.- r,
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water Division
Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle WA 98101
October 1982
Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs for
Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Plants
Users Manual

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                                DIAGNOSTIC OPERATIONAL MODELING PROGRAMS
* ,                                                FOR
                                 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
                                             USERS MANUAL
                                                   By

                                            David L. Sullivan
                                             Roy M. Monier
                                        ES Environmental Services
                                            600 Bancroft Way
                                       Berkeley, California  94710
                                 EPA Region X Grant Number T 000 226010
                          Boise State University Contract Number 74d-57777g-05-5
                                           EPA Project Officer
                                               Tom Johnson

                                         BSU Contract Officer
                                               Jim Felton
                                                   '
                                                                  u0604
                                               June 1982

                             US Environmental Protection Agency,  Region  X
                                             Water Division
                                           Seattle,  Washington

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                                      DISCLAIMER
U,S. Environmental Protection
                  This publication was prepared with  the support of  a
              grant  from  the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
              Municipal Operations Branch.  The statements, conclusions
              and/or recommendations contained herein  are those  of the
              authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
              U.S. Government,  the U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,
              or Boise State University, nor does mention of trade names
              or commercial products constitute endorsement of recommendation
              for use.

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                            TABLE  OF  CONTENTS
 CHAPTER 1   INTRODUCTION

            1.1  Limitations

 CHAPTER 2   USING THE COMPUTER
            2.1  Computer System Components
            2.2  Computer
            2.3  Disk Drives
            2.4  CRT
            2.5  Printer
            2.6  Clock
            2.7  Diskettes
CHAPTER 3   RUNNING THE PROGRAMS
            3.1  What the Computer Does
            3.2  Beginning the Run
            3.3  Entering Plant Configuration Data
            3.4  Entering Wastewater Characteristics
            3.5  Other Options
            3.6  Additional Runs
            3.7  Plotting Programs
            3.8  Ending a Run

CHAPTER 4  INTERPRETING THE OUTPUT

           4.1  Assumptions
           4.2  Accuracy of the Algorithms
           4.3  Detecting Process Limitations
           4.4  Detecting Operational Deficiencies
           4.5  Special Considerations in Output
                  Interpretation
1-1

1-3

2-1

2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-5

3-1

3-1
3-3
3-5
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-13

4-1

4-1
4-3
4-3
4-7

4-10
APPENDIX A  ALGORITHM SOURCES
APPENDIX B  INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT WASTEWATER DATA SHEETS
APPENDIX C  TREATMENT PLANT CONFIGURATION DATA SHEETS
APPENDIX D  DEFINITION OF OUTPUT PARAMETERS
APPENDIX E  REPRESENTATIVE VALUES FOR OUTPUT PARAMETERS
APPENDIX F  DO'S AND DON'TS OF APPLE COMPUTER OPERATION

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                              CHAPTER 1
                            INTRODUCTION

     In general, undesirable effluent quality from municipal wastewater
treatment plants results from one of two general causes.  The first is
that treatment plants become overloaded or do not have adequate capacity
in one or more unit processes to produce effluent of a desired quality.
The second is that plants are not being operated properly.  In this manual,
the former will be referred to as a "process limitation" and the latter
will be referred to as an "operational deficiency."  Distinguishing between
the two is not always easy.  The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs
are intended to provide a reliable and rapid means of identifying process
limitations and operational deficiencies.  Programs for the following ten
types of municipal wastewater treatment plants are available:
     1.  Primary treatment
     2.  Conventional activated sludge, with or without primary
         sedimentation
     3.  Single stage activated sludge for nitrification, with
         or without primary sedimentation
     4.  Extended aeration activated sludge with or without primary
         sedimentation
     5.  Extended aeration oxidation ditch with or without primary
         sedimentation
     6.  Contact stabilization, with or without primary sedimentation
     7.  Single stage trickling filter with primary sedimentation
     8.  Two stage trickling filter with primary sedimentation
     9.  Activated Bio-Filter,  with or without primary sedimentation
    10.  Rotating biological contactors with primary sedimentation
     These programs allow the option of an anaerobic or aerobic sludge
digestion analysis.
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     These programs have been prepared for use with the Apple II plus
minicomputer.  Separate diskettes have been prepared for each of these
programs.  Each diskette allows both numerical and, combined with the
Plot Program and Data Disk (to be described later) graphical presenta-
tion of treatment plant performance capabilities, with several options
as to how this information is presented.  There is also room left on
each diskette to store files containing data on the physical configura-
tion of up to 77 treatment plants.  This saves time when making many runs
on the same plant.
     The subsequent three chapters of this manual describe how to use
the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs.
     Chapter 2 describes the physical set-up of the computer system and
presents several important "do's and don'ts" intended to prevent the
user from damaging the computer or the diskettes.
     Chapter 3 contains a step-by-step description of how to run the
programs and obtain numerical and graphical output.  This chapter also
contains several important recommendations and warnings about storing
and using the diskettes.
     Chapter 4 presents guidelines for interpreting the program output
and a discussion of the limits of accuracy of the programs.
     Before using the Diagnostic Operation Modeling programs for the
first time, it is recommended that the user read through the first three
chapters of this manual,  as well as appendices which are referenced in
those chapters.
     Note:  Before using the Apple computer for the first time,
            it is strongly recommended that the user read the
            users manuals for the computer, printer, disk drives,
            and cathode ray terminal (CRT, or TV monitor) provided
            by the manufacturers.
Taking the time to read these other manuals will greatly reduce the
chance of accidental damage or misuse of this equipment.  It will also
save a great deal of time in the long run, and make using the computer
more enjoyable.
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1.1  Limitations
     In general, a maximum of ten individual treatment units per type
of unit process is allowed (i.e., ten primary clarifiers, ten aeration
basins, ten RBC's per RBC train, etc.).  If a plant has more than ten
of any type of treatment unit, the plant can still be accurately modeled
by using, for example, half the flow with half the actual number of
units.  To do this, all the units would have to be of the same size and
configuration.  If not, the user must exercise his own judgment in
deciding whether or not he can approximate the actual plant configura-
tion in some way which results in less than ten units for each unit
process.
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r -
                                               CHAPTER 2
                                          USING THE COMPUTER
                     This chapter presents a non-technical discussion of how to prepare
                the Apple II plus computer for use with the Diagnostic Operational
                Modeling Programs.  It is based on the combined experience of the
                individuals who developed the program formats specifically to be used
                on this computer system, and is meant to be as simple and foolproof as
                possible.  We recommend that users follow the procedures in this
                chapter carefully until they are thoroughly familiar with the programs,
                as well as the capabilities and limitations of the computer itself,
                before attempting to modify these procedures in any way.
                     Note:  This chapter is not a substitute for manufacturers'
                            manuals provided with the computer hardware.  Those
                            manuals must be read carefully before following any
                            instructions in this manual.
                2.1  Computer System Components
                     The program formats were developed using the following standard
                components:
                     1.  Computer — Apple II plus with 48K random access
                                     memory (RAM)
                     2.  Disk Drives — Two Apple II disk drives with
                                        controller card
                     3.  CRT — Various manufacturers
                     4.  Dot Matrix Printer — Epson MX-80 with graph tracks
                     5.  Clock — Mountain Hardware Apple clock
                     6.  Diskettes — 5^ inch diameter, various manufacturers
                     The first step in running the programs is to set up the computer
                in a suitable work area.   A table or desk at least two feet wide and
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four feet long will be required to hold the computer without crowding.
Additional work space, particularly an "L" shaped arrangement, is very
helpful.  The computer, printer and CRT each require a 110 volt power
supply.  Power cords should be kept out of the way to avoid accidental
unplugging of the equipment.  Set the computer in the center of the
work space.  Place the disk drives on top of each other, with Drive No. 1
on top, and to the right of the computer.  Place the printer to the
left of the computer.  The CRT can either be placed directly on top of
the computer or directly behind it.  The clock is kept inside the
computer itself.
     After reading the manufacturers instructions carefully, plug the
printer and the CRT into th3 computer.  The disk drives should already
be connected to it.  Make sure that the main power switches on the
computer, printer and CRT are turned off, and then plug these units into
the power source.
     Note:  Do not turn on the power to any of these units yet.
2.2  Computer
     The computer is the heart of the system.  The keyboard provides
the user with a means of entering data and commands for the computer
to act on.  Commands given internally by the computer activate the
printer and disk drives while the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Pro-
grams are being run.
     It is very important that the computer (and all other system
components)  and the area around them be kept clean and dry.   Use a
dry or lightly moistened dust cloth for cleaning.  Avoid using too
much water.   Do not use any cleaners whatsoever.   Never put open
beverage containers, flower vases, etc., on the table where the computer
is kept, or on overhead shelves near the computer.   Excessive moisture
can severely damage or destroy the computer.
     Note:  The computer, when in operation,  will cause electrical
            interference to some instruments and most radio and
            television receivers.
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     Note:  After a period of  time, the electrical contacts
            inside the computer may oxidize and cause apparent
            malfunctions when  running the programs.  The circuit
            boards can be removed and the contacts gently cleaned
            with a soft vinyl  (non-abrasive) eraser or with clean-
            ing compounds developed specifically for this purpose.
            The power to the computer must be shut off before the
            circuit boards are removed.  Removing circuit boards
            while the power is on can severely damage or destroy
            the computer.
2.3  Disk Drives
     Two disk drives are provided to store and read programs and data.
They are not interchangeable.  Drive 1 is used to read in the Diagnostic
Operational Modeling Programs, treatment plant configuration files, and
the Plot Program.  Drive 2 is used to store data from the main program
runs for use with the Plot Program.  This will be discussed in more
detail in Chapter 3.
     When in use, each drive holds only one diskette.   To insert a
diskette into the drive,  first push in the top of the flap on the  front
of the drive.   It will flip up and allow access to the horizontal slot
in the front of the drive.   Diskettes are stored in protective paper
packets.   Remove the  diskette from the packet by holding it so the label
is on top and in the  lower right corner as you look down at it.   Put
your right thumb over the label, and gently remove the diskette from
the packet,  and insert it into the drive without turning it so that the
label remains  on top  and  in the lower right corner as  you look down at
the drive.  Close the drive by pushing down on the plastic flap until
it flips back down.
     Note:  Never let anything touch the brown or grey surface of
            the diskette.   Handle the diskette by the  plastic cover
            only.  Always keep diskettes in the paper  packet when
            they are  not  in use.
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     Note:  Never turn the computer on unless there Is a
            diskette in Drive 1.  It is not necessary to have
            one in Drive 2.
     To remove a diskette, simply open the drive door by pushing in on
the top of the flap.  Carefully pull the diskette out of the drive,
and put it back in the paper packet.
     Note:  Always check the "in use" light on the drive before
            removing diskettes.  Never remove a diskette while the
            "in use" light is on.  This can destroy the information
            on the diskette.
     Note:  Don't leave diskettes in the drives overnight.
     Note:  The disk drives require cleaning periodically to remove
            dirt and magnetic particles from the read/write head.
            Cleaning kits with instructions are available from most
            computer stores.
2.4  CRT
     Many CRT's are available from various manufacturers for use> with
the Apple computer.  They vary widely in detail and in orientation of
controls, so the user should become familiar with the one provided.
Eyestrain is a common symptom of heavy computer use, so take some time
to place the CRT where it is easiest to look at for long periods of time.
Changing contrast and brightness settings may be helpful if lighting
conditions in the room change during the day.
     Note:  Many users have found that looking at the CRT for long
            periods of time under fluorescent lights gives them
            headaches.  This is caused by the screen and lights
            flickering together very quickly.   This problem can
            be minimized by changing to incandescent lighting or
            taking breaks at regular intervals.
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 2.5   Printer
      The  users  manual prepared by  the manufacturer contains all  the
 information needed  to use  the Epson MX-80 dot matrix printer properly.
 Therefore, normal operating  instructions will not be repeated in this
 manual.
      One  addition to the normal instructions which previous program
 users have found handy is  to place a standard office-type "in-out"
 basket behind the printer  to receive the output.  Paper going into
 the printer should  run underneath  the basket.  When properly arranged,
 the output will fold itself neatly in the top part of the basket and
 prevent output  from being  fed back into the printer, which jams the
 machine.  This allows the  user to devote attention to other matters
 while a run is being printed.
 2.6   Clock
      This is the only piece of hardware that you really don't see.  It
 consists  of a printed circuit board inside the computer.  The manu-
 facturer's manual describes how to set the clock initially, and how to
 reset it  if the clock's power supply fails.
      The  clock has a backup battery attached to it, so that when you
 turn  off  the computer the correct time remains in the clock.   The
battery takes three days to fully recharge, either by leaving the
computer  on or using the 9 volt adapter provided.  After the battery is
fully charged you can turn the computer off overnight or over the
weekend.  If you plan to not use the computer for more than three days,
you should plug in the 9 volt adapter.   Instructions for using the
adapter are included in the manufacturer's manual.
2.7  Diskettes
     Diskettes are very similar to cassette tapes except in physical
ways.   Therefore, you must use the same precautions to keep them from
being damaged.  These include the following:
      1.  Never put a diskette in a hot area such as in the sunlight
          area of a window or near an oven, heater, electrical panel
          or lamp.
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     2.  Keep the diskettes away from magnetic fields at all times.
         This includes:  motors, instruments, magnets, metal cab-
         inets, electrical cords, etc.
     3.  Store the diskettes in a cool dry place.  Moisture can
         cause fatal damage to the surface area of the diskette.
         Diskettes should be stored vertically in a closed
         container.  Special storage containers are available from
         most computer stores.
     Since the diskettes can be damaged very easily and since it is
nearly impossible to "repair" a damaged one, it is strongly recommended
that each user center keep two complete sets of diskettes.  One set
should be a working set available for day-to-day use.   The second set
should be retained as a backup in case something happens to a working
diskette.  If a working diskette becomes damaged or is lost, the back-
up diskette should be used as the working diskette and another copy
obtained to become the new backup diskette.
     Note:   The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs cannot
            be listed, edited,  or copied except by authorized
            personnel.
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                              CHAPTER 3
                        RUNNING THE PROGRAMS

     This chapter contains instructions on how to run the Diagnostic
Operational Modeling Programs and the Plot Program.  These programs are
conversational in nature, which means that the computer will ask the user
a series of questions before the computations start.  The answers to these
questions will guide the computer in its work.  The emphasis of this
chapter is to explain to the user how each of these questions affects the
computations so that users can obtain output best suited to their needs.
     The question and answer format of each program is intended to be easy
to follow.  The majority of the questions asked refer either to the
physical configuration of the plant to be modeled or to the wastewater
characteristics to be used in the run, and are self-explanatory.  For this
reason, not all of the questions the user will need to answer are specifi-
cally addressed in this manual.  The user should understand that incorrect
answers will not hurt the programs in any way but will affect the output.
     Before proceeding, the user is advised to prepare data sheets with
the wastewater characteristics and plant configuration to be used in the
run.  Forms which indicate the necessary information are contained in
Appendices B and C of this manual.
3.1  What the Computer Does
     The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs simulate the perform-
ance of municipal wastewater treatment plants under steady state con-
ditions for a series of twenty evenly-spaced flows beginning at 75 per-
cent of the average dry weather flow and increasing to 130 percent of
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the plant's design flow.  The computer begins each run by printing out
a title page, and then prints out the wastewater characteristics and
treatment plant configuration used in the run.  Values for nearly all
significant operating parameters are then printed out for each unit
process at each incremental flow.  Wastewater characteristics are held
constant throughout each run.
     The user has a choice of several options each time a program is
run.  The first option the user has is to use previously stored data
on the configuration of a particular treatment plant, or to enter new
data.  If the user elects to enter new data, the second option the
user has after entering all the new data is whether  or not to save  the
data just entered for future use.
     If the plant being run has digesters,  the user has the option of
having or not having a digester analysis printed out.  Not requesting
a digester analysis saves some time on each run.
     The user also has the option of saving the values computed in each
run for plotting after the run is completed.  In order to take advan-
tage of this capability, the user must have a "Data Disk" available to
insert in Drive 2 during the main program run, and must also switch
diskettes in Drive 1 after the main program run is completed.  If the
user does not wish to exercise this option, neither of these steps are
necessary.   This will be discussed in more detail a bit later in this
chapter.
     The user also has the option of using the clock to record the date
on each output page of the computer printout, and of adding one line of
comments to the bottom of the title page of each printout.
     These items have been presented in approximately the order in which
they appear to the user.  Each will now be discussed in more detail.
At this stage, the user should have the computer itself assembled and
ready to go, the program data and plotting diskettes at hand, and all
the necessary input data ready.
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 3.2  Beginning  the Run
     The last steps  the user should perform before beginning a first
 run are the following:
     1.  Load paper  into the printer.  Advance the paper so that
         a horizontal perforated line is about % inch above the
         top of the  print head.
     2.  Put the main program disk in Drive 1.
     3.  Turn on the power to the computer, CRT and printer.  Hit
         the printer "On Line" button to make sure it lights, then
         hit it again to make the light go out.
     At this point the "in use" light on Drive 1 should come on, and
 the drive will whir  and clack for a few seconds.  Then a message will
 appear on the screen giving the user certain information.  Using the
 "Conventional Activated Sludge" diskette, for example, this first
 message would read
 CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE DISK
YOU SHOULD HAVE THE CONVENTIONAL A.S. DATA DISK
    IN DRIVE 2
 1.  CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
 2.  QUIT
    WHICH NUMBER?
     The first line identifies the program disk in use.   This is for the
users information only.   If you have accidentally inserted the wrong
diskette,  turn the computer off,  remove the diskette and start over
again.
      Note:   To repeat a previous warning,  wait until the "in use"
             light is off before removing diskettes from the drives.
     The second line is  actually a user option,  rather than a necessary
next step.   If the user  wishes to save data points for plotting,  a
Data Disk should be inserted in Drive 2 at  this point.   If the user does
not want to do any plotting on this run,  this  statement can be ignored
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and Drive 2 left empty.
     The next three lines give the user a choice of proceeding with
the run (Line "1") or stopping (Line "2").  To choose, type the number
preceding the statement you wish to follow and then hit 
button.  In either case, the disk drive will whir and clack for several
seconds.  If the user typed <1>, the main program is now being loaded
into the computer.  This will give the user several seconds to get ready
for the next steps.  If the user typed <2>, the computer would stop
running the diagnostic program and could be used for other purposes.
     From here on, the computer will ask you many questions in fairly
rapid succession before beginning the run.  Take your time in answering
them.  The computer will wait patiently for each answer.  However, if
you answer a question incorrectly and hit , in most cases the
incorrect answer cannot be changed, and you may have to start all over
again in order to enter the information you want.
     The next questions the computer will ask are:
ENTER TREATMENT PLANT NAME:
STATE OF:
COMMENTS:
     Answers to the first two questions will appear exactly as they are
entered on the title page of the run.   They will appear on the same
line with a comma in between.
     "COMMENTS" allows the user to add a one line notation to the bottom
of the title page.  The user should type comments exactly as s/he would
like them to appear.  Hit  to conclude the comments.  Remember
that only one line of comments can be added.  Additional lines will print
over the first line.
     If the user does not wish to add any comments, simply hit .
      From here on, the symbols enclosed in < > symbols refer to
specific keys, commands or symbols which the user should press.
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 3.3   Entering  Plant  Configuration Data
      The next  series of  questions the computer will ask involve the
 configuration  of  each major unit process element in the treatment
 plant.  There  are, as mentioned previously, two ways to do this.  One
 is to use data which was previously stored on the program disk under a
 file  name.  The other is to enter new data, which can later be stored
 under a new file  name so it can be retrieved and reused later.
      The first question  the computer will ask is:
 DO YOU WISH TO USE PREVIOUSLY ENTERED PLANT CONFIGURATIONS (Y/N).
      Before answering this question, the user should understand that
 the computer assumes  that each process unit included in a plant con-
 figuration file is on line.  There is no way to tell the computer that
 one or more clarifiers, aeration basins, trickling filters, etc., which
 are part of a  previously entered configuration file, have been taken
 out of service.   Nor  is there any way to change a data file.  If the
 user wishes to simulate a plant whose entire configuration is on file—
 but with one or more  units out of service—a new set of plant data must
 be entered.
     Note:   There is  no way to check the contents of a plant
            configuration file except to run the file and check
            the data which is printed out on the first few
            pages of  output.
 Using Previously Stored Data
     If the user elects to use a previously entered file,  the response
 should be  followed by .   The computer will then ask:
 UNDER WHAT NAME (IF YOU DON'T KNOW TYPE  ).
     Every plant configuration file has a name assigned to it by the
user who created it.   The user wishes to use a previously entered plant
 file, he or she should type in the desired file name,  exactly as it was
entered, and then hit .   The disk drive will whir and clack a
bit more as the file  is read in to the computer.
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     If the user doesn't know the exact file name, hitting  
will display the names of all the configuration files stored on the
program disk, and then repeat the last question.  The user can then
check the file list, and enter the proper file name.
     If the user enters a previously stored plant configuration file by
either of these paths, the next question the computer will ask is:
PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THESE QUESTIONS
AVERAGE DRY WEATHER FLOW MOD
     This signals the beginning of the next series of questions; which
involve entering the wastewater characteristics that will be used in
the run.  At this point, we will backtrack a bit, and consider what the
user should do if he or the Joet, not want to use a previously stored
data file.
Using New Data
     If the user wants to enter new plant data for a particular run, the
user should have typed   in response to the first question
considered in this section.  The  response prompts the computer to
move on to the next series of questions, which involve the wastewater
characteristics that will be used in the simulation.  These questions,
and the effects of responses to each question, are discussed in section
3.4.
     However,  the computer would soon return to the questions needed to
enter a new plant configuration file.  These questions will therefore
be discussed now, although It is a bit out of sequence.  This is done
because answering the plant configuration questions requires a consid-
erable amount of information, which is best gathered ahead of time.
     The forma contained in Appendix C are provided to serve as a guide
to the information needed in order to answer the computer's questions.
The information required is slightly different for each type of treat-
ment plant.   If the appropriate sheets in Appendix C are prepared ahead
of time, entering the data is a simple matter.  Just answer the questions
in the order in which they are asked, hitting  after each
response.

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     Again,  take  your  time  in  answering  the  computer's,  questions  so as
 not  to make  a mistake.   There  is no practical way  to change an  incorrect
 number once  the  button has been hit.  The only recourse  if this
 happens  is to hit  and  type  .  This will return  the
 program  to the very beginning, and the user  will have to start  all over
 again.
     When the last bit of information needed to complete the plant con-
 figuration file has been entered, the computer will acknowledge it by
 asking the user:
 DO YOU WANT  TO SAVE THESE VALUES IN A FILE (Y/N)
     If  the  user  does want  to  save the values, typing   will
 bring the following response:
 UNDER WHAT NAME (KEEP IT SHORT)
     Type in a name, usually the city that the treatment plant serves
 (but it  can be any combination of letters, numbers and  symbols)  and hit
 .  The values previously entered will be permanently stored in a
 file with that name.  The disk drive will whir and clack for a few seconds
while this is being lono.
     If  the user  does not want to save the values, type   and
proceed.   Proceeding at  this point would actually bring the user to the
beginning of Section 3.5.  However,  we will  again break sequence some-
what and discuss  the wastewater characteiistics questions,  which would
actually have been asked before the above questions if the user  had not
used previously entered plant configuration data.
     Note:   If the plant being run does not have primary clarifiers,
            and the program diskette in rse requires them unless
            screenn are used, don't try to fool the computer by
            putting in a "dummy" clarifier with an extremely small
            diameter and shallow depth.  The results will not be
            realistic.   However, a "dummy" digester can be used  as
            all of the diagnostic programs require digesters in  the
            input data.  "Dummy" digesters will not produce mis-
            leading information in the output.

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3.4  Entering Wastewater Characteristics
     Entering the wastewatur characteristics needed to run the Diagnos-
tic Operational Modeling Programs is quite easy.  There are only 13
questions that are asked ard some of them don't have to be answered.
Some of the questions will have default values assigned to them if there
is no data available.  These variables, and their default values, are
as follows:
% Volatile
TKN
Alkalinity
PH
PO.-P
4
80%
30 mg/1
100 mg/1
7.0 S.U.
8 mg/1
     A realistic value must be assigned to all other wastewater charac-
teristics for the computer to be able to complete the run.
     Note:  The computer considers a range of flows beginning at
            75 percent of rhe number entered as "AVERAGE DRY
            WEATHER FLOW," which is the first question asked in
            this section.  This number can therefore be set to
            achieve a desired minimum flow in the printout.  Any
            deviation from actual conditions will, to a certain
            degree, affect the accuracy of the model's output at
            flows less than the actual average flow.
     Note:  The computer considers a range of flows ending at
            130 percent of the number entered as "DESIGN FLOW,"
            which is the third question asked in this section.
            This number can also be set to achieve a desired
            maximum flow in the printout.   This will also, to a
            certain degree, cause some deviation from actual
            expected conditions.
     All wastewater values should be entered as accurately as possible
to ensure that the mathematical portions of the Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs have realistic numbers to work with.  If they don't,
the output will have little value.
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 3.5  Other Options
     After all  Information described previously in this section regard-
 ing  the  treatment plant configuration and wastewater characteristics
 has  been entered, the user will have three additional options to exer-
 cise.  They will appear, one by one, as follows:
 WOULD YOU LIKE  TO SAVE ALL THE DATA POINTS (Y/N)
 WOULD YOU LIKE  A DIGESTER ANALYSIS (Y/N)
 CLOCK  (Y/N)
     The first  question refers to the data points that will be needed
 for  the  plotting program.  If the user has already decided that he or
 she  wishes to plot the output data, they should first check to make
 sure that the data disk has been inserted in Drive 2.  If not, insert
 it now,  then hit  .  If the user does not want any graphical
 displays of the output, simply hit  .
     The second question gives the user the option of having digester
 calculations performed in addition to the other process calculations
 performed by each program.
     The third question gives the user the option of having the date,
 time, and year printed out on the title page and on the process calcu-
 lation pages of each run.
     Note:  The user can answer  or  to any of the last
            three questions.   None of these questions affect
            the accuracy of the process calculations.
     The printer should now be put "On-Line."  The printer will go to
work immediately, and will print for several minutes.  Each page of
output will have an identifying title at the top,  as well as the
influent temperature, BOD and TSS concentrations,  and (optionally)  the
date and time of the run.  When the run is finished,  the printer will
advance  the paper to the next page, and the disk drive will whir and
clack again.   After a few seconds, the message:
ANOTHER  RUN (Y/N)
                                  3-9

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will  appear on the screen.  This signifies that the main program run is
completed.
      Note:  The  "in use" light on the disk drive will come  on
            at various  times while  the program is running and
            when the  run is completed.  For  the third time,
            remember:   Never try to remove a diskette from
            the  drive while the "in use"  light is on.
3.6   Additional  Runs
      Once a program has been run through  to  completion  once, the user
can rerun the same program and treatment  plant configuration file  over
and over again with new wastewater characteristics.  There  are  limita-
tions, however.   The  only wastewater characteristics which  can  be  varied
are the BOD, TSS  and  temperature.
      If another  run is  desired with these three variables (or,  in  fact,
none  of them) changed,  the user can type   .  The next three
questions which will  appear on the screen are:
NEW BOD
NEW TSS
NEW TEMP
      The computer will  assume that all other plant configuration and
wastewater parameters are the same as the first run.  There is no
practical way to change any other previously entered variable.
      Three additional questions will appear on the screen before the
next  run is started.  These are:
STILL SAVE ALL THE DATA POINTS (Y/N)
UNDER WHAT NAME  (DIFFERENT FROM THE LAST ONE)
WOULD YOU LIKE A DIGESTER ANALYSIS (Y/N)
      If the user wishes to save the new data points, the proper responses
to the first two questions are as described in Section 3.3,  except that a
new file name must be entered.   The digestion option has already been
discussed in Section 3.5.
                                   3-10

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 3.7  Plotting Program
     Selecting  the Right  File
     If  the user wishes to use  the plotting program,  the  following steps
 should now be taken:
     1)   Turn off the power  to  the computer
     2)   Remove the program  disk from Drive 1
     3)   Insert the "Plot Program" disk in Drive  1
     4)   Turn the power to the  computer back on
     A list of program plot  options will then appear  on the screen.
 Pick the  program which was just run, enter the appropriate number, and
 hit .
     The  computer will then  ask you:
WHICH PLANT DO YOU WANT TO PLOT FOR ('?' FOR CATALOG).
     The  user should enter the  name that the data point file was
 assigned.  If more than one  data point file with the  same name has
 been stored but with different  BOD, TSS and temperature values used
 during the runs, it is probably best to hit  .  This will
 display a series of file  names with the following form:
                          X     Y/Z/A
     X corresponds to the original data point file name
     Y corresponds to the influent BOD on a particular run
     Z corresponds to the influent TSS on a particular run
     A corresponds to the influent temperature on a particular run.
     The first step is to enter the name of the plant file you wish to
plot that corresponds to  the "X" in Liie symbolic notation.  For example,
if the user wished to plot a data file whose name was recorded as
"FRED 200/200/20," the user should type  FRED> and then hit .
     The computer will then ask a series of three questions to determine
the influent BOD,  TSS and temperature,  w'lLch corresponds to the Y, Z,
and A symbols in the previous example.   By entering the appropriate
numbers for these three variables,  the user can choose the desired file
                                   3-11

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from several which begin with the same name.  After entering these three
values, the disk drive will whir and clack for a Jew seconds, while  Lt
locates the file,
Running the File
     The next three statements the computer will make must be well under-
stood before the plot pr< gram can be used effectively, although they do
not require any answers.  They are as follows.
DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO 1'LO'-  A v/ALL)E
1.  YOU SHOULD HAVE AN EXAMPLE RUN OF THE PLANT
2.  YOU SHOULD BE FAMILIAR WLTH THE TERMS:  PAGE, COLUMN AND ROW
3.  YOU SHOULD READ ALL MA'ITRIALS THAT PERTAIN TO THIS PROBLEM
               HIT RETURN TO CONTINUE
     The plot program asks the user which parameter is to be plotted by
page and column number, "Page number" refers to the pages of output from
the main program, but the cover page and plant configuration pages are
not included in the numbering system.  Thus page one is the first page
of printed numerical values.  The following pages are numbered sequen-
tially.  "Column number" refers to the vertical columns of numerical
values which appear on each of the "numbered" pages of output.   The
column numbers begin at the left side of the page, and increase to the
right.  Thus the plant flow is always column "one," and other variables
have higher column numbers.
     Most users cannot remember the exact page and column numbers of
variables they wish to plot.  This is why it is a good idea to have the
main program run, or a similar run, at hand.  The user can check these
numbers on the output and avoid mistakes and lost time.
     The third comment is intended to steer users toward this section
of the manual before proceeding any further.  There are no materials
which pertain to the plot program other than those contained in this
manual.
                                  3-12

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     The user should now check the program output and select the page
and column numbers for the first parameter to be plotted.  Enter these
numbers, hitting  after each is typed in.  When the page number
is entered, a long series of numbers will appear on the CRT screen.
This shows that the numerical data from that page which was stored on
the data disk is now being fed into the computer.  After the column
number is entered, the computer will ask for:
PARAMETER NAME
     Choose this name carefully.  It will appear on the plot as
FLOW vs (PARAMETER NAME).  The name entered does not have to be the
same as the parameter name used in the main program.
     The computer will also ask for:
TITLE OF REPORT
     This title can be anything the user wishes and it, too, will appear
on the plot as the first line of the heading.  All other questions and
options used in the plot program are basically self-explanatory while
the program is being run, and so will not be described in detail.
3.8  Ending a Run
     When the user has finished with the computer, it can be left on
for someone else's use with no harm to the equipment.  If it is left
on, a diskette should be left in Drive 1 to prevent someone from
accidentally starting a run with an empty drive.  This can be harmful
to the disk drive itself.   The drive "door" should also be flipped up
to take pressure off the diskette.   As long as the computer is turned
on, the diskettes can be left in the drives for extended periods of
time without harm.
     Note:   It will not hurt the computer to leave a question,
            such as ANOTHER RUN?  (Y/N)  unanswered.   In fact,
            leaving this message on the screen is a good
            indicator of the computer's status,  and may be
            helpful to other users.
                                  3-13

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     If no one else plans to use the computer for several hours, it
would be best to turn the computer off.   To do this,  simply remove
the diskettes from both drives and then turn off the power to the
computer, printer and CRT.
                                   3-14

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                                 CHAPTER 4
                          INTERPRETING THE OUTPUT

     This chapter presents an introduction to interpretation of the
Diagnostic Operational Modeling  Programs' output.  It is only an intro-
duction.  A full understanding of the model's output requires a consid-
erable knowledge of sanitary engineering and of the treatment plant being
modeled.  In order to fully understand the operating conditions in any
treatment plant, an on-site visit by qualified operations specialists is
almost always necessary.  Two of the most important objectives of an
on-site visit are to verify the  accuracy of the plant's laboratory data
and plant configuration, which are the starting points of the evaluation
process.  Without this knowledge, the user should not attempt to draw
final conclusions from the output, as misunderstanding will inevitably
lead to error.
     Appendices D and E of this manual contain, respectively, definitions
of the abbreviated variable names which appear at the top of each column
of numerical output,  and typical values for many of these parameters.
The user should take a few minutes to review these Appendices before pro-
ceeding with interpretation of the output.
4.1  As sumpt ions
     The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs are intended to simu-
late treatment plant operation under relatively normal conditions.   The
output should, therefore, be regarded as an indication of how the plant
would perform under ideal, but not unrealistic, conditions.   The only
limitations the programs consider are those set by the physical dimen-
sions of the plant and by the wastewater characteristics selected by the
user.  This is why the models are referred  to as "idealized."
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     There are two kinds of limitations which must be considered in
interpreting the output of the models.  The first are process limitations
which may occur in several forms in any treatment plant.  These are dis-
cussed below.  The second are related to the computer algorithms them-
selves and are discussed in Section 4.2.
     The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs make the following
assumptions:
     1.  Wastewater is typical domestic sewage, with no significant
         industrial component, abnormally high variability or unusually
         high strength recycle flows.
     2.  The flow split between parallel process units produces
         uniform organic and hydraulic loading.
     3.  Clarifiers (both primary and secondary) have minimal short
         circuiting.
     4.  Both primary and secondary sludge reach ultimate compaction
         in the clarifiers.
     5.  There is no toxic inhibition of biological processes.
     6.  There is no oxygen limitation in biological processes.
     7.  Distribution of flow over fixed film biological reactors is
         uniform.
     8.  Suspended growth biological reactors are uniformly mixed.
     9.  Secondary clarifiers in suspended growth biological systems
         have adequate sludge collector capacity.
    10.  All unit processes have adequate pump capacity.
     These assumptions must be verified before the output of the models
can be considered representative of a treatment plant's actual per-
formance capability.   Significant deviations from these idealized
conditions can limit process performance in a variety of ways.  The
exact effects of this kind of limitation depend on the specific type
of problem,  plant configuration,  operating strategies and countless
other factors,  and,  therefore, cannot be considered in the modeling
programs.   For this  reason,  actual effluent quality in such plants may

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 be  quite  different  from the model's predictions.  If significant process
 limitations  do  exist,  the  output  of the models will provide an  indication
 of  the  effluent quality which could be achieved if these limitations were
 corrected.   Of  course,  no  treatment plant operates under truly  ideal con-
 ditions,  and some minor limitations will always be present.  Minor  limita-
 tions will not,  by  themselves,  lead to a pronounced difference  between
 actual  and predicted effluent quality.
 4.2 Accuracy of the Algorithms
     The  algorithms used in the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs
 are intended to be most accurate  in the average operating range of most
 secondary treatment plants.  This corresponds to effluent BOD and TSS con-
 centrations  of  10 to 50 mg/1, with a maximum monthly average of 30 mg/1
 being the usual requirement.  Within this range, and providing  that all
 the assumptions  discussed  in section 4.1 are true, the effluent BOD and TSS
 concentrations  predicted by the programs are accurate to within about ten
 percent.
     The  accuracy of the algorithms decreases under extremely high or low
 loading conditions, although efforts have been made to adjust the algo-
 rithms under  these conditions.  When predicted effluent BOD and TSS con-
 centrations  are  less than  10 mg/1 or greater than 50 mg/1, the programs
 are no longer considered to be  accurate to within any fixed percentage
 limits.   Under  these conditions, the judgement of the user becomes an
 important factor in interpretation of the output.
 4.3  Detecting Process  Limitations
     The  first step in  evaluating a treatment plant's performance should
be  to compare actual operating  data to the predicted performance.   If
 they are  essentially equal, it  indicates that the plant is operating
without significant process limitations.   If this is the case,  and the
plant's effluent quality is very close to its discharge limit,  it indi-
cates that thought should be given to retrofitting or expanding the plant
 if  flows  are expected to increase in the future.   The output will indicate
how much additional flow the plant could handle before effluent quality
becomes unacceptable.
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     If a plant is operating without process limitations and is producing
a much higher quality effluent than is required by the plant's discharge
permit, it indicates that loading on process units is rather light.   In
cases such as this, it may be possible to shut down one or more process
units without degrading effluent quality to an unacceptable level.  This
can result in a substantial savings in energy and maintenance costs, and
prolong the life of plant equipment as well.  The Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs can be used to quickly and accurately predict the impact
of removing any combination of process units on the overall performance
of the plant.
     If, on the other hand, the actual effluent quality at a particular
treatment plant is significantly worse than the predicted quality, the
difference may be due to one or more specific process limitations.  Process
limitations, as described in Chapter 1, are conditions which limit the
capacity of a particular unit process to the extent that the overall per-
formance of the plant is adversely affected.
     Before any attempt is made to diagnose process limitations, the user
should understand the following aspects of the algorithms used in the
Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs:
     1.  In the Conventional Activated Sludge, Single Stage Activated
         Sludge for Nitrification, Activated Bio-Filter and Contact
         Stabilization programs, the maximum MLSS concentration in the
         biological reactors (contactor only in the Contact Stabiliza-
         tion program)  is limited to 2500 mg/1.  In the Extended Aeration
         and Extended Aeration Oxidation Ditch programs, the maximum
         MLSS is limited to 3000 mg/1.
         These limits are based on the solids handling capability of
         most secondary clarifier systems in typical activated sludge
         and extended aeration treatment plants.   Higher mixed liquor
         concentrations often result in solids overload.  Therefore,
         these values represent an upper limit of normal operation in
         most plants.
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     2.  In all programs which simulate suspended growth reactors
         (all those included in items 1 and 2 above), the minimum
         allowable depth to the sludge blanket in secondary clarifiers
         is six feet measured from the water surface.  This has an
         interactive effect on the mixed liquor concentration in the
         biological reactors.  When the six foot depth is reached,
         this interaction causes the mixed liquor concentrations to
         be lowered to whatever level is necessary to maintain this
         six foot minimum as flows increase.  The effects of this are
         generally quite noticeable when examining the output.
     The most commonly observed process limitations, considered on a
process by process basis, are as follows:
Primary Clarifiers
     1.  Hydraulic overload.  This can be observed in the computer
         output when the surface loading exceeds the high value in
         Appendix E.
     2.  Excessive turbulence or short circuiting.  This must be
         verified by on-site inspection.
     3.  Uneven flow split between clarifiers.  This must be
         verified by on-site inspection.
Suspended Growth Reactors
     1.  Reactors too small.  This can be observed in the computer
         output when the F/M ratio exceeds the high value in
         Appendix E and the depth of the sludge blanket is still
         greater than six feet.
     2.  Insufficient aeration capacity.  This can be observed in
         plant operating data or verified by on-site inspection.
     3.  Insufficient mixing.  This must be verified by on-site
         inspection.
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 Trickling Filters and Activated Elo-Filtera
      1.   Trickling filters too small.  This can be observed  in the
                                                 3
          computer output  /hen the Ib BOD/1000 ft /day  loadings
          exceed the high value in Appendix E.
      2.   Uneven tluw dist ihution over filters.  This  must be
          verified by on-s'.o inspection.
      3.   Filters plugged  j>ouJiug).  This must be verified by  on-
          site irispecLio ,
      4.   Excessive reeirculallon rates.  This can be observed  in
          ihe ,-oni[ utt •- o' tpu  when the loading in GPDSF exceeds
          the high value J  i At<>v . ,dix R.
 ^°J'ating  Biological  • 'oiu .u• i ,i;,
      1.   RBC's  Loo small.   Lids can be observed in the computer
          output when  tht.-  li,  iJOi)/iOOO li.'/tiay Joadings  exceed
          the high value 1*1 ;(>,>iH-ndix E.
      2.,   Uneven flow  spilt lietween reactor trains.   This must
          be  verified  by on-:,Jte inspection.
 Secondary Clarifiers
      1.   Same as 1 in  "Primary  Clarifiers"
      2.   Same as 2 in  "Primary  Clarifiers"
      3.   Same as 3 in  "Primary  Clarifiers"
      4.   Clarifiers too shallow.   This can be observed in the
          computer  output  for  suspended growth programs when
          the depth to  the  sludge  blanket  decreases  to six feet
          and mixed liquor  concentrations  are less  than the
          allowable maximum.
Aerobic and Anaerobic  Digesters
      1.   Digesters  too  small.   This  can be observed  in the computer
          output  when the mean cell  residence time is  less than the
         high loading  value in Appendix E.
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     Note:  The  digester performance has no direct effect on
            plant effluent quality in the Diagnostic Operational
            Modeling Programs.
     Note:  Not  all of the ten basic assumptions presented in
            Section 4.1 have been repeated in this summary.  The
            user should keep in mind that they do apply in all
            cases.  Those assumptions which are not specifically
            repeated must, in general, be verified by on-site
            inspection.
     The user should check each value in the computer output against
the ranges presented in Appendix E and against actual plant data, if
possible, to check for unusual conditions in all unit processes.
     Often, several abnormal conditions are related to a single process
limitation.  The user should also keep in mind that there are numerous
process limitations which may be related to specific equipment in use
at a particular treatment plant.  A meaningful analysis of the output
from each computer run should include a discussion of the run with the
plant superintendent to identify any such limitations and determine
their effects on plant performance and on the computer's predictions.
4.4  Detecting Operational Deficiencies
     If the actual performance of a treatment plant is not as good as
the computer predicts it could be, and no process limitations are
identified, the problems may be caused by operational deficiencies.   The
best way to identify operational deficiencies is through careful compari-
son of plant laboratory data with the operating parameters predicted in
the computer runs.   Discussion of the data and runs with plant personnel
is especially important in this situation.
     Identifying operational deficiencies also requires a much more
thorough understanding of plant operation itself than is needed to
identify process limitations.  The experience of a well-qualified
operations specialist can be extremely beneficial when reviewing and
interpreting plant data.
                                   4-7

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     There are countless operational problems which can adversely affect
the overall performance of a treatment plant.  It is, therefore, impos-
sible to present a comprehensive set of guidelines for identifying such
problems.  However, the following list of commonly encountered situations
which can lead to poor plant performance is provided to orient the user
towards sources of operational problems and methods of solving them.
They are:
Laboratory Sampling and Analysis
     1.  Improper sampling technique.  Many treatment plants rely on
         grab samples rather than composite samples.  Grab samples are
         often misleading in terms of average daily conditions.
     2.  Improper sampling location.  Sampling locations must be
         chosen to accurately account for recycle flows, intermit-
         tent process pumping, and other variable factors.
     3.  Insufficient sampling.  In a few cases,  the amount of labora-
         tory data available is simply insufficient to allow a realistic
         process analysis or proper process control.
     4.  Improper laboratory procedures.  In a few cases, analytical
         procedures are applied improperly and produce incorrect
         results.  This creates a totally false representation of
         actual conditions at the plant.
Routine and Emergency Maintenance
     1.  Routine maintenance.  The proper performance of routine
         maintenance is essential to the everyday operation of
         process equipment.   If this maintenance  is not done
         properly,  the frequency of equipment failure will increase
         to the detriment of overall plant performance.
     2,  Emergency maintenance.  Each piece of process equipment
         has a useful life.   If a plant is rather old and much of
         the process equipment is badly worn,  a high rate of
         equipment failure and emergency repair is inevitable.
         This, too,  will limit process performance.
                                  4-8

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 4.5   Special  Considerations  in Output  Interpretation
      The  Diagnostic  Operational Modeling Programs are most accurate
 in the  normal operating  lange of most  treatment plants.  The algorithms
 used  in the programs lose  some accuracy under unusually high or low
 plant loadings,  although the results are still indicative of actual
 plant performance.   However, if unrealistically high or low loadings
 are simulated, the algorithms will not produce realistic predictions.
      Some examples of these  conditions are:
      1.   The  primary clarifier efficiency algorithms never go
          to zero.  They  will always predict a 10 to 15 percent
          removal of  BOD  and  TSS even as the surface loading
          approaches  infinity.
      2.   The  secondary clarifier efficiency and effluent quality
          algorithms  for  suspended growth biological systems pre-
          dict astronomical effluent BOD and TSS concentrations
          at extremely high secondary clarifier surface loading
          rates.
      3.   The  contact stabilization program will sometimes "bomb"
          mathematically when F/M ratios in the contactors or
          reaeration  tanks exceed 2.0 or 1.0, respectively.   In
          actual operation,  a plant would fail totally long before
          these values were reached.
      4.   The aerobic digester routines in the Extended Aeration and
          Extended Aeration Oxidation Ditch programs will not produce
          accurate results when the MCRT in the biological system
          drops below 15 days.
     The numerical values presented in Appendix E should serve as an
example of the range of values  where the Diagnostic Operational Model-
ing Programs will produce reasonably accurate results.   At  conditions
above or below these ranges, the users judgement must be used to de-
termine when the limits of  accuracy of the programs have been reached.
                                 4-10

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Process Control
     1.  Inadequate training.  In some plants operations personnel
         do not have the necessary understanding of process control
         theory or practice to maintain an effective overall operation.
         Training is the only method of correcting this problem.
     2.  Inadequate staffing.  Some plants are understaffed due to
         personnel transfer or insufficient operating budget.  When
         this happens, process control work is frequently the lowest
         priority of the available staff,  and plant performance
         often suffers.
Influent Wastewater
         High variability.  In some communities,  particularly
         small ones, the strength of the wastewater is highly
         variable.  This can reduce treatment efficiency even if
         all other operational considerations are well managed.
         Shock loads.  Rapid,  short term Changes  in the influent
         wastewater characteristics can be particularly detrimental
         to treatment plants.   Discharges from metal plating, food
         processing and other  commercial and industrial sources are
         frequently the cause  of such problems.
Other Causes
     1.  Lack of process control capability.   Some treatment plants
         lack the flexibility required to adjust to changing condi-
         tions.   Others lack instrumentation needed to regulate
         process adjustments.  Both of these problems can lead to
         substandard effluent quality.
     2.  Process upsets.  Filamentous growths, excessive sloughing
         and other causes can lead to temporary increases in effluent
         BOD and TSS concentrations.  To a certain extent, these
         problems will occur from time to time in all treatment plants,
         With sufficient process capability,  these problems can be
         corrected in a relatively short period of time.
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Note:  The effluent BOD and TSS concentrations predicted
       by the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs are
       the concentrations in the secondary clarifier effluent.
       They are not intended to represent final effluent
       quality.  Chlorination can cause a measurable amount
       of suspended solids to settle out of secondary clarifier
       effluent.   This phenomenon has been observed at numerous
       treatment plants, and is particularly noticeable in
       plants which are overloaded and produce a rather poor
       quality secondary effluent.  The Diagnostic Operational
       Modeling Programs do not account for this effect.
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Note:  The effluent BOD and TSS concentrations predicted
       by the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs are
       the concentrations in the secondary clarifier effluent.
       They are not intended to represent final effluent
       quality.  Chlorination can cause a measurable amount
       of suspended solids to settle out of secondary clarifier
       effluent.  This phenomenon has been observed at numerous
       treatment plants, and is particularly noticeable in
       plants which are overloaded and produce a rather poor
       quality secondary effluent.  The Diagnostic Operational
       Modeling Programs do not account for this effect.
                           4-11

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   APPENDIX A




ALGORITHM SOURCES

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                             APPENDIX A
                          ALGORITHM SOURCES

     The algorithms used in the Diagnostic Operational Modeling
Programs were prepared solely by:
                        Mr. David L. Sullivan
                      ES Environmental Services
                          600 Bancroft Way
                     Berkeley, California  94710

     Assistance with development of the program formats and preparation
of this manual was provided solely by:
                         Timothy L. Sullivan
                            Thomas T.  Jones
                            Roy M. Monier
                         Clarisse A. Sev-iry
                                  A-2

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           APPENDIX B

INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT WASTEWATER
           DATA SHEETS

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                             APPENDIX B
                   INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT WASTEWATER
                             DATA SHEETS
Treatment Plant Name:
Location  (in what state):
Wastewater Characteristics Input Data:
     Average dry weather flow      	(MGD)
     Average wet weather flow      	(MGD)
     Peak dry weather flow         	(MGD)
     Peak wet weather flow         	(MGD)
     Design dry weather flow       	(MGD)
     Design peak wet weather flow  	         (MGD)
     Influent BOD	(mg/1)
     Influent TSS (total suspended solid) 	(mg/1)
                 1 2
     Influent VSS '  (volatile suspended solids) 	(%)
     Temperature (maximum/minimum) 	/	( C)
     TKN (total Kjeldahl nitrogen)2	(mg/1)
     Alkalinity2                   	(mg/1)
                                   	___
                            2
     PO.-P (Orthophosphates)        	(mg/1)
Footnotes:  1.  Be sure that this value is expressed as a percentage
                of total suspended solids, rather than a concentration
                in mg/1.
            2.  If you are not sure about these values, just leave them
                blank; default values will be assigned by the computer
                programs.
                                   5-2

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Effluent Characteristics (existing)
     Avg. wet weather flow              Avg. dry weather flow
BOD	  	
TSS	  	
vss	  	
PH  	  	
TKN 	  	
NO,
Plant Superintendent
      Name
      Phone No. (   )
                                  B-3

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         APPENDIX C

TREATMENT PLANT CONFIGURATION
         DATA SHEETS

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                             APPENDIX C
                     TREATMENT PLANT  CONFIGURATION
                             DATA  SHEETS
 Treatment Plant Name
 State  of
 Type  of Treatment Plant  (check appropriate box)
      ( )   1.  Primary  treatment
      ( )   2.  Conventional activated sludge, with or without
              primary  sedimentation
      ( )   3.  Single stage activated sludge for nitrification,
              with or  without primary sedimentation
      ( )   4.  Extended aeration with or without primary sedimentation
      ( )   5.  Extended aeration oxidation ditch with or without
              primary  sedimentation
      ( )   6.  Contact  stabilization, with or without primary
              sedimentation
      ( )   7.  Single stage trickling filter with primary sedimentation
      ( )   8.  Two stage  trickling filter with primary sedimentation
      ( )   9.  Activated  Bio-Filter Process, with or without primary
              sedimentation
      ( ) 10.  Rotating biological contactors with primary sedimentation
1.  Primary Clarification Input Data:
                            Circular Clarttiers
Clarifier Number	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5
Diameter of ea. clarifier (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. clarifier (ft)
Weir length of ea. clarifier (ft)

                       Rectangular ClarLtiers
Clarifier Number	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5
Length of ea. clariiier (ft)
Width of ea. clarifier (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. clarifier (ft)
Weir length of ea. clarifier (ft)
                                  C-2

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                            Fine Screen
 Are fine screens being used (yes or no):
 If  yes,  answer  the  following  questions:
      Type  of  screen:          _____
     Number  of  screens:
     Width  (ft):
     Height  (ft)
     Screening  opening:   (in) :
     Capacity ea.  (MGD):
2.  Secondary Clarification  Input  Data:
                           Circular Clarifiers
Clarifier Number	#1	#2	#3	M	#5
Diameter of each clarifier (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. clarifier  (ft)
Weir length of ea. clarifier  (ft)

                        Rectangular Clarifiers
Clarifier Number	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5
Length of ea. clarifier (ft)
Width of ea. clarifier (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. clarifier  (ft)
Weir length of ea. clarifier  (ft)

3.  Reactor(s) Input Data:
    Type of Reactor:   circle the type  of  reactor  shown below and. indicate
                       the  dimensions for  each of  the reactors
Activated Sludge/Extended  Aeration
Circular Reactors (Aeration Basins)
Reactor Number	#1	#2	£3	#4.	#5
Diameter (ft)
Water depth (ft)
                                   C-3

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Rectangular Reactors (Aeration Basins)
Reactor Number                     #1
                                                               #4
                                     #5
 Length of ea.  basin (ft)
 Width  of  ea. basin (ft)
 Avg. depth of  ea.  basin  (ft)
 Extended  Aeration Oxidation Ditch
 Ditch  Number
         #2
                                                                       #5
 Volume  of  ea.  ditch (gal)
Contact  Stabilization
Round Reaeration Tanks
Tank Number
//I
n
#3
#4
#5
Volume of ea.  tank  (MG)
Rectangular  Reaeration  Tanks
Tank Number
#1
                                            #2
#3
Length of ea.  tank  (ft)
Width of ea. tank (ft)
Avg. depth of  ea. tank  (ft)
Round Contact Tanks
Tank Number
#1
                                            #2
         #4
#5
Volume of ea. tank  (MG)
Rectangular Contact Tanks
Tank Number
         #2
                                                                       #5
Length of ea. tank (ft)
Width of ea. tank (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. tank  (ft)
                                  C-4

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Activated Bio-Filter  (ABF)
Bio-tower media  (circle  one):   Redwood,  stacked  plaatic,  packed plastic
Are bio-towers constant  flow  or constant recirculation:
 Circular  Bio-Filters	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5_
 Diameter  of  ea.  bio-filter (ft)
 Depth  of  ea.  bio-filter  (ft)
 Flow rate (GPM)
Rectangular Bio-Filters	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5_
Length of  ea. bio-filter  (ft)
Width of ea. bio-filter  (ft)
Depth of ea. bio-filter  (ft)
Flow rate  (GPM)
Circular Aeration Basins
Reactor Number	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5_
Diameter (ft)
Avg. depth  (ft)
Rectangular Aeration Basins
Reactor Number	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5
Length of ea. basin (ft)
Width of ea. basin (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. basin  (ft)


Activated Sludge/Extended Aeration/Contact Stabilization/ABF
Type of aeration (circle one):  diffused air, mechanical aeration
Tank Number	#1	#2	#3	#4_	£5_
diffused:  scfm/reactor
mechanical:  hp/reactor
                                   C-5

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Single Stage Trickling Filter
Filter media (circle one):   rock,  stacked  plastic,  packed plastic
Are filters, constant flow or constant  recirculation:
Filter number	#1	#2	#3
Diameter of ea. filter  (ft)
Depth of ea. filter  (ft)
Flow rate (GPM)
Two Stage Trickling Filter
Primary Filter media  (circle one):   rock,  stacked  plastic,  packed plastic
Are filters constant  flow or constant recirculation:
Primary Filter Number	#1	#2	#3	#4	#5_
Diameter of ea. filter  (ft)
Depth of ea. filter (ft)
Flow rate (GPM)
Secondary Filter Media  (circle one):  rock,  stacked plastic,  packed  plastic
Are filters constant flow or constant recLrculation:
Secoiuiary Filter Number	//I    _    //2	//3
Diameter of ea. filter (ft)
bepth of ea. filter (it)
Flow rnte (GPM)
                                   t:-6

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Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)

Manufacturer of RBC units
Type of drive unit (air or mechanical)
No. of process trains
No. of stages per train
Stage No. 1 surface area/per stage

Stage No. 2    "

Stage No. 3    "      "   "

Stage No. 4    "      "   "    "

Stage No. 4    "      "   "    "

Stage No. 5    "      "   "

Stage No. 6    "      "
ft
ft
ft
ft'
ft
ft
ft
Example :
1 inflow 1
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
                       r
  to secondary clarifier
                                    In example there are two trains
                                    with six stages in series.   Stage
                                    Nos.  1,2,3 in each train have
                                    100,000 ft2 of surface area each
                                    or a total of 600,000 square feet.
                                    Stages Nos. 4,5,6 have a surface
                                    area of 150,000 ft2 each or a
                                    total of 900,000 ft2.
                                  C-7

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4.  Sludge Digestion Input Data:
    Anaerobic Digestion
    Primary Digesters	
    Tank Number	#1	#2	#3	#4
    Volume of each primary digester 	 gallons
    Are the digesters heated 	 (yes or no)
    Are the digesters mixed  	 (yes or no)
    Is there any type of thickening prior to digestion?  If so what kind
    Secondary Digesters
    Tank Number	#1	#2	#3	#4
    Volume of each digester 	 gallons
    Can the digesters be heated	 (yes or no)
    Can the digesters be mixed	(yes or no)

    Aerobic Digestion
    Tank Number	#1	#2	#3	#4
    Volume of each digester 	 gallons
    Is  there any type thickening prior to digestion?   If so what type
                                  C-8

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          APPENDIX D




DEFINITION OF OUTPUT PARAMETERS

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                          PRIMARY CLARIFLER
FLOW            =     Hydraulic flow rate of tliM wastewater  treatment
                      plant; expressed in million gallons per day  (MGD).

PCE BOD         =     Concentration of BOD  of primary clarifier
                      effluent (mg/1).

PCE TSS         =     Concentration of total suspended solids of
                      primary clarifier effluent (mg/1).
PS
Primary sludge; production rate (Ibs/day), solids
content expressed in Ibs. of dry solids per Ib. of
sludge in terms of percentage (%) and flow rate
(gallons/day).
SL              =     Surface loading or overflow rate of the primary
                      clarifier (gal/ft/day).
                                   D-2

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                     BIOLOGICAL PROCESS PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS


MLVSS

F/M

MCRT

SVI



RAS


WAS

DET TIME

LOAD
OUR
Maximum value of the mixed liquor suspended  solids
concentration (mg/1).

Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids  (%).

Food to microorganism ratio  (dimensionless).

Mean cell residence time of  biological  reactors  (days).

Sludge volume index; defined as the volume in ml
occupied by one gram of mixed liquor solids  after
30 minutes settling.

Return activated sludge; flow rate (MGD) and concen-
tration (mg/1).

Wasted activated sludge; mass flow rate  (Ibs/day).

Hydraulic detention time, (hrs) and (days).

Activated Sludge, Extended Aeration and  Contact
Stabilization Systems - expressed in Ibs BOD^
per 1000 ft3 of reactor volume (Ibs BOD  /1000 ft3) .

All Trickling Filter and AHF Systems - expressed in
Ibs BOD per 1000 ft3 of medi.i volume (Ibs BOD /WOO ft3).
                                              2
RBC systems - expressed in Ibs BOD per 1000  ft  of media
surface (]hs BODr/LOOO ft2).

Oxygen uptake rate (mg/l/br).

Oxygen requirement (Ibs/day).
                                    D-3

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                         SECONDARY CLARIFIER
DOB

EFF BOD

EFF TSS


EFF NO^
EFF PO -P
      4

CLARIFIER LOAD
SEC. SLUDGE PROD
TOTAL SLUDGE PROD
Depth of blanket (ft).  (Measured from surface)

Effluent concentration of BOD  (mg/1).

Effluent concentration of total suspended
solids (mg/1).

Effluent concentration of nitrate nitrogen (mg/1) ,

Effluent concentration of orthophosphates (mg/1).

Hydraulic loading of the secondary clarifier;
surface loading (gal/ft^/day) and weir loading
(gal/ft of weir length/day).

Sludge production from secondary clarifier per
day; expressed in Ibs. of total suspended solids
(Ibs/day) and in Ibs. of volatile suspended
solids (Ibs/day).

Total sludge production from both primary and
secondary systems per day; in terms of Ibs. of
TSS (Ibs/day), Ibs of VSS, (Ibs/day) and in
terms of flow rate (gal/day); it is characterized
by its solids content in terms of percent solids
(% SOL).
                                   D-4

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                              DIGESTER
TOTAL SLUDGE FLOW



VSS LOADING



MCRT


 %VSS RED.


ALK.

GAS PRO.


% SOL. DIG. SLUDGE
Total sludge flow rate into the primary digester
(gal/day); or as previously defined under the
title "Total Sludge Prod."

Volatile suspended solids loading to the primary
digesters expressed in Ibs of VSS loaded per ft^
of digester per day (Ibs/ft^/day).

Mean cell residence time in the primary digesters
(days) .

Volatile suspended solids reduction (%); in the
primary digesters.

Alkalinity (mg/1), in the primary digester.
                  o
Gas production (ft /day), from the primary
digesters.

In the digested sludge going to the secondary
digesters.
                                  D-5

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                APPENDIX E




REPRESENTATIVE VALUES FOR OUTPUT PARAMETERS

-------
                            PRIMARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
PARAMETERS
Surface Loading (GPDSF)
Weir Loading (GPD/FT)
Detention Time (Hrs.)
BOD,. Percent Removal
TSS Percent Removal
  LOW     NORMAL    HIGH
LOADING  LOADING  LOADING
  400
 8000
  4.0
   40
   70
   800
20,000
   2.0
    25
    50
  1500
40,000
   1.0
    15
    30
                                        E-2

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                           SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
                          Conventional Activated Sludge
PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (*)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
OUR (MG/L/HR)
CL^RIFIER LOAD
        - SFC (GPSFD)
        -WEIR (GPLFD)
LOW
LOADING
2500
60
0.10
20
100
8
20
10
NORMAL
LOADING
2500
75
0.30
7
100
6
50
20
HIGH
LOADING
<2500
85
0.40
3
>150
3
75
40
 200
8000
   400
12,000
   600
16,000
                                        E-3

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                        SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
              Single Stage Activated Sludge for Nitrification
PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (%)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
OUR (MG/L/HR)
CLARIFIER LOAD
        - SFC (GPSFD)
        -WEIR (GPLFD)
LOW
LOADING
2500
60
0.10
25
100
10
20
10
200
8000
NORMAL
LOADING
2500
75
0.30
10
100
8
50
20
400
12,000
HIGH
LOADING
<2500
85
0.40
7
>150
4
75
40
600
16,000
                                      E-4

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                       SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
      Activated Bio-Filter (Biological Reactor Performance page)
PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (%)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
OUR (MG/L/HR)
CLARIFIER LOAD
        - SFC (GPSFD)
        -WEIR (GPLFD)
LOW
LOADING
2500
60
0.10
15
100
8
20
10
200
8000
NORMAL
LOADING
2500
75
0.30
6
100
6
50
20
400
12,000
HIGH
LOADING
<2500
85
0.40
3
>150
3
75
40
600
16,000
                                    E-5

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                      SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
                           Extended Aeration
                  Extended Aeration Oxidation Ditch
PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (%)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
OUR (MG/L/HR)
CLARIFIER LOAD
        - SFC (GPSFD)
        - WEIR (GPLFD)
LOW
LOADING
3000
60
0.10
40
100
36
5
5
NORMAL
LOADING
3000
65
0.15
30
100
24
15
10
HIGH
LOADING
<3000
75
0.2
20
150
12
25
25
  200
8,000
   400
12,000
   600
16,000
                                   E-6

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                      SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
                         Contact Stabilization
PARAMETERS
Contactor
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (%)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)*
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
OUR (MG/L/HR)
LB BOD/1000 FT3

Reaeration Tank
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
F/M

Clarifier Load
         - SFC (GPSFD)
         - WEIR (GPLFD)
 Aggregate of contactor and reaeration tanks
LOW
LOADING
2500
55
0.60
20
100
6.0
15
40
10,000
0.10
200
8,000
NORMAL
LOADING
2500
70
0.90
7
100
3.0
30
75
10,000
0.15
400
12,000
HIGH
LOADING
<2500
85
1.20
3
150
1.0
50
100
<7,000
0.20
600
16,000
                                    E-7

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             SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM

            Single Stage Trickling Filter
             Two Stage Trickling Filter
Activated Bio-Filter (Secondary System Loading page)

PARAMETERS
Single Stage Trickling Filter
FILTER LOADING (GPDSF)
FILTER LOADING (//BOD/ 1000 FT3)
RECIRCULATION RATIO (%)
Two Stage Trickling Filter (First
Activated Bio-Filter (Secondary
FILTER LOADING (GPDSF)
FILTER LOADING (#BOD/1000 FT3)
RECIRCULATION RATIO (%)
Two Stage Trickling Filter (Second
FILTER LOADING (GPDSF)
FILTER LOADING (//BOD/1000 FT3)
RECIRCULATION RATIO (%)
ALL TYPES
CLARIFIER LOADINGS - SURFACE
(GPDSF)
- WEIR
(GPD/FT)
LOW
LOADING

200
10
0
Stage) and
NORMAL
LOADING

800
25
100

HIGH
LOADING

1500
40
200

System Loading page)
200
50
0
Stage)
200
10
0


200

8,000
800
100
100

800
20
100


600

15,000
1500
150
200

1500
30
200


800

20,000
                        E-8

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                     SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
                   Rotating Biological Contactors
PARAMETERS
STAGE LOADING
                        2.
   STAGE 1 (//BOD/1000 FT')
   TOTAL (//BOD/1000 FT2)

CLARIFIER LOADINGS - SURFACE (GPDSF) 200
                  -WEIR (GPD/FT)
*Total BOD_
LOW
LOADING
1.0
0.5
') 200
8000
NORMAL HIGH
LOADING LOADING
2.0
1.0
600
15,000
3.5
1,5
800
20,000
                                  E-9

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                        SLUDGE DIGESTION  SYSTEM
PARAMETERS
Aerobic Digesters  (WAS only)
   VSS LOADING (LB/FT3/DAY)
   MCRT (DAYS)
   % VSS REDUCTION
  LOW
LOADING
  .05
   30
   60
 NORMAL
LOADING
  .10
   15
   40
  HIGH
LOADING
  .15
   10
   20
Anaerobic Digesters (Standard Rate)
   VSS LOADING (LB/FT3/DAY)            .05
   MCRT (DAYS)                         45
   % VSS REDUCTION                     75
             .10
              30
              60
             .15
              20
              40
Anaerobic Digesters (High Rate)
   VSS LOADING (LB/FT3/DAY)
   MCRT (DAYS)
   % VSSS REDUCTION
.10
30
70
.25
20
50
.40
15
30
                                   E-10

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       APPENDIX F

  DO'S AND DON'TS OF
APPLE COMPUTER OPERATION

-------
                          DO'S AND DON'TS OF
                       APPLE COMPUTER OPERATION
DO NOT remove circuit boards in computer while power is on.

DO NOT turn the computer on unless there is a diskette in Drive 1.

DO NOT remove a diskette from a drive while the "in use" light is on.

DO NOT hit reset button while "in use" light is on on either
       diskette drive.

DO     turn printer on and place it "on line" before running programs.

DO     have paper in printer before turning it on.

DO NOT manually advance printer paper while printer is on—use LF
       (line feed) or FF (form feed) buttons instead.

DO     keep equipment in cool (<85° F) , relatively dry area.

DO NOT expose diskettes to magnetic or electrical fields (such as
       from electric motors), heat, or sunlight.

DO NOT touch grey surface of diskette with fingers or other object.

DO     keep diskettes in paper packet when not in use.

DO     handle diskettes carefully by plastic cover only.

DO NOT force diskettes into drives—they should enter smoothly with
       little effort.

DO NOT leave diskettes stored in drives overnight.
                                  F-2

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