplicate copies of the same petition for the
organization of the same district may be filed
and shall together be regarded as one petition.
All such petitions filed prior to the determination
of the sufficiency of said petition shall be con-
sidered as though they had been filed with the
first petition placed on file.
In determining when a majority of landowners
has signed the petition, the names as they appear
upon the tax duplicate govern and are prima»
facie evidence of such ownership.
« HISTORY: 130 T 1S78, | 1. ES 9-24-63.
See RC § 6105.12 which refers to this section.
Forms
Petition to establish conservancy district. Bate*
f 165.11.
Research Aldj
Organization:
O-Jur2d: Conserv. Dist f 5
[§6101.06.13 §6101.061 Notice to
board, director of natural resources, and director
of emironmental protection; hearings.
• Upon determining that a sufficient pph'tinn has
been filed, the judge making such determination
shall cause written notice thereof to be given
to the director of the department of natural re-
sources, the director of environmental protection,
and to the board of directors of any coaservancv
district having jurisdiction over all or part of the
territory aifected by the proceeding or within.
templated iinpiuvement, and of \hp. teniMry tn.
(]f
-------
59
OHIO CODE SUPPLEMENT
86101.07
nriental Protection, and the directors of sueh con-
servancy districts may appear at any hearing
xinsidering the establishment, dissolution or
merger of any conservancy district or suBciijtrict
thereof, and be heard, concerning t1ie~nced tor
a .conservancy district, the.area that should be_
included, desirable improvements, and any other
matters which in their opinion should be brought
to~ the attention of the court.
HISTORY: 128 T 867 (Eff 10-12-59); 134 t S 397. Eff
10-23-72.
§ 6101.07 Organization of courtj power*
and jurisdiction.
Upon the determination of a judge of the court
of common pleas that a sufficient petition has been
filed in such court in accordance with section,
6101.05 of the Revised Code, he shall giye_nqtice
thereof to the court of common pleas, of each
county included in whole or in part within the
proposed conservancy district. The judge of the
court of common pleas of each such county, or
to the case of any county having more than one
juch judge, one judge assigned by order of the
Judges of the court of common pleas thereof,
shall sit as the court of common picas of the,
^cojinty wherein the petition .was filed to exercise
the jurisdiction conferred by sections 6101.01 jo_
P10i.ff4, inclusive, of trie Revised Code. In case
of the inability to serve of the judge of any
county having only one judge, the chief justice
of the supreme court, upon application of any
interested person and proper showing of need,
may assign a judge from another county to serve
as a judge for such county during the disability
of its local judge. The court of any county, pre-
sided over by the judges provided for in this
section, may establish conservancy districts when
the conditions stated in section 6101.05 of the
Revised Code are found to exist. Except as other-
wise provided by sections 6101.08 to 6101.84,
inclusive, of the Revised Code, such court ha?,
for all purposes of sections 6101.01 to 6101.84,
inclusive, of the Revised Code, original and
exclusive jurisdiction coextensive with the
boundaries and limits of the district or proposed
district and of the lands and other property
Included in, or proposed to be included in, such
district or affected by such district, without re-
gard to the usual limits of its jurisdiction. The
judges of the court shall meet in the first instance
upon the call of the judge determining tho suf-
ficiency of the petition and shall elect one of
their number as presiding judge. Each judge
when sitting as a member of the court shall re-
oeive mch compensation and allowance for ex-
penses as provided by law for a judge of the
court of common pleas serving by assignment
outside the county wherein he resides, which
shall be paid as other expenses of the organiza-
tion or operation of the district are paid.
The court shall adopt rules of practir-e and
procedure not inconsistent with sections 6101.01
to 6101.84, inclusive, of the Revised Code, and
the general laws of this state. If the court con-
sists of more than three judges, it may designate
three of its members from three different counties
to preside over the court, hear matters coming
before the court, and make determinations and
decisions or findings and recommendations, as the
rules of the court provide, with respect to any
matters authorized by such rules, the disposition
of which is vested in the court, except that it
shall not make final decisions and orders as to:
(A) The establishment, dissolution, or merger
of the district or of subdistricts thereof;
(B) Tlie adoption, rejection, or amendment
of the official plan;
(C) The appointment and removal of directors
and appraisers;
(D) The confirmation of the appraisers' report
of benefits, damages, and appraisals of property;
(E) The authorization of maintenance assess-
ments in excess of one per cent of benefits;
(F) The authorization of a readjustment of the
appraisal of benefits in accordance with section
6101.54 of the Revised Code;
(G) The approval of the method of financing
improvements and activities under section
6101.25 of the Revised Code;
(H) The determination of rates of compensa-
tion for water under sections 6101.24 and 6101.63
of the Revised Code;
(I) The examination of die annual report of
the board of directors of the conservancy district
as provided under section 6101.68 of the Revised
Code.
The concurrence of two of the three judges so
designated shall be necessary for any action or
determination thereby and it has, if so provided
by the rules of the court, the same effect as
though taken or made by the full court. All
actions and determinations by the full court re-
quire the affirmative vote of a majority of the
judges constituting the court. In all cases in
which the judges are evenly divided that side
with which the presiding judge votes shall pre-
vail. In the event the court consists of two
judges and they find themselves unable to agree
on any question left to their decision, a judge of
the court of common pleas of some other county
shall bo designated by the chief justice of the
supreme court to sit and vota as a third member
of tho court until such question is decided.
When the court by its order entered of record
decrees tliat a subdistrict be organized, the judge
357
-------
APPENDIX G
PRIVATE COMMUNICATIONS
Beemer, Harold, Chief of Engineering Division, United States
Department of the Army - Huntington District, Corps of Engineers,
Huntington, West Virginia, 11 August 1975.
Brungs, William, EPA National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth,
Minnesota, 14 August 1975.
Calgon Corporation, July 1975.
DeGrave, Mick, Wyoming Bioassay Laboratory, Grandville, Michigan,
14 August 1975.
Desmond, Richard, Attorney, Squires, Sanders & Dempsey, Cleveland,
Ohio, July 1975.
Dodge, Melvin, Director, Department of Recreation and Parks,
Columbus, 31 July 1975.
Elliot, Thomas, Director, Delaware County Regional Planning
Commission, 30 July 1975.
Gilbert, Gary, Delaware County Assistant Sanitary Engineer,
4 September 1975.
Grissom, Catherine, Environmental Impact Statement Unit, United
States Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, 4 September 1975.
Griswold, Bernard, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1975.
Habig, William, Director, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission,
31 July 1975.
Hinde Engineering Corporation, July 1975.
Kacmar, Steve, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., 4 September 1975.
Lashutka, Greg, Staff Assistant for Ohio Affairs, Office of
Representative Samuel Devine, August 1975.
Levins, Ed, Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission, July 1975.
MacMullen, Michael, Environmental Impact Statement Unit, United
States Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, 4 September 1975,
Mantor, Ray, Superintendent, Delaware City Sewage Treatment Plant,
August 1975.
358
-------
Mapes, Greg, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 3 September 1975.
May, Lloyd, Delaware County Health Commissioner, Delaware County
Health Department, July 1975.
Miller, Dean, Delaware County Commissioner, 4 September 1975.
Nottingham, Jim, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 4 September
1975.
Parkinson, Robert, Director, Department of Public Service, Columbus,
4 September 1975.
PCI Ozone Company, August 1975.
Reid, Kenneth, Delaware County Commissioner, 4 September 1975.
Richards, Earl, Assistant Director, Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency, 3 September 1975.
Robbins, Payton, City of Columbus, 4 September 1975.
Savely, David, Franklin County Commissioner, July 1975.
Seiler, Albert, Burgess & Niple, Ltd., 4 September 1975.
Shepard, Paul, Burgess & Niple, Ltd., 4 September 1975.
Smith, Greg, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 3 September 1975.
Smith, Robert, Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory, 25 July
1975.
Sprague, Rex, City Engineer, City of Delaware, August 1975.
Stein, Carol, Ohio State University Museum of Zoology, July 1975.
Stults, Fred, Delaware County Engineer, 4 September 1975.
Thomas, James, Director of Research, Columbus Area Chamber of
Commerce, 29 July 1975.
Virden, Bill, Contracts Division, Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency, 3 September 1975.
Walkenshaw, George, Engineer, Columbus Southerly Plant, 30 July 1975.
Whitney, James, Delaware County Commissioner, 4 September 1975.
Wilhelm, Carl A., Planning Coordinator, Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency, 3 September 1975.
359
-------
Williams, Ned, Director, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency,
3 September 1975.
Willis, Roger, Design Engineer, Department of Public Service,
Division of Sewerage and Drainage, Columbus, 30 July 1975.
Wojcik, Eugene, Environmental Impact Statement Unit, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, 4 September 1975.
Wolfe, Robert, Burgess & Niple, Ltd., 4 September 1975.
Wright, Gene, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 3 September
1975.
360
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APPENDIX H
LIMITATIONS OF ECONOMIC BASE METHODOLOGY
.Hans Blumenfeld attacks the.economic base methodology in his article
"The Economic Base of the Metropolis" (page 13). This methodology divides
all employment in a community into basic or primary employment and nonbasic
or secondary employment. The former describes export-related employment;
the latter, employment related to local consumption. Basic activities
are identified through the method of proportional apportionment.
In analyzing the economic base methodology, Blumenfeld points out
that the use of proportional apportionment to identify basic activities is
misleading. This methodology includes only export-related employment as
a basic activity. It neglects import-related employment, which is equally
important. Blumenfeld also maintains that employment is not a usable unit
of measurement for a balance of payment approach. Rather, a value of
product measure is more applicable.
Blumenfeld concludes that the basic-nonbasic ratio is only meaningful
in small and simply structured communities. The ratio is less applicable
and the methodology less useful in analyzing the economy of a larger,
more complex community.
To Blumenfeld's objections, it should be observed that the economic
base method is based on activities now present on the scene, with no
provision for the introduction of new activities. This is a serious
objection, because the economic development of this country is full of
examples of the change or revival of local economies through the introduction
of new industries.
361
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on t/ie reverse before completing)
1
4
7
9.
REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-905/9-76-003 .
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Analytical Studies for Assessing the Impact. of
Sanitary Sewage Facilities of Delaware County, Ohio
»
'AUTHOR(S)
L. Peltier, M. Lewis, J. Cuneo, G. Shea, D. Wagaman,
and J. Whang
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Envir.o Control, Inc.
.Environmental Studies Group
1530 East Jefferson Street
Rockville, Md. 20852
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, IL. 60604
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE (date of preparati
October 24, 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
CODE
REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01--2853
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
final repo'rt
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The report was prepared to provide information to tne U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency for their preparation of an Environmental' Impact Statement on the Olentangy
Environmental Control Center and Interceptor System, Delaware County, Ohio. Popu-
lation and economic projections for the area, and larger region are reviewed. An
extensive study of local and regional sewage treatment service is presented. Site
evaluations consider engineering, land use, biological, environmental, and insti-
tutional factors. The environmental impacts of a sewage treatment facility at
the chosen site are evaluated in terms of water quality, biology, land use, and
aesthetics. Mitigative measures for reducing adverse effects are discussed.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
•". DESCRIPTORS
Sewage treatment
Sewers
Planning
Water quality
Land use
Fresh water biology
Population growth Esthetics
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
NTIS Only
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Olentangy River
Delaware County, Ohio
Olentangy Environmental
Control Center
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page}
c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
08H
06F
21. NO. OF PAGES
386 pages
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------