SOLID WASTE INFORMAT RETRIEVAL S¥STEM PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00 CONTENTS Volume 2, Number 11/12 November/December, 1971 Agricultural wastes (includes crop residues and animal manures) 257 Analysis of solid waste 260 Automobile (abandoned autos, processing, separating, salvaging, reduction, collection of autos. Recycling of automobile parts will be found under Automobile, not under Recycling) 262 Bulky wastes (includes building-demolition and highway-construction debris) 263 Collection (includes transfer stations). See also Transport 263 Compost/Composting (includes equipment, processes, and marketing) 266 Disposal (multisystems only). See a/so Specific methods 268 Economics (includes costs, fees, taxes, and financing) 270 Hazardous wastes (includes pesticides) 272 Health/Safety 273 Incineration (includes all burning processes and pyrolysis) 275 Industrial wastes (excludes sewage sludge and slurry) 278 Institutional wastes (includes hospitals, schools, universities, research facilities) 280 Law/Regulations (includes ordinances and bills) 283 Litter 284 Management (includes the facility as well as overall concept of the system) 285 Ocean disposal (includes all waterways) 287 Packaging wastes (includes plastic, glass, and metals) 288 Processing/Reduction (excludes composting and incineration) 289 Recycling (includes reclamation, utilization, salvage, recovery and reuse). See a/so Automobile 292 Research 296 Sanitary landfill (includes all land disposal) 297 Separation 300 Sludge (includes sewage sludge and slurry) 301 Storage (includes receptacles, containers, and sacks) 304 Street cleaning (includes snow removal and sweeping equipment) 305 Training, Education, and Public Relations 306 Transport (includes pipelines, pneumatic systems, rail, truck or barge haul). See a/so Collection 307 The purpose of this bulletin is to keep readers abreast of the solid waste management information being published currently. The bulletin reports only a portion of the mass of literature rapidly being generated All-inclusive solid waste management bibliographies (Public Health Service Publication No. 91 and Supplements A through F) covering the years from 1941 through 1963 are available throughout the Nation in the Public Health Service depository libraries Publication of the series is being continued by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency. It is planned that in 1972 the series will become current. The Solid Waste Information Retrieval System holdings cover the period from 1964. it includes both periodical and non- periodical literature of the world. The brief description given of each accession is not a full abstract, but indicates the contents of the document being added to SWIRS and gives a complete bibliographic citation In the case of foreign-language articles, the original language is indicated. ------- An environmental protection publication (SW-41 9c) in the solid waste management series This publication, prepared under contract to the Federal solid waste management program, is reproduced as received from the contractor. Any questions regarding errors or inconsistencies should be referred directly to the contractor. ------- AGRICULTURAL WASTES Adriano, D. C., P. F. Pratt3 S. E. Bishop, W. Brook, J. Oliver, and W. Fairbank. Nitrogen load of soil in ground water from dairy manure. California Agriculture, 25(12):12-14, Dec. 1971. The nitrate and nitrate-nitrogen levels of drainage waters beneath manure disposal lands can be kept within safe limits if an average population of only three to four cows per disposal acre is maintained. [16097] Bell, R. C., and J. Pos. Design and operation of a pilot plant for composting poultry manure. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 14(6):1,020-1,023, Nov.-Dec. 1971. It was found that the pollution potential of poultry manure can be reduced via engineered composting in a unit consisting of a closed cylinder mounted on a steel frame and fitted with an internal electrically driven rotor. [16024] Davidson, J. A., and C. J. Maokson. Poultry manure handling by indoor septia tanks (so-oalled 'indoor lagoons'). In Poultry pollution: problems and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing, Agriculture Experiment Station, Michigan State University, July 1970. Fly and odor problems were reduced with a system in which poultry manure dropped through slatted floors in the cages to indoor lagoons filled with 18 in. of water; fan ventilation was used and the manure sludge was agitated with compressed air for 6 hr per day. [16365] Drexel team attaoks pollution problems. Delaware Valley Industry, 44(11):19, Dec. 1971. The Drexel approach consists of drying animal wastes in closed cycle with superheated steam to produce a stable material with a low level of bacterial activity; the utilization of this material as an animal feed or as a supplementary fuel for the drying operation is being investigated. [16513] Jones, D. D., D. L. Day, and U. S. Garrigus. Oxidation ditch in a confinement beef building. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 14(5):825-827, Sept.-Oct. 1971. It was found that the manure from beef cattle fed on any type of ration can be successfully treated in an indoor oxidation ditch supplied liberally with dissolved oxygen. [16280] 257 ------- Launder, J. M. (Horizons Unlimited Problems Solved by Ideas Corporation), Animal house air-conditioning and manure disposal system. U.S. Patent 3,552,358; filed Sept. 29, 1967; issued Jan. 5, 1971. Animal manure is dropped through a slatted floor into a trough of chilled liquid which stabilizes the manure, conveys it to the disposal point, and cools and dehumidifies the air in the animal house. [17292] Ludlington, D. C., A. T. Babel, and A. G. Hashimoto. Odors and gases liberated from diluted and undiluted chicken manure. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 14(5):855-859, Sept.-Oct. 1971. Diluted or liquid chicken manure releases more hydrogen sulfide than undiluted manure, while the undiluted manure releases more carbon dioxide and ammonia; although the odors produced by both are of comparable strength, the odor of the diluted manure is more offensive. [16258] Miller, B. F. Biological conversion of animal wastes to nutrients. Fort Collins, Department of Avian Science, Colorado State University, May 4, 1971. 69 p. Fly pupae and catabolized poultry manure residue were evaluated as protein sources for growing chickens and were found to produce a metabolizable energy of 2,528 Cal per kg and 580 Cal per kg respectively. [16099] Nelson, J. M.3 and E. G. Ruppel. The effect of manure on sprangling of sugarbeet roots. Journal of the American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists. 16(3);191-196, Oct. 1970. Application of sterilized or nonsterilized manure at rates of 40 tons or more per acre are associated with a high incidence of sprangling in sugarbeets; sprangling is less severe when leached manure is used in manure-soil mixtures or when the seedlings are irrigated with manure leachate. [16278] O'Callaghan, J. E., K. A. Pollock, and V. A. Dodd. Land spreading of manure from animal production units. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 16(3);280-300, Sept. 1971. The following variables must be determined in planning a land disposal system: the levels of manure production; the chemical composition of the manure; and the hydraulic and chemical loading maximums for each field and each crop. [16256] 258 ------- Robertson, L. S.3 and J. Wolford. The effect of application rate of chicken manure on yield of com. J-n Poultry pollution: problems and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, July 1970. p.10-15. When applied at a rate of 46.4 tons per acre, poultry manure significantly reduced the soil pH, significantly increased the percent of carbon and the levels of available phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and nitrates, tended to increase the levels of calcium, zinc, and copper, and had no effect on the manganese levels. [16366] Sobel, A. T. Moisture removal. In_ Agricultural wastes: principles and guidelines for practical solutions; Cornell University Conference on Agricultural Waste Management, Syracuse, Feb. 10-12, 1971. p.107-114. When the moisture content of animal manures is reduced to 10 to 15 percent, there is a resultant reduction in offensive odors, volume, and weight, and a favorable change in handling characteristics. [16314] Surbrook, T. G., J. S. Boyd3 and H. G. Zindel. Drying animal waste. In Poultry pollution: problems and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, July 1970. p.16-20. A device consisting of five internal inclined surfaces and a hammermill successfully treats dairy beef, swine, and poultry manures at temperatures of 200 to 1,110 F. [16367] Thygeson, J. R. , E. D. Grossman, and J. MacArthur. trough-circulation drying of manure in superheated steam. [Philadelphia], Drexel University, [1971], [20 p.]. Using superheated steam as a drying agent, animal manures can be economically treated to produce a dry, odorless solid and a clear liquid condensate; the process kills all pathogens and does not contribute to air pollution. [18038] Zindel, H. C. Recycling poultry nutrients. Animal Nutrition and Health, 26(9) '.6-7, Sept. 1971. Dehydrated raw poultry manure has been found to be acceptable as a poultry feed and as a fertilizer for lawns, athletic fields, golf courses, greenhouses, and potted house plants. [16095] 259 ------- ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE Coleman, W. E. Vacuum-acid hydrolysis of fungal protein and of other protein sources; a Division of Research and Development open-file report (RS-0 3-6 8-17). Cincinnati, Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. 10 p. (Restricted distribution.) The quality of protein produced by fungal fermentation can be determined from the amino acid profile, which is obtained via acid hydrolysis under vacuum filtration. [13862] Ferretti, A.^ and V. P. Flanagan. Nonenzymatic browning in edible spray-dried whey. Identification of some volatile components. Journal of Dairy Science, 54(12) :1,769-1,771, Dec. 1971. A steam volatile oil from commercial edible spray-dried whey was found to comprise seven alkylpyrazines, three furans, two pyrroles, alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone, isobutyramide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, benzaldehyde, phenol, benzyl alcohol, maltol, dimethylsulfone, and propionic, butyric, and benzoic acids. [15918] Franklin, W. E.,and A. Darnay. The outlook for nonpackaging paper, 1966 to 1976, and the impact of nonpackaging paper on solid waste (1). In The role of nonpackaging paper in solid waste management, 1966 to 1976. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. p.10-54. The following grades of nonpackaging paper and paperboard are described in terms of quality, durability, uses, current rate of consumption, and predicted rate of consumption for 1976: newsprint, printing paper, fine paper, special industrial paper, sanitary tissue, special paperboard, wet machine board, construction paper, and construction board. [15596] Gardner, D. L.,and I. C. McNeill. The thermal degradation of polychoroprene - I. European Polymer Journal, 7(6):569-591, June 1971. The dehydrochlorination, carbonization, and kinetics of degradation of polychoroprene were studied under programmed heating conditions in the absence of air and in pure nitrogen; the results were compared with those from analyses of polyvinyl chloride degradation. [15609] Gardner, D. L.,andl. C. McNeill. The thermal degradation of polychoroprene - II. European Polymer Journal, 7(6):593-602, June 1971. The gaseous, liquid, and involatile residual products resulting from the thermal degradation of polychorprene include: hydrogen chloride, chloroprene, methane, hydrogen, ethylene, propylene, and chloroprene dimers. [15611] 260 ------- Gardner3 D. L. 3 and I. C. McNeill. The thermal degradation of polychloroprene - III, European Polymer Journal, 7(6): 603-612, June 1971. An examination of the degradation of polychloroprene (PC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends indicated that the dehydrochlorination of PC occurs via a unimolecular mechanism rather than by a radical chain process. [15610] Getting the measure of industrial waste. Public Cleansing, 61(10):502- 504, Oct. 1971. Of the 750,000 tons of industrial wastes generated in the Manchester, England, area, 630,000 tons are noncoiabustible, 190,000 tons are dangerous or intractable, 710,000 tons are dumped, and 15,000 tons are burned. [16248] Gross, J, A.3 and W. E. Franklin, Overview of solid Waste management. In Market opportunities for shredders in solid waste management; final report. Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute, June 7, 1971. p.1-9. The following topics are discussed: changes in the composition of urban refuse, processing techniques for dealing with reusable wastes, and the increase in urban solid waste generation rates. [16207] Iglar, A. F,3 and R. G. Bond. Analysis of data; quantities of solid waste per admission. In Hospital solid waste disposal in community facilities; final report. Minneapolis, Minn. School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, May 1971. p.208-240. The amounts, types, and sources of hospital solid wastes are discussed along with the methods used for disposing of these wastes. [18393] Kitaoka3 Y,3 and K. Murata. Experiments on the thermal degradation of ethylene low polymer. Nenryo Kyokai-shi, 50(534):791-799, 1971. The degradation rate for the low polymer was found to be 7.0 g per cu cm per hr at 440 C, and its energy of activation was 48.6 kcal per molecule; the degradation products consisted of a volatile gas mixture and nonvolatile oily mixture. (Text in Japanese) [15698] Ramadan, F. M. 3 and A. S. Nawar. Parameters of fish toxioity tests in trade waste characterization. Water and Waste Water Research, 4Cl):19-23, Jan. 1971. An investigation is reported in which bioassay tests on fish were used to determine the preneutralization and postneutralization toxicity levels of arc-welding wastes and waste materials from a TV cathode tube plant. [15916] 261 ------- Stephenson, M. E.3 B. E. Cabrera, and F. M. D 'Itri. Wet combustion procedure for determination of carbon content in municipal refuse. Environmental Science and Technology, 5(9)1799-802, Sept. 1971. Using a modified wet combustion procedure with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acids serving as the reagent and modified chromic acid and combustion fluid serving as the oxidizing medium, one can determine the carbon content in municipal refuse samples containing up to 1.0 g of oxidizable carbon. [16181] Wilson, D. L. Laboratory procedure for the gravimetric determination of carbonate carbon in solid wastes; a Division of Research and Development open-file report (RS-OZ-68-17). Cincinnati, Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. 23 p. (Restricted distribution.) The carbonate carbon content is gravimetrically evaluated after 1 to 5 g of weighed, dry, uniform sample has been reacted with hydrochloric acid in a closed system and the evolved gases have been fixed in an absorption train. [13859] Wilson, D. L. Method for macrodetermination of carbon and hydrogen in solid Wastes. Environmental Science and Technology^ 5(7): 609-614, July 1971. This method, which employs a dry combustion-purification-gravimetric approach, can be used to accurately analyze materials whose carbon contents range from 0.46 to 83.31 percent and whose hydrogen contents are between 0.01 and 7.80 percent. [15919] AUTOMOBILE Farmer, R. N. People and auto debris: potential solutions. Traffic Quarterly, 25(2):255-266, Apr. 1971. A project is proposed under which teams of 10 to 15 young people under skilled managers would obtain and recondition old cars, effect any necessary repairs, resell the usable cars, and scrap unusable vehicles for parts salvage or delivery to wrecking yards. [15850] Firrihaber, R. B. Cold shock for car scrap. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Nachrichten, 25(7),Feb. 1971. A new method for shredding car scrap involves compressing the cars into bales, immersing them in liquid nitrogen for 1 hr, shredding them, and separating the ferrous from the nonferrous components. (Text in German) [15983] 262 ------- Small, W. E. The perfect pollution machine. Ln Third pollution; the national problem of solid waste disposal. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1970. p.78-88. Although the electric steel furnace is helping to create a demand for automobile scrap, and new car crushers, shearing devices, and shredders are making automobile processing and disposal easier, the move toward plastics in the automobile industry may result in a new solid waste disposal problem. [13972] Tezuka, K. (Nobutoshi Tezuka). Scrap metal compression device. Japanese Patent 49-19,088; filed July 1, 1968; issued May 28, 1971. This device compresses scrap from old cars and cuts it into small pieces of high density which are suitable as a raw material for electric furnaces, open hearth furnaces, and converters. (Text in Japanese) [17103] BULKY WASTES Demolition of large storage tanks. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118 (5):18-19, Jan. 30, 1971. The methods which are recommended for reducing the danger of explosion during the demolition of large storage tanks include cutting or washing the volatile tars and residues from the banks, or filling the tanks with inert gases, water, or expansion foam. [15832] COLLECTION Altman, S. M. 3 E. J. Beltranri, S. S. Rappaport, and G. K. Schoepfle. Nonlinear programming model for crew assignments for household refuse collection. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC-1(3):289-291, July 1971. New York City's EPA has developed a nonlinear programming model which will aid in the optimal allocation of manpower for refuse collection and thereby minimize the incidence of missed weekly collections. [16399] Beaumont^ P. Garohey in the Barbican. Surveyor, 127(4,107);38-40, Feb. 26, 1971. In designing the Barbican, a planned residential neighborhood outside of London, it was decided to use the Garchey disposal system, a method of completely enclosed, waterborne collection and disposal, to handle the community's solid wastes. [15985] 263 ------- Blomberg, G. E. E. Apparatus with flexible screen for collecting impurities floating in the water. Swiss Patent 503,163; filed Feb. 15, 1971; issued Mar. 31, 1971. This device, which consists of a horizontal screen with a traction cable extending from one end to the other, is inexpensive to manufacture and will operate efficiently under all seasonal conditions and in all types of water currents. (Text in Italian) [17369] Farharn, W. F.f and H. M. Frisby. City of Inglewood - one-man operated collection. Waste Age, 2(5):22, 35-37, Sept.-Oct. 1971. Accident rates, apathy, and poor work habits have been reduced in Inglewood, California, with a one-man refuse collection program under which healthy young men are recruited, thoroughly trained, and kept motivated by high salaries. [16518] Huppert, M. Rainspout attachment for collecting refuse from roof gutters. Swiss Patent 498,995; filed Jan. 16, 1970; issued Nov. 15, 1970. This device comprises a cylindrical sleeve which fits over the rainspout close to the gutter and a transverse tilted screen which is located within the sleeve and catches the refuse as it passes through the rainspout. (Text in German) [17511] Lawson3 M. 3 and J. Seibold. Changeover to curbside plastic bag system speeds up collections. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(7):20, 52, 54, July 1971. In Arlington and Grand Prairie, Texas, the sanitation labor force, fleet size, and accident rate have been reduced and the number of dwellings served per day has been increased following the adoption of a new curbside plastic bag collection system. [15768] Mini-transfer station concept fills small urban needs. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(7):18-19, 70, July 1971. In San Bruno, California, refuse is taken to a 40-mile-distant sanitary landfill via a transfer station system consisting of two stationary compactors and two transfer trailers. [16153] 264 ------- Narumi, T. (Marushima Suimon Seisdkusho K.K.). Sea-scavenging boat. Japanese Patent 46-12,508; filed Dec. 13, 1966; issued May 1, 1971. A forwardly-inclined scooper/conveyor mechanism is placed in the U-shaped bow of the boat, with two endless chains, upon which are mounted several cross bars, being located along both sides of the bow; a forwardly-inclined screen is mounted below the scooper/conveyor device. (Text in Japanese) [17121] Shupe, D, S.3 and E. L. Shell. Balancing waste collection routes. Journal of Environmental Systems, 1(4):367-373, Dec. 1971. Although it cannot be used as a predictive tool for long-range planning, linear regression analysis can be used to determine how well balanced collection routes are in terms of collection crews and time requirements. [16151] Smithy H. E. (Thad J. Earl). Refuse vehicle with compacting and unloading means. U.S. Patent 3,584,755; filed Sept. 2, 1969; issued June 15, 1971. Both compaction and unloading are effected by a plunger which has a relatively small compacting face and a hinged metal plate which pushes the refuse from the vehicle during unloading. [17111] Solid waste disposal for- rural communities. Eureka, Calif., Department of Public Works, County of Humboldt, Oct. 1969. p.A(l-9), B(l-34). The following are discussed: front- and rear-loading compactor trucks, refuse containers, rodent and fire control of container sites, cost estimates for landfill and container systems, and the selection of the most appropriate loading equipment for various needs. [16177] Stefanelli3 L. Computer collection of load weight data at solid waste transfer station. Professional Engineer, 41(10):21-23, Oct. 1971. To facilitate billing by net load weight, the San Francisco transfer station employs an automated data collection system which efficiently measures and records the refuse weights for each collection truck entering the station and each transfer trailer arriving at the sanitary landfill. [15988] U-N-I-T-Y spells efficiency in Minneapolis. Solid Wastes Management/ Refuse Removal Journal, 14(8):48, 50, 52, Aug. 1971. Large and small sanitation contractors in Minneapolis have formed a voluntary, nonprofit corporation which is responsible for collecting all residential refuse in the city; the city has agreed to pay member haulers $2.55 per pickup per month and has assumed all disposal costs. [15986] 265 ------- Vienna is sti.11 the cleanest of cities. Solid Wastes Management /Refuse Removal Journal, 14(3);20-22, 48, 50, 52, Mar. 1971. Despite the fact that its landfill is not sanitary and its composting plant has been a financial disaster, Vienna has remained clean due to its efficient collection system and the civic pride which motivates its citizens to use the refuse receptacles located throughout the city. [15887] COMPOST/COMPOSTING Beattie, J. E. The preparation of potting soi13 compost, and artificial manure. Beltsville, Md., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oct. 1946. 4 p. The preparation of seedbed soil from clay loam and dried or decayed manure, the thermal and chemical sterilization of seedbed soil, the production of compost from plant remains, and the preparation of synthetic manure from dry vegetable material and a chemical mixture are described. [18041] Breideribachy A. W. Economic consideration. In Composting of municipal solid wastes in the United States. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.57-77. Although in terms of net costs, composting cannot compete economically with sanitary landfilling, the larger-sized plants would cost about the same as incinerators equipped with appropriate air pollution abatement devices, and composting offers many nonquantifiable advantages over other means of refuse disposal. [16218] Camden, J. B.3 E. D. Grossman, and J. R. Thygeson. Computer simulation of a through-circulation dryer. Philadelphia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University. [35 p.] [1970] A mathematical model describing the temperature and moisture content distributions in both the gas and solid phases was fairly successful in projecting experimental drying times, and temperature and moisture content profiles. [16272] Composting (II-B). Jin Solid waste disposal in Greater Canton, Ohio. Water and Sanitation Committee of Greater Canton Chamber of Commerce, Mar. 10, 1969. p.11-17. The following types of composting equipment are described in terms of cost, potential contribution to air and/or water pollution, and site locational requirements: the stationary grinder and conveyor machine, the mobile grinding and windrowing machine, and the Kuka Shark collection truck. [16111] 266 ------- Composting raises another head. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):16, 108, 148, May 1971. Although Coral Gables, Florida, is planning to install a municipal refuse composting plant, previous experience with large-scale refuse composting has shown that the compost is difficult to sell and that the plants are both expensive to operate and sources of environmental pollution. [16398] Engeler^ P, Turner for compost or dung. German Patent 1,782,606; filed Sept. 24, 1968; issued Aug. 26, 1971. This turner consists of a dovetail conveyor and a passage channel, the former having mounted upon it a ventilated shredding roll with a hollow perforated jacket. (Text in German) [17134] Gujer, H. Method and means for continuously drying wet organic waste matter, particularly fresh sludge, through aerobic precompositing. U.S. Patent 3,553,844; filed Dec. 3, 1968; issued Jan. 12, 1971. Organic waste matter with a particularly high water content is continuously added to a bed of decaying matter which is, in turn, constantly agitated to allow the circulation of air throughout. [17129] Kirk, W. W. (Lawden Manufacturing Company Limited). Improvements relating to the processing of refuse material. British Patent 1,229,204; filed June 1, 1967; issued Apr. 21, 1971. A description is presented of a composting plant consisting of: a feed device, which conducts the refuse to a high-capacity shredder; a digestor, which controls the rate of decomposition of the refuse as well as the amount of air and water supplied to it; a conveyor, which takes to digested material to a magnetic separator and grinder; and a screen, which removes all material which has not been pulverized to the desired size. [17132] Nordgards S. Apparatus for composting waste. U.S. Patent 3,565,255; filed Apr. 7, 1969; Feb. 23, 1971. This device, which is especially useful for composting kitchen wastes, consists of a storage container with a vibrating mechanism and several conduits, each of which can selectively permit the introduction of either air or water. [17139] 267 ------- Small, W. E. Leaf composting cuts costs in Washington area. Compost Science, 12(6):32, Nov.-Dec. 1971. The National Capital Parks compost their leaves and wood wastes, using the leaf compost as a soil conditioner and topsoil, and using the chipped branches, stumps, and limbs for paths, mulching, and as a ground for animal pens. [15883] Spohn, E. (Portland-Zementwerke Neidelberg A.G,). Mixing process for composting and disinfecting wet refuse. French Patent 2,038,199; filed Mar. 16, 1970; patent pending. A compost material containing no less than 10 percent oxygen results from a process in which wet refuse is granularized in commercial mixers and disinfected via injection into the air. (Text in French) [17370] Sui-chij M. Taiwan Sugar Corporation expands its swine program. Taiwan Sugar, 17(5):13-18, Sept.-Oct. 1970. The Taiwan Sugar Corporation, which is composting manure from its swine-breeding operation, has found that the compost is of great value as a soil conditioner and that the manure from seven animals is sufficient to fertilize 1 ha of cane. [15996] DISPOSAL Lawrence R. J. The rubbish 'explosion. ' Die Siviele Ingenieur in Suid-Afrika, 13(6); 21, 223, June 1971. Although pulverization, composting, and incineration are used as a means of handling domestic refuse, controlled dumping remains the simplest and cheapest method of refuse disposal. [16569] Ministry of Health and Welfare. How healthy living environments are being created: waste material control policy. In White paper on health and welfare: children and society. Tokyo, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1971. p.275-286. Trends in the treatment of sewage, urban garbage, plastic waste, and waste from construction operations and industry are reviewed. (Text in Japanese) [16071] Miyanohara, T. Problems on disposal of urban wastes. Yosui to Haisui, 13(2):146-154, Feb. 1971. Disposal problems caused by the increasing volumes and heterogeneity of domestic refuse may be partially solved via: the updating of disposal equipment, nightly refuse collection, the mechanization and standardization of collection equipment, and the planned distribution of disposal plants in suitable locations. (Text in Japanese) [16070] 268 ------- Raschj R. Refuse disposal. Aufbereitungs-Technik, (1):42-44, Jan. 1971. Among the topics discussed at meetings of the Association of City Cleansing and Refuse Disposal Departments and the International Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Association were incinerator waste heat utilization, the pre-incineration shredding of refuse, and the percentages of plastics in solid waste. (Text in German) 116065] Schroering, J. B. (Industrial Services of America, Inc.). Solid waste disposal plant. U.S. Patent 3,557,685; filed Dec. 26, 1968; issued Jan. 26, 1971. In this plant, reclaimable materials are salvaged, after which the remaining wastes are prepared for sanitary landfilling via shredding and compaction or baling. [17145] Sherrill, C. A. (Sanoo Corporation). Method of handling refuse. U.S. Patent 3,583,164; filed May 15, 1969; issued June 8, 1971. With this method, a mobile baling press is used to collect, compress, bale, and store refuse and then transport it to and stack it in a sanitary landfill for disposal. [17953] Shin, K. G. A short report on the 20th Technical Conference on Refuse at the University of Stuttgart. Muell und Abfall, 3(4):109- 111, Apr. 1971. Topics discussed at the Conference include: the treatment of industrial and domestic refuse, the influence of the number of employees in an industry on the quantity of refuse which it generates, the probable increase in refuse quantities within the next 10 years, and refuse removal systems. (Text in German) [13873] Small, W. E. Disposal Technology: dump, burn, bury? T_n Third pollution; the national problem of solid waste disposal. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1970. p.116-127. Although sanitary landfilling represents a loss of natural resources, it is the most economical method of refuse disposal; incineration, pyrolysis, ocean disposal, deep-well disposal, salt-dome disposal, and cave disposal are discussed as alternate means of refuse handling. [13996] Williams, C. A. Handling and disposal of toilet wastes. U.S. Patent 3,564,618; filed Nov. 4, 1968; issued Feb. 23, 1971. This method, which eliminates the need for septic tanks, involves solidifying the waste via freezing, storing the waste in the frozen state, and then transporting it to a disposal site. [17146] 269 ------- ECONOMICS An about-turn for waste paper. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118 (2):21, Jan. 9, 1971. Although German wastepaper exports for the first 9 months of 1970 were up 59.8 percent from the previous year, the market fell drastically between July and December as a result of an increase in the importation of secondary fiber into Germany and an overabundance of secondary fiber on the foreign market. [16056] Asano3 T. Present state and future of environmental pollution prevention industry. No. S - problems of the industry. Yosui to Haisui, 13(2):139-145, Feb. 1971. A recent survey has indicated that the installation of pollution prevention equipment is asso- ciated with a decrease in profits and an increase in total turnover; the reflection of these extra costs in sales prices is discussed. (Text in Japanese) [16058] Ashcroft, J. What are overhead expenses? Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118(17):16-17, Apr. 24, 1971. Examples of overhead costs are factory rent, costs of maintaining help in buying and selling, mechanical handling and depreciation, loan interest, debts, and directors' salaries. [16062] Clark, R. M. A joint optimization model for operating and capital allocations. [Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 22 p. [1969]. The model which is presented can be used in selecting the most efficient type of treatment facility, as well as in minimizing the total cost of operation for that facility. [16544] Clark, R. M. An economic analysis of solid waste investment decisions. [Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, [1967], 17 p. Linear programming and dynamic programming can be used in choosing the best possible facilities for a solid waste management system at the lowest feasible price. [16508] 270 ------- Cross, J. A., and W. E. Franklin. Funding. In Market opportunities for shredders in solid waste management; final report. Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute, June 7, 1971. p.19-22. Recent activities of the Federal government will have a favorable impact on markets in areas related to solid waste management, and they might result in favorable tax treatment toward investments that encourage environmental cleanup. [16210] W. L. Let the pricing system provide the incentive. Industrial Water Engineering, 8(4):8-10, Apr. 1971. It is suggested that actions such as setting prices on the pollution of the environment or taxing items that might cause pollution would do much to stimulate environmental improvement. [15934] Josephson, H. R. Recycling of waste paper in relation to forest resources. Tappi, 54(6):896-899, June 1971. Although, by intensifying forest management, the United States could provide sufficient timber to meet much of the anticipated pulpwood demand, the eventual supply situation favors the increased recycling of wastepaper. [15541] Phillips3 R. A. Run machines on a profit-or-loss basis. American City, 86(11):84, 127, Nov. 1971. The city of Denver purchases, maintains, and rents maintenance equipment to various city and county departments through a cost control system in which hourly rentals are based on operating and maintenance expenses, plus a replacement factor. [16266] Rushton, J. D. Capital spending. Chemical Engineering Deakbook Issue, 78(14):161-163, June 21, 1971. Although the necessary reduc- tions in industrial emissions to the atmosphere and aquatic environments must be implemented by industry itself, the capital and operating expenditures which are required to meet new pollution abatement regulations usually give a much lower rate of return on investment than is normally required to justify capital spending. [15932] Ruskin, A. M. Financing environmental improvements* American City, 84(11):70-72, Nov. 1971. To equalize the burden of pollution control and to ensure a return on this type of investment, transfer payments and tax incentives should be extended and reoriented toward environmental improvement. [18015] 271 ------- US holds key to tin market. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118(2):49-50, Jan. 9, 1971. Tin prices have been and are likely to remain depressed until the U.S. House of Representatives' Armed Services Stockpile Subcommittee decides how to handle the sale of the nation's stockpiled tin. [15833] HAZARDOUS WASTES Bennett, F. W. A regional approach to environmental management of the San Juan Eiver Basin. M.S. Thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1970. p.24-33. If the radioactivity which is damaging environmental and public health in the San Juan Valley is to be controlled, the uranium waste piles in the area should be covered with earth until a better solution is found. [16412] Burns., E. H. Solidification of low- and intermediate-level wastes. Atomic Energy Review, 9(3):547-599, 1971. The incorporation into cement or bitumen of wastes containing long-lived radioactive wastes is discussed as a means of stabilizing them so that they will be prevented from entering into the environment. [16438] Detilleux, E., W. G. Hild, G. Lazaretto, E. M. Menchero-Lopez, and E. Eometsch. Process for solidifying radioactive wastes by the addition of lime to precipitate fluoride. U.S. Patent 3,557,013; filed Nov. 18, 1966; issued Jan. 19, 1971. Liquid radioactive wastes containing at least one water-soluble fluoride and/or water-soluble sulfate are mixed and agitated with lime, after which the water is evaporated and the resultant paste is hardened and enclosed in a watertight covering. [17149] Orison, C. 1!he creation of a Community system of radioactive waste dumps. Euro-Spectra, 10(3):91-94, Sept. 1971. The need in Europe for an international system in which centralized 'graveyards' would be used for the disposal of all radioactive wastes generated by member nations is discussed. [16522] Meyer, W. An argument for a recoverable high-level waste container. Nuclear News, 14(4):38-40, Apr. 1971. It is suggested that the pollution potential of radioactive wastes would be greatly reduced if these wastes were placed in long-lived canisters made of a material such as titanium and kept within special, reinforced concrete or ceramic drums in salt bed storage holes. [16586] 272 ------- Pearce, K. W. The treatment and disposal of radioactive and objectionable solid wastes. Chemistry and Industry, (24):590-592, May 29, 1971. The incineration, pulverization, baling, ocean disposal, and trench disposal of radioactive, glass, and plastic wastes are discussed. [16439] Ware., G. G. Method of treating waste material. U.S. Patent 3,593,393; filed Jan. 15, 1969;"issued July 20, 1971. During the embalming process, bodily fluids are withdrawn from a human cadaver with a trocar, after which they are mixed with bactericides, diluted with large quantities of water, and flushed down an ordinary sink. [17150] HEALTH AND SAFETY Bosley, P. Livestock feedlots are pollution source. Medical Bulletin of the University of Minnesota, p.3-6, Mar.-Apr. 1971. If Minnesota is to curb the severe public health hazard presented by the discharge of animal and human wastes into its waterways, existing regulations must be strictly enforced, farmers must improve the management of their feedlot wastes, and more sewage treatment facilities must be built. [16495] Emergency health service; definition of program content for bureau of health operations. Health Mobilization Series. Public Health Service Publication No. 1071 A-6. [Washington], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1967. 228 p. If nuclear or biological warfare were to be used against the United States, a health program would be implemented in which organic wastes would be buried, burned, or injected with poisons to reduce the health hazards which they would present; the collection of inorganic wastes would be assigned a relatively low priority. [16289] Gibbs, H. M. Sanitary disposal of dead birds. Poultry Guide, 8(6):21-22, June 1971. In the interests of public health, dead birds should be collected regularly, stored in airtight containers prior to disposal, and disposed of by incineration, disposal in pits, or deep burial. [16098] Kampelmacher, E. H.3 and L. M. van Noorle Jansen. Reduction of Salmonella in compost in a hog-fattening farm oxidation vat. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(7):1,541-1,545, July 1971. Since it was found that the number of Salmonella in the oxidation vat effluent was entirely dependent upon the severity of the infections in the hogs, chlorination of the effluent was recom- mended to reduce health hazards. [12667] 273 ------- Public health. In An industrial solid waste management program for Kentucky; review draft. [Frankfort], Kentucky State Department of Health, Feb. 1971. p.51-72. A number of industrial wastes are listed, along with their sources and identified public health significances; among those mentioned are various textile mill wastes, which are potential carcinogenic agents and producers of air and water pollution. [18064] Public health hazards of incinerator residues. In An industrial solid waste management program for Kentucky; review draft. [Frankfort], Kentucky State Department of Health, Feb. 1971. p.A(l-33). The unsatisfactory handling of incineration residues can create health hazards via the provision of breeding grounds for vectors or pathogens, and via the leaching of the residue by water, which leads to the contamination of ground water and surface water supplies. [18073] Star, S. Safety standards for solid waste management. Public Works, 102 (4):97-98, Apr. 1971. A manual prepared by the Safety Standards Committee of the Governmental Refuse Collection and Disposal Association provides a specific foundation for safety and effi- ciency in solid waste management. [16494] Systems Research Division of Meyers Electro/Cooling Products, Inc. Urban rat control programs. [Hartford], Connecticut Research Commission, Nov. 1969. [159 p.]. Rat control programs should involve: intensive cleanup campaigns to eliminate long-standing accumula- tions of refuse; the provision of large refuse storage containers; and the provision of adequate lighting in refuse storage areas so that people will take the time to place their refuse in the containers instead of throwing it on the ground. [16410] Zindel, H. C. Bacteriological problems. In Poultry pollution: problems and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, July 1970. p.45-46. Although numerous types of bacteria are in dehydrated poultry waste, the fact that none are present in large numbers indicates that their presence may be due to recontamination following the drying process; precautions against recontamination should therefore be taken. [16374] 274 ------- INCINERATION Appelhans, H.} and W. Schumann. (Polyma MasahinebaUj Dp. Appelhans G.m.b.H.) Incineration system for burnable liquids or sludges. U.S. Patent 3,559,595; filed Nov. 25, 1968; issued Feb. 2, 1971. This system has an incineration muffle for burnable liquids or sludges which may contain nonburnable substances and which have different heating values, different ignition temperatures, and/or different viscosities. [17064] Can plastics be incinerated safely? Environmental Science and Technology, 5(8):667-669, Aug. 1971. Most of the problems associated with the incineration of plastics can be avoided with proper incinera- tion and the use of wet scrubbers; in addition, new plastics which will not cause harmful emissions are being developed. [16034] Cardinal, P. J.3 Jr. Advances in multi-hearth incineration. Process Biochemistry, 6(1):27-31, Jan. 1971. Multiple-hearth incinera- tors, which are often preferred for the incineration of waste sludges, have no burning grates and offer economical, efficient, and odor-free operation. [16030] (Cities Service Tankers Corporation). Process for burning oily residues in tankers. British Patent 1,235,833; filed Feb. 28, 1969; issued June 16, 1971. This process involves mixing the residual oil with a hydrocarbon fuel oil to produce a blended fuel which has a flash point of at least 120 F and which can be burned on board the ship. [17156] Fluidized bed pyrolysis. jn Solid waste; a new natural resource. Morgantown, Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, May 1971. p.2-5. Pyrolysis in a fluidized bed gasifier involves introducing cellulosic wastes into a hot, anaerobic bed of high-silica sand, whereupon the wastes explode to form methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water, and a carbon char. [18337] (Fonderie E Officine Di Saronno S.p.A.). Mechanical grate for an installa- tion for incineration of solid wastes. British Patent 1,223,668; filed Oct. 3, 1969; issued Mar. 3, 1971. The described grate has a steplike configuration, with movable portions in each step setting off a reciprocal motion which advances the wastes along the grate. [17206] 275 ------- Gouinlockj E. V.3 J. F. Porter^ and R. R. Hindersinn. The mechanism of the fire-retardance of dripping thermoplastic compositions. Journal of Fire and Flammability, 2:206-218, July 1971. An examination of three self-extinuishing thermoplastic compositions which emit flaming drip during incineration indicated that the drip itself is a significant contributor to the self-extinguishing mechanism, possibly through the removal of heat from the burning site. [13884] Heat recovery; special studies for incinerator No. 53 government of the District of Columbia, Department of Sanitary Engineering. Philadelphia, Day and Zimmermann Associates, Feb. 1967. 32 p. The technical, operational, and financial aspects of waste heat recovery from refuse incineration are discussed, and an evalua- tion is made of the application of heat recovery techniques at the District of Columbia's No. 5 incinerator. [16403] Hermes, P. Conclusion from the operating experiences of a refuse slag sintering plant. Mitteilungen der Vereinigung der Grosskesselbesitzer, 51(1):33-37, Feb. 1971. At 33 percent of the cost of refuse incineration, nonmetallic refuse slag can be sintered to effect a 96 percent reduction in refuse volume and produce either an inert landfill material or an aggregate which can be used in concrete construction. (Text in German) [15941] Incineration (II-C). In Solid waste disposal in Greater Canton, Ohio. Water and Sanitation Committee of Greater Canton Chamber of Commerce, Mar. 10, 1969. p.17-27. The costs, capabilities, limitations, effects on air and water pollution, and operational requirements of household, commercial, industrial, municipal, fluidized bed, mobile, and Lantz incinerators are discussed. [16033] Incineration of waste liquids. In Disposal of industrial wastes by combustion. ASME industry survey; present state of the art. New York, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Jan. 1971. (13 p.) A burner which has a refractory hearth and wall cooling, is capable of taking solids of at least a 1/2-in. diameter, and requires relatively small amounts of compressed air for atomiza- tion is described. [13876] Kanury, A. M. Burning of wood - a pure transient model. Journal of Fire and Flammability, 2:191-205, July 1971. Based on calculations of mass-loss, the burning behavior of well-ventilated wood cribs was shown to be similar to that of isolated fuel elements. [16035] 276 ------- Kautz3 K., and H. Kirsch. New results of corrosion studies in the field of refuse combustion. Mitteilungen der Vereinigung der Grosskessel- besitzer, 51(3):223-228, June 1971. Corrosion occurs under both continuous reducing conditions and sudden changes in oxidizing atmospheres, with slag, ash, dust, and flue gases all contributing to it in varying degrees. (Text in German) [16039] Nouak3 F. Tests on the admissible grate charge of refuse incineration boilers. Mitteilungen der Vereinigung der Grosskesselbesitzer, 51(2):130-135, Apr. 1971. It was found that roller, Martin, migration, and van Roll grates can, without harm, accept considerably increased quantities of refuse with high calorific values as long as the wastes with high heating values are homoge- neously mixed with domestic refuse of a lower heating value. (Text in German) [16029] Sharpe, P. S. (Brule C.E. and E.3 Inc.). Modular incinerator construction. Canadian Patent 869,286; filed Sept. 18, 1968; issued Apr. 27, 1971. This multisectional incinerator consists of a burner chamber, an ash pit, an upper combustion chamber, and a lower combustion chamber, all of which are separate, independent modules which can be assembled in co-acting relationship to form an integral unit. [17213] Steriburg, R. L. Double flues. In Status of the flue-fed incinerator as a source of air pollution. Presented at American Industrial Hygiene Association Meeting, Washington, May 17, 1962. p.17-21. Properly designed and constructed double-flue apartment incinera- tors reduce the problems of incineration gases passing back into the halls of the building, and certain designs of this type also effect proper air pollution control. [16434] Tichatschke3 J. Studies of the emissions from refuse incinerators, Mitteilungen der Vereinigung der Grosskesselbesitzer, 51(3): 219-223, June 1971. Although no hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, or phosgene were detected, hydrogen chloride, methyl formate, and formaldehyde were found in maximum concentrations of 18, 120, and 200 mg per cu m, respectively, and the concentrations of sulfur dioxide and ammonia were found to vary between 0.8 and 1.0 g per cu m and 0.5 to 4.5 mg per cu m respectively; the most common concentration of sulfur trioxide was measured at 0.03 g per cu m. (Text in German) [16038] 277 ------- Uehlinger3 K. (Von Roll A.G.). Procedure and installation for the prevention of fused deposits on the fire walls of incinerators equipped with grates. Swiss Patent 498,338; filed Feb. 12, 1970; issued Oct. 31, 1970. This invention consists of a second wall located inside the incinerator side walls, with an oscillating nozzle being used to spray water between the two walls and thereby prevent the formation of lumps of slag. (Text in German) [17516] Warren, P. C. How plastics bum. Society of Plastics Engineers Journal, 27(2):17-22, Feb. 1971. A brief review of the literature on polymer combustion and its inhibition includes a discussion of flames, flammability measurements, and general types of inhibit- ors, with special emphasis on their chemistry. [15939] Yamoshij K. (Dainishi Seisdkusho K.K.). Incinerator. Japanese Patent 46-19,155; filed May 11, 1968; issued May 28, 1971. This incinerator, which can burn a large amount of refuse in a relatively small amount of space, is equipped with a device which forces air through the fire grids, thereby scattering the waste and providing sufficient air and space for efficient combustion. (Text in Japanese) [17190] INDUSTRIAL WASTES Channabasappa, K. C. Use of reverse osmosis for valuable by-products recovery. Chemical Engineering Progress, Symposium Series, 67(107):250-259, 1971. Reverse osmosis, which can be applied to cheesemaking wastes, pulp and paper industry wastes, organic chemical wastes, nuclear wastes, steel pickling liquors, and spent plating industry solutions, concentrates the solids in waste water to render solid wastes and fresh, nonpolluting water. [16546] A closed-loop approach to industrial plastics wastes. Modern Plastics, 48(7):44-45, July 1971. The Spaulding Fiber Company's industrial laminates plant in Tonawanda, New York, is installing a closed-loop incineration plant which will burn all solid and liquid wastes, use gaseous wastes as combustion air, and use the heat of incineration to generate steam for power production in the plant. [16186] Dean, K. C.3 R. Havens* and E. C. Valdez. USBM finds many routes to stabilizing' mineral wastes. Mining Engineering, 23(12):61-63, Dec. 1971. Various methods of chemical, physical, and vegetative stabilization are discussed in terms of their application to mine tailing wastes. [16043] 278 ------- Fluid bed incineration solves Amooo's refinery waste problems. Petro/Chem Engineer, 43(3):27-30, Mar. 1971. The American Oil Company's Mandau, North Dakota, refinery has installed a smokeless fluid bed incinerator in which oily sludges and emulsions, which are generally able to support combustion without the use of supple- mentary fuel, are burned along with caustic chemical wastes. [15908] Kanyuk, A, I.3 V. S. Lobanov3 Yu. G. Olesov3 and V. S. Ustinov. Comparative efficiency of various methods of processing substandard titanium wastes. Soviet Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals , 10(9):76-77, Sept. 1969. Although slag smelting and chlorination currently offer the most economical and efficient means for processing substandard titanium wastes, electrolytic refining and fire refining are more efficient methods which are being scaled up from laboratory processes for future industrial use. [16514] Lawson, J. R. Bridging the gap; management of industrial solid waste in municipal operations. Waste Age, 2(2):4, 5, 16-20, Mar.-Apr. 1971. It is suggested that the best municipal arrangement for handling industrial waste consists of a large, centralized, incinerator-based operation in which efficient collection, separation, and reclamation are practiced. [16045] Membrane processing upgrades food wastes. Environmental Science and Technology, 5(5):396-397, May 1971. The Crowly Milk Co. has found that membrane filtration can be successfully used with cheese whey to remove its protein content, concentrate its lactose content, and reduce its BOD from 35,000 to 1,000 mg per liter. [15912] Miller, W. B. Y. (Colvilles Limited). Improvements in or relating to the disposal of molten slag. Australian Patent 409,006; filed June 8, 1966; issued Feb. 22, 1971. With this process, molten slag from the Linnz and Donnewitz steel manufacturing process is mixed with slag gravel in a sunken mixing area on the steelworks floor; the slag is thereby cooled, fragmented, and rendered acceptable for dumping. [17169] National Industrial Pollution Control Council. Paper; Sub-council report. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar. 1971. 58 p. Although the paper industry is achieving substantial progress in pollution control via the increased utilization of all parts of the tree, a close, cooperative government-industry relationship is recommended to solve the remaining pollution problems. [13892] 279 ------- National Industrial Pollution Control Council. The chemical industry and pollution control; Sub-oouncil report. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1971. 25 p. Among the nonpolluting forms of waste disposal which are coming into use in the chemical industry are: deep well disposal, ocean disposal, rotary kiln incineration, recycling, and pyrolysis. [13887] Small} W. E. Mineral resources and energy wastes. In Third pollution; the national problem of solid waste disposal. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1970. p.58-75. A discussion is presented concerning the environmental effects of: strip mining wastes; tailings; sand, gravel, stone, clay, and gold dredging wastes; slag and smelter wastes; radioactive wastes; and metallurgical and chemical processing wastes. [15529] Soderquist3 M. R. Renovating spent cherry brine. Agricultural Engineering, 52(1):30-31, Jan. 1971. Two methods have been devised to treat spent cherry brine: the first involves using lime to reduce the sulfur levels in the brine; with the second, activated carbon is used to decolor the brine and render it reusable. [15911] Wright, C. L. Treatment of bagasse. British Patent 1,242,257; filed Oct. 16, 1968; issued Aug. 11, 1971. With this process, a fungicidal acid such as monocarboxylic acid is used to stabilize bagasse against mycelial deterioration. [17090] INSTITUTIONAL WASTES Burchinal3 J. C.3 and L. P. Wallace. A study of institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971. 234 p. A report on the wastes generated by the West Virginia University Medical Center includes sections on their physical and chemical compositions, their pathogen contents, the safety precautions which must be adopted when handling them, and the costs of the systems recommended for their management. [16481] Burchinal3 J. C.3 and L. P. Wallace. Solid waste generation by medical center and individual units; conclusions and recommendations. In A study of institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971. p.45-49. Methods recommended for the safe handling and disposal of hospital wastes, of which 25 to 30 percent are potentially dangerous and should be segregated, are discussed. [16485] 280 ------- Burchinal3 J. C.s and L. P. Wallace. Physical composition of medical center1 solid wastes. In A study of institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971. p.50-68. A study of the refuse from the West Virginia University Medical Center showed that, not including food and pathological wastes, the most common wastes in terms of weight were found to be paper, glass, and cloth- gauze-cotton items; if a hospital were to use only disposable sheets or food service items, the use of some form of volume reduction equipment would be essential. [16486] Burchinal3 J. C.s and L. P. Wallace. Chemical analysis of medical center solid wastes. In A study of institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971. p.69-77. Chemical analyses were performed on the refuse from the West Virginia University Medical Center to determine: moisture content (5 percent), volatile solids content (95 percent), ash residue (24 percent by weight), Btu values (8,000 per Ib), sulfur content (0.2 percent), phos- phorus content (0.03 percent), nitrogen content (0.33 percent), carbon content (44 percent), and hydrogen content (7 percent). [16487] Burchinalj J. C.3 and L. P. Wallace. Bacteriological studies. Phase I; Phase II. JEn_ A study of institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971. p.78-117. Although the concentra- tions and distributions of the various types of bacteria varied according to the area from which the refuse was taken, most of the microbes found in the refuse from the West Virginia University Medical Center were bacillus organisms, with staphylococcus and streptococcus organisms each accounting for 5 to 10 percent of the total population, [16488] Burchinal, J. C.3 and L. P. Wallace. Bacteriological studies. Phase III. In A study of institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971. p.117-132. It was found that there are significantly fewer bacteria released when refuse is bagged prior to being dropped down a refuse chute; however, the air flow, moisture, heat, and loosely fitting doors of many refuse chutes contribute to the breeding and diffusion of bacteria in the refuse dropped into them. [16489] 281 ------- Burchinalj J. C., an.d L. P. Wallace. Virological studies. In A study of institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971. p.133-159. Since viruses were found to be persistent and viable on nearly all the materials which are discarded by a hospital, it was suggested that these materials be carefully sealed in paper or plastic sacks to prevent the spreading of the viruses. [16490] District of Columbia. Hospital solid waste management. In District of Columbia solid waste management plan; status report 1970. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.11-15. Although on-site incineration and plastic refuse container liners are widely used in the hospitals surveyed, training and effective regulations are needed, existing incinerators should be replaced or modified, and compactors, heavy-duty plastic bags, and food waste grinders should be more widely used. [16164] Handorf, E. C. Report on hospital-institutions solid waste disposal^ Memphis and Shelby County. Memo SS4. Memphis, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Memphis and Shelby County Health Department, July 21, 1965. 10 p. Hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, sani- tariums, and related institutions were studied in terms of the types of wastes generated, the presence of radioactive matter in the wastes, the collection and/or incineration practices employed, and defects in the disposal systems. [18030] James M. Montgomery_, Consulting Engineers^ Ino. Solid waste systems (3). In Report on water, wastewater and solid wastes for Disney World, Florida. Glendale, Calif., WED Enterprises, Inc., Oct. 1968. p.146-155. The recommended waste management system for Disney World calls for the use of: an incinerator, a sanitary landfill, compactors, a vacuum truck collection system, adequate collection equipment, well-enforced control ordinances, garbage comminution, and wet grinding of selected items. [18148] Sehatzle, K. C. Trends in solid waste handling in medical care facilities. Ann Arbor, National Sanitation Foundation. [1970]. 6 p. Medical care facilities have shown an increasing trend toward the replacement of reusable items by disposables, which has resulted in an increase in the amount of waste generated per patient per day from 3 to 4 Ib in 1955 to 15 to 20 Ib in 1970. [18034] 282 ------- LAW/REGULATIONS Distinct of Columbia. Proposed health regulations: title 8S chapter 3, part 6: solid waste regulations. In District of Columbia solid waste management plan: status report 1970. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.83-93. The proposed regu- lations cover refuse storage, collection, and disposal, dead animals, leaves, and open burning. [16168] Jauck, E.j and W. Mensing. Concerning the need for a federal sanitation law. Muell und Abfall, 3(4):89-91, Apr. 1971. Presently, a West German law is being prepared which will regulate the collection, processing, and storage of all refuse which affects the public; the law also imposes limitations on refuse importa- tion and the utilization of disposable containers. (Text in German) [16081] Loading and unloading provisions of automotive liability policies. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):120A, 120D, May 1971. Two doctrines have been established in deciding lawsuits involving claims arising from the loading and unloading of refuse: one holds that a hauler is responsible only during the action and time period of.the actual moving of merchandise from one point to another; the other holds that liability extends to all situations in which a causal relationship with loading, unloading, and transporting materials can be established. [16255] McLean} M. The practical uses of zoning. T_n_ Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.25-31. To facilitate zoning for disposal sites, it is recommended that the type of disposal be defined, the operating characteristics be identified, and access and equipment be determined. [18160] Eodgers, P. Solid waste management: a new dimension for the public utility concept. Waste Age, 2(3):32, 34, 59, May-June 1971. Based on the notion of a 'public utility,' New Jersey's Solid Waste Utility Control Act of 1970 has authorized the New Jersey Board of Public Utility Commissioners to regulate the collection and disposal of solid waste. [16254] 283 ------- Sakakij K. Lou concerning wastes disposal and cleaning and its application. Toshi to Haikibutsu, 1(1):46-50, May 1971. In July 1970, the Japanese government passed a new law (Law 137) which, by setting up standards for refuse storage, transportation, and disposal, is intended to improve the refuse disposal systems, not control them. (Text in Japanese) [16074] LITTER Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee, Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida, 1971. 89 p. Litter and related problems in the State of Florida are discussed and a number of possible approaches for their resolution are delineated; a program is formulated from a consideration of these approaches. [18308] Discussion; law enforcement. In Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee, Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida, 1971. p.36-43. Although there are presently at least five State laws pertaining to litter prevention in Florida, they do not cover all possible litter violations and, because there is little incentive to do so, they are often not enforced. [18429] Education. In Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee, Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida, 1971. p.43-47. In addition to the national educational programs regarding litter prevention, Florida has become involved in State anti-litter programs, campaigns, and surveys, all of which are aimed at stimulating public responsibility and pride in attractive surroundings. [18228] Industry. In Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee, Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida, 1971. p.47-50. Industries in Florida, particularly the beer, soft drink, and container manufacturers, have devoted considerable time and over $40 million to the promotion of anti-litter concepts, programs, and research. [18427] Government. In Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee, Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida, 1971. p.50-51. In 1970, 24 litter-prevention bills were proposed in the U.S. Congress, with similar bills being proposed in 25 States and several cities and counties; most of these bills were aimed at controlling beverage container litter. [18426] 284 ------- Parks and people can keep America beautiful. [Washington], U.S. Department of the Interior. [1964]. 7 p. The National Park Service is using personal contacts, exhibits, and audio-visual programs in its recently expanded campaign against litter; it is believed that these efforts have resulted in a reduction in the per capita generation of litter. [18035] White, R. F. Litter bag. U.S. Patent 3,589,595; filed Apr. 3, 1969; issued June 29, 1971. Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, which is affixed across the rear wall of this paper bag, is covered with a peelable nonsticky tape which, when stripped off, permits the mouth of the bag to be suspended in an open position. [17177] MANAGEMENT Collins, J. F. Session summary: developing citizen cooperation. In Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.44. The most effective public relations program for solid waste is a long-term educational program which imparts via a presentation of the facts, an understanding of the scope of the problem and the benefits to be gained from solving it. [18165] Dominick, D. D. Environmental programs of the future. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 26(5):180-182, Sept.-Oct. 1971. A discussion is presented concerning the following areas in which EPA is active: pesticides, land utilization, the selection of power plant sites, sediment control, water pollution from feedlot runoff, resource recovery, and air pollution. [16595] Gilbertson, W. E. Session summary: technical elements of site location. In Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.43-44. It is concluded that, despite recycling and reuse, increasing amounts of land and larger and more diverse facilities will be needed for solid waste disposal; improved management will also be needed to encourage public acceptance of nearby disposal operations, and Federal programs must become involved in making public lands available as waste disposal sites. [18164] 285 ------- Hart, S. A. Solid wastes management in Germany; report of the U.S. Solid Wastes Study Team visit June 25 - July 83 1967. Public Health Service Publication No. 1812. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. 18 p. Refuse quantities, compositions, storage, collection, composting, and incineration in Germany are reviewed, along with German air pollution standards and waste heat recovery practices. [16475] Helms, B. P., and R. M. Clark. Selecting solid waste disposal facilities. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 97(SA4):443-451, Aug. 1971. A mathematical model based on the fixed-charge approach is presented as a means of selecting between alternatives for solid waste dis- posal; the approach is illustrated using an example problem based on Buffalo's two existing landfills and two existing incinerators. [16028] Jablin, E. Environmental control at Alan Wood: technical problems, regulations and new processes. Iron and Steel Engineer, 48 (7):58-65, July 1971. Among the procedures which have been introduced to handle solid wastes at the Alan Wood Steel Company are: a slag pelletizer, which reduces hydrogen sulfide emissions; a waste water treatment plant with an accompanying sludge lagoon; a waste liquor distillation facility; and an incinerator equipped with a scrubber. [16243] Klee3 A, J. Systems analysis and solid wastes, a critical overview. [Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 17 p. This paper attempts to define systems analysis, to compare it to operations research, and to define the areas of decision- making in which each can be helpful. [16598] Rich, G. F. Cleansing problems associated with holiday resorts. Public Cleansing, 61(6):260-268, June 1971. The paper sack is the ideal solution to the problem of efficient collection for summer resorts, and incineration is the best means of disposal for those towns where dumping is often impossible for lack of space. [16027] Tyne, E. V. The case for a solid waste disposal utility. Power^ 115(5) :95, May 1971. The advantages of operating a solid waste disposal facility as a utility include: the facilitation of personnel recruitment; the economization of plant construction and operation; the possibility of regionalizing solid waste management and thereby rendering it more efficient; and the possibility of operating the facility at a profit via the sale of by-products. [16500] 286 ------- Vaughanj R. D. Land disposal for solid wastes: the present state and concepts for the future. In Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.7-8. Although sanitary landfill stands as the best solution for the disposal of nonreclaimable solid wastes 3 there are major obstacles to its more widespread use in the form of insufficient local funds and social and polit- ical opposition to the establishment of new sites. [18157] Xanten, W. A. Session summary: planning^ zoning3 and legal aspects. In_ Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.45. With regard to solid waste disposal land-use planning, State governments must provide more active leadership, zoning laws must be revamped, counties must be encouraged to manage and operate disposal sites, and cooperative efforts among agencies at various governmental levels should be stimulated. [18166] OCEAN DISPOSAL Kinney, E. T.3 and A. Constant. Control of shipboard wastes. Naval Engineers^ Journal, 83(3) : 118-129 , June 1971. Existing procedures for controlling the pollutan-ts generated by naval ships and advanced concepts for more complete control are discussed. [13906] Mounting restrictions on land could lead to ocean dumping, jolid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(6):44, 90, 92, Sept. 1971. Some of the steps which have been taken or recommended to prevent the widespread pollution of U.S. coastal waters through the uncontrolled ocean dumping of solid wastes are reviewed. [15720] Webb, A. W. (Webbco Research and Development). Method and apparatus for refuse disposal. U.S. Patent 3,595,161; filed Oct. 23, 1969; issued July 27, 1971. Both refuse and wood wastes can be trans- ported out to sea and disposed of by this apparatus, which consists of a barge equipped with a large-diameter telescoping pipe that extends 50 ft above and 300 ft below the surface of the water; a smaller diameter pipe is utilized in disposing of the wood wastes, [17291] 287 ------- PACKAGING WASTES Aluminum packaging and the solid waste disposal problem. New York, The Aluminum Association, Oct. 8, 1968. 2 p. Although not bio- degradable, aluminum wastes are easily disposed of via sanitary landfill or incineration, and because of its scrap value, aluminum presents less of a litter problem than some other materials. [16055] Cans. Modern Packaging, 44(4):24-26, 30, Apr. 1971. Some of the advances in steel- and aluminum-can technology are presented and discussed in terms of their relationship to the one-way beverage packaging problem. [16584] The case of the disappearing piokle jar.. The Trumpeter, 51(5) :3-6, Oct. 1970. A new container made of water-soluble sodium silicate material coated with a thin, nondissolving plastic can be dissolved under the kitchen faucet, leaving only the easily disposed of plastic coating. [16400] Connolly, H. C. Plastic wastes in the coming decade. Public Cleansing, 61(12):618-626, Dec. 1971. In order to avoid restrictions on the use of plastics, both industry and government must work to develop new incineration and recycling technologies to handle the increasing volumes of these materials. [16512] Coquelin, R. (Ethylene Plastique). Rapidly degradable plastic packaging material. French Patent 2,038,807; filed Mar. 28, 1969; issued Dec. 28, 1970. The packaging material is made of ethylene and carbon monoxide copolymers, both of which can be completely destroyed via several months of exposure to the atmosphere and natural sun- light. (Text in French) [17521] Hayata, S. Breaking down of plastic waste under exposure to the sun and use of crushed plastics for soil improvement. Kagaku Keizai, 8 (3):30-34, Mar. 1971. The decomposition of polypropylene and styrene resins following exposure to the sun's rays is described, as is the use of styrofoam chips as a soil conditioner. (Text in Japanese) [16014] Lincoln, C. W. The solid waste disposal problem. Australian Packaging, 19 (5):69-71, May 1971. To help alleviate the problems of solid waste disposal, the volumes of packaging materials must be reduced either by the efforts of the packaging industry or by government intervention. [16013] 288 ------- M and T Chemicals sets ecology 'can-paign '. Secondary Raw Materials, 9 (12):102, Dec. 1971. Employees of M and T Chemicals, Inc., are urged to bring empty cans to collection points on the company grounds, after which the cans are shipped to the company's recycling plant, shredded, chemically separated, and recycled. [16083] Packaging waste disposal. Material Handling Engineering, Special Issue, 42-47, 1971. The Ford Motor Company and the Union Camp Corpora- tion are operating a joint program under which Ford will segregate the corrugated in which automotive parts are packed for shipment to Ford plants and sell it to Union Camp in an average quantity of 50,000 to 100,000 tons per year; Union Camp will then convert the corrugated waste into useful products. [16054] Plastic containers get new lease on life. Plastics ForId, 29(9):60-61, Sept. 1971. Kleen Tech, Inc. of Newark, New Jersey, has developed a process which sanitizes and strips labels, printing, and decorations from polyethylene, polypropylene, and PVC containers, returning them to the customer ready to be reused. [16012] Staudinger, J. J. P. Disposal of plastics waste and litter. Collection. Sanitary landfill. Pre-treatment. In Disposal of plastics waste and litter. S.C.I. Monograph No. 35. London, Society of Chemical Industry, 1970. p.39-52. Plastic wastes are most efficiently collected in plastic or paper refuse sacks, with sanitary landfill being the best and most popular means for disposing of them; compaction and/or comminution of the wastes is often desirable if not necessarily easily accomplished, and, although plastics cannot be composted, their presence in compost will not harm vege- tation. [16576] PROCESSING/REDUCTION Briquetting with a difference. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118(17): 20-21, Apr. 14, 1971. A description is given of a new briquetting machine which is made by Hutt G.m.b.H. of West Germany and which can handle swarf and all metals in powder or particle form [16393] Charles 3 E. E. He fuse compaction handling equipment utilizing fluids under low pressure. U.S. Patent 3,575,103; filed Aug. 19, 1968; issued Apr. 13, 1971. An immovable structure is adapted to be held in a substantially fixed position while a movable, self-supporting, fluid-tight structure is variably positioned and expanded to and from the immovable structure, thereby moving. [17280] 289 ------- Cross, J. A., and W. E. Franklin. Pole of shredding in solid waste management. In Market opportunities for shredders in solid waste management; final report. Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute, June 7, 1971. p.27-30. Refuse must be shredded before it is composted, pyrolyzed, mechanically separated, or incinerated in fluid beds, and compaction is more efficient if the refuse is shredded; in addition, shredding is desirable prior to sanitary landfilling and may become necessary prior to incineration in suspension-firing systems. [16212] Cross, J. A., and W. E. Franklin. Shredding equipment. In Market oppor- tunities for shredders in solid waste management; final report. Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute, June 7, 1971. p.31-39. There are three basic types of machines for shredding refuse and scrap: the hammennill; the Tollemache shredder, which is similar to the hammermill but mounted on a vertical axis; and the Eidal shredder, which has a vertical axis and a series of grinders operating in a horizontal plane to shred the material as it passes through the unit. [16213] Di Stefano, A. Combination garbage grinder and pump. U.S. Patent 3,591,095; filed Nov. 25, 1968; issued July 6, 1971. This unit, which can be used to grind bones and other similar bulky wastes, is equipped with one element which acts as both a shredding plate and a pumping vane. [17268] Duszynski, E. J. A case for milling refuse. Pollution Engineering, 3(3): 29-31, May-June 1971. Milling refuse reduces or eliminates prob- lems with rats, flies, and fires, reduces the amount of space required for refuse disposal, and eliminates the need for cover material. [16524] High density solid waste baler unveiled. Waste Age, 2(6):28-29, Nov.-Dec. 1971. American Solid Waste Systems' new baling station is equipped with an hydraulic press which compacts 1,000 tons of waste per day with a force of 5 million Ib, producing a bacteria-free, uniform desk-size bales with a consistent density of 60 Ib per cu ft. [16118] New system for reclaiming copper from insulated wire. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(1):56, 58, Jan. 1971. The Noll Reclaiming System automatically shears insulated wire into lengths, macerates it, separates the insulation, pelletizes the copper, and purifies it. [16533] 290 ------- A. (Firma Adolf Eies). Terminal rubbish-compressor for attachment to rubbish chutes in buildings. Swiss Patent 503,577; filed Dec. 5, 1969; issued Apr. 15, 1971. Rubbish from buildings is conducted via a common duct into an airtight receptor within which a vacuum is maintained; from there it is introduced into an attached cham- ber and compressor for disposal by an hydraulic piston assembly. (Text in German) [17042] Seminar on scrap handling. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 119(17):17-19 , 37, Oct. 23, 1971. Several experts on scrap handling reported that fragmentizers and shredders would, in their opinions, replace balers in the next few years as the main devices for processing the lighter grades of scrap metal. [16392] Staudinger3 J. J. P. Disposal of plastics Waste and litter. On site disposal. Compaction and baling. In Disposal of plastics waste and litter. S.C.I. Monograph No. 35. London, Society of Chemical Industry, 1970. p.69-74. Shredding and compaction can be used in the household to reduce refuse volumes and thereby reduce waste collection and transport costs; in addition, the compaction of refuse, especially plastics, can be used to lengthen the lives of landfills and to facilitate the reclamation of land and the long- distance hauling of wastes. [16578] Streamlined scrap handling. Iron and Steel, 44(5):344, Oct. 1971. The British Steel Company's Shotton Works has installed a completely automatic, computerized scrap baler which compresses 4,000 tons of metal each week into uniform bales measuring 2 ft by 3 ft. [16119] System 2—compressed bales an flat cars. In The Western Pacific Railroad plan for disposal of San Francisco's solid waste. Oakland, Kaiser Engineers, Apr. 1968. p.V(l-5). As an alternative to its containerized long-distance hauling system, San Francisco investigated a new system under which refuse would be compressed and baled prior to being hauled and landfilled; costs, hazards, and nuisances would all be reduced with such a system. [16285] Tezuka, K. Trash blocks used for landfill. Japanese Patent 46-30,664; filed Dec. 26, 1967; issued Sept. 6, 1971. The 60-by-70-by-60-cm trash blocks are composed of compressed urban wastes coated with a tar-base coating, a pitch-base coating, or an asphalt-base coating. (Text in Japanese) [17405] 291 ------- RECYCLING Cahn, D. S. Agglomeration of steel plant furnace dust with cement binders. Transactions of the Society of Mining Engineers, AIMS, 250(3): 173-177, Sept. 1971. Pilot plant and laboratory tests were made on blends of steel plant flue dust and portland cement to deter- mine whether the flue dust could be pelletized for use as a source of iron in dry process cement manufacture; strength and setting time results showed that an acceptable agglomerate can be made with a Type II portland cement binder. [15819] Clark, T. D. Economic barriers to recycling and suggestions for Federal action. In Economic realities of reclaiming natural resources in solid waste. Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. p.8-12. The economic barriers to recycling include the costliness of separating the reclaimable materials from the non- reclaimable refuse, and the lack of markets for recycled materials; corrective Federal actions which might be applied to these problems are presented. [15602] Converse, A. 0., H. E. Grethlein, S. Karankikar, and S. Kuhrtz. A laboratory study and economic analysis for the acid hydrolysis of cellulose in refuse to sugar and its fermentation to alcohol. Hanover, N.H., Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, July 1971. 68 p. Economic analysis of the acid hydrolysis process shows that sugar can be produced at a price comparable to the existing market price for sugar from molasses ($0.02 to $0.03 per Ib); ethanol can be produced at a price lower than $0.52 per gal. [18381] Felton, A. J. Handling the problem papers - wet strength, asphalt, poly- coated, eto. Paper Trade Journal, 155(37);70-72, Sept. 13, 1971. Methods which can be applied to the recovery of high-brightness polymer, wax-coated, asphalt-contaminated, and mixed paper are presented, along with systems for recovering wood fiber from wastepaper. [15816] Flegal, C. J., and H. C. Zindel. The result of feeding dried poultry waste to laying hens on egg production and feed conversion. In Poultry pollution: problems and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, July 1970. p.29-30. Compared to the control group of hens, which produced one dozen eggs for each 2.11 kg of feed, control groups fed their normal rations plus 10 percent dried poultry waste (DPW) and control groups fed their normal rations plus calcium, phosphorus, and 10 percent DPW yielded one dozen eggs per 1.91 kg of feed and 1.95 kg of feed, respectively. [16369] 292 ------- (Glanzstoff A.G. ) . Binding scrap filaments of polyester and poly amide resins to make insulating mats or panels. Dutch Patent 7,008,204; filed June 5, 1970; issued Feb. 2, 1971. The mats are made by aerodynamically layering and heating recovered scrap fibers or by netting the scrap fibers with a compatible binder having a lower melting point. (Text in Dutch) [17306] Hall, G. S. Utilisation of wood waste. Chemistry and Industry, (28):781-784, July 10, 1971. Wood wastes can be used: in the production of building blocks; as litter and bedding for animals; as compost material; as cattle feed; in charcoal production; and in chemical processing to obtain various organic and inorganic products. [15817] Kato, K. 3 T. Kii, M. Kawamure, and J. Morimoto. Investigation on slags as blasting material (I). Bulletin of the Government Industrial Research Institute, 22(3):214-223, Sept. 1971. It was found that the effectiveness of the oxide slags as blasting materials was dependent upon the toughness of the individual grains; in addition, the slags with noncrystalline structures proved to be better blast- ing materials than did those slags with crystalline structures. (Text in Japanese) [16597] Kuzin, I. A.3 and L. A. Koemets. Preparation of a phosphate cation exchanger from wood waste. Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR, 4 (4):772-775, Apr. 1971. A feasible method is presented for the phosphorylation of sawdust to produce a phosphorus-containing resin which is suitable as an industrial adsorbent. [18011] Lopuja3 V.3 and C. Triana. Study of the prehydrolysis-sulphate process to obtain dissolving pulp from sugar cane bagasse. Cuba Azucar, 111:58-64, Jan.-Mar. 1970. Decreases in the pentosan content, viscosity, degree of polymerization, and yield of the pulp were observed when the temperature and retention time of the depithed bagasse cook were increased. [16590] Mix of pulp and paper pollutants and clay may lead to new building materials. Science Dimension, 101(3):24-25, Apr. 1971. By whipping common clay with spent sulphite liquor, a remarkably stable foam can be made; this foam can then be air dried and fired to produce a permanent low-density ceramic foam block. [15975] 293 ------- Navy may sink your Waste cost. Modern Manufacturing, (4):75, Apr. 1971. The U.S. Navy is attempting to standardize and lower the costs of a wet-air-oxidation process which can convert all organic wastes into drinkable water, carbon dioxide, and usable steam. [16587] Nishikawa3 S. (Kurita Engineering Co.3 Ltd.).. Method for separating polysaccharides from activated sludge. Japanese Patent 46-10,017; filed Aug. 2, 1967; issued Mar. 13, 1971. The activated sludge is screened, centrifuged, stirred, treated with an organic solvent, and neutralized to separate out the polysaccharides produced by microorganisms during the waste water clarification process. (Text in Japanese) [17020] Ono, T. (T. lamoto). Method of manufacturing activated adsorbant by treating excrements. Japanese Patent 46-21,361; filed Dec. 21, 1968; issued June 17, 1971. The sludge is treated with a carbide residue, dried, distilled, and treated with bleaching powder, silicate soda, and lime; then the carbon is activated, the carbon and lime are caked, and the cake is crushed to produce the adsorb- ant. (Text in Japanese) [17423] Pennachetti, J. T. (Enercon International Limited). Fly ash recovery and use. German Patent 1,812,714; filed Dec. 4, 1968; issued Aug. 5, 1971. Fly ash obtained during the combustion of coal products is subjected to dry magnetic separation, with the nonmagnetic fraction being used as an additive for building materials and the magnetic fraction being utilized as an iron concentrate. (Text in German) [17025] Petrdlik3 M.3 V. Rubesh, I. D. Radomyselsky3 A. F. Zhornyak, and I. S. Nikishov. Development of the iron powder production technique by reduction from iron oxides obtained by processing iron sulphates of etching solutions. Poroshkoyaya Metallurgiya, 7(103p):6-ll, 1971. The utilization of the etching solutions formed as metal- lurgical and chemical wastes is discussed, with particular emphasis being given to the utilization of iron sulfate as a new raw material source for iron powder production. (Text in Russian) [15687] Plant recovers kerosene from plastic waste. Chemical Economy and Engineering Review, 3(12) :48, Dec. 1971. Mitsui Petrochemical Industries of Japan has opened a new plant which produces a nonsulfured kerosene- like oil from polyethylene and polyester scrap. [16325] 294 ------- Porter, M. C.3 P. Schratter, and P. N. Rigopulos. Byproduct recovery by ultrafiltration. Industrial Water Engineering, 8(6):18-24, June-July 1971. Ultrafiltration can be used to: treat polymer latex wastes and nuclear power plant and pulp and papermill effluents; remove starch from starch industry waste liquors; recover size from textile mill effluents; and selectively remove proteins, salts, and lactose from cheese whey, slaughterhouse blood, and inedible animal tissues. [16515] Pryor, M. J.} and S. F. Eager. (Olin Corporation). Method for reclaiming copper scrap containing titanium and/or iron. U.S. Patent 3,556,962; filed Jan. 24, 1968; issued Jan. 19, 1971. The scrap is immersed in a sulfuric acid electrolyte through which an electric current is passed between a metallic cathode and the scrap, which serves as the anode; the copper is deposited on the cathode. [17301] (Rheinische Kalksteinwerke G.m.b.H.). Purification of phosphorous production slags. French Patent 2,025,921; filed Aug. 14, 1969; patent pending. The slags are cooled rapidly in water, granulated, and screened to produce a material which can be used as an additive in the fabrica- tion of construction materials or as a raw material in the production of portland cement clinkers. (Text in French) [17414] Santt, R. Valorisation of waste mining products by vitrification. Annales des Mines, (3):43-56, Mar. 1971. The glass obtained by this process sticks strongly to metal and cement, and finds application in the glass industries, where it is used, in novel and original ways, in building, public works, and industry. (Text in French) [16719] Tyrrell^ M. E.3 and I. L. Feld. Fabrication and cost evaluation of experi- mental building brick from Waste glass; U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 7605. Pittsburgh, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1971. 17 p. Face brick of good color and high quality can be produced utilizing the metal-free glass fractions of municipal incinerator residue as the principal component. [18195] Tyrrell3 M. E.3 and I. L. Feld. Economics of producing brick from waste glass. In Fabrication and cost evaluation of experimental building brick from waste glass; U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 7605. Pittsburgh, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1971. p.18-33. The fixed capital cost for converting the colored glass output from a single 250-ton-per-day incinerator residue plant to building brick would be $762,260; the cost for converting the outputs from three residue plants to brick would be $1,642,870. [18196] 295 ------- Venkatakrishnan3 N.3 S. R. Lal3 and P. B. Mathur. (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research). Eecovering tin from sheet metal waste. German Patent 1,583,870; filed Aug. 22, 1967; issued May 27, 1971. The sheet metal waste (tin-plated iron) is treated with 5N saturated hydrochloric acid in the presence of formaldehyde, after which the precipitate tin is washed and dried in the usual way and is melted in the presence of 40 to 90 percent pure ammonium chloride and 40 to 10 percent pure calcium chloride. (Text in German) [17026] Wilson, A. W. Bagasse pulping in remote Argentina. Pulp and Paper International, 13(2):50-52, Feb. 1971. With the use of a Ritter bagasse bulk storage system and a black liquor recovery system, Ledesma, Argentina's bagasse mill is able to produce a high-quality paper which can be used for printing, offset, and writing. [15820] Winkler, J. Method of conversion of oil-spills into improved^ rubberised carbon-black and fiber-fortified asphaltic materials. U.S. Patent 3,567,660; filed Feb. 2, 1970; issued Mar. 2, 1971. Waste oil and oil spills are converted into improved rubberized fiber-fortified asphaltic material via coagulation with previously ground, spent automotive rubber tires premixed with powdered polystyrene or asphalt. [17419] RESEARCH DiPietro3 J.3 and H. Stepniezka. Flame retarded systems. A study of ABS3 polystyrene^ and polyester. Plastic in Australia, 22(5);7-9. 11-13, May 1971. The correlation of several critical parameters, such as gas flow rate, temperature, and specimen geometry, which affect the Limiting Oxygen Index was investigated for ABS, poly- styrene, and polyesters. [16016] Gutfreund, K. Conclusion. J[n Feasibility study of the disposal of poly- ethylene plastic waste. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.41-42. The approach most favored for the ultimate disposal of polyethylene involves the oxidative degradation and concomitant nitration of polyethylene by exposure to RFNA, or binary systems including ammonia. [16363] Markland, J.3 and J. Vallance. Investigation of the uptake of lead by vegetables from composts containing lead. Journal of the Association of Public Analysts, 9(4):119-121, Dec. 1971. The results of this investigation show that soil contamination has a great effect on growth and conclusions cannot be drawn from this type of experiment until the soil contamination effect is eliminated. [16051] 296 ------- R. J, Modifications of Solvay Process solid waste disposal. M.S. Thesis, Syracuse University, June 1971. 56 p. The treatment of Solvay Process wastes by sand underdrainage rather than lagooning results in a greater reduction in alkalinity, volume, suspended solids, and toxicity; the possibility of a greater reduction in total solids using sand underdrainage was also demonstrated. [16050] Renovated wastewater for industry? American City, 86(6):118, 120, June 1971. A description is given of the technical and operational aspects of a pilot program testing the feasibility of treating sludge to produce water for industrial use. [15808] Research on dried poultry Waste in progress. In Poultry pollution—problems and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, July 1970. p.47-48. Research currently in progress at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Michigan State University includes: a study to determine whether drugs such as Aureomycin, WF 180, Amphrol, or one of the arsenicals will carry through from the poultry feed into the waste product; and an investigation into the effect of the drying temperature and the length of storage time on the protein content of dried poultry waste. [16375] Smith, E. E.3 and J. D. Jenkins. Salts concentrations in a recycling aerobic waste disposal system. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 16(4):1,076-1,079, Nov.-Dec. 1971. It was found that there is little danger of the salt concentration having adverse effects on microbial action in a recycling aerobic poultry- waste digester because sludge removal will keep the concentration at an acceptable level. [16052] SANITARY LANDFILL Alexander, R. M.3 Jr.3 and J. V. Walters. A solid-waste partnership with 4 towns keeps all of Chilton County clean and green. APWA Reporter, 38(8):30-32, Aug. 1971. A project of solid waste disposal involving a partnership between Chilton County, Alabama, and its four munici- palities has been instituted; the system involves municipal door- to-door collection, collection by the county from about 60 containers in rural sites, and disposition of all solids wastes in a central sanitary landfill. [16107] 297 ------- W. Planning of small- and medium-sized landfills. Muell und Abfall, 3(1):1-7, Jan. 1971. The calculation of the size of a landfill site should be based on a refuse quantity of about 1.5 cu m per resident per year, with an annual increase of about 5 percent and a refuse weight of about 250 kg per resident per year, with an annual increase of 3 percent. (Text in German) [15994] Griffiths #• E. An ecological design for waste disposal. In Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.21-24. Unless thoroughly sealed, marshes and bogs are poor selections as sanitary landfill sites due to the danger of water pollution which they pose; the best disposal sites are uncommitted open lands, manmade caverns, quarries, and worked-out mines. [18159] Earn, R. K. The cost of large elevation landfilling. Public Works, 102(5): 77-80, May 1971. A cost analysis for the construction of a large elevation landfill in Madison, Wisconsin, includes: $1,500,000 for site preparation; annual capital costs of $77,020, assuming a life of 27 years; annual operating costs of $178,715; hill finishing costs of $310,000; and a cost per ton of $2.73. [13705] Hart3 S. A. Landfilling. In Solid wastes management in Germany; report of the U.S. Solid Wastes Study Team visit June 25 - July 8, 1967. Public Health Service Publication No. 1812. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. p.5-8. A study of sanitary landfilling practices in Germany revealed that: land is expensive and hard to obtain, especially in Berlin; land reclamation is practical; although not technically sanitary, the German landfills are well run; and regional planning is being attempted in several areas. [16478] Hughes, G. M., R. A. London, and R. N. Farvolden. Selection of sites, design, and operation of sanitary landfills. J-n_ Hydrogeology of solid waste disposal sites in northeastern Illinois. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.53-68. The critical factors in site selection are the cost of refuse transport, site acquisition, site modification, and operation balanced against the value of the reclaimed land; the design objectives all involve leachate control. [18216] 298 ------- Hughes, G. M., R. A. London, and R. N. Farvolden. Fluorometric procedure for detecting leadhate in glacial materials: hydrographs. In Hydrogeology of solid waste disposal sites in northeastern Illinois, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.136-143. The fluorometric method for the detection of leachate proceeds as follows: a sample of 25 g of fresh material is suspended in water and centrifuged, and the supernatant is examined for fluo- rescence; a second reading is taken after hydrochloric acid has been added to make a 5 percent solution of the sample. [18218] Porkhurst, J. D. Techno-economics of londfilling. In Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.9-20. Engineering and planning studies in Los Angeles County have shown that sanitary land disposal is the most economical means of waste disposal for the area, especially if hauling distances are not greater than 20 miles, land reclamation is practiced, and nearby sand and gravel pits can be adapted as landfill sites. [18158] Pierau, E. Test on the dumping behavior of shredded domestic refuse. Kommunalwirtschaft, (1):23-29, Jan. 1971. Investigations into the advantages of shredding domestic refuse prior to dumping have shown that transportation is facilitated and that, because of the increased surface area of the individual refuse particles, the process of controlled composting is much more effective. (Text in German) [15979] Sanitary landfill (II-A). In Solid waste disposal in Greater Canton, Ohio. Water and Sanitation Committee of Greater Canton Chamber of Commerce, Mar. 10, 1969. p.7-11. Municipal sanitary land disposal is discussed in terms of site locational, equipment, personnel, and operational requirements. [16106] Schoeriberger, R. J., and A. A. Fungaroli. Incinerator-residue-fill site investigation. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 97(SM10):1,431-1,443, Oct. 1971. An abandoned reservoir which is being used as a landfill site for Philadelphia's municipal incinerator residue was studied to determine the long term changes in the residue and its leachate and to assess the suitability of such a site for subsequent site development. [16529] 299 ------- Tyminskii, V. C.3 and A. J. Spiridonov. Select-ion of zones suitable for burial of industrial waste. Soviet Atomic Energy, 29(5):1,137-1,139, Nov. 1970. Uranium migration coefficients and U234/U238 ratios were used to determine the complex hydrodynamic conditions of the subsur- face waters of East Germany's Tashkent artesian basin so that geologically favorable regions for dumping industrial effluents could be selected. [16335] SEPARATION Cross., J. A.s and W. E. Franklin. Technology - trends and new developments. In Market opportunities for shredders in solid waste management; final report. Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute, June 7, 1971. p.16-18. Because salvaging and recycling are now the national policy, most of the newly proposed solid waste management systems include two functions: the reduction of the mixed refuse to particles of small, relatively uniform size; and the separation of material into various classes. [16209] EvanSj M. Selective melting of mixed metallic scrap. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(12):72, 76, 78, 80, Dec. 1971. College Research Company has patented a metal separator which comprises a furnace in the form of a rotary kiln; a total metallic selective melting recovery system would include three CORECO furnaces in tandem, with one reclaiming lead, the second reclaiming zinc, and the third reclaiming aluminum. [16259] Hezel3 W. J. (Waste Reclamation Corporation). Trash segregation apparatus. U.S. Patent 3,572,503; filed Nov. 4, 1968; issued Mar. 30, 1971. This apparatus, which comprises a vibratory conveyor, a closed circuit conduit with a venturi, and a blower, segregates refuse according to its specific gravity. [17323] Rohrer, E. Comparative tests on the Durafiner in a waste paper stock preparation system. Paper Technology, 11(6) :431, 432, 498, 1970. The Durafiner uses a hammermill with a vertical shaft and fixed hammers to sort usable paper from the impurities during wastepaper stock preparation; results of tests on the effectiveness of de- fibration using the Durafiner are reported. [16391] 300 ------- (Rose, Downs and Thompson Limited). Method of and device for continuous separation of oil from oil containing materials. Dutch Patent 6,812,830; filed Sept. 9, 1968; issued Mar. 11, 1970. With this method a reusable vaporous substance such as hexane, benzene, or isopropanol is mixed with the oil-containing materials in such a way that it condenses on the inside and outside surfaces of the materials, thereby increasing the efficiency of the separation process. (Text in Dutch) [17357] Ward, A. S.3 and I. Smith. Cake filtration - the adhesion of the oake to filtercloth. Filtration and Separation^ 8(5):525-528, Sept.-Oct. 1971. In the separation of a cake from its filter cloth the only important factor is the limiting stress in a plane parallel to the face of the cloth, and evidence indicates that the cloth-to-particle bond is stronger than the bonds existing across the separation plane. [16260] SLUDGE Abson, J. W.3 and E. I. Clark. Trends in sewage treatment. Process Biochemistry, 6(1):15-18, 35, Jan. 1971. Sewage sludge treatment today relies heavily on the activated sludge process, mechanical sludge dewatering, and incineration; the production of potable water may be among the objectives of sludge treatment in the future. [16018] Cherry, A. L.} and R. C. Schuessler, Private company improves municipal waste facility. Water and Wastes Engineering, 8(3):32-35, Mar. 1971. The operation of the municipal sewage treatment plant in Cleveland, Ohio, is discussed, as is the role of the Dow Chemical Company in controlling and adjusting the treatment process. [15859] Goldberg3 A. S. A procedure for treatment and disposal of wastewater sludge. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(9):1,912-1,920, Sept. 1971. It has been found that the chlorination of sewage sludge reduces the odor, improves the filtration properties, and renders a product which might be utilized either in the paper-making process or as a soil conditioner. [16019] Hinesly3 T. D,3 0. C. Braids3 and J. E. Molina. Properties of liquid digested sludge with respect to land disposal. In Agricultural benefits and environmental changes resulting from the use of digested sewage sludge on field crops. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.3-12. Microbial fermentation does not appear to cause seed germination inhibition following liquid digested sludge applica- tion, although sludge toxicity toward seed germination was confirmed; this toxicity was eliminated when the sludge was boiled for several minutes. [16441] 301 ------- Hinesly, T. D.3 0. C. Braids, and J. E. Molina. Greenhouse studies. In Agricultural benefits and environmental changes resulting from the use of digested sewage sludge on field crops. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p. 13-14. It was found that the application of sludge to soils in which corn is grown results in: increased copper and zinc concentrations in the corn; an increase in the cation exchange capacity and buffering capacity of sandy soils; no change in the soil pH; and the provision of adequate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. [16443] Hineslys T. D.s 0. C. Braids, and J. E. Molina. Supplemental field experiments. In Agricultural benefits and environmental changes resulting from the use of digested sewage sludge on field crops. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p. 43-46. The results of these experiments show that, in the absence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer applications, a large increase in the yield of corn and kenaf is realized even for minimal sludge appli- cation. [16446] Einesly, T. D., 0. C. Braids, and J. E. Molina. Hygienic aspects of liquid digested sludge disposal on cropped land. In Agricultural benefits and environmental changes resulting from the use of digested sewage sludge on field crops. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p. 47-56. Digested sludge contains a fecal coliform popula- tion of about 100,000 cells per ml and there is an overall develop- ment of E. coli in autoclaved digested sludge; bacterial action can, however, be reversed by adding 5 g per liter of bacto-tryptone to the digested sludge. [16447] C. E.3 C. R. Miller3 and L. E. Vosburg. Design and operating experiences using turbine dispersion for aerobic sludge digestion. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(3) :417-421, Mar. 1971. The operation of the plant has been relatively trouble free, and the sludge produced is suitable for either direct hauling to farms or dewatering on sludge-drying beds; the dewatered sludge is inoffensive in both appearance and odor. [16031] Lindstedtf K. D. 3 E. R. Bennetty and J. Puntenney. Aerobic digestion for waste activated sludge solids reduction. Water and Sewage Works, 118(6):166-168, June 1971. It was found that 26.5 percent of the total waste solids in activated sludge could be destroyed by aerobic digestion prior to concentration, vacuum filtration, and incineration. [16017] 302 ------- Lopker, E. B. (Pullman Incorporated). Procedure and apparatus for filtering sludges. French Patent 2,037,886; filed Mar. 10, 1970; issued Dec. 21, 1970. Calcium sulfate and phosphoric acid sludges are deposited on a rotating filter medium which is partially immersed in a tank containing the sludge; the sludge eventually forms a cake on the outside of the filter and is removed by a mechanical scraper. (Text in French) [17415] (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg A.G.). Screw conveyor for liquids or sludges. French Patent 2,040,959; filed Nov. 7, 1969; issued Jan. 11, 1971. This unit is designed primarily for sewage treatment plants where it functions as a lightweight and portable sludge conveyor which can be placed near the edge of a tank or container. (Text in French) [17424] Pashkov, V. #.., E. I. Sirota, and V. P. Iskra. (Ukrainian Metallurgical Plant, Zhdanov Branch, 'Ukrgripromez. ' Desludger/descaler for horizontal settling tanks. Russian Patent 257,358; filed June 24, 1967; issued Apr. 7, 1970. This device, which can be used to clean the most inaccessible areas of the tank and can be moved from one section to the other, comprises a movable carriage with a tiltable boom, a scraper, and a bucket. (Text in Russian) [17542] Peter, G. , and K. Wuhrmann. Contribution to the problem of bioflocculation in the activated sludge process. In Proceedings; 5th International Water Pollution Research Conference, San Francisco, 1970. Pergamon Press Ltd., 1971. tLondon], 9 p. (Reprint.) Sixteen bacterial strains were isolated from activated sludge and used as pure cul- tures to determine their contribution to the flocculation process. [16408] Sludge and slurry dewatering by centrifugation. Water and Waste 13(3): 83-84, Sept. -Oct. 1970. Two of the most important types of centrifuges used for dewatering sludge and slurry are the solid bowl conveyor type, and the disc centrifuge with nozzle discharge, both of which are described along with their applications. [16397] Sludge handling: the hardest phase of waste treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 5(8)1670-671, Aug. 1971. Sludge handling falls into three categories: conditioning, which is generally chemical; dewatering, which is achieved by vacuum filtration, centrifugation, or lagooning; and final disposal, which is usually accomplished via landfilling, incineration, or ocean disposal. [16394] 303 ------- Yasudcij A.3 and C. Kobase. (Takuma Kikan Seizo K.K.). Dehydrating and crushing device for sludge. Japanese Patent 46-19,384; filed Jan. 9, 1967; issued May 31, 1971. Sludge from the settlement tank of a sewage treatment plant is condensed, dewatered by centrifugation, squeezed, and crushed to form an end-product which can be incinerated or used as a fertilizer. (Text in Japanese) [17021] Yerkes, W. D. Secondary sludge as a soil amendment aids crops production. Paper Trade Journal, 155(16):43-44, Apr. 19, 1971. Corn plots spread with 20 tons per acre of centrifuged sludge gave higher yields than plots with no sludge, 40 tons of sludge per acre, or 10 tons of manure per acre. [16549] STORAGE Boughtan, T. T. (T. T. Boughton & Sons Limited). Improvements in or relating to apparatus for unloading garbage from a container. British Patent 1,249,818; filed June 13, 1969; issued Oct. 13, 1971. This arrangement, which consists of four ropes attached to a wire mesh screen, is intended to provide an efficient and economical way to remove garbage and can be adapted to containers of different shape. [17050] Brockmuller, F. F. (Messrs. Windmoller and Holscher). Process and apparatus for manufacturing bags comprising a liner bag which protrudes from the opening. U.S. Patent 3,576,154; filed Jan. 13, 1969; issued Apr. 27, 1971. This apparatus for manufacturing bags with a single or multi-ply wrapper comprises a device for feeding a wrapper web for the wrapper bags, a device for feeding and cross-cutting a liner bag web, and an apparatus for overlapping the pieces which have been cut from the liner bag web. [17048] Friesen3 G. A. (Gordon A. Friesen International Inc.). Sanitary disposable receiver for liquid and solid wastes. U.S. Patent 3,591,870; filed Nov. 14, 1968; issued July 13, 1971. The sanitary receiver is composed of a nonporous, highly hydrated paper, preferably unbleached kraft paper, 0.0003 to 0.0006 in. thick, which is coated with one of several surfactants and backed with a layer of tissue paper. [17341] 304 ------- (J. Ochsner and Cie A.G.). Improvements in and relating to stationary feed apparatus for refuse containers. British Patent 1,226,908; filed July 17, 1969; issued Mar. 31, 1971. This apparatus comprises a pivotable device which is coupled to, and serves to support, a pivotable compacting wall on a refuse container; the device imparts to the wall a reciprocating or oscillating movement as refuse is being fed into the container. [17055] Langley, W. B. Refuse bag holder. U.S. Patent 3,563,505; filed Oct. 13, 1969; issued Feb. 16, 1971. This extremely lightweight bag holder is equipped with a bag storage device for storing a roll of refuse bags and a cover which receives and clamps a bag located on one end of the bag roll. [17046] STREET CLEANING Berg, H. vom. (Hako-Werke Hans Koch and Sohn). Automatic street cleaning machine. German Patent 1,658,384; filed Feb. 8, 1967; issued Apr. 8, 1971. This street sweeper is based on an overhead-throwing principle, uses a revolving brush, and is equipped with an hydrau- lic and electrical control system which gives the driver control over the position of the front edge of the elastic strip on the revolving component. (Text in German) [17350] The Lacre Story. Public Cleansing, 61(12):599-600, Dec. 1971. A booklet entitled The Lacre Story recounts the history of Lacre, Ltd. of England, a manufacturer of street sweepers, and includes a number of illustrations of public cleansing vehicles. [16563] Larsen, G. J.3 and R. L. Woodworth. (Wayne Manufacturing Company). Road sweeper broom chamber control. U.S. Patent 3,584,325; filed Nov. 13, 1969; issued June 15, 1971. In this device, the rubber seal which is normally used to maintain an airtight sweeping chamber has been modified to form two pieces which maintain a more intact air seal. [17348] More exhibits at the conference. Public Cleansing, 61(6):247-249, June 1971. A description is given of the following exhibits at the Conference Vehicle and Appliance Exhibition: a tipping version of the salvage trailer; a propathene broom; a small, relatively inexpensive vacuum-operated gully vehicle; a range of sack holders; three Tri-Pack packers; and a comprehensive selection of street litter receptacles. [16572] 305 ------- Scruggs, D. E., and C. E. Holmes. (Industrial Brush Company). Street sweeping broom construction with inclined bristles. U.S. Patent 3,588,937; filed Dec. 5, 1968; issued June 29, 1971. The brush of this broom is in the form of a continuous helical coil and is intended for street and industrial use. [17434] (Wayne Manufacturing Company). Street cleaning vehicle. British Patent 1,224,068; filed Dec. 12, 1968; issued Mar. 3, 1971. This street cleaning vehicle uses a vacuum and is equipped with a specially designed dirt-receiving chamber from which dirt accumulations can be automatically shaken without removing the chamber from the vehicle. [17352] TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS Clark, S. An ecological preventive maintenance program. Canadian Plastics, 28(12):20, 28, Dec. 1971. To battle adverse publicity concerning the relationship between plastics and pollution, industry must begin its own information campaign as well as solicit the help of the media. [16105] Doan3 H. D. An industrialist looks at pollution. Chemistry, 44(4):13-15, Apr. 1971. The major difficulties encountered in improving the environment are convincing the average man to pay the bill, and reworking the interwoven governmental units so that the prices are kept at a reasonable level. [15981] The Environmental Fair; supplement. Resource Planning Institute, Burlington, Mass., Jan. 15, 1971. 16 p. (Unpublished manuscript.) A nonexhortive program, The Environmental Fair, will involve the development, construction, testing, and implementation of a participative series of environmental educational experience for children in kindergarten through the sixth grade; it consists of a classroom phase, which utilizes classroom kits, and a travelling fair, which reinforces the classroom experience. [15734] Graber, R. C.3 F. K. Erickson, and W. B. Parsons. Manpower for environmental protection. Environmental Science and Technology, 5(4);314-319, Apr. 1971. The need for qualified engineers, sanitarians, program specialists, technicians, and aides in the field of environmental protection is discussed, and a list of universities offering programs in the environmental sciences is provided. [16249] 306 ------- Hafner3 E. M., J. M. Fotiler, and C. A. Williams. Environmental Education 1970. New York, Scientists' Institute for Public Information, 1970. 28 p. Traditional undergraduate courses in biology, botany, and soil physiology, for example, do not provide an ade- quate basis for investigating the problems posed by air, water, and solid waste pollution; neither do these disciplines offer any suggestion as to how they might be used to solve the dilemma of our growing productivity and our deteriorating quality of life. [16602] Hickman, H. L. Fhe engineer in solid waste management. Professional Engineer, p.16-17, Oct. 1971. It is the responsibility of the engineering profession to develop standards of qualification for solid waste management engineers, to establish courses and seminars for transmitting available knowledge in this field, and to encourage the development of a higher level of solid waste management technology. [16532] Lindsay, J. V. 'Recycling Day' in New York City. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(3):59-60, Mar. 1971. New York City has done the following to encourage recycling: created incentives to recycle gas station oil; signed a contract with private industry which was to conduct an experiment to convert ordinary garbage into fertilizer; issued detailed proposals for the recycling of packaging materials; col- lected 73,000 abandoned cars for reprocessing in 1970; and specified the percentage of recycled paper to be used in municipal office paper. [16588] Vaughn, R. D. Solid waste management - everybody's problem. Environmental jacience and Technology, 5(4):293, Apr. 1971. The roles of scientists, economists, law enforcement personnel, municipal officials, indus- trialists, educators, and citizens in solving the solid waste problem are delineated. [16568] TRANSPORT (Aktiebolaget Svenska Flatfabriken). Means for the pneumatic transport of refuse and garbage. British Patent 1,223,279; filed Nov. 29, 1968; issued Feb. 24, 1971. This means for the pneumatic transport of refuse and garbage from a number of refuse chutes to a common collection place comprises a transport pipe extending to the col- lection point, a fan unit for maintaining a vacuum in the transport pipe, a coarse separator, and a fine separator. [17355] 307 ------- Collins, C. Sophisticated systems for handling solid waste. Waste Age, 2(3):26-27, 30, 57, May-June 1971. With the Automated Vacuum Collection (AVAC) system, which is a waste collection system designed for high-rise apartments, hospitals, and other installa- tions that produce a large volume of refuse, refuse is dropped into gravity chutes, stored temporarily at the bottom, and then dropped into lateral vacuum pipes which carry it to a storage silo. [16333] Culp, D. Pressure discharge waste disposal apparatus. U.S. Patent 3,566,415; filed Aug. 20, 1969; issued Mar. 2, 1971. This device, which comprises a waste conduit and refuse receptacle with a waste-receiving chamber beneath it, is designed primarily for situations in which wastes must be discharged upwardly against a head of pressure. [17354] Dowdican, F. W. Waste lift system. U.S. Patent 3,552,408; filed Feb. 1, 1968; issued Jan. 5, 1971. This system distributes waste material which has been deposited in a central container to a number of different pump units, each of which can discharge the waste to a disposal area outside of the container. [17353] Johansson, B. B. Whisking the garbage. Saturday Review, 54(27):40-43, July 3, 1971. In Sundbyberg, Sweden, the problems and expenses associated with manual refuse collection are eliminated by an apartment house refuse system in which bagged trash is dropped into chutes and carried through vacuum pipes to a central incinera- tor. [15853] Medhammar, K. I. M. (A.B. Centralsug). Method and means for suction of vacuum transport of refuse and the like. U.S. Patent 3,583,770; filed Feb. 4, 1969; issued June 8, 1971. A method for the pipeline transport of refuse from a refuse chute to a collection container or silo involves the use of suction air of subatmospheric or vacuum pressure within the pipe. [17955] The Western Pacific Railroad plan for disposal of San Francisco's solid waste. Oakland, Kaiser Engineers, Apr. 1968. [30 p.] According to the proposed plan, San Francisco's refuse would be compacted, container- ized, sealed or covered with plastic sheeting, and rail hauled to a remote desert landfill site; an extrusion press method might be incorporated into the treatment phase of the process. [16282] •to U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE - 1972—514-150/106 Jja742 308 ------- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5, Library (PL-12J) 77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Ftoor Chicago. II 60604-3590 U.S. .Eny/r0nmet?{gf P/pieci/on /igency R ml Mm SMtwwjs ian 9i)f*|9. IJ- ------- ------- |