SOLID WASTE INFORMAT
RETRIEVAL S¥STEM
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00
CONTENTS
Volume 2, Number 11/12
November/December, 1971
Agricultural wastes (includes crop residues and animal manures) 257
Analysis of solid waste 260
Automobile (abandoned autos, processing, separating, salvaging, reduction, collection of autos. Recycling
of automobile parts will be found under Automobile, not under Recycling) 262
Bulky wastes (includes building-demolition and highway-construction debris) 263
Collection (includes transfer stations). See also Transport 263
Compost/Composting (includes equipment, processes, and marketing) 266
Disposal (multisystems only). See a/so Specific methods 268
Economics (includes costs, fees, taxes, and financing) 270
Hazardous wastes (includes pesticides) 272
Health/Safety 273
Incineration (includes all burning processes and pyrolysis) 275
Industrial wastes (excludes sewage sludge and slurry) 278
Institutional wastes (includes hospitals, schools, universities, research facilities) 280
Law/Regulations (includes ordinances and bills) 283
Litter 284
Management (includes the facility as well as overall concept of the system) 285
Ocean disposal (includes all waterways) 287
Packaging wastes (includes plastic, glass, and metals) 288
Processing/Reduction (excludes composting and incineration) 289
Recycling (includes reclamation, utilization, salvage, recovery and reuse). See a/so Automobile 292
Research 296
Sanitary landfill (includes all land disposal) 297
Separation 300
Sludge (includes sewage sludge and slurry) 301
Storage (includes receptacles, containers, and sacks) 304
Street cleaning (includes snow removal and sweeping equipment) 305
Training, Education, and Public Relations 306
Transport (includes pipelines, pneumatic systems, rail, truck or barge haul). See a/so Collection 307
The purpose of this bulletin is to keep readers abreast of the solid waste management information being published currently.
The bulletin reports only a portion of the mass of literature rapidly being generated All-inclusive solid waste management
bibliographies (Public Health Service Publication No. 91 and Supplements A through F) covering the years from 1941 through
1963 are available throughout the Nation in the Public Health Service depository libraries Publication of the series is being
continued by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency. It is planned that in 1972 the series will become current.
The Solid Waste Information Retrieval System holdings cover the period from 1964. it includes both periodical and non-
periodical literature of the world. The brief description given of each accession is not a full abstract, but indicates the contents
of the document being added to SWIRS and gives a complete bibliographic citation In the case of foreign-language articles,
the original language is indicated.
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An environmental protection publication (SW-41 9c)
in the solid waste management series
This publication, prepared
under contract to the Federal solid waste management program,
is reproduced as received from the contractor.
Any questions regarding errors or inconsistencies
should be referred directly to the contractor.
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AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Adriano, D. C., P. F. Pratt3 S. E. Bishop, W. Brook, J. Oliver, and
W. Fairbank. Nitrogen load of soil in ground water from
dairy manure. California Agriculture, 25(12):12-14,
Dec. 1971. The nitrate and nitrate-nitrogen levels of
drainage waters beneath manure disposal lands can be kept
within safe limits if an average population of only three
to four cows per disposal acre is maintained.
[16097]
Bell, R. C., and J. Pos. Design and operation of a pilot plant for
composting poultry manure. Transactions of the American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. 14(6):1,020-1,023,
Nov.-Dec. 1971. It was found that the pollution potential
of poultry manure can be reduced via engineered composting
in a unit consisting of a closed cylinder mounted on a
steel frame and fitted with an internal electrically driven
rotor.
[16024]
Davidson, J. A., and C. J. Maokson. Poultry manure handling by
indoor septia tanks (so-oalled 'indoor lagoons'). In Poultry
pollution: problems and solutions. Research Report 117.
Farm science. East Lansing, Agriculture Experiment Station,
Michigan State University, July 1970. Fly and odor problems
were reduced with a system in which poultry manure dropped
through slatted floors in the cages to indoor lagoons filled
with 18 in. of water; fan ventilation was used and the
manure sludge was agitated with compressed air for 6 hr per
day.
[16365]
Drexel team attaoks pollution problems. Delaware Valley Industry,
44(11):19, Dec. 1971. The Drexel approach consists of drying
animal wastes in closed cycle with superheated steam to
produce a stable material with a low level of bacterial
activity; the utilization of this material as an animal feed
or as a supplementary fuel for the drying operation is being
investigated.
[16513]
Jones, D. D., D. L. Day, and U. S. Garrigus. Oxidation ditch in a
confinement beef building. Transactions of the American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, 14(5):825-827, Sept.-Oct.
1971. It was found that the manure from beef cattle fed on
any type of ration can be successfully treated in an indoor
oxidation ditch supplied liberally with dissolved oxygen.
[16280]
257
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Launder, J. M. (Horizons Unlimited Problems Solved by Ideas Corporation),
Animal house air-conditioning and manure disposal system.
U.S. Patent 3,552,358; filed Sept. 29, 1967; issued Jan. 5,
1971. Animal manure is dropped through a slatted floor into
a trough of chilled liquid which stabilizes the manure, conveys
it to the disposal point, and cools and dehumidifies the air
in the animal house.
[17292]
Ludlington, D. C., A. T. Babel, and A. G. Hashimoto. Odors and gases
liberated from diluted and undiluted chicken manure.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
14(5):855-859, Sept.-Oct. 1971. Diluted or liquid chicken
manure releases more hydrogen sulfide than undiluted manure,
while the undiluted manure releases more carbon dioxide and
ammonia; although the odors produced by both are of comparable
strength, the odor of the diluted manure is more offensive.
[16258]
Miller, B. F. Biological conversion of animal wastes to nutrients.
Fort Collins, Department of Avian Science, Colorado State
University, May 4, 1971. 69 p. Fly pupae and catabolized
poultry manure residue were evaluated as protein sources for
growing chickens and were found to produce a metabolizable
energy of 2,528 Cal per kg and 580 Cal per kg respectively.
[16099]
Nelson, J. M.3 and E. G. Ruppel. The effect of manure on sprangling of
sugarbeet roots. Journal of the American Society of Sugar
Beet Technologists. 16(3);191-196, Oct. 1970. Application of
sterilized or nonsterilized manure at rates of 40 tons or more
per acre are associated with a high incidence of sprangling
in sugarbeets; sprangling is less severe when leached manure
is used in manure-soil mixtures or when the seedlings are
irrigated with manure leachate.
[16278]
O'Callaghan, J. E., K. A. Pollock, and V. A. Dodd. Land spreading of
manure from animal production units. Journal of Agricultural
Engineering Research, 16(3);280-300, Sept. 1971. The following
variables must be determined in planning a land disposal system:
the levels of manure production; the chemical composition of
the manure; and the hydraulic and chemical loading maximums for
each field and each crop.
[16256]
258
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Robertson, L. S.3 and J. Wolford. The effect of application rate of
chicken manure on yield of com. J-n Poultry pollution:
problems and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science.
East Lansing, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State
University, July 1970. p.10-15. When applied at a rate of
46.4 tons per acre, poultry manure significantly reduced the
soil pH, significantly increased the percent of carbon and
the levels of available phosphorus, potassium, magnesium,
and nitrates, tended to increase the levels of calcium, zinc,
and copper, and had no effect on the manganese levels.
[16366]
Sobel, A. T. Moisture removal. In_ Agricultural wastes: principles
and guidelines for practical solutions; Cornell University
Conference on Agricultural Waste Management, Syracuse,
Feb. 10-12, 1971. p.107-114. When the moisture content of
animal manures is reduced to 10 to 15 percent, there is a
resultant reduction in offensive odors, volume, and weight,
and a favorable change in handling characteristics.
[16314]
Surbrook, T. G., J. S. Boyd3 and H. G. Zindel. Drying animal waste.
In Poultry pollution: problems and solutions. Research
Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing, Agricultural
Experiment Station, Michigan State University, July 1970.
p.16-20. A device consisting of five internal inclined
surfaces and a hammermill successfully treats dairy beef,
swine, and poultry manures at temperatures of 200 to 1,110 F.
[16367]
Thygeson, J. R. , E. D. Grossman, and J. MacArthur. trough-circulation
drying of manure in superheated steam. [Philadelphia], Drexel
University, [1971], [20 p.]. Using superheated steam as a
drying agent, animal manures can be economically treated to
produce a dry, odorless solid and a clear liquid condensate;
the process kills all pathogens and does not contribute to air
pollution.
[18038]
Zindel, H. C. Recycling poultry nutrients. Animal Nutrition and Health,
26(9) '.6-7, Sept. 1971. Dehydrated raw poultry manure has been
found to be acceptable as a poultry feed and as a fertilizer
for lawns, athletic fields, golf courses, greenhouses, and
potted house plants.
[16095]
259
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ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
Coleman, W. E. Vacuum-acid hydrolysis of fungal protein and of other
protein sources; a Division of Research and Development
open-file report (RS-0 3-6 8-17). Cincinnati, Environmental
Protection Agency, 1971. 10 p. (Restricted distribution.)
The quality of protein produced by fungal fermentation can
be determined from the amino acid profile, which is obtained
via acid hydrolysis under vacuum filtration.
[13862]
Ferretti, A.^ and V. P. Flanagan. Nonenzymatic browning in edible
spray-dried whey. Identification of some volatile components.
Journal of Dairy Science, 54(12) :1,769-1,771, Dec. 1971.
A steam volatile oil from commercial edible spray-dried whey
was found to comprise seven alkylpyrazines, three furans,
two pyrroles, alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone, isobutyramide,
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, benzaldehyde,
phenol, benzyl alcohol, maltol, dimethylsulfone, and propionic,
butyric, and benzoic acids.
[15918]
Franklin, W. E.,and A. Darnay. The outlook for nonpackaging paper,
1966 to 1976, and the impact of nonpackaging paper on solid
waste (1). In The role of nonpackaging paper in solid waste
management, 1966 to 1976. Washington, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1971. p.10-54. The following grades of
nonpackaging paper and paperboard are described in terms of
quality, durability, uses, current rate of consumption, and
predicted rate of consumption for 1976: newsprint, printing
paper, fine paper, special industrial paper, sanitary tissue,
special paperboard, wet machine board, construction paper,
and construction board.
[15596]
Gardner, D. L.,and I. C. McNeill. The thermal degradation of
polychoroprene - I. European Polymer Journal, 7(6):569-591,
June 1971. The dehydrochlorination, carbonization, and kinetics of
degradation of polychoroprene were studied under programmed
heating conditions in the absence of air and in pure nitrogen;
the results were compared with those from analyses of polyvinyl
chloride degradation.
[15609]
Gardner, D. L.,andl. C. McNeill. The thermal degradation of
polychoroprene - II. European Polymer Journal, 7(6):593-602,
June 1971. The gaseous, liquid, and involatile residual
products resulting from the thermal degradation of polychorprene
include: hydrogen chloride, chloroprene, methane, hydrogen,
ethylene, propylene, and chloroprene dimers.
[15611]
260
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Gardner3 D. L. 3 and I. C. McNeill. The thermal degradation of
polychloroprene - III, European Polymer Journal, 7(6):
603-612, June 1971. An examination of the degradation of
polychloroprene (PC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends
indicated that the dehydrochlorination of PC occurs via a
unimolecular mechanism rather than by a radical chain
process.
[15610]
Getting the measure of industrial waste. Public Cleansing, 61(10):502-
504, Oct. 1971. Of the 750,000 tons of industrial wastes
generated in the Manchester, England, area, 630,000 tons are
noncoiabustible, 190,000 tons are dangerous or intractable,
710,000 tons are dumped, and 15,000 tons are burned.
[16248]
Gross, J, A.3 and W. E. Franklin, Overview of solid Waste management.
In Market opportunities for shredders in solid waste management;
final report. Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute,
June 7, 1971. p.1-9. The following topics are discussed:
changes in the composition of urban refuse, processing techniques
for dealing with reusable wastes, and the increase in urban
solid waste generation rates.
[16207]
Iglar, A. F,3 and R. G. Bond. Analysis of data; quantities of solid
waste per admission. In Hospital solid waste disposal in
community facilities; final report. Minneapolis, Minn.
School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, May 1971.
p.208-240. The amounts, types, and sources of hospital solid
wastes are discussed along with the methods used for disposing
of these wastes.
[18393]
Kitaoka3 Y,3 and K. Murata. Experiments on the thermal degradation of
ethylene low polymer. Nenryo Kyokai-shi, 50(534):791-799,
1971. The degradation rate for the low polymer was found to
be 7.0 g per cu cm per hr at 440 C, and its energy of
activation was 48.6 kcal per molecule; the degradation products
consisted of a volatile gas mixture and nonvolatile oily
mixture. (Text in Japanese)
[15698]
Ramadan, F. M. 3 and A. S. Nawar. Parameters of fish toxioity tests in
trade waste characterization. Water and Waste Water Research,
4Cl):19-23, Jan. 1971. An investigation is reported in
which bioassay tests on fish were used to determine the
preneutralization and postneutralization toxicity levels of
arc-welding wastes and waste materials from a TV cathode tube
plant.
[15916]
261
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Stephenson, M. E.3 B. E. Cabrera, and F. M. D 'Itri. Wet combustion
procedure for determination of carbon content in municipal
refuse. Environmental Science and Technology, 5(9)1799-802,
Sept. 1971. Using a modified wet combustion procedure with
a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acids
serving as the reagent and modified chromic acid and combustion
fluid serving as the oxidizing medium, one can determine the
carbon content in municipal refuse samples containing up to
1.0 g of oxidizable carbon.
[16181]
Wilson, D. L. Laboratory procedure for the gravimetric determination
of carbonate carbon in solid wastes; a Division of Research
and Development open-file report (RS-OZ-68-17). Cincinnati,
Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. 23 p. (Restricted
distribution.) The carbonate carbon content is gravimetrically
evaluated after 1 to 5 g of weighed, dry, uniform sample has
been reacted with hydrochloric acid in a closed system and
the evolved gases have been fixed in an absorption train.
[13859]
Wilson, D. L. Method for macrodetermination of carbon and hydrogen in
solid Wastes. Environmental Science and Technology^ 5(7):
609-614, July 1971. This method, which employs a dry
combustion-purification-gravimetric approach, can be used to
accurately analyze materials whose carbon contents range
from 0.46 to 83.31 percent and whose hydrogen contents are
between 0.01 and 7.80 percent.
[15919]
AUTOMOBILE
Farmer, R. N. People and auto debris: potential solutions. Traffic
Quarterly, 25(2):255-266, Apr. 1971. A project is proposed
under which teams of 10 to 15 young people under skilled
managers would obtain and recondition old cars, effect any
necessary repairs, resell the usable cars, and scrap unusable
vehicles for parts salvage or delivery to wrecking yards.
[15850]
Firrihaber, R. B. Cold shock for car scrap. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
Nachrichten, 25(7),Feb. 1971. A new method for shredding
car scrap involves compressing the cars into bales, immersing
them in liquid nitrogen for 1 hr, shredding them, and separating
the ferrous from the nonferrous components. (Text in German)
[15983]
262
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Small, W. E. The perfect pollution machine. Ln Third pollution; the
national problem of solid waste disposal. New York, Praeger
Publishers, 1970. p.78-88. Although the electric steel
furnace is helping to create a demand for automobile scrap,
and new car crushers, shearing devices, and shredders are
making automobile processing and disposal easier, the move
toward plastics in the automobile industry may result in a
new solid waste disposal problem.
[13972]
Tezuka, K. (Nobutoshi Tezuka). Scrap metal compression device.
Japanese Patent 49-19,088; filed July 1, 1968; issued May 28,
1971. This device compresses scrap from old cars and cuts
it into small pieces of high density which are suitable as a
raw material for electric furnaces, open hearth furnaces, and
converters. (Text in Japanese)
[17103]
BULKY WASTES
Demolition of large storage tanks. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118
(5):18-19, Jan. 30, 1971. The methods which are recommended
for reducing the danger of explosion during the demolition
of large storage tanks include cutting or washing the volatile
tars and residues from the banks, or filling the tanks with
inert gases, water, or expansion foam.
[15832]
COLLECTION
Altman, S. M. 3 E. J. Beltranri, S. S. Rappaport, and G. K. Schoepfle.
Nonlinear programming model for crew assignments for household
refuse collection. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and
Cybernetics, SMC-1(3):289-291, July 1971. New York City's
EPA has developed a nonlinear programming model which will
aid in the optimal allocation of manpower for refuse collection
and thereby minimize the incidence of missed weekly
collections.
[16399]
Beaumont^ P. Garohey in the Barbican. Surveyor, 127(4,107);38-40,
Feb. 26, 1971. In designing the Barbican, a planned residential
neighborhood outside of London, it was decided to use the
Garchey disposal system, a method of completely enclosed,
waterborne collection and disposal, to handle the community's
solid wastes.
[15985]
263
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Blomberg, G. E. E. Apparatus with flexible screen for collecting
impurities floating in the water. Swiss Patent 503,163;
filed Feb. 15, 1971; issued Mar. 31, 1971. This device,
which consists of a horizontal screen with a traction
cable extending from one end to the other, is inexpensive
to manufacture and will operate efficiently under all
seasonal conditions and in all types of water currents.
(Text in Italian)
[17369]
Farharn, W. F.f and H. M. Frisby. City of Inglewood - one-man operated
collection. Waste Age, 2(5):22, 35-37, Sept.-Oct. 1971.
Accident rates, apathy, and poor work habits have been
reduced in Inglewood, California, with a one-man refuse
collection program under which healthy young men are recruited,
thoroughly trained, and kept motivated by high salaries.
[16518]
Huppert, M. Rainspout attachment for collecting refuse from roof
gutters. Swiss Patent 498,995; filed Jan. 16, 1970; issued
Nov. 15, 1970. This device comprises a cylindrical sleeve
which fits over the rainspout close to the gutter and a
transverse tilted screen which is located within the sleeve
and catches the refuse as it passes through the rainspout.
(Text in German)
[17511]
Lawson3 M. 3 and J. Seibold. Changeover to curbside plastic bag system
speeds up collections. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
Journal, 14(7):20, 52, 54, July 1971. In Arlington and
Grand Prairie, Texas, the sanitation labor force, fleet
size, and accident rate have been reduced and the number of
dwellings served per day has been increased following the
adoption of a new curbside plastic bag collection system.
[15768]
Mini-transfer station concept fills small urban needs. Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(7):18-19, 70, July 1971.
In San Bruno, California, refuse is taken to a 40-mile-distant
sanitary landfill via a transfer station system consisting
of two stationary compactors and two transfer trailers.
[16153]
264
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Narumi, T. (Marushima Suimon Seisdkusho K.K.). Sea-scavenging boat.
Japanese Patent 46-12,508; filed Dec. 13, 1966; issued May
1, 1971. A forwardly-inclined scooper/conveyor mechanism is
placed in the U-shaped bow of the boat, with two endless
chains, upon which are mounted several cross bars, being
located along both sides of the bow; a forwardly-inclined
screen is mounted below the scooper/conveyor device. (Text
in Japanese)
[17121]
Shupe, D, S.3 and E. L. Shell. Balancing waste collection routes.
Journal of Environmental Systems, 1(4):367-373, Dec. 1971.
Although it cannot be used as a predictive tool for long-range
planning, linear regression analysis can be used to determine
how well balanced collection routes are in terms of collection
crews and time requirements.
[16151]
Smithy H. E. (Thad J. Earl). Refuse vehicle with compacting and
unloading means. U.S. Patent 3,584,755; filed Sept. 2, 1969;
issued June 15, 1971. Both compaction and unloading are
effected by a plunger which has a relatively small compacting
face and a hinged metal plate which pushes the refuse from
the vehicle during unloading.
[17111]
Solid waste disposal for- rural communities. Eureka, Calif., Department
of Public Works, County of Humboldt, Oct. 1969. p.A(l-9),
B(l-34). The following are discussed: front- and rear-loading
compactor trucks, refuse containers, rodent and fire
control of container sites, cost estimates for landfill and
container systems, and the selection of the most appropriate
loading equipment for various needs.
[16177]
Stefanelli3 L. Computer collection of load weight data at solid waste
transfer station. Professional Engineer, 41(10):21-23,
Oct. 1971. To facilitate billing by net load weight, the
San Francisco transfer station employs an automated data
collection system which efficiently measures and records the
refuse weights for each collection truck entering the station
and each transfer trailer arriving at the sanitary landfill.
[15988]
U-N-I-T-Y spells efficiency in Minneapolis. Solid Wastes Management/
Refuse Removal Journal, 14(8):48, 50, 52, Aug. 1971. Large
and small sanitation contractors in Minneapolis have formed
a voluntary, nonprofit corporation which is responsible for
collecting all residential refuse in the city; the city has
agreed to pay member haulers $2.55 per pickup per month and
has assumed all disposal costs.
[15986]
265
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Vienna is sti.11 the cleanest of cities. Solid Wastes Management /Refuse
Removal Journal, 14(3);20-22, 48, 50, 52, Mar. 1971.
Despite the fact that its landfill is not sanitary and its
composting plant has been a financial disaster, Vienna has
remained clean due to its efficient collection system and the
civic pride which motivates its citizens to use the refuse
receptacles located throughout the city.
[15887]
COMPOST/COMPOSTING
Beattie, J. E. The preparation of potting soi13 compost, and artificial
manure. Beltsville, Md., U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Oct. 1946. 4 p. The preparation of seedbed soil from clay
loam and dried or decayed manure, the thermal and chemical
sterilization of seedbed soil, the production of compost from
plant remains, and the preparation of synthetic manure from
dry vegetable material and a chemical mixture are described.
[18041]
Breideribachy A. W. Economic consideration. In Composting of municipal
solid wastes in the United States. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1971. p.57-77. Although in terms of net
costs, composting cannot compete economically with sanitary
landfilling, the larger-sized plants would cost about the
same as incinerators equipped with appropriate air pollution
abatement devices, and composting offers many nonquantifiable
advantages over other means of refuse disposal.
[16218]
Camden, J. B.3 E. D. Grossman, and J. R. Thygeson. Computer simulation
of a through-circulation dryer. Philadelphia, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Drexel University. [35 p.] [1970]
A mathematical model describing the temperature and moisture
content distributions in both the gas and solid phases was
fairly successful in projecting experimental drying times,
and temperature and moisture content profiles.
[16272]
Composting (II-B). Jin Solid waste disposal in Greater Canton, Ohio.
Water and Sanitation Committee of Greater Canton Chamber of
Commerce, Mar. 10, 1969. p.11-17. The following types of
composting equipment are described in terms of cost, potential
contribution to air and/or water pollution, and site locational
requirements: the stationary grinder and conveyor machine,
the mobile grinding and windrowing machine, and the Kuka Shark
collection truck.
[16111]
266
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Composting raises another head. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
Journal, 14(5):16, 108, 148, May 1971. Although Coral Gables,
Florida, is planning to install a municipal refuse composting
plant, previous experience with large-scale refuse composting
has shown that the compost is difficult to sell and that
the plants are both expensive to operate and sources of
environmental pollution.
[16398]
Engeler^ P, Turner for compost or dung. German Patent 1,782,606;
filed Sept. 24, 1968; issued Aug. 26, 1971. This turner
consists of a dovetail conveyor and a passage channel, the
former having mounted upon it a ventilated shredding roll with
a hollow perforated jacket. (Text in German)
[17134]
Gujer, H. Method and means for continuously drying wet organic waste
matter, particularly fresh sludge, through aerobic
precompositing. U.S. Patent 3,553,844; filed Dec. 3, 1968;
issued Jan. 12, 1971. Organic waste matter with a particularly
high water content is continuously added to a bed of decaying
matter which is, in turn, constantly agitated to allow the
circulation of air throughout.
[17129]
Kirk, W. W. (Lawden Manufacturing Company Limited). Improvements
relating to the processing of refuse material. British Patent
1,229,204; filed June 1, 1967; issued Apr. 21, 1971. A
description is presented of a composting plant consisting of:
a feed device, which conducts the refuse to a high-capacity
shredder; a digestor, which controls the rate of decomposition
of the refuse as well as the amount of air and water supplied
to it; a conveyor, which takes to digested material to a
magnetic separator and grinder; and a screen, which removes
all material which has not been pulverized to the desired
size.
[17132]
Nordgards S. Apparatus for composting waste. U.S. Patent 3,565,255;
filed Apr. 7, 1969; Feb. 23, 1971. This device, which is
especially useful for composting kitchen wastes, consists of
a storage container with a vibrating mechanism and several
conduits, each of which can selectively permit the introduction
of either air or water.
[17139]
267
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Small, W. E. Leaf composting cuts costs in Washington area. Compost
Science, 12(6):32, Nov.-Dec. 1971. The National Capital
Parks compost their leaves and wood wastes, using the leaf
compost as a soil conditioner and topsoil, and using the
chipped branches, stumps, and limbs for paths, mulching, and
as a ground for animal pens.
[15883]
Spohn, E. (Portland-Zementwerke Neidelberg A.G,). Mixing process for
composting and disinfecting wet refuse. French Patent 2,038,199;
filed Mar. 16, 1970; patent pending. A compost material
containing no less than 10 percent oxygen results from a
process in which wet refuse is granularized in commercial
mixers and disinfected via injection into the air. (Text in
French)
[17370]
Sui-chij M. Taiwan Sugar Corporation expands its swine program.
Taiwan Sugar, 17(5):13-18, Sept.-Oct. 1970. The Taiwan Sugar
Corporation, which is composting manure from its swine-breeding
operation, has found that the compost is of great value as a
soil conditioner and that the manure from seven animals is
sufficient to fertilize 1 ha of cane.
[15996]
DISPOSAL
Lawrence R. J. The rubbish 'explosion. ' Die Siviele Ingenieur in
Suid-Afrika, 13(6); 21, 223, June 1971. Although pulverization,
composting, and incineration are used as a means of handling
domestic refuse, controlled dumping remains the simplest and
cheapest method of refuse disposal.
[16569]
Ministry of Health and Welfare. How healthy living environments are
being created: waste material control policy. In White paper on
health and welfare: children and society. Tokyo, Ministry
of Health and Welfare, 1971. p.275-286. Trends in the
treatment of sewage, urban garbage, plastic waste, and waste
from construction operations and industry are reviewed.
(Text in Japanese)
[16071]
Miyanohara, T. Problems on disposal of urban wastes. Yosui to Haisui,
13(2):146-154, Feb. 1971. Disposal problems caused by the
increasing volumes and heterogeneity of domestic refuse may be
partially solved via: the updating of disposal equipment,
nightly refuse collection, the mechanization and standardization
of collection equipment, and the planned distribution of
disposal plants in suitable locations. (Text in Japanese)
[16070]
268
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Raschj R. Refuse disposal. Aufbereitungs-Technik, (1):42-44, Jan. 1971.
Among the topics discussed at meetings of the Association
of City Cleansing and Refuse Disposal Departments and the
International Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Association
were incinerator waste heat utilization, the pre-incineration
shredding of refuse, and the percentages of plastics in
solid waste. (Text in German)
116065]
Schroering, J. B. (Industrial Services of America, Inc.). Solid
waste disposal plant. U.S. Patent 3,557,685; filed Dec. 26,
1968; issued Jan. 26, 1971. In this plant, reclaimable
materials are salvaged, after which the remaining wastes
are prepared for sanitary landfilling via shredding and
compaction or baling.
[17145]
Sherrill, C. A. (Sanoo Corporation). Method of handling refuse.
U.S. Patent 3,583,164; filed May 15, 1969; issued June 8,
1971. With this method, a mobile baling press is used to
collect, compress, bale, and store refuse and then transport it
to and stack it in a sanitary landfill for disposal.
[17953]
Shin, K. G. A short report on the 20th Technical Conference on Refuse
at the University of Stuttgart. Muell und Abfall, 3(4):109-
111, Apr. 1971. Topics discussed at the Conference include:
the treatment of industrial and domestic refuse, the
influence of the number of employees in an industry on the
quantity of refuse which it generates, the probable increase
in refuse quantities within the next 10 years, and refuse
removal systems. (Text in German)
[13873]
Small, W. E. Disposal Technology: dump, burn, bury? T_n Third
pollution; the national problem of solid waste disposal.
New York, Praeger Publishers, 1970. p.116-127. Although
sanitary landfilling represents a loss of natural resources,
it is the most economical method of refuse disposal;
incineration, pyrolysis, ocean disposal, deep-well disposal,
salt-dome disposal, and cave disposal are discussed as
alternate means of refuse handling.
[13996]
Williams, C. A. Handling and disposal of toilet wastes. U.S. Patent
3,564,618; filed Nov. 4, 1968; issued Feb. 23, 1971. This
method, which eliminates the need for septic tanks, involves
solidifying the waste via freezing, storing the waste in
the frozen state, and then transporting it to a disposal site.
[17146]
269
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ECONOMICS
An about-turn for waste paper. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118
(2):21, Jan. 9, 1971. Although German wastepaper exports
for the first 9 months of 1970 were up 59.8 percent from
the previous year, the market fell drastically between July
and December as a result of an increase in the importation
of secondary fiber into Germany and an overabundance of
secondary fiber on the foreign market.
[16056]
Asano3 T. Present state and future of environmental pollution prevention
industry. No. S - problems of the industry. Yosui to Haisui,
13(2):139-145, Feb. 1971. A recent survey has indicated that
the installation of pollution prevention equipment is asso-
ciated with a decrease in profits and an increase in total
turnover; the reflection of these extra costs in sales prices
is discussed. (Text in Japanese)
[16058]
Ashcroft, J. What are overhead expenses? Materials Reclamation Weekly,
118(17):16-17, Apr. 24, 1971. Examples of overhead costs
are factory rent, costs of maintaining help in buying and
selling, mechanical handling and depreciation, loan interest,
debts, and directors' salaries.
[16062]
Clark, R. M. A joint optimization model for operating and capital
allocations. [Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. 22 p. [1969]. The model which is
presented can be used in selecting the most efficient type of
treatment facility, as well as in minimizing the total cost
of operation for that facility.
[16544]
Clark, R. M. An economic analysis of solid waste investment decisions.
[Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
[1967], 17 p. Linear programming and dynamic programming
can be used in choosing the best possible facilities for a
solid waste management system at the lowest feasible price.
[16508]
270
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Cross, J. A., and W. E. Franklin. Funding. In Market opportunities for
shredders in solid waste management; final report. Kansas
City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute, June 7, 1971. p.19-22.
Recent activities of the Federal government will have a
favorable impact on markets in areas related to solid waste
management, and they might result in favorable tax treatment
toward investments that encourage environmental cleanup.
[16210]
W. L. Let the pricing system provide the incentive. Industrial
Water Engineering, 8(4):8-10, Apr. 1971. It is suggested
that actions such as setting prices on the pollution of the
environment or taxing items that might cause pollution would
do much to stimulate environmental improvement.
[15934]
Josephson, H. R. Recycling of waste paper in relation to forest resources.
Tappi, 54(6):896-899, June 1971. Although, by intensifying
forest management, the United States could provide sufficient
timber to meet much of the anticipated pulpwood demand, the
eventual supply situation favors the increased recycling of
wastepaper.
[15541]
Phillips3 R. A. Run machines on a profit-or-loss basis. American City,
86(11):84, 127, Nov. 1971. The city of Denver purchases,
maintains, and rents maintenance equipment to various city
and county departments through a cost control system in which
hourly rentals are based on operating and maintenance expenses,
plus a replacement factor.
[16266]
Rushton, J. D. Capital spending. Chemical Engineering Deakbook Issue,
78(14):161-163, June 21, 1971. Although the necessary reduc-
tions in industrial emissions to the atmosphere and aquatic
environments must be implemented by industry itself, the
capital and operating expenditures which are required to meet
new pollution abatement regulations usually give a much lower
rate of return on investment than is normally required to
justify capital spending.
[15932]
Ruskin, A. M. Financing environmental improvements* American City,
84(11):70-72, Nov. 1971. To equalize the burden of pollution
control and to ensure a return on this type of investment,
transfer payments and tax incentives should be extended and
reoriented toward environmental improvement.
[18015]
271
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US holds key to tin market. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118(2):49-50,
Jan. 9, 1971. Tin prices have been and are likely to remain
depressed until the U.S. House of Representatives' Armed Services
Stockpile Subcommittee decides how to handle the sale of the
nation's stockpiled tin.
[15833]
HAZARDOUS WASTES
Bennett, F. W. A regional approach to environmental management of the
San Juan Eiver Basin. M.S. Thesis, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, 1970. p.24-33. If the radioactivity which is
damaging environmental and public health in the San Juan Valley
is to be controlled, the uranium waste piles in the area should
be covered with earth until a better solution is found.
[16412]
Burns., E. H. Solidification of low- and intermediate-level wastes.
Atomic Energy Review, 9(3):547-599, 1971. The incorporation
into cement or bitumen of wastes containing long-lived radioactive
wastes is discussed as a means of stabilizing them so that they
will be prevented from entering into the environment.
[16438]
Detilleux, E., W. G. Hild, G. Lazaretto, E. M. Menchero-Lopez, and
E. Eometsch. Process for solidifying radioactive wastes by the
addition of lime to precipitate fluoride. U.S. Patent 3,557,013;
filed Nov. 18, 1966; issued Jan. 19, 1971. Liquid radioactive
wastes containing at least one water-soluble fluoride and/or
water-soluble sulfate are mixed and agitated with lime, after
which the water is evaporated and the resultant paste is hardened
and enclosed in a watertight covering.
[17149]
Orison, C. 1!he creation of a Community system of radioactive waste dumps.
Euro-Spectra, 10(3):91-94, Sept. 1971. The need in Europe for
an international system in which centralized 'graveyards' would
be used for the disposal of all radioactive wastes generated by
member nations is discussed.
[16522]
Meyer, W. An argument for a recoverable high-level waste container.
Nuclear News, 14(4):38-40, Apr. 1971. It is suggested that the
pollution potential of radioactive wastes would be greatly reduced
if these wastes were placed in long-lived canisters made of a
material such as titanium and kept within special, reinforced
concrete or ceramic drums in salt bed storage holes.
[16586]
272
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Pearce, K. W. The treatment and disposal of radioactive and objectionable
solid wastes. Chemistry and Industry, (24):590-592, May 29, 1971.
The incineration, pulverization, baling, ocean disposal, and
trench disposal of radioactive, glass, and plastic wastes are
discussed.
[16439]
Ware., G. G. Method of treating waste material. U.S. Patent 3,593,393;
filed Jan. 15, 1969;"issued July 20, 1971. During the embalming
process, bodily fluids are withdrawn from a human cadaver with
a trocar, after which they are mixed with bactericides, diluted
with large quantities of water, and flushed down an ordinary
sink.
[17150]
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Bosley, P. Livestock feedlots are pollution source. Medical Bulletin of
the University of Minnesota, p.3-6, Mar.-Apr. 1971. If
Minnesota is to curb the severe public health hazard presented
by the discharge of animal and human wastes into its waterways,
existing regulations must be strictly enforced, farmers must
improve the management of their feedlot wastes, and more sewage
treatment facilities must be built.
[16495]
Emergency health service; definition of program content for bureau of
health operations. Health Mobilization Series. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1071 A-6. [Washington], U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1967. 228 p. If nuclear or
biological warfare were to be used against the United States,
a health program would be implemented in which organic wastes
would be buried, burned, or injected with poisons to reduce the
health hazards which they would present; the collection of
inorganic wastes would be assigned a relatively low priority.
[16289]
Gibbs, H. M. Sanitary disposal of dead birds. Poultry Guide, 8(6):21-22,
June 1971. In the interests of public health, dead birds should
be collected regularly, stored in airtight containers prior to
disposal, and disposed of by incineration, disposal in pits,
or deep burial.
[16098]
Kampelmacher, E. H.3 and L. M. van Noorle Jansen. Reduction of Salmonella
in compost in a hog-fattening farm oxidation vat. Journal of the
Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(7):1,541-1,545, July 1971.
Since it was found that the number of Salmonella in the oxidation
vat effluent was entirely dependent upon the severity of the
infections in the hogs, chlorination of the effluent was recom-
mended to reduce health hazards.
[12667]
273
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Public health. In An industrial solid waste management program for
Kentucky; review draft. [Frankfort], Kentucky State Department
of Health, Feb. 1971. p.51-72. A number of industrial wastes
are listed, along with their sources and identified public health
significances; among those mentioned are various textile mill
wastes, which are potential carcinogenic agents and producers
of air and water pollution.
[18064]
Public health hazards of incinerator residues. In An industrial solid
waste management program for Kentucky; review draft. [Frankfort],
Kentucky State Department of Health, Feb. 1971. p.A(l-33).
The unsatisfactory handling of incineration residues can create
health hazards via the provision of breeding grounds for vectors
or pathogens, and via the leaching of the residue by water, which
leads to the contamination of ground water and surface water
supplies.
[18073]
Star, S. Safety standards for solid waste management. Public Works, 102
(4):97-98, Apr. 1971. A manual prepared by the Safety Standards
Committee of the Governmental Refuse Collection and Disposal
Association provides a specific foundation for safety and effi-
ciency in solid waste management.
[16494]
Systems Research Division of Meyers Electro/Cooling Products, Inc. Urban
rat control programs. [Hartford], Connecticut Research Commission,
Nov. 1969. [159 p.]. Rat control programs should involve:
intensive cleanup campaigns to eliminate long-standing accumula-
tions of refuse; the provision of large refuse storage containers;
and the provision of adequate lighting in refuse storage areas
so that people will take the time to place their refuse in the
containers instead of throwing it on the ground.
[16410]
Zindel, H. C. Bacteriological problems. In Poultry pollution: problems
and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing,
Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University,
July 1970. p.45-46. Although numerous types of bacteria are
in dehydrated poultry waste, the fact that none are
present in large numbers indicates that their presence may be
due to recontamination following the drying process; precautions
against recontamination should therefore be taken.
[16374]
274
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INCINERATION
Appelhans, H.} and W. Schumann. (Polyma MasahinebaUj Dp. Appelhans G.m.b.H.)
Incineration system for burnable liquids or sludges. U.S. Patent
3,559,595; filed Nov. 25, 1968; issued Feb. 2, 1971. This
system has an incineration muffle for burnable liquids or sludges
which may contain nonburnable substances and which have different
heating values, different ignition temperatures, and/or different
viscosities.
[17064]
Can plastics be incinerated safely? Environmental Science and Technology,
5(8):667-669, Aug. 1971. Most of the problems associated with
the incineration of plastics can be avoided with proper incinera-
tion and the use of wet scrubbers; in addition, new plastics
which will not cause harmful emissions are being developed.
[16034]
Cardinal, P. J.3 Jr. Advances in multi-hearth incineration. Process
Biochemistry, 6(1):27-31, Jan. 1971. Multiple-hearth incinera-
tors, which are often preferred for the incineration of waste
sludges, have no burning grates and offer economical, efficient,
and odor-free operation.
[16030]
(Cities Service Tankers Corporation). Process for burning oily residues
in tankers. British Patent 1,235,833; filed Feb. 28, 1969;
issued June 16, 1971. This process involves mixing the residual
oil with a hydrocarbon fuel oil to produce a blended fuel which
has a flash point of at least 120 F and which can be burned on
board the ship.
[17156]
Fluidized bed pyrolysis. jn Solid waste; a new natural resource. Morgantown,
Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University,
May 1971. p.2-5. Pyrolysis in a fluidized bed gasifier involves
introducing cellulosic wastes into a hot, anaerobic bed of
high-silica sand, whereupon the wastes explode to form methane,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water, and a carbon char.
[18337]
(Fonderie E Officine Di Saronno S.p.A.). Mechanical grate for an installa-
tion for incineration of solid wastes. British Patent 1,223,668;
filed Oct. 3, 1969; issued Mar. 3, 1971. The described grate
has a steplike configuration, with movable portions in each step
setting off a reciprocal motion which advances the wastes along
the grate.
[17206]
275
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Gouinlockj E. V.3 J. F. Porter^ and R. R. Hindersinn. The mechanism of
the fire-retardance of dripping thermoplastic compositions.
Journal of Fire and Flammability, 2:206-218, July 1971. An
examination of three self-extinuishing thermoplastic compositions
which emit flaming drip during incineration indicated that the
drip itself is a significant contributor to the self-extinguishing
mechanism, possibly through the removal of heat from the burning
site.
[13884]
Heat recovery; special studies for incinerator No. 53 government of the
District of Columbia, Department of Sanitary Engineering.
Philadelphia, Day and Zimmermann Associates, Feb. 1967. 32 p.
The technical, operational, and financial aspects of waste heat
recovery from refuse incineration are discussed, and an evalua-
tion is made of the application of heat recovery techniques at
the District of Columbia's No. 5 incinerator.
[16403]
Hermes, P. Conclusion from the operating experiences of a refuse slag
sintering plant. Mitteilungen der Vereinigung der
Grosskesselbesitzer, 51(1):33-37, Feb. 1971. At 33 percent of
the cost of refuse incineration, nonmetallic refuse slag can be
sintered to effect a 96 percent reduction in refuse volume and
produce either an inert landfill material or an aggregate which
can be used in concrete construction. (Text in German)
[15941]
Incineration (II-C). In Solid waste disposal in Greater Canton, Ohio.
Water and Sanitation Committee of Greater Canton Chamber of
Commerce, Mar. 10, 1969. p.17-27. The costs, capabilities,
limitations, effects on air and water pollution, and operational
requirements of household, commercial, industrial, municipal,
fluidized bed, mobile, and Lantz incinerators are discussed.
[16033]
Incineration of waste liquids. In Disposal of industrial wastes by
combustion. ASME industry survey; present state of the art.
New York, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Jan. 1971.
(13 p.) A burner which has a refractory hearth and wall cooling,
is capable of taking solids of at least a 1/2-in. diameter, and
requires relatively small amounts of compressed air for atomiza-
tion is described.
[13876]
Kanury, A. M. Burning of wood - a pure transient model. Journal of Fire
and Flammability, 2:191-205, July 1971. Based on calculations
of mass-loss, the burning behavior of well-ventilated wood cribs
was shown to be similar to that of isolated fuel elements.
[16035]
276
-------
Kautz3 K., and H. Kirsch. New results of corrosion studies in the field of
refuse combustion. Mitteilungen der Vereinigung der Grosskessel-
besitzer, 51(3):223-228, June 1971. Corrosion occurs under both
continuous reducing conditions and sudden changes in oxidizing
atmospheres, with slag, ash, dust, and flue gases all contributing
to it in varying degrees. (Text in German)
[16039]
Nouak3 F. Tests on the admissible grate charge of refuse incineration
boilers. Mitteilungen der Vereinigung der Grosskesselbesitzer,
51(2):130-135, Apr. 1971. It was found that roller, Martin,
migration, and van Roll grates can, without harm, accept
considerably increased quantities of refuse with high calorific
values as long as the wastes with high heating values are homoge-
neously mixed with domestic refuse of a lower heating value.
(Text in German)
[16029]
Sharpe, P. S. (Brule C.E. and E.3 Inc.). Modular incinerator construction.
Canadian Patent 869,286; filed Sept. 18, 1968; issued Apr. 27,
1971. This multisectional incinerator consists of a burner
chamber, an ash pit, an upper combustion chamber, and a lower
combustion chamber, all of which are separate, independent
modules which can be assembled in co-acting relationship to form
an integral unit.
[17213]
Steriburg, R. L. Double flues. In Status of the flue-fed incinerator as
a source of air pollution. Presented at American Industrial
Hygiene Association Meeting, Washington, May 17, 1962. p.17-21.
Properly designed and constructed double-flue apartment incinera-
tors reduce the problems of incineration gases passing back
into the halls of the building, and certain designs of this type
also effect proper air pollution control.
[16434]
Tichatschke3 J. Studies of the emissions from refuse incinerators,
Mitteilungen der Vereinigung der Grosskesselbesitzer, 51(3):
219-223, June 1971. Although no hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, or
phosgene were detected, hydrogen chloride, methyl formate, and
formaldehyde were found in maximum concentrations of 18, 120,
and 200 mg per cu m, respectively, and the concentrations of
sulfur dioxide and ammonia were found to vary between 0.8 and
1.0 g per cu m and 0.5 to 4.5 mg per cu m respectively; the most
common concentration of sulfur trioxide was measured at 0.03 g
per cu m. (Text in German)
[16038]
277
-------
Uehlinger3 K. (Von Roll A.G.). Procedure and installation for the
prevention of fused deposits on the fire walls of incinerators
equipped with grates. Swiss Patent 498,338; filed Feb. 12, 1970;
issued Oct. 31, 1970. This invention consists of a second wall
located inside the incinerator side walls, with an oscillating
nozzle being used to spray water between the two walls and
thereby prevent the formation of lumps of slag. (Text in German)
[17516]
Warren, P. C. How plastics bum. Society of Plastics Engineers Journal,
27(2):17-22, Feb. 1971. A brief review of the literature on
polymer combustion and its inhibition includes a discussion of
flames, flammability measurements, and general types of inhibit-
ors, with special emphasis on their chemistry.
[15939]
Yamoshij K. (Dainishi Seisdkusho K.K.). Incinerator. Japanese Patent
46-19,155; filed May 11, 1968; issued May 28, 1971. This
incinerator, which can burn a large amount of refuse in a
relatively small amount of space, is equipped with a device
which forces air through the fire grids, thereby scattering
the waste and providing sufficient air and space for efficient
combustion. (Text in Japanese)
[17190]
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Channabasappa, K. C. Use of reverse osmosis for valuable by-products
recovery. Chemical Engineering Progress, Symposium Series,
67(107):250-259, 1971. Reverse osmosis, which can be applied
to cheesemaking wastes, pulp and paper industry wastes, organic
chemical wastes, nuclear wastes, steel pickling liquors, and
spent plating industry solutions, concentrates the solids in
waste water to render solid wastes and fresh, nonpolluting
water.
[16546]
A closed-loop approach to industrial plastics wastes. Modern Plastics,
48(7):44-45, July 1971. The Spaulding Fiber Company's industrial
laminates plant in Tonawanda, New York, is installing a
closed-loop incineration plant which will burn all solid and
liquid wastes, use gaseous wastes as combustion air, and use the
heat of incineration to generate steam for power production in
the plant.
[16186]
Dean, K. C.3 R. Havens* and E. C. Valdez. USBM finds many routes to
stabilizing' mineral wastes. Mining Engineering, 23(12):61-63,
Dec. 1971. Various methods of chemical, physical, and vegetative
stabilization are discussed in terms of their application to
mine tailing wastes.
[16043]
278
-------
Fluid bed incineration solves Amooo's refinery waste problems. Petro/Chem
Engineer, 43(3):27-30, Mar. 1971. The American Oil Company's
Mandau, North Dakota, refinery has installed a smokeless fluid
bed incinerator in which oily sludges and emulsions, which are
generally able to support combustion without the use of supple-
mentary fuel, are burned along with caustic chemical wastes.
[15908]
Kanyuk, A, I.3 V. S. Lobanov3 Yu. G. Olesov3 and V. S. Ustinov. Comparative
efficiency of various methods of processing substandard titanium
wastes. Soviet Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals , 10(9):76-77,
Sept. 1969. Although slag smelting and chlorination currently
offer the most economical and efficient means for processing
substandard titanium wastes, electrolytic refining and fire
refining are more efficient methods which are being scaled up
from laboratory processes for future industrial use.
[16514]
Lawson, J. R. Bridging the gap; management of industrial solid waste in
municipal operations. Waste Age, 2(2):4, 5, 16-20, Mar.-Apr.
1971. It is suggested that the best municipal arrangement for
handling industrial waste consists of a large, centralized,
incinerator-based operation in which efficient collection,
separation, and reclamation are practiced.
[16045]
Membrane processing upgrades food wastes. Environmental Science and
Technology, 5(5):396-397, May 1971. The Crowly Milk Co. has
found that membrane filtration can be successfully used with
cheese whey to remove its protein content, concentrate its lactose
content, and reduce its BOD from 35,000 to 1,000 mg per liter.
[15912]
Miller, W. B. Y. (Colvilles Limited). Improvements in or relating to the
disposal of molten slag. Australian Patent 409,006; filed
June 8, 1966; issued Feb. 22, 1971. With this process, molten
slag from the Linnz and Donnewitz steel manufacturing process is
mixed with slag gravel in a sunken mixing area on the steelworks
floor; the slag is thereby cooled, fragmented, and rendered
acceptable for dumping.
[17169]
National Industrial Pollution Control Council. Paper; Sub-council report.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar. 1971. 58 p.
Although the paper industry is achieving substantial progress
in pollution control via the increased utilization of all parts
of the tree, a close, cooperative government-industry relationship
is recommended to solve the remaining pollution problems.
[13892]
279
-------
National Industrial Pollution Control Council. The chemical industry and
pollution control; Sub-oouncil report. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, June 1971. 25 p. Among the nonpolluting forms
of waste disposal which are coming into use in the chemical
industry are: deep well disposal, ocean disposal, rotary kiln
incineration, recycling, and pyrolysis.
[13887]
Small} W. E. Mineral resources and energy wastes. In Third pollution; the
national problem of solid waste disposal. New York, Praeger
Publishers, 1970. p.58-75. A discussion is presented concerning
the environmental effects of: strip mining wastes; tailings;
sand, gravel, stone, clay, and gold dredging wastes; slag and
smelter wastes; radioactive wastes; and metallurgical and
chemical processing wastes.
[15529]
Soderquist3 M. R. Renovating spent cherry brine. Agricultural Engineering,
52(1):30-31, Jan. 1971. Two methods have been devised to treat
spent cherry brine: the first involves using lime to reduce the
sulfur levels in the brine; with the second, activated carbon is
used to decolor the brine and render it reusable.
[15911]
Wright, C. L. Treatment of bagasse. British Patent 1,242,257; filed
Oct. 16, 1968; issued Aug. 11, 1971. With this process, a
fungicidal acid such as monocarboxylic acid is used to stabilize
bagasse against mycelial deterioration.
[17090]
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
Burchinal3 J. C.3 and L. P. Wallace. A study of institutional solid
wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering,
West Virginia University, 1971. 234 p. A report on the wastes
generated by the West Virginia University Medical Center includes
sections on their physical and chemical compositions, their
pathogen contents, the safety precautions which must be adopted
when handling them, and the costs of the systems recommended for
their management.
[16481]
Burchinal3 J. C.3 and L. P. Wallace. Solid waste generation by medical
center and individual units; conclusions and recommendations.
In A study of institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown,
Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971.
p.45-49. Methods recommended for the safe handling and disposal
of hospital wastes, of which 25 to 30 percent are potentially
dangerous and should be segregated, are discussed.
[16485]
280
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Burchinal3 J. C.s and L. P. Wallace. Physical composition of medical
center1 solid wastes. In A study of institutional solid wastes;
final report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering,
West Virginia University, 1971. p.50-68. A study of the refuse
from the West Virginia University Medical Center showed that, not
including food and pathological wastes, the most common wastes
in terms of weight were found to be paper, glass, and cloth-
gauze-cotton items; if a hospital were to use only disposable
sheets or food service items, the use of some form of volume
reduction equipment would be essential.
[16486]
Burchinal3 J. C.s and L. P. Wallace. Chemical analysis of medical center
solid wastes. In A study of institutional solid wastes; final
report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West
Virginia University, 1971. p.69-77. Chemical analyses were
performed on the refuse from the West Virginia University Medical
Center to determine: moisture content (5 percent), volatile
solids content (95 percent), ash residue (24 percent by weight),
Btu values (8,000 per Ib), sulfur content (0.2 percent), phos-
phorus content (0.03 percent), nitrogen content (0.33 percent),
carbon content (44 percent), and hydrogen content (7 percent).
[16487]
Burchinalj J. C.3 and L. P. Wallace. Bacteriological studies. Phase I;
Phase II. JEn_ A study of institutional solid wastes; final
report. Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West
Virginia University, 1971. p.78-117. Although the concentra-
tions and distributions of the various types of bacteria varied
according to the area from which the refuse was taken, most of
the microbes found in the refuse from the West Virginia University
Medical Center were bacillus organisms, with staphylococcus and
streptococcus organisms each accounting for 5 to 10 percent of
the total population,
[16488]
Burchinal, J. C.3 and L. P. Wallace. Bacteriological studies. Phase III.
In A study of institutional solid wastes; final report.
Morgantown, Department of Civil Engineering, West Virginia
University, 1971. p.117-132. It was found that there are
significantly fewer bacteria released when refuse is bagged
prior to being dropped down a refuse chute; however, the air flow,
moisture, heat, and loosely fitting doors of many refuse chutes
contribute to the breeding and diffusion of bacteria in the refuse
dropped into them.
[16489]
281
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Burchinalj J. C., an.d L. P. Wallace. Virological studies. In A study of
institutional solid wastes; final report. Morgantown, Department
of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 1971. p.133-159.
Since viruses were found to be persistent and viable on nearly
all the materials which are discarded by a hospital, it was
suggested that these materials be carefully sealed in paper or
plastic sacks to prevent the spreading of the viruses.
[16490]
District of Columbia. Hospital solid waste management. In District of
Columbia solid waste management plan; status report 1970.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.11-15.
Although on-site incineration and plastic refuse container liners
are widely used in the hospitals surveyed, training and effective
regulations are needed, existing incinerators should be replaced
or modified, and compactors, heavy-duty plastic bags, and food
waste grinders should be more widely used.
[16164]
Handorf, E. C. Report on hospital-institutions solid waste disposal^
Memphis and Shelby County. Memo SS4. Memphis, Bureau of
Sanitary Engineering, Memphis and Shelby County Health Department,
July 21, 1965. 10 p. Hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, sani-
tariums, and related institutions were studied in terms of the
types of wastes generated, the presence of radioactive matter in
the wastes, the collection and/or incineration practices employed,
and defects in the disposal systems.
[18030]
James M. Montgomery_, Consulting Engineers^ Ino. Solid waste systems (3).
In Report on water, wastewater and solid wastes for Disney World,
Florida. Glendale, Calif., WED Enterprises, Inc., Oct. 1968.
p.146-155. The recommended waste management system for Disney
World calls for the use of: an incinerator, a sanitary landfill,
compactors, a vacuum truck collection system, adequate collection
equipment, well-enforced control ordinances, garbage comminution,
and wet grinding of selected items.
[18148]
Sehatzle, K. C. Trends in solid waste handling in medical care facilities.
Ann Arbor, National Sanitation Foundation. [1970]. 6 p.
Medical care facilities have shown an increasing trend toward the
replacement of reusable items by disposables, which has resulted
in an increase in the amount of waste generated per patient per
day from 3 to 4 Ib in 1955 to 15 to 20 Ib in 1970.
[18034]
282
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LAW/REGULATIONS
Distinct of Columbia. Proposed health regulations: title 8S chapter 3,
part 6: solid waste regulations. In District of Columbia solid
waste management plan: status report 1970. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1971. p.83-93. The proposed regu-
lations cover refuse storage, collection, and disposal, dead
animals, leaves, and open burning.
[16168]
Jauck, E.j and W. Mensing. Concerning the need for a federal sanitation
law. Muell und Abfall, 3(4):89-91, Apr. 1971. Presently, a
West German law is being prepared which will regulate the
collection, processing, and storage of all refuse which affects
the public; the law also imposes limitations on refuse importa-
tion and the utilization of disposable containers. (Text in
German)
[16081]
Loading and unloading provisions of automotive liability policies.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):120A,
120D, May 1971. Two doctrines have been established in deciding
lawsuits involving claims arising from the loading and unloading
of refuse: one holds that a hauler is responsible only during
the action and time period of.the actual moving of merchandise
from one point to another; the other holds that liability extends
to all situations in which a causal relationship with loading,
unloading, and transporting materials can be established.
[16255]
McLean} M. The practical uses of zoning. T_n_ Proceedings; National Conference
on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public
Works Association, July 1971. p.25-31. To facilitate zoning
for disposal sites, it is recommended that the type of disposal
be defined, the operating characteristics be identified, and access
and equipment be determined.
[18160]
Eodgers, P. Solid waste management: a new dimension for the public utility
concept. Waste Age, 2(3):32, 34, 59, May-June 1971. Based on
the notion of a 'public utility,' New Jersey's Solid Waste Utility
Control Act of 1970 has authorized the New Jersey Board of Public
Utility Commissioners to regulate the collection and disposal of
solid waste.
[16254]
283
-------
Sakakij K. Lou concerning wastes disposal and cleaning and its application.
Toshi to Haikibutsu, 1(1):46-50, May 1971. In July 1970, the
Japanese government passed a new law (Law 137) which, by setting
up standards for refuse storage, transportation, and disposal,
is intended to improve the refuse disposal systems, not control
them. (Text in Japanese)
[16074]
LITTER
Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee, Department of
Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida, 1971. 89 p.
Litter and related problems in the State of Florida are discussed
and a number of possible approaches for their resolution are
delineated; a program is formulated from a consideration of these
approaches.
[18308]
Discussion; law enforcement. In Litter survey report for the State of
Florida. Tallahassee, Department of Air and Water Pollution
Control, State of Florida, 1971. p.36-43. Although there are
presently at least five State laws pertaining to litter prevention
in Florida, they do not cover all possible litter violations and,
because there is little incentive to do so, they are often not
enforced.
[18429]
Education. In Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee,
Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida,
1971. p.43-47. In addition to the national educational programs
regarding litter prevention, Florida has become involved in State
anti-litter programs, campaigns, and surveys, all of which are
aimed at stimulating public responsibility and pride in attractive
surroundings.
[18228]
Industry. In Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee,
Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida,
1971. p.47-50. Industries in Florida, particularly the beer,
soft drink, and container manufacturers, have devoted considerable
time and over $40 million to the promotion of anti-litter concepts,
programs, and research.
[18427]
Government. In Litter survey report for the State of Florida. Tallahassee,
Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, State of Florida,
1971. p.50-51. In 1970, 24 litter-prevention bills were proposed
in the U.S. Congress, with similar bills being proposed in 25
States and several cities and counties; most of these bills were
aimed at controlling beverage container litter.
[18426]
284
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Parks and people can keep America beautiful. [Washington], U.S. Department
of the Interior. [1964]. 7 p. The National Park Service is
using personal contacts, exhibits, and audio-visual programs in
its recently expanded campaign against litter; it is believed
that these efforts have resulted in a reduction in the per capita
generation of litter.
[18035]
White, R. F. Litter bag. U.S. Patent 3,589,595; filed Apr. 3, 1969;
issued June 29, 1971. Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, which
is affixed across the rear wall of this paper bag, is covered
with a peelable nonsticky tape which, when stripped off, permits
the mouth of the bag to be suspended in an open position.
[17177]
MANAGEMENT
Collins, J. F. Session summary: developing citizen cooperation. In
Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites,
1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971.
p.44. The most effective public relations program for solid
waste is a long-term educational program which imparts via a
presentation of the facts, an understanding of the scope of the
problem and the benefits to be gained from solving it.
[18165]
Dominick, D. D. Environmental programs of the future. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation, 26(5):180-182, Sept.-Oct. 1971. A
discussion is presented concerning the following areas in which
EPA is active: pesticides, land utilization, the selection of
power plant sites, sediment control, water pollution from feedlot
runoff, resource recovery, and air pollution.
[16595]
Gilbertson, W. E. Session summary: technical elements of site location.
In Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal
Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July
1971. p.43-44. It is concluded that, despite recycling and
reuse, increasing amounts of land and larger and more diverse
facilities will be needed for solid waste disposal; improved
management will also be needed to encourage public acceptance of
nearby disposal operations, and Federal programs must become
involved in making public lands available as waste disposal sites.
[18164]
285
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Hart, S. A. Solid wastes management in Germany; report of the U.S. Solid
Wastes Study Team visit June 25 - July 83 1967. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1812. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1968. 18 p. Refuse quantities, compositions, storage,
collection, composting, and incineration in Germany are reviewed,
along with German air pollution standards and waste heat recovery
practices.
[16475]
Helms, B. P., and R. M. Clark. Selecting solid waste disposal facilities.
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal
of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 97(SA4):443-451, Aug. 1971.
A mathematical model based on the fixed-charge approach is presented
as a means of selecting between alternatives for solid waste dis-
posal; the approach is illustrated using an example problem based
on Buffalo's two existing landfills and two existing incinerators.
[16028]
Jablin, E. Environmental control at Alan Wood: technical problems,
regulations and new processes. Iron and Steel Engineer, 48
(7):58-65, July 1971. Among the procedures which have been
introduced to handle solid wastes at the Alan Wood Steel Company
are: a slag pelletizer, which reduces hydrogen sulfide emissions;
a waste water treatment plant with an accompanying sludge lagoon;
a waste liquor distillation facility; and an incinerator equipped
with a scrubber.
[16243]
Klee3 A, J. Systems analysis and solid wastes, a critical overview.
[Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
17 p. This paper attempts to define systems analysis, to compare
it to operations research, and to define the areas of decision-
making in which each can be helpful.
[16598]
Rich, G. F. Cleansing problems associated with holiday resorts. Public
Cleansing, 61(6):260-268, June 1971. The paper sack is the ideal
solution to the problem of efficient collection for summer resorts,
and incineration is the best means of disposal for those towns
where dumping is often impossible for lack of space.
[16027]
Tyne, E. V. The case for a solid waste disposal utility. Power^ 115(5) :95,
May 1971. The advantages of operating a solid waste disposal
facility as a utility include: the facilitation of personnel
recruitment; the economization of plant construction and operation;
the possibility of regionalizing solid waste management and thereby
rendering it more efficient; and the possibility of operating
the facility at a profit via the sale of by-products.
[16500]
286
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Vaughanj R. D. Land disposal for solid wastes: the present state and
concepts for the future. In Proceedings; National Conference
on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American Public
Works Association, July 1971. p.7-8. Although sanitary landfill
stands as the best solution for the disposal of nonreclaimable
solid wastes 3 there are major obstacles to its more widespread
use in the form of insufficient local funds and social and polit-
ical opposition to the establishment of new sites.
[18157]
Xanten, W. A. Session summary: planning^ zoning3 and legal aspects. In_
Proceedings; National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites,
1971. Chicago, American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.45.
With regard to solid waste disposal land-use planning, State
governments must provide more active leadership, zoning laws must
be revamped, counties must be encouraged to manage and operate
disposal sites, and cooperative efforts among agencies at various
governmental levels should be stimulated.
[18166]
OCEAN DISPOSAL
Kinney, E. T.3 and A. Constant. Control of shipboard wastes. Naval
Engineers^ Journal, 83(3) : 118-129 , June 1971. Existing procedures
for controlling the pollutan-ts generated by naval ships and
advanced concepts for more complete control are discussed.
[13906]
Mounting restrictions on land could lead to ocean dumping, jolid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(6):44, 90, 92, Sept. 1971.
Some of the steps which have been taken or recommended to prevent
the widespread pollution of U.S. coastal waters through the
uncontrolled ocean dumping of solid wastes are reviewed.
[15720]
Webb, A. W. (Webbco Research and Development). Method and apparatus for
refuse disposal. U.S. Patent 3,595,161; filed Oct. 23, 1969;
issued July 27, 1971. Both refuse and wood wastes can be trans-
ported out to sea and disposed of by this apparatus, which consists
of a barge equipped with a large-diameter telescoping pipe that
extends 50 ft above and 300 ft below the surface of the water;
a smaller diameter pipe is utilized in disposing of the wood wastes,
[17291]
287
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PACKAGING WASTES
Aluminum packaging and the solid waste disposal problem. New York, The
Aluminum Association, Oct. 8, 1968. 2 p. Although not bio-
degradable, aluminum wastes are easily disposed of via sanitary
landfill or incineration, and because of its scrap value, aluminum
presents less of a litter problem than some other materials.
[16055]
Cans. Modern Packaging, 44(4):24-26, 30, Apr. 1971. Some of the advances
in steel- and aluminum-can technology are presented and discussed
in terms of their relationship to the one-way beverage packaging
problem.
[16584]
The case of the disappearing piokle jar.. The Trumpeter, 51(5) :3-6, Oct.
1970. A new container made of water-soluble sodium silicate
material coated with a thin, nondissolving plastic can be dissolved
under the kitchen faucet, leaving only the easily disposed of
plastic coating.
[16400]
Connolly, H. C. Plastic wastes in the coming decade. Public Cleansing,
61(12):618-626, Dec. 1971. In order to avoid restrictions on the
use of plastics, both industry and government must work to develop
new incineration and recycling technologies to handle the increasing
volumes of these materials.
[16512]
Coquelin, R. (Ethylene Plastique). Rapidly degradable plastic packaging
material. French Patent 2,038,807; filed Mar. 28, 1969; issued
Dec. 28, 1970. The packaging material is made of ethylene and
carbon monoxide copolymers, both of which can be completely destroyed
via several months of exposure to the atmosphere and natural sun-
light. (Text in French)
[17521]
Hayata, S. Breaking down of plastic waste under exposure to the sun and
use of crushed plastics for soil improvement. Kagaku Keizai, 8
(3):30-34, Mar. 1971. The decomposition of polypropylene and
styrene resins following exposure to the sun's rays is described,
as is the use of styrofoam chips as a soil conditioner. (Text
in Japanese)
[16014]
Lincoln, C. W. The solid waste disposal problem. Australian Packaging, 19
(5):69-71, May 1971. To help alleviate the problems of solid
waste disposal, the volumes of packaging materials must be reduced
either by the efforts of the packaging industry or by government
intervention.
[16013]
288
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M and T Chemicals sets ecology 'can-paign '. Secondary Raw Materials, 9
(12):102, Dec. 1971. Employees of M and T Chemicals, Inc., are
urged to bring empty cans to collection points on the company
grounds, after which the cans are shipped to the company's
recycling plant, shredded, chemically separated, and recycled.
[16083]
Packaging waste disposal. Material Handling Engineering, Special Issue,
42-47, 1971. The Ford Motor Company and the Union Camp Corpora-
tion are operating a joint program under which Ford will segregate
the corrugated in which automotive parts are packed for shipment
to Ford plants and sell it to Union Camp in an average quantity
of 50,000 to 100,000 tons per year; Union Camp will then convert
the corrugated waste into useful products.
[16054]
Plastic containers get new lease on life. Plastics ForId, 29(9):60-61,
Sept. 1971. Kleen Tech, Inc. of Newark, New Jersey, has developed
a process which sanitizes and strips labels, printing, and
decorations from polyethylene, polypropylene, and PVC containers,
returning them to the customer ready to be reused.
[16012]
Staudinger, J. J. P. Disposal of plastics waste and litter. Collection.
Sanitary landfill. Pre-treatment. In Disposal of plastics waste
and litter. S.C.I. Monograph No. 35. London, Society of Chemical
Industry, 1970. p.39-52. Plastic wastes are most efficiently
collected in plastic or paper refuse sacks, with sanitary landfill
being the best and most popular means for disposing of them;
compaction and/or comminution of the wastes is often desirable
if not necessarily easily accomplished, and, although plastics
cannot be composted, their presence in compost will not harm vege-
tation.
[16576]
PROCESSING/REDUCTION
Briquetting with a difference. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118(17):
20-21, Apr. 14, 1971. A description is given of a new briquetting
machine which is made by Hutt G.m.b.H. of West Germany and which
can handle swarf and all metals in powder or particle form
[16393]
Charles 3 E. E. He fuse compaction handling equipment utilizing fluids under
low pressure. U.S. Patent 3,575,103; filed Aug. 19, 1968; issued
Apr. 13, 1971. An immovable structure is adapted to be held in a
substantially fixed position while a movable, self-supporting,
fluid-tight structure is variably positioned and expanded to and
from the immovable structure, thereby moving.
[17280]
289
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Cross, J. A., and W. E. Franklin. Pole of shredding in solid waste
management. In Market opportunities for shredders in solid waste
management; final report. Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research
Institute, June 7, 1971. p.27-30. Refuse must be shredded before
it is composted, pyrolyzed, mechanically separated, or incinerated
in fluid beds, and compaction is more efficient if the refuse is
shredded; in addition, shredding is desirable prior to sanitary
landfilling and may become necessary prior to incineration in
suspension-firing systems.
[16212]
Cross, J. A., and W. E. Franklin. Shredding equipment. In Market oppor-
tunities for shredders in solid waste management; final report.
Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute, June 7, 1971.
p.31-39. There are three basic types of machines for shredding
refuse and scrap: the hammennill; the Tollemache shredder, which
is similar to the hammermill but mounted on a vertical axis; and
the Eidal shredder, which has a vertical axis and a series of
grinders operating in a horizontal plane to shred the material
as it passes through the unit.
[16213]
Di Stefano, A. Combination garbage grinder and pump. U.S. Patent 3,591,095;
filed Nov. 25, 1968; issued July 6, 1971. This unit, which can
be used to grind bones and other similar bulky wastes, is equipped
with one element which acts as both a shredding plate and a pumping
vane.
[17268]
Duszynski, E. J. A case for milling refuse. Pollution Engineering, 3(3):
29-31, May-June 1971. Milling refuse reduces or eliminates prob-
lems with rats, flies, and fires, reduces the amount of space
required for refuse disposal, and eliminates the need for cover
material.
[16524]
High density solid waste baler unveiled. Waste Age, 2(6):28-29, Nov.-Dec.
1971. American Solid Waste Systems' new baling station is
equipped with an hydraulic press which compacts 1,000 tons of
waste per day with a force of 5 million Ib, producing a bacteria-free,
uniform desk-size bales with a consistent density of 60 Ib per cu ft.
[16118]
New system for reclaiming copper from insulated wire. Secondary Raw
Materials, 9(1):56, 58, Jan. 1971. The Noll Reclaiming System
automatically shears insulated wire into lengths, macerates it,
separates the insulation, pelletizes the copper, and purifies it.
[16533]
290
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A. (Firma Adolf Eies). Terminal rubbish-compressor for attachment
to rubbish chutes in buildings. Swiss Patent 503,577; filed Dec.
5, 1969; issued Apr. 15, 1971. Rubbish from buildings is conducted
via a common duct into an airtight receptor within which a vacuum
is maintained; from there it is introduced into an attached cham-
ber and compressor for disposal by an hydraulic piston assembly.
(Text in German)
[17042]
Seminar on scrap handling. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 119(17):17-19 , 37,
Oct. 23, 1971. Several experts on scrap handling reported that
fragmentizers and shredders would, in their opinions, replace
balers in the next few years as the main devices for processing
the lighter grades of scrap metal.
[16392]
Staudinger3 J. J. P. Disposal of plastics Waste and litter. On site
disposal. Compaction and baling. In Disposal of plastics waste
and litter. S.C.I. Monograph No. 35. London, Society of Chemical
Industry, 1970. p.69-74. Shredding and compaction can be used in
the household to reduce refuse volumes and thereby reduce waste
collection and transport costs; in addition, the compaction of
refuse, especially plastics, can be used to lengthen the lives of
landfills and to facilitate the reclamation of land and the long-
distance hauling of wastes.
[16578]
Streamlined scrap handling. Iron and Steel, 44(5):344, Oct. 1971. The
British Steel Company's Shotton Works has installed a completely
automatic, computerized scrap baler which compresses 4,000 tons
of metal each week into uniform bales measuring 2 ft by 3 ft.
[16119]
System 2—compressed bales an flat cars. In The Western Pacific Railroad
plan for disposal of San Francisco's solid waste. Oakland,
Kaiser Engineers, Apr. 1968. p.V(l-5). As an alternative to
its containerized long-distance hauling system, San Francisco
investigated a new system under which refuse would be compressed
and baled prior to being hauled and landfilled; costs, hazards,
and nuisances would all be reduced with such a system.
[16285]
Tezuka, K. Trash blocks used for landfill. Japanese Patent 46-30,664;
filed Dec. 26, 1967; issued Sept. 6, 1971. The 60-by-70-by-60-cm
trash blocks are composed of compressed urban wastes coated with
a tar-base coating, a pitch-base coating, or an asphalt-base
coating. (Text in Japanese)
[17405]
291
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RECYCLING
Cahn, D. S. Agglomeration of steel plant furnace dust with cement binders.
Transactions of the Society of Mining Engineers, AIMS, 250(3):
173-177, Sept. 1971. Pilot plant and laboratory tests were made
on blends of steel plant flue dust and portland cement to deter-
mine whether the flue dust could be pelletized for use as a source
of iron in dry process cement manufacture; strength and setting
time results showed that an acceptable agglomerate can be made
with a Type II portland cement binder.
[15819]
Clark, T. D. Economic barriers to recycling and suggestions for Federal
action. In Economic realities of reclaiming natural resources
in solid waste. Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1971. p.8-12. The economic barriers to recycling include the
costliness of separating the reclaimable materials from the non-
reclaimable refuse, and the lack of markets for recycled materials;
corrective Federal actions which might be applied to these problems
are presented.
[15602]
Converse, A. 0., H. E. Grethlein, S. Karankikar, and S. Kuhrtz. A laboratory
study and economic analysis for the acid hydrolysis of cellulose
in refuse to sugar and its fermentation to alcohol. Hanover, N.H.,
Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, July 1971. 68 p.
Economic analysis of the acid hydrolysis process shows that sugar
can be produced at a price comparable to the existing market price
for sugar from molasses ($0.02 to $0.03 per Ib); ethanol can be
produced at a price lower than $0.52 per gal.
[18381]
Felton, A. J. Handling the problem papers - wet strength, asphalt, poly-
coated, eto. Paper Trade Journal, 155(37);70-72, Sept. 13, 1971.
Methods which can be applied to the recovery of high-brightness
polymer, wax-coated, asphalt-contaminated, and mixed paper are
presented, along with systems for recovering wood fiber from
wastepaper.
[15816]
Flegal, C. J., and H. C. Zindel. The result of feeding dried poultry waste
to laying hens on egg production and feed conversion. In Poultry
pollution: problems and solutions. Research Report 117. Farm
science. East Lansing, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan
State University, July 1970. p.29-30. Compared to the control
group of hens, which produced one dozen eggs for each 2.11 kg of
feed, control groups fed their normal rations plus 10 percent dried
poultry waste (DPW) and control groups fed their normal rations
plus calcium, phosphorus, and 10 percent DPW yielded one dozen
eggs per 1.91 kg of feed and 1.95 kg of feed, respectively.
[16369]
292
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(Glanzstoff A.G. ) . Binding scrap filaments of polyester and poly amide
resins to make insulating mats or panels. Dutch Patent 7,008,204;
filed June 5, 1970; issued Feb. 2, 1971. The mats are made by
aerodynamically layering and heating recovered scrap fibers or
by netting the scrap fibers with a compatible binder having a
lower melting point. (Text in Dutch)
[17306]
Hall, G. S. Utilisation of wood waste. Chemistry and Industry, (28):781-784,
July 10, 1971. Wood wastes can be used: in the production of
building blocks; as litter and bedding for animals; as compost
material; as cattle feed; in charcoal production; and in chemical
processing to obtain various organic and inorganic products.
[15817]
Kato, K. 3 T. Kii, M. Kawamure, and J. Morimoto. Investigation on slags as
blasting material (I). Bulletin of the Government Industrial
Research Institute, 22(3):214-223, Sept. 1971. It was found that
the effectiveness of the oxide slags as blasting materials was
dependent upon the toughness of the individual grains; in addition,
the slags with noncrystalline structures proved to be better blast-
ing materials than did those slags with crystalline structures.
(Text in Japanese)
[16597]
Kuzin, I. A.3 and L. A. Koemets. Preparation of a phosphate cation exchanger
from wood waste. Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR, 4
(4):772-775, Apr. 1971. A feasible method is presented for the
phosphorylation of sawdust to produce a phosphorus-containing
resin which is suitable as an industrial adsorbent.
[18011]
Lopuja3 V.3 and C. Triana. Study of the prehydrolysis-sulphate process to
obtain dissolving pulp from sugar cane bagasse. Cuba Azucar,
111:58-64, Jan.-Mar. 1970. Decreases in the pentosan content,
viscosity, degree of polymerization, and yield of the pulp were
observed when the temperature and retention time of the depithed
bagasse cook were increased.
[16590]
Mix of pulp and paper pollutants and clay may lead to new building materials.
Science Dimension, 101(3):24-25, Apr. 1971. By whipping common
clay with spent sulphite liquor, a remarkably stable foam can be
made; this foam can then be air dried and fired to produce a
permanent low-density ceramic foam block.
[15975]
293
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Navy may sink your Waste cost. Modern Manufacturing, (4):75, Apr. 1971.
The U.S. Navy is attempting to standardize and lower the costs
of a wet-air-oxidation process which can convert all organic
wastes into drinkable water, carbon dioxide, and usable steam.
[16587]
Nishikawa3 S. (Kurita Engineering Co.3 Ltd.).. Method for separating
polysaccharides from activated sludge. Japanese Patent 46-10,017;
filed Aug. 2, 1967; issued Mar. 13, 1971. The activated sludge is
screened, centrifuged, stirred, treated with an organic solvent,
and neutralized to separate out the polysaccharides produced by
microorganisms during the waste water clarification process. (Text
in Japanese)
[17020]
Ono, T. (T. lamoto). Method of manufacturing activated adsorbant by
treating excrements. Japanese Patent 46-21,361; filed Dec. 21,
1968; issued June 17, 1971. The sludge is treated with a carbide
residue, dried, distilled, and treated with bleaching powder,
silicate soda, and lime; then the carbon is activated, the carbon
and lime are caked, and the cake is crushed to produce the adsorb-
ant. (Text in Japanese)
[17423]
Pennachetti, J. T. (Enercon International Limited). Fly ash recovery and
use. German Patent 1,812,714; filed Dec. 4, 1968; issued Aug.
5, 1971. Fly ash obtained during the combustion of coal products
is subjected to dry magnetic separation, with the nonmagnetic
fraction being used as an additive for building materials and the
magnetic fraction being utilized as an iron concentrate. (Text
in German)
[17025]
Petrdlik3 M.3 V. Rubesh, I. D. Radomyselsky3 A. F. Zhornyak, and
I. S. Nikishov. Development of the iron powder production technique
by reduction from iron oxides obtained by processing iron sulphates
of etching solutions. Poroshkoyaya Metallurgiya, 7(103p):6-ll,
1971. The utilization of the etching solutions formed as metal-
lurgical and chemical wastes is discussed, with particular emphasis
being given to the utilization of iron sulfate as a new raw material
source for iron powder production. (Text in Russian)
[15687]
Plant recovers kerosene from plastic waste. Chemical Economy and Engineering
Review, 3(12) :48, Dec. 1971. Mitsui Petrochemical Industries of
Japan has opened a new plant which produces a nonsulfured kerosene-
like oil from polyethylene and polyester scrap.
[16325]
294
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Porter, M. C.3 P. Schratter, and P. N. Rigopulos. Byproduct recovery by
ultrafiltration. Industrial Water Engineering, 8(6):18-24,
June-July 1971. Ultrafiltration can be used to: treat polymer
latex wastes and nuclear power plant and pulp and papermill
effluents; remove starch from starch industry waste liquors;
recover size from textile mill effluents; and selectively remove
proteins, salts, and lactose from cheese whey, slaughterhouse
blood, and inedible animal tissues.
[16515]
Pryor, M. J.} and S. F. Eager. (Olin Corporation). Method for reclaiming
copper scrap containing titanium and/or iron. U.S. Patent 3,556,962;
filed Jan. 24, 1968; issued Jan. 19, 1971. The scrap is immersed
in a sulfuric acid electrolyte through which an electric current
is passed between a metallic cathode and the scrap, which serves
as the anode; the copper is deposited on the cathode.
[17301]
(Rheinische Kalksteinwerke G.m.b.H.). Purification of phosphorous production
slags. French Patent 2,025,921; filed Aug. 14, 1969; patent pending.
The slags are cooled rapidly in water, granulated, and screened to
produce a material which can be used as an additive in the fabrica-
tion of construction materials or as a raw material in the production
of portland cement clinkers. (Text in French)
[17414]
Santt, R. Valorisation of waste mining products by vitrification. Annales
des Mines, (3):43-56, Mar. 1971. The glass obtained by this process
sticks strongly to metal and cement, and finds application in the
glass industries, where it is used, in novel and original ways, in
building, public works, and industry. (Text in French)
[16719]
Tyrrell^ M. E.3 and I. L. Feld. Fabrication and cost evaluation of experi-
mental building brick from Waste glass; U.S. Bureau of Mines Report
of Investigations 7605. Pittsburgh, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1971.
17 p. Face brick of good color and high quality can be produced
utilizing the metal-free glass fractions of municipal incinerator
residue as the principal component.
[18195]
Tyrrell3 M. E.3 and I. L. Feld. Economics of producing brick from waste
glass. In Fabrication and cost evaluation of experimental building
brick from waste glass; U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
7605. Pittsburgh, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1971. p.18-33. The fixed
capital cost for converting the colored glass output from a single
250-ton-per-day incinerator residue plant to building brick would
be $762,260; the cost for converting the outputs from three residue
plants to brick would be $1,642,870.
[18196]
295
-------
Venkatakrishnan3 N.3 S. R. Lal3 and P. B. Mathur. (Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research). Eecovering tin from sheet metal waste.
German Patent 1,583,870; filed Aug. 22, 1967; issued May 27, 1971.
The sheet metal waste (tin-plated iron) is treated with 5N saturated
hydrochloric acid in the presence of formaldehyde, after which the
precipitate tin is washed and dried in the usual way and is melted
in the presence of 40 to 90 percent pure ammonium chloride and 40
to 10 percent pure calcium chloride. (Text in German)
[17026]
Wilson, A. W. Bagasse pulping in remote Argentina. Pulp and Paper
International, 13(2):50-52, Feb. 1971. With the use of a Ritter
bagasse bulk storage system and a black liquor recovery system,
Ledesma, Argentina's bagasse mill is able to produce a high-quality
paper which can be used for printing, offset, and writing.
[15820]
Winkler, J. Method of conversion of oil-spills into improved^ rubberised
carbon-black and fiber-fortified asphaltic materials. U.S. Patent
3,567,660; filed Feb. 2, 1970; issued Mar. 2, 1971. Waste oil
and oil spills are converted into improved rubberized fiber-fortified
asphaltic material via coagulation with previously ground, spent
automotive rubber tires premixed with powdered polystyrene or
asphalt.
[17419]
RESEARCH
DiPietro3 J.3 and H. Stepniezka. Flame retarded systems. A study of ABS3
polystyrene^ and polyester. Plastic in Australia, 22(5);7-9.
11-13, May 1971. The correlation of several critical parameters,
such as gas flow rate, temperature, and specimen geometry, which
affect the Limiting Oxygen Index was investigated for ABS, poly-
styrene, and polyesters.
[16016]
Gutfreund, K. Conclusion. J[n Feasibility study of the disposal of poly-
ethylene plastic waste. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1971. p.41-42. The approach most favored for the ultimate
disposal of polyethylene involves the oxidative degradation and
concomitant nitration of polyethylene by exposure to RFNA, or
binary systems including ammonia.
[16363]
Markland, J.3 and J. Vallance. Investigation of the uptake of lead by
vegetables from composts containing lead. Journal of the
Association of Public Analysts, 9(4):119-121, Dec. 1971. The
results of this investigation show that soil contamination has a
great effect on growth and conclusions cannot be drawn from this
type of experiment until the soil contamination effect is eliminated.
[16051]
296
-------
R. J, Modifications of Solvay Process solid waste disposal.
M.S. Thesis, Syracuse University, June 1971. 56 p. The treatment
of Solvay Process wastes by sand underdrainage rather than lagooning
results in a greater reduction in alkalinity, volume, suspended
solids, and toxicity; the possibility of a greater reduction in
total solids using sand underdrainage was also demonstrated.
[16050]
Renovated wastewater for industry? American City, 86(6):118, 120, June 1971.
A description is given of the technical and operational aspects of
a pilot program testing the feasibility of treating sludge to
produce water for industrial use.
[15808]
Research on dried poultry Waste in progress. In Poultry pollution—problems and
solutions. Research Report 117. Farm science. East Lansing,
Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, July
1970. p.47-48. Research currently in progress at the Agricultural
Experiment Station of Michigan State University includes: a study
to determine whether drugs such as Aureomycin, WF 180, Amphrol,
or one of the arsenicals will carry through from the poultry feed
into the waste product; and an investigation into the effect of
the drying temperature and the length of storage time on the protein
content of dried poultry waste.
[16375]
Smith, E. E.3 and J. D. Jenkins. Salts concentrations in a recycling aerobic
waste disposal system. Transactions of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 16(4):1,076-1,079, Nov.-Dec. 1971. It was
found that there is little danger of the salt concentration having
adverse effects on microbial action in a recycling aerobic poultry-
waste digester because sludge removal will keep the concentration
at an acceptable level.
[16052]
SANITARY LANDFILL
Alexander, R. M.3 Jr.3 and J. V. Walters. A solid-waste partnership with
4 towns keeps all of Chilton County clean and green. APWA Reporter,
38(8):30-32, Aug. 1971. A project of solid waste disposal involving
a partnership between Chilton County, Alabama, and its four munici-
palities has been instituted; the system involves municipal door-
to-door collection, collection by the county from about 60 containers
in rural sites, and disposition of all solids wastes in a central
sanitary landfill.
[16107]
297
-------
W. Planning of small- and medium-sized landfills. Muell und Abfall,
3(1):1-7, Jan. 1971. The calculation of the size of a landfill
site should be based on a refuse quantity of about 1.5 cu m per
resident per year, with an annual increase of about 5 percent and
a refuse weight of about 250 kg per resident per year, with an
annual increase of 3 percent. (Text in German)
[15994]
Griffiths #• E. An ecological design for waste disposal. In Proceedings;
National Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago,
American Public Works Association, July 1971. p.21-24. Unless
thoroughly sealed, marshes and bogs are poor selections as sanitary
landfill sites due to the danger of water pollution which they
pose; the best disposal sites are uncommitted open lands, manmade
caverns, quarries, and worked-out mines.
[18159]
Earn, R. K. The cost of large elevation landfilling. Public Works, 102(5):
77-80, May 1971. A cost analysis for the construction of a large
elevation landfill in Madison, Wisconsin, includes: $1,500,000 for
site preparation; annual capital costs of $77,020, assuming a life
of 27 years; annual operating costs of $178,715; hill finishing
costs of $310,000; and a cost per ton of $2.73.
[13705]
Hart3 S. A. Landfilling. In Solid wastes management in Germany; report of
the U.S. Solid Wastes Study Team visit June 25 - July 8, 1967.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1812. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1968. p.5-8. A study of sanitary
landfilling practices in Germany revealed that: land is expensive
and hard to obtain, especially in Berlin; land reclamation is
practical; although not technically sanitary, the German landfills
are well run; and regional planning is being attempted in several
areas.
[16478]
Hughes, G. M., R. A. London, and R. N. Farvolden. Selection of sites,
design, and operation of sanitary landfills. J-n_ Hydrogeology of
solid waste disposal sites in northeastern Illinois. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.53-68. The critical
factors in site selection are the cost of refuse transport, site
acquisition, site modification, and operation balanced against the
value of the reclaimed land; the design objectives all involve
leachate control.
[18216]
298
-------
Hughes, G. M., R. A. London, and R. N. Farvolden. Fluorometric procedure
for detecting leadhate in glacial materials: hydrographs. In
Hydrogeology of solid waste disposal sites in northeastern Illinois,
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.136-143.
The fluorometric method for the detection of leachate proceeds
as follows: a sample of 25 g of fresh material is suspended in
water and centrifuged, and the supernatant is examined for fluo-
rescence; a second reading is taken after hydrochloric acid has
been added to make a 5 percent solution of the sample.
[18218]
Porkhurst, J. D. Techno-economics of londfilling. In Proceedings; National
Conference on Solid Waste Disposal Sites, 1971. Chicago, American
Public Works Association, July 1971. p.9-20. Engineering and
planning studies in Los Angeles County have shown that sanitary
land disposal is the most economical means of waste disposal for
the area, especially if hauling distances are not greater than 20
miles, land reclamation is practiced, and nearby sand and gravel
pits can be adapted as landfill sites.
[18158]
Pierau, E. Test on the dumping behavior of shredded domestic refuse.
Kommunalwirtschaft, (1):23-29, Jan. 1971. Investigations into
the advantages of shredding domestic refuse prior to dumping
have shown that transportation is facilitated and that, because
of the increased surface area of the individual refuse particles,
the process of controlled composting is much more effective.
(Text in German)
[15979]
Sanitary landfill (II-A). In Solid waste disposal in Greater Canton, Ohio.
Water and Sanitation Committee of Greater Canton Chamber of
Commerce, Mar. 10, 1969. p.7-11. Municipal sanitary land disposal
is discussed in terms of site locational, equipment, personnel,
and operational requirements.
[16106]
Schoeriberger, R. J., and A. A. Fungaroli. Incinerator-residue-fill site
investigation. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Division, 97(SM10):1,431-1,443, Oct. 1971. An abandoned reservoir
which is being used as a landfill site for Philadelphia's municipal
incinerator residue was studied to determine the long term changes
in the residue and its leachate and to assess the suitability of
such a site for subsequent site development.
[16529]
299
-------
Tyminskii, V. C.3 and A. J. Spiridonov. Select-ion of zones suitable for
burial of industrial waste. Soviet Atomic Energy, 29(5):1,137-1,139,
Nov. 1970. Uranium migration coefficients and U234/U238 ratios were
used to determine the complex hydrodynamic conditions of the subsur-
face waters of East Germany's Tashkent artesian basin so that
geologically favorable regions for dumping industrial effluents
could be selected.
[16335]
SEPARATION
Cross., J. A.s and W. E. Franklin. Technology - trends and new developments.
In Market opportunities for shredders in solid waste management;
final report. Kansas City, Mo., Midwest Research Institute, June
7, 1971. p.16-18. Because salvaging and recycling are now the
national policy, most of the newly proposed solid waste management
systems include two functions: the reduction of the mixed refuse
to particles of small, relatively uniform size; and the separation
of material into various classes.
[16209]
EvanSj M. Selective melting of mixed metallic scrap. Secondary Raw Materials,
9(12):72, 76, 78, 80, Dec. 1971. College Research Company has
patented a metal separator which comprises a furnace in the form
of a rotary kiln; a total metallic selective melting recovery
system would include three CORECO furnaces in tandem, with one
reclaiming lead, the second reclaiming zinc, and the third reclaiming
aluminum.
[16259]
Hezel3 W. J. (Waste Reclamation Corporation). Trash segregation apparatus.
U.S. Patent 3,572,503; filed Nov. 4, 1968; issued Mar. 30, 1971.
This apparatus, which comprises a vibratory conveyor, a closed
circuit conduit with a venturi, and a blower, segregates refuse
according to its specific gravity.
[17323]
Rohrer, E. Comparative tests on the Durafiner in a waste paper stock
preparation system. Paper Technology, 11(6) :431, 432, 498, 1970.
The Durafiner uses a hammermill with a vertical shaft and fixed
hammers to sort usable paper from the impurities during wastepaper
stock preparation; results of tests on the effectiveness of de-
fibration using the Durafiner are reported.
[16391]
300
-------
(Rose, Downs and Thompson Limited). Method of and device for continuous
separation of oil from oil containing materials. Dutch Patent
6,812,830; filed Sept. 9, 1968; issued Mar. 11, 1970. With this
method a reusable vaporous substance such as hexane, benzene, or
isopropanol is mixed with the oil-containing materials in such a
way that it condenses on the inside and outside surfaces of the
materials, thereby increasing the efficiency of the separation
process. (Text in Dutch)
[17357]
Ward, A. S.3 and I. Smith. Cake filtration - the adhesion of the oake to
filtercloth. Filtration and Separation^ 8(5):525-528, Sept.-Oct.
1971. In the separation of a cake from its filter cloth the only
important factor is the limiting stress in a plane parallel to
the face of the cloth, and evidence indicates that the
cloth-to-particle bond is stronger than the bonds existing
across the separation plane.
[16260]
SLUDGE
Abson, J. W.3 and E. I. Clark. Trends in sewage treatment. Process
Biochemistry, 6(1):15-18, 35, Jan. 1971. Sewage sludge treatment
today relies heavily on the activated sludge process, mechanical
sludge dewatering, and incineration; the production of potable
water may be among the objectives of sludge treatment in the future.
[16018]
Cherry, A. L.} and R. C. Schuessler, Private company improves municipal
waste facility. Water and Wastes Engineering, 8(3):32-35, Mar. 1971.
The operation of the municipal sewage treatment plant in Cleveland,
Ohio, is discussed, as is the role of the Dow Chemical Company in
controlling and adjusting the treatment process.
[15859]
Goldberg3 A. S. A procedure for treatment and disposal of wastewater sludge.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(9):1,912-1,920,
Sept. 1971. It has been found that the chlorination of sewage
sludge reduces the odor, improves the filtration properties, and
renders a product which might be utilized either in the paper-making
process or as a soil conditioner.
[16019]
Hinesly3 T. D,3 0. C. Braids3 and J. E. Molina. Properties of liquid digested
sludge with respect to land disposal. In Agricultural benefits
and environmental changes resulting from the use of digested sewage
sludge on field crops. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1971. p.3-12. Microbial fermentation does not appear to cause
seed germination inhibition following liquid digested sludge applica-
tion, although sludge toxicity toward seed germination was confirmed;
this toxicity was eliminated when the sludge was boiled for several
minutes.
[16441]
301
-------
Hinesly, T. D.3 0. C. Braids, and J. E. Molina. Greenhouse studies. In
Agricultural benefits and environmental changes resulting from
the use of digested sewage sludge on field crops. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p. 13-14. It was found
that the application of sludge to soils in which corn is grown
results in: increased copper and zinc concentrations in the corn;
an increase in the cation exchange capacity and buffering capacity
of sandy soils; no change in the soil pH; and the provision of
adequate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
[16443]
Hineslys T. D.s 0. C. Braids, and J. E. Molina. Supplemental field
experiments. In Agricultural benefits and environmental changes
resulting from the use of digested sewage sludge on field crops.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p. 43-46. The
results of these experiments show that, in the absence of nitrogen
and phosphorus fertilizer applications, a large increase in the
yield of corn and kenaf is realized even for minimal sludge appli-
cation.
[16446]
Einesly, T. D., 0. C. Braids, and J. E. Molina. Hygienic aspects of liquid
digested sludge disposal on cropped land. In Agricultural benefits
and environmental changes resulting from the use of digested sewage
sludge on field crops. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1971. p. 47-56. Digested sludge contains a fecal coliform popula-
tion of about 100,000 cells per ml and there is an overall develop-
ment of E. coli in autoclaved digested sludge; bacterial action
can, however, be reversed by adding 5 g per liter of bacto-tryptone
to the digested sludge.
[16447]
C. E.3 C. R. Miller3 and L. E. Vosburg. Design and operating
experiences using turbine dispersion for aerobic sludge digestion.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(3) :417-421,
Mar. 1971. The operation of the plant has been relatively trouble
free, and the sludge produced is suitable for either direct hauling
to farms or dewatering on sludge-drying beds; the dewatered sludge
is inoffensive in both appearance and odor.
[16031]
Lindstedtf K. D. 3 E. R. Bennetty and J. Puntenney. Aerobic digestion for
waste activated sludge solids reduction. Water and Sewage Works,
118(6):166-168, June 1971. It was found that 26.5 percent of
the total waste solids in activated sludge could be destroyed by
aerobic digestion prior to concentration, vacuum filtration,
and incineration.
[16017]
302
-------
Lopker, E. B. (Pullman Incorporated). Procedure and apparatus for filtering
sludges. French Patent 2,037,886; filed Mar. 10, 1970; issued
Dec. 21, 1970. Calcium sulfate and phosphoric acid sludges are
deposited on a rotating filter medium which is partially immersed
in a tank containing the sludge; the sludge eventually forms a cake
on the outside of the filter and is removed by a mechanical scraper.
(Text in French)
[17415]
(Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg A.G.). Screw conveyor for liquids or
sludges. French Patent 2,040,959; filed Nov. 7, 1969; issued
Jan. 11, 1971. This unit is designed primarily for sewage treatment
plants where it functions as a lightweight and portable sludge
conveyor which can be placed near the edge of a tank or container.
(Text in French)
[17424]
Pashkov, V. #.., E. I. Sirota, and V. P. Iskra. (Ukrainian Metallurgical
Plant, Zhdanov Branch, 'Ukrgripromez. ' Desludger/descaler for
horizontal settling tanks. Russian Patent 257,358; filed June
24, 1967; issued Apr. 7, 1970. This device, which can be used to
clean the most inaccessible areas of the tank and can be moved
from one section to the other, comprises a movable carriage with a
tiltable boom, a scraper, and a bucket. (Text in Russian)
[17542]
Peter, G. , and K. Wuhrmann. Contribution to the problem of bioflocculation
in the activated sludge process. In Proceedings; 5th International
Water Pollution Research Conference, San Francisco, 1970. Pergamon
Press Ltd., 1971. tLondon], 9 p. (Reprint.) Sixteen bacterial
strains were isolated from activated sludge and used as pure cul-
tures to determine their contribution to the flocculation process.
[16408]
Sludge and slurry dewatering by centrifugation. Water and Waste
13(3): 83-84, Sept. -Oct. 1970. Two of the most important types of
centrifuges used for dewatering sludge and slurry are the solid
bowl conveyor type, and the disc centrifuge with nozzle discharge,
both of which are described along with their applications.
[16397]
Sludge handling: the hardest phase of waste treatment. Environmental
Science and Technology, 5(8)1670-671, Aug. 1971. Sludge handling
falls into three categories: conditioning, which is generally
chemical; dewatering, which is achieved by vacuum filtration,
centrifugation, or lagooning; and final disposal, which is usually
accomplished via landfilling, incineration, or ocean disposal.
[16394]
303
-------
Yasudcij A.3 and C. Kobase. (Takuma Kikan Seizo K.K.). Dehydrating and
crushing device for sludge. Japanese Patent 46-19,384; filed
Jan. 9, 1967; issued May 31, 1971. Sludge from the settlement
tank of a sewage treatment plant is condensed, dewatered by
centrifugation, squeezed, and crushed to form an end-product which
can be incinerated or used as a fertilizer. (Text in Japanese)
[17021]
Yerkes, W. D. Secondary sludge as a soil amendment aids crops production.
Paper Trade Journal, 155(16):43-44, Apr. 19, 1971. Corn plots
spread with 20 tons per acre of centrifuged sludge gave higher
yields than plots with no sludge, 40 tons of sludge per acre,
or 10 tons of manure per acre.
[16549]
STORAGE
Boughtan, T. T. (T. T. Boughton & Sons Limited). Improvements in or
relating to apparatus for unloading garbage from a container.
British Patent 1,249,818; filed June 13, 1969; issued Oct. 13, 1971.
This arrangement, which consists of four ropes attached to a wire
mesh screen, is intended to provide an efficient and economical
way to remove garbage and can be adapted to containers of different
shape.
[17050]
Brockmuller, F. F. (Messrs. Windmoller and Holscher). Process and apparatus
for manufacturing bags comprising a liner bag which protrudes from
the opening. U.S. Patent 3,576,154; filed Jan. 13, 1969; issued
Apr. 27, 1971. This apparatus for manufacturing bags with a single
or multi-ply wrapper comprises a device for feeding a wrapper web
for the wrapper bags, a device for feeding and cross-cutting a liner
bag web, and an apparatus for overlapping the pieces which have been
cut from the liner bag web.
[17048]
Friesen3 G. A. (Gordon A. Friesen International Inc.). Sanitary disposable
receiver for liquid and solid wastes. U.S. Patent 3,591,870;
filed Nov. 14, 1968; issued July 13, 1971. The sanitary receiver
is composed of a nonporous, highly hydrated paper, preferably
unbleached kraft paper, 0.0003 to 0.0006 in. thick, which is coated
with one of several surfactants and backed with a layer of tissue
paper.
[17341]
304
-------
(J. Ochsner and Cie A.G.). Improvements in and relating to stationary feed
apparatus for refuse containers. British Patent 1,226,908; filed
July 17, 1969; issued Mar. 31, 1971. This apparatus comprises a
pivotable device which is coupled to, and serves to support, a
pivotable compacting wall on a refuse container; the device imparts
to the wall a reciprocating or oscillating movement as refuse is
being fed into the container.
[17055]
Langley, W. B. Refuse bag holder. U.S. Patent 3,563,505; filed Oct. 13,
1969; issued Feb. 16, 1971. This extremely lightweight bag holder
is equipped with a bag storage device for storing a roll of refuse
bags and a cover which receives and clamps a bag located on one
end of the bag roll.
[17046]
STREET CLEANING
Berg, H. vom. (Hako-Werke Hans Koch and Sohn). Automatic street cleaning
machine. German Patent 1,658,384; filed Feb. 8, 1967; issued
Apr. 8, 1971. This street sweeper is based on an overhead-throwing
principle, uses a revolving brush, and is equipped with an hydrau-
lic and electrical control system which gives the driver control
over the position of the front edge of the elastic strip on the
revolving component. (Text in German)
[17350]
The Lacre Story. Public Cleansing, 61(12):599-600, Dec. 1971. A booklet
entitled The Lacre Story recounts the history of Lacre, Ltd. of
England, a manufacturer of street sweepers, and includes a number
of illustrations of public cleansing vehicles.
[16563]
Larsen, G. J.3 and R. L. Woodworth. (Wayne Manufacturing Company). Road
sweeper broom chamber control. U.S. Patent 3,584,325; filed
Nov. 13, 1969; issued June 15, 1971. In this device, the rubber
seal which is normally used to maintain an airtight sweeping
chamber has been modified to form two pieces which maintain a more
intact air seal.
[17348]
More exhibits at the conference. Public Cleansing, 61(6):247-249, June 1971.
A description is given of the following exhibits at the Conference
Vehicle and Appliance Exhibition: a tipping version of the salvage
trailer; a propathene broom; a small, relatively inexpensive
vacuum-operated gully vehicle; a range of sack holders; three
Tri-Pack packers; and a comprehensive selection of street litter
receptacles.
[16572]
305
-------
Scruggs, D. E., and C. E. Holmes. (Industrial Brush Company). Street
sweeping broom construction with inclined bristles. U.S. Patent
3,588,937; filed Dec. 5, 1968; issued June 29, 1971. The brush
of this broom is in the form of a continuous helical coil and is
intended for street and industrial use.
[17434]
(Wayne Manufacturing Company). Street cleaning vehicle. British Patent
1,224,068; filed Dec. 12, 1968; issued Mar. 3, 1971. This street
cleaning vehicle uses a vacuum and is equipped with a specially
designed dirt-receiving chamber from which dirt accumulations can
be automatically shaken without removing the chamber from the
vehicle.
[17352]
TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
Clark, S. An ecological preventive maintenance program. Canadian Plastics,
28(12):20, 28, Dec. 1971. To battle adverse publicity concerning
the relationship between plastics and pollution, industry must
begin its own information campaign as well as solicit the help
of the media.
[16105]
Doan3 H. D. An industrialist looks at pollution. Chemistry, 44(4):13-15,
Apr. 1971. The major difficulties encountered in improving the
environment are convincing the average man to pay the bill, and
reworking the interwoven governmental units so that the prices
are kept at a reasonable level.
[15981]
The Environmental Fair; supplement. Resource Planning Institute, Burlington,
Mass., Jan. 15, 1971. 16 p. (Unpublished manuscript.) A
nonexhortive program, The Environmental Fair, will involve the
development, construction, testing, and implementation of a
participative series of environmental educational experience for
children in kindergarten through the sixth grade; it consists of
a classroom phase, which utilizes classroom kits, and a travelling
fair, which reinforces the classroom experience.
[15734]
Graber, R. C.3 F. K. Erickson, and W. B. Parsons. Manpower for environmental
protection. Environmental Science and Technology, 5(4);314-319,
Apr. 1971. The need for qualified engineers, sanitarians, program
specialists, technicians, and aides in the field of environmental
protection is discussed, and a list of universities offering programs
in the environmental sciences is provided.
[16249]
306
-------
Hafner3 E. M., J. M. Fotiler, and C. A. Williams. Environmental Education
1970. New York, Scientists' Institute for Public Information,
1970. 28 p. Traditional undergraduate courses in biology,
botany, and soil physiology, for example, do not provide an ade-
quate basis for investigating the problems posed by air, water,
and solid waste pollution; neither do these disciplines offer
any suggestion as to how they might be used to solve the dilemma
of our growing productivity and our deteriorating quality of
life.
[16602]
Hickman, H. L. Fhe engineer in solid waste management. Professional
Engineer, p.16-17, Oct. 1971. It is the responsibility of the
engineering profession to develop standards of qualification for
solid waste management engineers, to establish courses and
seminars for transmitting available knowledge in this field, and
to encourage the development of a higher level of solid waste
management technology.
[16532]
Lindsay, J. V. 'Recycling Day' in New York City. Secondary Raw Materials,
9(3):59-60, Mar. 1971. New York City has done the following to
encourage recycling: created incentives to recycle gas station
oil; signed a contract with private industry which was to conduct
an experiment to convert ordinary garbage into fertilizer; issued
detailed proposals for the recycling of packaging materials; col-
lected 73,000 abandoned cars for reprocessing in 1970; and specified
the percentage of recycled paper to be used in municipal office
paper.
[16588]
Vaughn, R. D. Solid waste management - everybody's problem. Environmental
jacience and Technology, 5(4):293, Apr. 1971. The roles of scientists,
economists, law enforcement personnel, municipal officials, indus-
trialists, educators, and citizens in solving the solid waste problem
are delineated.
[16568]
TRANSPORT
(Aktiebolaget Svenska Flatfabriken). Means for the pneumatic transport of
refuse and garbage. British Patent 1,223,279; filed Nov. 29, 1968;
issued Feb. 24, 1971. This means for the pneumatic transport of
refuse and garbage from a number of refuse chutes to a common
collection place comprises a transport pipe extending to the col-
lection point, a fan unit for maintaining a vacuum in the transport
pipe, a coarse separator, and a fine separator.
[17355]
307
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Collins, C. Sophisticated systems for handling solid waste. Waste Age,
2(3):26-27, 30, 57, May-June 1971. With the Automated Vacuum
Collection (AVAC) system, which is a waste collection system
designed for high-rise apartments, hospitals, and other installa-
tions that produce a large volume of refuse, refuse is dropped
into gravity chutes, stored temporarily at the bottom, and then
dropped into lateral vacuum pipes which carry it to a storage
silo.
[16333]
Culp, D. Pressure discharge waste disposal apparatus. U.S. Patent 3,566,415;
filed Aug. 20, 1969; issued Mar. 2, 1971. This device, which
comprises a waste conduit and refuse receptacle with a waste-receiving
chamber beneath it, is designed primarily for situations in which
wastes must be discharged upwardly against a head of pressure.
[17354]
Dowdican, F. W. Waste lift system. U.S. Patent 3,552,408; filed Feb. 1,
1968; issued Jan. 5, 1971. This system distributes waste material
which has been deposited in a central container to a number of
different pump units, each of which can discharge the waste to a
disposal area outside of the container.
[17353]
Johansson, B. B. Whisking the garbage. Saturday Review, 54(27):40-43,
July 3, 1971. In Sundbyberg, Sweden, the problems and expenses
associated with manual refuse collection are eliminated by an
apartment house refuse system in which bagged trash is dropped
into chutes and carried through vacuum pipes to a central incinera-
tor.
[15853]
Medhammar, K. I. M. (A.B. Centralsug). Method and means for suction of
vacuum transport of refuse and the like. U.S. Patent 3,583,770;
filed Feb. 4, 1969; issued June 8, 1971. A method for the pipeline
transport of refuse from a refuse chute to a collection container
or silo involves the use of suction air of subatmospheric or vacuum
pressure within the pipe.
[17955]
The Western Pacific Railroad plan for disposal of San Francisco's solid waste.
Oakland, Kaiser Engineers, Apr. 1968. [30 p.] According to the
proposed plan, San Francisco's refuse would be compacted, container-
ized, sealed or covered with plastic sheeting, and rail hauled to a
remote desert landfill site; an extrusion press method might be
incorporated into the treatment phase of the process.
[16282]
•to U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE - 1972—514-150/106
Jja742
308
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Ftoor
Chicago. II 60604-3590
U.S. .Eny/r0nmet?{gf P/pieci/on /igency
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