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               PUBLISHED  MONTHLY BY THE U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                      For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfBce
                                     Washington, D.C.  20402- Price 60 cents
 CONTENTS
 Volume 2, Number 7/8
 July/August 1971

 Agricultural wastes (includes crop residues and animal'manures)   .                                        151
 Analysis of solid waste             .      '     .           .       .                                        152
 Automobile (abandoned autos, processing, separating, salvaging, reduction, collection of autos. Recycling   1
    of automobile parts will be  found under Automobile, not under Recycling)                    	    154
 Bulky wastes (includes building-demolition and highway-construction debris)   .       .        	
 Collection  (includes transfer stations). See a/so Transport —       .                      ....          156
 Compost/Composting  (includes equipment, processes, and marketing)                     .  .     ..        158
 Disposal (multisystems only). See a/so Specific methods  ...                                .    .      160
 Economics (includes costs, fees, taxes, and financing)                .                      ...          162
 Hazardous wastes (includes  pesticides)                       .      ...      ..                  .     ...    163
 Health/Safety                     .                                 .                       	       165
 Incineration (includes  all burning processes and pyrolysis)          	       .     .       	   166
 Industrial wastes (excludes sewage sludge and slurry)   .             ..                       ...     171
 Institutional wastes (includes hospitals, schools, universities, research facilities)  ..    ..       ...            173
 Law/Regulations (includes ordinances and bills) ...      .        .         	174
 Litter    	                                                                                    175
 Management (includes the facility as well as overall concept of the system)               .  .        	     175
 Ocean disposal (includes all waterways)  .               .   .         ....              .          ...     177
 Packaging  wastes (includes plastic, glass, and metals) .                        ....        179
 Processing/Reduction  (excludes composting and incineration)  .                          ..                 181
 Recycling (includes reclamation, utilization, salvage, recovery and reuse). See a/so Automobile  .              1°4
 Research.        .     .                                           .                   ...      190
 Sanitary landfill (includes all land disposal)                 .                                             191
 Separation           .....                    .                               .            194
 Sludge (includes sewage sludge and slurry)                                                               197
 Storage (includes receptacles, containers, and sacks)             .                               ...   200
 Street cleaning (includes snow  removal and sweeping equipment) ...                       ..       .        202
 Training, Education, and Public Relations                       .            .                          ..   202
 Transport (includes pipelines, pneumatic systems, rail, truck or barge haul). See a/so Collection       .     .   203
The purpose of this bulletin is to keep readers abreast of the solid waste management information being published currently.
The bulletin reports only a portion of the mass of literature rapidly being generated. All-inclusive solid waste management
bibliographies (Public Health Service Publication No. 91  and Supplements A through F) covering the years from 1941 through
1963 are available throughout the Nation in the Public  Health Service depository libraries. Publication of the series is being
continued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is planned that in 1972 the series will  become current.

The Solid Waste Information Retrieval System holdings cover the period from 1964; it includes both periodical and non-
periodical literature of the world. The brief description given of each accession is not a full abstract, but indicates the contents
of the document being added to SWIRS and gives a complete bibliographic citation. In the case of foreign-language articles,
the original language is indicated.

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AGRICULTURAL WASTES

Barrett, F.  Farm effluent-eleetriaal disposal methods.   Effluent  and
          Water Treatment Journal, 11(4):207-209, Apr.  1971.   Electro-
          lytic flotation can be used in  removing the  suspended  solids
          from pig wastes, and after the  oxygen  demand of the effluent
          has been lowered, the waste can be used as a replacement for
          horse manure in the mushroom  industry.
                                                                 [13728]
Berry, J. G.  Indiana poultrymen are composting poultry manure.   Compost
          Science, 12(1):4-5, Jan.-Feb.  1971.  If  laying  hens  are housed
          above dry storage pits so that  their droppings  fall  into and
          collect in the pits, the manure can be inexpensively composted
          with no odor or flies.
                                                                 [13847]
Bishop, E. J. B., P. I. Wilke, W. J. Nash, J. A. G. Nell, D. A. MacDonald,
          J. P. Compaan, J. Grobler, and E. R. Kingman.  Poultry manure
          as a livestock feed.  Part I.  Farming in South Africa,  46(11):
          34-36, Feb.  1971.  Both laying-hen manure and  chicken litter
          can be used  as livestock  feed, and, although the  clean-smelling
          litter is more readily accepted by livestock,  both wastes  con-
          tain about 50 percent digestible nutrients and 13 percent  crude
          protein.
                                                                [13773]
Burt, R. J.  Sugar beet pulp for the dairy cow.  British  Sugar Beet Re-
          view, 40(2):94-95, Dec. 1971.  Since dried molasses beet pulp
          has a high digestible fiber content and is palatable due to
          its 18 to 22 percent sugar content, it can replace hay, roots,
          silage, or cereal as a feed for dairy cattle.
                                                                 [15913]
Day, D. L., D. D. Jones, J. C. Converse, A. H. Jensen, and E. L. Hansen.
          Oxidation ditch treatment of swine wastes.  Agricultural Engi-
          neering, 52(2):71-73, Feb. 1971.  In field  tests aimed at de-
          veloping design criteria for the ditch treatment of swine
          wastes, a Pasveer ditch with an aerating rotor was used to de-
          termine the desirable volume of such ditches; the results of
          tests are enumerated.
                                                                 [13730]
Marty, F.  Production of methane from animal manure.  French Patent 95,316;
          filed Oct. 30, 1968; issued Aug. 21, 1970.  The manure is in-
          troduced into containers covered with removable hydraulic and
          hermetic seals, then, as it liquifies it produces the methane
          gas, which is collected in gas holders.   (Text in French)
                                                                [13532]
                                  151

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Rohrer, E.  Animal waste processing.  French Patent 2,020,516; filed Aug.
          21, 1969; issued July 17, 1970.  The solid and liquid compo-
          nents of stable wastes are separated via sedimentation, filtra-
          tion, flotation, and/or centrifuging effected by precipitating
          and/or flocculating agents.  (Text in French)
                                                                [13424]
Small, W. E.  Agriculture:  the seeds of a problem.  Technology Review,
          73(6):48-53, Apr. 1971.  Approximately 1.7 billion tons of
          poultry and livestock wastes are generated each year, and
          these wastes are accumulating to present greater disposal
          problems instead of being recycled as in the past.
                                                                [13748]
Turner, D. 0.  Disposing of animal wastes.  Compost Science, 12(2):12-13,
          Mar.-Apr. 1971.  The production of silage corn fertilized with
          cow manure was one-third greater than that of corn fertilized
          with a similar amount of commerical nitrogen; the manure-
          fertilized corn also matured 2 weeks earlier than did the
          chemically-fertilized corn.
                                                                [13729]
Van't Wout, P. J*3 and R. Kent.  Cattle fattened on poultry litter.
          Agriculture, 122(1):33, Jan. 1971.  At a feed cost of $10 per
          head, beef cattle were fattened for the market on a daily ra-
          tion of 14 Ib of chicken litter, along with some additional
          hay and vitamins.
                                                                [13686]
ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE

Braun, D.  Thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride.  Pure and Applied
          Chemistry, 26(2):173-192, 1971.  The following aspects of the
          thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride  (PVC) are discussed:
          the sites for the initiation of degradation; the mechanism of
          dehydrochlorination, the discoloration of  PVC by heat, and the
          influence of plasticizers on the rate of degradation.
                                                                 [13798]
Franklin, W. E., and A. Darnay.  The role of nonpackaging paper in solid
          waste management, 1966 to 1976.  Public Health Service Publi-
          cation No. 2040.  Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
          1971.  76 p.  This study attempted to determine what portion
          of the nonpackaging grades of paper and paperboard appeared
          in the solid waste stream in 1966, and what portion will ap-
          pear in 1976.
                                                                [15595]
                                  152

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Franklin, W. E., and A. Darnay.  Part 3.  The -impact of nonpaekaging paper
          in solid waste.  In The role of nonpaekaging paper in solid waste
          management.  Public Health Service Publication No. 2040.  Washing-
          ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.51-65.  In 1966,
          87.8 percent of the nonpaekaging paper products and 16.3 percent
          of the paperboard products produced in the United States during
          that year were discarded as solid waste; it is estimated that,
          in 1976, 89.6 percent of the paper products and 17.4 percent of
          the paperboard products produced in that year will enter the
          solid waste stream.
                                                                [15597]


Friedman, R.  Aerothermodynamics and modeling techniques for prediction of
          plastic burning rates.  Journal of Fire and Flammability, 2:240-
          256, July 1971.  The burning intensities of plastics in air de-
          pend on:  the intrinsic properties of the plastic, such as density,
          thermal conductivity, and mass-transfer driving force; the intrin-
          sic properties of the air; and certain geometric factors.
                                                                [13883]


Jaeger, B.  A method for rough determination of domestic refuse quantities.
          Muell und Abfall, 3(1):19-20, Jan. 1971.  A rough determination
          of the refuse quantity accumulating in a community or region can
          be obtained by using the general relationship 'G equals m times
          V,1 where 'G1 is the refuse quantity in tons per year, 'V' is
          the sum total of available container volume in cu m per year,
          and 'm' is the tonnage of domestic refuse collected per cu m of
          available container volume.
                                                                [13726]
Malina, J. F., Jr., and M. L. Smith.  How much refuse in your city?  Amer-
          ican City, 86(3):64-66, Mar. 1971.  The types of refuse col-
          lected in a particular city depend upon certain characteristics
          of the city itself, such as population and 'degree of industrial-
          ization.
                                                                [13902]


Myers, G. C.  What's in the wastepaper fiber collected from municipal
          trash.  Paper Trade Journal. 155(35):32-35, Aug. 30, 1971.
          The quantity of paper in Madison, Wisconsin's refuse averaged
          47 percent, with 41 percent of that paper being ground wood
          and 59 percent being chemical pulp.
                                                                [13863]
San Francisco trash analysis indicates that most items are not recyclable.
          Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(4);16, 24,
          Apr. 1971.  Of 3 tons of refuse collected from three different
          locations in San Francisco, between 29.15 and 32.2 percent was
          recyclable.
                                                                [15831]

                                   153

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Sdher, J. A.  Solid wastes characterization techniques.  Chemical Engineer-
          ing Progress, 67(3):81-84, Mar. 1971.  To facilitate the treat-
          ment and recycling or disposal of solid wastes, a classification
          system using 14 designations, such as waste type, waste form,
          density, moisture content, viscosity, potential hazard to health,
          and chemical content, was developed.
                                                                 [13865]

Wooley, W. D.  Decomposition products of PVC for studies of fires.
          British Polymer Journal, 3(4):186-193, July 1971.  Approximately
          75 organic materials, consisting primarily of aromatic and ali-
          phatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen chloride are
          formed during the thermal decomposition of polyvinyl chloride.
                                                                 [13849]


AUTOMOBILE

Abandoned automobiles the problem.  Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Re-
          moval Journal, 14(4):18, 40, 50, Apr. 1971.  Although up to
          2,500 Ib of steel, 500 Ib of cast iron, 32 Ib of copper, 54
          Ib of zinc, 51 Ib of aluminum, and 20 Ib of lead can be re-
          covered from an automobile hulk, scrap processors are hindered
          in processing these vehicles by local zoning restrictions, bans
          on open burning, and high collection and transportation costs.
                                                                 [13740]


Dean, K. C.  Bumines report on two research projects for recycling junked
          autos more effectively.   Secondary Raw Materials, 9(2):110-111,
          113-115, Feb. 1971.  Using an air classifier, it is possible
          to recover up to 96 percent, or $55 worth, of the nonmagmetic
          non-ferrous metallic components of shredded automobile scrap.
                                                                 [10592]


Hurst, S. S.  Derelict care—recent trends.   Public Cleansing, 61(5):215-
          216, May 1971.  Old  cars are generally either shredded or pro-
          cessed with hydraulic shears; both processes require the use
          of efficient dust extractor plants to recover the approximately
          7 percent of the metal weight which is lost in processing.
                                                                 [13774]
Jagt, G. 'V.  A serious environmental problem—the abandoned vehicle.
          Traffic Digest and Review, 19(2):2-4, Feb. 1971.  New laws
          which are being considered to help alleviate the financial
          difficulties associated with junked car wrecking and process-
          ing include:  the easing of title restrictions  to facilitate
          the sale of a car by the owner to the wrecker;  the establish-
          ment of a system of bounties and fines for car  abandonment;
          and the establishment of tax incentives for processors.
                                                                 [13970]
                                  154

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 'Mobile Auto Crushers' squeeze big profits out of scrap autos.  Secondary
          Raw Materials, 9(2):192, Feb. 1971.  Mobile Auto Crushers, de-
          signed by the Auto Scrap Processing Equipment Company of Dallas,
          Texas, is used to efficiently and economically process and pack
          discarded automobiles.
                                                                [12709]
Pettibone's role in environmental control.  Secondary Raw Materials, 9(1):
          54, Jan. 1971.  The Carey-Lift Loader, designed by the Pettibone
          Corporation of Chicago, is equipped to stack and carry several
          automobiles at one time, and to completely dismantle up to 20
          cars in 90 minutes.
                                                                [13254]


Profit from derelict car reclamation—U.S. report.   Part 1.  Materials
          Reclamation Weekly, 118(7):25-29, Feb. 13, 1971.  Hand dis-
          mantling of derelict cars yields potential cast iron scrap,
          No. 2 heavy melting steel scrap, and No.  2 scrap bundles;
          shredding of car bodies yields metals with a high copper con-
          tent, which is suitable only for production of angle-iron.
                                                                [13669]


Schott, C. C.  Method and apparatus for continuously melting scrap vehicles.
          Canadian Patent 856,701; filed Sept. 23,  1967; issued Nov. 24,
          1970,  The vehicle bodies are compressed and vertically stacked
          in the furnace, after which they are continuously melted, with
          the melted metal being drawn off for further treatment or re-
          molding.
                                                                [13530]


Sweden's first car shredder inaugurated.   Secondary Raw Materials, 9(7):
          108, 110, July 1971.   Sweden's new Lindemann-Newell automobile
          shredder will, with the use of a rotor equipped with 12 hammers,
          shred and process all of Sweden's junked cars.
                                                                [13866]


United Auto Disposal Co.  dedicates new plant.   Secondary Raw Materials,
          9(2):224-225,  Feb. 1971.  The United Auto Disposal Company's
          new plant in Kernersville, North Carolina, is equipped with a
          3,000-hp hammermill device, suction equipment, magnetic sepa-
          rator drums, and a 70-ft-long scale; it will be able to shred
          every car disposed of in the area.
                                                                [13781]
                                  155

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COLLECTION

Appelj G, J.  Plastic trash carts to the rescue.  American City, 86(7):
          77-78, July 1971.  After a 60-day trial period, the use of
          plastic trash collection carts, which are designed to be hy-
          draulically, rather than manually, dumped into trucks, received
          a 90 percent vote of approval from the residents of Bella Villa,
          Missouri.
                                                                [13786]


Beaumont, P.  Cringle Dock—a new refuse transfer station for the GLC.
          Surveyor. 137(4,105);27-28. Feb. 12, 1971.  Great Britain's
          new Cringle Dock transfer station and barge dock will pulver-
          ize 800 tons of untreated refuse per day and load it onto
          four barges which will haul it away.
                                                                [13717]
Illinois refuse group proves that competition need not be either chaotic
          or disorderly.  Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal,
          14(2):22-23, 26, 32, Feb. 1971.  In 1962, Springfield, Illinois,
          turned its refuse collection problem over to the Springfield
          Trash and Rubbish Association, a voluntary, self-policing or-
          ganization of refuse haulers who have divided the city into 12
          residential collection districts, each served by two contractors
          operating two trucks apiece; the city licenses haulers and fixes
          pickup rates.
                                                                [13723]
Industrial Vacuum cleaner.  Wasser, Luft und Betrieb, 15(2):77, Jan. 1971.
          The new vacuum cleaner operates with high and low pressure air
          currents, which cause the heavy wastes to settle on the bottom
          of the container while the dust is absorbed by a filter system.
          (Text in German)
                                                                [13757]
Lawson, M. 3 and J. Seibold.  Changeover to curbside plastic bag system
          speeds up collections.  Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
          Journal, 14(7):20, 52, 54, July 1971.  The Arlington and Grand
          Prairie Disposal Companies'  (Texas) recent adoption of the
          curbside plastic bag  collection system has permitted:  a reduc-
          tion in the labor force from 95 to 52 routemen, a reduction in
          the fleet size from 26 to 16 trucks, and an increase in the
          number of dwellings served per day from between 450 and 475 to
          between 1,100 and 1,200.
                                                                [15768]
                                   156

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Marks, D. E., and J. C. Liebman.  Location models:  solid waste collection
          examp 1e.   Journal of the Urban Planning and Development Division,
          Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 74(1):15-
          30, Apr.  1971.  Using a mathematical optimization model and a
          computer, the following questions were studied in relation to
          solid waste management in Baltimore:  the cost of increasing  trash
          collection from two to three times per week; the feasibility, lo-
          cations,  and capacities of possible transier stations; and the
          conditions under which and price at which rail haul would become
          feasible.
                                                                [15852]
New York City finds contractor collection cheaper than its own.  Solid
          Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):8, 89, May
          1971.  Following a recent study, the deputy mayor's office has
          suggested that a shift to private refuse collection would re-
          sult in greater efficiency and monetary savings for the city,
          since private contractors can haul refuse away  at one-third of
          what it costs the city and still show a profit.
                                                                 [13720]


Saito, T. (Fuji Heavy Industries).   Loading device for g
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Warner, A. J.3 C. H. Parker, and B. Baum.  Collection and sorting.   I_n_
          Solid waste management of plastics.  Washington, Manufacturing
          Chemist's Association, Inc., 1971.  p.A58-A69.  The following
          variables are discussed;  collection truck costs,  collection
          costs, transportation costs, equipment maintenance costs,  pneu-
          matic tube collection, comminution, personnel training,  sepa-
          ration, recycling, and markets for reclaimed materials.
                                                                 [15737]
Warren, W. P.  Contractor takes over collections in Barberton.   Solid
          Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(2):10-11, 28,
          42, 52, 54, Feb. 1971.  Barberton, Ohio turned its refuse
          collection responsibilities over to a private collector after
          an intensive study indicated that the change would:  eliminate
          Sanitation Department labor wages; eliminate costly maintenance,
          repairs, and replacement of trucks; and eliminate the  city in-
          cinerator and the need to modernize it to meet State standards.
                                                                 [13716]


COMPOST/COMPOSTING

Adams, R.  Composting tree bark with sewage.  Compost  Science, 12(3):
          30-32, May-June 1971.  Gregory MacDonald of New Hampshire is
          producing a fine, dark, rich pathogen-free compost called Bambe
          from sewage and ground birch, ash, maple, beech, and elm bark.
                                                                 [13871]
Bruoh, H.-E.  Preparation of fertilizer from excrement and manure suitable
          for bagging.  French Patent  1,592,755; filed Nov.  21,  1968;  is-
          sued June  26, 1970.  Mixtures of defatted  excrement  and manure
          are granulated, sifted, fermented, pulped, water-washed,  dried,
          and pulverized to produce a  dispersable fertilizer.   (Text  in
          French)
                                                                 [13416]
(Deutsche Gold-und-Silver Scheideanstalt).   Composts prepared from in-
          dustrial wastes.   French Patent  2,023,318; filed Oct.  15,
          1969;  issued Aug.  21,  1970.   Coffee bean residues from the
          production of soluble  coffee powder are mixed with various
          minerals, oils, polymer wastes,  and soot and/or charcoal, and
          are then subjected to  aerobic and anaerobic fermentation.
          (Text  in French)
                                                                [13425]
                                   158

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Drobny, N. L., E. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Recovery and utilization.
          In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
          Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Govern-
          ment Printing Office,  1971.  p.56-58.  The Metropolitan Waste
          Conversion Corporation (METRO) has developed a composting pro-
          cess which involves sorting and salvaging, two stages of size
          reduction, the addition of sewage sludge, digestion, and' final
          product preparation.
                                                                [13986]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Eull3 and R. F. Testin.  Recovery and utilization.
          jn Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
          Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Govern-
          ment Printing Office, 1971.  p.58-59.  The International Dis-
          posal Corporation's Naturizer system features a unique diges-
          tion process which involves the addition of water to pretreated
          refuse, followed by stacking and  storage of the refuse on one
          of five continuous conveyors in the digestor; about once a
          day, the conveyors carry the material past a fan to aerate it.
                                                                 [13987]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Eull, and R. F. Testin.  Recovery and utilization.
          In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
          Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Govern-
          ment Printing Office, 1971.  p. 58, 60-71.  With the Fairfield-
          Hardy compost system, refuse is hand-sorted, separated by a
          magnetic separator, passed through a wet-pulping apparatus,
          dewatered, digested, and agitated by augers, dried, and stored,
          bagged, or pelletized.
                                                                [13988]
Di>obny3 N. L., E. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Recovery and utilization.
          In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
          Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Govern-
          ment Printing Office, 1971.  p.61-62.  With the John R. Snell
          Process, refuse is sorted by various methods and ground, after
          which it is fortified with sewage sludge and passed into a
          large, rectangular digestor where it is aerated by means of
          augers.
                                                                 [13989]
Drobny, N.  L., E.  E.  Eull, and R. F. Testin.  Recovery and utilization.
          In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
          Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Govern-
          ment Printing Office, 1971.  p.62-63.  The U.S.P.H.S. and the
          T.V.A. jointly operate a composting plant in which refuse is
          sorted,  ground in a Dorr-Oliver rasp, and piled in windrows
          where it is mechanically turned by augers once or twice a week.
                                                                [13990]
                                  159

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Hirano, K., G. Aramaki, and T. Sejima. (Kyowa Hakko Co.).  Method of
          manufacturing organic chemical fertilizer.  Japanese Patent
          44-16,332; filed Jan. 11, 1965; issued July 19, 1969.  The
          waste fermentation fluid is condensed-to a solids content of
          40 or 50 percent, one or more mineral acids are added, an
          alkali fertilizer and phosphoric acid fertilizer or phosphor-
          ous ore are added, and the mixture is neutralized with am-
          monia, condensed, and dried to form an organic chemical fer-
          tilizer.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13634]
Nordgard3 S.  Apparatus for composting waste, 'kitchen waste in par-
          ticular.  Swiss Patent 498,787; filed Apr. 21, 1969; is-
          sued Dec. 31, 1970.  The apparatus consists of an insulated
          container with cylindrical walls, a removable floor, a
          number of horizontally inclined tiers, a water pump, an
          air inlet, and a mechanism for handling waste water.
          (Text in German)
                                                                [13509]
DISPOSAL

Ells, R. H.  Massive waste load eliminated by drug house.  Water and
          Wastes Engineering, 8(1):A26-A28, Jan. 1971.  At the Clinton
          Laboratories of Eli Lilly and Co., 98 percent of all wastes
          generated are disposed of in-house via oil dehydration (if
          volatile chemicals are not present), incineration (for or-
          ganic wastes), and reprocessing for reuse.
                                                                [13689]
Kobler, J.  Solid waste management - industry's gob?  Safety Management,
          142(2):29-31, 35, Aug. 1971.  Pyrolysis and the recycling of
          non-ferrous metals and cullet were among those methods of man-
          aging solid wastes which were discussed at the American Medical
          Association's Congress on Environmental Health.
                                                                 [13897]
Mr. Barton's report on pollution in Sydney.  Public Cleansing, 61(2):
          89-93, Feb. 1971.  More stringent pollution control regula-
          tions have been proposed to control the disposal of the 470,000
          tons of wastes which Sydney, Australia generates each year;
          these wastes are currently being discharged into public sewers,
          pretreated and discharged into navigable waters, reclaimed,
          incinerated, or dumped on open lots.
                                                                [13745]
                                   160

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Shin, K. C.  19th Refuse Technological Colloquium at the University
          Stuttgart.  Muell und Abfall. 3(l):27-28, Jan. 1971.  The
          use of incineration and sanitary landfill as means of refuse
          disposal for medium and small towns was discussed, as was
          the process whereby domestic refuse and sewage sludge are
          composed together to produce a fertilizer for rapeseed, corn,
          and sunflowers.  (Text in German)
                                                                [13747]
Warner, A. J., C. H. Parker, and B. Baum.  Other methods.  J_n Solid
          waste management of plastics.  Washington, Manufacturing
          Chemists' Association, Inc., 1971.  p.A207-A216.  The fol-
          lowing solid waste disposal methods, which have not yet
          reached the status of commerical operations suitable for
          municipal use, are discussed:  the hydropulping separation
          process of the Black-Clawson Company; the IITRI incineration
          process; the Etzel process, which combines sewage treatment
          with solid waste disposal; the pipeline transport of wastes
          to a disposal area beyond the continental shelf; the combined
          pyrolysis, separation, and digestion process developed by Her-
          cules, Inc.; the Fusion Torch method; and Union Carbide's
          proposed recovery system for processing liquid and gaseous
          halogenated wastes.
                                                                [15746]
West Berlin sees incineration as its best way out.  Solid Wastes Manage-
          ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):66, May 1971.  West Berlin
          has built a new incinerator which will handle half of the refuse
          generated by its 2 million inhabitants; however, since sanitary
          landfills will always be needed, city officials are keeping
          abreast of the latest landfill practices.
                                                                [13772]


Whiston, D.   Answers to refuse handling.  Buildings, 65(3):56-59, Mar. 1971.
          As part of a waste disposal system, the following types of com-
          pactor equipment are evaluated in detail:  incinerators, which
          require costly secondary fuel and precise controls; compactors;
          and pulverizers, which are expensive, but possibly more efficient
          than compactors.
                                                                [15922]


Yoshida, If.   Garbage disposal method.   Japanese Patent 44-23,303; filed
          July 9, 1966; issued Oct. 3, 1969.  When the refuse is placed
          in water, the inflammables float, after which they are pressed,
          dehydrated, shaped into blocks, and subjected to vacuum filtra-
          tion; the nonflammables, which are removed from the water tank
          by belt conveyor, are processed for reutilization.  (Text in
          Japanese)
                                                                 [13625]

                                  161

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ECONOMICS

Asheroft, J.  Control of 'goods-inward' material.   Materials Reclamation
          Weekly, 118(11):34-35, Mar. 13, 1971.  A salvaging company can
          keep better control over the material which has been received
          but not yet processed if a daily record is kept to compare the
          leftover stock at the start of the day,  the materials received,
          the total goods,  the total materials processed, and the stock
          remaining at the end of the day.
                                                                [15931]
Ashcroft, J.  Using a marginal costing graph.  Materials Reclamation
          Weekly, 118(22):22-23, May 29, 1971.  Marginal costing graphs
          have some practical applications as means of comparing buying
          prices to selling prices while leaving a fair net profit and
          distributing overhead costs between the different products.
                                                                [15770]
Ashoroft, J.  Weight in—and weight out.  Materials Reclamation Weekly,
          118(6):24-25, Feb. 6, 1971.  The use of the 'costing' process
          in reclamation processing will strengthen management controls
          over production volume in that it will show what amount of
          completed material and sales should result from specific pur-
          chases of raw material.                               [13659]
Clark, T. D.  Economic realities of reclaiming natural resources in solid
          waste.  Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971.
          12 p.  An examination of what is currently being done to recycle
          significant items of municipal solid waste is followed by a dis-
          cussion of the economic barriers operating against successful
          recycling.
                                                                [15599]
Clark, T. D.  Economic barriers to recycling and suggestions for federal
          action.  _In Economic realities of reclaiming natural resources
          in solid waste.  Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
          Agency, 1971.  p.8-12.  The economic barriers to recycling in-
          clude high collection costs, lack of markets for the reclaimed
          materials, and high costs and difficulty encountered in sepa-
          rating reclaimable materials from domestic refuse; corrective
          Federal action can be taken to lower the first two of these
          barriers.
                                                                [15602]
                                  162

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Greenspan, S. G.  Accelerated depreciation offers greater savings.   Solid
          Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(2):20, 28, Feb.
          1971.  Equipment purchase and the use of pollution control de-
          vices are two areas involving capital expenditure in which one
          can recover one's investment through the depreciation allowance
          provided each year by the Treasury Department.
                                                                [13780]
Haviland, J. M.  Cutting cost of compliance.  Products Finishing, 35(5):
          46-54, Feb. 1971.  The costs of electroplating waste treatment
          can be cut by:  improving housekeeping efficiency to conserve
          chemicals; lowering water consumption rates; and reclaiming
          wastes, in some cases at a profit.
                                                                 [13692]
Srinivasan, D.  Problems in the ferrous scrap trade in India.  Secondary
          Raw Materials. 9(2):82-85, 87-88, Feb. 1971.  In an attempt to
          prevent an imminent shortage of all grades of melting scrap,
          the Indian Steel Ministry has taken measures to eliminate
          hoarding and counter the tendency to export scrap to countries
          paying higher-than-domestic prices; price control is also imme-
          diately warranted.
                                                                [13834]
Zausner, E. R.  An accounting system for transfer station operations.
          Public Health Service Publication No. 2034.  Washington, U.S.
          Government Printing Office, 1971.  20 p.  The proposed system,
          which provides a guide for the collection of cost accounting
          information for transfer station operations, covers the type
          and quantity of information to be gathered, its classification,
          and the method for collecting it.
                                                                [15603]
HAZARDOUS WASTES

Allan3 G. G.> C. S. Chopra, A. Neogi, and R. M. Wilkins.  Concept of
          chemical combination of pesticides with solid waste macro-
          molecules.  International Pest Control, 13(1):10-14, Jan.-
          Feb. 1971.  Since most solid wastes are polymeric, biode-
          gradable, and reactive, they could be bound to waste pesti-
          cides in such a way that the pesticides would be released
          slowly, and thereby rendered less toxic and aore easily handled.
                                                                 [13937]
Caron, C., and C. Gailledreau. (Commissariat a I'Energie Atarnique).
          Technique for. dispersal of liquid or slurry radioact^ve waste
          in the ground.  German Patent 1,539,749; filed Mar. 14, 1966;
          issued Oct. 1, 1970.  The waste products are mixed with an
          aluminous cement mixture, which has a low free lime content
          and to which has been added an aldehyde and a phenol, and the
          mixture is injected into the ground.  (Text in German)
                                                                [13524]
                                  163

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Dealing with potentially lethal discards.  Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
          Removal Journal, 14(5):68, 104, 124, 126, May 1971.  In a report
          entitled 'Disposal of Toxic Solid Wastes,' which was recently
          released by the British government, the generation, treatment,
          and disposal of 50 toxic wastes, such as chemical slurries, cyanide,
          fluorides, and leaded gasoline sludges, is discussed; incineration,
          burial in mine shafts, and dumping at sea are considered the best
          methods of disposal for such wastes.
                                                                [13764]


Lefillatre,  G.3  J.  Podier, and J. Scheidhauer (Commissariat a I'Energie
          Atomique).   Innocuous radioactive waste blocks.   German Patent
          1,464,476; filed Nov. 28, 1962; issued Oct. 29, 1970.  The waste  is
          combined with water in a slurry, the slurry is mixed with liquid
          bitumen at 95 C in the presence of a surfactant, the water is
          largely removed, and the resulting paste is kneaded and cast into
          blocks.  (Text in German)
                                                                [13528]
Seppovaara, 0., and P. Hynninen.  On the toxicity of sulphate condensates.
          Chemical 26, 7(4):41-44, Apr. 1971.  Untreated sulfate pulp mill
          effluents are fatal to both trout and perch; when the effluent
          is treated via steaming or aeration, however, fish fatalities are
          eliminated, and other symptoms of poisoning are reduced.
                                                                [15837]
Stall, W. (Alkem, Alpha-Chemie wid Metallurgie G.m.b.H,).  Reduction of
          volume of radioactive waste by burning.  German Patent 1,539,663;
          filed Oct. 26, 1966; issued Oct. 1, 1970.  The waste is mixed
          into a heated fused-salt bath containing alkali metal carbonates
          and/or nitrates, and air or oxygen is bubbled through the bath.
          (Text in German)
                                                                [13522]


Stone, E. H. F.  Disposal of solid intractable waste.  Chemistry and In-
          dustry, 16:421-424, Apr. 17, 1971.  Toxic wastes must usually
          be pretreated to reduce their volume and/or toxicity, after
          which they are incinerated, landfilled, or dumped in mine shafts,
          boreholes, or at sea; dumping in mine shafts or at sea is the
          most preferable method of final disposal.
                                                                [15839]
Tinker, J.  The PCB story:  seagulls aren't funny anymore.  New Scientist,
          50(745):16-18, Apr.  1971.  Monsanto  Chemicals,  Ltd.  has  volun-•
          tarily  curtailed the sale of  its toxic polychlorinated biphenyls
          (PCB's), which have  been shown  to cause changes  in the hormonal
          and calcium balances of living, and  primarily aquatic and marine,
          organisms.
                                                                 [15838]
                                   164

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HEALTH/SAFETY

Calkins, M. D.  A municipal safety program that works,  American City,
          86(8):67-68, Aug. 1971.  The Refuse Division of Kansas City,
          Missouri instituted an incentive safety program which resulted
          in:  a 48.7-percent reduction in vehicular accidents, a 66-per-
          cent reduction in lost man-hr costs, a 23.5-percent reduction
          in vehicle accident repair costs, and a 41-percent reduction
          in bodily injuries.
                                                                [16001]
Mafrici, D.  The role of the local Health Department in solid waste man-
          agement.  American Journal of Public Health, 61(10):2,010-
          2,014, Oct. 1971.  Although it is not directly involved in the
          operational phase of solid waste disposal, the Nassau County
          Health Department works with various municipalities as a con-
          sultant, public educator, professional trainer, and source of
          new information regarding solid waste management practices.
                                                                [15813]
A medical guide to driver selection.  Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Re-
          moval Journal, 14(10):52, 60, Oct. 1971.  The Industrial Medi-
          cal Association has issued guidelines for selecting those truck
          drivers who are least likely to become involved in accidents;
          those physical and emotional conditions and personal habits
          which might cause accidents are described.
                                                                [15699]
Kevins, M. P., and D. W. Grant.  Bioconcentration and biotransfer of
          aflatoxin.  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
          Toxicology, 6(6):552-558, Nov.-Dec. 1971.  It was concluded
          that serious environmental health problems 'could develop
          from the biotransfer and bioconcentration, via ovipositing
          flies, of aflatoxins originating in stockpiled livestock
          manure.
                                                                [15700]
Peterson, M.  L.  Pathogens associated with solid waste processing.
          Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971.
          24 p.  Batch-fed and continuously-fed rotary kiln incin-
          erators in eight major U.S. cities were found to contain
          several strains of pathogenic microorganisms in their
          residues, quench water, stack effluents, and dust from
          their waste storage areas, charging floors, and residue
          areas.
                                                                [15701]
                                   165

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Rosettif M. A.  Farm labor1 sanitation in Connecticut.  Connecticut Health
          Bulletin. 85(7):211-216, July 1971.  The State Department of
          Health cooperates with local health directors in conducting in-
          spections of boarding houses and field operations for migrant
          farm labor, and state public health code regulations 19-12-B53
          through 19-13-B63 provide minimum standards for operating such
          facilities.
                                                                [13875]
Schepilov, N. S.3 V. N. Kislenko, and G. F. Lvova.  On the survival of
          Myco. tuberculosis in a thick permanent litter of tuberculosis
          affected birds.   Problemy Tuberkuleza, 49(8):78-81, 1971.  The
          morphological, cultural, and pathogenic properties of Mycobac-
          teriwn tuberculosis were observed for 6 years, and it was noted
          that they remained viable and pathogenic within the poultry lit-
          ter for at least that length of  time.  (Text in Russian)
                                                                [15822]
Tsai, C.-C.f W. D. Kundin, and J. W. Fresh.  The zoonotic importance of
          urban rats as a potential reservoir for human leptospirosis.
          Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 79(1):1-4, Jan.
          28, 1971.  It was concluded that poor solid waste disposal
          practices contribute to the high incidence  (26.7 percent) of
          leptospirae infection  in rats found in the urban areas of
          Taipei City; the human environment can be contaminated with
          pathogenic leptospira« through the urine of the carrier hosts.
                                                                 [15656]
INCINERATION

Backus, E. S.  Incinerator designed to anticipate problems.  Public Works,
          102(4):79-81, Apr. 1971.  New Canaan, Connecticut's new  $1.6
          million incineration plant is located near a sanitary  landfill
          in which its residue is discharged, has a waste water  treatment
          plant  which provides chlorinated process water, and will handle
          125 tons of refuse per 24-hr day without contributing  to environ-
          mental pollution.
                                                                 [13752]


Blankenship, E.  B.3 and E. A. Bowers  (Research Products Manufacturing
          Company).  Incinerator toilet.  U.S. Patent 3,020,559; filed
          Jan. 5, 1959; issued Feb. 13, 1962.  An electrically actuated
          incinerator is  positioned at the base of a vertical hollow  body,
          where  it is insulated and spaced from the inner wall of  the
          casement of the waterless toilet.
                                                                 [14013]
                                   166

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 Cardinal,  P.  J.,  Jr.   Advances in multi-hearth incineration.   Process
           Biochemistry,  6(1):27-31,  Jan.  1971.  The multiple-hearth
           furnace,  which is the preferred unit for the final destruc-
           tion of sewage sludge,  is  a cylindrical, refractory-lined,
           steel shell containing a vertically-arranged series of hori-
           zontal refractory hearths.
                                                                 [13792]
(Combustion Powder Company,  Inc.).   Pressure combustion of solid rubbish.
           French Patent 2,016,684;  filed Aug.  29,  1969; issued May 8,
           1970.   Refuse is  shredded,  dried, and burned at a high tem-
           perature and pressure,  and  particles which could damage the
           turbine or pollute the  air  are removed.   (Text in French)
                                                                 [13422]
 Custom-designed furnace  for burning precious metal scrap scrubs smoke
           clean.   Secondary Raw Materials,  9(2):196,  Feb. 1971.  A new
           nonpolluting furnace designed by  the Precious Metal Recovery
           Division of  the Sel-Rex Corporation can handle 600 Ib of ma-
           terial per hr,  and operates  at temperatures which make feasi-
           ble the recovery of precious metals such as gold from low-
           yield scrap.
                                                                 [13794]
Hayashi,  T.  (Hokkai  Tekkosho).   Globe-shaped incinerator.   Japanese
           Patent  44-9,156;  filed Dec.  29,  1965;  issued  Apr.  26,  1969.
           A compact,  globe-shaped incinerator can be  used  for functions
           such  as efficiently burning  classified documents in offices,
           and its shape minimizes heat loss  while rendering the  appa-
           ratus easily portable.   (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13618]
Inauguration  of the  refuse  incinerator for  the  region,  Baden-Brugg.
          Wasser und Energiewirtschaft.  63(1);40-41,  Jan.  1971.   The
          SGM plant, which  operates  according to  the  multlbactor pro-
          cedure,  requires  an  operating  crew of only  five  persons,  con-
          trols smoke and odor emissions, and each  day  reduces  133  tons
          of  refuse  to 13.3 tons  of  sterile residue.   (Text  in  German)
                                                                 [13789]


Incinerator made of  stainless  steel.  Sanitaer  und  Heizungstechnik,  No. 1:
          32, Jan. 1971.  The  problem of corrosion  is avoided in a  new
          type  of  incinerator  which  is constructed  of stainless  steel.
          (Text in German)
                                                                 [13788]
                                  167

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Ishigaki, E. (Ishigaki Kiko K.K.).  Method of incinerating particulates
          containing water utilizing fluid layer and its device.  Japan-
          ese Patent 44-9,155; filed Dec. 27, 1965; issued Apr. 26, 1969.
          Material such as dehydrated sludge, which still contains some
          water, can be dried and burned in a fluid layer of nonflam-
          mable particulate matter.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13603]
Kazama, H. (Tamagawa Kikai Kinzoku Co.).  Device to take out ash from
          garbage incinerator.  Japanese Patent 44-9,158; filed Jan. 25,
          1966; issued Apr. 26, 1969.  Incinerator ash can be cleanly
          and completely removed via a device consisting of an opening
          at the bottom of the incinerator, a dump bucket, a control
          rod, and a pipe through which water is sprayed to extinguish
          any burning ashes.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13601]
Kojima, M.  Incinerator for chaffs.  Japanese Patent 45-6,116; filed
          July 5, 1967; issued Mar. 2, 1970.  An incinerator which is
          designed to burn large quantities of rice chaff includes a
          bladed stirrer and a main unit shaped like a slightly tapered
          and upwardly-inclined tubular column.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13478]
Let residue disposal pay for itself.  Power, 115(2):60-61, Feb. 1971.
          Cellulosic wastes, such as coffee grounds, can be converted
          into a useful fuel if they are properly pretreated and in-
          cinerated in the right type of furnace under the appropriate
          Conditions.
                                                                [13793]
Mizobuchi, I., and T. Yamaga •. (Hirakawa Iron Works).  Furnace suitable
          for the rejuvenation of waste charcoal and sludge combustion.
          Japanese Patent 44-18,154; filed May 27, 1966; issued Aug. 8,
          1969.  A special type of incinerator can be used for the ef-
          fective dewatering of sludges, the heating and roasting of
          used activated charcoal, and the treatment of industrial waste
          water.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13609]
New refuse incinerator at Heide.  Energie und Technik, 23(1):19-21, Jan.
          1971.  In the new Heide incinerator, waste water sludges which
          are contaminated with petrol residues are dewatered, dried, and
          incinerated at a temperature of 800 C.   (Text in German)
                                                                 [13790]
                                   168

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Ogawa, M., and T. Hosokawa (Matsushita Denki Sangyo K.K.).  Incinerator.
          Japanese Patent 45-3,755; filed Dec. 10, 1965; Issued Feb. 7,
          1970.  The smoke collects in a smoke-retainer room, which is
          located between the inner and outer lids of the refuse-charging
          port, and is drawn from there, without leakage, into a secondary
          combustion chamber.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13484]
Pyrolysis—a new method of refuse reclamation.
          Weekly, 118(3):20-21, Jan. 16, 1971.
                                      Materials Reclamation
                                      Refuse pyrolysis takes
place in an electric furnace heated by nickel-chromium resis-
tors, and yields a flaky char, water, benzene and toluene oils,
and gases such as carbon monoxide, ethylene, and methane.
                                                      [13674]
Rasch, E.  VGB (Association of Large Boiler Owners) Meeting on  'Inciner-
          ation. '  Muell und Abfall, 3(1);28-29, Jan. 1971.  Grate-equipped
          refuse incinerators have proved fully capable of handling nearly
          all types of modern municipal refuse, although temperatures of
          800 C must be maintained to avoid the development of  strong odors.
          (Text in German)
                                                                [13787]
Sasaki, Yoichiro, NakanrLnato, and Ibaragi.  Grooved incinerator with ro-
          tatable members and radiant heat provision in combustion cham-
          ber.  German Patent 1,526,101; filed May 15, 1965; issued June
          11, 1970.  The incinerator features rotatable members which
          shift the refuse into the combustion chamber and allow it to
          be mixed; provision is also made for the drying of moist refuse
          and the elimination of smoke from the flue gases.  (Text in
          German)
                                                                [13408]
Shigaki, M. (Taguma Kikan Seizo K.K.).  Sludge incinerator.  Japanese
          Patent 45-7,154; filed Jan. 9, 1967; issued Mar. 11, 1970.
          A new device, comprising a pair of fluidized layer system
          furnaces, allows large quantities of caked wet sludge to be
          dried, crushed, and incinerated continuously, without the
          release of bad odors.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13476]
         B. (Mella and Menzi).  Procedure and installation of an incin-
          erator for burning an admixture of waste dust and fuel-oil
          or -gas.  Swiss Patent 494,368; filed Jan. 13, 1970; issued
          Sept. 15, 1970.  This incinerator comprises a heat-refractory
          lined, double-walled, sheet-metal cylindrical combustion cham-
          ber, a dust-supply jet and flow-regulator device, secondary
          air inlets, and an oil- or gas-burner nozzle.  (Text in German)
                                                                [13502]
                                  169

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SugimotOj N. (Locomotive Manufacturing Co,).  Vibratory incinerator.
          Japanese Patent 44-23,304; filed July 12, 1966; issued Oct.
          3, 1969.  Refuse is burned on a horizontal vibrating bed,
          whose motion helps to expose combustibles directly to the
          air while separating the ashes and allowing them to fall
          through a screen into a vertical duct.   (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13599]
Stiaty, F.  Waste heats Vienna.  District Heating, 56(4):12-16, Spring
          1971.  Vienna's Spittelau incineration plant can burn up to
          720 metric tons of waste per day to supply the city's homes,
          hospitals, schools, kindergartens, and government buildings
          with heat and electricity.
                                                                [13796]


Takaura^ K.  (Kansai Denki Co.).   Incinerator.  Japanese Patent 44-16,431;
          filed May 6, 1966; issued July 21, 1969.  An incinerator for
          the combustion of livestock manure converts the water content
          of the waste to steam, and reduces the combustible matter to
          a small amount of ash.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13623]


Two-stage incineration system for waste disposal.  Industrial Heating,
          38(2):232, 234, Feb. 1971.  The unit reduces solid waste to
          chip size, after which the chips undergo primary burning in
          a ventilated rotary kiln, and final burning in a secondary
          combustion chamber.
                                                                [13882]
Yamamoto, T.} and N. Suzuki (Kawasaki Heavy Industries).  Garbage incin-
          erator with jet device.  Japanese Patent 44-29,792; filed Apr.
          14, 1966; issued Dec. 3, 1969.  When the temperature reading
          picked up by a sensor is below 700 C, a carefully controlled
          quantity of liquid fuel is injected to effect auxiliary burn-
          ing, and when the temperature is above 1,100 C, water is in-
          jected into the chamber to lower its temperature.  (Text in
          Japanese)
                                                                [13598]
                                  170

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INDUSTRIAL WASTES

Berg, G.- A., R. A. Danilova, and G. G. Dubinina.  Molybdenum and vanadium
          recovery from spent catalyst.  Russian Patent  263,569; filed
          Jan. 6, 1969; issued June 4, 1970.  The spent  catalyst is  treated
          with hydrogen sulfide for 2  to 4 hr at a temperature  of  300 to
          500 C and a pressure of up to 50 atm, after which it  is  treated
          with chlorine under the same conditions; cobalt and nickel can
          also be recoverd with this process.   (Text in  Russian)
                                                                 [13631]


Bolker, H. I.  Out of the woods.  Technology Review, 73(6):22-29,  Apr.
          1971.  The pulp and paper industry will spend  $436 million
          in the period between 1970 and 1973 to abate the water pollu-
          tion caused by the waste liquor and fines generated during
          the pulping, bleaching, and  processing of the  raw wood.
                                                                 [13807]
Clean up or close down.  Industrial Gas, 51(3):11-14, Mar.  1971.  Dana
          Corporation's Power Take-off Division of Chelsea, Michigan,
          has just installed a gas-fired, thermal decomposition system
          which incinerates fluidized wastes from< metalworking processes
          without contributing to air or water pollution.
                                                                [13754]
Dorofeev, Yu. G., Xu. S. Shatov, and N. A. Peresypkin  (Novocherkassk S.
          Ordzhonikidze Polytechnic).  Reclamation of metallic grinding
          wastes.  Russian Patent 261,419; filed March 14, 1968; issued
          May 27, 1970.  The process involves magnetic separation of
          the wastes, followed by calcination, grinding, briquetting,
          drying, and remelting.  (Text in Russian)
                                                                 [13491]
Floating aerators solve food processing problem.  Water and Sewage Works,
          118(1):27, Jan. 1971.  The Borden Company, a manufacturer of
          food products, has incorporated floating platform aerators
          into its waste treatment systems to reduce the BOD in the
          wastes created during the preparation of pie fillings.
                                                                [13805]


Fridlyander3 I. N., P.  V. Kishnev, and M. G. Stepanova.  Recovery of
          aluminum.  Russian Patent 256,285; filed Sept. 1, 1967; issued
          Mar. 26, 1970.  High-quality aluminum can be recovered from
          wash materials, particularly those from sintered aluminum
          powders, via a process in which the wastes are melted at
          1,000 C for 2 to 5 hr, magnetically separated, and allowed to
          settle.  (Text in Russian)
                                                                [13495]


                                  171

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Rines W. R.j Jr.   Disposal of waste solvents.  Journal of Paint Technology,
          43(558):75-78, July 1971.  Waste solvents from the paint industry
          can be reused as raw materials, subjected to custom redistilla-
          tion, or subjected to high-temperature incineration.
                                                                [13809]
Meat packing wastes respond to many treatment methods.  Environmental Sci-
          ence and Technology, 5(7):590-592, July 1971.  'Catch basins,'
          lagoon systems, air flotation, activated sludge processes,
          trickling filters, rotating contactors, oxidation ditches, and
          anaerobic contact can be used by meatpacking plants to clean
          scrap and grease from waste water and remove its BOD.
                                                                [13900]
Membrane processing upgrades food wastes.  Environmental Science and Tech-
          nology, 5(5):396-397, May 1971.  The Crowley Milk Co. has set
          up a pilot plant which has successfully utilized membrane fil-
          tering in reducing the BOD of cheese whey from 35,000 mg per
          liter to 1,000 mg per liter.
                                                                [15912]
national Industrial Pollution Control Council.  Pollution problems in
          selected food industries; excludes meat, poultry, and grain-
          based foods; Sub-council report.  Washington, U.S. Government
          Printing Office, May 1971.  30 p.  Recommendations for handling
          food containers, processing wastes, the unusable parts of raw
          materials, and the foreign materials associated with raw agri-
          cultural products are given.
                                                                 [13891]


Ovchinkin, N. N.3 Y. M. Kislitsin, V. I. Kozlov, T. F. Likhacheva, and
          T. A. Kaygorodova (Chelyabinsk State Institute of Planning of
          Metallurgical Plants).  Method of reprocessing of steel-smelting
          slags.  Russian Patent  237,668;  filed Oct.  2, 1967; issued Feb.
          12, 1969.  Steel-smelting slag is dumped into a pit, coarsely
          crusted, and its large  metallic  inclusions  recovered,  after
          which it is crushed, separated,  and screened to produce a
          stable slag gravel which can be  used in the production of
          building materials.   (Text in Russian)
                                                                 [13629]
Spillane, L. J.  Liner halts dye pollution.  Water and Wastes  Engineering,
          8(1):A-17, Jan.  1971.  A New Mexico hosiery plant  disposes  of
          millions  of gallons of dye waste  in evaporation  ponds  lined
          with  prefabricated asphalt pond liner;  the solid evaporation
          residues  are disposed of in a  State disposal area  in the moun-
          tains.
                                                                 [13690]
                                   172

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 Treating chemical wastes:  a growing industry.   Chemical Week, 108(11):
           37-39, Mar. 17, 1971.   Three Rollins-Purle waste treatment
           plants are now operating to remove industrial wastes from
           waterways, and thereby prevent water pollution; although waste
           salvage is seldom practiced, when product reclamation tech-
           niques have been developed, they will be implemented.
                                                                 [13806]
 U.S.  oanners seek consistency in government pollution control programs.
           Food in Canada, 31(5):26, May 1971.  The canners industry be-
           lieves that the following should be the objectives of pollution
           control:  flexible waste treatment standards;  uniform State
           and Federal regulations; uniform enforcement for all industries;
           cooperative industry-government pollution abatement efforts;
           objective information programs; recognition by the public of
           its environmental responsibilities; recognition of economic
           and social hardships resulting from nonproductive waste manage-
           ment programs;  and reasonable effluent standards for food-pro-
           cessing plants.
                                                                 [13778]
 Use cannery residue to fortify farm land.   Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
           Removal Journal,  14(5):136,  146,  May 1971.   In Santa Clara
           County, California, 70,000 tons of cannery residue, including
           peach and tomato  peelings and cull fruit, were plowed into 500
           acres of farmland;  the land  was not adversely affected, and
           there were neither flies nor unpleasant odors.
                                                                 [13731]
 INSTITUTIONAL WASTES

Bourland,  C.  T.,  C.  S.  Huber,  and N.  D.  Heidelbaugh,  The relative effec-
           tiveness of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate and alkyl dimethyl benzyl
           ammonium chloride in the stabilization of aerospace food waste.
           Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 34(10):478-481, Oct. 1971.
           Although both microstatic agents were effective in preventing
           the growth of coliforms, molds, yeasts, and other aerobic micro-
           organisms, data indicate that the long-term use of either as
           the sole method of food stabilization would be risky.
                                                                 [15615]


 Iglar,  A.  F.   Hospital solid waste management.  CRC Critical Reviews in
           Environmental Control, 1(4):507-550, Jan.  1971.The following
           precautions should be taken in disposing of hospital wastes:
           minimize incinerator emissions, particularly pathogenic emis-
           sions; disinfect ground or shredded wastes; periodically check
           landfill sites for dangerous  or infectious agents; eliminate
           hazardous wastes with extreme caution to avoid contamination;
           and train personnel dealing with the disposal of solid wastes
           to use proper precautionary measures.
                                                                 [15840]

                                   173

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Kinney, E. T.3 and A.  Constant.  Control of shipboard wastes.  Naval En-
          gineers Journal, 83(3):118-129, June 1971.  Aerobic treatment
          plants, Fairbanker-Morse electromechanical incineration sys-
          tems, proprietary macerator-chlorinator units, and simple
          holding tank systems with special recirculating flush system
          variations are among the shipboard waste systems which are
          discussed.
                                                               '[13906]


Weintraub, B. S. _, and H. D. Kern.   Wet grinding units tested for disposal
          of hospital solid wastes.  Journal of Environmental Health, 33
          (4):338-345, 1971.  Based on a study carried out in Los Angeles,
          it was concluded that a system involving the wet grinding of hos-
          pital wastes followed by the discharge of these wastes into the
          municipal sewage system presents an excellent solution to the
          problem of hospital waste disposal.
                                                                [13761]


LAW/REGULATIONS

Davis talks about Montreal, Clean Air Act and solid wastes.   Water and
          Pollution Control, 109(12):23, 26, Dec. 1971.  Federal efforts
          in Canadian solid waste management will be directed largely at
          research and at the establishment of codes to encourage the
          upgrading of local standards; however, pollutants such as
          sludge that impinge on such federal concerns as navigation and
          fisheries, will come under federal Law.
                                                                [15960]
GershowitZj H.  Resource law stimulates public-private cooperation.
          Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(3):6, 68,
          Mar. 1971.  Under the Resource Recovery Act of 1970, both
          cities and private businesses wishing to demonstrate resource
          recovery systems or new or advanced technology will be eligi-
          ble for Federal grants.
                                                                [15961]
National industrial wastes inventory.  Environmental Control and Safety
          Management, 141(3):1, 32, Mar. 1971.  A new National Environ-
          mental Data System bill, which will provide for a national in-
          dustrial wastes inventory to be reported to the Congress and
          President, will be introduced into Congress this year.
                                                                [13901]
Ordinance provides stringent enforcement of rubbish handling.  Solid
          Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(7):32, July 1971.
          The Josephine County (Oregon) Solid Wastes Ordinance delineates
          certain aspects of refuse storage, collection, maintenance, and
          display as nuisances, and provides for the punishment of offenders
          with fines of up to $500 and/or jail terms of up to 6 months.
                                                                [13848]
                                   174

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Study county ordinance for rubbish handling.  Solid Wastes Management/
          Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):128, 134, May 1971.  The Board
          of Commissioners of Benton County, Oregon is currently con-
          sidering an ordinance that would, among other things, estab-
          lish a Solid Waste Advisory Committee to develop a long-range
          management plan and set up minimum standards for disposal and
          sites.
                                                                [13702]
forty's proposal on rubbish fees still in balance.  Solid Wastes Manage-
          ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(9):32, 52, Sept. 1971.  Three
          ordinances were recently introduced into the Los Angeles City
          Council:  one proposed a $2-per-household refuse collection
          tax; another dealt with the cessation of commerical garbage
          collection by the city, and the third proposed the cessation
          of collections from apartment buildings with five or more
          units.
                                                                 [15959]
LITTER

Baldine, J. J.  Trash exhausting incinerator for vehicles.  Canadian
          Patent 879,447; filed Dec. 15, 1969; issued Aug. 31, 1971.
          A single blower draws refuse from receptacles in the front
          and rear seats of the automobile, and conveys the wastes
          to a small, electrically-fired incineration unit which is
          placed beneath the front seat.
                                                                [17179]
Hayden, F. C.  Litter removal apparatus.  U.S. Patent 3,562,845; filed
          Sept. 16, 1968; issued Feb. 16, 1971. 'This apparatus, which
          comprises a wheel-equipped frame, two forwardly-diverging
          collector devices, and a blower, is primarily designed to
          remove litter from relatively compact surfaces, such as
          parking lots and streets.
                                                                [17178]
Hill, M.  Glass reclamation in the UK.  Glass, 48(3):57-58, Mar. 1971.
          For the past 10 years, the Keep Britain Tidy Group has used
          public education as the main weapon against littering; it is
          felt that littering will eventually become socially taboo.
                                                                [13810]
MANAGEMENT

Barry, A.  L.   Planning a central depot.   Public Cleansing, 61(l):31-42,
          Jan. 1971.  A new depot in Great Britain will include a paper
          baling and handling plant, a salt storage area, stores, work-
          shops for vehicle maintenance, an administration and welfare
          unit, and a garage.
                                                                [13725]
                                  175

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Clark3 R. M.3 R. 0. Toftner, and T. V. Bendixen.  Manage solid wastes as
          a utility.  American City,  86(2):45-47, Feb. 1971.  Local
          solid waste management should be operated as a utility, and,
          as such, should be self-supporting, and either administered
          by the department of public works or operated as a separate
          entity.
                                                                 [13701]
DeGeare, T. V., Jr.  Solid waste management at Indian communities; a
          Division of Technical Operations open-file report  (TO 1.1.
          395/0.  Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
          1971.  [39 p.]  (Restricted distribution.)  Solid waste
          management practices at five Indian communities were studied,
          and the implementation of a management system at the Colville
          community was proposed as a demonstration project.
                                                                [15542]
Eaker, J. G., and J. R. McNamara.  Geometric programming and the pre-
          liminary design of industrial waste treatment plants.  Water
          Resources Research, 7(1):18-22, Feb. 1971.  The preliminary
          design of an industrial waste treatment plant was considered,
          using certain aspects of the relatively new theory of geo-
          metric programming.
                                                                [13756]
Houston, J.  Selecting loaders and dump trucks.  World Construction, 24
           (1):25-26, Jan. 1971.  The following techniques can be used
          in selecting equipment:  computer programming, queueing theory,
          and a Monte Carlo form of simulation.
                                                                [13713]
Hughson, R. V.s and H. Popper.  Environmental-ethics panel offers views
          and guidelines.  Chemical Engineering, 78(6):109-116, Mar. 8,
          1971.  Five experts with varied environmental and managerial
          responsibilities discuss four dilemmas involving industry and
          environmental ethics.
                                                                [13947]
Nickel, E.  Thoughts and experience regarding employee practices.  Waste
          Age, 2(5):20-21, Sept.-Oct. 1971.  Sanitary Disposal Service,
          Inc. offers the following to attract and maintain a skilled
          labor force:  good pay and imaginative benefits, free fresh-
          cooked food from 5 am to 12 noon, Christmas bonuses, insurance
          and health benefits, and a policy whereby employees take re-
          sponsibility and make suggestions.
                                                                 [15885]
                                 176

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Reizen, M. S.  New section of solid waste management in operation in
          state health department.  Michigan Medicine, 70(4):139, Feb.
          1971.  The Michigan Department of Health's new Section of
          Solid Waste Management will provide:  regional consultants
          and inspection personnel to license solid waste disposal fa-
          cilities, consultation in the field of solid waste management,
          and an insect and rodent consultation service.
                                                                 [13903]
OCEAN DISPOSAL

CE Staff.  Ocean pollution and marine waste disposal.  Chemical Engi-
          neering, 78(3):60-67, Feb. 8, 1971.  The ocean can, in all
          likelihood, handle all of our industrial society's wastes,
          if the amounts, types, and dumping locations are carefully
          controlled, and if sufficient consideration is given to the
          direct and indirect effects of waste discharge.
                                                                [13667]
Gross, M. G.  The pollution of the coastal ocean and the Great Lakes.
          U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Naval Review Issue, 97(819):
          228-243, May 1971.  The disposal of domestic sewage, indus-
          trial wastes, and dredge spoils into coastal ocean waters has
          led to profound changes in these waters, largely due to the
          action of coastal ocean currents, which tend to isolate coastal
          waters and lead to the retention of the damaging wastes; all
          of the changes which have been observed in ocean waters have
          also been noted in the Great Lakes, especially Lake Erie.
                                                                [15621]
Halmos, E. E.3 Jr.  Permits for industrial discharges.  Water and Sewage
          Works, 118(2):62, 61A  Feb. 1971.  Following the recent up-
          dating of a 71-year-old law relating to the ocean dumping of
          refuse, all U.S. industrial operations wishing to discharge
          anything into a waterway will be required to obtain a permit
          from the Army Corps of Engineers, at which time they will be
          required to submit specific information regarding the wastes
          to be discharged.
                                                                [13708]
Home, R.  A., A.  J. Mahler,  and R. C. Rossello.  The marine disposal of
          sewage sludge and dredge spoil in the waters of the New York
          Bight.   Technical Memorandum 1-71.  Woods Hole, Mass., Woods
          Hole Oceanographic Institution, Jan. 29, 1971.  37 p.  A de-
          tailed description of the topography, currents, physical-
          chemical properties, and resource value of the Bight is pre-
          sented, along with an analysis of the dumping activities in
          the Bight, and their physical, chemical, and biological ef-
          fects on the marine environment and human life surrounding
          the area.
                                                                [15714]
                                  177

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Home, R. A., A. J. Mahler, and R.  C. Rossello.  Sewage sludge and dredge
          spoil.  In The marine disposal of sewage sludge and dredge spoil
          in the waters of the New York Bight.  Technical Memorandum 1-71.
          Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Jan.
          29, 1971.  p.11-18.  Tons of organic matter, toxic heavy metals,
          radioisotopes, pesticides, and petrochemicals are dumped into
          the Bight waters each year in the form of dredge spoil, and raw
          and partially-treated sewage; extensive chemical and spectro-
          chemical analyses of these wastes are presented.
                                                                 [15716]
Home, R. A., A.  J. Mahler, and R.  C. Rossello.  The effects of waste
          disposal (1).   In The marine disposal of sewage sludge and
          dredge spoil in the waters of the New York Bight.  Technical
          Memorandum 1-71.  Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic
          Institution, Jan. 29, 1971.  p.19-27.  The dumped material has
          had the following chemical effects on the environment of the
          Bight:   the oxygen content of the benthic waters has been
          greatly reduced, and; in the summer months, the oxygen level
          falls below that needed to sustain many marine organisms; due
          to the anoxic condition,  hydrocarbon pollution persists fol-
          lowing oil spills and dredge spoil dumping; and the concentra-
          tions of toxic heavy metals such as chromium, lead, and copper,
          are up to 2,000 times greater than normal.
                                                                [15717]
Home, R. A., A.  J. Mahler, and R.  C. Rossello.   The effects of waste
          disposal (2).   In The marine disposal of sewage sludge and
          dredge spoil in the waters of the New York Bight.  Technical
          Memorandum 1-71.  Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic
          Institution, Jan. 29, 1971.  p.27-31.   Benthic populations
          at the dumping sites have been substantially reduced and other-
          wise adversely altered due to the following effects of the pol-
          lution:  disease; toxicity; oxygen depletion; biostimulation
          of algae, whose debris changes the nature of the bottom sedi-
          ments;  and habitat changes associated with repeated physical
          burial of benthic species, as well as several indirect ecologi-
          cal effects of turbidity and siltation.
                                                                [15718]
Home, R. A., A. J. Mahler, and R. C. Rossello.  The effects of waste
          disposal (3).   In The marine disposal of sewage sludge and
          dredge spoil in the waters of the New York Bight.  Technical
          Memorandum 1-71.  Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic
          Institution, Jan 29, 1971.  p.31-37.  The following situations
          are probably at least partially caused by the dumping activi-
          ties:  a high incidence among finfish of fin rot, originating
          in or near the Bight; a gradual decline in fish landing over
          the last 6 years; and the excessively high coliform levels
          found in shellfish taken from even the marginally polluted
          areas.
                                                                [15719]

                                   178

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Koh, R. C. Y.  Ocean sludge disposal by barges.  Water Resources Research,
          7(6):1,647-1,651, Dec. 1971.  Methods for discharging waste car-
          goes from barges include the following, which must be evaluated
          according to their effects on the marine environment:  dumping
          the entire load at once while the barge is anchored, discharging
          the load over a period of time while the barge  is moving, and
          discharging the load through a small diffuser towed betiind the
          moving barge.
                                                                [15854]
Lamb, J. C.  Disposal at sea.  Public Works, 102(2);114,  116, Feb.  1971.
          A summary of a report by the Council on Environmental Quality
          regarding ocean dumping into U.S.  coastal waters,  its effects
          on the marine environment, and recommendations  for regulatory
          actions is presented.
                                                                [13695]
Smith, R. H.  Deep sea refuse disposal.  U.S. Patent 3,395,663; filed
          Feb. 20, 1967; issued Aug. 6, 1968.  The apparatus consists
          of a nonbouyant refuse container which is mounted in an open
          well of a barge, and which is submerged to a sufficient depth
          to render the refuse nonbouyant; the refuse is then released,
          and it sinks to the bottom without leaving a trace on the
          surface.
                                                                [6079]
PACKAGING WASTES

Danzigev, S.  Recycling the aluminum can.  Secondary Raw Materials,
          9(2):145, 147, Feb. 1971.  If aluminum cans are to be ef-
          fectively recycled, collection and transportation programs
          run by full-time commerical dealers who can afford the
          large capital outlay must be organized.
                                                                [13784]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Salvage of municipal
          solid waste:  tin cans.  In Recovery and utilization of mu-
          nicipal solid waste.  Public Health Service Publication No.
          1908.  Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.
          p.86-87.  Tin cans can be magnetically separated from refuse
          and used by:  the copper industry, for the beneficiation of
          copper ore; the steel industry, as a source of steel scrap;
          and the tin industry.
                                                                [15561]


Hannigan, K. J.  Pioneers in ecology.  Food Engineering, 43(7):58-59,
          July 1971.  The Coca-Cola Company's new Lopac plastic bottle
          is reportedly burnable and grindable, and can be disposed of
          using conventional waste disposal systems without producing
          hazardous by-ppoducts.
                                                                [13818]
                                  179

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Katzenstein, P.  Will it be possible to replace the glass bottle by the
          plastic bottle in the beverage industry?  Staedtehygiene, 22(2):
          36-37, Feb. 1971.  Although the unbreakability and lightness
          of plastic bottles make them attractive to the beer industry,
          several of their other properties, including their adverse ef-
          fects on the functioning of refuse incineration plants, make
          them unlikely candidates as replacements for glass bottles.
          (Text in German)
                                                                 [13746]


Lewin, P.  Who pays for plastic litter?  New Scientist and Science Jour-
          nal, 49(740):440-441. Feb. 25, 1971.  Scientific research should
          be directed toward the development of a degradable plastic
          packaging material which will still be safe, economical, and
          easy to use.
                                                                 [13908]
National Industrial Pollution Control Council.  Glass containers; Sub-
          council report.  Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
          Feb. 1971.  21 p.  Salvaged container glass, which can be re-
          cycled back into the bottlemaking process, made into glas-
          phalt, or converted into bricks or glass wool insulation, has
          more potential markets than can be covered by the items avail-
          able from solid waste or litter.
                                                                [13889]
National Industrial Pollution Control Council.  Plastics in solid waste.
          Sub-council report.  Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
          fice, Mar. 1971.  20 p.  Plastics, which constitute about 3
          percent by weight of collected refuse, are suitable as land-
          fill material, and can be incinerated with few complications
          if managed properly.
                                                                [13907]
Plastics industry ponders its recycling problems.  Chemical Engineering,
          78(13) :56, June 14, 1971.  The Werner and Pfleiderer Corpora-
          tion is perfecting a low-pressure injection molding machine
          which will process polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene scrap
          without prior grinding or other intermediate processing.
                                                                [13817]
Rodriguez, F.  Prospects of biodegradable plastics.  Modern Plastics,
          48(19):92, 94, Sept. 1971.  The most likely prospect for the
          production of biodegradable plastic systems may involve the
          synthesis of a new polymer structure and/or the isolation of
          a specific microorganism with which to inoculate disposal
          sites.
                                                                [15730]
                                  180

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Svec3 J. J.  Industry involvement speeds glass recycling.   Ceramic  In-
          dustry,  96(2):22-24, Feb.  1971.  The glass  container  industry
          is recovering and recycling used bottles  and  jars at  92 glass
          container plants in  25 States, and  it  is  also working to
          develop  new glass separation  and classification systems.
                                                                 [13766]
Thomkas L. M.  Plastic packages and the environment.  Journal of Milk
          and Food Technology, 34(10):485-491, Oct.  1971.  About 85
          percent of plastic packaging is made from polyolefins or
          polystyrenes, both of which are purely organic and undergo
          slow photodegradation when exposed  to sunlight.
                                                                [15622]
PROCESSING/REDUCTION

Akioka, S.  (Takasago Netsugaku Kogyo K.K.).  Continuous garbage press.
          Japanese Patent 45-14,348; filed Apr. 5, 1968; issued May  21,
          1970.  Kitchen garbage and similar wet wastes can be dewatered
          and pressed into flat cakes by this continuous compressor,
          which consists of a hopper, a screw feeder, and a compression
          duct.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13486]


'Arboga Crushers' by Prab Convey ors3 Inc.  Secondary Raw Materials,  9
          (2):214, Feb. 1971.  One of the outstanding operational fea-
          tures of the Arboga Shredder/Crusher, which is a vertical
          axis, slow turning unit designed for the reduction of metal
          scrap, is its ability to digest large masses of tangled
          turnings and scrap.
                                                                 [13822]
Conveyorization increases paper stock shipments 1200 percent.  Secondary
          Raw Materials, 9(3):76, Mar. 1971.  Using four conveyor sys-
          tems and one high-speed baler, All-Scrap Salvage Incorporated
          of Cleveland, Ohio, is producing over 200 bales of paper, cor-
          rugated board, aluminum, and rags per day.
                                                                 [13814]


Drobny, N. L., H. E.  Hull,  and R. F.  Testin.  Size reduction (S).  Jin
          Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
          Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Govern-
          ment Printing Office, 1971.  p.12-21.  Data concerning capital
          investment, maintenance costs, horsepower, material handled,
          average capacity, weight, inlet opening, and special features
          were collected on 27 types of size-reduction machines manufac-
          tured by 21 companies.
                                                                 [15552]
                                  181

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Garbage:  golden packaging market.  Modern Packaging, 44(3);42-43, Mar.
          1971.  Virtually automatic refuse compaction/packaging units
          for homes and factories are described and illustrated.
                                                                 [13785]
•Gibbon, B.  Pulverizer solves problems at St.  Catherines  refuse  site.
          Water  and  Pollution Control. 109(2):30-33.  Feb.  1971.   In
          St.  Catherines,  Ontario,  refuse is  ground  into  a mulch by a
          hammermill consisting  of  70  individual  hammers,  after  which
          it  is  taken to  a nonodorous, vector-free landfill.
                                                                 [13741]
Eefkel, A. T.  Garbage crushing device.  Japanese Patent 44-17,835;
          filed Aug. 17, 1965; issued Aug. 5, 1969.  A device, which is
          designed to crush garbage finely enough so that it can be used
          as compost, consists of two bands wound around the outer sur-
          face of a revolving cylinder whose axis is approximately hori-
          zontal.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13622]
Rrivonosov,  V. I.,  V. S. Yemelyanov, and  G. P. Shelestin.  Device for
          granulation of slags of the steel-smelting industry.   Russian
          Patent  255,303;  filed  Sept. 9,  1968; issued  Oct. 28,  1969.
          A  device  for  the waterless, uniform granulation  of  steel-
          smelting  slag consists of  a cooled, horizontal,  hollow drum
          and  two water-cooled plates located on  both  sides of  the
          drum.   (Text  in  Russian)
                                                                 [13627]
McGee, S. W. (Burgess-Norton Manufacturing Company).  Method of treating
          scrap metal.  U.S. Patent 3,549,350; filed Apr. 4, 1967; issued
          Dec.  22, 1970.  Metal scrap is oxidized, crushed, screened, re-
          duced to metallic form, and fragmented to produce a metal powder,
                                                                [13406]
Montreal hospital saves 50 percent on container storage by use of com-
          pactor.  Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14
          (5):32, 126, May 1971.  The 108-bed Grace Dart Hospital in
          Montreal has installed a 42-in.-high, 2-cu-yd Rabco Mark 1
          compactor, which has provided needed storage space in which
          to place accumulated refuse prior to collection.
                                                                [13722]
The Powell 'Mark VII' baler for waste paper.  Materials Reclamation
          Weekly, 118(6):29-30, Feb. 6, 1971.  Powell and Company has
          developed a device which will compress, bale, and wire 3
          to 5 tons of properly sorted and finished paper per hr.
                                                                 [13813]
                                  182

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 Schott,  C,  M.  (Gloucester Engineering Companyf  Inc.).   Assembly for ex-
           truding material difficult to extrude,  such as plastic waste.
           Swiss Patent 496,537;  filed Mar.  12,  1970;  issued Nov. 13, 1970.
           Flocculated plastic material is forced through a vertical heli-
           cal press as it is being melted by external circumferential
           heaters; it is then either granulated or processed into sheets
           or films.  (Text in German)
                                                                 [13503]


 Serizawa,  H.,  and S.  Yamamoto (Chomei Shoji K.K.).   Dehydrator of vege-
           table chips.   Japanese Patent 44-17,834;  filed May 23, 1966;
           issued Aug.  5, 1969.  The dehydrator  can be used to compress,
           heat,  and dry garbage, such as vegetable chips, which contains
           a great deal of water, thereby facilitating its final treatment
           and/or disposal.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13594]


 Stationary  packers handle huge volume of wastes.   Solid Wastes Management/
           Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):26, 27, 118,  May 1971.  Chicago's
           McCormick Place exhibition hall has recently installed a system
           of chutes which leads refuse to two compactors; from the com-
           pactors, which are constantly available,  the refuse is hauled
           away for disposal.
                                                                 [13721]
 A successful compact operation.   Waste Trade Journal,  67(8):5,  Feb.  27,
           1971.   Two 2,200-ton hydraulic presses in Cambridge,  Massa-
           chusetts,  can reduce a 10-cu-yd pile of refuse to  a wedge
           measuring  4 ft by 4 ft by 16 in.;  the wedges are then auto-
           matically  strapped together to form 4-cu-ft  bales  weighing 2
           to 3 tons  each.
                                                                 [13821]
 Tezuka,  K.  (Tezuka  Kosan  K.K.).   Device  to  press  scrap  for electric
           furnace.   Japanese Patent  45-19,469;  filed Apr.  1,  1966;  is-
           sued July 3,  1970.   A cold press  designed to  compress scrap
           into a shape  similar to the interior  of the furnace in which
           it will be melted consists of  a presser cylinder assembly
           and a scrap container pot  assembly.   (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13477]
(Tezuka Kosan K.K.).   Packing of garbage  compressed by garbage press.
           Japanese  Patent  45-6,115;  filed  Mar.  10,  1966;  issued Mar.  2,
           1970.   A  three-stage  hydraulic garbage press is equipped with
           a  packer  which packs  the pressed and  dewatered  garbage into
           square  blocks  enclosed in  plastic--film-lined, wire-net con-
           tainers.   (Text  in Japanese)
                                                                 [13483]
                                   183

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 Trauffer,  W.  E.   Wasted gravel  dredged and processed for highway sub-
           base.   Pit and Quarry,  63(8):84-86,  88,  Feb.  1971.   The
           Davidson Sand and Gravel Company has installed a plant which
           sorts,  fractions, crushes,  sifts, or dries material dredged
           from the Allegheny River,  and thereby readies it for use as
           highway sub-base material.
                                                                 [13919]
 Vending firm solves  refuse problem through compaction.   Waste Trade
           Journal,  67(4):9,  Jan.  30,  1971.  As  part  of  its recent ex-
           pansion and  remodeling  program,  the Canteen Company of  Min-
           nesota installed a Heil Huge-Pac stationary compactor with
           a 40-yd container;  the  compactor provides  easier handling
           of bulk materials  through high compaction  ratios.
                                                                 [13823]
 RECYCLING

 Berndt,  W.,  and G.  Schuster  (Deutsah  Gold-und-Silber Soheideanstalt).
           Decolorising and regenerating waste paper.   German Patent
           1,517,172;  filed July 30, 1964;  issued  Nov.  5,  1970.   The
           paper is  oxygenated  in an alkaline aqueous stabilizer and
           emulsifier,  after  which it  is subjected to flotation  and
           its  impurities  separated out.  (Text  in German)
                                                                 [13521]
(Chemetron Corporation).   Poultry  waste  hydrolysis apparatus.   French Pa-
           tent 1,594,142;  filed Dec.  5,  1968;  issued July 10,  1970.   In
           a device which provides continuous pressurized hydrolysis,
           poultry feathers,  blood,  etc.  are converted into proteins
           suitable for chicken feed.   (Text in French)
                                                                 [13418]
 Culp Smelting and Refining Company  reclaims aluminum scrap at Attalla,
           Alabama.   Secondary Raw Materials^ 9(2):116,  Feb. 1971.   The
           Culp Smelting and Refining Company,  which has been processing
           secondary aluminum for 22 years,  is  planning  to build a  new
           spectrometer  and a reverberatory  furnace for  die-casting and
           foundry use of special alloys.
                                                                 [13833]
 Dougherty,  C.  C.  (W.  S.  Griffin,  W.  Muirhead,  and M.  E.  Dougherty).   Re-
           covering metals  such as cobalt and nickel from scrap alloys.
           German Patent  1,483,142; filed Aug.  14, 1965;  issued Nov.  5,
           1970.   The process involves dissolving the alloys in a dilute,
           aqueous solution of an inorganic acid and an inorganic nitrate,
           and then, with the use of gaseous chlorine, fractionally pre-
           cipitating out the metals in the form of oxides.   (Text in
           German)
                                                                [13523]

                                   184

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Daussan, H. J.  Rice-bran ash as a base for ingot-mould protective coating.
          French Patent 1,590,586; filed May 15, 1968; issued May 29,  1970,
          Rice-bran ash can improve the production of cast products when
          used in conjunction with refractory and combustible materials;
          animal, vegetable, and mineral fibers; oxidants; exothermic  com-
          pounds; and natural or synthetic flexible materials.   (Text  in
          French)
                                                                 [13413]


Don't throw away your scrap—make something out of it.  Plastics World,
          29(3):63, Mar. 1971.  With the use of a new low-pressure in-
          jection-molding machine distributed by the Werner and Pfleiderer
          Corporation, scraps of film and sheet trimmings can be converted
          into shoe soles, bicycle saddles and handlebars, toys, hardware
          trimmings, and small containers.
                                                                 [13830]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Recovery and utilization of
          municipal solid waste.  Public Health Service Publication No.
          1908.  Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.  118 p.
          This study of solid waste management techniques has resulted in
          a source book of all available cost and performance data per-
          taining to processes that are, or might be, employed in solid
          waste recovery and utilization.
                                                                 [15557]
Drobny, N. L., E. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Chemical conversion:  hy-
          drolysis.  In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.
          Public Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S.
          Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.80,-81.  Via hydrolysis,
          cellulosic wastes can be converted into glucose, which is trans-
          formed into alcohol or converted into a feed for yeasts, which
          are, in turn, used in obtaining protein for animal feed.
                                                                [15558]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Chemical conversion:  pro-
          tein production.  In Recovery and utilization of municipal
          solid waste.  Public Health Service Publication No. 1908.
          Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.82-83.
          Paper and other cellulosics are pulped, subjected to fast-
          growing, hydrocarbon-cellulose-digesting organisms, hydrolyzed,
          flash vaporized, neutralized, and centrifuged to produce a
          proteinaceous livestock feed.
                                                                [15559]
                                   185

-------
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Test-In.  Salvage of municipal solid
          waste:  glass.  In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid
          waste.  Public Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington,
          U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.90-91.  Reclaimed
          sheet and plate glass is usually powdered and used in abrasives,
          reflective highway paints, match heads and stickers, ammunition,
          and refractory materials; although bottle glass is of little
          use to salvagers, it is technically usable in the manufacture
          of powdered glass and foam glass.
                                                                [15563]


Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Salvage of municipal solid
          Waste:  rubber, plastics, etc.  _In Recovery and utilization of
          municipal solid waste.  Public Health Service Publication No.
          1908.  Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.
          p.91-92.  Although rubber can be easily and economically re-
          claimed, because they are usually contaminated and difficult
          to separate from each other and from municipal refuse, little
          promise exists in salvaging plastics.
                                                                [15564]


Economic reclamation of metals from plating liquors.  Materials Reclama-
          tion Weekly, 118(6):20->21, Feb. 6, 1971.  The waste-plus-waste
          treatment method which is described can be used to successfully
          recover nickel, copper, silver, chromium, and iron from a variety
          of acid and alkaline electroplating wastes.
                                                                [13688]


Goss, R. B.  (Riverside Paper Corporation).  Method of reclaiming paper.
          Canadian Patent 858,429; filed Mar. 21, 1969; issued Dec. 15,
          1970.  Paper stock is reclaimed from wastepaper which contains
          plastic by a process involving the solvent-extraction of the
          plastic.
                                                                [13529]


Gutt, W.  Manufacture of cement from industrial byproducts.  Chemistry
          and Industry, No. 7:189-197, Feb. 13, 1971.  The use of pul-
          verized fuel ash combined with portland cement shows promise
          for use in underdeveloped countries and in situations in which
          the heat developed during the setting of portland cement could
          have deleterious effects; the production of potassium and ce-
          ment from Andularia shale is also technically feasible, al-
          though not yet economically advantageous.
                                                                [13829]
                                  186

-------
(Maerz-Ofenbau  G.m.b.H.).   Procedure  and crucible  for the production of
           steel from scrap iron  "by an  electric furnace  or blower con-
           verter furnace.   French Patent 1,592,850;  filed Nov.  22,
           1968; issued  June 26,  1970.   Steel  is produced from scrap
           iron which is heated by a  burner  as the combustion  gases
           are  drawn  through it.   (Text in French)
                                                                 [13417]
Marhsall,  V.  C.  Pollution and profit are closely  linked.   Engineering,
           210(5,466):867-870, Mar.  1971.  Two potential sources of pol-
           lution are  among those waste  products which  are  now  being
           recycled  into  useful products:  fly ash  is combined  with ce-
           ment  to form building blocks, or  used as a filter aid or pre-
           coat; and oxide fumes are  resintered to  form tiny droplets
           of  molten iron.
                                                                 [13826]
Molyneux, F.   Varnish  oil,  insecticide, and  vitamin  B from tobacco
          Waste.  Australian Chemical Processing  and Engineering,
          24(2)-.26-30, Feb. 1971.  Waste material, such  as nicotine,
          which results  from the processing  of  tobacco,  often  com-
          prises  25 percent of  the weight  of the  raw material,  and
          can  be  reprocessed to form important  secondary products.
                                                                 [13828]
Newspaper's attempt  to recycle newsprint results in failure.   Solid
          Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):50,  106, May
          1971.  The San Francisco Examiner's  recent  attempt  to  recycle
          all of its old newsprint failed due  to the  inability of its
          processing plant to handle  the overwhelming influx  of  used
          newspapers, and the lack of a market for the secondary fiber.
                                                                 [13768]
New waste paper recovery system.  World's Paper Trade Review,  175(17):
          611, 613, Apr. 29,  1971.  A new Italian wastepaper recovery
          system makes use of gentle mechanical means and  steam  in
          economically treating high-consistency waste  fiber with low
          fiber losses.
                                                                 [13816]
Old rubber tires make better streets.  Public Works,  102 (3):62-63, Mar.
          1971.  Dr. Douglas Bynum has discovered  a stress-relieving
          interface called Rusament, which  is composed of ground vul-
          canized rubber, mineral fillers,  and asphalt.
                                                                 [13916]
                                  187

-------
Haver, F. P., and M. M. Wong.   Recovery of copper, iron, and sulfur
          chalcopyrite concentrate using a ferric chloride leach.
          Journal of Metals, 23(2):25-29, Feb. 1971.  The Bureau of
          Mines has developed a hydrometallurgical procedure to obtain
          elemental sulfur from chalcopyrite, and simultaneously re-
          duce the air pollution caused by the smelting of copper con-
          centrates.
                                                                [13920]
Jackson, N.   Composition of feather and offal meal and its value as a
          protein supplement in the diet of caged laying hens.  Journal
          of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 22(l):44-46, Jan. 1971.
          When feather and offal meal was used as a replacement for Peru-
          vian fishmeal in the diet of caged, laying hens, it was found
          that amounts of up to 12.5 percent had no adverse effects on
          palatability, egg production, efficiency of feed conversion,
          or energy utilization.
                                                                [13915]
Jackson, N., and R.  B.  Fulton.   Composition of feather and offal meal
          and its value as a protein supplement in the diet of broilers.
          Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 22(l):38-42,
          Jan. 1971.  As a protein source for broilers, feather and offal
          meal is poorer in lysine and methionine and richer in cystine
          than Peruvian fishmeal, and it can be used at an optimum effi-
          ciency level of 10 percent in broiler diets.
                                                                [13911]
Javed, N. A.  Uranium recovery from dilute sulfate solution by using a
          continuous ion-exchange technique.  Journal of Metals, 23(8):
          33-47, Aug. 1971.  Cloete and Streat's solid-fluid contact
          technique for uranium recovery uses Amberlite IRA 400 anion
          exchange resin with 8 percent cross linkage and a -14 plus
          52 mesh as an absorbent.
                                                                [13926]
Kunzig, R. L.  What General Services Administration is doing about waste
          paper.   Paper Trade Journal, 155(28):50, July 12, 1971.  The
          U.S. General Services Administration has:  raised the minimum
          percent of recycled fiber required in the paper it purchases;
          organized a group to create a demand for recycled materials;
          and organized a second group to study the use of secondary ma-
          terials in construction.
                                                                 [13850]
                                  188

-------
 Process converts  animal wastes  to oil.   Chemical and Engineering News,
           49(33):43,  Aug.  16,  1971.   The U.S.  Bureau of  Mines'  Pitts-
           burgh Energy Research Center  has  developed an  effective pro-
           cess which  uses  carbon monoxide and  steam to convert  manure
           or any  cellulosic  waste to paraffinic oil with a low  sulfur
           content.
                                                                  [13922]
                                                                   r

 Raask,  E.3  and A.  V.  Stannett.   Lightweight electrical insulation using
           ash cenospheres.   Electrical  Times,  159(10):39-40,  Mar. 12,
           1971.  Cenospheres,  which are produced by the  combustion and
           rapid cooling of carbonaceous gases, can be separated from fly
           ash in  disposal  lagoons and used  as  fillers for electrical res-
           ins.
                                                                 [13825]
(Societe Civile de  Recherches Regima).   Procedure for the treatment of fly
           ash.   French Patent 2,029,311;  filed Jan.  24,  1969;  issued
           Oct.  5,  1970.   Fly ash particles of less than  80 microns are
           mixed with terpine carbides,  which are derived from the dis-
           tillation of conifer resins,  and the resultant product is used
           in the manufacture of asphalt,  cement, and mixtures for road
           surfacing.   (Text in French)
                                                                 [13426]


(Societe Progil).   Recovery  of copper  and  tin from bronze scrap.   French
           Patent 1,589,427; filed Apr.  29, 1968; issued  May 8,  1970.
           A process for  the recovery  of pure copper and  tin from bronze
           scrap involves treating the alloy with an azeotropic  solution
           of hydrochloric acid, followed  by distillation,  chlorination,
           and further distillation.   (Text in French)
                                                                 [13411]
 Spalding,  E.  G.   Protein from oil offers hope in solving world food crisis.
           Engineering,  210(5456):834-837,  Feb.  26,  1971.  Reclamation of
           waste products in the petrochemicals industry has led to the
           development of products such as vinyl chloride, methanol,
           polyester fiber,  and protein from a microorganism that lives
           on wax.
                                                                 [13673]
 Tauben,  S.  F.   Scrap  metal recycling.   Secondary Raw Materials,  9(2):
           157-158,  Feb.  1971.   Diversified Metals Co.  has developed a
           'cold process'  for removing insulation from insulated  wire;
           it involves mechanical wire chopping and separation, and en-
           ables the recovery of a high percentage of copper.
                                                                 [13837]
                                    189

-------
Variety is the key to profit.   Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118(8):20-
          22, Feb. 20, 1971.  The Norfolk Salvage Company in Great Bri-
          tain is involved in:  cullet manufacturing; fertilizer produc-
          tion from the muck resulting from materials-fragmenting oper-
          ations; cleaning inlets, reservoirs and other bodies of water;
          and using underwater explosives to stun fish for removal to
          other localities.
                                                                [13827]
Vaughan,  R.  D.   Reusing waste materials:  an approach to solid waste
          management.   Secondary Raw Materials, 9(2):139-143, Feb. 1971.
          Cooperation between government and industry, especially with
          regard to recycling, is the key to providing a liveable en-
          vironment for the future.
                                                                [13835]
Waters, R.  F., H.  E.  Powell,  and A.  A.  Cochran.   Recovery of metals and
          phosphates from waste phosphate sludge.  Metal Finishing, 69
          (8):39-42,  Aug. 1971.  Via either a hydrogen reduction-sinter
          process or a coke reduction-sinter process, waste phosphate
          sludge can be successfully treated to produce high-parity tri-
          sodium phosphate, a zinc fume, and a low-phosphorous ferro-
          nickel powder suitable for pelletizing and reuse in a steel
          mill.
                                                                [13923]
RESEARCH

Bacteria decompose plastic.   Umschau in Wissenschaft und Technik, No. 7:
          252, 1971.  Observations show that, during special periods of
          hunger, bacteria can decompose the surface of a polyethylene
          container.  (Text in German)
                                                                 [15976]
Gouinlock, E. V., J. F. Porter, and R. R. Hindersinn.  The mechanism of
          the fire-retardance of dripping thermoplastic compositions.
          Journal of Fire and Flammability, 2:206-218, July 1971.  The
          fire-retarding mechanism of three self-extinguishing thermo-
          plastic compositions from which flaming droplets are emitted
          during incineration was examined by subjecting samples to two
          different flammability tests.
                                                                 [13884]
Eankin, L., and M. Zucker.  Rapid enzymatic liquification of garbage.
          Compost Science, 12(3):9-11, May-June 1971.  Degradable gar-
          bage can be liquified and reduced in bulk via an enzymatic
          method using the pectate lyase enzyme produced by phytopath-
          ogenic bacteria.
                                                                 [13928]
                                  190

-------
Howard, J.  New proteins:  animal, vegetable, mineral.  New Scientist,
          49(740):438-439, Feb. 25, 1971.  High-quality synthetic food
          proteins, which will eventually be suitable for human consump-
          tion, are formed when bacteria or yeasts act on substances
          such as natural gas, paraffin, or gas oil.
                                                                [13676]
Keppeler, J.  Effects of PVC Ash on Aquatic Systems.  Preprint, Jan. 1,
          1971.  12 p.  When virgin polyvinyl chloride ash was added to fresh
          water ecosystems containing water fleas, snails, algae, spiro-
          gyra, red tubifex worms, and a member of the Rotifer family,
          all but the first two died within 9 days; when the ash was
          added to salt water ecosystems containing adult brine shrimp
          and a type of chlorella, the organisms were unaffected.
                                                                [15842]


Kieszkowski, M.  Investigations on the thermal decomposition of cyanide
          solid Wastes.   Electroplating Metal Finishing, 24(5):5-10,
          May 1971.  Three series of laboratory experiments of the ther-
          mal decomposition of cyanides in sludge containing 4.1 percent
          by weight of cyanide and 4.8 percent by weight of zinc were
          carried out in a silite pipe oven.
                                                                [15630]

Schroeder, E.  D.   The effect of cell recycle on activated sludge pro-
          cess operation.   Water Research, 5(l):29-39, Jan. 1971.
          An investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of
          recycle rate on process variables for plug flow and continu-
          ous flow stirred tank reactors operating at a steady rate,
          and theoretical results were developed using equations for
          both kinds of reactors.
                                                                [13844]


SANITARY LANDFILL

Carlson, C.  W., and J.  D.  Menzies.   Utilization of urban wastes in crop
          production.   BioScience, 21(12):561-564, June 15, 1971.  The
          soil has a much greater potential for waste disposal than is
          generally thought, and municipal garbage, sewage effluents,
          and wastes from food-processing plants can all be used on
          cropland beneficially, or at least without harm.             *
                                                                [15845]


Davidson, G. R.,  Jr.,  T.  V.  Degeare, Jr., T. J.  Sorg, and R.  M. Clark.
          Land Disposal Sites Near Airports Reporting Bird/aircraft
          Hazards;  a Division of Technical Operations open-file report
          (TSR 1.6.004/0).   Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
          Agency, 1971.   33 p.  (Restricted distribution.)  Following
          an evaluation of bird/aircraft collisions, it was concluded
          that the only way to eliminate these collisions is to close
          the existing dumps around the airports which attract the birds.
                                                                [13935]
                                 191

-------
Gershowitz,  H.   First national landfill group to be formed.   Solid Wastes
          Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):63, 154,  May 1971.
          The president of the National Solid Waste Management Associa-
          tion has proposed that a National Sanitary Landfill Committee
          be formed to bring uniformity and standardization to sanitary
          landfill practices and to serve as a clearinghouse for sani-
          tary landfill information.
                                                                [13706]


Goolsby, D.  A.   Hydrogeochemical effects of injecting wastes into a lime-
          stone aquifer near Pensacola, Florida.   Ground Water, 9(1):13-
          19, Jan.-Feb. 1971.  Acidic industrial wastes are being injected
          at a rate of 2,000 gal per minute into two deep wells in a
          limestone aquifier near Pensacola, Florida; the waste is thought
          to extend about 1 mile from the wells, with the pressure ef-
          fects extending outward more than 25 miles.
                                                                [13758]
Hackbarth, D.  A.  Field study of subsurface spent sulfite liquor movement
          using earth resistivity measurements.  Ground Water, 9(3):11-
          16,  May-June 1971.  By examining a time sequence of earth re-
          sistivity measurements taken before and after dumping in the
          vicinity of a seepage pit which is designed to discharge spent
          sulfite liquor into the subsurface, the movement of the liquor
          can be traced.
                                                                [15846]
Ham, R. K.  The cost of large elevation landfilling.   Public Works, 102
          (5):77-80, May 1971.  The site preparation cost for an eleva-
          ted landfill in Madison, Wisconsin was $1,500,000, including
          costs for grading, plastic liner, gravel, sewer pipe, venting
          pipe, drainage, access road, and fencing, but not including
          such variable costs as land purchase, tree removal, and pump-
          ing costs.
                                                                [13705]
Ham, R. K.  No problems from milled municipal refuse.  Compost Science,
          12(1):6-11, Jan.-Feb. 1971.  Evidence from experiments con-
          ducted at a landfill in Madison, Wisconsin indicates that
          there are far fewer problems with flies and rodents if refuse
          is milled, but not covered.
                                                                [13937]
                                 192

-------
National Industrial Pollution Control Council.  Waste disposal in deep
          wells.  Sub-council report.  Washington, U.S. Government
          Printing Office, Feb. 1971.  20 p.  There is an immediate
          need in the petroleum industry for:  the establishment of the
          geological factors involved in deep well disposal, and the
          identification of all areas in the country amenable to this
          form of disposal; the establishment of a system to categorize
          all wastes, and the identification of those categories with
          respect to their relative suitability for deep well disposal;
          the establishment of the legal status of deep well disposal
          via suitable legislation for its safe, successful, and effi-
          cient use; and the establishment of suitable procedures for
          monitoring deep wells and deep well disposal areas.
                                                                [13930]
Neumann, U.  Possibilities of recultivation of refuse dumps.  Muell und
          Abfall, 3(1):15-18, Jan. 1971.  Recultivation of dump sites,
          particularly with poplars, bush-type willows, maples, and
          elms, becomes feasible after:  the site has been filled to
          capacity; the refuse has been covered, usually by 2 m of fer-
          tile soil; and the surface temperature has dropped to about
          20 C.
                                                                [13771]
Research seeks new ways to seal landfill against leaching.  Solid Wastes
          Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(3):18, 40, 72-73, Mar.
          1971.  The base of a landfill near Tullytown, Pennsylvania,
          was sprayed with an asphalt membrane barrier which catches po-
          tential leachate, thereby allowing for the removal of metals
          and organic materials, so that the water can be discharged
          into streams or returned to the landfill to stabilize the
          wastes.
                                                                [13742]
Spoil heaps.  Colliery Guardian, 219(7):326-329, July 1971.  The modern
          tipping methods being used by the National Coal Board (Great
          Britain), including tipping plans, use of contouring, and la-
          gooning, are described and illustrated.
                                                                [13842]


Warner, A.  J., C. H.  Parker, and B.  Baum.   Sanitary landfill.  In Solid
          waste management of plastics.  Washington, Manufacturing Chem-
          ists' Association, Inc., 1971.   p.A70-A93.  The criteria which
          establish a landfill as sanitary are listed, and types of land-
          fills, recommended cover materials, required equipment,  potential
          hazards and their elimination,  and operating costs are presented.
                                                                [15738]
                                  193

-------
 When it comes  to  choosing new landfill  equipment.   Solid Wastes Manage-
           ment/Refuse  Removal Journal,  14(2):18,  40,  46, Feb.  1971.
           Track-type tractors,  track-type loaders,  wheel-type  loaders,
           tractor-drawn scrapers,  self-loading scrapers, and steel-
           wheeled compactors are discussed,  and general guidelines for
           choosing the best equipment for a  given landfill site are
           given.
                                                                 [13735]
 Woerner,  J.  W.   City  puts  farm to multiple use.   Public Works,  102(3):
           57,  Mar.  1971.   Twenty acres  of a city-owned farm in  Kerr-
           ville,  Texas  have been given  over to a sanitary landfill,
           with one  area of the site being used for general refuse,
           another being used for bulky  objects,  and a third being re-
           served for  dead  animals.
                                                                 [15549]
 SEPARATION

(Bird Machine  Company).   Continuous  centrifuge for sludges or suspensions.
           French Patent 2,030,057;  filed Oct. 15, 1969;  issued Oct. 30,
           1970.   The centrifuge is  equipped with sensors which continu-
           ously measure the solids  contents of the various fractions,
           and thereby provide for automatic control over the solids
           content of the product.  (Text in French)
                                                                 [13427]
 Drobny,  N.  L. }  E.  E.  Hull,  and R.  F.  Testin.   Separation:   magnetic.
           In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.   Pub-
           lic Health Service Publication No.  1908.  Washington,  U.S.
           Government Printing Office, 1971.   p.25-28.   There are two
           major types of equipment for separating ferrous material
           from refuse:  the suspended-type separator,  which can be
           used with comminuted or noncomminuted material;  and the pul-
           ley-type separator which separates hammermilled iron from
           steel.
                                                                 [15576]
 Drobny,  N.  L.,  H.  E.  Hull,  and R.  F.  Testin.   Separation:  eddy-current.
           In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
           Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Govern-
           ment Printing Office, 1971.  p.28-30.  The eddy-current sepa-
           ration method uses a fluctuating magnetic flux, which passes
           through a coil wrapped around a conductive core, to separate
           nonmagnetic conductive materials, such as copper, zinc, and
           aluminum, from other refuse particles.
                                                                 [15577]
                                   194

-------
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Test-In,  Separation:   size  classi-
          fication.  In Recovery and utilization  of municipal  solid
          waste.  Public Health Service Publication No.  1908.  Washing-
          ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.31-36.   Spiral
          classification and wet and dry vibratory screening are two
          methods which can be used to separate waste materials  according
          to particle size.
                                                                 [15578]
Drobny, N. L., E. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Gravity separation:  flo-
          tation.   In Recovery and  utilization of municipal  solid waste.
          Public Health Service Publication No.  1908.  Washington, U.S.
          Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.36-40.  The flotation
          method, whereby dissimilar solids are  separated according to
          the selective affinities  of the solids' surfaces,  is  described.
                                                                 [15579]
Drobny, N. L.3 E. E. Hull, and P. F. Testin.  Gravity separation:  dense
          media.  In Recovery and utilization of municipal  solid waste.
          Public Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S.
          Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.40.  Materials having
          higher and/or lower specific gravities than the medium employed
          can be separated via the dense media or sink-float process.
                                                                 [15580]
Drobny, N. L., E. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Gravity separation:  stoners.
          In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
          Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Govern-
          ment Printing Office, 1971.  p.40-44.  The stoner consists of
          a dry vibrating table covered by an inclined oscillating screen
          of selected variable mesh size, and it separates materials ac-
          cording to the specific gravities of the particles.
                                                                 [15581]
Drobny, N. L., H.  E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Gravity separation:
          fley tables.  In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid
          waste.  Public Health  Service Publication No. 1908.  Washing-
          ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.43, 45-46.
          The Wilfley table, which separates material according to  spe-
          cific gravity and, to  a lesser extent, according to shape and
          size, is probably best suited to  the processing of municipal
          incinerator residue.
                                                                [15582]
                                  195

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Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Gravity separation:  mine-
          ral jigs.  In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.
          Public Health Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S.
          Government Printing Office, 1971.  p.46-47.  The mineral jig
          consists of a rectangular tank fitted with a vibrating or fixed
          screen which lies slightly below the overflow level, and it is
          used to separate presized materials, according to their dif-
          fering specific gravities.
                                                                 [15583]
Drobny, N. L., E. E. Hull, and R.  F. Testin.  Gravity separation:  Os-
          borne dry separator and fluidized bed.  _In Recovery and utili-
          zation of municipal solid waste.  Public Health Service Publi-
          cation No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
          1971.  p.47.  The following devices can be used to separate
          dry materials by gravity:  the Osborne dry separator, which
          separates glass, gold, and tungsten from compost; and the
          fluidized bed separator, which separates copper from its in-
          sulation.
                                                                 [15584]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Optical sorting.  In Re-
          covery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public Health
          Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S. Government
          Printing Office, 1971.  p.47-49.  The optical sorting technique,
          which operates according to the color of the material to be
          separated, makes use of an optical box equipped with four pho-
          tomultipliers and strong illumination sources.
                                                                [15585]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin.  Inertial separation.   In
          Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.  Public
          Health  Service Publication No. 1908.  Washington, U.S.  Govern-
          ment Printing Office, 1971.  p.49-51.  There are three  con-
          ceptual types of inertial separators:  the ballistic separa-
          tor, which effects separation based on the sizes and densities
          of the particles; the secator, which operates according to
          the elastic properties of the material to be separated;  and
          the inclined conveyor, which is sensitive to both the elastic
          properties and the densities of the materials to be separated.
                                                                [15586]
Du Rusquea, G.  Dust removal from and grading of plastic waste.  French
          Patent 1,590,114; filed Apr. 12,  1968; issued May  22,  1970.
          A perforated cylinder progressively eliminates all dust  and
          impurities from a mixture of granulated plastics
          placed in a rotating mixer drum.   (Text in French)
                                                                 [13412]
                                  196

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(Eisen und Metall  Aktiengesellschaft).   Separation of lead from metallic
           wastes  containing lead particles from old cables,  transform-
           ers,  etc.   French Patent 1,591,638;  filed Oct.  3,  1968;  issued
           June 12,  1970.   Lead particles can be separated from metallic
           wastes  by placing the wastes in a liquid medium which is heated
           to a temperature exceeding that of the melting  point of  lead,
           and then  removing the unmelted residues from the molten  lead.
           (Text in  French)
                                                                 [13415]
 Eefkel,  A.  T.   Device to crush, rubbish and separate organics from inor-
           ganics.   Japanese Patent 44-2,147;  filed Sept.  24, 1965; is-
           sued Jan.  29,  1969.   Soft organic materials and hard inorganics
           are revolved and crushed in a rotary drum, from which the or-
           ganics  are automatically screened and discharged and the inor-
           ganics  are manually  removed.   (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13642]
 Miller,  D.  G.   Filtration:   experimental developments.   Journal of the
           Institution of  Water Engineering,  25(1):21-30, Feb.  1971.
           Turbidity monitoring,  backwashing,  and dual media filters
           such as anthracite sand filters,  multilayer systems,  up-flow
           filters,  and radial-flow filters  are discussed.
                                                                 [13843]
 SLUDGE

 Bradley, R.  A.,  and R.  B.  Krone.   Shearing effects on settling of acti-
           vated sludge.   Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division,
           Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 97
           (SA1):59-79,  Feb.  1971.   Sludge sheared at a low rate tends
           to aggregate  more  and to yield better clarification follow-
           ing settling  than  does sludge sheared at a high rate, which
           aggregates in a more random pattern.
                                                                 [13727]
 Bugg,  H.  M.,  P.  H.  King,  and C.
           ing of alum sludges.
                      W. Randall.  Polyelectrolyte condition-
                      Journal of the American Water Works
Association, 62(12):792-795, Dec. 1970.  When alum sludge
samples were treated with cationic, nonionic, and anionic
polyelectrolytes, it was found that, with the anionic poly-
mers in particular, the dewatering characteristics of the
sludge were improved, and there was no necessity for pH
adjustment; a mixing time of 1 to 2 minutes was found to
be optimum.
                                                      [13691]
                                   197

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Chicago ships its sludge to the farmland.  Engineering News-Record, 186
          (5):22-23, Feb. 4, 1971.  Chicago's Metropolitan Sanitary Dis-
          trict pays $43 per ton to have its digested sludge rail-hailed
          160 miles and sprayed on farmland as a fertilizer.
                                                                [13693]
Hitomi, 0., and M. Yamada (Hitachi Co., Inc.).  Sludge incinerating de-
          vice.  Japanese Patent 44-19,597; filed May 17, 1965; issued
          Aug. 25, 1969.  The device, which can burn large quantities
          of sludge regardless of site size or weather conditions, is
          equipped with a photocell which controls the burners and
          gas supply valve to allow complete combustion with minimal
          air pollution.
                                                                [13639]
Lehman, G. S., and L.  G. Wilson.  Trace element removal from sewage ef-
          fluent by soil filtration.  Water Resources Research, 7(1):
          90-99, Feb.  1971.  The concentrations of iron, manganese,
          nickel, copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium in domestic sewage
          effluent were effectively reduced during percolation in a
          lysimeter through about 8 ft of calcareous soil material;
          strontium concentrations were not reduced by similar filtra-
          tion.
                                                                [13734]
Ott, C. R.} and R. H. Bogan.  Theoretical analysis of activated sludge
          dynamics.  Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Pro-
          ceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 97(SA1):
          1-17, Feb. 1971.  A mathematical model of the completely mixed
          activated sludge process was subjected to analog computer sim-
          ulation in an attempt to characterize the response to varia-
          tions in input flow rate, input BOD concentration, and sludge
          recycle ratio.
                                                                [13732]


Ramanathan, M.} and A.  F. Gaudy, Jr.   Steady-state model for activated
          sludge with constant recycle sludge concentration.  Biotech-
          nology and Bioengineering,  13(1):125-145, 1971.  It was con-
          cluded that the steady-state operation of completely mixed
          reactors for the growth of heterogeneous microbial populations
          was extremely difficult to attain if maintenance of a constant
          sludge recycle ratio was required.
                                                                [13737]
                                  198

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Rural district to have first wet air oxidation plant in the United King-
          dom.  Environmental Health, 79(5):2-4, May 1971.  At a cost of
          6100,000, Satec Limited is constructing a Zimmerman Process
          Wet Air Oxidation plant, in Guildford Rural District; the plant
          will eventually process 108,000 gal of sewage sludge per week.
                                                                [13847]
Styers, F.  It's not sludge—it's fertilizer.  American City, 86(2):
          48-50, Feb. 1971.  The city of Winston-Salem, North Carolina,
          has installed a new $250,000 Heil Drying System, which is cur-
          rently converting 18 million gal of sewage sludge each day
          into a fertilizer which is being sold for $19 to $20 per ton.
                                                                [13696]
Tanaka, M. (Nagata Seisakusho).  Disposal method of fine sludge.  Japan-
          ese Patent 44-652; filed Dec. 8, 1964; issued Jan. 13, 1969.
          Sludges in which more than 50 percent of the particles measure
          less than 100 microns can be filtered to a consistency of 300
          to 600 g per liter, added to gravel with particulate sizes of
          less than 25 mm, and disposed of on waste coal or gravel piles.
          (Text in Japanese)
                                                                [13608]
Tanaka, Y., and E.  Hirahara (Sumitomo Metals Industries, Ltd.).  A new
          use of fine powder sludge containing iron.  Japanese Patent
          45-4,170; filed Dec. 1, 1965; issued Feb. 12, 1970.  The
          title sludge produced during steelmaking can be economically
          used as a raw material after its water content has been ad-
          justed to 80 or 90 percent, and it has been combined with
          powdered raw material and sintered.  (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13489]
Thabaraj, G.  J., and A.  F.  Gaudy,  Jr.   Effect of initial biological
          solids concentration and nitrogen supply on metabolic patterns
          during substrate removal and endogenous metabolism.   Journal
          of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(2):318-334, Feb.
          1971.  If a nitrogen-deficient industrial waste were treated
          using a continuous oxidation assimilation process and the
          waste sludge were treated by aerobic digestion, adding a
          small amount of nitrogen source to the aerobic digester could
          accelerate the digestion process.
                                                                [13845]
                                   199

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Wells, W. N.3 and M. T. Garrett, Jr.  Getting the most from an activated
          sludge plant.  Public Works, 102(5):63-68, May 1971.  The set-
          tling rate of the solids in the sludge depends upon the poro-
          sity of the suspension, which is determined by the volume of
          the floe, which is measured by the sludge volume after 30
          minutes of settling.
                                                                [13738]
Williams, A. R., C. F. Forster, and D. E. Hughes.  Using an ultrasonic
          technique in the enumeration of activated sludge bacteria.
          Effluent Water Treatment Journal, 11(2)-.83-86, Feb. 1971.
          A resonant length of steel wire and a  stainless steel velocity
          transformer are the basic components of an ultrasonic system
          which has been developed to disperse aggregated suspended ma-
          terial and thereby aid in the counting of viable organisms in
          activated sludge.
                                                                [13678]
STORAGE

Asaoka, I.  Garbage box with chimes.  Japanese Patent 41-2,148; filed
          Mar. 15, 1965; issued Jan. 29, 1969.  Opening the lid of the
          container causes hammers and metal tubes within to hit against
          each other, thereby resulting in a pleasant chime.   (Text in
          Japanese)
                                                                [13632]
Dillard, J. D.  Switch to containerization reduces deficit in Odessa.
          Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(2):14,
          36, 55-56, 61, Feb. 1971.  Odessa, Texas is making a small
          profit on its new side-loading container system, with which
          routes comprised of 225 containers, serving between 750  and
          800 houses, are serviced by one man in one vehicle.
                                                                 [13718]
Kaiki, I.  (Takuna Boiler Manufacturing Co.).  Storage pit of refuse in-
           cinerating pit.  Japanese Patent  44-31,271; filed Dec.  9,
           1966;  issued Dec. 15, 1969.  Refuse is  cheaply homogenized,
           ventilated, and dried via the  forced  injection of heated air
           into  the  storage pit.   (Text in Japanese)
                                                                 [13614]
                                   200

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Parrakova, E.t K. Entnerova, and R. Lamprecht.  The location of refuse
          bins in block buildings from the hygienic aspect.  Ceskoslo-
          venska Hygiena, 7(9):568-572, 1962.  A study in Bratislava
          indicated that maximum efficiency and hygiene are achieved
          with the use of 110-liter garbage cans which are stored in
          specially constructed garbage sheds and which are collected
          twice weekly.  (Text in Czechoslovakian)
                                                                [15267]
Peter, A. (J. Ochsner and Cie. Aktiengesellschaft).   Stationary charg-
          ing device for refuse conveyors.  Swiss Patent 496,597; filed
          July 22, 1968; issued Nov. 13, 1970.  A four-sided, vertically
          inclined bin, which is made contiguous with a refuse depositing
          shaft such as those used in multistory dwellings, is equipped
          with a sloping pivotal plate with hydraulic jacks which force
          the refuse deposited on it into a conveyor for subsequent dis-
          posal.  (Text in German)
                                                                [13505]
Sauer}  W.  Feces removal in mobile toilet devices.
          taer-Heizung, 26(6):354-356, June 1971.
                                          Rohr-Armatur-Sani-
                                         In order to improve
the hygienic removal of feces from toilets in railways and
airplanes, a new type of bag has been developed which covers
the seat of the toilet and, after use, is automatically drawn
into a small combustion chamber and replaced with another bag.
(Text in German)
                                                      [15863]
Shuster, K. A.   Solid waste storage.  In Solid waste management study
          of the U.S. Virgin Islands; a Division of Technical Opera-
          tions open-file report (TO 1.3.182/0).  Cincinnati, U.S. En-
          vironmental Protection Agency, 1971.  p.46-59.  (Restricted
          distribution.)  Storage facilities on the Islands consist
          predominantly of 55-gal drums, bulk-type steel bins, and con-
          crete bins with or without containers; all are unsightly, in-
          adequate, and hazards to public health.
                                                                [15695]
Tsukiji, K.  (K.  Tsukiji, and Y. Urakawa).   Kitchen garbage container
          device.   Japanese Patent 45-7,151; filed Aug. 9, 1967; issued
          Mar. 11, 1970.  The container unit, which has an easily in-
          serted vinyl sack, is combined with a freely mobile cart equip-
          ped with the rollers of a ball-bearing mechanism.  (Text in
          Japanese).
                                                                [13481]
                                 201

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STREET CLEANING

Alston, E.  A systems approach to street cleaning.  American City, 84(11):
          91-92, 95, Nov. 1971.  Under Louisville, Kentucky's new street
          cleaning system, 25 curb miles per day are swept, which repre-
          sents an increase of 100 percent over the city's old sweeping
          program.
                                                                [15815]
Daneman, B., and E. E. Paulson (Central Engineering Company, Inc.).
          Street cleaning apparatus.  U.S. Patent 3,193,867; filed Aug.
          12, 1963; issued July 13, 1965.  A combined vacuum pickup and
          water-flushed street cleaning apparatus comprises a self-pro-
          pelled vehicle which has an auxiliary power unit mounted upon
          it, and a tank with a closeable rear dumping door.
                                                                [14140]
Laird, C. W., and J. Scott.   How street sweepers perform today.  Ameri-
          can City, 86(3):58-62, Mar. 1971.  A street-sweeping survey
          provides data on 152 U.S. cities and towns; this data include
          population, number and types of vehicles in use, number of
          workers employed,  street milage, and average mileage for vari-
          ous types of broom fibers.
                                                                [13942]
Ober, E. C.  Power driven rotary snow remover.  U.S. Patent 3,363,345;
          filed Sept. 28, 1964; issued Jan. 16, 1968.  With this rota-
          ry snow remover, snow is picked up by a power-driven auger,
          compacted and moved to a discharge position, and laterally
          discharged.
                                                                 [14056]
TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS

Briggs, M.  Rural surveyors and health exhibitions.  Surveyor-Local
          Government Technology, 127(4114):38-41; Apr. 16, 1971.
          Various types of equipment, including different collection
          vehicles, pulverizers, pipeline  systems, disposers, and
          pumping tanks, are previewed.
                                                                 [13779]
Improve your environment; fight pollution with pictures.  Rochester,
          N.Y., Eastman Kodak Company, 1971.  56 p.  Photography can
          be used as a powerful tool to encourage environmental action
          projects, and the types of photographs that can be used  to
          contribute to the improvement of  the environment are presented.
                                                                 [13943]
                                   202

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Kaplan, J.  Silver reclamation:  an overview.  Secondary Raw Materials,
          9(2):146-147, Feb. 1971.  Education and public relations cam-
          paigns aimed at small consumers of silver-containing products
          must be instituted if secondary refiners rather than natural
          resources are to meet the demands of the silver-using indus-
          tries.
                                                                [-13836]
Keeping it as quiet as possible.  Public Cleansing, 61(3):123-137, Mar.
          1971.  Since waste disposal plants are often excessively
          noisy, they should either be located in remote  areas or de-
          signed to reduce noise levels.
                                                                 [13760]
Spitzer, E. F.  Solid waste demonstration programs.  American City, 86
           (7):58-60, 62, July 1971.  Federally supported solid waste
          demonstration projects in Chilton County, Alabama, Allegany
          County, Maryland, Scottsdale, Arizona, Franklin, Ohio, and
          Madison, Wisconsin, are described.
                                                                [13904]
What consumers think about packaging waste.  Modern Packaging, 44(3):
          38-41, Mar. 1971.  Two surveys of consumers from various
          socioeconomic backgrounds indicated that, although people
          are aware of the fact that packaging wastes pose a disposal
          problem and they are willing to take steps to alleviate this
          problem, they are unaware of many aspects of the situation,
          including existing recycling programs.
                                                                [13733]
Williams,, L. E.  Managing the solid waste function.  American Paper In-
          dustry, 53(2):40-42, 45, Feb. 1971.  If high waste disposal
          expenditures are to be avoided, both management and the gene-
          ral public must be made aware of the validity of recycling so
          that they can take steps to promote its use.
                                                                 [13698]
TRANSPORT

Bairn, E.  (Alfa-Laval A.B.).  Helical screw dung conveyor.  Swiss Patent
          498,759; filed Dec. 18, 1969; issued Dec. 31, 1970.  The lower
          end of the screw shaft is attached to a bearing which is ar-
          ranged to allow the conveyor's screen assembly to swing in a
          horizontal arc and thereby evenly distribute the manure.
          (Text in German)
                                                                [13512]
                                   203

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Browning, J. E.  Garbage-pipelines' progress.  Chemical Engineering, 78
          (17):60-62, July 26, 1971.  The water slug, water slurry, and
          pneumatic suspension pipeline systems were economically evalu-
          ated as potential municipal waste  transport systems for the
          Los Angeles area.
                                                                 [13852]


Fowkes, R. S., and G. A. Wanchek.  Materials handling research:  hydrau-
          lic transportation of coarse solids.  U.S. Bureau cf Mines
          Report of Investigations 7283.  Washington, U.S. Department of
          the Interior, Aug. 1969.  36 p.  Following a pilot study by the
          Bureau of Mines, it was concluded  that, for certain types of
          materials and certain particle sizes, the lock hopper  feeder
          system is a practical method for continous hydraulic transpor-
          tation.
                                                                 [15272]
Kitaoka, E. (Dainichi Dottesu Co.).  Cut iron transporting device in the
          iron cutting equipment.  Japanese Patent 44-7,604; filed July
          8, 1965; issued Apr. 10, 1969.  The iron-cutting device con-
          sists of a cutting block and blade, and a supplying board and
          ejecting board, both of which are within the rotating range
          of the endless chain passing the cutting block.  (Text in
          Japanese)
                                                                [13653]
McCue, R.  Move fluids via jet ejector.  Water and Wastes Engineering,
          8(1):39-40, Jan. 1971.  A jet ejector uses steam, water, or
          compressed air to move, blend, separate, heat, or cool fumes,
          semisolid wastes, slurries, sediments, corrosive liquids,
          vapors, air, and water.
                                                                [13719]
Pearson, R. F., E. V. Finn, and D. R. Miller.  Study for diposal of di-
          gested sewage sludge from the Greater London sewerage area
          into the North Sea by pipeline.  Institution of Civil Engi-
          neers Proceedings, 48:375-398, Mar. 1971.  Ocean disposal
          via pipeline requires a high initial capital expenditure with
          relatively low operating and maintenance costs, and, since it
          is predictable and controllable within limits, it is probably
          the safest and most reliable of any of the alternative dispo-
          sal methods.
                                                                 [15636]
                                  204

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Woodruff, P. H. j and J. W. Polish.  Transportation  systems for industrial
          solid wastes.  Water and Sewage Works,  118(4);121-124,  Apr. 1971.
          Barge haul, rail haul,  and highway vehicles  were studied as po-
          tential means for conveying  industrial  wastes  to an incinera-
          tion facility; highway  transport  offered  the greatest flexibility
          and reliability in addition  to the lowest costs.
                                                                 [15810]
Wuest,  K.  L.j and N. B. Hansen.  World's  largest  solid waste transfer
          station.  Public Works, 102(2):61-64, Feb.  1971.   San Francis-
          co's new transfer station can handle 5,000  tons of refuse per
          day with an operational crew of  five men.
                                                                 [13697]
ya707
  U. S. GOVLRNMENT PRINTING OFFICt • 1972 —514-146 (28)
                                  205

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, libiary (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard. 12«i Fkiar
Chicago, !L  60604-3590

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