.- r,
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water Division
Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle WA 98101
October 1982
Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs for
Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Plants
Users Manual
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DIAGNOSTIC OPERATIONAL MODELING PROGRAMS
* , FOR
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
USERS MANUAL
By
David L. Sullivan
Roy M. Monier
ES Environmental Services
600 Bancroft Way
Berkeley, California 94710
EPA Region X Grant Number T 000 226010
Boise State University Contract Number 74d-57777g-05-5
EPA Project Officer
Tom Johnson
BSU Contract Officer
Jim Felton
'
u0604
June 1982
US Environmental Protection Agency, Region X
Water Division
Seattle, Washington
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DISCLAIMER
U,S. Environmental Protection
This publication was prepared with the support of a
grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
Municipal Operations Branch. The statements, conclusions
and/or recommendations contained herein are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
U.S. Government, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
or Boise State University, nor does mention of trade names
or commercial products constitute endorsement of recommendation
for use.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Limitations
CHAPTER 2 USING THE COMPUTER
2.1 Computer System Components
2.2 Computer
2.3 Disk Drives
2.4 CRT
2.5 Printer
2.6 Clock
2.7 Diskettes
CHAPTER 3 RUNNING THE PROGRAMS
3.1 What the Computer Does
3.2 Beginning the Run
3.3 Entering Plant Configuration Data
3.4 Entering Wastewater Characteristics
3.5 Other Options
3.6 Additional Runs
3.7 Plotting Programs
3.8 Ending a Run
CHAPTER 4 INTERPRETING THE OUTPUT
4.1 Assumptions
4.2 Accuracy of the Algorithms
4.3 Detecting Process Limitations
4.4 Detecting Operational Deficiencies
4.5 Special Considerations in Output
Interpretation
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APPENDIX A ALGORITHM SOURCES
APPENDIX B INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT WASTEWATER DATA SHEETS
APPENDIX C TREATMENT PLANT CONFIGURATION DATA SHEETS
APPENDIX D DEFINITION OF OUTPUT PARAMETERS
APPENDIX E REPRESENTATIVE VALUES FOR OUTPUT PARAMETERS
APPENDIX F DO'S AND DON'TS OF APPLE COMPUTER OPERATION
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In general, undesirable effluent quality from municipal wastewater
treatment plants results from one of two general causes. The first is
that treatment plants become overloaded or do not have adequate capacity
in one or more unit processes to produce effluent of a desired quality.
The second is that plants are not being operated properly. In this manual,
the former will be referred to as a "process limitation" and the latter
will be referred to as an "operational deficiency." Distinguishing between
the two is not always easy. The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs
are intended to provide a reliable and rapid means of identifying process
limitations and operational deficiencies. Programs for the following ten
types of municipal wastewater treatment plants are available:
1. Primary treatment
2. Conventional activated sludge, with or without primary
sedimentation
3. Single stage activated sludge for nitrification, with
or without primary sedimentation
4. Extended aeration activated sludge with or without primary
sedimentation
5. Extended aeration oxidation ditch with or without primary
sedimentation
6. Contact stabilization, with or without primary sedimentation
7. Single stage trickling filter with primary sedimentation
8. Two stage trickling filter with primary sedimentation
9. Activated Bio-Filter, with or without primary sedimentation
10. Rotating biological contactors with primary sedimentation
These programs allow the option of an anaerobic or aerobic sludge
digestion analysis.
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These programs have been prepared for use with the Apple II plus
minicomputer. Separate diskettes have been prepared for each of these
programs. Each diskette allows both numerical and, combined with the
Plot Program and Data Disk (to be described later) graphical presenta-
tion of treatment plant performance capabilities, with several options
as to how this information is presented. There is also room left on
each diskette to store files containing data on the physical configura-
tion of up to 77 treatment plants. This saves time when making many runs
on the same plant.
The subsequent three chapters of this manual describe how to use
the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs.
Chapter 2 describes the physical set-up of the computer system and
presents several important "do's and don'ts" intended to prevent the
user from damaging the computer or the diskettes.
Chapter 3 contains a step-by-step description of how to run the
programs and obtain numerical and graphical output. This chapter also
contains several important recommendations and warnings about storing
and using the diskettes.
Chapter 4 presents guidelines for interpreting the program output
and a discussion of the limits of accuracy of the programs.
Before using the Diagnostic Operation Modeling programs for the
first time, it is recommended that the user read through the first three
chapters of this manual, as well as appendices which are referenced in
those chapters.
Note: Before using the Apple computer for the first time,
it is strongly recommended that the user read the
users manuals for the computer, printer, disk drives,
and cathode ray terminal (CRT, or TV monitor) provided
by the manufacturers.
Taking the time to read these other manuals will greatly reduce the
chance of accidental damage or misuse of this equipment. It will also
save a great deal of time in the long run, and make using the computer
more enjoyable.
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1.1 Limitations
In general, a maximum of ten individual treatment units per type
of unit process is allowed (i.e., ten primary clarifiers, ten aeration
basins, ten RBC's per RBC train, etc.). If a plant has more than ten
of any type of treatment unit, the plant can still be accurately modeled
by using, for example, half the flow with half the actual number of
units. To do this, all the units would have to be of the same size and
configuration. If not, the user must exercise his own judgment in
deciding whether or not he can approximate the actual plant configura-
tion in some way which results in less than ten units for each unit
process.
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CHAPTER 2
USING THE COMPUTER
This chapter presents a non-technical discussion of how to prepare
the Apple II plus computer for use with the Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs. It is based on the combined experience of the
individuals who developed the program formats specifically to be used
on this computer system, and is meant to be as simple and foolproof as
possible. We recommend that users follow the procedures in this
chapter carefully until they are thoroughly familiar with the programs,
as well as the capabilities and limitations of the computer itself,
before attempting to modify these procedures in any way.
Note: This chapter is not a substitute for manufacturers'
manuals provided with the computer hardware. Those
manuals must be read carefully before following any
instructions in this manual.
2.1 Computer System Components
The program formats were developed using the following standard
components:
1. Computer — Apple II plus with 48K random access
memory (RAM)
2. Disk Drives — Two Apple II disk drives with
controller card
3. CRT — Various manufacturers
4. Dot Matrix Printer — Epson MX-80 with graph tracks
5. Clock — Mountain Hardware Apple clock
6. Diskettes — 5^ inch diameter, various manufacturers
The first step in running the programs is to set up the computer
in a suitable work area. A table or desk at least two feet wide and
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four feet long will be required to hold the computer without crowding.
Additional work space, particularly an "L" shaped arrangement, is very
helpful. The computer, printer and CRT each require a 110 volt power
supply. Power cords should be kept out of the way to avoid accidental
unplugging of the equipment. Set the computer in the center of the
work space. Place the disk drives on top of each other, with Drive No. 1
on top, and to the right of the computer. Place the printer to the
left of the computer. The CRT can either be placed directly on top of
the computer or directly behind it. The clock is kept inside the
computer itself.
After reading the manufacturers instructions carefully, plug the
printer and the CRT into th3 computer. The disk drives should already
be connected to it. Make sure that the main power switches on the
computer, printer and CRT are turned off, and then plug these units into
the power source.
Note: Do not turn on the power to any of these units yet.
2.2 Computer
The computer is the heart of the system. The keyboard provides
the user with a means of entering data and commands for the computer
to act on. Commands given internally by the computer activate the
printer and disk drives while the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Pro-
grams are being run.
It is very important that the computer (and all other system
components) and the area around them be kept clean and dry. Use a
dry or lightly moistened dust cloth for cleaning. Avoid using too
much water. Do not use any cleaners whatsoever. Never put open
beverage containers, flower vases, etc., on the table where the computer
is kept, or on overhead shelves near the computer. Excessive moisture
can severely damage or destroy the computer.
Note: The computer, when in operation, will cause electrical
interference to some instruments and most radio and
television receivers.
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Note: After a period of time, the electrical contacts
inside the computer may oxidize and cause apparent
malfunctions when running the programs. The circuit
boards can be removed and the contacts gently cleaned
with a soft vinyl (non-abrasive) eraser or with clean-
ing compounds developed specifically for this purpose.
The power to the computer must be shut off before the
circuit boards are removed. Removing circuit boards
while the power is on can severely damage or destroy
the computer.
2.3 Disk Drives
Two disk drives are provided to store and read programs and data.
They are not interchangeable. Drive 1 is used to read in the Diagnostic
Operational Modeling Programs, treatment plant configuration files, and
the Plot Program. Drive 2 is used to store data from the main program
runs for use with the Plot Program. This will be discussed in more
detail in Chapter 3.
When in use, each drive holds only one diskette. To insert a
diskette into the drive, first push in the top of the flap on the front
of the drive. It will flip up and allow access to the horizontal slot
in the front of the drive. Diskettes are stored in protective paper
packets. Remove the diskette from the packet by holding it so the label
is on top and in the lower right corner as you look down at it. Put
your right thumb over the label, and gently remove the diskette from
the packet, and insert it into the drive without turning it so that the
label remains on top and in the lower right corner as you look down at
the drive. Close the drive by pushing down on the plastic flap until
it flips back down.
Note: Never let anything touch the brown or grey surface of
the diskette. Handle the diskette by the plastic cover
only. Always keep diskettes in the paper packet when
they are not in use.
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Note: Never turn the computer on unless there Is a
diskette in Drive 1. It is not necessary to have
one in Drive 2.
To remove a diskette, simply open the drive door by pushing in on
the top of the flap. Carefully pull the diskette out of the drive,
and put it back in the paper packet.
Note: Always check the "in use" light on the drive before
removing diskettes. Never remove a diskette while the
"in use" light is on. This can destroy the information
on the diskette.
Note: Don't leave diskettes in the drives overnight.
Note: The disk drives require cleaning periodically to remove
dirt and magnetic particles from the read/write head.
Cleaning kits with instructions are available from most
computer stores.
2.4 CRT
Many CRT's are available from various manufacturers for use> with
the Apple computer. They vary widely in detail and in orientation of
controls, so the user should become familiar with the one provided.
Eyestrain is a common symptom of heavy computer use, so take some time
to place the CRT where it is easiest to look at for long periods of time.
Changing contrast and brightness settings may be helpful if lighting
conditions in the room change during the day.
Note: Many users have found that looking at the CRT for long
periods of time under fluorescent lights gives them
headaches. This is caused by the screen and lights
flickering together very quickly. This problem can
be minimized by changing to incandescent lighting or
taking breaks at regular intervals.
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2.5 Printer
The users manual prepared by the manufacturer contains all the
information needed to use the Epson MX-80 dot matrix printer properly.
Therefore, normal operating instructions will not be repeated in this
manual.
One addition to the normal instructions which previous program
users have found handy is to place a standard office-type "in-out"
basket behind the printer to receive the output. Paper going into
the printer should run underneath the basket. When properly arranged,
the output will fold itself neatly in the top part of the basket and
prevent output from being fed back into the printer, which jams the
machine. This allows the user to devote attention to other matters
while a run is being printed.
2.6 Clock
This is the only piece of hardware that you really don't see. It
consists of a printed circuit board inside the computer. The manu-
facturer's manual describes how to set the clock initially, and how to
reset it if the clock's power supply fails.
The clock has a backup battery attached to it, so that when you
turn off the computer the correct time remains in the clock. The
battery takes three days to fully recharge, either by leaving the
computer on or using the 9 volt adapter provided. After the battery is
fully charged you can turn the computer off overnight or over the
weekend. If you plan to not use the computer for more than three days,
you should plug in the 9 volt adapter. Instructions for using the
adapter are included in the manufacturer's manual.
2.7 Diskettes
Diskettes are very similar to cassette tapes except in physical
ways. Therefore, you must use the same precautions to keep them from
being damaged. These include the following:
1. Never put a diskette in a hot area such as in the sunlight
area of a window or near an oven, heater, electrical panel
or lamp.
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2. Keep the diskettes away from magnetic fields at all times.
This includes: motors, instruments, magnets, metal cab-
inets, electrical cords, etc.
3. Store the diskettes in a cool dry place. Moisture can
cause fatal damage to the surface area of the diskette.
Diskettes should be stored vertically in a closed
container. Special storage containers are available from
most computer stores.
Since the diskettes can be damaged very easily and since it is
nearly impossible to "repair" a damaged one, it is strongly recommended
that each user center keep two complete sets of diskettes. One set
should be a working set available for day-to-day use. The second set
should be retained as a backup in case something happens to a working
diskette. If a working diskette becomes damaged or is lost, the back-
up diskette should be used as the working diskette and another copy
obtained to become the new backup diskette.
Note: The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs cannot
be listed, edited, or copied except by authorized
personnel.
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CHAPTER 3
RUNNING THE PROGRAMS
This chapter contains instructions on how to run the Diagnostic
Operational Modeling Programs and the Plot Program. These programs are
conversational in nature, which means that the computer will ask the user
a series of questions before the computations start. The answers to these
questions will guide the computer in its work. The emphasis of this
chapter is to explain to the user how each of these questions affects the
computations so that users can obtain output best suited to their needs.
The question and answer format of each program is intended to be easy
to follow. The majority of the questions asked refer either to the
physical configuration of the plant to be modeled or to the wastewater
characteristics to be used in the run, and are self-explanatory. For this
reason, not all of the questions the user will need to answer are specifi-
cally addressed in this manual. The user should understand that incorrect
answers will not hurt the programs in any way but will affect the output.
Before proceeding, the user is advised to prepare data sheets with
the wastewater characteristics and plant configuration to be used in the
run. Forms which indicate the necessary information are contained in
Appendices B and C of this manual.
3.1 What the Computer Does
The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs simulate the perform-
ance of municipal wastewater treatment plants under steady state con-
ditions for a series of twenty evenly-spaced flows beginning at 75 per-
cent of the average dry weather flow and increasing to 130 percent of
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the plant's design flow. The computer begins each run by printing out
a title page, and then prints out the wastewater characteristics and
treatment plant configuration used in the run. Values for nearly all
significant operating parameters are then printed out for each unit
process at each incremental flow. Wastewater characteristics are held
constant throughout each run.
The user has a choice of several options each time a program is
run. The first option the user has is to use previously stored data
on the configuration of a particular treatment plant, or to enter new
data. If the user elects to enter new data, the second option the
user has after entering all the new data is whether or not to save the
data just entered for future use.
If the plant being run has digesters, the user has the option of
having or not having a digester analysis printed out. Not requesting
a digester analysis saves some time on each run.
The user also has the option of saving the values computed in each
run for plotting after the run is completed. In order to take advan-
tage of this capability, the user must have a "Data Disk" available to
insert in Drive 2 during the main program run, and must also switch
diskettes in Drive 1 after the main program run is completed. If the
user does not wish to exercise this option, neither of these steps are
necessary. This will be discussed in more detail a bit later in this
chapter.
The user also has the option of using the clock to record the date
on each output page of the computer printout, and of adding one line of
comments to the bottom of the title page of each printout.
These items have been presented in approximately the order in which
they appear to the user. Each will now be discussed in more detail.
At this stage, the user should have the computer itself assembled and
ready to go, the program data and plotting diskettes at hand, and all
the necessary input data ready.
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3.2 Beginning the Run
The last steps the user should perform before beginning a first
run are the following:
1. Load paper into the printer. Advance the paper so that
a horizontal perforated line is about % inch above the
top of the print head.
2. Put the main program disk in Drive 1.
3. Turn on the power to the computer, CRT and printer. Hit
the printer "On Line" button to make sure it lights, then
hit it again to make the light go out.
At this point the "in use" light on Drive 1 should come on, and
the drive will whir and clack for a few seconds. Then a message will
appear on the screen giving the user certain information. Using the
"Conventional Activated Sludge" diskette, for example, this first
message would read
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE DISK
YOU SHOULD HAVE THE CONVENTIONAL A.S. DATA DISK
IN DRIVE 2
1. CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
2. QUIT
WHICH NUMBER?
The first line identifies the program disk in use. This is for the
users information only. If you have accidentally inserted the wrong
diskette, turn the computer off, remove the diskette and start over
again.
Note: To repeat a previous warning, wait until the "in use"
light is off before removing diskettes from the drives.
The second line is actually a user option, rather than a necessary
next step. If the user wishes to save data points for plotting, a
Data Disk should be inserted in Drive 2 at this point. If the user does
not want to do any plotting on this run, this statement can be ignored
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and Drive 2 left empty.
The next three lines give the user a choice of proceeding with
the run (Line "1") or stopping (Line "2"). To choose, type the number
preceding the statement you wish to follow and then hit
button. In either case, the disk drive will whir and clack for several
seconds. If the user typed <1>, the main program is now being loaded
into the computer. This will give the user several seconds to get ready
for the next steps. If the user typed <2>, the computer would stop
running the diagnostic program and could be used for other purposes.
From here on, the computer will ask you many questions in fairly
rapid succession before beginning the run. Take your time in answering
them. The computer will wait patiently for each answer. However, if
you answer a question incorrectly and hit , in most cases the
incorrect answer cannot be changed, and you may have to start all over
again in order to enter the information you want.
The next questions the computer will ask are:
ENTER TREATMENT PLANT NAME:
STATE OF:
COMMENTS:
Answers to the first two questions will appear exactly as they are
entered on the title page of the run. They will appear on the same
line with a comma in between.
"COMMENTS" allows the user to add a one line notation to the bottom
of the title page. The user should type comments exactly as s/he would
like them to appear. Hit to conclude the comments. Remember
that only one line of comments can be added. Additional lines will print
over the first line.
If the user does not wish to add any comments, simply hit .
From here on, the symbols enclosed in < > symbols refer to
specific keys, commands or symbols which the user should press.
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3.3 Entering Plant Configuration Data
The next series of questions the computer will ask involve the
configuration of each major unit process element in the treatment
plant. There are, as mentioned previously, two ways to do this. One
is to use data which was previously stored on the program disk under a
file name. The other is to enter new data, which can later be stored
under a new file name so it can be retrieved and reused later.
The first question the computer will ask is:
DO YOU WISH TO USE PREVIOUSLY ENTERED PLANT CONFIGURATIONS (Y/N).
Before answering this question, the user should understand that
the computer assumes that each process unit included in a plant con-
figuration file is on line. There is no way to tell the computer that
one or more clarifiers, aeration basins, trickling filters, etc., which
are part of a previously entered configuration file, have been taken
out of service. Nor is there any way to change a data file. If the
user wishes to simulate a plant whose entire configuration is on file—
but with one or more units out of service—a new set of plant data must
be entered.
Note: There is no way to check the contents of a plant
configuration file except to run the file and check
the data which is printed out on the first few
pages of output.
Using Previously Stored Data
If the user elects to use a previously entered file, the response
should be followed by . The computer will then ask:
UNDER WHAT NAME (IF YOU DON'T KNOW TYPE ).
Every plant configuration file has a name assigned to it by the
user who created it. The user wishes to use a previously entered plant
file, he or she should type in the desired file name, exactly as it was
entered, and then hit . The disk drive will whir and clack a
bit more as the file is read in to the computer.
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If the user doesn't know the exact file name, hitting
will display the names of all the configuration files stored on the
program disk, and then repeat the last question. The user can then
check the file list, and enter the proper file name.
If the user enters a previously stored plant configuration file by
either of these paths, the next question the computer will ask is:
PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THESE QUESTIONS
AVERAGE DRY WEATHER FLOW MOD
This signals the beginning of the next series of questions; which
involve entering the wastewater characteristics that will be used in
the run. At this point, we will backtrack a bit, and consider what the
user should do if he or the Joet, not want to use a previously stored
data file.
Using New Data
If the user wants to enter new plant data for a particular run, the
user should have typed in response to the first question
considered in this section. The response prompts the computer to
move on to the next series of questions, which involve the wastewater
characteristics that will be used in the simulation. These questions,
and the effects of responses to each question, are discussed in section
3.4.
However, the computer would soon return to the questions needed to
enter a new plant configuration file. These questions will therefore
be discussed now, although It is a bit out of sequence. This is done
because answering the plant configuration questions requires a consid-
erable amount of information, which is best gathered ahead of time.
The forma contained in Appendix C are provided to serve as a guide
to the information needed in order to answer the computer's questions.
The information required is slightly different for each type of treat-
ment plant. If the appropriate sheets in Appendix C are prepared ahead
of time, entering the data is a simple matter. Just answer the questions
in the order in which they are asked, hitting after each
response.
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Again, take your time in answering the computer's, questions so as
not to make a mistake. There is no practical way to change an incorrect
number once the button has been hit. The only recourse if this
happens is to hit and type . This will return the
program to the very beginning, and the user will have to start all over
again.
When the last bit of information needed to complete the plant con-
figuration file has been entered, the computer will acknowledge it by
asking the user:
DO YOU WANT TO SAVE THESE VALUES IN A FILE (Y/N)
If the user does want to save the values, typing will
bring the following response:
UNDER WHAT NAME (KEEP IT SHORT)
Type in a name, usually the city that the treatment plant serves
(but it can be any combination of letters, numbers and symbols) and hit
. The values previously entered will be permanently stored in a
file with that name. The disk drive will whir and clack for a few seconds
while this is being lono.
If the user does not want to save the values, type and
proceed. Proceeding at this point would actually bring the user to the
beginning of Section 3.5. However, we will again break sequence some-
what and discuss the wastewater characteiistics questions, which would
actually have been asked before the above questions if the user had not
used previously entered plant configuration data.
Note: If the plant being run does not have primary clarifiers,
and the program diskette in rse requires them unless
screenn are used, don't try to fool the computer by
putting in a "dummy" clarifier with an extremely small
diameter and shallow depth. The results will not be
realistic. However, a "dummy" digester can be used as
all of the diagnostic programs require digesters in the
input data. "Dummy" digesters will not produce mis-
leading information in the output.
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3.4 Entering Wastewater Characteristics
Entering the wastewatur characteristics needed to run the Diagnos-
tic Operational Modeling Programs is quite easy. There are only 13
questions that are asked ard some of them don't have to be answered.
Some of the questions will have default values assigned to them if there
is no data available. These variables, and their default values, are
as follows:
% Volatile
TKN
Alkalinity
PH
PO.-P
4
80%
30 mg/1
100 mg/1
7.0 S.U.
8 mg/1
A realistic value must be assigned to all other wastewater charac-
teristics for the computer to be able to complete the run.
Note: The computer considers a range of flows beginning at
75 percent of rhe number entered as "AVERAGE DRY
WEATHER FLOW," which is the first question asked in
this section. This number can therefore be set to
achieve a desired minimum flow in the printout. Any
deviation from actual conditions will, to a certain
degree, affect the accuracy of the model's output at
flows less than the actual average flow.
Note: The computer considers a range of flows ending at
130 percent of the number entered as "DESIGN FLOW,"
which is the third question asked in this section.
This number can also be set to achieve a desired
maximum flow in the printout. This will also, to a
certain degree, cause some deviation from actual
expected conditions.
All wastewater values should be entered as accurately as possible
to ensure that the mathematical portions of the Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs have realistic numbers to work with. If they don't,
the output will have little value.
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3.5 Other Options
After all Information described previously in this section regard-
ing the treatment plant configuration and wastewater characteristics
has been entered, the user will have three additional options to exer-
cise. They will appear, one by one, as follows:
WOULD YOU LIKE TO SAVE ALL THE DATA POINTS (Y/N)
WOULD YOU LIKE A DIGESTER ANALYSIS (Y/N)
CLOCK (Y/N)
The first question refers to the data points that will be needed
for the plotting program. If the user has already decided that he or
she wishes to plot the output data, they should first check to make
sure that the data disk has been inserted in Drive 2. If not, insert
it now, then hit . If the user does not want any graphical
displays of the output, simply hit .
The second question gives the user the option of having digester
calculations performed in addition to the other process calculations
performed by each program.
The third question gives the user the option of having the date,
time, and year printed out on the title page and on the process calcu-
lation pages of each run.
Note: The user can answer or to any of the last
three questions. None of these questions affect
the accuracy of the process calculations.
The printer should now be put "On-Line." The printer will go to
work immediately, and will print for several minutes. Each page of
output will have an identifying title at the top, as well as the
influent temperature, BOD and TSS concentrations, and (optionally) the
date and time of the run. When the run is finished, the printer will
advance the paper to the next page, and the disk drive will whir and
clack again. After a few seconds, the message:
ANOTHER RUN (Y/N)
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will appear on the screen. This signifies that the main program run is
completed.
Note: The "in use" light on the disk drive will come on
at various times while the program is running and
when the run is completed. For the third time,
remember: Never try to remove a diskette from
the drive while the "in use" light is on.
3.6 Additional Runs
Once a program has been run through to completion once, the user
can rerun the same program and treatment plant configuration file over
and over again with new wastewater characteristics. There are limita-
tions, however. The only wastewater characteristics which can be varied
are the BOD, TSS and temperature.
If another run is desired with these three variables (or, in fact,
none of them) changed, the user can type . The next three
questions which will appear on the screen are:
NEW BOD
NEW TSS
NEW TEMP
The computer will assume that all other plant configuration and
wastewater parameters are the same as the first run. There is no
practical way to change any other previously entered variable.
Three additional questions will appear on the screen before the
next run is started. These are:
STILL SAVE ALL THE DATA POINTS (Y/N)
UNDER WHAT NAME (DIFFERENT FROM THE LAST ONE)
WOULD YOU LIKE A DIGESTER ANALYSIS (Y/N)
If the user wishes to save the new data points, the proper responses
to the first two questions are as described in Section 3.3, except that a
new file name must be entered. The digestion option has already been
discussed in Section 3.5.
3-10
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3.7 Plotting Program
Selecting the Right File
If the user wishes to use the plotting program, the following steps
should now be taken:
1) Turn off the power to the computer
2) Remove the program disk from Drive 1
3) Insert the "Plot Program" disk in Drive 1
4) Turn the power to the computer back on
A list of program plot options will then appear on the screen.
Pick the program which was just run, enter the appropriate number, and
hit .
The computer will then ask you:
WHICH PLANT DO YOU WANT TO PLOT FOR ('?' FOR CATALOG).
The user should enter the name that the data point file was
assigned. If more than one data point file with the same name has
been stored but with different BOD, TSS and temperature values used
during the runs, it is probably best to hit . This will
display a series of file names with the following form:
X Y/Z/A
X corresponds to the original data point file name
Y corresponds to the influent BOD on a particular run
Z corresponds to the influent TSS on a particular run
A corresponds to the influent temperature on a particular run.
The first step is to enter the name of the plant file you wish to
plot that corresponds to the "X" in Liie symbolic notation. For example,
if the user wished to plot a data file whose name was recorded as
"FRED 200/200/20," the user should type FRED> and then hit .
The computer will then ask a series of three questions to determine
the influent BOD, TSS and temperature, w'lLch corresponds to the Y, Z,
and A symbols in the previous example. By entering the appropriate
numbers for these three variables, the user can choose the desired file
3-11
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from several which begin with the same name. After entering these three
values, the disk drive will whir and clack for a Jew seconds, while Lt
locates the file,
Running the File
The next three statements the computer will make must be well under-
stood before the plot pr< gram can be used effectively, although they do
not require any answers. They are as follows.
DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO 1'LO'- A v/ALL)E
1. YOU SHOULD HAVE AN EXAMPLE RUN OF THE PLANT
2. YOU SHOULD BE FAMILIAR WLTH THE TERMS: PAGE, COLUMN AND ROW
3. YOU SHOULD READ ALL MA'ITRIALS THAT PERTAIN TO THIS PROBLEM
HIT RETURN TO CONTINUE
The plot program asks the user which parameter is to be plotted by
page and column number, "Page number" refers to the pages of output from
the main program, but the cover page and plant configuration pages are
not included in the numbering system. Thus page one is the first page
of printed numerical values. The following pages are numbered sequen-
tially. "Column number" refers to the vertical columns of numerical
values which appear on each of the "numbered" pages of output. The
column numbers begin at the left side of the page, and increase to the
right. Thus the plant flow is always column "one," and other variables
have higher column numbers.
Most users cannot remember the exact page and column numbers of
variables they wish to plot. This is why it is a good idea to have the
main program run, or a similar run, at hand. The user can check these
numbers on the output and avoid mistakes and lost time.
The third comment is intended to steer users toward this section
of the manual before proceeding any further. There are no materials
which pertain to the plot program other than those contained in this
manual.
3-12
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The user should now check the program output and select the page
and column numbers for the first parameter to be plotted. Enter these
numbers, hitting after each is typed in. When the page number
is entered, a long series of numbers will appear on the CRT screen.
This shows that the numerical data from that page which was stored on
the data disk is now being fed into the computer. After the column
number is entered, the computer will ask for:
PARAMETER NAME
Choose this name carefully. It will appear on the plot as
FLOW vs (PARAMETER NAME). The name entered does not have to be the
same as the parameter name used in the main program.
The computer will also ask for:
TITLE OF REPORT
This title can be anything the user wishes and it, too, will appear
on the plot as the first line of the heading. All other questions and
options used in the plot program are basically self-explanatory while
the program is being run, and so will not be described in detail.
3.8 Ending a Run
When the user has finished with the computer, it can be left on
for someone else's use with no harm to the equipment. If it is left
on, a diskette should be left in Drive 1 to prevent someone from
accidentally starting a run with an empty drive. This can be harmful
to the disk drive itself. The drive "door" should also be flipped up
to take pressure off the diskette. As long as the computer is turned
on, the diskettes can be left in the drives for extended periods of
time without harm.
Note: It will not hurt the computer to leave a question,
such as ANOTHER RUN? (Y/N) unanswered. In fact,
leaving this message on the screen is a good
indicator of the computer's status, and may be
helpful to other users.
3-13
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If no one else plans to use the computer for several hours, it
would be best to turn the computer off. To do this, simply remove
the diskettes from both drives and then turn off the power to the
computer, printer and CRT.
3-14
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CHAPTER 4
INTERPRETING THE OUTPUT
This chapter presents an introduction to interpretation of the
Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs' output. It is only an intro-
duction. A full understanding of the model's output requires a consid-
erable knowledge of sanitary engineering and of the treatment plant being
modeled. In order to fully understand the operating conditions in any
treatment plant, an on-site visit by qualified operations specialists is
almost always necessary. Two of the most important objectives of an
on-site visit are to verify the accuracy of the plant's laboratory data
and plant configuration, which are the starting points of the evaluation
process. Without this knowledge, the user should not attempt to draw
final conclusions from the output, as misunderstanding will inevitably
lead to error.
Appendices D and E of this manual contain, respectively, definitions
of the abbreviated variable names which appear at the top of each column
of numerical output, and typical values for many of these parameters.
The user should take a few minutes to review these Appendices before pro-
ceeding with interpretation of the output.
4.1 As sumpt ions
The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs are intended to simu-
late treatment plant operation under relatively normal conditions. The
output should, therefore, be regarded as an indication of how the plant
would perform under ideal, but not unrealistic, conditions. The only
limitations the programs consider are those set by the physical dimen-
sions of the plant and by the wastewater characteristics selected by the
user. This is why the models are referred to as "idealized."
4-1
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There are two kinds of limitations which must be considered in
interpreting the output of the models. The first are process limitations
which may occur in several forms in any treatment plant. These are dis-
cussed below. The second are related to the computer algorithms them-
selves and are discussed in Section 4.2.
The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs make the following
assumptions:
1. Wastewater is typical domestic sewage, with no significant
industrial component, abnormally high variability or unusually
high strength recycle flows.
2. The flow split between parallel process units produces
uniform organic and hydraulic loading.
3. Clarifiers (both primary and secondary) have minimal short
circuiting.
4. Both primary and secondary sludge reach ultimate compaction
in the clarifiers.
5. There is no toxic inhibition of biological processes.
6. There is no oxygen limitation in biological processes.
7. Distribution of flow over fixed film biological reactors is
uniform.
8. Suspended growth biological reactors are uniformly mixed.
9. Secondary clarifiers in suspended growth biological systems
have adequate sludge collector capacity.
10. All unit processes have adequate pump capacity.
These assumptions must be verified before the output of the models
can be considered representative of a treatment plant's actual per-
formance capability. Significant deviations from these idealized
conditions can limit process performance in a variety of ways. The
exact effects of this kind of limitation depend on the specific type
of problem, plant configuration, operating strategies and countless
other factors, and, therefore, cannot be considered in the modeling
programs. For this reason, actual effluent quality in such plants may
4-2
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be quite different from the model's predictions. If significant process
limitations do exist, the output of the models will provide an indication
of the effluent quality which could be achieved if these limitations were
corrected. Of course, no treatment plant operates under truly ideal con-
ditions, and some minor limitations will always be present. Minor limita-
tions will not, by themselves, lead to a pronounced difference between
actual and predicted effluent quality.
4.2 Accuracy of the Algorithms
The algorithms used in the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs
are intended to be most accurate in the average operating range of most
secondary treatment plants. This corresponds to effluent BOD and TSS con-
centrations of 10 to 50 mg/1, with a maximum monthly average of 30 mg/1
being the usual requirement. Within this range, and providing that all
the assumptions discussed in section 4.1 are true, the effluent BOD and TSS
concentrations predicted by the programs are accurate to within about ten
percent.
The accuracy of the algorithms decreases under extremely high or low
loading conditions, although efforts have been made to adjust the algo-
rithms under these conditions. When predicted effluent BOD and TSS con-
centrations are less than 10 mg/1 or greater than 50 mg/1, the programs
are no longer considered to be accurate to within any fixed percentage
limits. Under these conditions, the judgement of the user becomes an
important factor in interpretation of the output.
4.3 Detecting Process Limitations
The first step in evaluating a treatment plant's performance should
be to compare actual operating data to the predicted performance. If
they are essentially equal, it indicates that the plant is operating
without significant process limitations. If this is the case, and the
plant's effluent quality is very close to its discharge limit, it indi-
cates that thought should be given to retrofitting or expanding the plant
if flows are expected to increase in the future. The output will indicate
how much additional flow the plant could handle before effluent quality
becomes unacceptable.
4-3
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If a plant is operating without process limitations and is producing
a much higher quality effluent than is required by the plant's discharge
permit, it indicates that loading on process units is rather light. In
cases such as this, it may be possible to shut down one or more process
units without degrading effluent quality to an unacceptable level. This
can result in a substantial savings in energy and maintenance costs, and
prolong the life of plant equipment as well. The Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs can be used to quickly and accurately predict the impact
of removing any combination of process units on the overall performance
of the plant.
If, on the other hand, the actual effluent quality at a particular
treatment plant is significantly worse than the predicted quality, the
difference may be due to one or more specific process limitations. Process
limitations, as described in Chapter 1, are conditions which limit the
capacity of a particular unit process to the extent that the overall per-
formance of the plant is adversely affected.
Before any attempt is made to diagnose process limitations, the user
should understand the following aspects of the algorithms used in the
Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs:
1. In the Conventional Activated Sludge, Single Stage Activated
Sludge for Nitrification, Activated Bio-Filter and Contact
Stabilization programs, the maximum MLSS concentration in the
biological reactors (contactor only in the Contact Stabiliza-
tion program) is limited to 2500 mg/1. In the Extended Aeration
and Extended Aeration Oxidation Ditch programs, the maximum
MLSS is limited to 3000 mg/1.
These limits are based on the solids handling capability of
most secondary clarifier systems in typical activated sludge
and extended aeration treatment plants. Higher mixed liquor
concentrations often result in solids overload. Therefore,
these values represent an upper limit of normal operation in
most plants.
4-4
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2. In all programs which simulate suspended growth reactors
(all those included in items 1 and 2 above), the minimum
allowable depth to the sludge blanket in secondary clarifiers
is six feet measured from the water surface. This has an
interactive effect on the mixed liquor concentration in the
biological reactors. When the six foot depth is reached,
this interaction causes the mixed liquor concentrations to
be lowered to whatever level is necessary to maintain this
six foot minimum as flows increase. The effects of this are
generally quite noticeable when examining the output.
The most commonly observed process limitations, considered on a
process by process basis, are as follows:
Primary Clarifiers
1. Hydraulic overload. This can be observed in the computer
output when the surface loading exceeds the high value in
Appendix E.
2. Excessive turbulence or short circuiting. This must be
verified by on-site inspection.
3. Uneven flow split between clarifiers. This must be
verified by on-site inspection.
Suspended Growth Reactors
1. Reactors too small. This can be observed in the computer
output when the F/M ratio exceeds the high value in
Appendix E and the depth of the sludge blanket is still
greater than six feet.
2. Insufficient aeration capacity. This can be observed in
plant operating data or verified by on-site inspection.
3. Insufficient mixing. This must be verified by on-site
inspection.
4-5
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Trickling Filters and Activated Elo-Filtera
1. Trickling filters too small. This can be observed in the
3
computer output /hen the Ib BOD/1000 ft /day loadings
exceed the high value in Appendix E.
2. Uneven tluw dist ihution over filters. This must be
verified by on-s'.o inspection.
3. Filters plugged j>ouJiug). This must be verified by on-
site irispecLio ,
4. Excessive reeirculallon rates. This can be observed in
ihe ,-oni[ utt •- o' tpu when the loading in GPDSF exceeds
the high value J i At<>v . ,dix R.
^°J'ating Biological • 'oiu .u• i ,i;,
1. RBC's Loo small. Lids can be observed in the computer
output when tht.- li, iJOi)/iOOO li.'/tiay Joadings exceed
the high value 1*1 ;(>,>iH-ndix E.
2., Uneven flow spilt lietween reactor trains. This must
be verified by on-:,Jte inspection.
Secondary Clarifiers
1. Same as 1 in "Primary Clarifiers"
2. Same as 2 in "Primary Clarifiers"
3. Same as 3 in "Primary Clarifiers"
4. Clarifiers too shallow. This can be observed in the
computer output for suspended growth programs when
the depth to the sludge blanket decreases to six feet
and mixed liquor concentrations are less than the
allowable maximum.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Digesters
1. Digesters too small. This can be observed in the computer
output when the mean cell residence time is less than the
high loading value in Appendix E.
4-6
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Note: The digester performance has no direct effect on
plant effluent quality in the Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs.
Note: Not all of the ten basic assumptions presented in
Section 4.1 have been repeated in this summary. The
user should keep in mind that they do apply in all
cases. Those assumptions which are not specifically
repeated must, in general, be verified by on-site
inspection.
The user should check each value in the computer output against
the ranges presented in Appendix E and against actual plant data, if
possible, to check for unusual conditions in all unit processes.
Often, several abnormal conditions are related to a single process
limitation. The user should also keep in mind that there are numerous
process limitations which may be related to specific equipment in use
at a particular treatment plant. A meaningful analysis of the output
from each computer run should include a discussion of the run with the
plant superintendent to identify any such limitations and determine
their effects on plant performance and on the computer's predictions.
4.4 Detecting Operational Deficiencies
If the actual performance of a treatment plant is not as good as
the computer predicts it could be, and no process limitations are
identified, the problems may be caused by operational deficiencies. The
best way to identify operational deficiencies is through careful compari-
son of plant laboratory data with the operating parameters predicted in
the computer runs. Discussion of the data and runs with plant personnel
is especially important in this situation.
Identifying operational deficiencies also requires a much more
thorough understanding of plant operation itself than is needed to
identify process limitations. The experience of a well-qualified
operations specialist can be extremely beneficial when reviewing and
interpreting plant data.
4-7
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There are countless operational problems which can adversely affect
the overall performance of a treatment plant. It is, therefore, impos-
sible to present a comprehensive set of guidelines for identifying such
problems. However, the following list of commonly encountered situations
which can lead to poor plant performance is provided to orient the user
towards sources of operational problems and methods of solving them.
They are:
Laboratory Sampling and Analysis
1. Improper sampling technique. Many treatment plants rely on
grab samples rather than composite samples. Grab samples are
often misleading in terms of average daily conditions.
2. Improper sampling location. Sampling locations must be
chosen to accurately account for recycle flows, intermit-
tent process pumping, and other variable factors.
3. Insufficient sampling. In a few cases, the amount of labora-
tory data available is simply insufficient to allow a realistic
process analysis or proper process control.
4. Improper laboratory procedures. In a few cases, analytical
procedures are applied improperly and produce incorrect
results. This creates a totally false representation of
actual conditions at the plant.
Routine and Emergency Maintenance
1. Routine maintenance. The proper performance of routine
maintenance is essential to the everyday operation of
process equipment. If this maintenance is not done
properly, the frequency of equipment failure will increase
to the detriment of overall plant performance.
2, Emergency maintenance. Each piece of process equipment
has a useful life. If a plant is rather old and much of
the process equipment is badly worn, a high rate of
equipment failure and emergency repair is inevitable.
This, too, will limit process performance.
4-8
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4.5 Special Considerations in Output Interpretation
The Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs are most accurate
in the normal operating lange of most treatment plants. The algorithms
used in the programs lose some accuracy under unusually high or low
plant loadings, although the results are still indicative of actual
plant performance. However, if unrealistically high or low loadings
are simulated, the algorithms will not produce realistic predictions.
Some examples of these conditions are:
1. The primary clarifier efficiency algorithms never go
to zero. They will always predict a 10 to 15 percent
removal of BOD and TSS even as the surface loading
approaches infinity.
2. The secondary clarifier efficiency and effluent quality
algorithms for suspended growth biological systems pre-
dict astronomical effluent BOD and TSS concentrations
at extremely high secondary clarifier surface loading
rates.
3. The contact stabilization program will sometimes "bomb"
mathematically when F/M ratios in the contactors or
reaeration tanks exceed 2.0 or 1.0, respectively. In
actual operation, a plant would fail totally long before
these values were reached.
4. The aerobic digester routines in the Extended Aeration and
Extended Aeration Oxidation Ditch programs will not produce
accurate results when the MCRT in the biological system
drops below 15 days.
The numerical values presented in Appendix E should serve as an
example of the range of values where the Diagnostic Operational Model-
ing Programs will produce reasonably accurate results. At conditions
above or below these ranges, the users judgement must be used to de-
termine when the limits of accuracy of the programs have been reached.
4-10
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Process Control
1. Inadequate training. In some plants operations personnel
do not have the necessary understanding of process control
theory or practice to maintain an effective overall operation.
Training is the only method of correcting this problem.
2. Inadequate staffing. Some plants are understaffed due to
personnel transfer or insufficient operating budget. When
this happens, process control work is frequently the lowest
priority of the available staff, and plant performance
often suffers.
Influent Wastewater
High variability. In some communities, particularly
small ones, the strength of the wastewater is highly
variable. This can reduce treatment efficiency even if
all other operational considerations are well managed.
Shock loads. Rapid, short term Changes in the influent
wastewater characteristics can be particularly detrimental
to treatment plants. Discharges from metal plating, food
processing and other commercial and industrial sources are
frequently the cause of such problems.
Other Causes
1. Lack of process control capability. Some treatment plants
lack the flexibility required to adjust to changing condi-
tions. Others lack instrumentation needed to regulate
process adjustments. Both of these problems can lead to
substandard effluent quality.
2. Process upsets. Filamentous growths, excessive sloughing
and other causes can lead to temporary increases in effluent
BOD and TSS concentrations. To a certain extent, these
problems will occur from time to time in all treatment plants,
With sufficient process capability, these problems can be
corrected in a relatively short period of time.
4-9
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Note: The effluent BOD and TSS concentrations predicted
by the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs are
the concentrations in the secondary clarifier effluent.
They are not intended to represent final effluent
quality. Chlorination can cause a measurable amount
of suspended solids to settle out of secondary clarifier
effluent. This phenomenon has been observed at numerous
treatment plants, and is particularly noticeable in
plants which are overloaded and produce a rather poor
quality secondary effluent. The Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs do not account for this effect.
4-11
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Note: The effluent BOD and TSS concentrations predicted
by the Diagnostic Operational Modeling Programs are
the concentrations in the secondary clarifier effluent.
They are not intended to represent final effluent
quality. Chlorination can cause a measurable amount
of suspended solids to settle out of secondary clarifier
effluent. This phenomenon has been observed at numerous
treatment plants, and is particularly noticeable in
plants which are overloaded and produce a rather poor
quality secondary effluent. The Diagnostic Operational
Modeling Programs do not account for this effect.
4-11
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APPENDIX A
ALGORITHM SOURCES
-------
APPENDIX A
ALGORITHM SOURCES
The algorithms used in the Diagnostic Operational Modeling
Programs were prepared solely by:
Mr. David L. Sullivan
ES Environmental Services
600 Bancroft Way
Berkeley, California 94710
Assistance with development of the program formats and preparation
of this manual was provided solely by:
Timothy L. Sullivan
Thomas T. Jones
Roy M. Monier
Clarisse A. Sev-iry
A-2
-------
APPENDIX B
INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT WASTEWATER
DATA SHEETS
-------
APPENDIX B
INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT WASTEWATER
DATA SHEETS
Treatment Plant Name:
Location (in what state):
Wastewater Characteristics Input Data:
Average dry weather flow (MGD)
Average wet weather flow (MGD)
Peak dry weather flow (MGD)
Peak wet weather flow (MGD)
Design dry weather flow (MGD)
Design peak wet weather flow (MGD)
Influent BOD (mg/1)
Influent TSS (total suspended solid) (mg/1)
1 2
Influent VSS ' (volatile suspended solids) (%)
Temperature (maximum/minimum) / ( C)
TKN (total Kjeldahl nitrogen)2 (mg/1)
Alkalinity2 (mg/1)
___
2
PO.-P (Orthophosphates) (mg/1)
Footnotes: 1. Be sure that this value is expressed as a percentage
of total suspended solids, rather than a concentration
in mg/1.
2. If you are not sure about these values, just leave them
blank; default values will be assigned by the computer
programs.
5-2
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Effluent Characteristics (existing)
Avg. wet weather flow Avg. dry weather flow
BOD
TSS
vss
PH
TKN
NO,
Plant Superintendent
Name
Phone No. ( )
B-3
-------
APPENDIX C
TREATMENT PLANT CONFIGURATION
DATA SHEETS
-------
APPENDIX C
TREATMENT PLANT CONFIGURATION
DATA SHEETS
Treatment Plant Name
State of
Type of Treatment Plant (check appropriate box)
( ) 1. Primary treatment
( ) 2. Conventional activated sludge, with or without
primary sedimentation
( ) 3. Single stage activated sludge for nitrification,
with or without primary sedimentation
( ) 4. Extended aeration with or without primary sedimentation
( ) 5. Extended aeration oxidation ditch with or without
primary sedimentation
( ) 6. Contact stabilization, with or without primary
sedimentation
( ) 7. Single stage trickling filter with primary sedimentation
( ) 8. Two stage trickling filter with primary sedimentation
( ) 9. Activated Bio-Filter Process, with or without primary
sedimentation
( ) 10. Rotating biological contactors with primary sedimentation
1. Primary Clarification Input Data:
Circular Clarttiers
Clarifier Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5
Diameter of ea. clarifier (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. clarifier (ft)
Weir length of ea. clarifier (ft)
Rectangular ClarLtiers
Clarifier Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5
Length of ea. clariiier (ft)
Width of ea. clarifier (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. clarifier (ft)
Weir length of ea. clarifier (ft)
C-2
-------
Fine Screen
Are fine screens being used (yes or no):
If yes, answer the following questions:
Type of screen: _____
Number of screens:
Width (ft):
Height (ft)
Screening opening: (in) :
Capacity ea. (MGD):
2. Secondary Clarification Input Data:
Circular Clarifiers
Clarifier Number #1 #2 #3 M #5
Diameter of each clarifier (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. clarifier (ft)
Weir length of ea. clarifier (ft)
Rectangular Clarifiers
Clarifier Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5
Length of ea. clarifier (ft)
Width of ea. clarifier (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. clarifier (ft)
Weir length of ea. clarifier (ft)
3. Reactor(s) Input Data:
Type of Reactor: circle the type of reactor shown below and. indicate
the dimensions for each of the reactors
Activated Sludge/Extended Aeration
Circular Reactors (Aeration Basins)
Reactor Number #1 #2 £3 #4. #5
Diameter (ft)
Water depth (ft)
C-3
-------
Rectangular Reactors (Aeration Basins)
Reactor Number #1
#4
#5
Length of ea. basin (ft)
Width of ea. basin (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. basin (ft)
Extended Aeration Oxidation Ditch
Ditch Number
#2
#5
Volume of ea. ditch (gal)
Contact Stabilization
Round Reaeration Tanks
Tank Number
//I
n
#3
#4
#5
Volume of ea. tank (MG)
Rectangular Reaeration Tanks
Tank Number
#1
#2
#3
Length of ea. tank (ft)
Width of ea. tank (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. tank (ft)
Round Contact Tanks
Tank Number
#1
#2
#4
#5
Volume of ea. tank (MG)
Rectangular Contact Tanks
Tank Number
#2
#5
Length of ea. tank (ft)
Width of ea. tank (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. tank (ft)
C-4
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Activated Bio-Filter (ABF)
Bio-tower media (circle one): Redwood, stacked plaatic, packed plastic
Are bio-towers constant flow or constant recirculation:
Circular Bio-Filters #1 #2 #3 #4 #5_
Diameter of ea. bio-filter (ft)
Depth of ea. bio-filter (ft)
Flow rate (GPM)
Rectangular Bio-Filters #1 #2 #3 #4 #5_
Length of ea. bio-filter (ft)
Width of ea. bio-filter (ft)
Depth of ea. bio-filter (ft)
Flow rate (GPM)
Circular Aeration Basins
Reactor Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5_
Diameter (ft)
Avg. depth (ft)
Rectangular Aeration Basins
Reactor Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5
Length of ea. basin (ft)
Width of ea. basin (ft)
Avg. depth of ea. basin (ft)
Activated Sludge/Extended Aeration/Contact Stabilization/ABF
Type of aeration (circle one): diffused air, mechanical aeration
Tank Number #1 #2 #3 #4_ £5_
diffused: scfm/reactor
mechanical: hp/reactor
C-5
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Single Stage Trickling Filter
Filter media (circle one): rock, stacked plastic, packed plastic
Are filters, constant flow or constant recirculation:
Filter number #1 #2 #3
Diameter of ea. filter (ft)
Depth of ea. filter (ft)
Flow rate (GPM)
Two Stage Trickling Filter
Primary Filter media (circle one): rock, stacked plastic, packed plastic
Are filters constant flow or constant recirculation:
Primary Filter Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5_
Diameter of ea. filter (ft)
Depth of ea. filter (ft)
Flow rate (GPM)
Secondary Filter Media (circle one): rock, stacked plastic, packed plastic
Are filters constant flow or constant recLrculation:
Secoiuiary Filter Number //I _ //2 //3
Diameter of ea. filter (ft)
bepth of ea. filter (it)
Flow rnte (GPM)
t:-6
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Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
Manufacturer of RBC units
Type of drive unit (air or mechanical)
No. of process trains
No. of stages per train
Stage No. 1 surface area/per stage
Stage No. 2 "
Stage No. 3 " " "
Stage No. 4 " " " "
Stage No. 4 " " " "
Stage No. 5 " " "
Stage No. 6 " "
ft
ft
ft
ft'
ft
ft
ft
Example :
1 inflow 1
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
r
to secondary clarifier
In example there are two trains
with six stages in series. Stage
Nos. 1,2,3 in each train have
100,000 ft2 of surface area each
or a total of 600,000 square feet.
Stages Nos. 4,5,6 have a surface
area of 150,000 ft2 each or a
total of 900,000 ft2.
C-7
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4. Sludge Digestion Input Data:
Anaerobic Digestion
Primary Digesters
Tank Number #1 #2 #3 #4
Volume of each primary digester gallons
Are the digesters heated (yes or no)
Are the digesters mixed (yes or no)
Is there any type of thickening prior to digestion? If so what kind
Secondary Digesters
Tank Number #1 #2 #3 #4
Volume of each digester gallons
Can the digesters be heated (yes or no)
Can the digesters be mixed (yes or no)
Aerobic Digestion
Tank Number #1 #2 #3 #4
Volume of each digester gallons
Is there any type thickening prior to digestion? If so what type
C-8
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APPENDIX D
DEFINITION OF OUTPUT PARAMETERS
-------
PRIMARY CLARIFLER
FLOW = Hydraulic flow rate of tliM wastewater treatment
plant; expressed in million gallons per day (MGD).
PCE BOD = Concentration of BOD of primary clarifier
effluent (mg/1).
PCE TSS = Concentration of total suspended solids of
primary clarifier effluent (mg/1).
PS
Primary sludge; production rate (Ibs/day), solids
content expressed in Ibs. of dry solids per Ib. of
sludge in terms of percentage (%) and flow rate
(gallons/day).
SL = Surface loading or overflow rate of the primary
clarifier (gal/ft/day).
D-2
-------
BIOLOGICAL PROCESS PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS
MLVSS
F/M
MCRT
SVI
RAS
WAS
DET TIME
LOAD
OUR
Maximum value of the mixed liquor suspended solids
concentration (mg/1).
Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (%).
Food to microorganism ratio (dimensionless).
Mean cell residence time of biological reactors (days).
Sludge volume index; defined as the volume in ml
occupied by one gram of mixed liquor solids after
30 minutes settling.
Return activated sludge; flow rate (MGD) and concen-
tration (mg/1).
Wasted activated sludge; mass flow rate (Ibs/day).
Hydraulic detention time, (hrs) and (days).
Activated Sludge, Extended Aeration and Contact
Stabilization Systems - expressed in Ibs BOD^
per 1000 ft3 of reactor volume (Ibs BOD /1000 ft3) .
All Trickling Filter and AHF Systems - expressed in
Ibs BOD per 1000 ft3 of medi.i volume (Ibs BOD /WOO ft3).
2
RBC systems - expressed in Ibs BOD per 1000 ft of media
surface (]hs BODr/LOOO ft2).
Oxygen uptake rate (mg/l/br).
Oxygen requirement (Ibs/day).
D-3
-------
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
DOB
EFF BOD
EFF TSS
EFF NO^
EFF PO -P
4
CLARIFIER LOAD
SEC. SLUDGE PROD
TOTAL SLUDGE PROD
Depth of blanket (ft). (Measured from surface)
Effluent concentration of BOD (mg/1).
Effluent concentration of total suspended
solids (mg/1).
Effluent concentration of nitrate nitrogen (mg/1) ,
Effluent concentration of orthophosphates (mg/1).
Hydraulic loading of the secondary clarifier;
surface loading (gal/ft^/day) and weir loading
(gal/ft of weir length/day).
Sludge production from secondary clarifier per
day; expressed in Ibs. of total suspended solids
(Ibs/day) and in Ibs. of volatile suspended
solids (Ibs/day).
Total sludge production from both primary and
secondary systems per day; in terms of Ibs. of
TSS (Ibs/day), Ibs of VSS, (Ibs/day) and in
terms of flow rate (gal/day); it is characterized
by its solids content in terms of percent solids
(% SOL).
D-4
-------
DIGESTER
TOTAL SLUDGE FLOW
VSS LOADING
MCRT
%VSS RED.
ALK.
GAS PRO.
% SOL. DIG. SLUDGE
Total sludge flow rate into the primary digester
(gal/day); or as previously defined under the
title "Total Sludge Prod."
Volatile suspended solids loading to the primary
digesters expressed in Ibs of VSS loaded per ft^
of digester per day (Ibs/ft^/day).
Mean cell residence time in the primary digesters
(days) .
Volatile suspended solids reduction (%); in the
primary digesters.
Alkalinity (mg/1), in the primary digester.
o
Gas production (ft /day), from the primary
digesters.
In the digested sludge going to the secondary
digesters.
D-5
-------
APPENDIX E
REPRESENTATIVE VALUES FOR OUTPUT PARAMETERS
-------
PRIMARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
PARAMETERS
Surface Loading (GPDSF)
Weir Loading (GPD/FT)
Detention Time (Hrs.)
BOD,. Percent Removal
TSS Percent Removal
LOW NORMAL HIGH
LOADING LOADING LOADING
400
8000
4.0
40
70
800
20,000
2.0
25
50
1500
40,000
1.0
15
30
E-2
-------
SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
Conventional Activated Sludge
PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (*)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
OUR (MG/L/HR)
CL^RIFIER LOAD
- SFC (GPSFD)
-WEIR (GPLFD)
LOW
LOADING
2500
60
0.10
20
100
8
20
10
NORMAL
LOADING
2500
75
0.30
7
100
6
50
20
HIGH
LOADING
<2500
85
0.40
3
>150
3
75
40
200
8000
400
12,000
600
16,000
E-3
-------
SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
Single Stage Activated Sludge for Nitrification
PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (%)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
OUR (MG/L/HR)
CLARIFIER LOAD
- SFC (GPSFD)
-WEIR (GPLFD)
LOW
LOADING
2500
60
0.10
25
100
10
20
10
200
8000
NORMAL
LOADING
2500
75
0.30
10
100
8
50
20
400
12,000
HIGH
LOADING
<2500
85
0.40
7
>150
4
75
40
600
16,000
E-4
-------
SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
Activated Bio-Filter (Biological Reactor Performance page)
PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (%)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
OUR (MG/L/HR)
CLARIFIER LOAD
- SFC (GPSFD)
-WEIR (GPLFD)
LOW
LOADING
2500
60
0.10
15
100
8
20
10
200
8000
NORMAL
LOADING
2500
75
0.30
6
100
6
50
20
400
12,000
HIGH
LOADING
<2500
85
0.40
3
>150
3
75
40
600
16,000
E-5
-------
SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
Extended Aeration
Extended Aeration Oxidation Ditch
PARAMETERS
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (%)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
OUR (MG/L/HR)
CLARIFIER LOAD
- SFC (GPSFD)
- WEIR (GPLFD)
LOW
LOADING
3000
60
0.10
40
100
36
5
5
NORMAL
LOADING
3000
65
0.15
30
100
24
15
10
HIGH
LOADING
<3000
75
0.2
20
150
12
25
25
200
8,000
400
12,000
600
16,000
E-6
-------
SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
Contact Stabilization
PARAMETERS
Contactor
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
MLVSS (%)
F/M
MCRT (DAYS)*
SVI
DET. TIME (HRS)
OUR (MG/L/HR)
LB BOD/1000 FT3
Reaeration Tank
MAX MLSS (MG/L)
F/M
Clarifier Load
- SFC (GPSFD)
- WEIR (GPLFD)
Aggregate of contactor and reaeration tanks
LOW
LOADING
2500
55
0.60
20
100
6.0
15
40
10,000
0.10
200
8,000
NORMAL
LOADING
2500
70
0.90
7
100
3.0
30
75
10,000
0.15
400
12,000
HIGH
LOADING
<2500
85
1.20
3
150
1.0
50
100
<7,000
0.20
600
16,000
E-7
-------
SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
Single Stage Trickling Filter
Two Stage Trickling Filter
Activated Bio-Filter (Secondary System Loading page)
PARAMETERS
Single Stage Trickling Filter
FILTER LOADING (GPDSF)
FILTER LOADING (//BOD/ 1000 FT3)
RECIRCULATION RATIO (%)
Two Stage Trickling Filter (First
Activated Bio-Filter (Secondary
FILTER LOADING (GPDSF)
FILTER LOADING (#BOD/1000 FT3)
RECIRCULATION RATIO (%)
Two Stage Trickling Filter (Second
FILTER LOADING (GPDSF)
FILTER LOADING (//BOD/1000 FT3)
RECIRCULATION RATIO (%)
ALL TYPES
CLARIFIER LOADINGS - SURFACE
(GPDSF)
- WEIR
(GPD/FT)
LOW
LOADING
200
10
0
Stage) and
NORMAL
LOADING
800
25
100
HIGH
LOADING
1500
40
200
System Loading page)
200
50
0
Stage)
200
10
0
200
8,000
800
100
100
800
20
100
600
15,000
1500
150
200
1500
30
200
800
20,000
E-8
-------
SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEM
Rotating Biological Contactors
PARAMETERS
STAGE LOADING
2.
STAGE 1 (//BOD/1000 FT')
TOTAL (//BOD/1000 FT2)
CLARIFIER LOADINGS - SURFACE (GPDSF) 200
-WEIR (GPD/FT)
*Total BOD_
LOW
LOADING
1.0
0.5
') 200
8000
NORMAL HIGH
LOADING LOADING
2.0
1.0
600
15,000
3.5
1,5
800
20,000
E-9
-------
SLUDGE DIGESTION SYSTEM
PARAMETERS
Aerobic Digesters (WAS only)
VSS LOADING (LB/FT3/DAY)
MCRT (DAYS)
% VSS REDUCTION
LOW
LOADING
.05
30
60
NORMAL
LOADING
.10
15
40
HIGH
LOADING
.15
10
20
Anaerobic Digesters (Standard Rate)
VSS LOADING (LB/FT3/DAY) .05
MCRT (DAYS) 45
% VSS REDUCTION 75
.10
30
60
.15
20
40
Anaerobic Digesters (High Rate)
VSS LOADING (LB/FT3/DAY)
MCRT (DAYS)
% VSSS REDUCTION
.10
30
70
.25
20
50
.40
15
30
E-10
-------
APPENDIX F
DO'S AND DON'TS OF
APPLE COMPUTER OPERATION
-------
DO'S AND DON'TS OF
APPLE COMPUTER OPERATION
DO NOT remove circuit boards in computer while power is on.
DO NOT turn the computer on unless there is a diskette in Drive 1.
DO NOT remove a diskette from a drive while the "in use" light is on.
DO NOT hit reset button while "in use" light is on on either
diskette drive.
DO turn printer on and place it "on line" before running programs.
DO have paper in printer before turning it on.
DO NOT manually advance printer paper while printer is on—use LF
(line feed) or FF (form feed) buttons instead.
DO keep equipment in cool (<85° F) , relatively dry area.
DO NOT expose diskettes to magnetic or electrical fields (such as
from electric motors), heat, or sunlight.
DO NOT touch grey surface of diskette with fingers or other object.
DO keep diskettes in paper packet when not in use.
DO handle diskettes carefully by plastic cover only.
DO NOT force diskettes into drives—they should enter smoothly with
little effort.
DO NOT leave diskettes stored in drives overnight.
F-2
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------- |