PROCEEDING
Volume 1
MINNESOTA
May 13-14-15, 1969
Duluth, Minnesota
Executive Session
September 3O-October 1, 1969
Duluth, Minnesota
Pollution of Lake Superior and
its Tributary Basin, Minnesota-
Wisconsin-Michigan
U.S. Detriment of the Interior • Federal Water Poll ution Control Administration
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I N D E X
STATEMENT OF; PAGE.
Opening Statement, Honorable Carl Klein , 6
The Honorable Harold Levander 10
John A. Blatnik 14-187
Governor Warren P. Knowles (read by Lester Voigt) 29
Governor William G0 Milliken (read by James Kellogg) 34
Richard J. Hesse, Colonel 39
The Honorable Ben Boo 45
The Honorable Philip A. Hart, U. S. Senator 50
The Honorables R. J. Higgins, Karl Grittner, Nichols D.
Coleman, V0 K0 Jensen (read by Mr, Carl Klein) 51
Dale S« Bryson 52
Donald J0 Baumgartner 178
AFTERNOON SESSION
A0 F. Bartsch 189
David G0 Stephen (read by Robert Bunch) 202
Edwin E, Geldreich 226
Thomas L0 Kimball 237
Donald I0 Mount 246
Robert W, Andrew (accompanied Donald I. Mount) 247
Donald I. Mount 251
Charles F. Collier 263
Clifford Risley, Jre 279
Donald I. Mount 290
Dale S0 Bryson 302
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1
Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the Interstate
Waters of Lake Superior and its Tributary Basin — Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Michigan, convened at 9:30 a.m., Tuesday, May 13, 1969,
at the Hotel Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota.
PRESIDING:
Hon. Carl L. Klein, Assistant Secretary of the
Interior for Water Quality and Research, Washington,
D. C.
Hon. David D. Dominick, Commissioner, and Co-Chairman,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U. S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
CONFEREES:
Mr. Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner for Enforce-
ment, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
MINNESOTA
Mr. John P. Badalich, Executive Director, Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Mr. F. Wayne Packard, Member, Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Mr. Robert C. Tuveson, Chairman, Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency, Minneapolis, Minnesota
WISCONSIN
Mr. Thomas Frangos, Administrator, Division of Envi-
ronmental Protection, Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources, Madison, Wisconsin
Mr. Lester P. Voigt, Secretary, Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin
Mr. Theodore F. Wisniewski, Assistant to the Adminis-
trator, Division of Resource Development, Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin
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MICHIGAN
Mr. James Kellogg, Administrative Aide to the
Honorable William G. Milliken, Governor of Michigan,
Lansing, Michigan
Mr. Ralph W. Purdy, Executive Secretary, Michigan
Water Resources Commission, Lansing, Michigan
Mr. John E. Vogt, Chairman, Michigan Water Resources
Commission, Lansing, Michigan
At the Executive Session of the conference, held
September 30, and October 1, 1969, the conferees were as follows:
MINNESOTA
Mr. Howard Anderson, Member, Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Mr. John P. Badalich, Executive Director, Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Mr. Robert C. Tuveson, Chairman, Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency, Minneapolis, Minnesota
WISCONSIN
Mr. Thomas Frangos, Administrator, Division of
Environmental Protection, Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin
Mr. Donald Mackie, Executive Assistant, Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin
MICHIGAN
Mr. Ralph W. Purdy, Executive Secretary, Michigan
Water Resources Commission, Lansing, Michigan
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Mr. Dale Bryson, Director, Lake Superior Basin Office,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U. S.
Department of the Interior, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Mr. H. W. Poston, Regional Director, Great Lakes
Regional Office, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Chicago, Illinois
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2a
Mr. Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner -
Enforcement, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, U. S. Department of the
Interior, Washington, D. C.
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PARTICIPANTS:
Honorable Harold Levander, Governor of Minnesota, St. Paul,
Minnesota
Honorable John A» Blatnik, U. S. House of Representatives,
Washington, D. Co
Honorable Warren P0 Knowlet, Governor, State of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wisconsin (read by L0 P0 Voigt)
Honorable William G0 Milliken, Governor, State of Michigan,
Lansing, Michigan (read by James Kellogg)
Colonel Richard J. Hesse, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
St. Paul, Minnesota
Honorable Ben Boo, Mayor, City of Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
Honorable Philip A. Hart, Uo S. Senate, Washington, D. C.
Honorable R0 J. Higgins, Senator, State of Minnesota
Honorable Karl F. Grittner, Senate Minority Leader, State
of Minnesota
Honorable Nicholas D. Coleman, Assistant Minority Leader,
State of Minnesota
Honorable V. K. Jensen, Assistant Minority Leader, State
of Minnesota
Dale So Bryson, Director, Lake Superior Basin Office,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U. S.
Department of the Interior, Duluth, Minnesota
Donald J0 Baumgartner, Chief, National Coastal Pollution
Research Program, Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration, Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon
Dr. Ac F. Bartsch, Director, Pacific Northwest Water
Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Northwest Region, U. S. Department of the Interior
Dr. David G. Stephan, Acting Assistant Commissioner,
Research and Development, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, U. So Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C» (Read by Robert Bunch.)
Edwin E. Geldreich, Research Microbiologist, Bureau of
Water Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio
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PARTICIPANTS CONT'D:
Thomas L. Kimball, Executive Director, National Wildlife
Federation, Washington, Do Co
Dr. Donald I. Mount, Director, National Water Quality
Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Uo So Department of the Interior, Duluth, Minnesota
Robert W0 Andrew, Research Chemist, National Water Quality
Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Uo So Department of the Interior, Duluth, Minnesota
Charles R0 Collier, District Chief, U0 So Geological Survey,
U0 S, Department of the Interior, St. Paul, Minnesota
Clifford Risley, Jr,, Director, Lake Michigan Basin Office,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administiation, U. S. Depart-
ment of the Interior, Duluth, Minnesota
Honorable Gaylord Nelson, U0 So Senate, Washington, D. C»
Honorable Walter F. Mondale, U. S0 Senate, Washington, D0 Co
John I', Badalich, Executive Director, Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Robert Rygg, Assistant Commissioner of Conservation,
Minnesota Conservation Department, Duluth, Minnesota
Ed Fride, Counsel for Reserve Mining Company, Silver Bay,
Minnesota
Edward M, Furness, President, Reserve Mining Company,
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Edward Schmid, Assistant to the President, Reserve Mining
Company, Silver Bay, Minnesota
Earl H. Ruble, Consulting Sanitary Engineer, Duluth, Minnesota
Honorable Frank Shearing, Mayor, Silver Bay, Minnesota
Honorable Richard Mahal, Mayor, Babbitt, Minnesota
Axel A. Jensen, Water Superintendent, Water Department,
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Lloyd Shannon, County Commissioner, St. Louis Board of County
Commissioners, St. Louis County, Minnesota
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PARTICIPANTS CONT'D:
A. Lloyd Shannon, County Commissioner, St0 Louis County, Minnesota
Robert Hanson, Chairman, Lake County Board of Commissioners, Lake
County, Minnesota
Wallace Johanson, Cloquet City Councilman and Chairman, Cloquet-
St. Louis River Water Quality Committee, Cloquet, Minnesota
Francis H0 Schraufnagel, Director, Bureau of Standards and
Water Surveys, Department of Natural Resources, Madison,
Wisconsin
Honorable John F. Wroblewski, Mayor, Washburn, Wisconsin
Douglas County Board of Supervisors
Five County Development Group
Victor Schmidt, Mill Manager, American Can Company, Ashland,
Wisconsin
John G. Blackburn, Manager, E. I. Du Ponte De Nemours and
Company, Barksdale, Wisconsin
Lloyd L. Falk, Senior Consultant, Engineering Department, E. !„
Du Ponte De Nemours and Company, Barksdale, Wisconsin
Robert G0 Erickson, Representative, John Muir Chapter, Sierra
Club, Racine, Wisconsin
Miriam G0 Dahl, Chairman, Pollution Committee, Wisconsin State
Division of the Izaak Walton League of America, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Martin Hanson, Secretary, Wisconsin Resource Conservation
Council, Mellen, Wisconsin
Dr. Culver Prentice, Private Citizen, Ashland, Wisconsin
Wisconsin Federation of Women's Clubs, Spooner, Wisconsin
Wisconsin Wildlife Federation
Dr. Don Covill Skinner, Northland College, Ashland, Wisconsin
Charles H, Stoddard, Resource Consultant, Wolf Springs Forest,
Minong, Wisconsin
Wisconsin Conservation Congress
Dr0 Robert J. Sneed, M0D., 1001 Second Street West, Ashland,
Wisconsin
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PARTICIPANTS CONT'D
Anne Fancher, Secretary, Wisconsin Bowhunters Association,
Crivitz, Wisconsin
Roger Bodin, President, Minnesota-Wisconsin Fisheries
Association, (Appearing on behalf of the Bayfield Chamber of
Commerce) Bayfield, Wisconsin
Richard O'Leary, Instructor of Science, Joint School District
No. 1, Bayfield, Wisconsin
Steve Astmann, Wisconsin Chapter, Save Lake Superior Association
Ashland County New Democratic Coalition, Wisconsin
Ernest J. Korpela, Assemblyman, Ashland, Bayfield, Iron
Counties, Wisconsin
Moquah Mens Club, Moquah, Wisconsin
Robert J0 Babich, Executive Vice-President, Northeastern
Minnesota Development Association, Duluth, Minnesota
James T. Shields, Executive Director, Minnesota Conservation
Federation, St. Paul, Minnesota
Richard J. Thorpe, Chairman, North Star Chapter, Sierra Club,
St., Paul, Minnesota
Wisconsin League of Women Voters
Duluth Chamber of Commerce
United States Steel Workers of America (AFL-CIO), Local 5296
Milton Pelletier, United Northern Sportsmen Club, Duluth,
Minnesota
Arlene Harvell, President, Save Lake Superior Association,
Two Harbors, Minnesota
Michigan Chapter, Save Lake Superior Association
Dr. Louis G. Williams, Save Lake Superior Association, University
of Alabama
Dale W. Olsen, Representative, Izaak Walton League of America,
Duluth Chapter, Duluth, Minnesota
Donald Andrews, Vice Chairman, Minnesota Environmental Defense
Council, St. Cloud, Minnesota
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3d
PARTICIPANTS CONT'D
John Pegors for 1) Minnesota Environmental Defense Council and as
2) President, Clear Air, Clear Water Unlimited
Rice Area Sportsman's Club
William G. Turney, Michigan Water Resources Commission, Department
of Natural Resources, Lansing, Michigan
Joseph Bal, Upper Peninsula District Engineer, Lansing, Michigan
Cletus Courchaine, Upper Michigan Office, Michigan Department
of Public Health, Escanaba, Michigan
Dr» Ralph A0 MacMullan, Director, Department of Natural Resources,
State of Michigan
B. Dale Ball, Director, Department of Agriculture, Lansing,
Michigan
Ralph Wo Purdy, Executive Secretary, Michigan Water Resources
Commission, Lansing, Michigan
Honorable Thomas Schweigert, Senate
National Audubon Society, Edward M0 Brigham III, Regional
Representative
William L0 Robinson, Steering Committee, Citizens to Save
The Superior Shoreline, Michigan
Dr» George G0 Mallinson, Dean, Western Michigan University
School of Graduate Studies, Kalamazoo, Michigan
George S0 James, U0 S, Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Eastern Region, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Verne Bathurst, Alternate Chairman, Great Lakes Basin
Commission
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Bruce J0 Miller, Assistant to the Regional Director, Great
Lakes Area Office, National Park Service, U0 S0 Department of
the Interior, East Lansing, Michigan
Ro W. Sharp, U0 S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Ernest D. Premetz, Deputy Director, U0 S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Great Lakes' and
Central Region, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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PARTICIPANTS CONT'D
Donald W. Marshall, Water Hygiene Representative, Region V,
Chicago, Illinois, and Commissioner for DREW on the Great Lakes
Commission
Dr. Graham Walton, Chief, Technical Services, Bureau of
Water Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service, Department of HEW,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Kenneth Haley, Vice-President, Reserve Mining Company, Silver
Bay, Minnesota
Dr. G. Fred Lee, Professor of Water Chemistry and Director of
Water Chemistry Programs, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin
Dr. R. A. Ragotzkie, Director, Marine Studies Center, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
James K. Rice, President, Gurus W. Rice and Company, Consulting
Chemical Engineer, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Dr. Robert C. Bright, Associate Professor of Geology and Ecology,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Dr. G. Fred Lee, Professor of Water Chemistry, Director of the
Water Chemistry Program, University of Wisconsin
Grant J. Merritt, Director, MECCA (Minnesota Environmental Control
Citizens Association) Minneapolis, Minnesota
Dr. Charles Huver, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota
Lawrence D. Downing, Lawyer, Rochester, Minnesota
Paul J. Kilian, Former Employee of Reserve Mining Company,
St. Michael, Minnesota
Charles E. Carson, Associate Professor, Department of Plan..
and Earth Science, Wisconsin State University, River Falls,
Wisconsin
John G. Marcon, Chairman, Region 5, Wisconsin Water Resource
Advisory Board (Read by Mr. Dominick)
Mrs. William Brascugli, Water Resources Chairman, League of
Women Voters of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
Mrs. James Alexander, Water Resources Chairman, League of
Women Voters of Duluth, Minnesota
Walter Sve, Split Rock, Minnesota
Earl Biggins, Lax Lake Area, Minnesota
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PARTICIPANTS CONT'D
Arthur Lorntson, Beaver Bay, Minnesota
Mrs. Alan Bruce, North Shore Camp, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
Kenneth Johnson, Students for Environmental Defense, Minneapolis,
Minnesota
William La France, Pickands Mather £> Company, Duluth, Minnesota
David K. Roe, President, Minnesota Federation of Labor, St. Paul,
Minnesota
Robert Dunbar, President, Minnesota Jaycees
James R. Miller, Duluth, Minnesota
Edwin Ritchie, Secretary, Encampment Forest Association, Minnesota
00 L0 Kaupanger, Secretary, Minnesota Emergency Conservation
Committee, Minneapolis, Minnesota
G. F0 Kratoska, Executive Secretary, Cook County Civic Association,
Minnesota
John Buccowich, Manager, Ely Chamber of Commerce, Ely, Minnesota
Roger J. Hargrave, Morgan Park Area, Duluth, Minnesota
Jerry R0 Foster, President, Midway Park Community Club, Proctor,
Minnesota
Vernon Larson, President, Silver Bay Chamber of Commerce, Silver
Bay, Minnesota
Stig Forssmakr, President, Trygve Hoff and Associates, Cleveland,
Ohio
Minnesota Arrowhead Association
United Steel Workers of America (AFL-CIO)
John C. Green, Professor of Geology, University of Minnesota,
Duluth, Minnesota
Jacob L0 Pete, Ely, Minnesota
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LAKE SUPERIOR ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
REGISTRATION LIST
May 13-15, 1969
Clarence Agnoli
Masabi State Junior College
R. R. I, Box 133
Britt, Minnesota 55710
Charles E. Aguar
Aguar, Jyring, Whiteman, Moser,Inc.
126 East Superior Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
Robert Ahlin
728 East 5th Street
Duluth, Minnesota
Beth Ahnen
Bayfield High School
Rootel Bayfield, Wisconsin
John C . Akers
P. 0. Box 306
Duluth, Minnesota
Bob Albano, Reporter
Milwaukee Sentinel
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Robert Albertson
2017 Third Street East
Ashland, Wisconsin
Mrs . J . R . Alexander
Water Resource Chairman
League of Women Voters
Duluth, Minnesota
Patti Alt
P. 0. Box 3
Angora, Minnesota 55703
Adolph T. Anderson
Grand Rapids Izaak Walton League
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Arne J. Anderson
County Clerk
Douglas County Court House
Superior, Wisconsin
E. J. Anderson
General Engineer
Axelson Sommefeld
3l4i(- Greysolon Place
Duluth, Minnesota 55812
Orville H. Anderson
Foreman
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
Ray E. Anderson
1730 Woodlard
Duluth, Minnesota 55803
Sue Anderson
R. R. 1
Ashland, Wisconsin
Vernon A. Anderson
Lead Foreman
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
Robert W. Andrew
Research Chemist
National Water Quality Lab.
Dept. of the Interior
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, Minnesota
James M. Andrews, Jr.
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
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4a
Barbara Angelo
Student of Economics
Mesabi State Junior College
Virginia, Minnesota
Mary C. Ansbro
Water in the News
The Soap & Detergent Assn.
^4-85 Madison Avenue
New York City, N. Y. 10022
W. F. Arksey, Engineer
Water Service & Fuel Facilities
Great Northern Railway
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
Lynn Armstrong
512 St. Claire Street
Ashland, Wisconsin 54806
John L. Artisensi, Chairman
Ely Development Council
Ely, Minnesota
Particia S. Astmann
c/o Northland College
Ashland, Wisconsin
Stephen K. Astmann
c/o Northland College
Ashland, Wisconsin
Daniel D. Austin, Manager
Economic Development Council
Duluth Area Chamber of Commerce
220 Medical Arts Building
Duluth, Minnesota
A. B. Austreng, Editor
Babbitt Weekly News
106 South Drive
Babbitt, Minnesota
A. H. Axelson, President
Axelson-Sommerfeld & Associates
600 Torry Building
Duluth, Minnesota
Robert Babich, Executive Vice- President
Northeastern Minnesota Development Assn.
500 Alworth Building
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
W. K. Baggott
DuPong Company
Wilmington, Delaware
Jack H. Bailey, Ass't. Chief
Construction Management Branch
Economic Development Administration
200 West Superior Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
Joseph Bal
Michigan Water Resources Comm.
Stevens T. Mason Building
Lansing, Michigan 48913
Frank J. Banovftz, City Clerk
City of Ely
209 E. Chapman Street
Ely, Minnesota
J. E. Barker
3206 Poinciana
Middletown, Ohio
Michael A. Barton
Watershed Scientist
U.S. Forest Service
P. 0. Box 1*4-9
Ely, Minnesota 55731
Edwin A. Bartusch
Region 5 Advisory Board
P. 0. Box 360
Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701
Vern M. Bathurst
State Conservationist & Alternate
Chairman, Great Lakes Basin Comm.
U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Room 101 - 1405 S. Harrison Street
East Lansing, Michigan 14.8823
Raymond J. Batie
43 Astor Road
Babbitt, Minnesota
Donald J. Baumgartner, Chief
Coastal Pollution Research
Fed. Water Pollution Control Admin.
200 S. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
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Kathleen Bayliss
Students for Saving Lake Superior
Ashland, Wisconsin
Gerald Beauchamp
P. 0. Box 135
Bayfield, Wisconsin
Curtis J. Beckmann
WCCO Radio
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Duane Benoit
National Water Lab.
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, Minnesota
Harold Benson
Lake Superior Adv. Fisheries Comra.
Grand Marais, Minnesota
Merlin H. Berg, Chairman
Minnesota-Wisconsin Boundary
Area Commission
983 - 18th Avenue, S.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Arthur V. Biele
Water, Gas & Sewage Treatment
Department
Duluth, Minnesota
Earl Biggins
Star RtE Box 98
Silver Bay, Minnesota
E. R. Bingham
White Pine Copper Co.
White Pine, Michigan ^9971
J. G. Blackburn
DuPont Company
Burksdale, Wisconsin
Russel Blankenburg, President
Cook County Taxpayers Assn.
Grand Marais, Minnesota
Mark Blahnik
Ashland High
Ashland, Wisconsin
5^806
Frank Blatnik, Postmaster
Post Office
4902 Oneida Street
Duluth, Minnesota
R. L. Bleifuss
University of Minnesota
(Min. Exp. Sta.)
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Harry C. Bloomquest
Duluth Waterfront & Central Labor Body
Duluth, Minnesota
H. R. Bluchard
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Roger Bodin
Bayfield Chamber of Commerce
Bayfield, Wisconsin 5^814
R. H. Boehn
Kimberly-Clark Corp.
Munising, Michigan ^9862
William M. Bolander
Reserach Director
Northeastern Minnesota Development
Assn.
Nemda 500 Alworth Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
E. M. Borgesen
5 North 3rd Avenue West
Seal Building
Duluth, Minnesota
Eric A. Bourdo, Jr.
Michigan Tech University
Houghton, Michigan
Ralph W. Bout
Wisconsin Conservation Congress
Ashland, Wisconsin
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4c
E. Brannel
Superintendent of Schools
Lake County
Two Harbors, Minnesota
Mrs. William Brasciegli
Bureau of Women Voters of Minnesota
Elgart Bremel
Resort Operator & Guide
Lake Superior Licensed Guide Society
Cornucopia, Wisconsin 5^827
Edward M. Brigham, III
National Audubon Society
Atlas, Michigan k&kil
Richard W. Briuk
1501 - llth Avenue, North
Virginia, Minnesota
Bernard L. Brommer
Duluth AFL-CIO Central Body
Conservation Committee
211 Labor Temple Building
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
Kenneth Brown
Commissioner
Carlton County
Moose Lake, Minnesota
Sue Brown
1315 - 10th Avenue, West
Ashland, Wisconsin
Mrs. Alan Bruce
2108 Laurel Avenue
Minneapolis, Minnesota
55^05
John Buccowich, Executive Secretary
Ely Chamber of Commerce
30 South First Avenue, East
Duluth, Minnesota
Robert M. Buckley, P.E.
Chief, Program Development Branch
Lake Huron Basin Office, FWPCA
Naval Air Station
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
Bruch Burnside
1004 - 7th Avenue, West
Ashland, Wisconsin
Philip Bushy
Bayfield High School
Box 562
Bayfield, Wisconsin 548l4
Elizabeth Bussey
Students for Saving Lake Superior
801 MacArthur Avenue
Ashland, Wisconsin 54806
Douglas E. Carlson
Mine Superingendent
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
Dr. John B. Carlson
UMD (Biology)
Ron Carmody
K. C. Munising
R. Carpentry
Cleveland, Ohio
Donald J. Casey
80 Country Cor. La.
Fairport, New York
Mrs. F. Cash
14450
Janet Caskinette
6l8 - 18th Avenue, West
Ashland, Wisconsin 54806
Raymond Chagnon
Executive Director
206 Torroy Building
Duluth, Minne s ota
W. E. Chapin
5325 Juniata Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
Diane Churchill
N. C.
Ashland, Wisconsin
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4d
James P. Clancey
Peninsula Bank Building
Ishpeming, Michigan
James H. Claypool
Senior Vice President
Northern City National Bank
Duluth, Minnesota
Richard L. Coda
Quality Control Manager
Superior Fiber Products
Nth 5th & Bayfront
Superior, Wisconsin
Albert P. Colalillo
President
International Longshoremen - #1366
606 Garfield Avenue
Duluth, Minnesota
Don Cole
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
Charles R. Collier
District Chief
U.S. Geological Survey
1002 Post Office Building
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
Hollie L. Collins
Assistant Professor
Biology UMD
211 West Kent Road
Duluth, Minnesota
D. E. Cooksery
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Cletus Courchaine
Sanitary Engineer
Michigan Department of Public Health
State Office Building
Escanaba, Michigan
Norman H. Cruse, Ass't. Secretary
Minnesota Petroleum Council
1*46 Bulden Exchange Building
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55^02
Dr. Gary M. Dahl
Save Lake Superior Assn.
1022 Lowry Medical Arts Bldg,
St. Paul, Minnesota 55102
Gary Dainmel
Supt. of Schools
Babbitt School
Babbitt, Minnesota
Mrs. Gary Dainmel
1+5 Ash
Babbitt, Minnesota 55706
Herbert Dann
Director of Public Wastes
Superior, Wisconsin
Mary Danz
Ashland, Wisconsin
Pat Danz
1116 - llth Avenue, West
Ashland, Wisconsin 5*4-806
A. M. DeJoannes
Commissioner IRR&R
State of Minnesota
^4-9 State Office Building
St. Paul, Minnesota
Carol A. DeLeo
Box 128
Babbitt, Minnesota
55706
David V. DeLeo
Supervisor of Industrial Relations
Reserve Mining Company
Box 234
Babbitt, Minnesota.
Chuck DeMann
DeMann Chev., Inc.
Silver Bay, Minnesota
T. J. Dengler
Div. of Water, Soils & Minerals
State of Minnesota
3^5 Centennial Bldg.
St. Paul, Minnesota
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4e
Claer Dethmers, Ph.D.
Route 6, Box 2kk
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
David Dingeman
Lake County Republican Party
Box 63
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Pastor C. A. Dirksen
Sychar Lutheran Church
Silver Bay, Minnesota
J. L. Dunning
Regional Chief of Maintenance
National Park Service
1709 Jackson Street
Omaha, Nebraska
Donald A. Easterly
Supervisor - Press Relations
Armco Steel Corporation
Middletovm, Ohio k$0k2
Mrs. J. Eaton
4102 E. Superior
Duluth, Minnesota
Virginia Eggen
Mesabi State Junior College
Virginia, Minnesota 55792
F. J. Elias
Duluth, Minnesota
Harold J. Engelhart
56 Beech Ct.
Babbitt, Minnesota
Pam Brickson
606 West 6th Street
Ashland, Wisconsin
Mrs. Robert Erickson
3328 North Main Street
Racine, Wisconsin 53*4-02
Robert G. Erickson
Sierra Club
3328 North Main Street
Racine, Wisconsin 53^02
Rody R. Esala
Executive Director
Arrowhead Development District
800 Lonselale Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota
William Everett
UMD
L. L. Falk
Engineering Dept.
E. I. DuPont De Nemours & Co.
Wilmington, Delaware 19898
C. Paul Farci, Attorney
EDA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce
500 Kellwood Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota
Donald D. Ferguson
Commissioner
Lake County
Route 1, Box 159B
Two Harbors, Minnesota
Mrs. Arnold Fochs
2506 Brorch
Duluth, Minnesota
B. C. Foor, Secretary
Richards
631^ N. Alpine
Rockford, Illinois
William Frahm
Douglas City Supervisor
Wascott, Wisconsin
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4f
Edward T. Fride, Attorney
Reserve Mining Company
1200 Alworth Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota
Paul Friedman
UMD
217 W. Winona Street
Duluth, Minnesota
Jerry Frybergh
Hallett Minerals
Duluth, Minnesota
Frederic D. Fuller
Supervisory Chemist
U.S. Department of the Interior
FWPCA
1819 Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois 60609
Frances Gabrus
408 - 14th Avenue, East
Ashland, Wisconsin 54806
Thomas J. Gacazen
Bayfield Hich School; C of C
Route 1
Bayfield, Wisconsin 54814
Edwin E. Geldreich
Bureau of Water Hygiene
U.S. Public Health Service, DHEW
222 East Central Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Ulrich Gibson
University of Minnesota
School of Public Health
1112 Mayo Bldg.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55^55
Wesley A. Gival
U.S. Bureau of Mines
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Gary E. Glass, Ph.D.
Research Chemist, NWQL
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, FWPCA
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, Minnesota
Frank M. Glavan
Mesabi State Junion College
Virginia, Minnesota
Mrs. Wenchll Glich
2230 East 2nd Street
Duluth, Minnesota
Dr. F. James Glick
UMD
Sam Goldberg
Douglas City Supervisor
City Anti Pollution Committee
603 Hughitt Avenue
Superior, Wisconsin
Sharon Goldsworthy
Duluth Herald & News Tribune
Duluth, Minnesota
George V. Goodwin
Director, ICAP
Bemidji State College
Demidji, Minnesota 56601
Mrs. John C. Green
9TT3 North Shore Drive
Duluth, Minnesota
Mr. & Mrs. C. A. Gretzinger
310 Allen Street
Lansing, Michigan 48912
Sue Grigg
504 - nth Street, North
Virginia, Minnesota 55792
C. H. Grindy, Manager
Hallett Dock Company
Box 7024
Duluth, Minnesota 55807
Joseph R. Gross
Resident Mining Engineer
J & L Steel Corp.
315 - 5th Street, South
Virginia, Minnesota 55792
Harry C. Grounds
Minnesota Jaycees
145 Pioneer Boulevard
St. Paul, Minnesota 55105
Robert D. Grover
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Kathryn Gurske
801 Ellis Avenue
Ashland, Wisconsin
5^806
Howard T. Hagen, Vice President
Zenity Dredge Company
l4th Avenue West & Waterfront
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
Alvin S. Hall
St. Louis County Commission
Ely, Minnesota 55731
Joe Hall
Reserve Mining Company
Vincent Hallett, Manager
Wely Radio
Box 540
Ely, Minnesota
Carolyn Halliday
2620 W. Skyline Parkway
Duluth, Minnesota 55806
L. L. Hanson
The Cleveland-Cliff Iron Co.
Cleveland, Ohio
Louis Hanson
Sp. Ass't. Gaylord Nelson
U.S. Senate
Mellen, Wisconsin
Martin Hanson
Wisconsin Resource Conservation
Council
Mellen, Wisconsin 5^5^6
Robert B. Hanson
Lake County Board
138 Edison Boulevard
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Roger J. Hargrale
1076 - 84th Avenue, West
Duluth, Minnesota
Wesley R. Harkins
Fraser S/Y
Superior, Wisconsin
Ronald J. Harri
Reserve Mining Company
Star Route Box 180
Ely, Minnesota
Mace Harris
MPCA
Colquet, Minnesota
M. A. Hartshorm
U.S. Forest Service
Washburn, Wisconsin
Arlene I. Harvell
President, Save Lake Superior
Assn.
E. Star Route Box 117
Two Harbors, Minnesota 55^16
Clifford Hedman
Superior Fiber Products
James Heine
Regional Engineer
Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources
1812 Brackett
Eau Claire, Wisconsin
John Helca
3lU Market
Cloquet, Minnesota
Ray Heraenway
E.D.A.
Dick Hemmersbaugh
RM. Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
John Hendrickson
105 E. Pattison
Ely, Minnesota
Joseph J. Hennessy, Reporter
Minneapolis Star
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Eugene Hensel
Dist. Public Health Engineer
Wisconsin State Div. of Health
250 Mormon Coulee Road
LaGrosse, Wisconsin 5^-601
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4h
James W. Herbert, Sr.
President
Sherber Corp.
3900 Linden
White Bear Lake, Minnesota 55110
Richard J. Hesse, Colonel
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
St. Paul, Minnesota
Dr. P. B. Hofsliend
Biology Department
UMD
Duluth, Minnesota
Gene H. Hollenstein
Waters Section Supervisor
Div. of Waters, Soils & Minerals
Minnesota Conservation Department
Centennial Bldg.
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
C. Lee Holt
District Chief
U.S. Geological Survey
Madison, Wisconsin
Arvid Houglum, M.D.
Executive Officer
St. Louis County Board of Health
Duluth, Minnesota
P. Houle
Corece Salte Company
Sid Bowell
Babbitt, Minnesota
Clayton B. Howk
U.S. Taxpayer
Lake Superior Licensed Guides
Box 116
Cornucopia, Wisconsin
Russell F. Hoyer
Upper Peninsular Po. Co.
Houghton, Michigan
G. B. Hustad
Duluth, Minnesota
Mrs. Charles L. Hurst
Board of Directors
MECCA - Mpls.-St. Paul
5600 Hillside Court
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55^35
Evelyn P. Hunt
National Water Quality Laboratory
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, Minnesota
Kathy Hunt
Route 2
Ashland, Wisconsin
51*806
Dr. Charles W. Huver
University of Minnesota
Department of Zoology
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Don E. Hyde
Babbitt, Minnesota
Franklin J. Hyder
Corps of Engineers
John Hyvarinen
Supt. Electric Maintenance
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota 55706
John W. Jamar
Vice President
Jasper Engineering & Equipment
P. 0. Box k6Q
Hibbing, Minnesota 557^6
Cecil Jasper
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Mrs. Cecil Jasper
Babbitt, Minnesota
James K. Jeglum
Mechanical Engineer
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota 55706
Axel A. Jensen
Village of Silver Bay
Minnesota
Co.
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4i
Ray Joder
UMD
Duluth, Minnesota
Freeman Johansen
Deputy Director
Arrowhead Development District
800 Lonsdale Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota
Wallace Johanson
Councilman
City of Cloquet
Cloquet, Minnesota
Ann Johnson
1018 Third Avenue, West
Ashland, Wisconsin 5^806
Ardella Johnson
First State Bank
Babbitt, Minnesota
Corrine A. Johnson
S.L.S.A.
5^37 Dominick Drive
Hopkins, Minnesota
D. W. Johnson
3M Company
Duluth, Minnesota
D. W. Johnson
Box 3331
Building k2 - 2W
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
Darold D. Johnson, President
First State Bank
Babbitt, Minnesota
James A. Johnson
Supt. of Sanitary Services
City of Duluth
211 City Hall
Duluth, Minnesota
John C. Johnson
Duluth, Minnesota
S. R. Johnson
UMD
Duluth, Minnesota
Wayne G. Johnson
Silver Bay Village Attorney
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Mark Jolraa
Ashland High School
Route 1, Box 136
Marengo, Wisconsin 5^55
Ronald Jolma
Ashland High School
Route 1
Marengo, Wisconsin 5^55
John H. Jorgersen
Save Lake Superior
Knife River, Minnesota
Harry Jost
University of Wisconsin Law School
Madison, Wisconsin
K. R. Judkins
Ass't. to the Manager of Operator
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Gary Kaiser, Student
Save Lake Superior Assn.
309 - 7th Avenue, East
Ashland, Wisconsin 5^806
Raymond Kalkbrenner
Silver Bay, Minnesota
T. W. Kamps
Environmental Control Manager
Northwest Paper
Cloquet, Minnesota
KDAL-TV
Broadcast Centr.
Duluth, Minn
ATTN: News Director
Carol Kehoe
223 Prentice Avenue
Ashland, Wisconsin
54806
William Kelso
Loan Specialist
Department of Commerce - EDA
Sellwood Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota
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4j
Brick Kendall, Editor
Midland Cooperatives Publications
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Richard Kievits
Milwaukee Journal
2 W. Mifflin Street
Madison, Wisconsin
Thomas L. Kimball
1412 - 16th Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C.
Ralph D. Kizer
U.S. Forest Service
Ironwood, Michigan
Donald G. Klaber
1905 East 5th Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55812
Frank J. Klima
Manufacturers' Representative
Gulf Oil Corp. - Smith Tool Co.
8l6 - 3rd Street, South
Virginia, Minnesota
Rita Klima
3l6 - 3rd Street, South
Virginia, Minnesota
T. W. Knight
Director of Engineering
Calumet Div. Universal Oil
Products Company
Calumet, Michigan
Ralph S. Knowlton
9640 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, Minnesota 5580^
Joseph R. Kobe
Lead Foreman
Reserve Mining Company
952 E. Sheridan Street
Ely, Minnesota 55731
Diane Kolloaf
612 - 3rd Avenue, East
Ashland, Wisconsin
Charles Kozel
Regional Director
Wisconsin Div. of Environmental
Protection
Sau Claire, Wisconsin
H. Kragh
Pinewood, West Star Route
Two Harbors, Minnesota
G. F. Kratoska
Cook County Civic Assn.
Grand Marais, Minnesota 556014-
B. 0. Krogstad
1MD
Duluth, Minnesota
Bill Krueger
Mining Engineer
Reserve Mining Company
52 Fir
Babbitt, Minnesota
David A. Kohn, Counsel
Oglebay Morton Company
.1200 Hanna Bldg.
Cleveland, Ohio H4155
Dale Allyn Kupczyk
Save Lake Superior Assn.
1617 East 6th Street
Ashland, Wisconsin 5^-806
Mr. & Mrs. K. J. Kurry
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
William J. LaFrance
Lakd Administrator
Pickands Mather & Co.
TOO Sellwood Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota
Jos. T. Landa
Ely, Minnesota
Mrs. J. T. Landa
Ely, Minnesota
Stan Landa
Sly, Minnesota
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4k
Mrs. Stan Luna
Ely, Minnesota
Arnold W. Lair son
1000 Alworth Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
Vernon L. Larson, President
Silver Bay Chamber of Commerce
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Mrs. Albert Lassard, Jr.
1/2 Oak Street
Proctor, Minnesota
A. A. Lattimer
Zoning Administrator
Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Washburn, Wisconsin
Tom Lavato
UMB
2309 East First Street
Duluth, Minnesota
Clarence Lawson
Babbitt, Minnesota
Susan Leakey
1115 Ellis Avenue
Ashland, Wisconsin
5^806
G. Fred Lee
Water Chemistry Laboratory
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Robert A. Lee
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Edward H. Leonard, Chemist
National Water Quality Laboratory
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
Carl Levin
Bvrson-Marsteller
1632 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D* C. 20006
Roscoe W. Libby
Chief, Technical Activities Branch
FWPCA, Lake Michigan Basin Office
1819 W. Pershing Road
Chicago, Illinois 60609
W. E. Lindberg
Loan Specialist
U.S. Dept. of Commerce - EDA Div.
500 Sellwood Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota
Esther Marie Lindstrom
6l8 - 9th Avenue, West
Ashland, Wisconsin
Leonard Lloyd
Armco Steel Corp.
Middletown, Ohio
George H. Lodd
Armco Steel Corp.
Washington, D. C.
Albert G. Lopez
Industrial Engineer
Reserve Mining Company
Evelyn Lorntoon
Beaver Bay, Minnesota
Mr. & Mrs. Henry Luech
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay^ Minnesota
Lloyd A. Lueschow
Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources
Madison, Wisconsin
H. C. Luick
Minnesota Pollution Control Board
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Carl A. Lund
City of Duluth
Room 201 - City Hall
Duluth, Minnesota
Philip R. Lundberg
1311 Woodland
Duluth, Minnesota 55803
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41
David Lundquist
Economics Class
Mesabi State Junion College
Virginia, Minnesota
John E. Luoma
University of Minnesota
1831 Portland
St. Paul, Minnesota
Franz J. & Thelma L. Luehanen
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
Richard W. Lutey
Development Specialist
Buckman Laboratories Inc.
Memphis, Tennessee 38108
Mr. & Mrs. L. A. Luthanen
Birch Lake
Babbitt, Minnesota
Richard J. MacGarra, CDR
U.S. Coast Guard
Captain of the Port
Duluth - Superior
Clarence E. Maddy
Administrative Assistant
City of Duluth
Room 406 - City Hall
Duluth, Minnesota 55802
William H. Magie
Executive Secretary
Friends of the Wilderness
Duluth, Minnesota
George W. Mallenson
Dean, School of Graduate Studies
Western Michigan University
Kalamazoo, Michigan ^9001
R. E. Magnuson, Jr.
The Cleveland-Cliffs lorn Company
Cleveland, Ohio
Richard Mahal
Village of Babbitt
Babbitt, Minnesota
Bill Majewski
AJWM, Inc.
126 East Superior Street
Duluth, Minnesota
Kenneth Maki
Mesabi State Junion College
Box 273
Kinney, Minnesota 55758
Michael V. Mancini, Projectionist
Reserve Mining Company
iQlk Woodland Avenue
Duluth, Minnesota 55803
Lois Mann
League of Women Voters &
Minnesota Conservation Education Assn»
638 West Laurel
Fergus Falls, Minnesota 56537
John G. Marcon
Chairman, Region 5 Water Advisory Bd.
Wise. Dept. of Natural Resources
Rice Lake, Wisconsin 5^4-868
Jerome Marks
City of Duluth
City Hall
Duluth, Minnesota
Robert S. Mars, Jr.
Northeastern Minn. Development Assoc.
215 So. 27th Avenue, West
Duluth, Minnesota 55806
W. B. Matter
3009 East First Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55812
Mrs. W. B. Matter
3009 East First Street
Duluth, Minnesota
Lois Matthys
SLSA
1216 West 8th Street
Ashland, Wisconsin 5^806
Lois Mattsfield
51*4- - 8| Street, South
Virginia, Minnesota 55792
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4m
Vincent Mattson, Biologist
National Water Quality Lab
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, Minnesota
Janice Matyas
1113 East Front Street
Duluth, Minnesota
Allan Mayer
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota 55706
Mrs. Allan Mayer
Babbitt, Minnesota 55706
Michael Patrick Maxim
Summerhill
4831 East Superior Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
Mr. & Mrs. Samuel B. Mayo
Box 270, Route 6
Excelsior, Minnesota
R. N. McGiffent
Box 7024
Duluth, Minnesota
Gerald F. McGill
City of Superior-Douglas
Health Department
1402 Tower Avenue
Superior, Wisconsin
Richard K. McHenry
Watershed Scientist
U.S. Forest Service
Box 149
Ely, Minnesota 55731
Robert N. Mclndoo
36 Astor Road
Babbitt, Minnesota
Mrs. James McKim
1735 Lakeview Drive
Duluth, Minnesota
Mark Meker
UMD
Duluth, Minnesota
Callie Merritt
Route 6, Box 244
Duluth, Minnesota
55804
Grant T. Merritt
1000 First National Bank Bldg.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Eileen D. Mershart
3107 John Avenue
Superior, Wisconsin
Richard W. Mihalek
Route 1, Box 8l
Ashland, Wisconsin
Gordon Mikeleeheen
EDA
Robert D. Milberger
Cloquet CUJ
1362 Roland Road
Cloquet, Minnesota
L. H. Miner
District Engineer
Minnesota Dept. of Highways
1123 Mesabo Avenue
Duluth, Minnesota
William 0. Mills
Mills Clothing
Ely, Minnesota
Gerald Minkkinen
Duluth CLU
1730 Highway 2
Duluth, Minnesota
Gordon Mikleeheen
EDA
Richard L. Mitchell
Ass't. Chief Mng. Engineer
Reserve Mining Company
1705 Ninth Avenue, North
Virginia, Minnesota 55792
Joe Modec
Eveleth, Minnesota
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4n
J. M. Moe
1205 West Second Street
Ashland, Wisconsin 5*4-805
L. F.Molinaro
36 Arthur
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Particia Monroe
Ashland, Wisconsin
W. K. Montague
Reserve Mining Company
i-t-09 Alworth Bldg.
Duluth, Minnesota
Donald J. Moore
Sales Engineer
Dow Chemical Company
Drawer B
Biwabik, Minnesota
Paul V. Morgan
Vice President - Science Services
Cyrus William Rice & Company
15 Noble Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15205
Mrs. D. M. Morgenstern
5820 London Road
Duluth, Minnesota 5580^
Jere N. Nossier
UMD - Biology Department
Duluth, Minnesota
Albin J. Mosnik
Reserve Mining Company
,1123 East Washington Street
Ely, Minnesota
John B. Moyle
Minnesota Dept. of Conservation
St. Paul, Minnesota
Manfred Nadke
1104 MacArthur Avenue
Ashland, Wisconsin 51*806
Irving R. Nathanson
751 Mt. Curve Blvd.
3t. Paul, Minnesota 55116
William Navha
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Phyllis Neari
Student of Economics
M. S. J. C.
Virginia, Minnesota
Heidi Nelson
Bayfield, Wisconsin
Kathryl Nelson
607 Ellis Avenue
Ashland, Wisconsin
5^806
Mrs. Richard E. Nelson
2730 Branch
Duluth, Minnesota 55812
Robert F. Nelson
Chairman, Board of Directors
Minnesota Environmental Control
Citizens Assoc.
1053 So. MeKnight Road
St. Paul, Minnesota 55119
Robert N. Nelson
Yoyageur Realty
115 - 7th Street
Two Harbors, Minnesota
Rober Newberg
Box 1*25
Forbes, Minnesota
Dean J. Nolden
Plant Manager
Koppers Co., Inc.
Bardon Avenue
Superior, Wisconsin
Arthur Notton
Superior Sportsmen & Wildlife Club
General Del
Superior, Wisconsin
John R. Nourse
Bayfield High School & Chamber
of Commerce
Bayfield, Wisconsin 5^8l4
John F. Nylund, Mech. Engineer
Reserve Mining Company
Star Route
Virginia, Minnesota 55792
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4o
Dale W. Olsen
Duluth Chapter Izaak Walton League
46l5 London Road
Duluth, Minnesota 55&X&
Diane Olson
National Water Quality Laboratory
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, Minnesota
Dr. Theodore A. Olson
Professor, Environmental Biology
School of Public Health
University of Minnesota
College of Medical Sciences
1112 Mayo Medical Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Thomas A. Olson
1310 East 4th Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55805
Wallace W. Olson
Industrial Engineer
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
Jeanette Onderak
1023 - iVth Avenue, West
Ashland, Wisconsin
Patti Osmak
608 Second Avenue, West
Ashland, Wisconsin
Clarence C. Oster, Engineer
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
58th & kOth Avenue, South
Minneapolis, Missesota
Ken Ouaska
Box 189
Maren^o, Wisconsin
Willit m Palmer
Executive Secretary
Michigan Oil & Gas Assoc.
and Past Pres., Northern Great Lks.
Il8| W. Ottawa Street
Lansing, Michigan ^933
Richard N. Parell
Manager, Public £ Government
Relations
Hana Mining Company
2125 Second Avenue, East
Hibbing, Minnesota 557^6
Joseph Paszak
Duluth, Minnesota
William Paulson
531 - llth
Two Harbors, Minnesota
55616
Leah Payne
1.61k Blackstone Avenue
St. Louis Park, Minnesota
Edwin C. Pearson
Chairman - Study Committee
United Northern Sportsmen
2202 Hillsrest Drive
Duluth, Minnesota 55811
John Pegors, President
Clear Air, Clear Water - Unlimited
315 - 10th Avenue, North
Hopkins, Minnesota 553^3
Martha Perkkala
Maple, Wisconsin
Dale Pelletier
United Northern Sportsmen
3680 Munger Shaw Road
Duluth, Minnesota
Milton Pelletier
United Northern Sportsmen Club
3680 Munger Shaw Road
Duluth, Minnesota
Mrs. Milton Pelletier
3860 Munger Shaw Road
Duluth, Minnesota 55810
Area Council
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4p
J. R. Pellikka, President
First National Bank
Ely, Minnesota
Mary Perpich
Student of Economics, MSJC
Virginia, Minnesota
Jacob L. Pete
M »A »A •
331 South Central Avenue
Ely, Minnesota 55731
Bernard Petrich
Industrial Engineer
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
Frank J. Petric
Postmaster
16 Balsarn
Babbitt, Minnesota
55706
Fred J. Petric, Clerk
Village of Babbitt
Babbitt, Minnesota 55706
John Boyd Phelps
Student of Economics
Mesabi State Junior College
Box 183
Eako, Minnesota
Gerald F. Pittmann
5723 Wyoming Street
Duluth, Minnesota 5580^
Russell H. Plumb, Jr.
University of Wisconsin
760 Witte Hall
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Ray Polzin
County Agricultural Agent
University of Wisconsin & Douglas County
203 Courthouse
Superior, Wisconsin 5^880
Harry S. Pomeroy
Vice President
Wisconsin Wildlife Federation
St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin
Robert Ponder
Murphy Oil Corp.
Superior, Wisconsin
Mrs. H. W. Poston
Chicago, Illinois
Ernest D. Premetz
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Ann Arbor, Michigan
B. R. Prusak, Division Engineer
Soo Line RR
Minneapolis, Minnesota 554^0
Edna E. Pudas
Route 1, Box 119
Iron River, Wisconsin
Mrs. Eli Pudas
Iron River, Wisconsin
Richard Pycha
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Robert A. Ragotzkie, Director
University of Wisconsin
Marine Studies Center
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Jean B. Raiken
Minn.-Wise. Boundary Area Comm.
Tofte, Minnesota
Ian Ramsay
Ramsay OWRC
kn. Donald Street, East
Fort William, Ontario
Kathi Rantala
Box 22^4-
Bayfield, Wisconsin
Bob Ray
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
717 Delaware Avenue, S.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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4q
Hollis B. Rayn
Executive Secretary
Minnesota Arrowhead Assn.
kOO - Hotel
Duluth, Minnesota
R. L. Reed
Silver Bay, Minnesota
J. K, Rice
C. W. Rice & Co.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15205
Gene A. Roach
Silver Bay, Minnesota
T. T. Roberts
Wisconsin State University
Superior, Wisconsin
William L. Robinson
Assoc. Professor of Biology
Northern Michigan University
Marquette, Michigan ^98 5 5
Kjell Rodne
Student U.M.D.
S.D.S.
Duluth, Minnesota
Anne Rogalski
1517 W. Third Street
Ashland, Wisconsin 5^806
Clifton F. Rogers
Upper Peninsula Power Co.
Duluth, Minnesota
Mrs. H. Roseriblum
WPCAB
Duluth, Minnesota
Warren E. Roska
Siarra Club
3C48 North Lee
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55^22
E. W. Ross
Zoning Administrator
Douglas County
Douglas County Courts
Superior, Wisconsin
Joan Rucktaeschel
UMD
162 Burntside
Duluth, Minnesota
Floyd Rudy
Administrative Assistant
Northwest Paper
Cloquet, Minnesota
0. R. Ruschmeyer
1798 Carl Street
St. Paul, Minnesota 55113
Grace Sacchetti
Student of Economics
Mesabi State. Junior College
Virginia, Minnesota
Robert Jon Sanders
Save Lake Superior Assn.
1623 East Fifth Street
Ashland, Wisconsin 5^806
Candy Sandstedt
Student of Economics
Mesabi State Junior College
Virginia, Minnesota
Thomas C . Savage
Clear Air Clear Water Unlimited
Route #1
South St . Paul, Minnesota
Frank Scheuring, Mayor
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Harry E. Schlenz, President
Rex Pacific Flush Tank Division
^4-241 Ravenswood Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60613
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Ed Schmidt
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Victor Schmidt
Ashland, Wise. Mill Manager
American Can Co.
Ashland, Wisconsin
William Schneider
Industrial Engineer
Reserve Mining Company
Babbitt, Minnesota
Ernest Schober
Soil Conservation Service
2209 East Fifth
Duluth, Minnesota
Jay L. Scholtus
Mesabi State Junion College
Virginia, Minnesota
F. H. Schraufnager
Wise. Dept. of Natural Resources
Madison, Wisconsin
Cindy Scribner
*K)1 Willis
Ashland, Wisconsin
Lawrence Schubert
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
5561^
James E. Schweiger
Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources
Madison, Wisconsin
Charles J. Scott
Field Engineer
Reserve Mining Co.
Babbitt, Minnesota
J. R. Scott
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
Robert T. Scott, Associate
Aguar, Jyring, Whiteman, Moser, Inc.
126 E. Superior Street
Duluth, Minnesota
4r
Mrs. R. A. Seitz
^333 Oneida
Duluth, Minnesota
L. R. Sewull
Hallett Minerals Co.
Duluth, Minnesota
Helen Seymour
Duluth, Minnesota
A. Lloyd Shannon
County Commissioner
St. Louis County Courthouse
Duluth, Minnesota
Robert W. Sharp
Regional Supervisor
Div. of Fishery Services
Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Federal Building - Ft. Snelling
Twin Cities, Minnesota
Roger Shelervd
T03 Ebony Avenue
Duluth, Minnesota
Arlene L. Shelhon
National Water Quality Lab
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, Minnesota
James T. Shields, Executive Director
Minnesota Conservation Federation
Box 88
Longville, Minnesota 56655
Harold Sims
United Northern Sportsmen
lt-28 South 88th Avenue, West
Duluth, Minnesota
Stanley Sivertson
366 Lake Avenue, South
Duluth, Minnesota
Dr. & Mrs. D. C. Skinner
Ashland, Wisconsin
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4s
Mrs. William Slack
2623 East 5th Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55812
R. J. Slade
Big Dollar
Babbitt, Minnesota
Mrs. R. J. Slade
Babbitt Big Dollar
15 Dogwood
Babbitt, Minnesota
John A. Smrekar, President
Northern Great Lakes Area Council
Silver Bay, Minnesota 5561^
Ingma R. Sollin
57 West 7th Street
St. Paul, Minnesota 55102
Laurene Soulier
Bayfield High School
Bayfield, Wisconsin
Mrs. Robert L. Stanton
League of Women Voters of Duluth
koQ Lakeview Avenue
Duluth, Minnesota 55812
Heinz Stefan
Assistant Professor
University of Minnesota
St. Anthony Fally Hydraulic Lab.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55^55
Marvin L. Steinbach, Jr.
2027 East First Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55812
H. Stephan
University of Minnesota
CE Department
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55^55
Anton Sterle
United Northern Sportsmen
2k±8 West 15th Street
Duluth, Minnesota 55806
Harvey Stipe
Brule River Sportsman's Club, Inc.
Box 55
Brule, Wisconsin 5*1-820
Charles H. Stoddard
Resource Consultant
Wolf Springs Forest
Minong, Wisconsin 5^859
Mrs. C. H. Stoddard
26114- East 6th Street
Duluth, Minnesota
Mrs. Hjalmar Storlie
192lj- Drew Avenue
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Fred E. Stout
President, M.A.A.
Duluth, Minnesota
William Stuart
Supervisor
Bayfield Company
Bayfield, Wisconsin
John A. Suihkonen
Assistant Manager
Eveleth Fee Office
Box 521
Eveleth, Minnesota
Mr & Mrs. Walter Sve
Two Harbors, Minnesota
Robert Swindlehurst
Reserve Mining Company
Silver Bay, Minnesota
55^16
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4t
Emil A. Tahtinen
Board of Directors
Brule River Sportsman Club
Douglas County Fish & Game League
1205 Grand Ave.
Superior, Wis. 514880
John I. Teasley
Research Chemist
National Water Quality Lab.
FWPCA, USDI
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, Minn. 5580U
Mrs. John I. Teasley
2610 East 6th Street
Duluth, Minn.
R. L. Thomas, Dr.
Dept. E.M. & R
Canadian Federal Government
lU, Kelsan Ave.
Grimteby, Ontario
Mr. & Mrs. Lonnie Thompson
Eastern Mgr.
Smith Tool Co.
131 Ho. 21st Ave. E.
Duluth, Minn.
Richard J. Thorpe
Sierra Club
3U60 Wescott Hills Drive
St. Paul, Minn. 55111
Jean Thorsen (Mrs. Walter)
3017 John Ave.
Superior, Wis.
Cheryl Tillman
Student
UMD
1929 Picdment Ave.
Duluth, Minn. 55811
Catherine Tolliver
Students for Sensible Action
Ashland, Wis. 5^806
Richard Toroas
A JVM, Inc.
126 East Superior St.
Duluth, Minn.
William G. Turney
Assistant Chief Engineer
Michigan Water Resources Commission
Stevens T. Mason Bldg.
Lansing, Mich.
N. R. Valentini
Asst. Commissioner
State of Minn.
Dept. of I.R.R. & R.
1+9 State Office Bldg.
St. Paul, Minn.
Kenneth Van Ess
Director, Environmental Health
St. Louis County Health Dept.
512 Courthouse
Duluth, Minn.
Charles F. Vanzwol
1200 Hallam
Mahtomedi, Minn.
Donald Wayne Varner
Director, Research & Development
Superior Fiber Products
Superior, Wis.
H. H. Vaughn
Eueleth Taconite Co.
Eueleth, Minn. 5573^
William C. Verrette
Vice President
Champion, Inc.
Box llll'
Iron Mountain, Mich.
Linda Vieira
Student
U.M.D.
22H1 W. 13th St.
Duluth, Minn. 55806
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4u
C. D. Visina
Duluth AFL - CIO Central Body
Duluth, Minn.
Willard Vondrashek
North Eastern Minn.
500 Alworth Bldg.
Duluth, Minn. 5580;
Devel. Assn.
Mr. & Mrs. John J Vulielick
Reserve Mining
Babbitt, Minn.
C. Walbridge
National Water Quality Lab.
FWPCA, DI
Duluth, Minn.
Darrel P. Walstrom
Mining Engineer
Eveleth Fee Office - Mesabi Trust
301 McKinley Ave.
Eveleth, Minn. 5573^
Graham Walton
U.S. Public Health Service
Cincinnati, Ohio
Fred Wampler
Regional Coordinator
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
550 Main Street
Cincinnati, Ohio
Clarence Wang
Corps of Engineers
Duluth, Minn.
Ron Way
Reporter
The Minneapolis Tribune
1*25 Portland Ave.
Minneapolis, Minn. 55^15
Miss Jane Welander
1012 South 6th Ave.
Virginia, Minn. 55792
C. W. Welles
President
Modern Distributors, Inc.
Duluth , Minn .
Donald W. Wenino
Pfeifer & Shultz. Inc.
1*4? 3 Utica Avenue. So.
Minneapolis , Minn .
Daniel Westlund
Students for Sensible Action
1*01 21st Avenue, E.
Ashland, Wis. 5U806
Louis G. Williams
Professor of Biology
University, Alabama ?
Roger S. Williams
Director of Natural Resource Planning
Upper Great Lakes Regional Comm.
57 W. 7th Street
St. Paul, Minn.
Clarence A. Wistizom
Dept. of Natural Resources
Spooner, Wis.
Fred Witzig
Dept. of Geography
Univ. of Minnesota
Duluth, Minn.
Edward A. Woleske
Loan Service Officer
US Dept of Comm.
Sellwood Bldg.
Duluth, Minn.
John C. Wolter
Watershed Staff Officer
U.S. Forest Service
Box 308
Duluth, Minn. 55801
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4v
M. G. Woodle
Reserve Mining Co.
37 Aspen Lane
Babbitt, Minn. 55706
Mrs. M. G. Woodle
Reserve Mining Co.
Babbitt, Minn. 55706
Asa T. Wright
Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources
Box 190
Marquette, Mich. ^9855
Donald C. Wright
Assistant Director of Public Relations
Reserve Mining Co.
Silver Bay, Minn. 5561*4
George L. Wright
Wis. College of Agriculture
Madison, Wis.
Paula Yankee
Students for Sensible Action
Ashland, Wis. 5l»8o6
Frank S. Zakrajsek
Chief, Public Works
EDA U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Duluth, Minn.
David F. Zehtner
Minn. Div., Isaak Walton League
Duluth, Minn.
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PROCEEDINGS
May 13, 1969
MR. STEIN: I wonder if we can come to order.
Will the conferees come to the head table.
I have one message here for a Mrs. Robert Erickson. I
would like to say that from here on out no messages will be announced,
If you have a message, you will have to make other arrangements.
We are also going to try to do the best we can to improve
the lighting. We ask your cooperation until we can get everything
squared away and cleared up. Because we have such a large meeting,
I would ask you to have consideration for your neighbors and allow
people behind you to see that there be no placards displayed in
the auditorium. You recognize if you are holding one up, the
people behind you are not going to be able to see. I think this
would help the situation considerably.
We will open this Conference in the matter of pollution
of the interstate waters of Lake Superior and its tributary basin.
I would like to call on Mr. David Dominick, Commissioner,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Commissioner Dominick.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr. Stein.
Other conferees will be introduced as we go along here,
but in the interest of time I will simply introduce at this time the
Honorable Carl L. Klein, Assistant Secretary of the Interior for
Water Quality and Research. Mr. Klein will chair the first day of
this very important conference.
Mr. Klein.
MR. KLEIN: Thank you, Commissioner Dominick.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Klein
OPENING STATEMENT BY
HONORABLE CARL L. KLEIN
MR. KLEIN: ihe conference is now open.
This conference in the matter of pollution of Lake Superior
and its tributary basin in the States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
Michigan is being held under the provisions of Section 10 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, under Section 10(d)(l)»
The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to initiate a conference
of this type "whenever, on the basis of reports, surveys, or studies,
he has reason to believe that any pollution referred to in subsection
(a) and endangering the health and welfare of persons in a State
other than that in which the discharge or discharges originate is
occurring."
Section 10(a) then states: "The pollution of interstate
or navigable waters in or adjacent to any State or States (whether
the matter causing or contributing to such pollution is discharged
directly into such waters or reaches such waters after discharge
into a tributary of such waters), which endangers the health or
welfare of any persons, shall be subject to abatement as provided in
this Act."
That is the jurisdiction of this conference„ It was
initiated by the Secretary of the Interior„ It was not initiated on
call of the Governors. As specified in Section 10 of the Act, the
Secretary of the Interior has notified the official State water
pollution control agencies of this conference. These agencies are
the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources, and the Michigan Water Resources Coiamission8 One
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Opening Statement - Mr,, Klein
is missing, as you notice, and that is Canada. We have no jurisdic-
tion even to invite them to this conference.
Both the State and Federal Governments have responsibilities
in dealing with water pollution control problems. The Federal Water
Pollution Control Act declares that the States have primary rights
and responsibilities for taking action to abate and control pollution.
Consistent with this, we are charged by law to encourage the States
in these activities.,
The purpose of the conference is to bring together the
State Water pollution control agencies, representatives of the U. S.
Department of the Interior, and other interested parties to review
the existing situation, and the progress which has been made, to lay
a basis for future action by all parties concerned, and to give the
States, localities, and industries an opportunity to take any
indicated remedial action under State and local law.
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency will be represented
by Mr. John Badalich0 The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
has designated as its conferee Mr« Thomas Frangos„ And the Michigan
Water Resources Commission will be represented by Mr. Ralph Purdy.
The Federal conferee is Mr. Murray Stein. My name, of course, is
Carl Lo Klein., Mr. David Dominick is the Commissioner of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration.
In my absence during the remainder of the week when I
will be testifying in Springfield, Illinois, on various pollution
bills, Mr. David Dominick will be the Chairman with Mr0 Murray Stein
assisting him.
The parties to this conference are the official State
Water Pollution control agencies and the U. S. Department of the
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Opening Statement - Mr. Klein
Interior. Section 10(d)(3) of the Act provides that the agencies
called to attend such conference may bring such persons as they
desire to the conference. In addition, it shall be the responsibility
of the Chairman of the conference to give every person contributing
to the alleged pollution or affected by it an opportunity to make a full
statement of his views to the conference«
Now a word about the procedures governivig the conduct of
the conference. The conferees will be called upon to make statements.
The conferees, in addition, may call upon participants whom they
have invited to the conference to make statements. In addition, we
shall call on ether interested individuals who wish to present
statements. At the conclusion of each statement, the conferees will
be given an opportunity to comment or ask questions, and I may ask
a question or two. This procedure has proven effective in the past
in reaching equitable solutions.
The procedure ordinarily is that the host Governor and
other Governors have the first right of making statements and other
Federal and State dignitaries as well. Then the Federal Government
presents its case, and then turns the microphone and the chair over
to the local State agencies. In this case, the State of Minnesota will
present all of its witnesses after the Federal Government, this being
their home State; thereafter the State of Wisconsin/ and finally
the State of Michigan. At the end of all the statements we shall
have a discussion among the conferees and try to arrive at a basis
of agreement on the facts of the situation. Then we shall attempt
to summarize the conference orally, giving the conferees, of course,
the right to amend or modify the summary.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Klein
Section 10 (d) (4) of the Act specifies that,
"Following the conference, the Secretary shall prepare and forward
to all the water pollution control agencies attending the conference
a summary of conference discussions including (a) occurrence of
pollution of interstate or navigable waters subject to abatement
under this Act; (b) adequacy of measures taken towards the abate-
ment of the pollution; and (c) nature of delays, if any, being
encountered in abating the pollution."
The Secretary is also required to make recommendations
for remedial action if such recommendations are indicated, and I
will say to you we will take up all of Lake Superior in this
matter and not just part of it.
A record and verbatim transcript of the conference
is being made by Thomas Couriour of Kansas City, Missouri.
We shall make copies of the summary and transcript available to
the official State water pollution control agencies.
I would suggest that all speakers and participants
other than the conferees making statements come to the lecturn
and identify themselves for purposes of the record.
Our first statement this morning is by the Host
Governor, the Honorable Harold Levander, Governor of the State of
Minnesota.
Governor Levander.
(Applause and standing ovation.)
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Honorable Harold Levander
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE HAROLD LEVANDER,
GOVERNOR, STATE OF MINNESOTA,
ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
GOVERNOR LEVANDER: Thank you, Mr. Klein.
And to one and all, and especially to our out-of-State
guests, a hearty welcome to Minnesota. We are indeed grateful
that each of you have been willing to come, to give your time, and
to share your expertise.
Few problems generate greater concern or threaten more
massive consequences than the prospect of harmful pollution. The
haunting specter of pollution is even more monstrous to Minnesotans
than it is to many others because we have become accustomed to, and
are very proud of, our undefiled natural resources.
It is out of this spirit of concern that I have welcomed
this fact-finding conference on the status of Lake Superior. Lake
Superior is more than a nice asset. It is absolutely indispensible,
and Minnesota shall not tolerate pollution of this lake from any
source. We shall take any action necessary to preserve the high
quality of this lake.
In fact, we have already begun. As the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration reports:
"The States assigned their highest use categories to Lake
Superior (i.e., public water supply, whole body contact recreation,
and cold water fishery). The water quality criteria adopted to
protect these designated uses were established using the best
available knowledge at that time. Hence, the water quality standards
for Lake Superior are the most restrictive adopted by the States
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Honorable Harold Levander
of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and are among the most
stringent standards nationally„"
We must keep a vigilant watch over the water quality of
one of the largest, purest, youngest, and most delicate lakes in
the world,, And, therefore, I have looked forward to this conference
so that we can update our information on Lake Superior„ I note
Secretary Udall's language in calling this conference when he wrote,
"I would like to stress to you that I consider this conference to be
fact finding,.0" And he closed by saying, "I look forward to our
joint efforts and determination of what the facts concerning pollution
in Lake Superior really are,"
For we must have the facts, and, moreover, we must have
a constant analysis of the facts so that we pursue the most proper and
vigorous course in fighting pollution. It is for that reason that I
instructed the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency several months ago
to provide regular spot checks on the quality of the water in Lake
Superior,,
Yet there is one undisputed fact that Minnesotans fully
appreciate. That is, we place great demands on Lake Superior and,
therefore, we, in large part, hold its future in our hands. Because
this administration recognizes its obligation to generations to come,
we have moved and will move swiftly to abate pollution.
Six months ago, all municipalities and industries on the
lake were given orders of compliance. Each municipality and every
industry is now required not only to provide secondary treatment of
their wastes, but we have also gone a step farther to require tertiary
treatment or removal of nutrients from the wastes. Each case involved
has a specific deadline, but by late 1971 everyone must meet these
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Honorable Harold Levander
standardso
In addition, to my knowledge, Minnesota is the first
State in the Union which now has effluent standards and a minim-urn
of secondary treatment requirements on all discharges, both in
intrastate and interstate waters.
Furthermore, I believe Minnesota is the first State in
the Nation which has been able to voluntarily work out a legal
stipulation by the State, the city, and the company so that the
paper mills and all wood product industries using the St. Louis
River (the principal river of the Superior Basin) in the area of
Cloquet will have secondary treatment of their effluent by 1973.
However, we have not come to recite the past but to assess
the present and to protect the future a future free from pollutions
If we are to be successful, we will need the unceasing cooperation
among States and the Province of Canada. Although Minnesota is a
prominent user of the lake, with 189 miles of its shoreline, Wisconsin
holds 325 miles, Michigan 913, and Ontario 1,549,, These governmental
units have a vital interest in the lake. It is my opinion, if we are
really sincere about the future of Lake Superior, we ought to include
in any further discussions or future discussions, Canada. To neglect
them is to neglect over one-half the drainage basin of the lake and
over one-half of its shoreline.
With this kind of comprehensive, forceful effort I think
we can preserve the exceptional qualities of Lake Superior waters.
In conclusion, Mr. Klein, I have one request to make0
You met with us in Chicago some few weeks ago with respect to the DDT
pollution problem, and we then requested some additional assistance
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Honorable Harold Levander
in a monetary way from the Federal Government. You have advised us
now that there is $200,000 available on a two-to-one matching basis.
I would like this allowance (which would be $40,000 to Minnesota) to
be divided on the basis of $10,000 from the Federal Government (which
we would match with $5,000) for the DDT investigation; and that
$30,000 of that money (to be matched by $15,000 from the State) would
be used for monitoring any other possible pollution in Lake Superior.
We have in Minnesota now, through our Water Pollution
Control Agency, a continuing surveillance program, but this
additional financial assistance will enable us to do a even more
intensive and comprehensive monitoring program for the lake.
Thank you very much.
(Applause.)
MR. KLEIN: Thank you, Governor Levander.
You know, I am very pleased about this cursory treatment
of the removal of nutrient pollutants, and I am very pleased about
the dates of 1971 and 1973 that you have already set up. We the
Commissioner, Mr. Murray Stein, and myself have just finished
the conference on the Potomac River in Washington, and we are having
difficulty in getting a date set of 1973 or even 1975 to get the
Nation's rivers cleaned up because of the amount of money involved.
I am glad to see that you are a step ahead of us on this.
Our host Congressman for District 8 is the Honorable
John Blatnik, and, as is the custom, being the Host Congressman, I
have asked him to address you next.
Congressman Blatnik. (Applause.)
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JOHN A. BLATNIK,
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
WASHINGTON, D. C.
MR. BLATNIK: Thank you very much Secretary Klein.
Governor Levander, distinguished members, distinguished
conferees, and the associates of our neighbor States of Wisconsin
and Michigan:
Welcome and good morning, friendsc
I am really pleased to be permitted to be part of those
to initiate this official proceeding a conference which I shall
define here in law as the first stage and the first step in an
enforcement action to cause to cease and desist any pollution that
may be found to occur in Lake Superior.
Although the Governor made a splendid statement
Governor, I am pleased to commend you on the advanced progress
and foresight which the State of Minnesota is showing in the field of
pollution control (both in intrastate and interstate waters) may I
briefly beg your indulgence and tolerance to recite a little of the
past not just to recite the past history but hopefully to give you a
clear understanding of where we have been, where we are today, and
what further needs to be done. The prime issue, of course, is Lake
Superior and all sources of pollution that threaten our great
heritage.
I first became acquainted with Lake Superior more than
34 years ago when I was working in the odd CCC camps near Isabella
and Finland on Highway 1 between Ely and Lake Superior. I don't
ever think I'll forget the first time I saw the big lake. It was a
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
bright, sunny day, much like this morning, and when I came over the
hill near Illgen City there in front of me was that huge, magnificent,
glittering freshwater lake. That was quite a thrill back in the old
days when travel was so difficult, and I've had a warm spot for
Lake Superior ever since.
That first exciting experience with the lake had a great
impact on me, such an impact that in later years I made it part of
my life's work. There I was, standing in front of one of the largest
bodies of fresh water in the world. To me it looked like an ocean.
The lake's unsurpassed beauty, purity, and clarity were
then, and still are, resources to be preserved and protected. The
unique quality of its water transcended anything I had ever seen
before, and I could feel the richness of the lake's heritage all
around me. But I never really appreciated this great pristine
resource, this lovely northern lake and forest country until I went
to Washington in January 1947, after the War when I first came to
Congress.
I was named to the Public Works Committee, which deals
directly with many aspects of water use -- navigation, flood control,
hydroelectric power, harbors, channels and pollution. I was also
named to the Subcommittee on Rivers and Harbors which was working on
the problems of the St. Lawrence Seaway.
While reviewing all of the Great Lakes ports, channels
and harbors and studying the St. Lawrence Seaway problems, I saw
firsthand and was appalled at the unbelievable pollution of the
harbors of Chicago, Gary, Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo, and the
major rivers such as the Ohio, Mississippi, St Claire, River Rouge,
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
as well as practically all of the major seacoast ports -- Boston,
New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, San Diego, San Francisco,
etc,,
It was then that I began my fight to clean up the Lower
Great Lakes, the Mississippi River, and the great pollution problems
throughput the Nation.
It was a lonely fight back in those days. Pollution was
not the popular issue that it is today. Back then the clean water
advocates in Congress could have caucused in a telephone booth. The
clean water fighters were few and far between.
But we didn't get discouraged, because it was clearly
evident that water pollution was a national problem that was bad and
getting worse and that it could only be solved through cooperation by
the Federal Government, the State Governments, local governments and
industry, and with the understanding and broad-based support of a vast
majority of the Nation's citizens.
We needed and got the complete support of the conservation
organizations, such as National Wildlife Federation, now under the
leadership of Tom Kimball, the Executive Director, who is here with us
today; Bill Magie and the Friends of the Wilderness, the Izaak Walton
League, the United Northern Sprotsmen, and many other dedicated groups.
Especially helpful in the early days and right up to the
present was the League of Women Voters. Without this kind of determined
grass—roots support we couldn't have done the job.
The big breakthrough came when I was made Chairman of the
Subcommittee on Rivers and Harbors and in 1956 was able to author the
Federal Water Pollution Act. I conducted the hearings on the bill in
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
the Public Works Committee and managed it on the House Floor.
This was the first permanent national law for the preven-
tion, control, and abatement of water pollution. And it was imperative
that it be enacted into law. After passing the House by a vote of
338 - 31, and following Senate action on the bill, I filed the report
of the Conference Committee and President Eisenhower signed the bill
into law on July 9, 1956.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act laid the ground-
work for the start of a joint effort by the Federal Government in full
partnership with the States and localities in the clean water fight.
The accomplishments of the law were many:
1. It recognized and preserved the primary responsibility
and rights of the States in preventing and controlling water pollution.
2. It authorized continued Federal-State cooperation in
the development of comprehensive river basin programs for water
pollution control,
3. It authorized increased technical assistance to the
States and stepped up research.
4. It authorized the collection and dissemination of basic
data on water quality relating to the prevention and control of pollution.
5. It encouraged the continued formation of interstate
compacts and uniform State laws.
6. It authorized for 5 years grants to states and
Interstate agencies for their water pollution control programs.
7. It authorized Federal grants for the construction of
municipal waste treatment works.
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
8. And, ladies and gentlemen, it set up procedures for
enforcement action against interstate pollution -- Yes, the enforce-
ment conference you are sitting at today would not have been possible
without the passage of my bill in 1956.
My original bill asked for $100 million in construction
grants. The 1956 Act, as finally passed, authorized annual appro-
priations of $50 million for Federal waste treatment construction
grants of 30 percent or $250,000, whichever is less. This was a
very modest start indeed -- but it was the best we could get through
at that time and it was a start in the right direction.
In 1960 during the 86th Congress, to try to make further
improvements and to spur more local effort in the Federal program, I
introduced a bill to increase the annual grant authorization. This
bill also provided for an increase in the dollar ceiling for a single
project and encouraged efficiency and economy by permitting two or
more communities to join in a project.
Though we got the bill through the Committee, the House
and Senate and the Conference Committee, President Eisenhower vetoed
it on the grounds that this was a local problem. By a vote of 249
to 157 the House fell short of the necessary two-thirds vote needed
to override the veto.
In 1961 I again introduced legislation to strengthen the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act. I also presided at those Committee
Hearings and managed the bill on the House Floor, with passage coming
on a vote of 307 to 110.
The bill, signed into law by President Kennedy on July 21,
1961, increased the appropriations authorization for construction
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Honorable John A0 Blatnik
grants to $100 million a year, finally reaching the $100 million level
we sought in 1956. It also increased the dollar ceiling for a single
project to $600,000, and authorized multimunicipal projects with
a dollar ceiling of $2.4 million. As you can see, the effect of this
bill was to increase the incentive to local antipollution efforts.
But I accomplished one other important job in this new
law -- direction of a continuing study of the quality of the waters of
the Great Lakes to protect them from pollution caused by population
growth, industrial growth, and increased shipping„
At this time we knew very little about water quality, and
it became very evident that an enormous amount of scientific and
technological research was needed to answer the many complex questions.
During the 89th Congress I moved again to strengthen the
water pollution legislation and introduced the Water Quality Act of
1965 with Senator Ed Muskie as the lead-off witness. By 1965 we
"clean water" fighters were getting good support., The bill passed the
House by a unanimous vote and got overwhelming approval in the Senate,
as well. It was made law by President Johnson on October 2, 1965.
This landmark legislation created the Federal Water
Pollution Administration, and it also provided for the establishment
of water quality standards for interstate waters and stated for the
first time that the purpose of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
is to enhance the quality and value of our water resources and to
establish a national policy for the prevention, control, and abatement
of water pollution.
Under this new law we also increased the annual appropria-
tions authorization for construction grants from $100 million to
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Honoarble John A. Blatnik
$150 million, doubled the dollar ceilings, afforded more realistic
assistance to populous areas, and gave new incentives to State partici-
pation in waste treatment plant financing.
In 1966 we took another big step toward increasing the
quality of this Nation's water during the 89th Congress with the passage
of the Clean Water Restoration Act, of which I was the author,,
The most significant provision of the 1966 Act was the
vast increase in the authorized level of Federal support for municipal
waste treatment plant construction, the grant program begun in 1956
under my original legislation.
The 1966 Act also removed the dollar ceilings on projects,
provided new incentives for State participation in financing and for
the application of water quality standards to receiving waters.
Among its other provisions the law authorized 50 percent
Federal grants to planning agencies for the development of comprehen-
sive basin plans for water quality control/ doubled the level of
Federal support for the strengthening of State and interstate water
pollution control programs; provided for research and demonstration
grants in the areas of advanced waste treatment and wastewater
renovation and the control of industrial pollution, plus many other
new provisions.
In addition, the 1966 law transferred to the Secretary of
Interior responsibility for administration of the Oil Pollution Act
of 1924, and expanded its application to include the Great Lakes and
other nontidal navigable waters.
The successive amendments to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act and related law reflect the response of Congress
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
to the magnitude of the total water pollution problem, its complexity,
the emergence and recognition of new problem areas, and the mounting
public demand for clean waters„
Congress has not only been responsive with legislation on
the enforcement and construction aspects of the program, it has also
authorized millions of dollars in research, development, and demon-
stration projects.
In 1956 the appropriation for these projects was $443,219.
This has grown to $43,668,846 in 1969. Waste treatment construction
grants grew from $50 million in 1957 to $214 million in 1969.
This winter I personally conducted an investigation and
hearings in Santa Barbara following the disastrous oil spills off the
coast off that city. This catastrophe underscored the need for more
effective control of pollution of waters and shorelines by oil.
We returned to Washington, conducted hearings on the
Water Quality Improvement Act of 1969, and passed it through the
House of Representatives on April 16 by a vote of 392-1„ I expect
early action by the Senate.
This bill would provide for the control of pollution by
oil and other matter from vessels, offshore facilities and onshore
facilities; from acid and other mine drainage; and from activities
operating under Federal licenses and permits as well as from Federal
installations. It also authorized more intensive work on the Clean
Lakes Program.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, enacted in 1956,
strengthened in 1961, 1965, and 1966, and the expected enactment of
the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1969, all came under my Chairmanship
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
of the Rivers and Harbors Subcommittee„
This was work, hard work. It took years of study, hundreds
of hours of Committee hearings, and volume after volume of testimony.
But it is all worth it if we can help the Lower Lakes and keep Lake
Superior the clean beauty that she is.
Back in 1962, I realized that the best way to preserve
Lake Superior was through preventive measures. But nobody know enough
about pollution to establish a comprehensive preventive program. The
problems of water pollution are so complex, so varied, and so numerous
that existing knowledge and techniques are not adequate to deal with
all of them. This is where the idea of the National Water Quality
Laboratory came in. We simply needed more scientific information
about pollution.
I obtained Federal authorization for the laboratory, and
the city of Duluth donated the building site in March 1962. The lab
was dedicated on August 11, 1967.
What does this all mean? It means that on the shore of
Lake Superior standing like a watchful, protective beacon, is a
$2.2 million structure which houses $1 million worth of the most
sophisticated, advanced scientific and technical equipment that
American science can produce in this field.
Now we have the most scientifically advanced freshwater
laboratory in the world to study and research the environment of
Lake Superior waters and determine in a scientific manner the best
preventive methods to avoid pollution of Lake Superior.
We also have, as I outlined earlier, a good legislative
base from which to embark on an orderly, responsible program of water
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
pollution control and effective enforcement where necessary,,
Since early this year there has been considerable intensive,
often emotionally supercharged discussion about pollution of Lake
Superior and about this enforcement conference. Many well-meaning
but ill-informed statements have been made proposing action that
should be taken by the Federal Government or the State of Minnesota,
some even calling for Legislation to stop pollution of Lake Superior.
This kind of talk has confused the people and created a
misunderstanding about the Water Pollution Control program and has
even led to rumors that attempts are being made to white-wash this
enforcement procedure.
As author of the first permanent, comprehansive law to
control water pollution and manager in the House of all its major
amendments, I feel it is most important to set the record straight on
the whole enforcement procedure.
First, let me point out that no NEW legislation is needed
now to cope with Lake Superior problems. THAT AUTHORITY HAS BEEN on
the Federal statute books for 13 years. All we need to do is implement
and enforce the law, and that is precisely what we are here to get
under way today. This conference, with official status in the eyes of
the law, sets in motion the Federal, and I hope State, legal machinery
to abate, prevent, and stop pollution in Lake Superior.
Few people realize that this enforcement conference was
called and that our meeting today is being held under the authority
of the basic 1956 Blatnik Water Pollution Control Act, and that
whatever cleanup action this conference determines should be taken
will be taken under the authority of that law. The objective is to
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
reduce pollution to tolerable, permissible, harmless limits, and if
that can't be done, then to stop it entirely.
Second, I want to emphasize that the enforcement procedure
has proven to be both workable and effective in cleaning up polluted
waters throughout the United States0 Let me underscore this point with
a few facts:
This enforcement conference is the 46th in the past 13
years;
Preceding Conferences have issued cleanup orders to;
42 States and the District of Columbia;
1,300 municipalities;
1,800 industries;
89 Federal installations;
73 State or private institutions;
11,168 miles of riverway.
America's most populous States have figured in previous
enforcement actions, as have our largest metropolitan areas, such
as New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, St. Louis, Minnesota's
own Minneapolis-St. Paul, and the giants of industry: United States
Steel, General Motors, Chrysler, Ford Motor Company, Standard Oil
Corporation, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, Republic Steel, International
Paper Company, Weyerhaeuser, Crown Zellerbach, Scott Paper Company,
and a long list of others.
Corrective action called for by those conferences is
under way and in many cases already completed at a total cost of
some $10 billion invested in municipal and industrial treatment
plants „
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
To give you some recent examples of the magnitude of
the cleanup effort resulting from an enforcement proceeding, the Lake
Erie conference involved five States, 115 municipalities, 101 industries,
and 11 federal installations. A complete cleanup schedule was agreed
upon by all the participants at a total estimated cost of $5 billion.
The Lake Michigan conference held just last year affected
4 States, 174 municipalities 53 industries, 20 federal installations,
and is expected to cost some $4 billion.
Of all the Great Lakes, the waters of Lake Erie are in
the most advanced state of pollution -- perhaps irreversibly so -- and
many call it a dying lake. Lake Michigan, though sick, is not
anywhere near the degree of aging and decay of Lake Erie and the
enforcement action taken there still has a chance of reversing the
pollution.
Lake Superior is unig_ue among the Great Lakes -- the
least polluted: the largest body of fresh water; the most to be
gained from early action. The action on Lake Erie could be termed
"STOP GAP" at best: in Lake Michigan, remedial and restorative: in
Lake Superior, preventive and preservative. We must, by acting
now, prevent pollution from destroying this priceless resource.
And we will do it under the three-step enforcement
procedure I wrote into the 1956 law: (1) Conference, (2) Public
Hearing, (3) Court Action.
Today we are participating in the first, or conference
stage of the enforcement procedure. The role of the conference,
which, by the way, is conducted on an informal basis and is not an
adversary proceeding, is to establish the facts, such as: the nature
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
and extent of pollution, whether measures now being taken to abate
pollution are adequate, and the kinds of problems expected to be
encountered in preventing pollution. With all the facts before
them, the conferees will try to reach agreement on a remedial program
of pollution abatement.
If this doesn't work, then we go on to Stage 2, the Public
Hearing, which is a formal proceeding directed at individual, alleged
polluters. A formal hearing is held before a five-member board
appointed by the Secretary of the Interior and sworn testimony is
taken. The Board's findings and recommendations are sent to the
polluters -- whether State or Federal Government, municipal or private
and to the State with a timetable for compliance.
Stage 3, Federal Court Action, is the last resort in the
enforcement procedure. The court has jurisdiction to enter whatever
judgment or order may be necessary to safeguard the public interest.
However, so successful is the conference stage of the
enforcement procedure that in the 13 years of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Program a public hearing has been required in only
four cases, and court action only once0
The purpose of this Duluth Enforcement Conference is to
study the pollution problems of the entire Lake Superior Basin.
However, because of the close coverage by the news media and a con-
cerned public, the focal point of the conference is the discharge
of tailings from Reserve Mining Company's E. W. Davis Works at
Silver Bay.
The report indicates that Reserves tailings discharge do
have an adverse effect on the quality of the Minnesota waters of
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Honorable John A, Blatnik
Lake Superior. If this is determined to be a fact during the
conference or at a later date, then the Governor, the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency -- with the help of the Federal Government,
and the mining company -- should and must take corrective measures,
Although the Government report indicates that at the
present time there is not enough scientific evidence on which to
base a finding of interstate pollution, it does recommend that the
Federal Water Pollution Control Agency and the State keep the dis-
charge of tailings under continuing surveillance and report back to
the conferees at 6-month intervals <>
I wholehartedly support this action„
I will go further and say that, with the help of the
National Water Quality Laboratory, if there is pollution anywhere in
the lake, we are going to find it. And when we find it, we are going
to stop it under the enforcement section already in the Iaw0 If
there is interstate pollution, then the Federal Government can move
in at once to take action. If there is intrastate pollution, there
still is no excuse for delay, as the Governors of the three States
can act under State law. If they have problems or need help, they
need only ask the Federal Government for help and I assure you help
will come.
All of us -- the Federal Government, State Government,
local government, and industry -- have a tremendous responsibility
in keeping Lake Superior as clean as possible. We must protect the
high quality of her water, and as long as I have anything to do with
it -- it will be protected.
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
I want our sons and daughters, their sons and daughters,
and generation after generation after generation to experience the
exhilaration I did when I got my first look at that beauty out there„
This can be accomplished, and this enforcement conference here today
is a big step toward determining the best method of preserving
Lake Superior as the beauty that she isc
I ask you not only for your interest but active partici-
pation, and I look forward to continuing this joint effort to find a
satisfactory solution for all concerned,,
I thank you, and very sincere best wishes.
(Applause.)
MR. KLEIN: Thank you, Congressman Blatnik.
Your remarks towards the scientific research just brings
home a point. My Division in the Department of the Interior does
about 70 percent of all water resources research in the Federal
Government, and you know we are just beginning to find out what water
actually is and what it does under a number of different conditions
and what it carries with it in a great many different localities.
You spoke of boats and home owners. I want to bring
something home to you because we have run into a problem,, It isn't
just the other fellow who is doing the polluting, it is you and I
also. We expect boat owners who are asking for clean lakes to help
in this problem. And we expect home owners who have to pay for the
sewage treatment plants by sewage use charges or extra taxes to help
with that problem also. It isn't just the other fellow's problem;
it is our problem, too, and we all have to work together if we can
£Lnd an answer to it.
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Honorable Warren P. Knowles
We have here today speaking for Governor Knowles of
Wisconsin Mr. Les Voigt.
Mr. Voigt. (Applause. )
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE WARREN P. KNOWLES
GOVERNOR, STATE OF WISCONSIN,
MADISON, WISCONSIN,
(READ BY L. P. VOIGT, SECRETARY,
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.)
MR. VOIGT: Thank you, Secretary Klein.
Governor Levander, Congressman Blatnik, Commissioner
Dominick, other distinguished guests, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
Governor Warren Knowles sends his personal regrets and
notes his disappointment that he is unable to be here himself to
address this conference„ As you know, he is deeply interested in
the problems of pollution abatement and has been the motivating force
in our State for notable legislation in this field. However, because
of the press of legislative business he is not able to be here today
and he asked me to read this statement, which he has prepared.
Wisconsin shares with her neighboring States a concern
for protecting and maintaining the high quality of the waters of
Lake Superior. Recent investigations and reports have indicated that
perhaps subtle and irreversible damage may be occurring in these
waters. Because of our concern, I have pledged the full cooperation
of Wisconsin in the current enforcement conference proceedings called by
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Honorable Warren P. Knowles
the Secretary of the Department of the Interior.
Wisconsin's interest in the protection of this magnificent
lake is one of long standing. Our States, through the efforts of the
Department of Natural Resources, has been actively developing an
effective pollution abatement program in the Wisconsin portion of
the Lake Superior drainage basin.
Water quality standards have been established under the
provisions of Wisconsin Water Resources Act. On the basis of a
recent pollution survey of the entire drainage basin orders have
been issued against all municipalities and industries whose treatment
processes do no measure up to the new -- and high -- standards.
During the past summer, the Division of Environmental
Protection conducted a special water quality investigation of
Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior, with emphasis on the Apostle
Islands area. All of this activity demonstrates I believe a genuine
and effective State effort aimed at protecting this vital natural
resource.
In other ways, too, Wisconsin has sought not only to
preserve the quality of Lake Superior but to improve the quality of
life for those in the lake region who have been caught in a vicious
squeeze of economic recession while the balance of the Nation prospered.
With other State and Federal agencies we contributed minds,
money, and manpower to the battle against the sea lamprey which
virtually wiped out a once-flourishing lake trout fishery.
Through decades of patient reforestation and fire control
effort we have restored a charred "cut-over" region to a stable and
productive forest.
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Honorable Warren P. Knowles
Through timely investment we have preserved scenic vistas
and have converted them to parks and campgrounds which attract
thousands of visitors.
Through the studies and planning of the Red Clay
Inter-Agency Committee we have begun a coordinated effort to stabi-
lize the highly erosive red clay soils of northwestern Wisconsin,
seeking to stem the sedimentation which at times turns the bays of
Lake Superior into a red sea0
And through active support and participation in the
Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission, we have sought to stimulate
the fluttering economic pulse of this vast three-State region.
This Commission, established on April 11, 1967, has
directly encouraged pollution control efforts through its grant-in-aid
programso Beyond this, it has given recognition to the tremendous
potential for tourism in the north and has mapped out strategies to
develop this potential.
Implicit in the action plans of the Commission is the
need to preserve the natural glories of this area, including the
unmatched quality of Lake Superior0 While the Commission's goals
include development of new industrial sinews, at the heart of its
programs is the determination that these industries must not exploit
or detract from the natural resources which are this northern area's
greatest asset,,
I have ridden the waves of Lake Superior and fished for
its firm-fleshed trout, I have tramped its shores and explored its
islands, marveling at its rugged grandeur„ I have known its vastness
and its violence. It has refreshed my spirit and renewed my perspectives,
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Honorable Warren P. Knowles
Because I do feel a strong personal kinship to this great
body of water and its surrounding lands, I have been insistent that
Wisconsin laws and administrative programs be designed and implemented
toward protection of our basic resources.
It has been extremely encouraging to me that of the 30
pollution abatement orders issued by our State last year in the
Lake Superior drainage basin, eight of those cited have substantially
corrected their problems. Less encouraging -- but still helpful to
the cause of clean waters -- is the fact that an additional four
pollution sources have ceased to exist.
The majority of the remaining pollution sources in
Wisconsin are municipalities which have not yet completed engineering
plans for new sewage treatment plants.
Overwhelming voter endorsement of a pollution abatement
bonding issue in the spring balloting gives promise that Wisconsin
can help its communities meet their sewage treatment obligations.
This bonding authority -- up to $144 million in the next
ten years — will permit our State to assure communities of at least
55 percent of the funds necessary to construct approved sewage treat-
ment plants and intercepting sewers. This will be accomplished
through a combination of State grants and State advances of antici-
pated Federal funds. Through this device we hope to stimulate the
construction of nearly $300 million worth of pollution control projects
in the next several years.
Other than tax incentives provided in Wisconsin air and
water pollution control laws, we do not give direct aid to industries.
We expect that they will fully comply with State orders, however, and
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Honorable Warren P. Knowles
have been gratified with their cooperation and response.
This brings me to the issue which, from my appraisal of
your conference reports, is the crux of this conference: What steps
are necessary to insure that the waters of Lake Superior are not
used as a dumping grounds for the by-products of industrial processes?
This conference must also evaluate reports in the news
media alleging that a Member of Congress has attempted to interfere
with a Federal report identifying a major source of industrial
pollution in Lake Superior.
Certainly, we cannot tolerate the pollution of Lake
Superior, and we must take whatever steps are necessary to prevent
its contamination by industrial and municipal wastes. We must, on
the other hand, make every effort to preserve the quality and purity
of this vast water resource.
There are critical technical determinations to be uade.
And, although this conference is to be exploratory and fact-finding
in nature, it should produce action not merely more reports, a.id it
should result in the identification of specific pollution sour ;es
and a timetable for corrective action.
I urge the conferees to deliberate fairly, fully, and
aggressively, and, if the evidence at hand is adequate, to make
whatever hard choices must be made. Lake Superior is such a priceless
asset that sound technical judgments must be wisely and promptly made.
Thank you.
(Applause.)
MR. KLEIN: Our third State which is represented in the
conference today is the State of Michigan. Governor Milliken has
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Honorable William G. Milliken
asked his Administrative Aide, Mr. James Kellogg, to present his
statementc
Mr. Kellogg. (Applause.)
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE WILLIAM G. MILLIKEN,
GOVERNOR, STATE OF MICHIGAN,
LANSING, MICHIGAN,
(READ BY JAMES KELLOGG,
ADMINISTRATIVE AIDE)
MR. KELLOGG: Thank you, Secretary Klein,,
Governor Levander, Congressman Blatnik, conferees, ladies,
and gentlemen:
As many of you know, Governor Milliken has spearheaded
the attack in Michigan on pollution, and with Governor Levander and
other Governors is working now with the problem of DDT in the Upper
Great Lakes region„ He is unable to attend today because we have
before our Legislature a $335 million clean water bond which will
hopefully be implemented today. He has asked me to read this state-
ment in his behalfo
On behalf of the people of Michigan it is indeed a pleasure
to address this conference on the preservation of the water quality
of Lake Superior.
Lake Superior and all of the Great Lakes rank among the
Nation's foremost resources„ Indeed, no other territory on the
face of the earth is simultaneously so well watered, so populous, and
so highly urbanized, while cradling a vast agricultural, industrial,
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Honorable William G. Milliken
and recreation complex as the Great Lakes area.
Michigan and the Great Lakes are intricately interwined
in history, culture, and economy. Forty-one percent of the entire
area of the Great Lakes lies within Michigan boundaries. Four of
the Great Lakes form over 3,000 miles of Michigan shoreline.
The value, potential, and uniqueness of the Great Lakes
are fully appreciated by the people of Michigan. We have more to
gain or lose through the proper use or abuse of these waters than
any other State. Today I wish to make it clear to this conference
that Michigan will fulfill its responsibilities to ensure the
preservation of these resources, will move rapidly in combating any
water pollution, and will resist any unnecessary delay in executing
present programs and meeting established goals.
Our concern and commitment have been underscored in a
number of recent actions. Last November the citizens of Michigan
approved a $335 million bond issue to help finance local wastewater
treatment facilities. At the same time approval was given for a
$100 million bond issue for the development of State and local
outdoor recreation facilities. Our pollution control goal is to
remove by 1980 the threat to our inland lakes, our rivers, and the
Great Lakes by the construction of approximately 210 new treatment
plants, the improvement of 126 existing sewage treatment plants,
and the construction of sewers for an additional three and one-half
million people. Two hundred eighty-five million dollars will be
distributed as grants for treatment plant construction and $50 million
will be used to aid small, unsewered communities in the construction
of sewer systems necessary to correct existing pollution.
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Honorable William G. Milliken
Our financing formula for the treatment plant and
interceptor phase of the program was based on Federal legislation
which provided for Federal assumption of 50 percent of the costs of
eligible projects if the State would pay 25 percent. The Federal
legislation also authorized the appropriation of funds by 1971 which
would, as divided among the States by specified formula, have by
then covered half the Federal Government obligation to Michigan
computed project needs. Michigan bonding program, is geared to 25
percent Federal financing by 1971 with the State to prefinance the
other Federal 25 percent as well as paying its own 25 percent.
Unfortunately, Federal performance has not been forth-
coming at a rate that will equal even one-half of the Federal promise„
For example, in the upcoming fiscal year Michigan's share of the
total amount authorized for this program would be roughly $42 million,
but it appears that less than $8 million will be forthcoming.
I find it exceedingly difficult to understand the low
Federal priority assigned to the sewage treatment works grant
program when in referendum after referendum across the country the
citizens of America have clearly demonstrated their very firm
support for cleaning up our lakes and streams.
Moreover, new Federal legilative proposals have been put
forward which would alter the basic legislation and change the ground
rules under which the programs of Michigan and other States have
been formulated. Clearly, this would represent a serious breach of
faith with the States and, more important would delay effective
pollution control immeasurably.
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Honorable William G. Milliken
Michigan with or without the Federal support promised
will move ahead as rapidly as possible. It must be understood, however,
that the tremendous potential of effective Federal-State-local partner-
ship has not only been circumscribed in this program but will be
increasingly difficult to invoke in any future programs.
Michigan has also acted to confront the whole spectrum
of problems involved in the maintenance of environmental quality. By
executive order, I have recently created a Council on Environmental
Quality. The Council shall evaluate existing policies and programs
and recommend new ones to deal with such urgent matters as solid waste
disposal, air pollution, noise pollution, and other problems„ The
Council's chairman, who I am sure is well known to many of you, is
Loring F0 Oeming, who recently retired as the Executive Secretary of
the Michigan Water Resources Commission.
The pesticide threat has recently received wide attention.
Only three weeks ago the Governois •of the Upper Great Lakes States
met in Chicago at my request and reached agreement on a number of
proposed actions. In Michigan we have initiated action to cancel
the registration of DDT for sale and shipment within our State, the
first State in the country to do so. The role and environmental
effects of other pesticides must be reexamined in detail. I have
instructed the Environmental Quality Council to make their first
matter of business the preparation of a comprehensive pesticide plan
for the State of Michigan.
These actions indicate the depth and degree of our concern
for the maintenance of environmental quality. In regard to the
specific subject of this conference, Lake Superior, we are fully
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Honorable Wxlliam G. Milliken
committed to the preservation o± the outstanding quality of this
body of water. Our highest use designations and most stringent
standards have been applied to Lake Superior. Furthermore, it is
the established policy of the Michigan Water Resources Commission
to prevent the impairment of all high quality waters in the State.
Our standards, with the exception of temperature criteria,
and our plan of implementation have received the approval of the
Secretary of the Interior ard programs of corrective action have been
initiated where required. Frankly, we are surprised that changes in
the standards are being suggested at this time. If concrete results
in terms of the construction of physical facilities adequate to
prevent water pollution are to be achieved, the establishment of
standards must be followed by a reasonable period of program imple-
mentation. Changes in existing standards will necessitate the
suspension of present enforcement and construction programs while the
process of adopting new standards is followed. Relative to the total
program, we strongly question the desirability of modifying existing
standards at this time.
Finally, the actions agreed upon by this conference will
have to be carried out largely within the capablilities of the
individual States involved. Such actions and their timetables for
implementation must be formulated with realistic recognition of State
capability and, also, of the commitments under way in other parts of
the various States. If high priority actions are advocated, priority
funding, in particular Federal funding of authorized programs, must be
satisfactorily provided for.
In closing, I wish to reaffirm Michigan's intention of
moving ahead as rapidly as possible. We have sent highly qualified
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Colonel Richard J. Hesse
conferees to this conference and we wish you well in your deliberations,
Thank you,
(Applause,)
MR. KLEIN: Thank you, Mr0 Kellogg„
Commissioner Dominick and I will be back to you later
so that we do really find out what DDT is, what is does, and how it
has been affecting us.
We have with us today from the Corps of Engineers
Colonel Richard J. Hesse„
Colonel Hesse. (Applause.)
STATEMENT OF COLONEL RICHARD J. HESSE
DISTRICT ENGINEER, U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
ST. PAUL DISTRICT, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
COLONEL HESSE: Thank you, Mr. Secretary.
Governor Levander, Congressman Blatnik, Mr. Dominick,
distinguished conferees:
I appreciate the opportunity to describe briefly to this
conference the operations o± the Corps of Engineers which may be
germane to water pollution problems on Lake Superior, its peripheral
harbors, and its tributary streams. On 23 February 1968 I presented
a statement on this same subject at a hearing of the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency at the Duluth Arena, and my remarks today
will follow the same theme of this previous statement.
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Colonel Richard J. Hesse
The Corps of Engineers maintains the federally-authorized
Duluth-Superior Harbor, 3 harbors along Superior's north shore in
Minnesota, and 14 harbors on the lake's south shore in Wisconsin and
Michigan. Many of these harbors on Lake Superior are situated at
the mouths of the rivers or streams which carry mecsurable amounts
of suspended sediment and bed load which r requentlj, cause shoaling
in the harbors. At some harbors entrances a natural shoaling tends
to occur due to a littoral drift of lake bed material. The propeller
wash from heavily loaded lake vessels and tugboats also produces
the shoaling of harbors. All of these factors contribute to the
need for periodic maintenance dredging in these harbors by Corps
of Engineers floating plant.
Dredging of harbors on Lake Superior may be accomplished
by dipper or bucket-type dredges loading into scows, by hydraulic
pipe dredges with disposal of dredged material in any available
authorized area on shore or in the lake, and by use of hopper dredges
with disposal in the lake or pump out on shore. For the past 40
years disposal of the greater part of the material dredged from the
harbors in Lake Superior has been in authorized deep water areas in
the lake. Use of lake disposal is economically advantageous.
Deterioration of water guality in the lower Great Lakes,
particularly in Lake Erie, has aroused considerable public concern
and has prompted the Corps of Engineers to begin in 1966 on investiga-
tion of alternate disposal areas and the public benefits to be derived
from the use of such areas for a number of Great Lakes harbors. At
the request of the Bureau of the Budget, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration joined the Corps of Engineers in this study to
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Colonel Richard J. Hesse
seek out alternate methods of disposal of dredged material, particularly
such material which, if wasted in the lake, would have a cumulative
detrimental effect on the lake's water quality. A detailed discuaaion
of the methods and findings of this study would require more time
than is available now, but suffice it to say that the Corps of
Engineers, in conjunction with the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration and in cooperation with other interested Federal,
State, ana local officials, in constructiong and maintaining the
Lake Superior harbors has a guiding principle keeping the lake ±ree
of pollution at the least cost to the taxpayer. A public meeting to
discuss this program is scheduled at Duluth on 20 May. Ultimately
the U. S. Congress will decide such matters as cost sharing and the
extent to which alternate methods of disposal will be used»
A second activity of the Corps of Engineers in maintaining
the integrity of the navigable waters of the United States is the
issuance of Department of the Army permits for dredging and the con-
struction of all types o± facilities in or adjacent to such waters.
This practice of the Corps' issuing permits for work in navigable
waters has been in effect for over 70 years. In considering such
permits, the Corps of Engineers primary responsibility is the effect
of the facility or work on navigation. However, the effect of other
pertinent factors such as pollution, water quality, and fish and
wildlife are also considered; and comments on the effect of the
proposed work on public uses of the lake other than navigation are
solicited by a public notice from all known interested parties,
including local, State, and Federal authorities, and such comments
are made a part of the record and are considered in determining
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Colonel Richard J. Hesse
whether issuance of a permit would be in the best public interest.
In the summer o± 1967 the scope of the Department of the
Army permits was expanded by two Department of the Army directives.
On 13 July 1967 the Secretaries of the Army and of the Interior
adopted a Memorandum of Understanding which outlined policies and
procedures for the discharge of the two Departments common responsi-
bilities to improve water quality and to abate pollution in the
navigable waters o± this country. This Memorandum o± Understanding
specifies that the two Departments will exercise full cooperation
and coordination in discharging their common responsibilities, and
that District Engineers of the Corps of Engineers shall coordinate
with the Regional Coordinators of the Department of the Interior in
matters of fish and wildlife, recreation, and pollution associated
with dredging, filling, and excavation operations authorized by
Department of the Army permits.
On 21 July 1967 the Chief of Engineers directed that all
Department of the Army permits for work in all navigable waters of
the United States issued with more than the usual 3 year completion
dates will be reviewed and revalidated periodically. The purpose of
this directive is to insure that work authorized by permit and
extending over a long period of time may be periodically reappraised
to insure that the Federal interests in the waterways ot the United
States, including navigation, are adequately safeguarded.
In the light of this discussion, I wish to review briefly
the current problem associated with the deposition by Reserve Mining
Company, of taconite tailings into Lake Superior at Silver Bay,
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Colonel Richard J. Hesse
Minnesota. A Department of the Army permit was first issued to the
Reserve Mining Company in April 1948 for the construction of a steel
sheet pile dock, dredging within the harbor area, placing fill behind
the dock face, construction of rubbel mound breakwaters, and to deposit
taconite tailings into Lake Superior, all at Silver Bay, Minnesota.
On 12 August 1960 the time of completion of the dock and breakwaters
as originally specified in the permit was extended to 31 December
1970. This extension of time was requested because the dock and
breakwaters were designed for the ultimate capacity of the taconite
processing plant, which would not be attained until 1970. On
30 September 1960, the Chief of Engineers approved an extension of
time for the deposition of the taconite tailings into Lake Superior
for an indefinite period because such deposition of tailings was
anticipated over the entire life of the taconite processing plant.
This extension of time for an indefinite period was qualified by the
specific reservation that if the deposit of tailings from the
processing plant in Lake Superior at any time shall cause an unreason-
able obstruction to the free navigation in Lake Superior, the
permittee shall remove any such deposition to such depth and within
such areal limits as specified by the District Engineer without
expense to the United States.
In accord with the directive o± the Chief of Engineers
dated 21 July 1967, my office issued on 1 November 1967, nearly a
year and a half ago, a public notice to all known interested parties
advising of the Corps' intent to revalidate for a 5-year period the
Department of the Army permit issued to Reserve Mining Company. Two
agencies o± the Department of the Interior indicated that concentrations
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Colonel Richard J. Hesse
of copper and zinc in Lake Superior adjacent to Silver Bay were of
such magnitude to be of potentially serious concern to warrant further
detailed study to determine the extent of this hazard,, In contormance
with the Memorandum of Understanding adopted by the Secretaries of
the Army and Interior, various agencies of the Department of the
Interior undertook, during the spring and summer of 1968, further
field and laboratory studies in western Lake Superior to determine
in some detail the effect of taconite tailings on fish and other
aquatic life in the area adjacent to Silver Bay. A summary report on
these studies was completea on 31 December 1968. Since that time
this report has been under review in the office o± the Secretary of
the Interior. The Corps of Engineers does not propose to take any
action in revalidating Reserve Mining Company's permit until the
results of this conference become available and definitive recommenaa-
tions are receivea from the Department of the Interior.
Thank you.
(Applause.)
MR. KLEIN: Thank you very much.
I will say the Corps of Engineers has adopted alternative
methods in the Kenwood River region, which I had a little to do with
in Illinois, and they have also adopted alternative methods arouna
Lake Erie,
One of the big problems we have with dredging is that
not always is it industry that is at fault. As a matter of fact,
about 80 percent of the dredging in the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland
came from siltation upstream. Until we can get the farmer to stop
his fall plowing, which will reduce by 50 percent our siltation
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Honorable Ben Boo
problem, we will continue having this problem. Not only is the
Corps o± Engineers and the Department o± the Interior but the
Department of Agriculture is now working on siltation or sedimenta-
tion traps in the Cuyahoga region so we can get over the need of
having to do this dredging and having to deposit the dredge spoils
some place.
We have with us today also Mayor Ben Boo o± Duluth.
Mayor Boo,, (Applause.)
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE BEN BOO, MAYOR,
CITY OF DULUTH, MINNESOTA
MAYOR BOO: Congressman, Mr. Klein, ladies and
gentlemen:
The city of Duluth does not consider itself qualified to
address itself to the problems created elsewhere in the lake, but we
do want to enter for the record the progress made by the city of
Duluth in the interests of clear water.
INTRODUCTION
The following is a statement of recent actions taken by
the city of Duluth to reduce water pollution in the St. Louis River
and Lake Superior, a statement of further actions planned in the
near future to further reduce pollution of said waters, and a state-
ment requesting designation of a single Federal agency to provide
enforcement and control over the dumping of liquid and solid wastes
from domestic and international vessels using Lake Superior and the
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Honorable Ben Boo
Duluth-Superior Harbor. In addition, there are brief comments
regarding the quality of Duluth water supply and the quality of
the water in St. Louis River.
DISCONNECTION OF DOWNSPOUTS
On August 12, 1968, the City Council of Duluth passed a
resolution requiring disconnection of all rain leaders, downspouts,
and rain conductors on any premises within the city o± Duluth which
are connected to the city sanitary sewer system. Following a
door-to-door inspection, approximately 1,950 letters were mailed
to property owners on March 1, 1969, notifying them to disconnect
rain leaders, downspouts, and rain conductors from the sanitary
sewer system. The second inspection to determine compliance to date
is presently in progress. Completion of this project is expected to
substantially reduce flows to the city's four treatment plants, thus
improving the quality of treatment.
ELIMINATION OF COMBINED SEWERS AND SEVER BYPASSES
Much work has been done during 1968 to correct and
spearate storm water from the sanitary sewer system in the Coffee
Creek area. This was done by city of Duluth personnel and meant
the elimination of a large volume of creek water from entering the
sanitary sewer system,, Previous to this, some sanitary waste was
being discharged into Coffee Creek, thus necessitating treatment
thereof.
Another project to alleviate wastewater overflows in the
east end of the city was the building of a new lift station and an
interceptor sewer from 34th Avenue East to 52nd Avenue East8 This
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Honorable Ben Boo
consisted of 7,600 ±eet of 30-inch RCP gravity sewer and 3,300 ±eet
of 12-inch C. I. torce main. The new lift station was built at 52nd
Avenue East and Dodge Street. The total project cost was $275 million,,
Previous to this construction the lift station at 60th Avenue East and
the lake front was overtaxed and some bypassing of the flow was
taking place. Construction of a pumping station and appurtenances
at Lake Avenue and the Aerial Bridge and construction of a pumping
station and appurtenances at 23rd Avenue East below Water Street
(Lake front) are planned upon receipt of a Federal grant for a part
of the cost thereoi. This work will eliminate sewage flows into
Lake Superior.
Included in the same application for Federal grant funds
are plans to construct sanitary and storm sewers to accomplish sewer
separations at the following locations: Central Avenue from Elinor
Street to Columbia Avenue; Wadena Street from 49th Avenue West to
54th Avenue West; and 30th Avenue West to 28th Avenue West from
Superior Street to 4th Street. Construction of these facilities will
eliminate all significant combined sewers in the city,,
SERVICE TO UNSEWERED AREAS
The city has entered into an agreement with the Minnesota
Air National Guard to provide for extension of a trunk sewer line to
serve the Air National Guard and the city's passenger terminal at
the Duluth-Superior International Airport. Both facilities are
presently served by inadequate treatment facilities. The city has
also entered into an agreement with the town of Herman to permit
connection to city sewers of unsewered properties along Trunk
Highway No. 53 outside the city limits. Construction of these
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Honorable Ben Boo
connecting sewers is expected this summer and fall. The previously
mentioned Federal grant application also contemplates extension of a
trunk sewer into a part of the Bay View Heights area of Duluth which
is presently served by private septic tanks»
TREATMENT WORKS CONSTRUCTION
The most significant plan for action in the near future
relates to proposed additions to and new construction of sewage treat-
ment works. The firm of consulting engineers Black and Veatch,
Kansas City, Missouri, in a preliminary report to the city has recom-
mended a plan estimated to cost in excess of $5 million to provide
secondary and tertiary treatment of wastes at the city's main and
three subsidiary treatment plants. The Duluth City Council has
indicated the intent of the city, by resolution adopted March 24, 1969,
to implement these plans and to complete construction of treatment
works by June 18, 1972. It is the intent of the city to construct
capacity in these treatment works to serve major Duluth industries
not now served if it is mutually determined that this method is
economically more feasible than separate treatment works construction
and operation°
DUMPING OF SOLID AND LIQUID WASTES IN LAKE SUPERIOR AND THE
DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR
The dumping of liquid and solid wastes from domestic and
international vessels engaged in shipping through Lake Superior and
Duluth-Superior Harbor is a matter of continuing concern from the
standpoint of this practice resulting in a nuisance, unsightliness,
damage to shoreline properties, a danger to smaller vessels, and,
under some circumstances, a danger to public health. Several Federal
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Honorable Ben Boo
agencies and Departments have an interest in this matter, each for a
limited purpose related to their basic responsibilities, but none of
these Federal agencies apparently has the authority, responsibility,
or enforcement capability to cope with the total problem. Local
regulation and enforcement is made difficult by reason of the State
boundary falling within the St« Louis River and the Duluth-Superior
Harbor. Enforcement by local authorities on the vast area of
Lake Superior is impracticalc It is our recommendation that the
Department of the Interior take the lead in this matter by calling
high ranking representatives of the other Federal agencies involved
into a conference to reach agreement on the designation of a single
Federal enforcement agency which would be empowered to cope with the
problem rather than its individual aspects„ The Federal agencies
participating in this conference should include but not necessarily
be limited to the following: the Department of Agriculture, the
Coast Guard, Customs, and the Corps of Engineers„
DULUTH'S WATER SUPPLY
No change in the excellent quality of Duluth's water
supply has been detected in the past 12 years, indicating an excellent
water as measured by all water quality parameters <,
Analytical methods to determine quality and compliance
with requirements of United States Public Health Service drinking
water standards are those specified in the current edition of
Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water.
WATER QUALITY IN THE ST. LOUIS RIVER AND DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR
For the past several years the city of Duluth has been
testing water samples for bio-chemical oxygen damand and dissolved
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Honorable Philip A. Hart
oxygen at five locations from the Trunk Highway No. 23 bridge over
the St. Louis River to the Aerial Lift Bridge. Between these two
points the effluent from the city's four treatment plants is dis-
charged. In spite of all sources of pollution between the upstream
and downstream sampling locations, the quality of the water as
measured by B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen is better when it leaves the
influence of the city than when it is received upstream. The results
shown from the testing of these water samples has been placed on
file with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
With that I will submit this report to you, sir.
(Applause.)
MR. KLEIN: I have three telegrams which I will now
read into the record.
The first is from Seantor Hart. It reads as follows:
"The inprotance of preserving Lake Superior transcends
even the need to protect the largest and purest of the Great Lakes.
Superior is described as a delicate lake in which slightest change
in its ecological balance can result in drastic damage. Therefore,
we need vigilance to note even the smallest pollution threats and
firmness to act against such threats. In final analysis, the fight
to preserve Superior is a test of man's will to use his knowledge to
protect a precious resource.
"If we succeed here, there will be hope that we have
turned the corner on protecting our environment against our own
abuses. If we fail, the biological time clock will have moved closer
to midnight. As Chairman of the new Subcommittee on Energy, Natural
Resources and Environment, I pledge my support in this most important
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R. J. Higgins; K. F. Grittner, N. D. Colemon, V. K. Jensen
project. The appraisal of water pollution in the Lake Superior Basin
offers 20 recommendations deserving serious consideration,
"I will appreciate your inserting my comments in the
record, and will look forward to receiving a report of your most
important conference,"
Signed, Philip A, Hart, U. S. Senator from Michigan,
We have another telegram:
"Regret that legislative load prevents me from attending
the conferenceo Be assured that we will support by the height of
scientific evidence. Let cool heads rule the spirit of the conference,
"Best wishes for a successful meeting,"
"Senator R. J. Higgins,"
We have another one:
"WHEREAS Lake Superior is an irreplaceable natural
resource; and public has demonstrated its concern about the quality
of water in Lake Superior;
"THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Minnesota Senate DFL
caucus go on record urging the conferees of the enforcement conference
meeting being held in Duluth May 13 to enhance the quality of the
water by not permitting dumping of pollutants in Lake Superior,"
Signed, Karl F. Grittner, Senate Minority Leader;
Nicholas D, Coleman, Assistant Minority Leader; V. K. Jensen,
Assistant Minority Leader.
At this point I shall stop the introductions of celebrities,
of our Governors, Senators, and local mayors. We will get to the meat
of the conference.
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Dale S. Bryson
At this time may I reintroduce to you the Commissioner
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Mr. David
Dominick.
Commissioner Dominick. (Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Federal Water Pollution Control report is entitled
"An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin," and I
request that it be entered into the record in its entirety.
(Which said report, entitled "An Appraisal of
Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin,"
commences on page 67.)
Our presentation today will be divided into three parts,
a general synopsis of that report, followed by several technical
statements pertinent to the report and the FWPCA presentation will
finish with the conclusions and recommendations.
Mr. Dale S. Bryson, Director of the Lake Superior Basin
Office, will first present a general synopsis. He will be followed
by several technical experts whom I will introduce at the proper
time. Mr. Bryson will then present the conclusions and recommendations.
Mr. Bryson.
(Applause.)
STATEMENT OF DALE S. BRYSON, DIRECTOR,
LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN OFFICE, FEDERAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
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Dale S. Bryson
MR. BRYSON: Thank you, Mr. Dominick.
Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen:
The Great Lakes Region of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration has prepared a report for the conferees to use
in their consideration of what is needed to preserve the existing
excellent quality of water and to improve waters that are presently
degraded in the Lake Superior Basin. This report is based on studies
and investigations by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
on reports by other bureaus of the Department of the Interior, on
information obtained from other Federal agencies, from the Lake Superior
States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and from other sources„
This report, entitled "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake
Superior Basin," has been made available for general distribution and
can be obtained in the lobby at the entrance of this conference room.
My statement will follow the general outline of the report,
which contains background information and a description of the basin;
a description of the major water uses and water pollution problems and
a brief synopsis concerning water quality standards and proposed new
water quality criteria. My statement will be concluded with the
summary and recommendations. As Mrc Dominick said, my statement will
be supported by separate presentations from various experts.
I would first like to invite your attention to the map
on the wall. The area covered by this conference is outlined with
the dotted line on the map representing the boundary of the Lake
Superior drainage basin. This area is also shown in Figure 1 of the
report. The total drainage area is approximately 80,000 square miles.
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world in terms of
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Dale So Bryson
surface area,, In terms of volume of water, it is the world's second
largest freshwater lake. Just less than half of the drainage basin
lies within the United States. All data presented in this statement
are for the United States portion of the Lake Superior Basin unless
otherwise noted.,
The population density of the United States protion of
the basin is low, with the main concentration of people being in the
western tip of the lake. The main population centers in the basin
are as shown on the screen, which is Figure 2 of the report. While
many people have emigrated from the Lake Superior Basin in the last
20 years, the population is expected to increase by approximately
100,000 people in the next 20 years.
The next slide, which is Figure 3 in the report, shows
that industrial activity in the area is diversified both in character
as well as location. Mining is the dominant industry in the watershed.
Recreation is very important to the economy and it is
expected to have even greater significance in the future as more
people from locations outside of the area seek to use existing and
planned recreation facilities.,
The next slide, which is Figure 4 in the report, shows
the commercial harbor facilities around Lake Superior. These
facilities are a major asset to the continuing development of the
natural resources potential of the basin,, The facilities of the
Duluth-Superior Harbor, which, by the way, include the largest ore
docks in the world, handle the majority of the iron ore shipped to
the steel mills on the lower Great Lakes. Various commodities are
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Dale S. Bryson
shipped from the other commercial harbors shown on the figure.
There are well over 100 streams in the three States which
outlet to Lake Superior. Information concerning the major streams is
shown in Table 1 of the report.
In addition to the many streams, there are approximately
2,000 lakes of 10 acres or more within the basin.
The foregoing has been a brief description of the salient
characteristics of the Lake Superior drainage area. I will now
describe some of the more important water uses in the basin.
The waters of Lake Superior are of excellent quality for
municipal water supply. Seventeen water systems withdraw water directly
from the lake for domestic usage. Twelve of these 17 provide absolutely
no treatment of the water other than chlorination before supplying the
consumer. These systems serve approximately 170,000 people.
Over a billion gallons per day of water in the basin are
withdrawn for industrial purposes. The largest single water user is
the Reserve Mining Company taconite benefication plant at Silver Bay,
Minnesota. This plant accounts for more than 25 percent of the total
water used by industry.
Electric power generation in the Lake Superior Basin,
including hydroelectric and stream generation, is an important water
use.
Commercial fishing has always been a significant part of
the economy of the basin. The commercial catch, however, has been
declining in quantity and quality over the past few years due mainly
to biological and economical factors. For example, lake trout, the
most popular and valuable fish, have suffered the ravages of the
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Dale S. Bryson
parasitic sea lamprey such that the trout population almost ceased
in Lake Superior. Indications are that the population of lake trout
is now increasing.
The basin is an area of outstanding natural resources
and great recreation potential. The vast majority of recreation
activities in the basin are centered around or near water. These
include boating, fishing, and those activities significantly enhanced
by the presence of water, such as hiking, camping, sightseeing, and
driving for pleasure. Even though it is recognized that recreationists
participate in all the other basin activities in addition to sight-
seeing, it is the attraction of this latter activity which draws most
recreationists to the basin,, Probably Lake Superior's greatest asset
is its scenic shoreline. The enjoyment of such a scene as this is
priceless.
I would now like to discuss some general aspects of water
pollution problems as they exist in Lake Superior.
One of the most important characteristics of Lake Superior
from the standpoint of pollution is the movement of water within the
lake due to currents. The importance of an understanding of currents
in the lake has long been recognized. An investigation to establish
the current patterns was conducted by the Great Lakes Region several
years ago. It revealed that there is a general mixing of the waters
throughout the lake.
A word that is used quite often in a discussion of lakes
these days is the word "eutrophication." This word is often related
to water pollution and water quality problems in a lake. In simplest
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Dale S. Bryson
terms, eutrophication means the aging process of a lake in which its
waters become more fertile and acquire a greater capacity to grow
algae and other forms of unwanted living matter. A quite fertile
and therefore old lake is classified as a eutrophic lake. The
opposite of an eutrophic lake is an oligotrophic lake. While there
are a number of characteristics associated with oligotrophic lakes,
in short, they are still biologically young and have changed little
since the time of their formation. Lake Superior is an excellent
example of an oligotrophic lake. The quality of water in Lake
Superior surpasses that of virtually all other major lakes in the
United States.
Continuing the discussion of water pollution problems,
pollution by dissolved chemicals can cover a broad range of substances,
including heavy metals, such as copper, iron and zinc, oil, colored
waters, and nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Two general
types of effects are produced by such chemicals: 1) local and
immediate effects in the vicinity of the source and; 2) a progressive
buildup in the concentrations of certain persistent chemicals in the
lake as a whole.
Lake Superior and Lake Michigan are the headwaters of the
Great Lakes as their outflow passes through Lakes Huron, Erie, and
Ontario. Consitituents dissolved in Lake Superior waters, such as
nutrients which tend to accumulate in a lake, could therefore add
to the accumulated levels in these downstream lakes.
The three Lakes Superior States have addressed themselves
to phosphorus removal as discussed in the main report.
The discharge of excessive amounts of oil and phenols has
occurred at the United States Steel Company, Duluth Works, with notable
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Dale S. Bryson
examples in the Summer of 1968. The company also discharges excessive
amounts of flue durst and fly ash from the blast furnace.
E. I. Dupont Company at Barksdale, Wisconsin, discharges
its waste to Boyd Creek. The waste reaches Lake Superior causing
a discoloration of the water.
Oxygen depletion is a water pollution problem that is
occurring in the Lake Superior Basin. The small quantity of oxygen
normally dissolved in water is one of the most important ingredients
necessary for a healthy, balanced aquatic life environment. Dissolved
oxygen is consumed by living organisms through respiration and is
replenished, if a well-balanced environment exists, by absorption
from the atmosphere and through the life processes of aquatic plants.
When organic pollution enters this environment the balance is altered.
The bacteria present in the water or introduced with pollution utilize
the organic matter as food and multiply rapidly. Their use of oxygen
may be great enough to inhibit or destroy the fish and other desirable
organisms and to convert the stream or lake into an odor-producing
nuisance. Generally, when these conditions prevail the esthetic value
of the water resource will be impaired or completely destroyed.
At the present time the main body of Lake Superior has
not shown any signs of oxygen depletion; in fact, the oxygen levels
are at or near the saturation point at all depths of the lake.
Oxygen depletion is occurring in some of the interstate
tributaries draining into Lake Superior. In the Minnesota drainage,
reaches of the lower St. Louis River from Cloquet to the Duluth-
Superior Harbor have on numerous occasions been excessively depleted
of oxygen. Inadequately treated sewage effluent from Cloquet and
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Dale S. Bryson
several smaller communities and inadequately treated industrial
wastes from Conwed Corporation and Northwest Paper Company in
Cloquet discharged into this reach have been the source of the
problem. The condition is aggravated by the operation of hydro-
electric plants on the river which cause wide fluctuations in
river flow.
Waster discharged into the Duluth-Superior Harbor have
also created localized areas of substantial oxygen depletion.
Sources of pollution include inadequately treated municipal wastes
from the cities of Duluth and Superior, plus inadequately treated
industrial wastes from Superwood Corporation and Superior Fiber
Products Company.
The interstate Montreal River downstream from Hurley,
Wisconsin, and Ironwood, Michigan, has experienced oxygen depletion
problems. The proportion of the oxygen depletion caused by the
waste discharges from each of these two cities has not been determined,
Under the provisions of interstate water quality standards
the State regulatory agencies have initiated action to eliminate the
oxygen depletion problems occurring on the tributary streams.
Bacterial pollution is a problem in certain areas of the
Lake Superior Basin. The bacterial quality of the main body of
Lake Superior is excellent. The problems of bacterial contamination
that have occurred are along certain interstate tributaries and
some harbor areas around the lake. Discharges from Cloquet, Carlton,
Scanlon, and Duluth have caused bacterial contamination in the
St. Louis River/ discharges from Duluth and Superior have caused
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Dale S. Bryson
bacterial contamination in the Duluth-Superior Harbor; discharges
from Ashland and Bayfield have caused bacterial contamination in the
inshore areas; and discharges from Hurley, Wisconsin, have caused
bacterial contamination in the Montreal River*
Bacterial pollution is amenable to correction. This is
the case whenever the waste can be put through a treatment plant
and then disinfected. The State regulatory agencies have started
action to eliminate existing bacterial pollution problems and to
prevent future undesirable conditions.
Soil erosion is a serious pollution problem in a large
portion of the south shore of Lake Superior. This area, commonly
called the red clay area, experiences severe erosion problems with
the sediment creating an adverse water quality problem in the
streams and in the lake itself. These problems have been recognized
by interested Federal, State, and local agencies and are currently
under investigation. The Red Clay Interagency Committee, comprised
of Federal, State, and local representatives, issued a report in 1967
which identifies the sources and causes of erosion and proposed an
action plan for corrective measures.
To place the problem of soil erosion into proper perspective,
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration has estimated that
the sediment load carried to Lake Superior in 1 year by all the
United States tributaries is equal to 12 days of discharge from
Reserve Mining Company.
Another pollution problem in the Lake Superior Basin is
caused by wastes from watercraft. Vessels of all types -- commercial,
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Dale S. Bryson
recreational, and Federal -- plying the waters of Lake Superior and
its tributaries are contributors of both untreated and inadequately
treated wastes. This waste is discharged in local harbors and in the
open lake and tends to intensify local pollution problems.
Certain aspects of water pollution from watercraft have
been documented in the report "Wastes From Watercraft," prepared
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, and submitted
to Congress in 1967. The report recognizes and analyzes the serious
pollution problems that are caused by all types of watercraft,
including pollution by sewage, garbage, and oil wastes. Implementation
by the Federal Government of the recommendations made in this report
can provide an effective means for combatting the vessel pollution
problems of Lake Superior. The Department has proposed legislation
to Congress based on this report, A summary of applicable state laws
dealing with vessel pollution are presented in the main report.
Oil pollution to date has not been a significant problem
in the Lake Superior Basin. While relatively minor problems resulting
from oil have occurred, the basin has escaped the effects of a major
spill. Steps have been taken, however, to insure that a coordinated
response of effort among Federal, State, and local agencies will
occur in the event of a major spill. A national multi-agency contin-
gency plan for responding to major pollutional spills was approved
by the President on November 13, 1968. A contingency plan for
Lake Superior has been developed in accordance with provisions of the
national plan by the Great Lakes Region of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration. The purpose of this plan is to present
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Dale S. Bryson
guidelines to minimize the pollutional effects of a major spill of
oil or other hazardous materials. The plan's objectives are to develop
effective systems for discovering and reporting the existence of a
pollution incident, promptly instituting measures to restrict the
further spread of the pollutant, applying techniques to clean up and
disperse the collected pollutants, and instituting action to recover
cleanup costs and effect enforcement of existing statutes„ In recent
years attention has been directed to the problem of the disposal of
polluted dredged materials in the open waters of the Great Lakes. The
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration is concerned about
the long term cumulative effect of incremental additions of this
polluted material to the lakes. Dredged material can range from
clean lake sand to sediments which are seriously polluted by industrial
and municipal wastes. The dredgings may contain oil and grease,
dissolved soilds, nutrients, and toxic materials.
As Colonel Hesse pointed out, responsibility for improve-
ment and maintenance of the waterways of the United States in the
interest of navigation has been delegated by acts of Congress to the
Corps of Engineers. In carrying out this responsibility the Corps
dredges approximately 300,000 cubic yards per year in Lake Superior.
This is conducted in some of the commercial harbors shown in Figure 4
of the report and in some small boat harbors maintained by the Corps
of Engineers. During the past 2 years the Corps of Engineers and
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration have been carrying out
a joint study of water quality problems assiciated with dredging in
the Great Lakes. A report of findings is now available for perusal
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Dale S. Bryson
at the Corps's district offices and various other locations.
Results of limited sediment analysis by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration in Lake Superior Harbors indicate
the presence of polluted materials in certain areas of Duluth-Superior
and Ashland Harbors. The analysis showed the sediment contained
unacceptable levels of oil and grease, phosphorus, and chemical
oxygen demand. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
will continue to assist the Corps by classifying harbor sediments
as to their suitability for open lake disposal. It is suggested
the Corps continue its program of developing alternate disposal
areas for polluted sediments.
Pesticide levels have been the subject of interest of
late in the Great Lakes. Concentrations of insecticides are lower
in the fishes of Lake Superior than in the fishes of any other of
the Great Lakes, according to data furnished by the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries. Compared to similar species from Lake Michigan,
Lake Superior fish have 1/7 to 1/4 the amount of DDT and 1/7 to 1/2
the amount of dieldrin.
The persistent insecticides must be kept from entering
Lake Superior. If they do accumulate there, the damage will be
apparent for a long period of time due to the slow flow-through time
of the lake. Less insecticide need be added to the waters of Lake
Superior before unacceptable amounts will occur in the important
fishes such as lake trout. The reason is lake trout is a long-lived
predatory species and therefore is an efficient accumulator of
insecticides.
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Dale S0 Bryson
A technical committee on pesticides was established as
part of the Lake Michigan enforcement conference to evaluate the
pesticide problem in Lake Michigan and to recommend to the conferees
a program of monitoring and control« The committee determined that
controls should be instituted to insure that the concentration of
various insecticides do not increase above existing levels in
Lake Superior as there are no indications of harm in Lake Superior
fish resulting from the existing levels.
Indications are that uses of insecticides in the Lake
Superior Basin are at relatively low levels. Even with a low usage,
insecticides are being concentrated in fish and underline the importance
of caution and surveillance to avoid a future problem.
Federal installations in the Lake Superior Basin are a
source of waste. These installations are listed in the appendix to
the main report and vary in size from those having pit type toilets
in recreation areas to large treatment facilities at Air Force
installations. A coordinated effort to get the Federal house in
order is being made under the impetus of Presidential Executive Order
11288, which directed heads of Federal activities to provide leadership
in the nationwide water pollution control program. This Executive
Order also applies to Federal watercraft, to Federal water resources
projects, and to facilities supported by Federal loans, grants, and
contracts„
Mining operations in the basin have caused water quality
problems. A general discussion of these is found in the main report.
One aspect of the mining industry that has received
attention is the Reserve Mining Company E0 W. Davis Works which
discharges its waste tailings directly to Lake Superior. In 1968
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Dale S. Bryson
agencies within the Department of the Interior established a study
group to investigate the effects of taconite tailings on Lake Superior.
Based on data gathered by the individual agencies comprising this
study group and on the basis of information contained in other reports,
certain conclusions were reached. These conclusions are presented on
Pages 27 and 28 of the main report.
As was pointed out earlier in this statement and as
discussed in the main report, the quality of water in Lake Superior
surpasses that of virtually all other major lakes of the United States.
The low dissolved and suspended solids, the very cold temperatures,
the extreme clarity and the high oxygen concentration of the waters,
coupled with the size of the lake, makes a unique natural resource
that has no equal in the world.
Under the provisions of the Water Quality Act of lf'65 the
States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin have adopted watei
quality standards for Lake Superior. The States assigned their
highest use categories to Lake Superior, those being public wa er
supply, whole body contact recreation, and cold water fishery. The
water quality criteria adopted to protect these designated ase: were
established using the best available knowledge at that time. Hence,
the water quality standards established for Lake Superior are among
the most stringent standards nationally.
In accordance with the provisions of the Water Quality
Act of 1965 it was anticipated that after the initial setting of
standards, periodic review and revision of water quality standards
would be required to take intc account changing technology and advances
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Dale S0 Bryson
in knowledge of water quality requirements developed through research.
Additional data concerning water quality criteria specific to Lake
Superior waters are now available as a result of recently completed
research at the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluthu The National Technical
Advisory Committee on Water Quality Criteria provides additional
information that is applicable to these waters.
On the basis of this new knowledge water quality criteria
can be developed on the ooen waters of Lake Superior to reflect more
appropriately the uniqueness of the lake. These criteria are presented
in Table 3 on Page 44 of the report.
Mr. Chairman, that concludes my statement. I would be
glad to answer any questions now, or we could move right into the
supplemental statements of the various experts,,
(No responseo)
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67
~\
an,appraisal
wajer pollution
. . njne . .
lake Superior basin
U. S. Department of the Interior
F W P C A
Great Lakes Region
APRIL 1969
-------
68
anrappraisal
of M .
wafer pollution
lake Superior basin
APRIL 1969
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION
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69
FOREWORD
"Lake Superior is apart from the other Great Lakes - it is the storied
'Shining Big Sea Water,' the symbol, the spirit of an intrinsic part of
the [American] heritage. To those individuals fortunate enough to have
witnessed the crashing of great seas on age-old rock, or the chilling,
quiet blanket of fog suddenly lifting to the near blinding of a blue-white
summer day; to have seen water so clear that the phantom trout were
visible at 5 fathoms; to have experienced the purity that is the Big
Lake - to them there is no need to justify any conservation effort on
behalf of Lake Superior. "
Adapted from Michigan Water Resources Commission
"Water Resource Uses, Present and Prospective
for Lake Superior and the St. Mary's River,"
June 1967
ii
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70
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
H. THE BASIN AND ITS FEATURES 3
General Description 3
Population 5
Economy 1
Waterborne Commerce 9
Water Resources 11
Lake Currents 15
Water Uses 17
in. THE POLLUTION PROBLEM 21
Chemical Pollution 22
Oxygen Depletion 23
Bacterial Pollution 24
Mining Activities 25
Soil Erosion 29
Wastes from Watercraft 30
Oil Pollution 31
Disposal of Dredged Material 32
Pesticides 33
IV. POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIONS AND PROPOSALS 35
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Activities 35
Water Quality Standards 35
Great Lakes - Illinois River Basins Project 37
Construction Grants 37
Program Grants 38
Research Development & Demonstration Grants 38
Federal Installations 39
Technical Programs „ 40
Public Information 40
State Water Pollution Control Programs „ 41
Michigan 41
Minnesota 41
Wisconsin 42
V. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA 43
VI. SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS 46
Vll. RECOMMENDATIONS 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY 50
APPENDIX A 53
APPENDIX B 81
APPENDIX C 85
iii
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71
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure Page
1 Lake Superior Basin 2
2 Population Centers 4
3 Industrial Centers 6
4 Commercial Harbors 10
5 Net Surface Circulation of Lake Superior 14
6 Major Interstate Waters , 34
1 Construction Grant Projects 36
Table
1 Major United States Tributaries to Lake
Superior 12
2 Active Mineral Operations in Lake
Superior Basin 26
3 Proposed Water Quality Criteria for the Open
Waters of Lake Superior 44
IV
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72
I. INTRODUCTION
On the basis of reports, surveys and studies indicating that interstate pollution is occurring,
and in accordance with Section 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U. S. C. 466 et.
seq.) Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall called a Conference in the Matter of Pollution
of the Waters of Lake Superior and Its Tributary Basin (Michigtn-Minnesota-Wisconsin). The
area covered by the conference is shown on Figure 1.
This report was prepared for the information of the conferees and other interested parties,
and for use by the co iferees in their consideration of actions needed to preserve the high qual-
ity of waters in the conference area and improve presently degraded wat"rg. The report is
based on studies and investigations by the Federal Water Pollution Contr )1 Administration
(FWPCA), investigations made through cooperative agreements by other agencies ol the Depart-
ment of the Interior, studies and reports furnished by the three Lake Superior States and in-
formation obtained from other Federal agencies, universities, and other;. All data presented
in this report are for the United States portion of the Lake Superior basir , unless otherwise
noted.
The contributions of all who have provided assistance and information is gratefully acknow-
ledged.
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LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
73
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74
II. THE BASIN AND ITS FEATURES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The largest body of fresh water on the earth is comprised in the five Great Lakes covering
95,170 square miles water surface area. Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes and
the largest lake in the world - 31,820 square miles in surface area, approximately 350 miles
long, 160 miles wide, 1,333 feet maximum depth, and a volume of approximately 3,000 cubic
miles. Other physical data concerning Lake Superior are shown on the following table.
Canada United
Total (Ontario) States Mich. Minn. Wise.
Drainage Basin (sq. mi.) 80,511 42,570 37,941 23,931 8,354 5,656
Water Surface (sq. mi.) 31,820 10,702 21,118 16,231 2,212 2,675
Land Area(sq. mi.) 48,691 31,868 16,823 7,700 6,142 2,981
Shoreline (miles) 2,976 1,549 1,427 913 189 325
The topography of the basin, in general, is rough and with certain exceptions, the lake is
surrounded by a ridge 400 to 800 feet high. In most areas the highland is either immediately
adjacent to the shoreline or close to it. The Wisconsin-Michigan area along the southern shore
rises less abruptly, but the height of the ridge is about the same as in Minnesota.
The soil has developed from glacial debris and shallow-lying bedrock. It is a mixture of
sand and sandy loam to clay. The low soil fertility and the short growing season are not favor-
able for extensive agricultural activities.
The climate of the basin is continental in the interior, while a modified marine climate is
found near the lake shore and particularly in the peninsular areas. These two distinct types of
climate are reflected in the temperatures, precipitation, and growing seasons. Extreme temp-
eratures range from -47°F. to 106°F. , while the basin's average temperatures range from
8°F. to 12°F. for January, and 60°F. to 66°F. for July. The average annual precipitation is
28 to 32 inches with 16 to 19 inches falling during the warm season. Snowfall varies from 55
inches to 276 inches in different portions of the basin, and the growing season, which also re-
flects the wide climate range, varies from 80 to 130 days in the basin.
The principal river of the basin is the St. Louis which has a drainage area of about 3,700
square miles and is an interstate stream that forms part of the Minnesota-Wisconsin boundary.
A portion of the Michigan-Wisconsin boundary is formed by the interstate Montreal River, one
of the smaller streams in the basin draining an area of about 281 square miles. The boundary
between Minnesota and the Province of Ontario, Canada, is formed by the Pigeon River. Other
principal rivers are the Bad River in Wisconsin and the Ontonagon River in Michigan.
-------
Scale C
POPULATION CENTERS
LEGEND:
• 100,000
• 20,000 - 50,000
A 10,000 - 20,000
A 5,000 - 10,000
75
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76
POPULATION
The population density in the United States portion of the basin is low, 30 people per square
mile. Approximately a half-million people Jive in the basin with Minnesota counties (primarily
St. Louis County) accounting for about half of the total population. Michigan and Wisconsin
counties account for about 34 percent and 16 percent, respectively. The major cities in the
Lake Superior watershed with their 1960 populations are: Minnesota, Duluth - 106,884, Hib-
bing-17,731, and Virginia - 14, 034; Wisconsin, Superior - 33,563, Ashland - 10,132; Mich-
igan, Marquette - 19,824 and Ironwood - 10,265. Figure 2 shows these population centers.
Even though during the past 20 years there has been a considerable emigration from the Lake
Superior basin, the population is expected to increase by approximately 100,000 in about two
decades with the municipal portion of the population experiencing most of this increase at the
expense of the rural areas. The areas most likely to show relatively rapid growth are:
Chippewa and Marquette Counties in Michigan, Douglas County in Wisconsin, and St. Louis
County in Minnesota, Carlton and Lake Counties, which border on St. Louis County, will ex-
perience some of the expansion trend of that county.
. Vtf* /«'.,•.'-
< -, -'O f
;r'.€r ;«Vj •
*:$##
v t''V.*^j4v;:-
^#wfe
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77
INDUSTRIAL CENTERS
LEGEND:
O Food and kindred products
O Daper and allied products
& CheiricE-! a->d a'Ked products
0 Petroleum and coa! products
$ Primary -neta! industries
® Mela 1 mi n i na
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78
ECONOMY
While the economy of the basin has in the past few decades been uncertain, developments in re-
cent years favor a general uptrend in activity. Continued research activities relating to iron ore
processing, dramatic developments in processing of taconite ores, plus progress in research
concerning the use of timber resources is creating a new confidence in the future.
Industrial activity in the watershed is diversified both in character as well as location. Fig-
ure 3 shows the principal centers of industrial activity. While iron ore mining is the dominant
feature of the watershed, value added by manufacture amounted to approximately $250 million in
1963. Duluth - Superior is the major industrial center, but, significant industrial developments
are located elsewhere, such as Silver Bay, Minnesota; Ashland, Wisconsin; and Houghton-
Hancock, Michigan.
The history of iron ore mining is closely associated with the development of the iron range
area of the basin. With the advent of the taconite process whereby low grade iron ore undergoes
a beneficiation process to produce pellets containing a higher concentration of iron, the iron
mining industry in the basin has economically taken a sharp upturn. As of 1966 pelletized iron
ore was firmly established as the most desired form of blast furnace feed in the United States.
Taconite beneficiation plants have been established at a number of locations in Minnesota, Mich-
igan, with a potential for their establishment in Wisconsin.
Other mining activities, primarily sand and gravel, are widespread throughout the basin.
Copper mining is an important segment of Michigan's economy in the upper peninsula.
Forestry and forest products manufacturing are important in a number of locations in the
Lake Superior basin. Virgin timber stands have been greatly depleted but sustained lumbering,
pulp logging and Christmas tree harvesting continue to be important contributors to the economy.
New technology in processing wood products should enable the area to capitalize to a greater
degree on the extensive forest resources. Considerable expansion of the paper and allied pro-
ducts industry is likely.
Some manufacturing activity occurs in all counties of the watershed although in 1963 St. Louis
and Carlton Counties of Minnesota and Douglas County in Wisconsin accounted for 70 percent of
the total. Manufacturing output is expected to triple in the next 20 to 25 years. Petroleum re-
fining, chemicals, steel rolling and finishing, and food and kindred products are the major cate-
gories having installations within the watershed.
Although agriculture is not a major land use, farms are scattered throughout the basin and
in some limited areas farming is a dominant feature.
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79
Some of the Nation's most unique and scenic shoreline is a part of the Lake Superior coast line.
The wide sand beaches of Whitefish Bay, the great perched dunes near Grand Marais, the sheer
cliffs of the Pictured Rocks, the remoteness of the Huron Mountains, the Apostle Islands, Split
Rock Lighthouse, Isle Royale National Park and all the many miles of primeval wilderness con-
stitute a most valuable recreation and esthetic resource. Therefore, recreation resources in-
cluding commercial resorts are very important to the economy and are expected to have even
greater significance in the future as a greater number of people from locations outside of the
area seek to utilize its existing and planned recreation facilities. An estimated $50 million was
spent in the basin on tourism in 1964 (44). It can be assumed this is a conservative figure based
upon estimates of growth for the tourism industry.
The use of high quality water extends beyond the bounds
of physical contact with the resource. Here towering
cliffs and spectacular shoreline provide scenic enjoyment.
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80
WATERBORNE COMMERCE
The economy of the Lake Superior basin is naturally stimulated by the presence of the lake.
The "fourth seacoast" of the United States and Canada became a reality upon completion of the
St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959. There is now a continuous channel from the Great Lakes to the
Atlantic Ocean making an ocean port of every deep draft harbor situated on Lake Superior.
The Soo Locks at Sault Ste. Marie and navigable channels of the St. Mary's River are of
major importance to commercial navigation in Lake Superior. This busy channel passes ap-
proximately 100 million tons of freight annually. With the deep connecting channels and har-
bors and the new lock (1,200 feet long, 105 feet wide) at Sault Ste. Marie, vessels 1,000 feet
in length and 100 feet wide with carrying capacities of 50, 000 tons can now be accommodated.
Major commodities shipped include iron ore, coal, grain and stone.
The harbor facilities of Lake Superior are also a major asset to the continuing development
of the natural resources potential of the basin. The Duluth-Superior port is one of the largest
inland shipping ports for waterborne commerce on the Great Lakes. The harbor is the fifth
largest in the United States in tonnage, surpassed only by New York Harbor, New Orleans,
Houston Harbor and Channel, and the Philadelphia Harbor. Total tonnage exceeds 46 million
net tons annually. Annual direct overseas imports and exports total over 3 million tons and
consist of more than one-third of the direct overseas commerce from all Great Lakes ports.
The facilities of the Duluth-Superior harbor, which include the largest ore docks in the world,
handle the majority of the iron ore which is shipped to the steel mills of the lower lakes. Ap-
proximately three-fourths of the total tonnage at the port consists of iron ore. Other major
commodities are grain, coal, limestone, cement, scrap iron, iron and steel products, salt,
petroleum products, and general merchandise.
In addition to the outstanding facilities at Duluth-Superior there are other commercial har-
bors throughout the area, including Two Harbors, Silver Bay, Taconite and Grand Marais in
Minnesota; Ashland in Wisconsin; and Ontonagon, Keweenaw, Presque Is]e, Marquette and
Grand Marais in Michigan. Figure 4 depicts the commercial harbors on Lake Superior.
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81
100 mil.i
COMMERCIAL HARBORS
LEGEND:
• Harbors
10
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82
WATER RESOURCES
Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes and in terms of surface area is the largest
fresh water lake in the world. In terms of volume of water it is the world's second largest
fresh water lake. The average flow out of Lake Superior is 73,100 cubic feet per second (cfs).
Since 1922 the level of Lake Superior has been regulated by operations of control works in
the St. Mary's River above the rapids at Sault Ste. Marie. (47) These works, including a 16-
gate control structure, powerhouses and canals and locks, were built as a condition of an order
of the International Joint Commission granting a permit to divert water around the rapids for
power generation (to prevent lowering of Lake Superior). The same order also created an
International Lake Superior Board of Control, consisting of an officer of the Corps of Engineers
and an officer appointed by the Canadian government.
It is the function of the Board to determine the amount of water available for power generation
and to maintain as nearly as possible the level of Lake Superior to its low datum of 600 feet.
Since 1957, the level of Lake Superior from extreme low to extreme high has varied only about
one foot.
In addition to precipitation and runoff, Lake Superior receives water by importation via the
Long Lake-Ogoki hydroelectric projects located in Canada. This diversion averages nearly
5,000 cfs of water which formerly flowed north to Hudson's Bay. Because of the regulatory
works at the "Soo" this diversion has not affected the level of Lake Superior.
There are over 100 streams in the three States which outlet to Lake Superior. Discharge in-
formation concerning the major streams is shown on Table 1. By far the largest stream trib-
utary to Lake Superior is the interstate St. Louis River which enters the lake at Duluth-Super-
ior. The lower St. Louis River has been extensively developed for production of hydroelectric
power.
Most of the streams draining the north shore of Lake Superior are approximately 20 miles
in length, characterized by a steep gradient and a high fluctuation in flow level. The one ex-
ception to this is the St. Louis River.
The Lake Superior drainage in the State of Wisconsin consists of a series of small streams
flowing through the escarpment which exists around the south shore. Falls and rapids are
characteristic along the escarpment line with some streams having hydro-power development.
There are six hydroelectric power installations on the tributary streams.
There is a total of 78 streams in Michigan which outlet to the lake. The largest of these
streams is the Ontonagon which has a drainage area of approximately 1,400 square miles.
There are approximately 2,000 lakes having areas of ten acres or more within the watershed.
Most of the lakes occupy depressions in glacial deposits or are in ice block basins formed after
the retreat of the glaciers. Approximately 600 of the lakes are in the north shore watershed
area in Minnesota.
The ground water resources of the area bordering Lake Superior are quite variable. In
many cases the glacial drift is too thin and discontinuous to provide adequate supplies of water.
In portions of the basin, namely the St. Louis River watershed, there are extensive areas of
unconsolidated sand and gravel which, in general, yield large quantities of water. In general,
the quality of ground water is satisfactory for all uses.
11
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83
TABLE 1
MAJOR UNITED STATES TRIBUTARIES TO LAKE SUPERIOR*
Name of River
Pigeon
Brule
Baptism
St. Louis
Nemadji
Bois Brule
Bad
Montreal
Black
Presque Isle
Ontonagon
Sturgeon
Dead
Chocolay
Tahquamenon
Waiska
Total
Drainage
Area
(Sq. Mi. )
610
282
146
3,652
446
185
1,016
281
257
359
1,390
729
166
161
820
147
Gaged
Drainage
Area
(Sq. Mi. )
600
0
140
3,430
0
113
611
262
200
261
1,340
705
0
0
790
0
Mean
Discharge
(cfs)
483
-
159
2,202
-
169
605
325
227
264
1,374
795
-
-
849
-
Period of
Record
(Water Yrs.)
1923-67
-
1927-67
1908-67
-
1942-67
1914-22
1948-67
1938-67
1954-67
1945-66
1942-66
1942-66
-
-
1953-66
-
* Counterclockwise from U.S. (Minnesota) - Canadian Border
Data Source: USGS Surface Water Records of Minnesota and Wisconsin, 1967
USGS Surface Water Records of Michigan, 1966
12
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84
13
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85
NET SURFACE CIRCULATION Of LAKE SUPERIOR
LEGEND:
•Synthesized current patterns
14
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86
LAKE CURRENTS
Circulation studies of Lake Superior were begun in October 1966 by the FWPCA to determine
the water circulation pattern of the lake, to establish the cause and effect relationships so as
to be able to predict the movement of pollutants occurring in, and being discharged to the lake,
and to develop a more accurate description and understanding of the physical, biological, and
chemical phenomena of the lake.
To accomplish this, seven current-metering stations were emplaced in Lake Superior in
October 1966. In May 1967 these meters were recovered and replaced and the current-meter-
ing network was expanded to a total of 17 stations. These stations were recovered in October
1967.
The current-meters were Richardson type, self-contained recording instruments, clock-
activated periodically (every 30 minutes), recording directional and speed data for one minute
on 16mm film then shutting off until the start of the next cycle. At each station current-meters
were suspended at depths of 30, 50, 75 and 100 feet and every 100 feet thereafter. Temper-
ature recorders were also installed at these depths.
The data from these stations were analyzed using accepted oceanographic techniques. What
follows is a discussion of the findings.
Waterborne wastes reaching Lake Superior are dispersed into the main water mass by three
means; molecular diffusion, turbulent mixing, and lake currents. Considering the lake as a
whole, currents are the predominant mechanism for the movement and subsequent dispersion
of these wastes into the lake's water mass.
While the inflow and outflow rate from Lake Superior is extremely small in comparison to the
water mass of the lake proper, the lake water is not standing still. It is kept in constant mo-
tion principally by the wind which not only generates the visible surface waves but stirs and
mixes the water throughout the lake.
Both water movements and rate of mixing are materially influenced by the formation of
thermoclines, or zones of temperature transition between two layers of water which differ in
temperature and density. In the summer, Lake Superior water becomes divided into an upper
layer of warm readily circulating water, called the epilimnion, and a lower layer of cold, re-
latively undisturbed water called the hypolimnion. A region between these two layers where
rapid temperature change takes place, is called the thermocline. When the lake water is thus
stratified, the water in the hypolimnion (lower stratum) is essentially physically and chem-
ically isolated from the remaining waters of the lake. In Lake Superior, nearly 95 percent of
the lake's volume is in the hypolimnion. The summer stratification begins to develop in mid-
June, with the epilimnion (upper stratum) reaching its maximum temperature in August. The
thermocline is somewhat transient in Lake Superior in that it will move in and out of an area
of the lake. When there is no thermocline, the water is isothermal (without a thermocline).
In the winter months, the lake can be considered, for all practical purposes, to be isothermal
and water mixing occurs throughout the lake.
15
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87
Thermal bars, a phenomena resulting from a difference in temperature between adjacent
waters along a vertical plane, occur in the spring and fall in shallow waters parallel to the
shoreline. The fall thermal bar is not as extensive nor as well developed as is the one that
occurs in the spring. A thermal bar inhibits mixing between the shallow waters along the shore
and the deeper lake waters. Wastes discharged into the inshore side of the thermal bar tend
to be held in the inshore area.
Because currents in the lake are motivated principally by the wind, and winds are variable,
horizontal movement of the lake water exhibits an infinite variety and frequent changes in both
direction and speed. A current change in less than six hours alter a wind shift is common in
mid-lake. The nearshore response may be even more rapid. However, certain recurring
patterns have been identified, resulting principally from the fact that winds from one direction
predominate.
The net circulation of Lake Superior is counter clockwise, with the possibility of large cy-
clonic eddies occurring in the western arm, or Duluth embayment, between Isle Royale and
the Kewennaw Peninsula, and in the eastern basin. See Figure 5.
Superimposed on the net circulation pattern of the lake are other factors that affect water
movement. The net circulations, while on a long-term basis may be considered the circula-
tion pattern of the lake, exist for only short periods of time. One week would be considered a
long period of time for the total net circulation pattern to exist.
Upwelling occurs in the lake when winds cause horizontal surface movement of water away
from the shore. The surface waters are replaced by colder, deeper waters. Upwelling fre-
quently occurs along the north shore during periods of northwest and west wind. Winds from
the east and south produce upwelling along the south shore.
Other forces that affect water movement are internal waves, caused by storms and/or pres-
sure differences acting on the lake's surface, and inertia currents resulting from decaying
wind stresses.
In summary, while there is a net circulation pattern in the lake, a great many forces are
acting which have a modifying effect upon water movements. These water movements are
such that any persistent pollutant entering directly into Lake Superior or discharged into the
water that feeds the lake, mixes with and becomes an integral part of the lake water as a
whole.
16
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88
Vg*V- -V-.-
?V<- •-' -^v'r*^. i;
'** '
There is a pleasure m the pathless woods,
There is a rapture on the lonely shore.
Lord Byron "Childe Harold"
WATER USES
The waters of Lake Superior are used for municipal and industrial water supply; recreation,
including swimming, boating, fishing and other water oriented sports; commercial fishing;
propagation of fish and aquatic life; commercial navigation; and esthetic enioyment.
The waters of Lake Superior are of excellent quality for municipal water supply. Twenty-
four municipalities and communities withdraw water from the lake for domestic usage. These
systems serve approximately 184,000 people which use 25 million gallons per day (mgd). Com-
munities in Michigan use approximately 5.7 mgd; Wisconsin approximately 1. 3 mgd; and
Minnesota approximately 18. 0 mgd. The largest domestic supply is for the city of .Duluth.
which uses approximately L6 mgci, more than 60 percent of the total. Eight ether communi-
ties in the basin utilize surface sources other than Lake Superior, withdrawing about 1.8 mgd.
The remaining communities in the basin rely on ground water for their supply.
A twenty-three mile long water line is being constructed fron. Duiuth to C7!ocue1. Minnesota
ic convex Lake Superior water to CU.-quei foi (ioreevtic and inchistfial w-ite"1 c-oonhf.-.. Tr.-
pipe sine will al»o serve the c;t> o. oupeiiot. 'A ifrcon^in. Tnt ultra.-;'? :ic.=-..<,r. :-,i>-ulty f>'_ il"-.
rape line is 40 -ngd. The initia' car^ciry of tht f-ysfeir. \s'ilj >"< 25 m;*-'.. ['IK .- -h rl-J.-'
••;rm!Jetion date ioi the projeo; is i^arcb "•'<. l'->h'P.
An estimateo 563 ingd ol
iper !',••• water is
tctal 51f> mgd are used by Svtmneso:;, indus'.ries, 4.'2
Wisconsin industries. Tne largest ssngJf- wal«r user is the Hesc-rve
beneficiation plant at Siivj1 Bav. M-niiesota, A'fticn arcounts d-r :norr: tnar
total Lake Superior water used by 'industry. Trip use 01 induslria; v,ale" ,;.n
Lake Superior total approximately 200 mgd of which approximately 70 pC'""
iron mining industries on the eastern end ol the Mesabi Range in Minnesota
17
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89
Total electric power generation in the Lake Superior basin, including hydroelectric and
steam generation, is estimated at about 850 megawatts. The largest hydro-power development
in the basin is on the St. Louis River in Minnesota with a total installed capacity of 88,860
kilowatts. Steam power generation is estimated at approximately 650 megawatts, of which
more than 60 percent is produced in Minnesota. A total of approximately 500 mgd of Lake
Superior water is used for cooling purposes. Surface water other than Lake Superior used
for cooling purposes totals approximately 130 mgd. There are at present no nuclear genera-
ting plants in the Lake Superior basin.
Records on commercial fish catches in Lake Superior have been kept since 1879. The catch
averaged 7.8 million pounds from 1879 to 1908; 10.5 million pounds from 1913 to 1928; and
15. 6 million pounds from 1929 to 1963. The catch reached a maximum of 22. 1 million pounds
in 1941 but since has declined to a 1967 level of 7. 9 million pounds. The decline is related
to biological and economical factors. In 1967 Lake Superior ranked third in commercial fish
catches for the United States portion of the Great Lakes. Lake Michigan, 59.0 million pounds
and Lake Erie 11.6 million pounds ranked first and second respectively.
There are relatively few fish species that constitute the bulk of the commercial catch in
Lake Superior. Lake trout are undoubtedly the most popular and valuable fish. The maximum
lake trout catch of 5. 6 million pounds occurred in 1903. Between 1903 and 1955 the catch
ranged between two ani three million pounds, reaching 3. 7 million pounds in 1944. The catch
since 1955 has declined steadily, with the 1961 catch dropping to 323,000 pounds. From 1962
to the present lake trout fishing has been allowed under permit only. The chief cause of the
decline of the lake trout was predation by the parasitic sea lamprey. Only drastic reduction
of the sea lamprey population and intensive stocking by State and Federal agencies prevented
total collapse of the lake trout fishery. A small amount of natural lake trout reproduction
has now been found but the fishery at the present still depends upon stocking from hatchery
raised fry. Indications are the population of lake trout in Lake Superior is increasing.
Drastic changes in the production of lake herring have occurred in the past twenty years. A
maximum production of approximately 18 million pounds occurred in 1941 in United States
waters, and declined to 10.8 million pounds in 1960. The abundance of herring has dropped
significantly in the 1960's declining to 3. 8 million pounds in 1967. White fish production,
which typically fluctuates between 400,000 to 800,000 pounds, is currently about 500,000
pounds. A maximum catch of 1. 3 million pounds was recorded in 1949. The smelt population,
which at present produces a catch of 1. 5 million pounds, is suspected as a causative factor
in the decline of a number of native fish species. Chubs have been harvested to an increasing
extent beginning in the late 1950's with production reaching 1. 3 million pounds in 1959. The
catch for 1967 was 1. 9 million pounds. This fishery increased only out of economic necessity
arising from the decline of lake trout.
The Lake Superior basin is an area of outstanding natural resources and great recreation
potential. However, at the present only moderate demands are being placed on the basin's
recreation reasouces. The relative inaccessibility of many recreation areas, because of
their considerable distance from large population centers and a lack of better destination
routes, in conjunction with a short tourist season are primary factors creating this situation.
The current annual recreation demand is estimated at nearly 16 million recreation days. By
the year 2000 this amount is expected to nearly double. Approximately 80 percent of the
present demand can be attributed to vacation use.
In 1964 an estimated 1.4 million vacationists came to the Lake Superior basin for the pri-
mary purpose of outdoor recreation. The vacation sector comprises approximately 80 per-
cent of the basin's total effective population. This approximation does include a few basin
residents but by far the greater number are non-residents.
While the list of recreation activities available in the basin is quite endless, the vast ma-
jority of recreation activities in the basin are centered around or near water. These include
boating, fishing and those activities significantly enhanced by the presence of water such as
hiking, camping, sight-seeing and driving for pleasure.
18
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90
Pleasure boating is rapidly increasing in the Lake Superior basin
The United States Bureau of Outdoor Recreation report, "Water Oriented Outdoor Recrea-
tion - Lake Superior Basin" (44), presents a detailed discussion of recreation in the basin
including information on existing facilities, the problems that are developing, and the action
that must be taken to preserve this natural heritage.
Even though it is recognized that recreationists participate in all the other basic activities
in addition to sight-seeing, it is the attraction of this latter activity which draws most
recreationists to the basin. Probably Lake Superior's greatest asset is its scenic shoreline.
Water quality is a most important factor influencing the recreational uses which are made
of the water, as it affects the quality of the outdoor recreation experience. Water oriented
recreational activities may be divided into two categories -- one of which involves actual
contact with the water. This category is further broken down into activities involving the
whole body contact such as swimming and water skiing and those involving limited contact
such as pleasure boating and fishing. The other category involves the esthetic enjoyment of
viewing the body of water and its surroundings. This includes such activities as driving and
hiking for pleasure along the shore of the body of the water. An important part of the recrea-
tional value of water is its esthetic aspect. Camping, picnicking, sight-seeing, while not
directly water oriented activities, are considerably enhanced as an experience by esthetically
pleasing water. Some pollution robs the water of its esthetic value for such activities.
The severity of a pollution problem can vary from place to place on a given body of water and
in many instances from time to time depending on weather and other factors. In addition,
people vary widely in their opinions as to the point at which water quality has deteriorated to
the extent that it is no longer suited for a certain recreational activity.
Therefore, it can be seen that water quality per se has a demonstrable effect on recreational
use. Many of the factors which contribute to the degradation of water quality can be measured
readily; for example, rise in water temperature due to thermal pollution and amount of silt
added to a stream as a result of land runoff. However, sociological factors which are very
difficult to measure, play a key role in determining the extent to which quality will influence
recreational use. These latter factors become very personal and differ with the individual
depending upon his education and environmental background.
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Numerous State and Federal lands in the Lake Superior basin
offer recreational opportunities that can be enjoyed by all.
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III. THE POLLUTION PROBLEM
Lakes may be classified according to their level of primary productivity. The productivity
or "fertility" of a lake depends on nutrients received from regional drainage, on the depth,
plus other interrelated factors which affect the metabolism of the lake. A eutrophic lake is at
one end of the classification series and on the other end is an oligotrophic lake. While there
are a number of characteristics associated with oligotropic lakes, in short they are still
"biologically young" and have changed little since the time of their formation.
Lake Superior is an excellent example of an oligotrophic lake having very clear, cold water
and very few living organisms. The lake is an exceedingly young lake in terms of its biologi-
cal aging processes. It is thousands of years behind the other Great Lakes considering only
natural againg. The lake nearly resembles its pristine condition as created eons ago.
Lake Superior has been the least studied of all the Great Lakes. Most of the studies con-
ducted have been in the western portion of the lake. There are very little data for the lake
during the winter season and essentially nothing is known about bottom organisms, bottom
character, and fish species in the deeper portions of the middle of the lake.
Lake Superior is a delicate lake and therefore great caution must be exercised when weigh-
ing the potential dangers to its ecology. Increases normally considered insignificant or ac-
ceptable in most lakes will dramatically alter this lake, because even such small changes will
represent a large percentage of change. For example, an increase in 5 units in turbidity will
result in a reduction of many feet in light penetration and significant loss of fish food organ-
isms. The very cold temperatures keep production of phytoplankton at a very low level. The
growth of algae in the lake can be loosely compared to algal growth that would occur in a
beaker of water placed in a lighted refrigerator.
It is also true that a slight reduction in the food producing capacity of the lake is likely to
evidence itself in lower fish production because food appears to be limiting in the lake. Shallow
shore areas, one of the major fish food producing areas in the lake, are limited and therefore
are extremely important to the survival of the fish species of the lake. These are the same
areas first to be affected by man-made waste discharges. Because algae productivity is low,
the depth to which light penetrates is important for producing sufficient plankton, periphyton
and benthos in the shore areas.
The native fish species in Lake Superior such as lake trout have long egg incubation periods;
some of them reaching two to three months. Conditions must be ideal during this critical
period to enable the eggs to hatch. Because the eggs are deposited on the lake bottom, small
quantities of silt or settleable solids are likely to smother the eggs as they are left unattended
by the adult fish.
The addition of certain kinds of toxic materials into Lake Superior is of prime importance.
The heavy metals (i. e. , copper, iron, zinc, etc.) are highly toxic at low concentrations be-
cause the water is soft, the fish species found in the lake are sensitive to metals and because
the metals are persistent and will remain in the lake for longer periods of time due to the
lake's slow flushing rate. Many of the common metals found in the surface waters could
seriously affect the reproductive potentials of the fish species in Lake Superior at concentra-
tions in the range of 2 to 50 parts per billion.
The quality of Lake Superior water is so high compared to other lakes that the early signs
of damage may go undetected or may be excused as being insignificant. Using standards of
clean water normally considered appropriate in pollution control programs, Lake Superior
could be degraded considerably and changed significantly before water uses would be damaged.
Pollution problems have occurred in the Lake Superior basin. Some of the existing prob-
lems, both in the lake and on the interstate tributaries are discussed in the following sections.
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CHEMICAL POLLUTION
Pollution by dissolved chemicals covers a broad range of substances including heavy metals
such as copper, iron and zinc, phenolic compounds, oil, nitrogenous materials, phosphorus,
chlorides, and colored waters. Two general types of effects are produced by such chemicals:
(1) local and immediate effects in the vicinity of the source, and (2) a progressive buildup in
the concentrations of certain persistent chemicals in the lake as a whole. Concerning the
latter effect, great caution must be exercised in order to avoid long-term damage in Lake
Superior as the self-purging rate has been estimated to be well in excess of 500 years (45).
In addition, eddy currents that may occur in the western end of the lake tend to limit the
intermixing of these waters with the rest of the lake.
Lake Superior and Lake Michigan are the headwaters of the Great Lakes as their outflow
passes through Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario. Constituents dissolved in Lake Superior
waters such as nutrients which tend to accumulate in a lake could therefore add to the ac-
cumulated levels in these downstream lakes. While the effects of these dissolved constituents
may not be felt in Lake Superior due to other limiting factors, conditions may be suitable in
the downstream lakes to result in a degraded water quality.
The heavy metals, as a group, are especially important in Lake Superior for several
reasons. Because there is a low mineral concentration in the lake, metals are more toxic than
they would be in average waters in the United States. In addition, several important species
of fish, especially lake trout, whitefish, and lake herring, are unusually sensitive to such
metals as copper, zinc and chromium. Natural agents are lacking in the lake to bind such
metals and render them inactive.
An industrial waste discharge to a tributary stream in Wisconsin causes a discoloration of Lake Superior waters.
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Heavy metals are reaching Lake Superior through natural erosion of the mineral laden rock
in the drainage basin and as a result of mining activities. Amplification of aspects related to
mining activities is found in another section of this report.
Very important chemical constituents in a lake are the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Aquatic vegetation including algae are capable, through photosynthesis, of utilizing inorganic
elements in support of growth -- including nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrients have
been given the most attention because following carbon, they are required in the greatest
amounts for the production of green plants. Bodies of water receive these nutrients from
many sources such as natural runoff from agricultural and urban land, ground water, pre-
cipitation and sewage and industrial waste effluents.
Information available shows that in Lake Superior, overgrowth of algae is not a problem.
The low temperature of the water is very likely a limiting factor in the lake's productivity.
The harbor areas and inshore lake water near the harbors are most susceptible to nuisance
aquatic vegetation growths because they are more easily affected by man's activities and be-
cause other conditions, such as higher water temperatures and phosphorus concentrations
necessary for nuisance conditions, more frequently occur.
The three States in the basin have included statements on phosphorus removal in their in-
terstate water quality standards. In addition, the Michigan Water Resources Commission
adopted a resolution in October 1967, which calls for the removal by June 1, 1977 of phos-
phorus compounds from wastes discharged to the waters of the State. Minnesota has adopted
statewide effluent standards which require the removal phosphorus from waste discharges to
certain lakes and reservoirs. The cities of Duluth, Two Harbors, and Grand Marais have
been required to install phosphorus removal facilities by 1971; Silver Bay by 1972.
OXYGEN DEPLETION
Dissolved oxygen (oxygen held in solution in water) provides the basic respiratory supply for
most living organisms, including not only fish but also the bacteria which consume organic
matter. Therefore, dissolved oxygen is a most important ingredient necessary for a healthy,
balanced aquatic life environment. Decomposable organic matter can cause an excessive
reduction of the dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water because oxygen is consumed by
the respiration processes of some living organisms. The oxygen is replenished by absorption
from the atmosphere and through the photosynthetic processes of aquatic plants provided a
well balanced environment exists. Organic pollution alters the environmental balance. The
bacteria in the water or introduced with the waste, utilize the organic matter as food, multiply
rapidly and reduce the dissolved oxygen. The resulting oxygen deficiency may be great enough
to inhibit or destroy fish and other desirable organisms, and result in taste and odor prob-
lems. Excessive depletion of the dissolved oxygen results in the generation of many nuisance
conditions.
At the present time the main body of Lake Superior has not shown any signs of oxygen defi-
ciency. (13, 22, 31, 32, 35) This coincides with the characteristic of an oligotrophic lake in
that there is ample oxygen at all water levels within the lake. In this case, the oxygen levels
are at or near the saturation point at all depths.
Oxygen depletion is occurring in some of the tributaries draining into Lake Superior. In the
Minnesota drainage, reaches of the lower St. Louis River from Cloquet to the Duluth -
Superior harbor have on numerous occasions been excessively depleted of oxygen. (38, 55)
Inadequately treated sewage effluent and inadequately treated industrial wastes discharged into
this reach have been the source of the problem. The condition is aggravated by the operation
of the hydroelectric plants on the river which cause wide fluctuations in river flow.
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Industrial waste discharges to the lower St. Louis River have caused serious pollution problems.
Sources of waste in the Duluth - Superior harbor have also created localized areas of sub-
stantial oxygen depletion. Sources of pollution include inadequately treated municipal wastes
plus inadequately treated industrial wastes from various points.
The interstate Montreal River downstream from Hurley, Wisconsin and Ironwood, Michigan
has experienced oxygen depletion problems. (12) The proportion of the oxygen depletion
caused by the waste discharges from each of these two cities has not been determined.
Under the provisions of interstate water quality standards, the State regulatory agencies
have initiated actions to eliminate the oxygen depletion problems occurring on the tributary
streams.
BACTERIAL POLLUTION
The presence of coliform organisms in water is considered an indicator of degraded water
quality and a possible indicator of a health hazard. Coliform organisms are significant be-
cause they occur in the fecal matter of all warm-blooded animals, including man. Conse-
quently, the presence of these bacteria in a body of water is considered evidence of fecal con-
tamination. Since such contamination is one avenue of transmission of certain waterborne
disease, the presence of coliforms is also an indication of a health hazard from accompanying
pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
The largest coliform concentrations in water are usually produced by human contamination,
but elevated counts will also occur after rainfalls due to land runoff and/or storm and com-
bined sewer overflows. Pathogenic bacteria from human sources can be adequately controlled
by proper treatment and disinfection of waste discharges.
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The bacterial quality of the main body of Lake Superior is excellent. The problems of bac-
terial contamination that have occurred were found along certain tributaries arid some harbor
or inshore areas around the lake. Instances of impairment of water use in the basin by bac-
terial pollution have been documented by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. (44) Some of the
areas that have experienced bacterial pollution are portions of the St. Louis River and Duluth
Harbor area in Minnesota; and Superior Harbor area, Ashland inshore area and reaches of the
Montreal River in Wisconsin.
Some cities in the basin are served by combined sewer systems so that quantities of a mix-
ture of storm water and sewage are discnarged without treatment during and after every heavy
rain. This has resulted in bacterial pollution of some reaches of rivers in the basin. Bac-
terial pollution in most cases is amenable to correction. This is the case wherever the waste
can be put through a treatment plant followed by disinfection.
The State regulatory agencies have taken actions to eliminate existing bacterial pollution
problems and to prevent future undesirable conditions. The States of Michigan and Wisconsin
require year around disinfection of waste treatment plant effluent. Minnesota requires year
around disinfection at all waste treatment plants in proximity to water supply intakes and
seasonal disinfection of effluents discharged to waters used for recreation. In addition, all
three States have required separation of combined sewers or other remedial action to pre-
vent pollution from this source.
MINING ACTIVITIES
There are 151 active mineral operations within the Lake Superior basin. Table 2 shows the
distribution by State and mineral commodity of these operations. Not all of these operations
are "wet" industries, i. e., utilize quantities of water in their processes. The waste disposal
practices followed by the "wet" operations are shown in Appendix A.
There have been water quality problems associated with mining operations in the basin.
Wastewater originates from open pit iron ore mining as a result of the entrance of rainwater
and seepage into the mines. The water must be pumped out to maintain a dry area for mining
operations. The quantity of water may range from almost nothing to several thousand gallons
per minute. This water may be highly colored and very turbid or may be crystal clear, de-
pending upon the type of ore body and manner of collection.
Ordinarily pit water which is pumped from the bottom of an open iron ore pit is extremely
turbid, has a bright red color, and may have a very high suspended solids content. The term
"red-water" is frequently applied to this and similar wastes for obvious reasons. The occur-
rence of red-water resulting from natural drainage is also quite common in the streams near
ore dumps.
The discharge of water or drainage containing large quantities of suspended material into
surface waters may create unfavorable conditions for fish and wildlife. It also may affect the
use of recreational areas, and stream shore property. If large amounts of suspended mate-
rials settle out in shallow areas, fish spawning beds may be covered and the penetration of
light so reduced as to have an adverse effect on the growth of aquatic plant and animal life.
The red color of the material in the water from mining areas emphasizes the presence of
suspended material which tags the waters in the area.
Although periodic problems do arise as a result of red-water, control measures by the State
regulatory agencies have proved to be effective in combating this problem.
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TABLE 2
ACTIVE MINERAL OPERATIONS IN LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
97
MINERAL COMMODITY
Iron Ore
Copper
Sand & Gravel
Iron & Steel
Cement
Clay
Granite
Lime
MICHIGAN
9
1
32
MINNESOTA
27
50
1
1
1
WISCONSIN
10
Reserve Mining Company's E.W. Davis taconite beneficiation plant at Silver Bay. Light areas are tailings being
carried by a stream of water a few inches deep over the solid delta beach to the lake.
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Active underground mines must continually be drained and previously abandoned shafts that
are being reopened to development must be drained to allow full operation. This water is
characteristically quite high in total dissolved solids such as chlorides and sulphates. Depend-
ing upon the nature of the underground strata, heavy metals such as copper, iron and zinc will
be leached from the soil and be contained in this discharge water. As stated previously in
this report, the discharge of heavy metals to the waters of Lake Superior is of concern due to
the extreme sensitivity of aquatic life in the lake to these metals and due to the long-term
buildup of these metals in the lake. A quantification of the past practices of draining mines is
not available. Care should be exercised in the future to prevent the adverse effects on aquatic
life in the receiving streams and also to Lake Superior from such drainage practices.
With the development of the taconite beneficiation process, vast new areas were opened up
to the mining of taconite ore. As can be seen by Table 2, there are 36 mineral operations
related to taconite processing in the basin including 15 concentrator plants. As shown in
Appendix A, 14 of these utilize a closed system whereby their wastewater is allowed to settle
in a lagoon and the waters recirculated for use. One of these concentrator plants, Reserve
Mining Company, E. W. Davis Works, discharges its wastes directly to Lake Superior. The
operations of this plant are discussed below.
Reserve Mining Company, E.W. Davis Works
In response to a request from the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers for comments on revalida-
tion of the Corps' permit to Reserve Mining Company, several agencies of the U. S. Depart-
ment of the Interior and other units of government reported continuing concern over the de-
position of taconite tailings into Lake Superior. In response to these concerns an Interior
study group was formed to investigate the effects of the taconite tailings on Lake Superior.
Participating Department of the Interior agencies in the Taconite Study Group were Regional
Coordinator, Office of the Secretary, Chairman; Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife;
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; Bureau of Mines; Geological Survey; and FWPCA. The U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Minnesota Department of Conservation, Minnesota Pollution Con-
trol Agency, and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provided information to the
study group and acted as observers in the group's activities.
Based on data gathered by the individual agencies comprising the Taconite Study Group (49,
50, 51, 52, 53) and other State reports (54), the following conclusions were reached:
1. Approximately 45 percent of the tailings waste discharged between 1956 and 1967 were
deposited on the delta off shore from the plant. The remaining 55 percent, or approx-
imately 95 million tons, traveled down the face of the delta into the lake. Tailings are
are deposited on the lake bottom at least 10 miles off shore and 15 miles southwest of
the plant.
2. Approximately 60, 000 long tons of taconite waste are discharged daily from the plant.
Fifty-four hundred long tons per day of the waste solids discharged to Lake Superior
are less than 4 microns (1 micron equals 1/25,400th of an inch) in diameter. Part-
icles of this diameter are capable of remaining suspended in water for a considerable
time after discharge.
3. Current measurements in the vicinity of Silver Bay show that the prevailing current is
to the southwest and of sufficient velocity to transport particles of 4 microns or less
more than nine miles per day.
4. As the tailings meet Lake Superior water, "billowy gray clouds" of waste were visible
leaving the density current, both at and under the water surface near the shore line.
Extending off shore as far as 300 feet, these clouds were observed and photographed at
at a depth of 35 feet. It appeared that "green water" was formed as gray tailings clouds
diffused (became less concentrated) and more daylight penetrated among the particles.
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5. The occurrence of tailings was evident in "green water" masses. In one instance the
"green water" containing tailings was visibly present 18 miles southwest from the
plant. "Green water" was observed along the Wisconsin shore line and did not contain
tailings.
6. "Green water" containing tailings has a measurably increased turbidity and contains at
least two to three times more suspended solids than does water that appears clear to
the eye.
7. The State of Minnesota report (54) reported a reduction in the abundance of fish food
organisms associated with the deposition of taconite tailings on the bottom of Lake
Superior. It was estimated the reduction in fish food organisms could be expected to
result in a reduction of the total annual fish catch (commercial and estimated sport
fishing) of 5 percent or less for the area having tailings on the bottom.
8. The study area selected (nine miles by five miles) for sampling was too small to define
the full extent of the area adversely affected. Analysis of data by the Study Group in-
dicates that the area affected extended beyond the furthest sampling point.
9. High concentrations (10 percent and 25 percent) of taconite wastes caused mortalities
among sac fry of rainbow trout in 4-day exposure. The wastes were not acutely toxic
to finger ling sized coho salmon, rainbow trout, white suckers, black bullheads, blue
gills, and yellow perch in 96-hour, static bioassays.
10. Chemical analysis projected to the probable daily discharge shows the following dis-
charge, measured in pounds of certain parameters: copper, 4,100; nickel, 2,500;
zinc, 2,500; lead, 6,100; chromium, 6,200; phosphorus, 51,500; and maganese,
629,000. Other elements in the discharge include silica, arsenic, and substantial
quantities of iron. The chemical state of these metals was not assessed and it would
be presumptious to say at this time what portion of the elements enter into solution.
11. A distinguishing characteristic of tailings discharged by the Reserve Mining Company
is the presence of large quantities of the amphibole cummingtonite.
Data gathered by the FWPCA since April 1, 1969 has shown the presence of taconite tailings,
(utilizing cummingtonite as a tracer) in the municipal water systems of Beaver Bay, Two
Harbors, and Duluth, Minnesota. There has not been sufficient time to determine what
effects, if any, the presence of the tailings has on the quality of the water supply or the users
thereof.
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A large portion of the south shore of Lake Superior is discolored by the sediment contained in discharges from
streams draining the red clay area of northwestern Wisconsin
SOIL EROSION
Tributary streams to Lake Superior discharge many tons of sediment annually to the lake.
The sediment is derived from the natural processes of weathering and erosion of the rock and
soil and by the activities of man in the basin, and is transported to the lake by the surface
streams. The sediment yield is low when compared to the yields in other areas of the country.
The estimated average annual yield of north shore streams tributary to Lake Superior is 10
tons per square mile. The low yield is due to the geology, soil types, vegetation and land
uses in the basin.
An exception to the generally low sediment yields of Lake Superior tributaries are the
streams along the south shore of the lake in the northwestern red clay area of Wisconsin.
This area, containing 880, 000 acres of land in Ashland, Bayfield, Douglas and Iron Counties
is the most severely eroded and high sediment producing area in the basin. Limited data on
the Bad River near Odanah indicates a long term average sediment yield of 278 tons per
square mile.
Damage to valuable trout and recreational streams by sediment resulting from erosion of
the red clay area has occurred. A large portion of the south shore of Lake Superior is dis-
colored by the sediment contained in the discharges from these streams. This adversely
affects the aquatic life in the lake by reducing the depth of light penetration and in settling on the
lake bottom.
These problems have been recognized by interested Federal, State, and local agencies and
are currently under investigation. The Red Clay Interagency Committee, comprised of
Federal, State, and local representatives, issued a report in 1987 which identified the
sources and causes of erosion and sedimentation and proposed an action plan for corrective
measures. (28)
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WASTES FROM WATERCRAFT
Commercial, recreational, and Federal vessels ply the waters of Lake Superior and are
contributors of both untreated and inadequately treated wastes in the open lake and in the
harbor areas. A study conducted by the Minnesota Water Pollution Control Commission
(predecessor of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency) in 1965 of the Port of Duluth con-
cluded that raw and partially treated sewage and significant quantities of solid refuse and
grease are discharged into Duluth harbor from both foreign and domestic vessels. They also
concluded that facilities for collection and disposal of garbage, dunnage and similar refuse
from foreign vessels exists at the port but are too small to serve all the shipping entering the
port. As a result, domestic vessels and possibly a few foreign vessels dump this accumu-
lated material overboard while out on Lake Superior and the other Great Lakes. The report
recommended a vigorous program to control the disposal of all types of wastes from water-
craft in the port. The report also recommended that the facilities for collecting the wastes
be expanded and collection and disposal of solid refuse from all vessels both domestic and
foreign be required.
Certain aspects of water pollution from watercraft have been documented in the report
"Wastes from Watercraft" (48). This report principally considered pollution caused by the
discharge of sewage, bilge and ballast waters, compartment washings, and litter. The report
points out that the problem of pollution from watercraft is both widespread and varied; wide-
spread because vessels and boats frequent all navigable water areas of the Nation and may
trigger local pollution at any point along their path; varied because of the assortment of mate-
rials which may be spilled or discharged from vessels. A proposed program for the control
of pollution from vessels set forth in the report covers four major waste categories: (1) sew-
age; (2) bilge and ballast waters; (3) litter and related solids; and (4) oil.
Item 10 of the Summary of Findings contained in the "Wastes from Watercraft" report states:
"Federal laws and regulations prohibiting the dumping of litter, sewage, and wastewaters in
specific locations are intended primarily to prevent impairment of navigation and the spread of
communicable disease, animal diseases and plant pests. They are not now wholly effective in
preventing water pollution." Bills have been introduced into the 91st Congress to control
wastes from watercraft.
The States of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan have laws dealing with the vessel pollution
problem. Minnesota's law is applicable to pleasure craft registered in the State and permits
the use of marine toilets equipped with a suitable treatment device approved by the Minnesota
Pollution Control \gency. Registration is contingent upon certification that watercraft with
marine toilets are equipped with an acceptable device. Types of devices accepted include
rnacerator/ehlorinators, holding tanks and incinerators. The State prohibits the discharge of
other wastes and the abandonment of containers holding sewage or other wastes which may
create a nuisance, health hazard, or water pollution. All waters of the State are included in
the law.
The Wisconsin law applies to the inland waters of the State and, therefore, by definition does
not apply to Lake Superior. On applicable waters the law requires the use of a holding tank on any
boat which is equipped with a toilet that is not sealed. Chemical type toilets and incinerator
type toilets may also be used provided the material cannot be disposed of into the water and
that ihe toilet is of sufficient capacity to handle the passenger load. Wisconsin has prepared a
similar bill for introduction into the current session of the Legislature that would apply to all
waters within the jurisdiction of the State, which would include Lake Superior.
Michigan laws are specific in prohibiting garbage, oil, and refuse dumping from watercraft
25 feet or more in length. Also, the disposal of such wastes from smaller watercraft and the
disposal of wastes from marine toilets could be prosecuted under the State's general health
laws. Tne Michigan Water Resources Commission in January 1968 adopted a rule to control
pollution from marine toilets on watercraft. The rule does not allow the macerator/chlorin-
ator and does authorize the use of holding tanks or incinerators. The rule becomes effective
January 1, 1970.
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OIL POLLUTION
People throughout the world became aware of the destructive characteristics of oil spilled
in the water environment, and the inadequacy of current measures for dealing with a major
spill when the Torrey Canyon ran aground and broke up off the coast of England in March 1967.
On May 26, 1967 the President of the United States directed the Secretaries of the Interior and
Transportation to undertake a joint study to determine how the resources of the Nation could
best be mobilized to counteract the pollutional effects of spills of oil and other hazardous
materials in our waterways. One of the major needs disclosed by the study was for the
development of a contingency plan to deal with emergencies involving Federal, State, and local
agencies with due regard for each agency' s statutory responsibility and capability. On June 7, 1968 the
President directed the Secretaries of the Interior, Defense, and Transportation and the
Director of the Office of Science and Technology to assume special responsibilities in
strengthening our preparedness to act in the event of a major oil spill. The Secretary of the
Interior was directed to assume primary responsibility for completing by July 31, 1968, a
draft of a national multi-agency contingency plan for responding to major pollutional spills.
The National Plan was approved by the President on November 13, 1968. The National Plan
provides guidelines for the establishment of regional contingency plans. Regional Offices of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration have developed framework regional con-
tingency plans and are now expanding these plans in accordance with provisions of the
National Plan.
Although oil pollution is presently not a significant problem in Lake Superior, steps have
been taken to insure that a coordinated response of effort among Federal, State, and local
agencies will occur in the event of a major spill. A Contingency Plan for Lake Superior has
been developed in accordance with provisions of the National Plan by the Great Lakes Region
of the FWPCA. The purpose of this Plan is to present guidelines to minimize the pollutional
effects of a major spill of oil, or other hazardous materials in Lake Superior. The objectives
of this plan are to develop effective systems for discovering and reporting the existence of a
pollution incident, promptly instituting measures to restrict the further spread of the pol-
lutant, application of techniques to clean up and dispose of the collected pollutants, and in-
stitution of action to recover cleanup costs and effect enforcement of existing statutes.
Major legal capabilities available to the United States to control oil pollution include the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended, the Oil Pollution Act of 1924 as amended,
and the River and Harbor Act of 1899.
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DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIAL
Responsibility for the improvement and maintenance of the waterways of the United States in
the interest of navigation has been delegated by acts of Congress to the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers. In carrying out this responsibility, the Corps dredges approximately 10 million
cubic yards annually from Great Lakes harbors and in calendar year 1968 dredged about one
million cubic yards from harbors on Lake Superior. Two-thirds of this total represented
deepening of a portion of Duluth - Superior harbor. The normal annual maintenance dredg-
ing program in Lake Superior is around 300,000 cubic yards. This is conducted in some of
the commercial harbors shown in Figure 4, and in small boat harbors maintained by the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers.
The Corps has followed the practice of disposing of most dredged material in authorized
dumping grounds in the open waters of the Great Lakes. Dredging of areas outside the author-
ized navigation channels, in the vicinity of the docks, loading facilities, marinas, etc. , is
accomplished by private interests under permit from the Corps. The dredged material ranges
from clean lake sand to river sediments which may be seriously polluted by industrial and
municipal wastes. The dredgings may contain oil and grease, dissolved solids, nutrients and
toxic materials.
Attention has been directed to the problem of the disposal of polluted dredged materials by
the Great Lakes Region, FWPCA. The FWPCA is concerned about the long-term cumulative
effect on incremental additions of these pollutants to the Great Lakes.
During the past two years the Corps of Engineers and Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration have been carrying out a joint study of the water quality problems associated
with dredging. A report of findings is now available for perusal at the Corps District Offices
and various other locations. In the meanwhile, the Corps has provided alternate disposal of
materials dredged from several of the most polluted harbors on the Great Lakes. No harbors
in the Lake Superior are included in this pilot program.
Results of sediment analysis by the FWPCA in Lake Superior harbors indicate the presence
of polluted materials in certain areas of Duluth - Superior, and Ashland harbors. The
analysis showed the sediment contained unacceptable levels of oil and grease, phosphorus and
chemical oxygen demand. The FWPCA will continue to assist the Corps of Engineers by
classifying harbor sediments as to their suitability for open lake disposal. The Corps should
continue their program of developing alternate disposal areas for polluted sediments.
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PESTICIDES
In general, the problems asseciated with pesticides are problems involving biological mag-
nification of the pesticides in food chains or human food. Furthermore, there is not enough
information at this time to understand or even estimate the importance of a given concentration
of an insecticide such as DDT in the water or the bottom sediments. Based on these reasons,
the concentration ol insecticides in fish tissues is one of the best ways of monitoring the con-
tamination of pesticides in a lake.
The word insecticide will be used henceforth in this report because no information is avail-
able to suggest that any significant amount of pesticides, other than insecticides has been
detected in Lake Superior.
Information necessary to determine the kinds and quantities of insectic des used in the Lake
Superior basin was not available. Some data on the concentration in fish were found. Con-
centrations of insecticides are lower in the fishes of Lake Superior than ia the fishes of any
other of the Great Lakes according to data furnished by the Bureau of Coiimercial Fisheries.
Compared to similar species from Lake Michigan these fishes have from four to seven times
less DDT and two to seven times less dieldrin. The absence of a Dutch Elm disease problem,
very little industry, and little farming, probably account for the low values reported. The
persistent insecticides, such as the chlorinated hydrocarbons must be k3pt from entering
Lake Superior. It they do accumulate there, damage will be apparent fc r a long period of time
due to the slow flow-through time of the lake. Since the harvested organisms, fish, comprise
a larger percentage of the lake's biomass than in the other Great Lakes, less insecticide
need be added before unacceptable amounts will occur in the important fishes. This is
especially important since the most important species, lake trout, is a long-lived, predatory
species and therefore is an efficient accumulator of insecticides. The low organic matter
content of the water aid sediment will also favor accumulation of insecticides ir fishes.
Studies made by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries indicate that dieldrin presently poses
no problem in Lake Superior. Dieldrin levels are little above usual detection limits. One
important reason may be that little or no corn is grown in the basin and so the commonly used
insecticide for corn, aldrin (that converts to dieldrin) in not extensively used.
DDT (including DDT, DDD and DDE) is also much lower in Lake Superior than in the other
Great Lakes but in several species, chubs, lake herring, and larger lake trout, the concentra-
tions are approaching 1. 0 microgram per gram, or above, of wet weight of fish.
As part of the Lake Michigan enforcement conference, a Technical Committee on Pesticides
was established to evaluate the pesticide problem in Lake Michigan and to recommend to the
conferees a program of monitoring and control. The Committee determined that controls
should be instituted to insure that the concentration of various insecticides did not increase
above existing levels in Lake Superior as there are no indications of problems in Lake
Superior fish resulting from these levels. The recommended levels bj. that Con-miitee there-
fore were that the concentration of DDT in lish not exceed 1. C microgram per gram; DDD not
exceed 0. 5 microgram per gram; dieldrin not exceed 0. 1 microgram per gram and all other
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, singly or combined, should ml exceed 0. \ miccrgrarr
per gram. Limits apply to both muscle and whole body and are exp-essed on the basis of wet
weight ol tissue (56).
The Food and Drug Administration officially informed that same Committee thai concentra-
tions of 0. 3 parts pei million of several insecticides, including dieldrin, in the edible portion
of a fish would be considered sufficient to warrant legal actions.
Indications are that uses oi pesticides in the Lake Superior basin are at relatively low
levels. Even with a low usage, insecticides are being concentrated in fish and underline the
importance oi caution and surveillance to avoid a future problem.
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MAJOR INTERSTATE WATERS
LEGEND:
i* "" I nterstate waters
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IV. POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIONS AND PROPOSALS
The necessary pollution control actions needed to prevent, control, and abate water pollution
depend upon close cooperation with Federal, State, and local units of government. By working
together and applying their respective capabilities the needed pollution control actions come in-
to fruition. While the Federal role in water pollution control has become a very significant
one, the basic Federal law recognizes the primary right and responsibility of the State agencies
for the necessary pollution control actions in any State. Some of the actions taken by the State
to abate pollution have been discussed in previous sections of this report. This section pre-
sents the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration program plus additional aspects of
the State programs.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION ACTIVITIES
The responsibilities of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration were set forth by
the Congress in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act passed in 1956 and subsequently
amended in 1961, 1965 and 1966. The FWPCA, through the Great Lakes Regional Office, is
pursuing a vigorous water pollution control program in the Great Lakes basin through close
cooperation with the States and local agencies. The following is a brief description of some of
the activities being taken in carrying out the agency's responsibilities. Particular reference
is made to those activities relevant to Lake Superior and its drainage basin.
Water Quality Standards
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended by the Water Quality Act of 1965
authorizes the State and the Federal Governments to establish water quality standards for in-
terstate waters. The water quality standards submitted by the States are subject to review by
the Department of the Interior and if found consistent with the intent of the Act, are approved
also as Federal standards by the Secretary of the Interior. Water quality standards include
water use classifications, criteria necessary to support these uses and a plan for implementa-
tion and enforcement.
As part of the adoption procedure, public hearings are held to elicit citizens' views on pro-
posed standards and to ascertain popular wishes as to the use of specific areas of lakes and
streams. This action precedes formal State adoption of the standards.
Water quality standards have been adopted by the Lake Superior basin States under provi-
sions of the Water Quality Act of 1965 and have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior,,
Michigan's temperature criteria as well as portions of Minnesota's standards have been ex-
cepted from approval. Figure 6 shows the major interstate waters of the Lake Superior basin,
and Appendix B lists the criteria adopted by the States of Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin
for the open waters of Lake Superior. A copy of the complete set of each State's standards is
available from the appropriate State agency.
In addition to interstate standards, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin have also adopted
statewide intrastate water quality standards.
Lake Superior and many of the tributary waters have long been noted for excellent water
quality and the resultant beneficial uses. Commitments to the preservation of existing high
quality waters will play an important role in the preservation of the waters in the Lake Superior basin.
The Lake Superior states have adopted policy statements establishing their intent to protect the
present high quality of the interstate waters.
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50
CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROJECTS
LEGEND:
• Completed Projects
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Great Lakes - Illinois River Basins Project
The Great Lakes - Illinois River Basins (GLIRB) Project was established in 1960 as a
special task force in what is now the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. With
headquarters in Chicago, the project was charged with developing comprehensive programs
for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof in the
Great Lakes, the Illinois River, and their tributaries.
The major objectives of the comprehensive program developed by the GLIRB Project in
cooperation with other Federal agencies, with State water pollution control agencies and in-
terstate agencies, and with the municipalities and industries involved were:
- Identification of the causes of water pollution and the effects of such pollution on the qual-
ity of water resources and on beneficial uses.
- The development of agreements on the desired beneficial uses and the water quality re-
required to accommodate those uses.
- The development of water quality control measures to achieve the desired objectives, in-
cluding the establishment of a timetable for their accomplishment.
- Provision of the mechanism for carrying out program objectives, including continuing
surveillance for the purpose of updating the programs to accommodate changing technology
and changing water quality needs.
Through reorganization of the FWPCA, the fulfilling of the major objectives of GLIRB
ceased being the mission of a specific project. The objectives are being fulfilled under the
total FWPCA program.
The established timetable of the GLIRB Project was such that only limited emphasis was
placed upon the Lake Superior basin prior to the reorganization. The major accomplishment
of the project with respect to the Lake Superior basin was the lake current study which is
described in another section.
Construction Grants
With the enactment of Hie Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956, the Federal Govern-
ment established a Federal sewage treatment works construction grants program to help fi-
nance the building of municipal sewage treatment plants. The Federal Government recognized
thai wastes discharged from municipal sewers are one of the major causes of water pollution.
The growth of population and industry, coupled with the backlog of needed treatment works,
resulted in a situation that called for increased treatment plant construction at the local level.
Since the 1956 Act, a total of 26 Federal grants have been made to communities; ~
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if the project is certified by a metropolitan or regional planning agency as conforming with a
comprehensive metropolitan area plan.
All three States in the Lake Superior basin either have legislation to qualify their municipal-
ities for consideration for the higher grant percentages or have introduced enabling legislation
into their State Legislatures. In November 1968, Michigan electors, by a three to one margin,
authorized the sale of $335 million worth of bonds for purposes of assisting communities in
improving existing and constructing new waste treatment plants; $50 million of this total bond
program is to be used for sewer construction assistance for communities without sewers which
are contributing to an existing pollution problem and have low property valuation. A draft copy
of a State law to implement the State grant bond issue which will spell out the details of admin-
istrating and funding specific projects has been completed. Passage of this legislation is ex-
pected in the near future.
Wisconsin provides financial assistance of not less than 25 percent or more than 30 percent
of the cose of construction of waste treatment facilities. Wisconsin statutes authorize a sum
sufficient appropriation up to $6 million per year.
In addition to this program Governor Knowles of Wisconsin has proposed an Outdoor Resources
Action Plan - 200. This plan would establish a $200 million bonding program, of which $144
million would be used for construction of sewage treatment facilities. The plan was approved
by the citizens of Wisconsin in an advisory referendum. Implementation details are currently
in progress.
In Minnesota, a $20 million statewide bonding program to aid local communities with 30 per-
cent of construction costs has been proposed by Governor LeVander. The State fund would be a
grant to municipalities unless or until the Federal Government appropriates sufficient money to
full> fund the presently authorized Federal program. At that time Federal funds going to a
municipality would reimburse the State. A bill to implement this $20 million bonding program
has been introduced into the 1969 session of the Minnesota State Legislature. A second bill has
been introduced into the Legislature that would provide for a $6 million per year appropriation
for State aid to municipalities. Under this proposal the local communities would be eligible to
receive full tinancial benefit from the Federal program,
Progrcirr Grants
Section 7 of the Water Pollution Control Act authorises an appropriation of $10 million an-
nually for Fiscal Years 1968-71 for grants to State and interstate agencies to assist them in
meeting the costs of establishing and maint'iininr adequate pollution control programs. Each
State is allotted $12,000, and the remainder of • 'h-.i;- [-oliutior: control programs. By June
1969, Michigan will have received approKimjuelv $'* I ,-,,->, 273; Minnesota, $1,013,585, and
Wisconsin, $!,262,Q72. During the curifiu Uscn) y-"i: Michigan is allocated $338,500-,
Minnesota, $148,000: ;ind Wiseoridiri, -$]85,!viO
Research, Development and Demonstration Grants
The Research, Development and Dernon^tratioii iVo^rarr, is mission oriented, employing the
use of grants and contracts for investigations and tlomonstrations relating to the solution ol
problems confronting the aitainmeir. or retention <••! clean water. The program deals with the
full range ol water quality problems -- from yollaiion Jelinition and control to wacer resources
management and planning.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act specifically authorizes projects concerned with (a)
storm and combined sewers; (b) advanced waste treatment and joint treatment systems for mu-
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nicipal and industrial wastes; and (c) methods for prevention of pollution by industry, including
treatment of industrial wastes.
In addition, research, training, demonstration, and research fellowship grants are available
for the intended purpose to encourage and assist appropriate agencies, institutions, and indi-
viduals in the conduct of studies and training which will achieve clean water.
The information being gathered through the above programs will have a wide range of ap-
plicability and therefore will be of use in pollution control actions in the Lake Superior basin.
An intramural research program of the FWPCA is carried out in eight ongoing laboratories
located across the country. Within the Great Lakes basin, the Administration has established
the National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota. The mission of this laboratory
is to determine permissible limits of water quality for any water use and the impairment that
can be expected if these limits are exceeded.
In addition to the above, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act specifically authorizes the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to conduct research and technical development
work, and make studies with respect to the quality of the waters of the Great Lakes.
Federal Installations
The Federal Government has not overlooked the pollution hazards created by its own activ-
ities. By Executive Order 11288, President Johnson directed the heads of the departments,
agencies, and establishments of the Executive Branch of the Government to provide leadership
in the nationwide effort to improve water quality.
Federal installations in the Lake Superior basin have initiated pollution abatement programs
in accordance with the Order. Excluding those facilities that discharge to municipal systems
there are approximately 124 installations within the basin. These are distributed as follows:
Michigan 73, Minnesota 37, and Wisconsin 14. The size of the installations vary from camp
and picnic grounds at Federal parks to major military installations such as Air Force Bases.
These installations discharge waste after varying degrees of treatment to ground or surface
waters of the basin. Some of the smaller installations provide no treatment at present. Tab-
ulated in Appendix A of this report is an inventory of these installations showing the waste
treatment provided and the status of pollution abatement.
The more significant Federal vessels which frequent the waters and the harbors of Lake
Superior are also listed in the Appendix. The U.S. Coast Guard, Navy, and Army Corps of
Engineers are all acutely aware of the problems associated with vessel pollution. They are
actively pursuing abatement and research and development programs in an effort to obtain
waste treatment devices suitable for shipboard use.
All Corps of Engineers vessels and floating plants (tugs, dredges, derricks, etc.) operating
in Lake Superior have been fitted with macerator/chlorinator units. Efforts are being made to
insure that these devices will be replaced with upgraded disposal units such as holding tanks at
the earliest possible date.
Federal water resources projects and facilities and operations supported by Federal loans,
grants, or contracts are also included in Executive Order 11288. Water resource projects
must be designed, constructed, and operated in a manner which will reduce pollution from such
activities to the lowest practicable level.
The head of each Federal department, agency and establishment has been directed to con-
duct a review of the loan, grant, and contract practices of his own organization to determine
to what extent water pollution control requirements set forth in the Order should be adhered
to by borrowers, grantees, or contractors. This review has resulted in practices designed to
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reduce water pollution in various programs. Urban renewal projects now require the con-
struction of separate storm and sanitary systems rather than combined sewers. The nation-
wide highway construction program financed with Federal funds and administered by the Bureau
of Public Roads, is now being conducted in accordance with practices aimed at preventing
water pollution, either during construction or in operation and maintenance. The various
agencies have consulted with the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration in an effort to
insure maximum consideration of water quality in their activities.
This Order represents a major step forward in the battle to preserve and enhance quality of
our Nation's waters. It has sparked a keen awareness on the part of Government officials of
the need for corrective action and vigorous abatement programs. The effort being shown by
these various Federal agencies provides leadership in the nationwide quality improvement pro-
gram.
Technical Programs
The Regional Technical Program provides technical assistance in solving pollution problems
to Federal, State, and local agencies, and to industry. Current technical assistance projects
affecting Lake Superior include:
1. Participation with the Corps of Engineers in a joint study of the water pollution prob-
lems associated with dredging. This includes collection and analysis of samples of
bottom sediments from Lake Superior harbors.
2. Participation in the International Joint Commission study of the feasibility of further
regulation of the levels of the Great Lakes, including Lake Superior. The object of
such further regulation would be to reduce damages resulting from excessively high or
low lake levels.
3. Participation in the Department of the Interior study concerning the effects on water
quality by the discharge of taconite tailings.
The Technical Program also has responsibility for surveillance of water quality throughout
the Region for purposes of water quality standards compliance, basic planning, and long-term
water quality trends. A Regionwide surveillance plan is being developed in cooperation with
the State water pollution control agencies which will include the streams of the basin and the
lake itself.
Basin planning for water pollution control and water quality management is also a responsi-
bility of Technical Programs. This includes inhouse planning studies, participation in the
Great Lakes Basin Commission Type I, or framework study, and the administration of the
planning grants program authorized by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
Public Information
The Public Information Program of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration is
designed to present facts about water pollution control to the news media, interested groups
and organizations, and the public, generally. The program serves the public's right to know
what FWPCA is doing and trying to accomplish. It also serves those who need particular in-
formation in order to participate effectively in water pollution control programs.
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STATE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin each have water pollution control programs which pro-
vide for surveillance and enforcement, surveys and special studies and long range water
quality management planning activities. Their programs also include review of municipal
and industrial waste treatment plant plans and specifications for conformity with Federal,
State and local pollution control regulations, review of treatment plant maintenance and
operation procedures and plant efficiencies and technical assistance in waste treatment prob-
lems to both municipalities and industries. Each State has a program for the certification of
waste treatment plant operators and a commensurate program for the training of operators to
meet certification requirements, and each State conducts a public information program for
the dissemination of water pollution control news to the general public as well as special in-
formation to those professionally interested.
Michigan
The Michigan Water Resources Commission planned in Fiscal Year 1969 to continue to
emphasize the enforcement of pollution abatement with subsequent water quality improvement
and prevention of water quality degradation. The Commission is charged with control over
the pollution of any waters of the State and the Great Lakes and to protect and conserve the
water resources of the State. Michigan's plans call for expanded action in many elements of
water pollution control. The program of establishing intrastate water quality standards is to
be completed in Fiscal Year 1969, and with the passage of a $335 million bond issue, the
State is now able to provide 25 percent grants to municipalities for the construction of waste
treatment facilities.
The State's water quality surveillance program is accelerating with plans for automated
sampling analysis and data processing. Commission rule concerning watercraft pollution will
go into effect January 1, 1970, and new statutory requirements for certifying industrial and
commercial waste treatment operators will require a new agency program for training and
certification of those operators. The Michigan Water Resources Commission chairs an in-
terdepartmental committee on water and related land use planning.
Michigan's current fiscal year water pollution control budget is $995,000 and approximately
74 man-years are assigned to that effort. Increases are proposed in Fiscal Year 1970 which
will contribute further to the Commission's ability to assure protection of the State's waters.
In addition to the above, the Michigan Department of Public Health through its Waste Water
Control Section, expends $130,000 and approximately 12 man years on pollution control.
Minnesota
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has planned a program of expansion and special
contracts in Fiscal Year 1969. The Agency has overall responsibility, at the State level, for
managing the quality of the waters of Minnesota by controlling the sources of pollution which
may adversely affect water quality. Minnesota's program includes several specific activities
to improve the water pollution control effort. Effluent standards have been adopted for all
waters of the State and more waters are to be monitored on a more frequent basis throughout
the State. A systematic program of adopting water use classifications and establishing
water quality standards is underway for intrastate waters. The State's criteria for determin-
ing priorities for Federal grants for the construction of municipal waste facilities enables
better distribution of funds to areas where pollution problems are greatest. The important
aspect of efficient plant operation will be improved with the planned use of regional operator
training schools, although certification is not mandatory in Minnesota. A bill has been In-
troduced into the current session of the legislature that would require mandatory certifica-
tion. The Agency's plans to expand its staff and activity in all elements of the water pollution
control program is a significant expression of the State's concern.
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Currently Minnesota's annual water pollution control budget is $717,476 and approximately
46 man-years are assigned to that effort. The Fiscal Year 1969 budget and the proposed
Fiscal Year 1970 budget are significantly higher than previous years, and an increase over
present levels of about 12 man-years is projected for Fiscal Year 1970.
Wisconsin
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources serves as the central unit of State govern-
ment to protect, maintain and improve the quality and management of the waters of the State
and to organize a comprehensive program for that purpose. Wisconsin's Fiscal Year 1969
program includes many activities which are an expansion of the State's effort. Intrastate
water quality standards have been adopted and a system of effluent charges for the control of
water pollution is being studied. Plans call for at least annual inspection of all municipal,
industrial and State operated sewage treatment plants. The mandatory certification of waste
treatment plant operators recently went into effect; and in keeping with that program, the
operator training program is being significantly upgraded and expanded. As a step in a pro-
gram of flood plain and shoreland management, the State is currently overseeing local
administration of ordinances and development of flood plain information. The water resources
planning activity is also scheduled for expansion to provide plans for each of the State's re-
gions.
In Fiscal Year 1969 Wisconsin's water pollution control budget is $1,879,800 and 68 man-
years are assigned to that effort. Projections for Fiscal Year 1970 call for increases which
will further e
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V. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
The quality of water in Lake Superior surpasses that of virtually all other major lakes of
the United States, The extremely low dissolved and suspended solids, the very cold tempera-
tures, the extreme clarity, and the high oxygen concentration of the water coupled with the
size of the lake, makes a unique natural resource that has no equal in the world.
Most of the lake is uniform in nature, including such indices that normally vary seasonally;
as for example, temperature and oxygen. For the most part, the dissolved materials present
in the water are those that are contributed by natural causes. Present discharges from tribu-
tary streams and man-made outfalls are few in number and mostly small in size, therefore as
a general rule only limited areas are adversely affected by them. Except for minimal pest-
icide contamination, the lake is essentially free of synthetic organic chemicals that cause so
many problems in other waters. This existing exceptionally high water quality must be pre-
served.
Water quality standards have been adopted for Lake Superior by the Lake Superior States
and approved by the Department of the Interior. The States assigned their highest use
categories to Lake Superior (i.e. , public water supply, whole body contact recreation, and
cold water fishery). The water quality criteria adopted to protect these designated uses were
established using the best available knowledge at that time. Hence, the water quality stand-
ards for Lake Superior are the most restrictive adopted by the States of Michigan, Minnesota,
and Wisconsin, and are among the most stringent standards nationally.
Additional data concerning water quality criteria specific to Lake Superior waters are now
available as a result of recently completed research at the FWPCA's National Water Quality
Laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota. The National Technical Advisory Committee on Water
Quality Criteria (46) issued a report on April 1, 1968 that provides additional information on
water quality criteria. These data can be used as a guide to amend the existing water quality
standards on Lake Superior. In accordance with the provisions of the Water Quality Act of
1965, it was anticipated that after the initial setting of standards periodic review and revision
would be required to take into account changing technology and advances in knowledge of water
quality requirements developed through research.
While data on the existing quality of Lake Superior is not abundant, there have been con-
tinuous monitoring stations operated at the Duluth water intake and on the St. Mary's River
by the FWPCA's water quality monitoring system. From these activities a reasonable
picture is available as to the elemental composition of the water for many of the major con-
stituents.
On the basis of the above, water quality criteria can be developed on the open waters of
Lake Superior to reflect more appropriately the uniqueness of the lake. These criteria are
presented in Table 3. The rationale for these criteria are presented in Appendix C.
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TABLE 3
PROPOSED WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR THE OPEN WATERS OF LAKE SUPERIOR1
(Mg/1 unless otherwise specified)
2 3
Parameter 90% Value Maximum Value
Dissolved Oxygen >10.0 9.0
Turbidity . 0.5 JTU 5.0JTU
Color - Wavelength A,. 0.01 absorbance units 0. 05 absorbance units
Wavelength B 0.05 absorbance units 0.25 absorbance units
Total Dissolved Solids 65.0
Total Coliform Bacteria 10 per 100 ml 1,000 per 100 ml
Fecal Coliform Bacteria 10 per 100 ml 200 per 100 ml
Detergents (MBAS) 0.1 0.4
Phenol - 0.001
Ammonia Nitrogen 0.05 0.1
Phosphorus - 0.01
Iron 0.03 0.1
Cadmium 0.002 0.005
Chromium 0.02 0.05
Copper 0.008 0.012
Lead 0.03 0.05
Nickel 0.015 0.03
Zinc 0.01 0.015
Cyanide 0.002 0.004
Hydrogen Sulfide (as total sulfide measured 0.002 0.02
at bottom-water interface)
Taste and Odor - Chloroform Extracts 0. 03 0. 05
Threshold Odor 1.0 3.0
Mean Value Maximum Value
Temperature (Surface in top meter)
January, February, March 2°C 5°C
April, May, June 10°C 18°C
July, August, September 18°C 21°C
October, November, December 8°C 15°C
Depths greater than 120 feet: Never over 6°C
pH — Should remain between 6. 8 to 8.5 units
Radioactivity - Recommendations for proposed radiological criteria will be deferred pending
development of model criteria by Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration, Atomic Energy Commission, and U. S. Public Health Service.
General: For nonpersistent wastes discharged directly to Lake Superior, and for other indi-
vidual chemicals, the 90% value is 1/20 of the 96-hour TLm value and the maximum
value is 1/10 of the 96-hour TLm value. For persistent complex wastes and other
individual materials, the 90% value is 1/100 of the 96-hour TLm value and the max-
imum value is 1/20 of the 96-hour TLm value.
Zones of tributary influence and mixing zones should not exceed a linear distance equal in
feet to the cube root of the discharge in mgd x 500. In these zones other standards may be
applicable but in no case can the 96-hour TLm value be exceeded.
n
90% of the values obtained at one location must not exceed this value. (For dissolved-oxygen
the stated value is a minimum.)
g
Maximum value not to be exceeded. (For dissolved-oxygen the stated value is a minimum.)
4
Wavelength A: 3500-8000 angstroms, 10 centimeters light path.
Wavelength B: 2400-3500 angstroms, 10 centimeters light path.
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SSS^jdK*?* £*^£*^'"*-i^
&«;».,:_'!»• . " - ' • .-2? •-**•* -
The solitude, peace and quiet beauty found in many areas around
Lake Superior refreshes the spirit of those who seek it.
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VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Lake Superior is a priceless natural heritage which the present generation holds in trust
for posterity, with an obligation to pass it on in the best possible condition.
2. The esthetic value of Lake Superior is of major importance. The lake's deep blue appear-
ance is a significant tourist attraction.
3. Because of the low mineral content of Lake Superior's waters, increases in the range of 2
to 50 parts per billion of heavy metals such as copper, chromium, zinc, and cadmium will
have lasting deleterious effects upon the lake.
4. The extreme clarity and cold temperature of the waters of Lake Superior are a necessity
to support its present ecology. A reduction in light penetration will significantly alter the
types of life therein. The clarity of the lake is extremely susceptible to being reduced by
pollutants.
5. The portion of Lake Superior shallow enough to provide suitable fish spawning areas is
limited to a small band around the shoreline. This area is most susceptible to the influence of
natural and man-made sediments. Deposition on the bottom of fine particles discharged to
Lake Superior is a threat to the inshore food producing area and to the incubation of important
fish species.
6. Water quality criteria can be established to protect the esthetic value, recreational uses
and the unique aquatic life of the lake and yet such that reasonable allowance is made for future
municipal and industrial expansion.
1. Lake Superior is an oligotrophic lake. Nutrient values in some area of the lake have been
reported at levels approaching those commonly associated with nuisance algal growths. How-
ever, other factors, such as temperature, are limiting.
8. Outflow from Lake Superior passes through Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario. Dissolved
chemicals in this outflow contribute to the levels found in these downstream lakes,
9, The discharge of taconite tailings to Lake Superior from the Reserve Mining Company,
E. W. Davis Works, has a deleterious effect on the ecology of a portion of the lake by reducing
organisms necessary to support fish life.
10. The quantitiy of oxygen normally dissolved in water is one of the more important ingredi-
ents necessary for a healthy balanced aquatic life. The discharge of treated and untreated
municipal and industrial wastes with high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand has
caused oxygen depletion in the St. Louis River, Duluth - Superior harbor, and Montreal River.
Jl, Watereraft plying the waters of Lake Superior are contributors of both untreated and in-
adequately treated wastes in locaJ harbors and in the open lake, and intensify local pollution
problems,
12, Oil discharges from industrial plants, commercial ships and careless loading and un-
loading of cargoes despoil beaches and other recreational areas, coat the hulls of boats and
are deleterious to fisb and aquatic life,
13. Evidence of bacterial pollution has been reported in the St. Louis River, and Duluth Har-
bor area in Minnesota; and Superior Harbor area, Ashland inshore area and reaches of the
Montreal River in Wisconsin.
14. The maintenance of waterways for commercial and recreational use is a necessary activ-
ity. The deposition of polluted dredgings contributes to the degradation in quality of Lake
Superior.
46
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118
15. Adverse effects upon water quality and water uses of streams in the red clay area of
northwestern Wisconsin is occurring as a result of land runoff from poor land management
practices. The sediment contained in the discharges from streams in this area has an adverse
effect on Lake Superior.
16. A persistent pollutant entering directly into the waters of Lake Superior or dissolved in
the water that feeds the lake mixes with and becomes an integral part of a significent portion
of the lake water.
17. Discharges of wastes originating in Michigan and Wisconsin cause pollution of the inter-
state Montreal River. Discharges of wastes originating in Minnesota and Wisconsin cause
pollution in the interstate St. Louis River and Duluth - Superior harbor. These discharges
endanger the health or welfare of persons in States other than those in which such discharges
originate. This pollution is subject to abatement under the provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U. S. C. 466 et. seq.).
We conserve so that our own and future generations
will be able to enjoy...
Congressman Wayne N. Aspinall
Colorado
47
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119
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
1. Water quality criteria as shown in Table 3 (page 44) be included as part of the inter-
state water quality standards on Lake Superior to reflect more appropriately the
uniqueness of the lake.
2. The FWPCA and the States keep the discharge of taconite tailings to Lake Superior
from the Reserve Mining Company, E.W. Davis Works, under continuing surveillance
and report to the conferees at six month intervals on any findings that interstate pol-
lution is occurring or is likely to occur, and the State of Minnesota is urged to take
such regulatory actions as necessary to control the intrastate pollution resulting from
these discharges, if any.
3. The FWPCA and the States adjust or modify water quality surveillance plans for the
Lake Superior basin to insure that plans are sufficiently sensitive to monitor changes
in water quality. The FWPCA and States are requested to report to the conferees
within six months concerning their program.
4. Secondary biological waste treatment be provided by all municipalities in the Lake
Superior basin. This action is to be accomplished by Janury 1973 or earlier if re-
quired by Federal-State water quality standards.
5. Continuous disinfection be provided throughout the year for all municipal waste treat-
ment plant effluents. This action should be accomplished as soon as possible and not
later than May 1970.
6. Continuous disinfection be provided for industrial effluents containing pathogenic
organisms which indicate the presence of such pathogens. This action should be ac-
complished as soon as possible and not later than May 1970.
7. Waste treatment be provided by municipalities to achieve at least 80 percent reduction
of total phosphorus from each State. This action is to be accomplished by January
1973, or earlier if required by Federal-State water quality standards.
8. Industries not connected to municipal sewer systems provide treatment equivalent to
that of municipalities so as not to cause the degradation of Lake Superior water quality.
This action is to be accomplished by January 1973 or earlier if required by Federal-
State water quality standards.
9. Each State water pollution control agency make necessary corrections to the list in
Appendix A of municipal and industrial waste discharges to the Lake Superior basin.
In addition, information should be provided on each source to indicate whether it dis-
charges pollutants, including nutrients, that have a deleterious effect on Lake Superior
water quality. Detailed action plans for treatment of all wastes having deleterious
effects should be developed, where not already completed. Such plans shall identify
the principal characteristics of the waste material now being discharged, the quan-
tities, the proposed program for construction or modification of remedial facilities
and a timetable for accomplishment, giving target dates in detail. This list shall be
presented to the conferees within six months.
10. Unified collection systems serving contiguous urban areas be encouraged.
11. Each of the State's water pollution control agencies accelerate programs to provide for
the maximum use of area-wide sewage facilities to discourage the proliferation of
small treatment plants in contiguous urbanized areas and foster the replacement of
septic tanks with adequate collection and treatment.
48
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120
12. Each State water pollution control agency list the municipalities or communities having
combined sewers. The listing should include a proposed plan for minimizing bypassing
so as to utilize to the fullest extent possible the capacity of interceptor sewers for con-
veying combined flow to treatment facilities. Construction of separate sewers or other
remedial action to prevent pollution from this source is to be completed by October
1977.
13. Existing combined sewers be separated in coordination with all urban reconstruction
projects except where other techniques can be applied to control pollution from com-
bined sewer overflows. Combined sewers should be prohibited in all new developments.
14. Discharge of treatable industrial wastes to municipal sewer systems be encouraged.
15. The States institute necessary controls to ensure that the concentration of DDT in fish
not exceed 1. 0 micrograms per gram; DDD not exceed 0. 5 micrograms per gram;
Dieldrin not exceed 0. 1 micrograms per gram and all other chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides, singly or combined, should not exceed 0. 1 micrograms per gram. Lim-
its apply to both muscle and whole body and are expressed on the basis of wet weight
of tissue.
16. Uniform State rules and regulations for controlling wastes from watercraft should be
adopted. These rules and regulations should generally conform with the rules and reg-
ulations approved by the conferees to the Lake Michigan - Four State Enforcement
Conference. Commensurate interstate requirements controlling the discharge of
wastes from commerical vessels should be the responsibility of the Federal Govern-
ment.
17. The dumping of polluted dredged material into Lake Superior be prohibited.
18. Programs be developed by appropriate State and Federal agencies to control soil
erosion in the basin. The action plan developed by the Red Clay Interagency Commit-
tee should become an integral part of the programs conducted by all appropriate
agencies, groups and private individuals.
19. The discharge of visible oil from any source be eliminated.
20. The recommendations of this enforcement conference be adopted as part of the States'
enforceable water quality standards.
49
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BIBLIOGRAPHY m
1. Classified Directory of Wisconsin Manufacturers, Wisconsin Manufacturers Associa-
tion, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1968.
2. Commercial Fish Production in the Great Lakes, 1867-1960. Technical Report No. 3,
Great Lakes Fisheries Commission. Authors: N. Baldwin and R. Saalseld.
3. A Comprehensive Program for Water Pollution Control for the Lake Superior Drainage
Basin, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,
1954.
4. Great Lakes Commission Annual Report, 1968.
5. Industrial Waste Inventory Lake Superior Basin, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan,
State agencies of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, 1968.
6. Inventory of Municipal Waste Facilities for Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, 1968.
Figures on Waterborne Commerce in Lake Superior Area, by Department of the Army,
St. Paul District Corps of Engineers, May 1, 1968.
7. The Lake Superior Watershed Unit, State of Minnesota, Department of Conservation,
Division of \\aters, Bulletin 24, February 1966.
8. Minnesota Directory of Manufacturers, Minnesota Department of Business Development,
1964.
9. Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant Census Date, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency,
1968.
10. Ragotzkie, R, A. , The Keweenaw Current, A Regular Feature ,of the Summer Circula-
tion of Lake Superior, University of Wisconsin, Technical Report 29, 1966.
11. Recreation in Wisconsin, State of Wisconsin Department of Resource Development,
1962.
12. Report on an Investigation of the Pollution in the Lake Superior Drainage Basin, made
during 1965 and early 1966, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, August 28,
1966.
13. Report on the Water Quality Survey in Wisconsin Waters of Lake Superior, made during
July 1968. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Division of Environmental
Protection, October 23, 1968.
14. Rodgers, G. K. , The Thermal Bar in the Laurentian Great Lakes, Great Lakes
Research Division, University of Michigan, Publication 13, pages 358-363, 1965.
15. Ruschmeyer, O. R. and Olson, T.A. , Water Movements and Temperatures of West-
ern Lake Superior, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, for Minnesota
Water Pollution Control Commission, November 1958.
16. The St. Louis River Watershed Unit, State of Minnesota Department of Conservation,
Division of Waters, Bulletin 22, November 1964.
17. Shoreline Recreation Resources of the United States, Report to the Outdoor Recreation
Resources Review Commission, by the George Washington University, 1962.
18. State of Wisconsin Water Quality Standards for Interstate Waters with Report on Imple-
mentation and Enforcement, State of Wisconsin Department of Resource Development,
Madison, Wisconsin, June 1967.
19. State Water Pollution Control Plan, (State program grant application from Michigan,)
Michigan Water Resources Commission, July 1968.
50
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122
20. Water Resources Data for Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, Surface Water
Records, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1966.
21. The Water Resources of the Upper Peninsula Drainage Area, State of Michigan, Water
Resources Commission, Department of Natural Resources, October 1968.
22. Water Resource Uses - Present and Prospective for Lake Superior and the St. Mary's
River and Water Quality Standards and Plan of Implementation, State of Michigan,
Water Resources Commission, Department of Conservation, revised June 1967.
23. Water Quality Standards for the Interstate Waters of Minnesota by the Minnesota Water
Pollution Control Commission, June 1967.
24. Wisconsin Census Data, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1966.
25. Wisconsin's Economy, State of Wisconsin Department of Resource Development, 1962.
26. United States Census of Population for Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 1960.
27. Municipal Water Facilities Inventory for Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1963.
28. Erosion and Sedimentation Control on the Red Clay Soils of Northwestern Wisconsin,
Red Clay Interagency Committee, 1967.
29. Report on Surface Drainage, Lake Superior Watersheds, Prepared by Working Group
of Water Subcommittee, Natural Resources Council of State Agencies, September 1967.
30. Water Quality Sampling Program, Minnesota Lakes and Streams, Volume Five, 1964-
1965, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency - Division of Water Qualtiy, Section of
Standards and Surveys.
31. Lake Superior Limnological Data, 1951-57, Special Scientific Report - Fisheries No.
297, United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, April 1959.
32. Putnam, H. D. and Olson, T. A. , Studies on the Productivity and Plankton of Lake
Superior, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, for Minnesota Water
Pollution Control Commission, June 1961.
33. Ruschmeyer, O. R. , Olson, T.A. and Bosch, H. M. , Lake Superior Study - 1956,
School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, for Minnesota Water Pollution Con-
trol Commission, June 1957.
34. Putnam, H. D. and Olson, T.A. , An Investigation of Nutrients in Western Lake
Superior, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, for Minnesota Water Pol-
lution Control Commission, June 1960.
35. Beeton, Alfred M. , Indices of Great Lakes Eutrophication, Great Lakes Research
Division, the University of Michigan, Publication No. 15, 1966.
36. Beeton, Alfred M., Eutrophication of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes, Limnology and
Oceanography, Vo. 10, No. 2, April 1965.
37. Powers, Charles F. and Robertson, Andrea, The Aging Great Lakes, Scientific
American, Vol. 215, November 1966.
38. Report on Investigation of Pollution of the St. Louis River, St. Louis Bay and Superior
Bay, June-August 1961, Minnesota Department of Health for the Water Pollution Con-
trol Commission, the Wisconsin State Board of Health, and Committee on Water Pol-
lution.
51
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123
39. Quality of Waters, Minnesota, A Compilation, 1955-62, State of Minnesota, Depart-
ment of Conservation, Division of Waters, Bulletin 21, June 1963.
40. Putnam, H. D. and Olson, T.A. , A Preliminary Investigation of Nutrients in Western
Lake Superior 1958 - 1959, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, for
Minnesota Water Pollution Control Commission, June 1959.
41. Planning Status Report, Water Resource Appraisals for Hydroelectric Licensing,
W estern Great Lakes Tributaries, Federal Power Commission, Bureau of Power, 1966.
42. Planning Status Report, Water Resource Appraisals for Hydroelectric Licensing, St.
Louis River Basin, Federal Power Commission, Bureau of Power, 1965.
43. Excessive "Water Fertilization, Report to the Water Subcommittee, Natural Resources
Committee of (Wisconsin) State Agencies, January 31, 1967.
44. Water Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Superior Basin, U. S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1969. (In press.)
45. Rainey, R.H., Natural Displacement of Pollution from the Great Lakes, Science, Vol.
155, March 10, 1967.
46. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory Committee to the
Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S.
Department of the Interior, April 1, 1968.
47. Interim Report on the Regulation of Great Lakes Levels, International Joint Commis-
sion, Canada and United States, July 1968.
48. Wastes From Watercraft, Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, August 7, 1967.
49. Investigation of the Distribution of Taconite Tailings in Lake Superior, U.S. Depart-
ment of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 6reat Lakes
Region, September-October 1968.
50. Effects of Dumping Taconite Tailings in Lake Superior on Commercial Fisheries, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, August 14, 1968.
51. Report on Tailings Disposal at Reserve Mining Company's Plant, Silver Bay,
Minnesota, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Twin Cities Office of
Mineral Resources. 1968.
52. Bioassays of Taconite Wastes Against Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, October 1968.
53. Preliminary Report on Streamflow Conditions and Sedimentation in the Vicinity of
Silver Bay, Minnesota, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, November
1968.
54. Bottom Fauna of the Minnesota North Shore of Lake Superior as Related to Deposition
of Taconite Tailings and Fish Production, State of Minnesota, Department of Con-
servation, Division of Game and Fish and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency,
October 10, 1968.
55. Minnesota Department of Health Report on Investigations of Fish Kill in the St. Louis
River near Fond du Lac, Carlton, and St. Louis Counties, May 21-22, for Minnesota
Water Pollution Control Commission, 1958.
56. Report on Insecticides in Lake Michigan, Prepared by Pesticides Committee of The
Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference, November 1968.
52
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124
APPENDIX A
53
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125
Information contained in the following tables of waste dis-
charges are as currently known to the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Administration. No interpretation of the
adequacy or inadequacy of the existing treatment or the
abatement schedule is made.
54
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126
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGES
(As of March 1, 1969)
MICHIGAN
COMMUNITY OR
DISTRICT
Ahmeek
Allouez Twp.
Baltic
Baraga
Bergland
Bessemer
Big Bay
Bruce Crossing
Calumet
Chatham
Copper City
Erwin Twp.
Ewen
Florida
Gay
Houghton - Hancock
Hubbell
Ironwood
Ironwood Twp.
Ishpeming
Ishpeming Twp. A.
Ishpeming Twp. B.
Lake Linden
L'Anse
Laurium
Marenisco
Marquette
Mass-Greenland
Mohawk
Munising
Negaunee
Newberry
Ontonagon
Painesdale
Portage Twp.
Ramsay
Rockland
South Range
Trout Creek
Wakefield
Watersmeet
White Pine
TYPE OF
TREATMENT
(EXISTING)
None
None
Primary
Primary
None
Secondary
Primary
None
Secondary
None
Primary
Secondary
None
None
Primary
Secondary
None
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Primary
None
Secondary
Primary
None
Primary
None
None
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
None
None
None
None
Primary
None
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
WHERE DISCHARGED
Hills Creek
Hills Creek
Br. of Pilgrim River
Lake Superior
Lake Gogebic
Kallander Creek
Lake Independence
Clear Creek
Ground waters
Slapneck Creek
Trap Rock River
Ground waters
So. Br. of
Ontonagon River
Hammell Creek
Tobacco River
Portage Lake
Torch Lake
Montreal River
Welch Creek
Carp River
Carp River
Carp River
Torch Lake
Linden Creek
Hammell Creek
Presque Isle
River
Carp River
Flintsteel River
Hills Creek
Anna River
Ditch
Tahquamenon River
Ontonagon River
Ditches
Huron Creek
Black River
Rockland Creek
Br. of Pilgrim River
Trout Creek
Planter Creek
Middle Branch of
Ontonagon River
Mineral River
ABATEMENT
SCHEDULE
55
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127
INDUSTRY AND
LOCATION
Bancroft Dairy
Marquette
Royal Oak Charcoal
Marquette
Bosch Brewing
Houghton
Kimberly Clark
Munis ing
Calumet and Hecla
Osceola Mine
Calumet
Cleveland Cliffs Iron
Eagle Mills
White Pine Copper
White Pine
Hoerner-Waldorf, Inc.
Huss-Ontonagon Mill
Division
Ontonagon
STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
(As of March 1, 1969)
MICHIGAN
TYPE OF
TREATMENT
(EXISTING)
Septic tank
Oil and tar
separator
San. - city sewers
Hops removed
Label screen on
bottle washer
San. - septic tanks
and tile field
Chem. precip. &
settling.
San. - city sewers
None
Seepage Lagoon
San. sewage
from Tolfrey Shaft
Chem. precip.
and lagoon
San. sewage
Sec. treat. & C12
Save-all,
San. - city sewer
WHERE DISCHARGED
Dead River via
Unnamed Creek
Lake Superior
Portage Lake
Lake Superior
Hammel Creek to
Torch Lake
Argentine and Tolfrey Cr.
Native Cr. and Mineral
River - Lake Superior
Mineral River - Lake
Superior
Ontonagon River
ABATEMENT
SCHEDULE*
E
B
B
B
B
A
A
E
56
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128
STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
(As of March 1, 1969)
MICHIGAN
(CONTINUED)
INDUSTRY AND
LOCATION
Ontonagon Valley Coop.
Creamery
Bruce Crossing
Celotex Corporation
L'Anse
Superior Packing
Ironwood
Somer's Slaughterhouse
Newberry
Board of Power and
Light
Marquette
U. P. Generating Co.
Marquette
U. P. Power Co.
L'Anse
TYPE OF
TREATMENT
(EXISTING)
Haul whey
Spray irrigation
Cooling water
None
Ash disposal -
Lagoon
Cooling water
None
Ash disposal -
Lagoon
Cooling water
None
Lake Superior Engineer- Seepage Lagoon
ing Company
Winona
Northern Automatic
Elec. Foundry
Ishpeming
Cooling and
settling ponds
WHERE DISCHARGED
Clear Creek and
Baltimore River
Ground water
Ground water
Ground water
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Dead River
Falls River and
Lake Superior
Carp River
ABATEMENT
SCHEDULE1
B
B
B
B
B
A - Control adequate
B - Control provided - adequacy not established
C - No control - need not established
D - Control provided - protection unreliable
E - Control inadequate
57
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129
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGES
(As of March 1, 1969}
MINNESOTA
COMMUNITY OR
DISTRICT
Aurora
Babbitt
Biwabik
Buhl
Carlton
Chisholm
TYPE OF
TREATMENT
(EXISTING)
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Cloquet Primary
Duluth - Main Plant Primary
Duluth - Fairmc.nt Park Primary
Duluth - Gary-New Dnluth Primary
Duluth - Smiuiville Primary
Eveleth Secondary
Flood\vood None
Franklin Primary
Fraser Secondary
Gilbert Secondary
Grand Marais
Hibbing
Hoyt Lakes
Iron Junction
Kelly Lake
St. Louis County
Kinney
Leonidas
McKinley
Meadowlands
Mountain Iron
Nichols Twp.
St. Louis County
Proctor
Scalor:
Silver Bay
Taconite Harbor
Cook County
Thompson Twp. - Esko
Corner Carlton County
Two Harbors
Virginia
Wrenshall
Nopeming Sanatorium
Duluth, Minnesota
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Primary-
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Duluth sewer
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary-
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
WHERE DISCHARGED
Creek to St. Louis River
Embarrass River
Embarrass Lake
Buhl Creek to East
Swan Rive^1
St. Louis River
Chisholm Creek to
East Swan River
St. Louis River
St. Louis Bay
St. Louis River
St. Louis River
St. Louis River
Creek to Elbow Lake
Floodwood River
Mine Cave
Creek to Six Mile Lake
Ditch to Horseshoe
Lake to Embarrass River
Lake Superior
Hibbing Creek to
East Swan River
Lower Partridge Lake
Creek to St. Louis River
West Swan River
Creek to McQuade
Lake to W. Two Rivers
Creek to St. Louis River
McKinley Lake and Cr.
to Embarrass River
Cr. to Whiteface River
Cr. to West Two Rivers
Creek to Mashkenode Lake
system, Fairmont Park Plant
St. Louis River
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Midway River
Agate Bay - Lake Superior
East Two Rivers to
Three Mile Lake
Ravine to Silver Brook
to St. Louis River
Ditch to Mission Creek
ABATEMENT
SCHEDULE
12-18-71
11-12-73
6-18-71
6-18-71
6-18-71
6-18-71
12-18-71
12-18-71
12-18-71
6-18-72
12-18-71
58
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130
STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
(As of March 1, 1969)
MINNESOTA
INDUSTRY AND
LOCATION
Minnesota Power
and Light Co.
Duluth
Superwood Co.
Duluth
U. S. Steel Co.,
Duluth Works
Duluth
Arrowhead Blacktopping
Duluth
R. J. Reynolds
Foods, Inc.
Duluth
Arrowhead Sand
and Gravel Co.
Duluth
Two Harbors Power Plant
Two Harbors
Reserve Mining Co.
E.W. Davis Works
Silver Bay
Erie Mining -
Taconite Harbor
Power Plant
Taconite Harbor
U. S. Customs and
Immigration
Pigeon River
Continental Oil Co.
Wrenshall
TYPE OF
TREATMENT
(EXISTING)
Pneumatic ash
system
Settling pond
Oil and solids
removal pond, spent
acid disposal pit
Oil trap
Process waste - Mun.
Cooling and retort
waste - none
Tailings basin
None
Pneumatic ash
system
Secondary
Northwest Paper Co.
Cloquet
A.P.I, oil separator,
oil removal pond,
seepage pond, steam
strippers, spent
caustic recovery
aeration ponds
Screens and flota-
tion save-all, lime
sludge ponds, clari-
fier, sulfite liquor
for road binder
WHERE DISCHARGED
St. Louis Bay
Superior Bay
St. Louis Bay
Sargent Creek to
St. Louis Bay
Swamp to St. Louis
Bay
Sullivan Creek
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Pigeon River
Silver Creek to
St. Louis River
St. Louis River
ABATEMENT
SCHEDULE
12-18-71
12-18-711
12-18-71
11-12-73
date for suspended solids, oil and turbidity reduction. An additional year may be
granted for other construction needed.
59
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131
STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
(As of March 1, 1969)
MINNESOTA
(CONTINUED)
INDUSTRY AND
LOCATION
Conwed Corporation
Cloquet
Oglebay Norton Co.
Fairlane Plant
Forbes
The Hanna Mining Co.
Agnew,
Ribbing
The Hanna Mining Co.
Natl. Steel Pellet
Project,
Kewatin
The Hanna Mining Co.
Pierce Group
Hibbing
Jones and Laughlin
Steel Corp. - McKinley
McKinley
Jones and Laughlin
Steel Corporation -
Schley Group
Gilbert
Coons Pacific Co.
Coons Pacific Plant
Eveleth
Pickands Mather and Co.
Erie Commercial
Hoyt Lakes
Pickands Mather and Co.
Mahoning
Hibbing
Rhude and Fryberger
Gross - Nelson
Eveleth
Rhude and Fryberger
Hull - Rust
Hibbing
U. S. Steel Corp.
Minntac
Mountain Iron
U. S. Steel Corp.
Rochleau Group
Virginia
U. S. Steel Corp.
Sherman Group
Chisholm
TYPE OF
TREATMENT
(EXISTING)
Fine screens, hot
pond settling basin
Closed tailings
basin system
Sanitary-secondary
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
Closed tailings
basin system
WHERE DISCHARGED
St. Louis River
Emergency discharge
only to St. Louis River
Swamp to St. Louis River
ABATEMENT
SCHEDULE
11-12-73
60
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132
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGES
(As of March 1, 1969)
WISCONSIN
COMMUNITY OR
DISTRICT
Ashland
Bay fie Id
Hurley
Knight, Tn. of
Iron River
Mellen
Montreal
Pence
Port Wing, Tn. of
Saxon
Superior
Superior Village
Washburn
Ondassagon School
TYPE OF
TREATMENT
(EXISTING)
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Lagoon
None
Primary
Secondary
Primary
WHERE DISCHARGED
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Montreal River
Iron Belt Trib.
Iron River
Bad River
West Fk. Montreal River
Pence Tributary
Tributary of Flag River
Swamp of Vaughn Cr.
Lake Superior
Pokegama River
Lake Superior
Whittlesey Creek
ABATEMENT
SCHEDULE
10-1-70
10-1-70
10-1-70
10-31-69
10-31-69
10-1-70
10-1-70
10-31-69
10-31-69
10-1-70
10-1-70
9-1-69
Ashland, Wisconsin
Pureair Sanatorium
Bayfield, Wisconsin
Drainage Course
10-31-68
61
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133
STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
(As of March 1, 1969)
WISCONSIN
(CONTINUED)
INDUSTRY AND
LOCATION
Twin Ports Dairy
Benoit
Martens Dairy
Cornucopia
Fuhrman South Shore
Dairy
Iron River
Great Northern Allouez
Superior
Koppers
Superior
Murphy Oil
Superior
Soo Line Railroad
Superior
Great Northern Railroad
Superior
Union Tank Car
Superior
Superior Fiber Products
Superior
Mason Milk Products
Mason
Andersonville Coop
Ashland
American Can
Ashland
Lake Superior District
Power Company
Ashland
Moquah Cheese
Moquah
Bodin Fisheries
Bayfield
E.I. duPont de Nemours
Barksdale
TYPE OF
TREATMENT
None
None
Septic tank,
hauling
Separator
Lagoon
Separator &
lagoons
None
Separator &
lagoons
Septic tanks
Chemical and
screening
Septic tank
and lagoon
None
Chemical treatment
& Clarification
None
Hauling
Sanitary to
Bayfield
Irrigation
WHERE DISCHARGED
South Fork Fish Creek
Siskiwit River
No discharge
Bluff Creek to
Lake Superior
No discharge
Newton Creek
Soo Line Drainage
to Lake Superior
Great Northern Drainage
to Lake Superior
No discharge
Lake Superior
No discharge
Little Beartrap
Creek
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Moquah Cheese
Factory tributary
Lake Superior
Boyd Creek to
Lake Superior
ABATEMENT
SCHEDULE
10-31-68
10-31-68
10-31-68
10-31-68
10-31-70
10-31-68
10-31-68
10-1-70
10-31-68
10-1-70
10-31-68
9-1-70
62
-------
134
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
LEGEND: S - Sanitary Wastes; I - Industrial Wastes; G - Ground or Subsurface Discharge;
P- Persons
Treatment Provided: ST - Septic Tank; DF - Drain Field; Sec. - Secondary Treatment;
Pri. - Primary Treatment; Cl2 - Chlorination (effluent)
Ratings: A- Adequate treatment; B - Inadequate treatment, abatement program
progressing; C - Inadequate treatment, no action taken; D - Adequacy uncertain
* Pit or vault toilets
** Schedule unmanning and automation data
*** Estimated maximum
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
U. S. Coast Guard
Grand Marais Station
Grand Marais (Alger Co.)
Whitefish Point Light Station
Whitefish Point (Chippewa Co.)
Keweenaw Lower Entrance
Light Station
(Houghton Co.)
Portage Station
Hancock (Houghton Co.)
Manitou Island Light Station
(Keweenaw Co.)
Passage Island Light Station
(Keweenaw Co.)
Rock of Ages Light Station
(Keweenaw Co.)
Eagle Harbor Light Station
Eagle Harbor (Keweenaw Co.)
Huron Island Light Station
West Huron Island
(Marquette Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(l.OOOGPD)
.70 S
11 P - S
11 P - S
32 P - S
5 P - S
5 P - S
5 P - S
7 P -S
5 P - S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
Lake Superior
G
G
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Treatment
Provided
ST, DF
ST, DF
Sec, C12
ST, DF
ST, DF
ST
None
Sec, C12
Sec, Cl2
Rat-
ing
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
Remarks
Treatment facilities
installed in 1964
New treatment fac-
ilities installed 1967
New drain field in-
stalled in 1964
** 1976
** 1972 The Coast
Guard has submit-
ted FY 70 project
for installing incin-
eration type toilet
as an interim meas-
ure pending unman-
ning and automation.
(Est. Cost -$1,000)
Treatment facilities
installed in June 1964
Treatment facilities
ins tailed in June 1964
63
-------
135
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service -
Hiawatha National Forest
(C - Campgrounds)
(P - Picnic Sites)
AuTrain Lake Picnic Area
(Alger Co.) (10 P)
Bay Furnace Campground
(Alger Co.) (24 C)
Bay View Campground
(Chippewa Co.) (24 C)
Big Pine Picnic Area
(Chippewa Co.) (14 P)
Monacle Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground (Chippewa Co.)
(59 C, 12 P)
Three Lakes Camp, Picnic
Ground (Chippewa Co.)
(48 C, 6 P)
Raco Ranger Dwelling and
Office
Raco (Chippewa Co.)
Upper Michigan Experimental
Forest, Dukes (Marquette Co.)
Dukes Warehouse One,
Dukes (Marquette Co.)
Ottawa National Forest
Sturgeon River Campground
(Baraga Co.) (9 C)
Bobcat Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground (Gogebic Co.)
(12 C, 11 P)
Burned Dam Campground
(Gogebic Co.) (6 C)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
50 P - S
120 P - S
120 P - S
***
70 P - S
355 P - S
270 P - S
0.3 S
0. 3 S
0.03 S
45 P - S
115 P - S
30 P - S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
None
None
None
None
None
None
ST, DF
ST, DF
ST, DF
None
None
None
Rat-
ing
A
A
A
Remarks
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
64
-------
136
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems. [
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service -
Ottawa National Forest, Cont'd.
Clark-Helen Day Use Area -
Sylvania Campground and
Recreation Area
(Gogebic Co.)
Ojibway Job Corps Center
Marenisco (Gogebic Co.)
Taylor Lake Campground
(Gogebic Co.)
Marion Lake Campground
(Gogebic Co.)
Henry Lake Campground
(Gogebic Co.) (11 C)
Imp Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground (Gogebic Co.)
(22 C, 8 P)
Langford Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground (Gogebic Co.)
(11 C, 6 P)
Matchwood Tower Campground
(Gogebic Co.) (5 C)
Moosehead Lake Campground
(Gogebic Co.) (13 C)
Pomeroy Lake East Picnic
Ground (Gogebic Co.) (3 P)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
150 P - S
24.0 - S
(future)
15.0 - S
105 P - S
220 P - S
55 P - S
150 P - S
85 P - S
25 P - S
65 P - S
15 P - S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
Wellington Cr.
(Presouelsle R.)
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provic ed
None
Sec. , Pol-
ishing
Lagoon,
C12
(91%
BOB
removal)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Rat-
ing
A
Remarks
* Plans call for
construction of sew-
er system, sewage
lagoon and spray
irrigation system
concurrent with
site development
2 - 17,000 gpd ex-
tended aeration
package sewage
treatment plants;
60 to 90-day lagoon.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
65
-------
137
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service -
Ottawa National Forest, Cont'd.
Pomery Lake North
Campground
(Gogebic Co.) (19 C)
Pomeroy Lake, West Picnic
Ground (Gogebic Co.) (2 P)
Potawatomi and Gorge Falls
Picnic Ground
(Gogebic Co.) (8P)
Bob Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground
(Houghton Co.) (17 C, 9P)
Lower Dam Campground
(Houghton Co.) (7 C)
Sparrow Rapid Campground
(Houghton Co.) (6 C)
Kenton Dwelling Nos. 1, 2&3
(Houghton Co.)
Kentcn Ranger Station
(Houghton Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
95 P - S
10 P - S
40 P - S
130 P - S
35 P - S
30 P - S
1.2 S
.8 S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Ontonagon Riv.
(Lake
Superior)
Treatment
Provided
None
None
None
None
None
None
ST, DF
Sec. , sand
filter, C12
Rat-
ing
B
Remarks
*
*
*
*
*
*
The Forest Serv-
ice has developed
preliminary plans
to connect the
dwellings sanitary
wastes to the Ken-
ton Ranger Station
sewage treatment
facilities. These
plans have been
reviewed and ap-
proved by FWPCA
and State of Mich.
(Est. Cost -
$20,000.)
2,000 gpd package
treatment plant,
sand filter trench,
chlorine contact
lank, Si chlorina-
tion facilities in-
stalled in 1966
86
-------
138
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service -
Ottawa National Forest, Cont'd.
Lake Ste. Kathryn Camp &
Picnic Ground (Iron Co.)
(35 C, 2P)
Norway Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground (Iron Co.)
(28 C, 15 P)
Perch Lake Campground
(Iron Co.) (20 C)
Perch River Picnic Ground
(Iron Co.) (4 P)
Tepee Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground (Iron Co.)
(17 C, 10 P)
Courtney Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground (Ontonagon Co.)
(16 C, 15 P)
Steusser Lake Picnic Ground
(Ontonagon Co.)
Paulding Pond Camp, Picnic
Ground (Ontonagon Co.)
(4 C, 2 P)
Robins Pond Campground
(Ontonagon Co.) (4 C)
Black River Campground
(Ontonagon Co.) (55 P)
(Boat docking facilities)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
185 P - S
215 P - S
100 P - S
20 P - S
135 P - S
155 P - S
55 P - S
SOP - S
20 P - S
12.0 S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
ST
Rat-
ing
B
Remarks
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
The Forest Serv-
ice has submitted
FY 71 project for
replacing sepuc
tank with aerated
lagoon and spray
irrigation system.
FWPCA and State
have approved en-
gineering report
and preliminary
plans. Est. Cost
$280,000
67
-------
139
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service -
Ottawa National Forest, Cont'd.
Bergland Dwelling No. 1
Bergland (Ontonagon Co.)
Bergland Dwelling No. 2
Bergland (Ontonagon Co.)
Bergland Ranger Station
Office
Bergland (Ontonagon Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
.24 S
.208
.20 S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
ST, DF
ST, DF
ST
Rat-
ing
A
A
B
Remarks
The Forest Serv-
ice has submitted
FY 71 project for
replacing existing
septic tank and
installing tile
field (Est. Cost
$1,000); con-
struction
to start in spring
1969. Est. com-
pletion date June
30, 1969
68
-------
140
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer system.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
U.S. Army
Lucas Camp Target Range,
Raco (Chippewa Co.)
U. S. Air Force
Calumet Air Force Station
Ahmeek (Keweenaw Co.)
K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base
Republic (Marquette Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,000 GPD)
25 P - S
32.0 S
668.0 S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
Ditch to Creek
to Lake
Superior
Silver Lead-
Creek (Trib.
to L. Sup. )
Treatment
Provided
None
Sec, C12
Sec. -
Effluent:
BOD -
84 mg/1
64% re-
moval
S.S. -
47 mg/1
73% re-
moval
Rat-
ing
B
Remarks
*
Contact stabiliza-
tion package sew-
age treatment
plant (30,000 gpd)
being installed to
supplement the
exist, overload
6,000 gpd plant.
The State v/ill re-
quire nutrient re-
duction by 1972.
Const, comple-
tion - May 1969.
The existing
treatment plant is
hydraulically
overloaded and
has been cited by
Michigan Dept. oi
Health and Mich-
igan Water Re-
sources Comis-
sion as contribu-
ting to the pollu-
tion of Silver Lead
Creek, which
waters the State
has designated as
a trout stream.
The Air Force, in
1965 developed a
preliminary sel ol
plans for the re-
medial measures
necessary (Cont'd
on page 70)
69
-------
141
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems. ]
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
U. S. Air Force - Cont'd.
K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base
Republic (Marquette Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
i
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
Treatment
Provided
Rat-
ing
Remarks
to meet the State
requirements.
However, due to
budget limitations
and the more re-
strictive effluent
standards imposed
by the State (Min.
80% phosphate re-
moval and 5 -day
BOD, Max. 65
Ibs. /day), the Air
Force is making
revisions to the
original design to
provide the neces -
sary facilities.
The State's com-
pliance date for
the above work is
1972. Contract
was let on Oct.
21, 1968 for lim-
ited modification
and improvements
to existing pri-
mary & second-
ary treatment
units (sludge
handling and di-
gestion improve-
ments, weir re-
placement, new
laboratory, oil
skimmer , chlorine
bldg. chlorine con-
tact, new filter
media). Cost
$233,000. Est.
completion date-
Nov. 1969. Ter-
tiary treatment
project has not
yet been program-
med.
70
-------
142
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(as of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
U. S. Air Force - Cont'd.
K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base,
Cont'd. Republic (Marquette
Co.)
Dept. of the Interior -
Bur. of Sports Fisheries &
Wildlife
Pendills Creek National Fish
Hatchery, Brimley
(Chippewa Co.)
Hiawatha Forest Fish
Hatchery
Raco (Chippewa Co.)
Dept. of the Interior -
National Park Service -
Isle Royale National Park
Rock Harbor Lodge
(Keweenaw Co.)
Mott Island Headquarters
(Keweenaw Co.)
Windigo Lodge
(Keweenaw Co.)
CP Siskiwit Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
.5 S
.11 I
5,7501
0. 7 S
4,2201
0.15 S
1.8 S
0.8 S
1.0 S
1 P - S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
Pendills Creek
to Lake
Superior
G
Sullivans
Creek to
Lake
Superior
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
ST, DF
Holding
and set-
tling
tanks
with oil
skim-
ming
devices
and
lagoon
None
ST, DF
None
ST, DF
ST, DF
ST, DF
ST, DF
None
Rat-
ing
A
B
D
A
D
A
A
A
A
Remarks
The Air Force
has submitted FY
70 project for
connecting the in-
dustrial waste
discharge to the
Base sanitary
sewer system.
This work cannot
be accomplished,
however, until
the implementa-
tion of the above
plans. Est. Cost
$59,000.
Fish hatchery
effluent from fish
rearing tanks.
Fish hatchery
effluent from fish
rearing tanks.
*
71
-------
143
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MICHIGAN
Dept. of the Interior -
National Park Service -
Isle Royale National Park
Cont'd
Beaver Island
(Keweenaw Co.)
Belle Island Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Birch Island (Keweenaw Co.)
Washington Creek Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Todd Harbor Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Tobin Harbor Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Moskey Basin Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Rock Harbor Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Merritt's Lane Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Malone Bay Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
McCargo Cove Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Grace Island Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Duncan Narrows Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Duncan Bay Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Daisy Farm Campground
(Keweenaw Co.)
Chippewa Harbor Campground
(Keweenaw County)
Caribou Island (Keweenaw Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(l.OOOGPD)
1 P - S
1 P - S
1 P - S
3 P - S
1 P - S
3 P - S
2 P - S
1 P - S
1 P - S
3 P - S
2 P - S
1 P - S
1 P - S
1 P - S
4 P - S
2 P - S
1 P - S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Rat-
ing
Remarks
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
72
-------
144
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.'
Installation
(Name & Location)
MINNESOTA
U. S. Coast Guard
North Superior Station
Grand Marais (Cook Co.)
Split Rock Light Station
(Lake Co.)
Duluth Light Station
Duluth (St. Louis Co.)
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service
Superior National Forest
Sawbill Lake Camp, Picnic
Ground (Cook Co.)
(50 C, 2 P)
Temperance River Camp
Ground (Cook Co.) (8 C)
Ox -Bow Campground
(Cook Co.) (3 C)
Baker Lake Campground
(Cook Co.) (4 C)
Crescent Lake Campground
(Cook Co.) (43 C)
Bouder Lake Picnic Ground
(Cook Co.) (2 P)
Lichen Lake Picnic Ground
(Cook Co.) (1 P)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
9 P - S
8 P - S
4 P - S
260 P - S
40 P - S
15 P - S
20 P - S
215 P - S
10 P - S
5 P - S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
Lake Superior
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
3T, DF
3T, DF
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Rat-
ing
A
A
B
Remarks
** 1977. The
Coast Guard has
submitted FY 70
projectfor in-
stalling incinera-
tion type toilets
as an interim
measure prior to
to unmanning
automation. (Est.
Cost $1,500.)
*
*
*
*
*
* The Forest
Service has re-
quested that this
picnic ground be
discontinued.
* The Forest
Service has re-
quested that this
picnic ground be
discontinued.
73
-------
145
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MINNESOTA
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service -
Superior National Forest,
Cont'd.
Upper Poplar River Camp
Ground (Cook Co.) (4 C)
Pike Lake Picnic Ground
(Cook Co.) (5 P)
Upper Cascade River Picnic
Ground (Cook Co.) (2 P)
Two Island Lake Campground
(Cook Co.) (39 C)
Devil Track Lake Campground
(Cook Co.) (18 C)
East Bearskin Campground
(Cook Co.) (47 C)
Flour Lake Campground
(Cook Co.) (44 C)
Kimball Lake Campground
(Cook Co.) (7 C)
Tofte Administrative Site
(Cook Co.)
Knife River Administra-
tion, Two Harbors
(Lake Co.)
Knife River Nursery Dwelling,
Two Harbors (Lake Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
20 P - S
25 P - S
10 P - S
195 P - S
90 P - S
235 P - S
220 P - S
35 P - S
17 P - S
(75 P in
future)
-
5 P - S G
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
ST, DF
ST, DF
ST, DF
Rat-
ing
B
A
A
Remarks
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
The Forest Serv-
has awarded a
contract for the
construction of
secondary treat-
ment plus sand
filtration and
chlorination fac-
ilities. Contract
awarded Jan. 1969.
Est. completion
date - Aug. 1969.
Cost - $45,000.
The Forest Serv-
ice no longer
utilizes these fac-
ilities for other
than storage.
i
74
-------
146
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MINNESOTA
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service -
Superior National Forest,
Cont'd.
White Pine Picnic Ground
(Lake Co.) (3 P)
Nine Mile Lake Campground
(Lake Co.) (19 C)
Norway Point Picnic Ground
(St. Louis Co.) (6 P)
White Face Reservoir Camp,
Picnic Ground
(St. Louis Co.) (59 C, 30 P)
Bird Lake Picnic Ground
(St. Louis Co.) (3 P)
Cadotte Lake Picnic Ground
(St. Louis Co.) (27 P)
Salo Lake Picnic Ground
(St. Louis Co.) (3 P)
Mesaba Dwelling
(St. Louis Co.)
Eveleth Nursery Administra-
tion and Nursery
Eveleth (St. Louis Co.)
U.S. Army (Corps of Engineers)
U. S. Vessel Yard
Duluth (St. Louis Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(l.OOOGPD)
15 P - S
95 P - S
30 P - S
445 P - S
(10,000gpd)
(future)
15 P - S
135 P - S
15 P - S
3 P - S
.8 S
.2 S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Sec.
ST, DF
Rat-
ing
B
A
A
Remarks
*
*
*
* Plans call for
the construction
of a sewer sys-
tem, aerated la-
goon and spray
irrigation systems
with disinfection
during FY 72.
Est. Cost
$72,000.
*
*
*
*
Package extended
aeration plant and
tile drain field
Future plans call
for connections to
the municipal
sewer system by
FY 1970. Est.
Cost - $500.
75
-------
147
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MINNESOTA
U. S. Air Force
Finland Air Force Station
Finland (Lake Co.)
Duluth Air Force Missile
Site
Duluth (St. Louis Co.)
Duluth Air National Guard
Duluth (St. Louis Co.)
;
Department of the Interior -
National Park Service
Grand Portage Stockade
Grand Portage (Cook Co.)
Department of the Interior -
Bureau of Indian Affairs
MA Grand Portage
Grand Portage (Cook Co.)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
35.0 S
10.0 S
12.0 S
3. OS
0.40 S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
Surface drain-
age to Trib. of
Baptism R.
thence Lake
Superior
Roadside ditch
Miller's Creek
G
G
Treatment
Provided
ST, sand
filter
Sec.
ST, DF
ST, DF
ST, DF
Rat-
ing
B
C
B
D
A
Remarks
40, 000 gpd con-
tact stabilization
package sewage
treatment plant
with chlorination
under construc-
tion; 30% com-
pleted; est. com-
pletion date May
1969
Extended aeration
package plant
The Air Force
has submitted a
FY 69 project to
connect their
sewage disposal
facilities to the
Duluth Municipal
sewer system.
(Est. Cost
$170,000)
76
-------
148
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
MINNESOTA
Department of Justice
Immigration and Naturalization
Service
Border Patrol Station
Grand Marais (Cook Co.)
WISCONSIN
U. S. Coast Guard
Bayfield Station
Bayfield (Bayfield Co.)
Devils Island Light Station
(Bayfield Co.)
Superior Entry South
Breakwater Light Station,
Superior (Douglas Co.)
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service
Chequamegon National Forest
(C - Campgrounds; P - Picnic
Sites)
Bad River Picnic Ground
(Ashland Co.) (3 P)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(1,OOOGPD)
2.0 S
11 P - S
5 P - S
11 P - S
15 P - S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
Ground and
Pigeon River
None
G
Allouez Bay
G
Treatment
Provided
ST, Built
up sand
filter
Incinera-
ator type
toilet
ST, DF
ST, DF
None
Rat-
ing
A
A
A
A
Remarks
Recently com-
pleted the instal-
lation of new lift
station, septic
tanks and sand
gravel filter, the
effluent from
which, if any, is
chlorinated and
discharged to the
Pigeon River.
New facilities to
be constructed
with discharge to
the Bayfield Mun-
icipal Sewer Sys-
tem, Scheduled
completion date
1971. Est. Cost
$4,000.
** 1973
*
77
-------
149
STATUS OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
(As of March 26, 1969)
(This inventory does not include installations connected to municipal sewer systems.)
Installation
(Name & Location)
WISCONSIN
Department of Agriculture -
Forest Service
Chequamegon National Forest
(C - Camprgounds; P - Picnic
Sites)
Beaver Lake Campground
(Ashland Co.) (11 C)
Lake Three Campground
(Ashland Co.) (8 C)
Potter Lake Picnic Ground
(Ashland Co.) (2 P)
Pigeon Lake Campground
(Bayfield Co.)
Two Lakes Campground
(Bayfield Co.) (98 C)
Drummond Lake Picnic Ground
(Bayfield Co.) (6 P)
Lake Owen Picnic Ground
(Bayfield Co.) (18 P)
Lake Owen Outlet Picnic
Ground
(Bayfield Co.) (4 P)
Wanoka Lake Campground
(Bayfield Co.) (20 C)
Long Lake Picnic Ground
(Bayfield Co.) (21 P)
Volume & Type
of Wastes
(l.OOOGPD)
55 P - S
40 P - S
10 P - S
2.0 S
13.0 S
30 P - S
90 P - S
20 P - S
100 P - S
105 P - S
Receiving
Waters
Drainage Basin
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Treatment
Provided
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Rat-
ing
B
Remarks
*
*
%
*
A project has
been submitted to
provide a water-
borne system with
aerated lagoon,
irrigation and
disinfection.
Cost estimate:
FY 71 - $20,OOC
design
FY 72 - $240,000
construction
(Prelim, plans
completed)
*
*
*
*
*
78
-------
150
STATUS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
LOCATED IN THE LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
Installation
Name & Location (Berth)
Vessels
U. S. Coast Guard
USCGC Woodrush
National Park Service
M.V. Ranger III (165')
Tug J. E. Colombe
(45 ft. )
M.V. Conrad L. (26 ft.)
M. V. Demray (26 ft.)
M.V. Louis J. (26 ft.)
M.V. C. M. Gothe
(26 ft.)
U. S. Army (Corps of
Engineers)
Derrick Boat DK 20
Derrick Boat - Coleman
Dredge - Gaillard
Tow Boat - Marquette
Tow Boat - Superior
Tow Boat - Duluth
Compliment
47
138
2
2
2
2
2
5
11
27
8
9
3
Area of
Operation
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Treatment
Provided
None
Holding Tank
Holding Tank
Holding Tank
Holding Tank
Holding Tank
Holding Tank
Macerator
Chlorinator
"
"
M
Tl
f T
Rating
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
Remarks
Installation of ade-
quate waste treat-
ment facility is
contingent upon
development of
suitable shipboard
operational plant
by the Coast Guard
Discharges into the
Houghton -Hancock
Municipal Sanitary
Sewer System. De-
pending on fund ap-
proval, eventual
plans call for un-
loading into marine
facilities at Isle
Roy ale.
1 1
1 1
f T
1 I
"
Study is being con-
ducted by Corps of
Engineers to de-
velop a suitable
package aeration
unit for this type
of vessel.
M
ft
tT
IT
tl
79
-------
151
APPENDIX B
81
-------
152
LAKE SUPERIOR OPEN WATERS*
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND DESIGNATED USES
MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA, WISCONSIN
STATE DESIGNATED USES
MICHIGAN Domestic Water Supply
Industrial Water Supply
Recreation
- Whole Body Contact
- Partial Body Contact
Fish, Wildlife and
Other Aquatic Life:
— Intolerant Fish
Cold Water Species
- Intolerant Fish
Warm Water Species
Agricultural
Commercial
COIJFORM GROUP
The average of any
series of 10 consec-
utive samples shall
not exceed 1000 or-
ganisms per 100 ml
nor shall 20% of
samples exceed 5000/
100 ml
Fecal coliforms for
the samples )lOO/
100 ml
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Cold Water Intolerant
Species {6 mg/1 at
any time
Warm Water Intolerant
Species
Avg. Daily Value
< 5 mg/1
Any Single Value
4 4 mg/1
SUSPENDED,
COLLOIDAL
AND SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
No objectionable un-
natural turbidity, col-
or, or deposits in
4uantities sufficient
to interfere with de-
signated use
FLOATING MATERIAL,
RESIDUES, DEBRIS
AND MATERIAL OF
UNNATURAL ORIGIN
No evidence of such
material except of
natural origin
No visible film of oil
or globules of grease
TOXIC AND DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
Conform to current USPHS
Drinking Water Standards,
except
Cyanide
} 0. 2 mg/1
Chromium
^ 0. 05 mg/1
Phenols
Mo. Avg.
) 0. 002 mg/1
Single Value
} 0. 005 mg/1
Not to exceed 1/10 of the
96-hour TLm obtained
from continuous flow bio-
assays where the dilution
ivater and toxicant are con-
tinuously renewed except
that other application fac-
tors may be used in spe-
cific cases when justified
on the basis of available
evidence and approved by
the appropriate agency
Domestic Consumption
(IB)
Fisheries and Recrea-
tion (2A)
Industrial Consumption
(3A)
> 50 MPN/100 ml
Oct-May < 7. 0 mg/1
Jun-Sep < 5. 0 mg/1
Turbidity
> 5. 0 units
No discharge from un-
natural sources so as
to cause any nuisance
conditions
Oil } Trace
No discharge from
unnatural sources so
as to cause any nui-
sance conditions
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
CCE
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Fluorides
Lead
Manganese
Nitrates
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
[> - mg/:
0.01
1.0
0.01
0 2
Trace
Trace
Trace
1 5
0.05
0 05
45.0
0.01
0.05
5.0
WISCONSIN Public Water Supply
Industrial and Cooling
Water
Commercial Shipping
Recreation
- Whole Body Contact
Beach areas
Fish and Aquatic Life
Trout
Waste Assimilation
Arith. Avg.
> 1000/100 ml
Max. } 2500/100 ml
during recreation
season
< 80% Saturation nor Substances that will
{ 5 mg/1 at any time cause objectionable de-
posits in the bed or on
y 1 mg/1 change the shore of a body of
water shall not be pres-
ent in such amounts as
to create a nuisance
Floating or submerged
debris, oil, scum or
other material shall not
be present in such
amounts as to create
a nuisance
"•Criteria and Uses as of March 1, 1969
> Greater Than > Not Greater Than
< Less Than < Not Less Than
Where designated uses have different criteria
the most stringent criteria are listed.
Substances in concentra-
tions or combinations
which are toxic or harm-
ful to humans shall not be
present in amounts found
to be of public health sig-
nificance, nor shall sub-
stances be present in
amounts, which by bioassay
and other appropriate tests,
indicate acute or chronic
levels harmful to animal,
plant or aquatic life
82
-------
153
TOTAL
DISSOLVED SOLIDS
Total Dissolved Solids
} 200 mg/1
Chlorides:
Mo. Avg. > 50 mg/1
NUTRIENTS
Nutrients originating frorr
industrial, Municipal or
domestic animal sources
shall be limited to the ex -
tent necessary to prevent
adverse effects on water
treatment processes or
the stimulation of growth
of algae, weeds and
slimes which are or may
become injurious to the
designated use
TASTE AND
ODOR PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES
Concentrations of sub-
stances of unnatural
origin shall be less than
those which are or may
become injurious to the
designated use
Phenols.
Mo. Avg.
> 0.002 mg/1
Max, Concentration
foi a Single Value
> 0. 005 mg/1
TEMPERATURE
Intolerant Fish
Cold Water Species
70° F Maximum
> 10° F Increase
Intolerant Fish
Warm Water Species
85° F Maximum
\ 15°F Increase
when ambient temper-
ature is less than 35dF
) 10°F Increase
when ambient temper-
ature ranges from
36°F to natural max-
imum
pH
Range of 6. 5-8.8
} 0. 5 unit change within
range
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
y 1000 pc/1 of gross beta
activity m absence of Sr-90
and alpha emitters
If this limit is exceeded the
specific radionuclides pres-
ent must be identified by
complete analysis in order
to establish the fact that the
concentration of nuchdes will
not produce exposure above
recommended limits estab-
lished by the F ederal Radi-
ation Council
See Footnote Below
Total Dissolved Solids
} 500 mg/1
Chlorides > 50 mg/1
Sulfates. > 250 mg/1
Hardness. } 50 mg/1
No discharge from un-
natural sources so as to
cause any nuisance condi-
tions
Threshold Odor
Number > 3
Phenols:
> 0. 001 mg/1
No Material Increase
Within range of 6. 5 - 8. 5
Gross beta concentration not
to exceed 1000 pc/1 in known
absence of alpha emitters and
Sr-90
Also Not to exceed the lowes*
concentrations permitted to be
discharged to an uncontrolled
emironment as prescribed by
the appropriate authority- hav-
ing control o\er their use
Mo. A\g.
> 500 mg/'l
Max. y 750 mg/1 at any
time
Materials producing coloi
odor, taste or unsighth-
ness shall not be piesent
in such amounts as to
Materials producing color,
odoi, taste 01 un&ighth-
ness shall not be present
in such amounts as to
create a nuisance
84 nF Max. Change fi om
natural unpolluted back-
giound > 5"F Rate of
Change > 2cT/hour
Within range of 6. 0 - 9. 0
} 0 5 unit change if nat-
ural \alues aie alxne 8 5
01 be km 6. 5
Intake watei supply will be
such that b\ appropriate
treatment and adequate safe-
guaids it will meet PHS
Drinking Watei Standards,
1962
For the Gi eat Lake-, and connecting wateis no heat load in sufficient quantih to neate
conditions which aie 01 may become mjui lous to the public health, safety, ur welfare,
or which aie 01 ma\ become mjui lous to domestic, commercial, industnal, agricul-
tuial, recreational 01 other uses which are being 01 may be made ot such uateis 01
which aie or maj become mjunous to the \alue 01 utilitj of uparian lands, ot which
are 01 may become mjunous to U\estock, wild animals, birds, fish or aquatic life or
the yiowth or propagation thereof.
83
-------
154
APPENDIX C
85
-------
155
INDEX TO APPENDIX C
Page
Dissolved Oxygen 87
Turbidity and Color 88
Total Dissolved Solids 89
Bacteria 89
Detergents (MBAS) 90
Phenols and Phenolic Compounds 91
Ammonia 92
Phosphorus 93
Iron „ 94
Cadmium 95
Chromium 96
Copper 97
Lead 98
Nickel 99
Zinc 100
Cyanide 101
Hydrogen Sulfide 102
Taste and Odor 102
Temperature 103
pH 105
Radioactivity 106
All Other Pollutants 107
86
-------
156
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. A continuous supply of oxygen is required for the normal metabolism of fish and
most of their food organisms. Oxygen is used also in the respiration of plants and by bacteria. Oxygen enters
the water chiefly by diffusion from the air and by the photosynthetic activity of plants. In general a balance is
maintained between addition and removal, but because oxygen is not very soluble the water's capacity is small,
so that any interference with the influx from the air or production by plants or any sudden increase in utilization
(as, for example, in the bacterial oxidation of sewage wastes, etc.) soon lowers it to critical levels.
The oxygen concentration needed for maintenance varies widely with species, and there is evidence that
highly desirable fish species in Lake Superior (coregonids, salmonids) require relatively high concentrations.
There are indications, also, that several of the important food organisms (gammarids and shrimp) are even
less tolerant of oxygen deficiencies. Within any one species the requirement varies with temperature, and
especially with life-history stage, the eggs and early fry being more sensitive than the adults to oxygen lack.
For such cold-water fish as salmonids a minimum of 6 mg/1 has been recommended for good growth and gen-
eral well-being of adults and their associated food organisms, and of 7 mg/1 for eggs and fry.
II. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. In addition to providing for growth, activity, reproduction and the like, the
oxygen concentration must be high enough to protect against adverse conditions that may be encountered. For
example, toxicants that enter through the gills become more toxic as the oxygen concentration is decreased, be-
cause the fish must pass more water over the gills to get enough oxygen, and this brings more toxicant against
the gill surface. Because the low salt content of Lake Superior water permits such agents as heavy metals to be
more toxic than they would be in harder waters, it is especially important that the oxygen concentration be
maintained high enough to counteract this hazard.
Little is known about the requirements of the adult stages of the important species of fish and food organisms
under the environmental conditions of the bulk of Lake Superior, and even less about those of the more sensitive
developmental stages. Further, little seems to be known about the oxygen concentration in various parts of the
lake, especially at the bottom where the eggs and early stages of many species must live. Evidently the lake
oxygen concentrations that have entered into maintaining the recorded levels at Duluth and Sault Ste. Marie so
far have been high enough to maintain the aquatic population, and these should serve as guidelines until we have
more information.
It is important to recognize that a reduction in oxygen from existing concentrations would serve as a warning
of organic decomposition with subsequent release of poisonous materials such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
in. EXISTING CONDITIONS. The gross range of dissolved oxygen concentrations over the period 1958-1968
was between 9. 4 and 14. 6 mg/1 at Duluth, and 8. 4 and 16. 4 mg/1 at Sault Ste. Marie, with means of 12. 6 and
12. 2 mg/1, respectively.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The dissolved oxygen concentration of the open water
of the lake shall not be less than 9 mg/1, at any time or any place in that habitat and 90% of the values should be
greater than 10 mg/1. For habitats occupied primarily by warmer water fish (e. g. , perch and walleye in the
shallower bays) the criteria shall be not less than 5 mg/1 at any time or place in that habitat.
V. REFERENCES.
I. Brinley, F.J. 1944. House Document 266, 78th Congress,
1st Session. Part n, Supplement F, Biological Studies,
pp. 1275-1353.
2. Doudoroff, P. and C. E. Warren, 1962. Biological Problems in
Water Pollution. Public Health Service; Third Seminar:
pp. 145-155. Dissolved Oxygen Requirements of Fishes.
3. Ellis, M. M. 1937. Bulletin U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Volume 48:365-437. Detection and Measurement of
Stream Pollution.
4. Smith, L. L. et al, 1956. Sewage & Industrial Wastes 28:678-690.
Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria: Second Progress Report.
5. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C., April 1968.
87
-------
157
TURBIDITY AND COLOR
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Ecologically, the quality of the light, the intensity and the duration impinging on a
given surface area controls the ecosystem through its influence on primary production. Light is the ultimate
source of energy, without which life could not exist. Many structural and behavorial characteristics of organ-
isms are directly influenced by light, therefore making it a vital factor as well as a limiting one at both the
maximum and minimum levels.
Reduction of light presents a more serious problem in the aquatic environment than in the terrestrial. Light
diminishes rapidly even in clear water, and changes in spectral composition and in other respects. Any extra-
neous material which is introduced to water, whether it be dissolved or suspended, will diminish the light in-
tensity and possibly change the light quality. In short, suspended or dissolved solids absorb light energy, and
this absorption will decrease that light energy available for primary production.
Production takes place in the water at a depth to which light penetrates so that in deep water lakes the light-
penetrated "surface water" provides the major source of production for the entire depth. Effects of turbidity
on desirable fish in Lake Superior would first appears as indirect ones on food supply.
n. CHEMICAL EFFECTS. Increases in turbidity require an increase in the available chlorine necessary for
chlorination. 1 Further, an increase in turbidity makes phosphate and radioactivity removal harder to accom-
plish. 2 Turbidity produces in Lake Superior "colored water" which is not esthetically pleasing. 3
HI. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. Since Lake Superior is deep (average depth about 600 feet) and cold (average
temperature <42°F) primary production is already hindered. If light energy is removed because of turbidity or
color, further stress would be placed on the lake's primary production. A combination of all these adverse
conditions (extreme depth, low temperature, and light absorption) could render the lake practically sterile.
Since the lake's depth cannot be controlled, and the cold temperature is required for the natural fish, it is most
imperative that turbidity and color be removed from effluents being discharged into the lake.
IV. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Twenty-year averages of turbidity measurements taken daily at the Duluth Water
Treatment Plant (Lakewood Pumping Station) show the mean turbidity of Lake Superior at this station to be
about 0. 3 JTU.
V. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR.
Turbidity: Less than 0. 5 JTU (measured by dilution of standard solutions for JTU) for 90% of the time.
Not to exceed 5. 0 JTU as a maximum.
Color: Less than 0. 010 absorbance units (10 cm path length) over wave length range 3500-8000 A°, and
less than 0. 050 absorbance units (10 cm path length) over the wave length range 2400-3500 A°
for 90% of the time. Not to exceed five times these values as a maximum.
VI. REFERENCES.
1. Felsen, D. and Taras, M. J. Journal American Water Works Association,
42, 455 (1950).
2. Eliassen, R. et al. Journal American Water Works Association, 43
621 (1951).
3. Odum, E. P. Fundamentals of Ecology, p. 106. W. B. Saunders and Co.,
Philadelphia, 1959.
4. Clarke, G. L. Elements of Ecology, p. 185, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York. 1954.
88
-------
158
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. The quantity of dissolved solids by itself is not especially important in
assessing water quality. More important are the kinds of dissolved solids that are present, and in some cases,
the ratio of one to another. Only when the total exceeds many times the existing values in the lake, would there
be any direct impairment.
Dissolved solids measurements do, however, provide a good index of the aging rate of the lake. Such cor-
relations have been established in Lake Erie, as an example. For this reason, dissolved solids should be kept
close to the present level to avoid undesirable aging effects.
n. EXISTING CONDITIONS. No data is available for St. Mary's River, but rarely is 60 mg/1 reached at
Duluth.
HI. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. Ninety percent of the values should not exceed 65
mg/1.
IV. REFERENCES.
1. A Plan for Water Pollution Control - Lake Erie Report. U. S.
Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration. August 1968.
BACTERIA
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. The presence of bacteria in water was recognized early as an indicator of
degraded water quality. The coliform bacterial count has been most widely used as an index of sewage contam-
ination and possible accompanying hazard of human pathogens. Some waters have a high count even though there
is little or no sewage contamination as coliform bacteria enter waterways from sources other than man, such
as land runoff from agricultural lands.
The cold temperature, extreme water clarity (permitting deep penetration of sunlight) and sparsely populated
watershed result in very low counts. The average total coliform value at Duluth is 3.68/100 ml and 7. 81/100
ml at the St. Mary's River.
II. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The maximum total coliform count should not exceed
1000/100 ml and 90% of the counts should be less than 10/100 ml at any location. The maximum fecal coliform
count should not exceed 200/100 ml and 90% of the counts should be less than 10/100 ml at any location.
HI. REFERENCES.
1. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C., April 1968.
2. Sanitary Significance of Fecal Coliforms in the Environment.
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Publication WP-20-3.
3. The Bacteria, Volume II. Gunsalus and Stanier, Academic Press.
1961.
4. Pollutional Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes in Puget Sound.
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, March 1967.
5. Proceeding-Eleventh Conference on Great Lakes Research - 1968.
International Association for Great Lakes Research.
6. Microbiology for Sanitary Engineers. McKinney, Rose E.
McGraw-Hill, 1962, pp. 152.
89
-------
159
DETERGENTS (MBAS)
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Detergents, because of their ubiquitous usage, are wisespread in waterways. In
1965, the United States detergent manufacturers changed over from the "hard" tetrapropylene alkyl benzene
surfactants. With present detergent formulations, the LAS surfactant is the primary toxic component and has
been demonstrated to be two to four times more toxic than the old ABS compound. However, the removal of
LAS by biodegradation is accompanied by a reduction in toxicity without the accumulation of toxic inter-
mediates.
Most of the published detergent toxicity data for fish and other aquatic life is for old ABS formulations, while
LAS toxicity information exists primarily for fish. Short-term studies by a number of investigators with LAS
have shown that the lethal concentrations (96 hour TLm values) for certain fish species range from 0. 6 to 6. 4
mg/1. A long-term study with fathead minnows indicated that the maximum acceptable concentration of LAS is
0.6 mg/1. Unpublished experiments of one to three months duration at the National Water Quality Laboratory
have shown that the 30 day lethal value for smallmouth bass and northern pike fry is between 0. 5 to 0. 6 mg/1,
and the threshold concentration of LAS for an amphipod and operculate snail is approximately 1. 0 to 1.7 mg/1,
and for a pulmonate snail greater than 2. 0 mg/1.
II. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. The methylene blue method is used for quantitatively measuring surfactants,
but doen not differentiate between the now existing levels of ABS and LAS occurring in natural waters or certain
natural substances. Therefore, it has been proposed and generally accepted that these anionlc substances be
reported as methylene blue active substances (MBAS).
The Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1962, limits ABS in drinking water to 0. 5 mg/1 since
higher concentrations may cause undesirable tastes and foaming. A similar LAS standard has not yet been
adopted. An important secondary effect related to a detergent standard is that poly phosphates comprise a large
percentage of powdered detergent formulations and furnish nutrients to receiving waters, and may promote
nuisance conditions (e. g. algal blooms).
HI. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Available information on surfactant concentrations in Lake Superior indicates a
range from 0. 01 - 0.05 mg/1.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The maximum concentration for Lake Superior should
be 0. 4 mg/1 MBAS and 90% of the measurements less than 0.1 mg/1 MBAS at any single location.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Thatcher, Thomas O., and Joseph F. Santner, 1966. Acute Toxicity
of LAS to Various Fish Species. Proceedings 21st Purdue
Industrial Waste Conference, Engineering Extension Series
No. 121., 50(2): 996-1002.
2. Pickering, Quentin H. 1966. Acute Toxicity of Alkyl Benzene
Sulfonate to the Eggs of the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales
promelas. Air and Water Pollution Journal, 10: 385-391.
3. Pickering, Quentin H. and Thomas O. Thatcher. 1968. The Chronic
Toxicity of Linear Alkylate Sulfonates to the Fathead
Minnow (Pimephales promelas, Raf.). Submitted to Journal
Water Pollution Control Federation for publication.
4. Swisher, R. D. , J. T. O'Rourke, and H. D. Tomlinson. 1964
Fish Bioassays of Linear Alkylate Sulfonates (LAS) and
Intermediate Biodegradation Products. Journal of
American Oil Chemical Society, 41: 746-752.
5. Marchetti, R. 1965. Critical Review of the Effects of Synthetic
Detergents on Aquatic Life. Stud. Rev. Gen. Fish. Coun.
Medit., No. 26, 32 pp.
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PHENOLS AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Phenols and substituted phenols are toxic to trout and other fish at concentrations
of 0.1 to 10 mg/1. Studies of long term effects at lower concentrations have not been made.
Phenolic compounds, particularly the chlorophenols, cause unpleasant odors and flavors in fish from waters
containing as little as 0.0001 mg/1. Most phenols are biodegradable, but at concentrations of a few mg/1 or
less cause nuisance slime and mold growths on rocks, etc.
n. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. Phenols in drinking water are detectable by disagreeable taste and odor at
concentrations of 0. 001 to 0. 01 mg/1, thus the U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standard has been
set at 0.001 mg/1. Current waste treatment practices (tertiary treatment) are highly efficient at removal of
phenols; however, post-chlorination of the waste increases the proportion of taste and odor causing chloro-
phenols.
IH. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Phenol as such is not routinely measured in Lake Superior. However, data
from Duluth and the St. Mary's River indicate that total aromatics (including phenols) average less than
0. 001 mg/1.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. Based on the potential for causing taste and odor
problems in drinking water and in commercial fish, the recommended criteria for phenols in Lake Superior
is a maximum concentration of 0.001 mg/I.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Brown, V. M. , Jordan, D. H. M., and Tiller, B.A., 1967. The Effect
of Temperature on the Toxicity of Phenol to Rainbow Trout in Hard
Water. Water Research 1:587-594.
2. Pickering, Q. H., and Henderson, C., 1966. Acute Toxicity of Some
Important Petrochemicals to Fish. Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation 38 (9): 1419-1429.
3. Ryckman, D.W., Prabhakara Rao, A. V. S., and Buzzel, J. C., Jr.
Behavior of Organic Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment: A
Literature Critique. Published by the Manufacturers Chemists
Association, Washington, D. C. , Summer 1966.
4. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory Committee
to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Washington, D. C., April 1968.
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AMMONIA
I, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Ammonia is a normal product of animal metabolism and the major nitrogenous
excretion oi fish and other freshwater animals. It enters water naturally also by microbial decomposition of
decaying plant and animal material, in rain water and, under certain conditions, by the degradation of dissolved
nitrites and nitrates. In addition, it enters water as a component of sewage, fertilizers, and numerous indus-
trial wastes. Conversely, it serves as a nutrient for some of the algae. Its concentration is unlikely to remain
constant in a normal aquatic environment, but tends to be decreased by conversion to nitrite and nitrate. Be-
cause of its many possible sources and fates, the ammonia content of natural unpolluted waters is highly vari-
able, and has been reported to range from 0. 0 to about 4. 0 mg/1, although usually less than 0. 2 mg/1.
The experimental work to date on ammonia toxicity does not provide clear guidelines, partly because the
distinction has not always been made between the highly toxic ammonia molecule and the less toxic ammonium
ion, and partly because the experiments h?ve been too crude to be related to long-term effects. A concentra-
tion of 1. 5 mg/1 has been reported as "not harmfu) to fish", but it has also been reported, however, that 1
mg/1 and even 0 3 mg/1 can affect the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Its effects on important fish food
organisms of the lake are not known.
E. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION. The higher the pH the greater the proportion of toxic molecular ammonia
relative to ammonium ion, the toxicity of ammonium compounds increasing by 200% or more between pH 7.4
and 8. 0. Over the period 1958-1968 the pH of Lake Superior water at Duluth has ranged between 7. 3 and 8. 5,
with a mean ol 7.72, which is in a critical range for ammonia. Further, because ol its low salt concentration
Lake Superior tvater s poorly buffered against changes in pH. For these reasons the standard for ammonia
must be extrer lely con1 ervative to be safe for aquatic life.
III. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Over the period 1959-1966 at Saul! Ste. Marie, and 1958-1965 at Duluth, the
reported ammonia concentrations ranged between 0. 0 and 0. 1 mg/1 as ammonia nitrogen, with means of 0. 071
and 0.0024 mg/1, respectively.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. Since the values so far recorded seem not to have had
an adverse effect, since the ammonia concentration is highly labile, and since ammonia is most toxic at high
pH ranges, the recommended criteria is a maximum of 0. 1 mg/1, expressed as ammonia nitrogen, and 90%ofthe
values should be less than 0. 05 mg/1.
V. PERTINENT REFERENCES.
1. Doudoroff, P., and Katz, M. , 195022:1432-1458. Critical Review
of Literature on the Toxicity of Industrial Wastes and their
Components to Fish. I. Alkalies, Acids and Inorganic Gases.
Sewage and Industrial Wastes.
2. Ellis, M. M. 1937. Bulletin U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.
Detection and Measurement of Stream Pollution. Vol. 48:
365-437.
3. Goldstein, L. , Forster, R. P. and Fanelli, G. M. , Jr. 1%4.
Gill Blood Flow and Ammonia Excretion in the Marine Teleost,
Myoxocephalus scorgius., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 12:
489-499.
4. Lloyd, R. 1961. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on the
Toxicity of Several Poisons to Rainbow Trout. Journal
Experimental Biology. 38: 447-456.
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PHOSPHORUS
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient which frequently occurs in minute quantities in
natural waters and can thereby be limiting to the growth of aquatic plants. When present in excess, however,
under favorable environmental conditions, it is instrumental in producing heavy and undesirable growths of both
algae and rooted aquatic plants. Results obtained by various workers (e.g. , Sawyer, 1947; Chu, 1943; Strick-
land, 1965; and Sylvester, 1961) indicate that phosphorus does not become limiting to algae until concentrations
as low as 0. 01 mg/1 or less of soluble phosphorus are reached.
II. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. Phosphorus, in increased quantities, is commonly associated with acceler-
ated lake eutrophication. The degree to which aquatic plant growth is stimulated by phosphorus is variable, and
will depend on the occurrence of other essential nutrients, temperature, light, etc. Phosphorus is, however,
a substance which is essential to plant growth, one which is frequently limiting, and one which is much more
amenable to control than many other nutrients. Nitrogen, for example, is difficult to control because some
forms of algae are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
in. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Data on phosphorus distribution in Lake Superior are scarce. A synthesis of
data published by Putnam and Olson (1960) and by Beeton, et al. (1959), indicate average distribution of total
phosphorus, as mg/1 Phosphorus, for all depths, to be as follows:
West End (West of Apostle Islands) 0. 009
Apostle Islands Region 0. 014
Open Lake, Apostle Islands to Keweenaw Peninsula 0. 010
Keweenaw Bay 0.011
Coastal Waters off Marquette and Munising 0. 010
Open Lake, East End 0.005
Whitefish Bay 0. 008
The average for the entire lake is 0. 0096 mg/1.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The total phosphorus levels should not be permitted
to exceed existing values. Where background data are not available the maximum value should not exceed 0. 01
mg/1 total phosphorus.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Beeton, A.M., J. H. Johnson, and Stanford H, Smith, 1959. Lake Superior Limnological Data. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. Special Scientific Report - Fisheries No. 297, Washington, D. C. , 177 p.
2. Chu, S. P. , 1943. The Influence of the Mineral Composition of the Medium on the Growth of Plank-
tonic Algae. Part II. The Influence of the Concentration of Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphate
Phosphorus. J. Ecology 3J.:109.
3. Putnam, H. D. , and T. A. Olson. An Investigation of Nutrients in Western Lake Superior. School of
Public Health, University of Minnesota, Duluth, for the Minnesota Water Pollution Control
Commission, 1960.
4. Putnam, H. D. , and T. A. Olson, 1966. Primary Productivity at a Fixed Station in Western Lake Su-
perior. Proceedings, Ninth Conf. on Great Lakes Res. , Inst. of Sci. and Tech. , University of
Mich., Ann Arbor, p. 119-128.
5. Sawyer, C. N. , 1947. Fertilization of Lakes by Agricultural and Urban Drainage. J. NEWWA, (H.:109.
6. Strickland, J. D. H. , 1965. Production of Organic Matter in the Primary Stages of the Marine Food
Chain. Chemical Oceanography (J. P. Riley and D. Skirrow, eds.), Academic Press, New York.
7. Sylvester, R. O. , 1961. Nutrient Content of Drainage Water from Forested, Urban, and Agricultural
Ar^as. Algae and Metropolitan Wastes, Public Health Service, SECTRW61-3, 80, U.S. Govt.
P'-i'vt. Off., Washington, D. C.
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163
IRON
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Iron causes problems of taste, color and odor in water supplies and may stimulate
the growth of bacteria and other lower plant life. It will discolor shore areas and may coat water conduits.
Concentrations in excess of 0.3 mg/1 cause taste problems and stain laundry. Lesser concentrations in com-
bination with manganese often result in undesirable growths.
II. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. Iron solubility is highly pH dependent. In more desirable pH values of 6. 5 to
8.5 it occurs in the oxidized state and is rather insoluble and usually settles. Introductions of iron may result
in an increase in settleable solids content in this way. Iron will redissolve in hypolimnionic waters under cer-
tain conditions and then may cause taste and odor problems.
HI. EXISTING CONDITIONS. The ten year average concentration at Duluth is 0. 023 mg/1 and 0. 019 mg/1 at
the St. Mary's River. The high value recorded is 0. 168 mg/1. Highest readings occurred during the last sev-
eral years.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The maximum value should be 0. I mg/1 and 90% of
the values should be less than 0. 03 mg/1 at any single location.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C. April 1968.
2. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1962, Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards, PHS Publication No. 956.
3. Water Quality Criteria, California State Water Quality Control
Board, Sacramento, California, Publication 3-A, 1963. pp. 215
94
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164
CADMIUM
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Cadmium occurs in small amounts in naturally occurring zinc ores reflecting its
close chemical relationship to zinc but in natural waters occurs in only trace amounts. Cadmium is a nonessen-
tial, nonbeneficial element. It is a heavy metal that accumulates in animal tissues and has a high pollution
potential because of its high toxicity and cumulative effects.
In the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, cadmium in excess of 0. 010 mg/1 constitutes
grounds for rejection of the supply. Long term toxicity studies conducted at the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Administration's Newtown Fish Toxicology Laboratory have shown slow accumulative mortality in young
fish and that newly hatched fry are extremely sensitive to cadmium. These chronic studies conducted in hard
water (in which cadmium is less toxic than in Lake Superior) gave a "safe" concentration of 0. 037 mg/1. The
test concentration of 0. 057 mg/1 was lethal to newly hatched fry.
H. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION. The toxicity of cadmium, like the other heavy metals, is influenced by water
quality characteristics, such as pH and hardness. Acute toxicity studies indicate that the lethal concentration
of cadmium in softer water is 1 mg/1.
IE. EXISTING CONDITIONS. According to Kopp and Kroner, of 66 samples in the Western Great Lakes Basin
the frequency of detection (0.15 millipores filtered samples) was 3%. They did not detect cadmium in Lake
Superior.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The recommended criteria for cadmium in Lake
Superior is a maximum value of 0. 005 mg/1 and 90% of the measurements less than 0. 002 mg/1 at a single
location.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Pickering, Q. H. , and Gast, M. The Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium
to the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) (In preparation).
2. Pickering, Q. H. , and Henderson, C. Acute Toxicity of Some Heavy
Metals to Different Species of Warm Water Fishes, Proceedings
19th Industrial Waste Conference. Purdue University. 1965.
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165
CHROMIUM
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. In the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards the presence of hex-
avalent chromium in excess of 0. 05 mg/1 shall constitute grounds for rejection of the supply. Chromium is not
known to be either an essential or beneficial element in animals. There is accumulation of chromium in many
animals and when inhaled, chromium is a known cancerigenic agent for man. Trivalent chromium is not of con-
cern in drinking water supplies at present.
In long-term tests conducted at the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration's Newtown Fish Toxicology
Laboratory, in a hard water, 1 mg/1 of hexavalent chromium was found to be a "safe" concentration for sur-
vival and reproduction of the fathead minnow. The lethal value in a similar water (200 mg/1 hardness) was 33
mg/1. In a soft water, low pH bioassay the lethal value for the fathead minnow was 17 mg/1.
Bioassays conducted with four species gave lethal values of hexavalent chromium that ranged from 17 to 118
mg/1. Thus it appears that there is a great range of sensitivity of various fish species. Hexavalent chromium
appears to be more toxic to some invertebrates; 0. 05 mg/1 is lethal to Daphnia, a very important animal in
Lake Superior. In acute bioassays trivalent chromium is more toxic in soft water than hexavalent chromium.
The chronic studies indicated that their toxicity is not greatly different.
II. Special Considerations. Hexavalent chromium is very soluble in water while trivalent chromium is much
less soluble, especially in hard water. Many variables influence the toxicity of chromium. Trama and Benoit
have shown that the toxicity of hexavalent chromium is dependent on pH; it is more toxic under conditions of low
pH. The toxicity of trivalent chromium is dependent on concentration, pH, hardness, and equilibrium state.
HI. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Hexavalent chromium concentrations found in Lake Superior at Duluth had a
Irequency of detection of 40%. In these samples of positive occurrence the mean concentration was 9 Aig/1 and
the maximum was 20 ,ug/l. At St. Mary's River hexavalent chromium was found in 17% of the samples with a
mean of 3 Aig/1 and a maximum of 7 ,ug/l. Data are not available for trivalent chromium concentrations.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The recommended criteria for total chromium is a
maximum of 0. 050 mg/1 and 90% of the values should be less than 0. 02 mg/1 at any single location.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Pickering, Q. P. , and Henderson, C. Acute Toxicity of Some Heavy
Metals to Different Species of Warmwater Fishes, Proceedings
i9th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 1965.
2. Trama, F. B. , and Benoit, R. J. Toxicity of Hexavalent Chromium
to Bluegills, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
Volume 32, 1960.
96
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166
COPPER
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Copper is one of the more toxic of the heavy metals to many desirable aquatic
organisms. It is also an essential trace element and is often added to the foods of both aquatic and terrestrial
animals. It is commonly used to control algal growths in water supplies. The permissible concentration in
public water supplies is 1 mg/1 and the desirable concentration is virtually absent.
Experiments with trout, perch, sunfish, freshwater shrimp, Daphnia, snails, and clams establish the max-
imum no-effect concentrations in Lake Superior water to be between 0. 01 and 0. 05 mg/1. Trout, shrimp, and
Daphnia, all important in Lake Superior, are among the most sensitive. To some animals, copper concentra-
tions that kill are substantially higher than concentrations that retard growth and inhibit reproduction. Exper-
imentation has shown that concentrations 1/10 to 1/30 of the lethal concentrations inhibit reproduction.
II. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION. Both pH and the calcium-magnesium content of water affects copper toxicity
to aquatic organisms. The lethal concentrations are more affected by these characteristics than are the no-
effect concentrations. Lake Superior water has low concentrations of calcium and magnesium and therefore
copper is more toxic in it than in most other natural waters of the United States. For this reason, stringent
criteria are needed.
ffl. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Five year average concentrations of copper at Duluth and the St. Mary's River
are 0. 003 and 0. 005 mg/1, respectively. Some values have been reported as high as 0. 02 mg/1, but nearly all
are less than 0. 01 mg/1. Except near sources of copper introduction, concentrations do not vary greatly.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The criteria for Lake Superior should be a maximum
of 0. 012 mg/1 and 90% of the measurements should be less than 0. 008 mg/1 at any single location.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Sprague, J. B. , Lethal Concentrations of Copper and Zinc for
Young Atlantic Salmon, Journal of Fisheries Research Board,
Canada, 21 (1), 1964.
2. Mount, Donald I. Chronic Toxicity of Copper to Fathead Minnows
(Pimephales Promelas, Rafinesque). Water Research,
2:215-223, 1968.
3. Grande, Magne. , Effect of Copper and Zinc on Salmonid Fishes,
Third International Conference on Water Pollution Research,
Section 1, Paper No. 5.
4. Sprague, J. B. , Avoidance of Copper-Zinc Solutions by Young Salmon
in the Laboratory. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation.
Vol. 36 (8): 990-1004, 1964.
5. (Personal communication, National Water Quality Laboratory Staff. )
Acute and Chronic Effects of Cu+^ on Fish and Invertebrates
in Lake Superior Water, 1969.
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167
LEAD
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Lead is quite poisonous to aquatic organisms, concentrations of 0. 1 mg/1 having
killed fish in soft water. In water more like that of Lake Superior, however, short term (a few hours to a few
days) mortality test values of from 5 to 50 mg/1 of lead have often been obtained.
The few longer term (up to six months), nonlethal exposures to lead in water have demonstrated that accumu-
lations in various parts of the body result from continuous uptake of lead by the fish. Such accumulations in
mammals have led to toxic effects and death after long periods of time, even many years. On the basis of
available information on fish, similar results would be expected.
Daphnia in Lake Superior water are killed in a few days by an 0. 5 mg/1 concentration; mayflies, stoneflies,
and caddisflies are killed at 16 to 64 mg/1 concentrations.
H. SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS: Because of lead's low solubility in comparison with many other metal salts,
pH and calcium-magnesium content of water are particularly important in determining its toxicity. High lead
concentrations are particularly significant in the soft water of Lake Superior.
HI. EXISTING CONDITIONS. The average concentration of lead in filtered water at the St. Mary's River over
the five year period ending September 30, 1967 was 0. 006 mg/1. Two filtered samples taken at Duluth during
this period contained 0. 007 and 0. 02 mg/1. The average of 20 unfiltered samples taken at scattered sites in
Lake Superior during 1967 is 0. 027 mg/1. This figure excludes one very high and probably incorrect value of
0. 306 mg/1 that was found in a. sample taken near the center of the lake.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The Public Health Service Drinking Water Standard
of 0. 05 mg/1 should never be exceeded and 90% of the measurements should be less than 0. 03 mg/1 at any
single location.
V. REFERENCES.
1. McKee, J.E. , and Wolf, H.W. , Water Quality Criteria, Publication
No. 3-A, California State Water Quality Control Board, Second
Edition, 1963.
2. Pickering, Q. H. , and Henderson, C. , 1966. The Acute Toxicity of
Some Heavy Metals to Different Species of Warmwater Fishes.
Air-Water Pollution International Journal 10:45"-463.
3. Warnick, S. F. , and Bell, H. L. , 1969. The Acute Toxicity of Some
Heavy Metals to Different Species of Aquatic Insects. Journal
of Water Pollution Control Federation. 41:280-284.
4. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C. April 1968.
5. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1962, Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards, PHS Publication
No. 956.
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168
NICKEL
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. The U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards do not place any con-
centration limits on nickel. It is a nonessential element, and its toxicity to mammals appears to be very low.
However, nickel may be very toxic to some plants.
The lethal concentration of nickel in soft water (20 mg/1 hardness) to the fathead minnow is about 5 mg/1 and
in hard water (360 mg/1 hardness) it is about 43 mg/1. With continuous-flow testing the lethal concentration is
20 mg/1 in water of 20(' mg/1 hardness. Using these data, the estimated lethal concentration in Lake Superior
water (44 mg/1 hardnef s) would be 7 mg/1 of nickel. Some Lake Superior fish are more sensitive, however.
In a long-term bioas say conducted with a water of 200 mg/1 hardness at the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration's Newtown Fish Toxicology Laboratory, the "safe" concentrate Dn was 0.4 mg/1 nickel. At this
concentration the fathead minnow lived, grew, and reproduced.
n. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. Certair environmental variables affect toxi:ity of nickel, but toxicity is not
affected by hardness as much as for other metals. Various types of aquatic li e differ considerably in sensi-
tivity to nickel.
in. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Concentrations of nickel in the Western Great I akes Basin were found in 9% of
the samples. In the samples with positive occurrence, the mean concentration was 0. 01 mg/1 and the maximum
concentration was 0. 028 mg/L Nickel was not det3Cted at Duluth.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. Nickel should not exceed a maximum of 0. 03 mg/1
and 90% of the values should be less than 0. 015 mg/1 at a single location.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Pickering, Q.P. and Henderson, C., Acute Toxicity of Some Heavj
Metals to Different Species of Warmwater Fishes, Proceedings
19th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 1965.
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169
ZINC
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Zinc is one of several heavy metals occurring almost universally in surface wa-
ters. These natural levels of zinc vary greatly and are influenced by minerals in soils and characteristics of
the water itself. Zinc is an essential trace metal for aquatic life, yet inhibits fish production at quite low con-
centrations.
Long-term tests with the fathead minnow in which the fish were continuously exposed to a series of zinc con-
centrations during the entire life cycle indicate that concentrations significantly inhibiting reproduction are much
lower than the lethal concentrations or those that have demonstrated some histological or physiological changes.
These studies were conducted in water with higher calcium, magnesium and pH than that found in Lake Superior
water and therefore zinc was less toxic under the test conditions. A decrease in reproduction occurred at a
zinc concentration of 0. 045 mg/1 in harci water. Since the test was conducted in a harder water than that of Lake
Superior and the toxicity of zinc increases as the calcium-magnesium level decreases, the safe level in Lake
Superior is lower than 0. 045 mg/1. Zinc partially reduces reproduction over a wide range of concentrations and
there is no sharp threshold.
£1. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. Many environmental variables affect the toxicity of zinc. Principal examples
would be the calcium-magnesium content of the water, pH, temperature, and differential sensitivity of aquatic
species. Such factors prohibit the selection of a single criterion for all freshwater environments.
HI. EXISTING CONDITIONS. The mean zinc concentration in water taken at the Duluth, Minnesota, water
treatment plant was 0. 009 mg/1 and at the St. Mary's River, 0. 020 mg/1. The current permissible level of
zinc in public water supplies is 5 mg/1. The high values recorded in St. Mary's River are of concern.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. Zinc concentrations should not exceed 0. 015 mg/1 and
90% of the values should be less than 0. 010 mg/1.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Brungs, W.A. Chronic Toxicity of Zinc to the Fathead Minnow
(Pimephales Promelas, Rafinesque). Transcription American
Fisheries Society, April 1969.
2. Mount, D. I. The Effect of Total Hardness and pH on Acute
Toxicity of Zinc to Fish. Air and Water Pollution Inter-
national Journal, 10:49-58 (1966).
3. Skidmore, J,F. Foxicity of Zinc Compounds to Aquatic Animals,
with Special Reference to Fish. The Quarterly Review of
Biology, 10 (3): 227 (Sept. 1964).
4. vVater Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C. April 1968.
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170
CYANIDE
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Cyanide is a highly poisonous chemical and occurs principally from industrial
processes. It combines with hemoglobin in blood, forming a rather stable complex, and reduces the oxygen-
carrying capacity of the blood. It is poorly removed by normal water treatment processes.
Experiments with trout and bluegills resulted in total kill at 0. 05 mg/1 and other adverse effects as low as
0. 005 mg/1.
The U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standard is 0.2 mg/1 and the desirable concentration is vir-
tually zero.
H. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. Cyanide toxicity to aquatic life forms is highly pH dependent. Undissociated
hydrocyanic acid is most toxic and this is present in the largest proportion at low pH values. It combines
readily with heavy metals and may be more or less toxic than the uncombined form, depending on the particular
complex.
m. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Average concentrations at both Duluth and the St. Mary's River are less than
0. 001 mg/1.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The maximum concentration should not exceed 0. 004
mg/1 and 90% of the values should be less than 0. 002 mg/1 at any location.
V. REFERENCES.
1. Biology of Water Pollution, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 1967.
2. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1962,
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, PHS
Publication No. 956.
3. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical
Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Wash-
ington, D. C. April, 1968.
4. Cairns, John. Notulae Naturae, #361, July 30, 1963.
5. Doudoroff, P. Transactions of the American Fishery
Society, Vol. 95, No 1, Jan. 1966.
101
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HYDROGEN SULFIDE 171
I. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Sulfides in water are the result of natural processes of decomposition in enriched
waters, -.ewage, and industrial wastes such as those from oil refineries, tanneries, pulp and paper mills*
chemical plants, ano ^as manufacturing facilities. Sulfides are produced by the action of anerobic organisms
on sulfates and organic sulphur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide contributes to taste and odor of water supples
that can be detected by man at 0. 005 - 0. 010 mg/12 and taints flesh of aquatic organisms.
Experiments with eggs and fry of trout, walleye, northern pike, suckers, and immature blue gills and fathead
minnows indicate lethal concentrations of undissociated hydrogen sulfide to vary between 0. 008 - 0. 058 mg/l2.
Trout fry are killed in three days at 0. 020 mg/1 at high oxygen levels. Freshwater shrimp are more sensitive
than fish fry.
II. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION. Hydrogen sulfide decays exponentially with a half life of one hour in oxygen-
ated water.3 However, it can be evolved into oxygenated water from organic deposits and can be found at
lethal concentrations at the bottom-water interface. * The toxicity of an effluent may bear no relation to its
potential toxicity in organic deposits. Fish eggs, fry, and food orgamrms are most susceptible. Since most
species of sport and commercial value in Lake Superior spawn at deptns of 100 fathoms or less, it is im-
portant that good water quality be maintained to this depth at the bottom-water interface.
Pish fry are more sensitive to hydrogen sulfide at low oxygen concentrations.2 The toxicity of sulfide in-
creases markedly with a decrease in pH because there is more undissociated hydrogen sulfide present.
III. EXISTING CONDITIONS. No measurements of dissolved sulfide have been recorded for Lake Superior,
however, it is unlikely that any accumulation has occurred since high oxygen levels are found even at 250
meters.
IV. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The recommended criteria is a maximum of 0. 02
mg/1 and 90% of the values less than 0. 002 mg/1 as total sulfide measured at the bottom-water interface.
V. LITERATURE CITED.
1. Colby, Peter J. , and Smith, Lloyd L., Jr., 1967. Survival of
Walleye Eggs and Fry on Paper Fiber Sludge Deposits in
Rainy River, Minnesota. Transactions American Fisheries
Society 96 (3) 278-296.
2. Unpublished Data, Department Entomology Fish and Wildlife,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
3. Hayes, F. R. , Reid, B. L. and Cammeron, M. L. 1958. Lake Water
and Sediment. II, Oxidation-Reduction Relations at Mud-
water Interface. Limnology and Oceagrophy 3: 308-317.
4. Unpublished Data, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Ashland, Wisconsin.
5. Longwell, J. and Pentelow, F.T. K. 1935. The Effect of Sewage on
Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) Journal Exp. Biology 12: 1-12.
TASTE AND ODOR
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Tastes and odors affect principally municipal water supplies and beverage
industries. In places, tainting of fish flesh occurs and causes impairment of the water for fish production.
Great expense is incurred at some treatment plants in other areas of the country because activated carbon
treatment is needed to remove tastes and odors.
II. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. Taste and odor do not exist at present in Lake
Superior, and in order to avoid expensive treatment in the future, substances causing taste and order should
not be permitted. Chloroform extracts should not exceed a maximum of 0. 05 mg/1 and 90% of the values
should be less than 0. 03 mg/1. Threshold odor numbers should not exceed 3 and 90% of them less than 1.
HI. REFERENCES.
1. U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1962, Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards, PHS Publication No. 956.
2. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the
Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C. April 1968.
3. Microbiology for Sanitary Engineers. McKinney. 1962.
4. Duluth Municipal Water Supply. Ten Year Composite Log Annual Reports. Duluth, Minnesota. 1968.
5. Quality of Waters, Minnesota - a Compilation - Taste and Odor, 1955 - 1962, State of Minnesota,
Department of Conservation, Division of Waters, Bulletin 21, June 1963.
102
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172
TEMPERATURE
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Temperature affects all physical, chemical, and biological processes in
Lake Superior. If the normal temperature regime is altered the complete balance of the lake will be changed.
An increase in temperature is known to accelerate the aging process of lakes, increase the toxicity of chem-
icals, lower dissolved oxygen levels, increase algal growths, disrupt delicate biological cycles, and endanger
many important sensitive organisms.
Increases in the water temperature of Lake Superior will require more stringent water quality standards for
other parameters.
TJ. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. The valuable lake trout, herring and whitefish of Lake Superior require cold
water for their survival. Complete mortality of developing embryos is known to occur at 12° C (54° F.).
Significant reduction in hatch occurs above 60°C (43°F.) among the coregonid fishes. Most of the important
fish in Lake Superior spawn in the fall (Oct. , Nov. , Dec.) in response to falling temperatures, requiring tem-
peratures of about 10°C (50°F.) or less to initiate the response. Incubation of the eggs which are found on the
lake bottom is best below 6°C (43°F.). Optimum incubation occurs at 0. 5°C (33°F.) for the lake whitefish
(Coregonus clupeaformis) and 2°C (36°F.) or less for the lake herring (C. artedi). Upon hatching in the spring
the young fish move into surface waters and at this time exhibit greater temperature tolerance than the incu-
bating eggs. Exposure to temperatures of 15°C (59°F.) will be tolerated by lake herring fry for extended
periods without increased mortality rates. Temperature between 18 - 21°C (64-70°F.) will be tolerated for
lesser periods but extended exposure to these temperatures increases rate of mortality markedly.
III. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS.
A. Heated effluents should not contribute to temperatures of water so as to cause them to serve as barriers
to the movement of anadrumous fish to and from their spawning and rearing areas.
B. Discharge of heated effluents should be to the epilimnion, unless a special study indicates a more desir-
able discharge point, because the important fish species in Lake Superior are deep water dwellers much of the
time.
IV. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Lake Superior is a cold clear, oligotrophic lake. It usually does not exhibit
well defined temperature stratification until mid-July and even then the stratification is not uniform from area
to area and the thermocline is poorly developed. The lake may mix to great depths and homothermous water
around 2°C (36°F.) has been found to occur to depths of 600 ft. The deep water remains near 4°C (39°F.)
through the year. Yearly average temperatures from Duluth and St. Mary's River are 8. 5°C (47° F.) and 7. 3°C
(45°F.).
Nine year average temperatures at St. Mary's River, given as quarterly averages are:
I. (Jan. , Feb. . Mar.)
II. (Apr. , May, June )
III. (July, Aug. , Sept. )
IV. (Oct. , Nov. , Dec. )
Average of
Quarterly Mean
- 0.7° C (33° F)
- 5.5C C (42° F)
- 16. Oc C (61° F)
- 7.0° C (45° F)
Average of
Quarterly Maximum
2.3° C (36° F)
14. 9° C (58° F)
20.4° C (69C F)
13.8° C (57C F)
Average temperatures along the North Shore and mid-lake are below these temperatures while averages for
areas along the South Shore (Calumet, Marquette, etc.) are similar and occasionally somewhat higher.
These are the maximum values for Lake Superior obtained from the literature as referenced.
I. (Jan. , 1-eb. , Mar.) -
II. (Apr. , May, June ) "
III. (July, Aug., Sept.) "
IV. (Oct., Nov., Dec.) -
Mean
Max.
Mean
Max.
Mean
Max.
Mean
Max.
1.
2.
6.
17.
17.
25.
7.
13.
3°
8''
8-
2C
9°
Oc
6°
9°
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
(34°
(37C
(44°
(63°
(64°
(77°
(46°
(57°
F)
F)
F)
F)
F)
F)
F)
F)
Soo (St.
Mary
's
Marquette
Soo (St.
Calumet
Soo (St.
Calumet
Soo (St.
Calumet
Mary
Mary
Man-
's
's
's
R.)
R.)
1965
1954
19b4
1955
1966
1953
1963
1953
NWQN
Beeton
NVvQN
Beeton
W, Q?
Beeloi
\TV> QN
Beeton
103
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173
TEMPERATURE (Con't)
V. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR.
A. The recommended quarterly mean and maximum surface1 water temperatures^ for Lake Superior that
are not to be exceeded are given below:
I. (Jan. , Feb. , March): Mean- 2° C (36°F)
Maximum- 5° C (41°F)
H. (April, May, June ): Mean- 10° C (50°F)
Maximum- 18° C (64°F)
III. (July, Aug. , Sept. ): Mean- 18° C (64°F)
Maximum- 21° C (70°F)
IV. (Oct., Nov., Dec.,): Mean- 8° C (46°F)
Maximum- 15° C (59°F)
1less than 1 meter (3 ft.).
based on continuous temperature monitoring.
B. Water temperatures of 6° C (43° F) shall never be exceeded at depths of 20 fathoms (120 ft.) or greater.
C. The water depth between 3 feet and 120 feet shall be a zone temperature transition.
VI. REFERENCES.
1. Beeton, A.M., Johnson, J. H. and Smith, S. H. , 1959. Lake Superior
Limnological Data. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special
Science Report - Fisheries No. 297, Washington, D. C. , 177 pp.
2. Breeder, C. M. Jr., and Rosen, D. E. , 1966. Modes of Reproduction
in Fishes, American Museum of Natural History, Garden
City, New York.
3. Dryer, W.R. , 1966. Bathymetric Distribution of Fish in the
Apostle Island Region of Lake Superior. Transactions of
American Fisheries Society. 95 (3): 248-259.
4. National Water Quality Laboratory: Thermal Studies, 1966-
1969. Unpublished Data.
5. National Water Quality Network (1957-1968) Annual Compilation
of Data. (Storet Retrival System). U. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, Washington, D. C.
6. Price, John W . , 1940. Time-temperature Relations in the Incubation
of the Whitefish, Cpregonus clupeaiormis (Mitchill). Journal
General Physics (4) 23: 449-468.
7. Ruschmeyer, O. R, and Olson, T.A. , 1958. Water Movements and
Temperatures of Western Lake Superior. School of Public
Health, University of Minnesota, for Minnesota Water
Pollution Control Commission, 86 pp.
8. Tait. J. S., 1980. The First Filling of the Swim Bladder in
Saimonids. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 38: 179-187.
9. Wells, LaRue, 1966. Seasonal and Depth Distribution of Larval
Bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) in Southeastern Lake Michigan.
Transactions of American Fisheries Society. 95 (4); 388-396.
104
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174
pH
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Most organisms of esthetic and commercial importance live in water within
an extremely narrow pH range. The pH concentration is governed by many inorganic chemicals and biological
processes. Excessive additions of domestic or/and industrial wastes result in pH changes and can therefore
make water unsuitable for desirable organisms. Thus it is important to control pH which in turn will regulate
other water quality parameters.
H. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Rudolfs, et. al. (1953) states that a pH range from 6.5 to 8.4 is tolerated by
most fish. Chandler (1940) suggests values between 7.5 to 8.4 to be best for plankton production. Ellis (1937)
found that most inland waters having fish have pH values between 6. 7 and 8. 6. Hart, et. al. (1945) report that
only 5% of the waters in the United States supporting a good fish population have pH less than 6. 7 whereas 95%
have a pH less than 8. 3. Parsons (1968) found the greatest number of species of plankton, benthos, and fishes
to be in stream sections with a pH of 6. 8 and above.
Work with pH at the National Water Quality Laboratory suggests that pH values below 6. 0 inhibit or reduce
spawning success with fathead minnows, and are lethal to Daphnia magna and new Gammarus pseudolimnaeus.
HI. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS. Permissible criteria for public water supplies given in Water Quality
Criteria (1968) give a range of pH from 6. 0 - 8. 5.
IV. EXISTING CONDITIONS. Lake Superior is an oligotrophic lake low in total dissolved solids and rather
poorly buffered. Beeton (1959) gives pH values ranging from 6. 9 to 8. 0 in 1953 for samples taken at various
depths in the open lake; however, most values were between 7. 3 and 7. 7. The maximum, minimum and mean
pH values in Lake Superior were:
Lake Superior St. Mary's River
at Duluth at Saulte Ste. Marie
Years 1958 - 1968 1960 - 1968
No. Samples 543 457
Maximum 8.5 8.3
Minimum 7.3 6.8
Mean 7.7 7.8
V. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. The pH in Lake Superior should remain between 6. 8
to 8. 5.
VI. REFERENCES.
1. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C., April 1968.
2. Beeton, A. M., J. H. Johnson, and S. H. Smith, 1959. Lake Superior
Limnological Data. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special
Science Report -- Fisheries No. 297, Washington, D. C., 177 pp.
3. Chandler, D. C., 1941. Limnological Studies of Western Lake Erie.
I. Plankton and Certain Physical-Chemical Data on the Bass
Islands Region, from September 1938 to November 1939. Ohio
Journal of Science 40, 291.
4. Ellis, M. M. , 1937. Detection and Measurement of Stream Pollution
(Related principally to fish life). U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin 22.
5. Hart, W. B. , P. Doudoroff, and J. Greenbank. 1945. Evaluation
of Toxicity of Industrial Wastes, Chemicals and Other
Substances to Freshwater Fishes. Water Control Laboratory,
Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
6. Parsons, J. D., 1968. The Effects of Acid-Strip-Mine Effluents
on the Ecology of a Stream. Arch. Hydrobiol. 65(1):25-50.
7. Rudolfs, W., et. al. 1953. Industrial Wastes. Reinhold
Publishing Company, New York.
105
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175
RADIOACTIVITY
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. There are at present no numerical radiological criteria directly applicable
to the open waters of Lake Superior. Releases of radioactive materials to the lake (or otherwise) are regulated,
however, by license by the Atomic Energy Commission.1 Concentration of radionuclides in food and water used
in interstate commerce, derived from the lake, are regulated by the U.S. Public Health Service. In addition,
State and local regulations limit the concentrations permitted in public drinking waters.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration has been working with the Atomic Energy Commission
and the U. S. Public Health Service to develop model radiological criteria for water. These criteria will apply
to receiving waters, as different from waste effluents which are regulated by the Atomic Energy Commission as
noted above. These criteria will be composed of three parts designed for the protection of human health as it
may be affected through (1) drinking water, (2) waters used for recreation and other purposes involving poten-
tial human contact with or ingestion of water, and (3) waters used for the production or processing of food for
human consumption (i. e. fish, shellfish, irrigated crops, milk, etc.).
After a draft of the criteria, developed at staff level through the joint effort of these three Federal agencies,
has been reviewed and officially endorsed by each agency, it will be submitted to the Federal Radiation Council,
the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers and an appropriate organization of the State radiological health
officers for review, comments and hopefully, endorsement. This process may require up to a year to com-
plete.
II. EXISTING CONDITIONS. The 12 year average gross beta radioactivity at Duluth is approximately 9. 5
picocuries/1, including several years of active atmospheric bomb testing (and accompanying fallout). Radio-
activity levels since 1965 have averaged less than 3.5 picocuries/1.
The similar 12 year average for total alpha activity, which includes radium and other naturally occurring
radionuclides, is approximately 0.12 picocuries/1.
Similar averages were obtained at the St. Mary's River station.
HI. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. It is recommended that action to establish radio-
logical criteria for Lake Superior be deferred until the model criteria have been fully developed.
IV. REFERENCES.
1. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Part 20: Standards for Protection
Against Radiation, Federal Register 25 (224): 10914-10924.
November 17, 1960.
2. National Committee on Radiation Protection, Report of Ad Hoc
Committee, Somatic Radiation Dose for General Population,
Science 131:482. February 19, 1960.
3. Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible
Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for
Occupational Exposures. Handbook No. 69, National Bureau
of Standards, Washington, D. C. 1959.
4. Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection
Standards. Staff Report, Federal Radiation Council,
Washington, D. C. July 1964.
5. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C., April 1968.
106
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176
ALL OTHER POLLUTANTS
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. Application factors provide a rational basis for estimating safe concen-
trations of pollutants utilizing easily obtained lethal values and are especially useful for establishing safe con-
centrations of mixed effluents. The procedures to be followed in deriving application factors are discussed on
pages 58 and 59 of the Report of the National Technical Advisory Committee on Water Quality Criteria and a
brief outline follows.
As the report points out, a great difference usually exists between the toxicant concentration that kills in a
few days and the concentration that is just barely safe over one or more entire life cycle periods of continuous
exposure to the toxicant. An application factor is composed of the ratio or fraction derived by relating, for a
given pollutant, the mortality data from a four day toxicity test to the just safe concentration for the entire life
cycle. This factor can subsequently be used to estimate environmental concentrations of this toxicant that are
safe for different species of fish or in different water types. One does this by multiplying the application factor
for the pollutant by the toxicity data obtained from a four day test with the new species or water type. A differ-
ent application factor must be calculated for each pollutant.
Thus, application factors are important because they eliminate the necessity of having to expose entire life
cycles of all species in all water types. They have varied from 1/7 to 1/500 for different pollutants that have
been tested.
II. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. In the absence of specific information, safe concen-
trations of pollutants should be:
1. For nonpersistent pollutants or those that have noncumulative effects, the environmental concentration
should not exceed 1/10 of the 96-hour TLm level at any time or place, and 90% of the measurements
should not exceed 1/20 of the 96-hour TLm value.
2, For other toxicants the environmental concentrations should not exceed 1/20 and 1/100 of the 96-hour
TLm level under the conditions described in (1) above.
3. Proportional reductions should be made in the permissible concentrations of pollutants when they are
known to affect or add to the toxicity of other pollutants present in the water.
m. REFERENCES.
1. Water Quality Criteria, Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C. , April 1968.
2. Mount, D. I. , and C. E. Stephan. 1967. A Method for Establishing
Acceptable Toxicant Limits for Fish--malathion and the butoxye-
thanol ester of 2, 4-D. American Fish Society, Trans. 96(2):
185-193.
107
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177
Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
MR. DOMINICK: If it is satisfactory with the conferees,
we will proceed with the entire FWPCA statements and then make
ourselves available to questions at the conclusion of those statements.
Is that satisfactory with the conferees?
Fine.
The next speaker will be Dr. Donald Baumgartner, who is
an engineer and Chief of the National Coastal Pollution Research
Program at the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory in Corvallis,
Oregon. He will comment on lake currents as presented on Pages 15
and 16 of the report and on Page 27.
Dr. Baumgartner.
MR. KLEIN: Dave, would you like to break at this point?
MR. DOMINICK: His statement will be 15 or 20 minutes.
MR. KLEIN: Let's make it and then notify everybody we
will break at this time and come back at 1:30.
MR. DOMINICK: Fine.
We will plan to break the conference at the conclusion
of this statement and reconvene here at 1:30.
Dr. Baumgartner.
(Applause.)
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178
Dr» Donald J0 Baumgartner
STATEMENT OF DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER,
CHIEF, NATIONAL COASTAL POLLUTION
RESEARCH PROGRAM, FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,
PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER LABORATORY,
CORVALLIS, OREGON
DR. BAUMGARTNER: Mr, Klein, Commissioner, conferees:
My name is Donald Baumgartner,
Mr presentation deals with the fate of solids discharged
into Lake Superior with special emphasis on that discharged by
Reserve Mining Company's operation near Silver Bay, Minnesota,
because of the maginitude of this single discharge0
CHARACTERISTICS OF RECEIVING WATER
Studies of lake currents by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration showed a net flow SW in the discharge area
(Figure l)t In general, the patterns were similar to those
found by Ruschmeyer and Olson years earlier (Figure 2). This
shows the development of a circulation "cell" within the Duluth
embayment, mixing with water in the main part of the lake, on a band
drawn approximately north from the Apostle Islands„ Near the surface
the currents were quite high, averaging nearly 0,6 feet per second in
the period May to October 1967, which near the bottom they averaged
less than 002 feet per second. The bottom contour map of the lake
shows a broad ridge (Figure 3) north of the Apostle Islands, separating
deeper water on either side, a factor which contributes to the
__
Figures were not entered as exhibits,
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Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
circulation. In both summer and winter, circulation cells can be
established in the vertical by temperature - associcated density
differences, as well as by topographic features. Figure 4, taken
from Ruschemeyer and Olson's 1958 report , shows a series of summer
temperature profiles at stations in the western lake which are
representative of the type found when vertical circulation is segmented
into cells by the abrupt changes in density. Waves, caused by wind
and pressure differences, existing both on the surface of the lake
and at the zone of abrupt density change, the thermocline, contribute
in an extremely variable and important manner to mixing of the water
mass and transport of pollutants.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCHARGE
The main waste streams are discharged from two launders
extending to within several hundred feet from the edge of the delta
built up during the history of the operation. After leaving the
confining structure of the launders, the streams spread out, meander,
and deposit the heavier portion of the solids, merging into essentially
one stream before entering the lake. There the waste stream of 720 MGD
(million gallons per day) is approximately 1/4 mile wide and 4 to 6
2
inches deep . According to a report by C. R. Collier of the
Geological Survey , nearly all the solids in the stream are less than
Ruschmeyer, 0. R., and T. A. Olson, "Water Movements and Temperature
of Western Lake Superior", U. of Minnesota School of Public Health,
November 1958.
2
Telecom Dr. Donald Mount, Director of the National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, 4-2169.
C. R. Collier, Preliminary Report......... U. S. Geological Survey,
Water Resources Division, St. Paul, Minnesota, November 1968.
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Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
0.5 mm (millimeters) in diameter. Since about 60 percent by weight
of the original waste stream is smaller than this size, I have
estimated that 60 percent of the solids enter the lake.
The lake boundary at the discharge site is not the
original natural shore, but consists of deposited tailings on a
slope of .2, vertical to horizontal, to a depth of 650 feet.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DENSITY FLOWS
Because the waste stream which enters the lake has a
density greater than ambient, I will describe briefly some of the
general features of such flows. Through laboratory and field
experiments, hydraulicians have observed that under certain flow
conditions, fluids of different density can exhibit a great resistance
to intermixing, due to the energy required to transfer fluid across
the region of density difference. Even when the flow conditions
within each stream are turbulent, the streams can maintain their
spatial integrity over long distances and flow times, This situation
is frequently observed in municipal water and sewage treatment plants
where inflowing cold water sinks and flows across the bottom of
settling tanks/ in reservoirs, such as Lake Mead, where streams con-
taining large amounts of dissolved and finely-divided solids flow
toward the bottom; in coastal estuaries, such as the Mississippi
and the Amazon Rivers, where the relative salt deficiency causes
the streams to flow on top of the ocean water for great distances„
The factor which is important in determining if this type of flow
can exist is a combination of the relative velocity, the density
difference, and a measure of the depth of flow. In many reservoirs
the interfacial zone is fairly stable, whereas in lakes, such as
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Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
Lake Michigan, the increased ratio of forces causes the interface to
move in a periodic wave-like pattern. This would most likely be
evident in Lake Superior in a time series of observations similar to
those of Ruschmeyer and Olson I showed above. Under still further
perturbation, the wave structure would become unstable, the inter-
facial resistance would be overcome, and the fluid streams would
intermingle, rapidly losing their discrete identity. These three
situations are shown schematically in Figures 5, a, b, c, respectively.
Some attempts have been made to inprove the application to shallow
density streams by including a measure of turbulence within the
4
stream as part of the stability factor calculation .
DENSITY OF RESERVE WASTE STREAK
The fluid density of the Reserve waste stream applicable
to this type of analysis is dominated by the concentration of fine
suspended solids. Experience with lab and field studies has shown
that under turbulent flow conditions, the fluid motions of such
streams are similar to streams where the density is determined by
the dissolved constituents.
While there is ample experimental evidence to support
that 0.5mm particles will be transported over the delta, it may bs
stretching to assume that such particles contribute to the gross
fluid density in the same way as much finer material. However, for
purposes of this analysis, I have embraced this assumption, and using
5
a standard method" have calculated the density as 1.0084,
4
Middleton, Gerald V., "Experiments on Density and Turbidity Currents,
II. Uniform, Flow of Density Currents." Canadian Journal of Earth
Sciences, 3, 627-637, 1966.
Fair, G. M. and Jc C. Geyer. "Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal"c
U-M^-i; nnrl Srvnci . Tnr?.. New York . 1954. 971 D.
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Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
ANALYSIS OF DENSITY FLOW STABILITY
When the waste stream leaves the delta and enters the lake
there is a localized mixing which most likely causes a reduction in
velocity, an increase in the depth of the density flow, and some reduc-
tion of the density difference due to dilution. No measurements have
been made on the flow conditions within the lake, and there is no
precise analytical method for computing what the values of velocity
and depth might be, so guided by laboratory hydraulic studies and
previous similar efforts, notably that of the Russian, Goncharov , I
have estimated that the depth may increase to about 15 inches, thus
reducing the velocity to 0.65 feet per second. Under these conditions
the density interface would be unstable, thus mixing with the lake
would be expected. In addition to this mixing, which would be in the
vertical direction, the flow field, or the submerged plume as it is
sometimes called, would spread out horizontally in a narrow fan-like
form, where the heavier portions of the sediment load are deposited.
On the edges of the plume where mixing is occurring, eddies or clouds
are shed from the main stream, either to be carried away by currents
in the ambient fluid, or returning by gravity to the mixing region.
I would like now to show a series of slides, Figures 6
through 10, demonstrating hydraulic model studies of density flows
similar to Reserve's. A stream was conveyed in an open channel on a
slope of .2 through the surface of a quiescent reservoir of fresh
water measuring 1.5 by 1.5 by 25 feet. This was done to minimize the
"Goncharov, V. N. "Dynamics of Channel Flow", translated from the
Russian by U. S. Department of Commerce, NB Standards, Institute
for Applied Technology.
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Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
turbulent mixing at the surface. After a sufficiently long time to
allow the initial effects to subside, the nature of the unstable
interface is apparent. Deeper in the reservoir, the perturbations
are more noticeable and eddies can be observed. At a greater flow,
where the turbulent motion is more similar to Reserve's, the instabil-
ity is markedly increased. When the channel is positioned above the
reservoir's surface, there is considerably more mixing for the lower
flows, due to increased turbulence at the entrance. On this scale
the mixing may appear rather insignificant, but scaled up by a
factor of about 400 to more nearly represent natural conditions, the
eddies would indeed be significant in size.
From these studies and theoretical considerations, I
conclude that Reserve's discharge most likely results in an unstable
density flow which spreads out and becomes diluted as it flows down
the face of the delta, shedding clouds of finely-divided particulate
matter periodically, under relatively quiescent and nonstratified
conditions in the lake, ultimately leveling off near, or at the
bottom.
Under conditions of temperature stratification and/or
relatively turbulent currents in the lake, situations I did not
attempt to model in the hydraulics lab, the plum might spread
horizontally at some level considerably above the bottom and shed
considerably more material in clouds.
DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATES IN THE LAKE
Even if the majority of flow reaches the bottom most of
the time, there is little likelihood that all the particulate matter
would settle. Turbulent fluctuations associated with mean current
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Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
speeds reported by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
are sufficient to maintain particles smaller than O.lmm in a state
of transport for large distances. I understand Mr. Collier will speak
further on this point. There is some evidence in Collier's paper to
substantiate and quantify this opinion in the form of a map showing
the approximate distribution of taconite tailings within a zone
approximately 8 x 18 miles on the bottom of the lake near the dis-
charge site. I have calculated that this deposit contains approximately
20 million long tons of material, or 13 percent of the total tailings
produced in the history of operation. If the delta contains about
45 percent of the total, this still leaves about 40 percent unaccounted
for and presumably widely dispersed in the lake, or elsewhere on the
bottom. To obtain some estimate of how this might be retained and
accumulated in the lake waters, calculations have been heretofore
restricted to extremely simplified models of lake mixing, such as
that used by Rainey and shown schematically in Figure 11. In this
model a distributed waste load of 6,900 tons per day (10 percent of
total discharge) would cause an ultimate increase in suspended solids
in the whole lake, in over 400 years, amounting to 37 parts per
million (ppm).
This presents an unrealistically low estimate of the
impact on water quality due to incomplete mixing of the Duluth
Embayment with the rest of the lake and because of the poor vertical
mixing during the winter and summer periods of stratification., I
7
Rainey, Robert H., "Natural Displacement of Pollution from the Great
Lakes", Science 155, pp. 1242-1243, March 10, 1967.
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185
Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
have, therefore, used a more appropriate, but still simplified, model
which has just been developed by our coastal pollution research
program, shown schematically in Figure 12. The basin on the left
represents the Duluth Embayment and comprises 120 cubic miles/ the
remaining volume in the lake, 2,900 cubic miles, taking up the
right-hand portion. The upper portion of the embayrnent is about
25 percent of the total and represents the lack of vertical transfer
due to 5 months of stratification during summer and winter. For
1 month between each season the embayment is assumed to mix vertically.
The same type of stratification can be employed in the right-hand
portion, but provides very little increase in precision. Mixing
between the two basins is not well established, but may easily be
30 times the flushing rate due to the inflow of 2,000 cubic feet
per second from the St. Louis River. This inflow is assumed to be
restricted to the upper layer during periods of stratification. The
10 percent portion of Reserve's waste stream which does not settle
out is assumed to be restricted to the lower level during periods
of stratification. By comparison to Rainey's model, as shown in
Figure 13, this approach shows an increase of suspended solids in the
Duluth Embayment to over 37ppm (parts per million) in about 20 years.
Great significance is not to be attached so much to the concentration,
but to the relatively rapid rate at which the concentrations might
be increasingc
SUMMARY
In summary, based on available technical data concerning
the specific characteristics of Reserve Mining Company's discharge
of taconite tailings near Silver Bay, Minnesota, on results of studies
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Dr. Donald J. Baumgartner
on the currents and sediments in the region, and on theoretical and
experimental evidence regarding problems of a similar nature, I have
concluded:
1. Reserve's discharge does not exist under conditions
likely to result in a stable density flow.
2. Instability and turbulent conditions will cause
clouds of turbid water to shear off from the density flow, which
can then be transported with the currents in the lake.
3. The main portion of the density current will probably
descend to the lake bottom, except that when a strong thermocline
exists, a significantly large portion of the stream may be carried
off into the lake near the thermocline.
4. The solids in the portion of the density stream
which reach the bottom are not completely removed by Sedimentation
within the immediate vicinity of the plant, say 50 square miles.
The fine particles remaining in suspension are subject to transport
over large distances by weak currents near the bottom and subject to
widespread vertical and horizontal distribution during periods of
storm and/or customary spring and fall periods of vertical mixing.
5. The currents and topography of the lake are such
that suspended solids concentrations would increase more rapidly
in the Duluth Embayment than in the lake generally, and would always
be somewhat higher than in the rest of the lake.
Mr. Chairman, that concludes my statement.
(Applause.)
MR. KLEIN: Thank you for a job well done.
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187
questions,
Honorable 'John A. Blatnik
At this time we ask the conferees for comments or
Mr. John Badalich?
MR. BADALICH: May we reserve that for after lunch?
MR. KLEIN: Mr0 Thomas Franges?
MR. FRANCOS: We reserve our comments until after
lunch o
MR. KLEIN: Mr. Ralph Purdy?
MR. PURDY: We will wait until after lunch.
MR. KLEIN: Mr. Murray Stein?
MR. STEIN: I have no questions.
MR. KLEIN: Congressman Blatnik?
MR. BLATNIK: Just one question, Mr. Secretary.
As I understand this testimony, really, it was a
splendid presentation of a very technical description, which we
will have in this whole hearing, particularly on Lake Superior.
In the statement we have of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration by David Dominick, who is here, the first
three lines read as follows: "The Great Lakes Region of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration has prepared a
report" -- I am assuming this is the official public report, made
public and made available to all interested parties, and I repeat
now -- "has prepared a report for this conference to use in their
consideration of what is needed to preserve the existing quality
of water," etc., "in the Lake Superior Basin."
Reference was made in an earlier statement read by
Mr. Voigt for Governor Warren Knowles of Wisconsin, which is already
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Honorable John A. Blatnik
part of the proceedings of this conference, and I quote this reference,
"This conference must also evaluate reports in the news media alleging
that a Member of Congress has attempted to interfere with a Federal
report identifying a major source of industrial pollution in
Lake Superior."
We shall hear more on this later, but I think it is
essentially wrong, Mr. Secretary, and we ask that this be clarified.
I ask you for a brief comment at this point, Mr. Secretary. Do you
or any of your administrators or officials under your jurisdiction,
to your knowledge, know of any Federal report that has been suppressed?
MR. KLEIN: Congressman Blatnik, you give me a chance to
lay the ghost to rest. This is the official report and the only
official report of the Department of the Interior and was issued
about a week ago. There has been no attempt at suppression by any
Congressman or any other Federal official. There is in existence a
report put out by an individual who used to be employed by the
Department of the Interior shortly before he left and that is his
report, despite the fact it bears the words "Department of the
Interior." The Department of the Interior did not authorize it and
is not bound by the report. The only report that was put out
officially by the Department of the Interior is this one put out a
week ago.
Thank you.
We will break for lunch. We will start promptly at
1:30 this afternoon.
(Whereupon, at 12:20 p.m. a recess was taken until
Ij30 p.m.)
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A. F. Bartsch
AFTERNOON SESSION
MR. DOMINICK: Ladies and gentlemen, we have to move
along now. We have a good many witnesses to hear from.
I would like to begin now by calling on Dr. Bartsch,
who is the Director of the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory and
has the national eutrophication research project. Dr0 Bartsch will
discuss some of the unique features on Lake Superior presented on
Pages 21 and 22 in the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
report.
Dr0 Bartsch, if you will suspend for a few minutes.
We are awaiting the return of the State conferees. They will be
here momentarily„
All right, I believe we have a quorum of the conferees
here at the present time. Dr. Bartsch, we would be very happy to
hear from you at the present time.
STATEMENT OF DR. A. F. BARTSCH,
DIRECTOR, PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER
LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, NORTHWEST REGION,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
DR. BARTSCH: Thank you, Commissioner Dominick,
Conferees, ladies and gentlemen:
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190
A. F. Bartsch
This is a statement on eutrophication --or lake aging --
viewed in relation to Lake Superior. I can best introduce the subject
by quoting from the April 1969 Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration report "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake
Superior Basin." Even though I am aware that Dale Bryson this
morning read some of this to you, I hope you will bear with me if
I go through some of it slowly again because I want it as background
and an introduction of what I am going to say. Now I am going to
quote from Page 21:
"Lakes may be classified according to their level of
primary productivity. The productivity or 'fertility1 of a lake
depends on nutrients received from regional drainage, on the depth,
plus other interrelated factors which affect the metabolism of the
lake. A eutrophic lake is at one end of the classification series
and on the other end is an oligotrophic lake. While there are a
number of characteristics associated with oligotrophic lakes, in
short they are still 'biologically young1 and have changed little
since the time of their formation.
"Lake Superior is an excellent example of an oligotrophic
lake, having very clear, cold water and very few living organisms.
The lake is an exceedingly young lake in terms of its biological
aging processes. It is thousands of years behind the other Great
Lakes considering only natural aging. The lake nearly resembles its
pristine condition as created eons ago.
"Lake Superior is a delicate lake and therefore great
caution must be exercised when weighing the potential dangers
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191
A. F. Bartsch
to its ecology. Increases normally considered insignificant or
acceptable in most lakes will dramatically alter this lake, because
even such small changes will represent a large percentage of change."
With this, then, as an introduction to the subject, I
will discuss eutrophication as it appears to me to relate to
Lake Superior.
THE PROBLEM OF EUTROPHICATION
Observations on Lake Superior date back before the turn
of the century, but information is far from complete in aspects
related to eutrophication. Recent studies of note are the valuable
and continuing efforts of the School of Public Health of the
University of Minnesota and studies by the Fish and Wildlife Service
carried out during the 1950's. Together they form much of the basis
for my remarks .
The prospect of eutrophication, a pressing concern in
Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Ontario, needs consideration also in
Lake Superior. In simplest terms, it is the aging process of waters,
in which they become more fertile and acquire a greater capability
to grow algae and other forms of living matter. In many lakes the
algae become so numerous that they make the water green and interfere
in many ways with its continued usefulness. They also create taste,
odor, and treatment problems in water supplies. These are common
objectionable and visible symptoms of eutrophication. In addition,
there are other more subtle symptoms that sometimes would pass
without being noted except by the trained investigator. Nevertheless,
See list of reports attached.
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192
Ao F. Bartsch
such subtle changes are forewarning clues that slow-acting, long-range
changes are taking place.
Changes to look for include: decrease in transparency of
the water; increase in total dissolved solids, including especially
nitrogen and phosphorus needed for growth of algae; loss of dissolved
oxygen in the deeper layers, and changes in bottom-dwelling animals
and microscopic plants„ When eutrophication has not proceeded to an
obvious and objectionable stage, such as it now has in Lake Erie, it
becomes necessary to examine the combination of these more subtle clues
to sense the existing state of affairs. Such clues have already
raised a warning flag in Lake Michigan. In many other cases they
likewise reveal a forecast of things to come. Fortunately for Lake
Superior, only the slightest evidence of increasing fertility or
other clues to eutrophication have so far made their appearance.
A principal factor that affects the rate of eutrophication
is the extent to which nutrients needed by algae enter the body of
water. Elements of most concern are phosphorus and nitrogen,, Under
natural conditions, unaffected by the affairs of Man, the input of
nutrients from the watershed and in precipitation generally is low.
Then the aging process usually proceeds at a slow rate„ But the
more thoroughly we study the eutrophication problem, the more acutely
evident it becomes that in some cases even the natural rates of
nutrient input will need to be curtailed,, Cultural developments on
the watershed, such as the establishment or growth of cities and
cultivation or other disturbance of the land, accelerate nutrient
input. It makes no difference where along the time scale such
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193
A. F. Bartsch
increasing human influence is brought to bear. The end result is
always the same. The lake is brought more rapidly to a higher level
of fertility and greater crops of algae and other plants are produced
than under natural influences alone.
In the absence of definitive daca only rough estimates
can be made of present rates of nutrient input. It appears that
the watershed, its people, and human activities now contribute
annually about 3 million pounds of phosphorus and 31 million pounds
of nitrogen. Cn an area basis this is much less than present inputs
to Lake Michigan., The difference undoubtedly reflects the tremendous
disparity in human populations tributary to the two lakes. This also
implies that nutrient control will become increasingly important as
the basin population grows.
It has been shown repeatedly that a lake's response to
increasing nutrient input, as I have described, is not merely a
theory. It is a historical fact repeated over and over again in
every continent. This can be verified readily by reference to the
well-known histories of the lakes at Madison, Wisconsin, to the south/
Lake Washington, at Seattle, to the west/ and in Europe, at Lake Leman,
Lake Zurich, Lake Lucerne/ Lake Constance, and Lake Maggiore, to
mention only a few. There are valid reasons to believe that
unrestrained; creeping eutrophication could well be the most serious
water quality problem we face in this and other nations of the world.
At this point I call attention to three analytical papers
on the Great Lakes prepared by Dr. Alfred M0 Beeton of the University
of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. He was the first scientist, I believe,
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194
A. F. Bartsch
to perceive, assess, and describe clearly the responses of the Great
Lakes to the eutrophying influences of human affairs in the watershed
areaso He has made the point in admirable scientific fashion that
large lakes are susceptible, a point of great importance to this
occasion. I would like to propose that these papers that call
attention to this matter be accepted as exhibits for the record of
this Conferenceo
If this is acceptable, I will identify them,,
MR. DOMINICK: That is acceptable and they will be
accepted as exhibits of the conference.
MR. BARTSCH: The first paper is dated 1965. Its title
is "Eutrophication of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes„"
(The above-mentioned paper, reprinted from
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. ID, No. 2,
April 1965, pp. 240-254, is on file FWPCA
Headquarters, Washington, D. C.f and the
Regional Office, Chicago, Illinois,)
MR. BARTSCH: The second is dated 1966 and is entitled
"Indices of Great Lakes Eutrophication."
(The above-mentioned paper, reprinted from
Pub. 15, Great Lakes Research Division, the
University of Michigan, 1966, is on file at
FWPCA Headquarters and the Regional Office,
Chicago, Illinois„)
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195
A. F. Bartsch
MR. BARTSCH: The thrid one is dated 1967, and the title
is, "Changes in the Environment and Biota of the Great Lakes,,"
(The above-mentioned paper, published by the
Center for great Lakes Studies, University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is
on file at FWPCA Headquarters and the Regional
Office, Chicago, Illinois„)
MR. BARTSCH: Mr. Chairman, I wish also to submit for the
record another paper, "Changes in the Great Lakes and Present Status",
by A. F. Bartsch and C. F. Powers. It deals with historic changes in
trophic status of the Great Lakes in relation to population distribu-
tion. It also looks briefly to the future possibilities in relation
to population growth and potential nutrient inputs. This is dated
April 1969.
MR. DOMINICK: That will be accepted and made an exhibit.
(The above-mentioned paper, published by the
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration,
Northwest Region, Pacific Northwest Water
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, is on file
at FWPCA Headquarters and the Regional
Office, Chicago, Illinois.)
MR. BARTSCH: I turn next to the present conditions in
Lake Superior. It has been said many times, and I am sure with
great pride, that this is the most pristine of all the Great Lakes.
In this sense it is unique, a quality it shares with Lake Baikal in
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196
A. F. Bartsch
far-off Siberia. The symptoms and clues I mentioned are not yet here.
It has the highest transparency, the least total dissolved solids, and
lowest conductivity. On the average, you can see a bright object in
33 feet of water, compared with 15 in Lake Erie. Compared further
with Lake Erie, it has one-third the total dissolved solids, one-third
as much calcium, one-sixth as much sulfate, one-twelfth as much
chloride, and one-fifth as much sodium and potassium combined. One
could consider using water of such mineral quality in the car battery
or the household steam iron.
Lake Superior now grows little in the way of phytoplankton
or free-floating algae. The crops are not obvious to the eye. It is
the least productive of the five Great Lakes. In reflection of this,
there is only about 1 pound of particulate organic matter in an
acre-foot of the surface water, (upper 82 feet), compared with 7 to
10 in the western basin of Lake Erie. Bottom animal life at similar
depths is much less than in Lake Huron or Lake Michigan.
Little is known about phosphorus levels and their
distribution in the lake. The average concentration appears similar
to Lake Michigan, at about 0.01 mg/1. This equals about two-fifths
of an ounce mixed in an acre of water one foot deep. Such limited
phosphorus levels, coupled with the observation that at times 70 to
100 percent of it is already in the organic form, suggest that algal
growth is limited by phosphorus deficiency. If this is true, it
emphasizes even more the need for prompt curtailment of phosphorus
input.
Putnam and Olson, Loc. cit. 1959, p. 28.
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197
A, F. Bartsch
These and other characteristics that could be stated rein-
force the view that Lake Superior is early in the aging process. This
means that since its formation by glacial action some 12,000 or more
years ago Lake Superior has admirably withstood the pressures of time.
The beginning wrinkles of age have hardly began to show.
In the light of these circumstances some people might
claim that its present pristine status is evidence that Lake Superior
is immune to these natural influences -- that eutrophication could
not become a serious problem. Several points of response need to be
made .
First is the matter of size. Unitl recently most studies
of eutrophication involved fairly small lakes . From the current state
of knowledge one can expect that Lake Superior will differ from small
lakes in the details of its response to the forces of eutrophication.
But there is no doubt that even here these forces will in time produce
undesirable change. That large lakes are not immune simply because
they are large is already evident from happenings in other members of
the Great Lakes. It just may take a longer time.
The second point relates to deterrence because the water
is cool. Data covering a nine-year record show that the St. Mary's
River, redirecting the output flow from Lake Superior, had a summer
mean of 17 centigrade with average maxima reaching 20.4 centigrade.
Along the south shore temperatures were similar and occasionally higher,
Cool temperatures such as these may not favor production of especially
undesirable blue green algae, but diatoms and other algae grow well
under these conditions.
I have consulted on this question with a number of col-
leagues, including Professor Charles 3. Goldman at the University of
California at Davis. He has studied cold water lakes in the
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198
A. F. Bartsch
Antarctic and in Alaska. An Antarctic lake at Cape Evans, with
temperature near the freezing point, had eutrophic characteristics.
He has seen similar lakes in Alaska. Even Lake Tahoe in California,
a high altitude lake with temperatures around 21 degrees centigrade,
has sufficient production to be of concern. It also responds by
increasing algal production when nutrient levels are increased.
Temperatures between 18 degrees centigrade and 21 degrees centigrade
are known to be optimal for some kinds of algae. This means, then,
that there can be no relaxing simply because Lake Superior is cool.
The third point is that there is now a suggestion, at
least, that Lake Superior does respond in customary fashion to the
input of nutrients. Data are available from a 1958 preliminary
investigation of nutrients in western Lake Superior by the School of
Public Health on the University of Minnesota. Substantially higher
levels of nitrogen and phosphorus were noted near Duluth and Superior
than in other areas studied. It was also found that plankton
chlorophyll was more abundant in this area -- reflecting a growth
response to higher nutrient availability.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I wish to emphasize several points:
First -- there is no reason to believe that Lake Superior
is in some peculiar way immune to the forces of eutrophication8
Failure to take appropriate anti-eutrophication action will lead
eventually to a less desirable Lake Superior. How long this will
take is now unpredictable, but the rate will be greatly influenced
by human activities in the watershed.
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199
A. F. Bartsch
Second, Lake Superior and Lake Michigan are the headwaters
of the remaining Great Lakes. Whatever character this lake is per-
mitted to acquire, it will have great impact on the success of
protecting or restoring the lakes downstream.
Third, Lake Superior is said to have a self-purging rate
estimated to be well in excess of 500 years. This means that it
acts like a trap and any persistent nutrient such as phosphorus will
tend to accumulate. It also means that if high levels are reached
for all practical purposes they will remain so forever.
Fourth, it is noted the three States of the basin already
have recognized the importance of phosphorus control in relation to
eutrophication, and target dates have been set for phosphorus removal
from municipal sewage at some of the lake's principal cities. This
action is to be applauded.
Fifth, if there is pride in the uniqueness and splendor
of Lake Superior, keep it that way. The first step is to limit
nutrient input in every way possible. The second is to establish an
appropriate monitoring program to be sure that plant nutrients do
not creep above their present acceptable levels.
Thank you.
(Applause.)
LIST OF CITED REPORTS
Beeton, A, M. , J. H. Johnson, and S. H. Smith. April 1959. "Lake
Superior Limnological Data, 1951-1957." U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Special Scientific Report--Pisheries No. 297. Washington,
D. C. 177 p.
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200
A. F. Bartsch
Putnam, H. D. and T. A. Olson. June 1959., "A Preliminary Investigation
of Nutrients in Western Lake Superior, 1958-1959." University
of Minnesota School of Public Health,, 32 p., appendices.
Putnam, H0 D. aad T. A. Olson. June 1960. "An In\estigation of
Nutrients in Western Lcke Superior." University of Minnesota
School of Public Health. p. i-ii, 1-25, appendices,
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Dr. Bartsch. You bring with
you a vast amount of experience and background to tliis subject. Your
voice is one which carries great authority in this, iield. We thank
you very much for coming.
MR. BARTSCK: Thank you, Ccramissioner.
MR. DOMINICK: The next speaker will be Dr. Robert Bunch,
who is Chief of Biological Research at the Robert As Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, in Cincinnati. He will present a statement for
Dr. David G. Stephan, the Acting Assistant Commissioner for Research
and Development. Dr. Stephen's statement presents findings of the
researc?i and development program discussed on Page 38 of the report
as they relate to Recommendation No. 7. Dr. Stephan is expected to
be here for any questioning which may come tomorrow.
Dr. Bunch.,
MR. PURDY: Mr. Chairman, will a period be allowed for
questioning on the statements made?
MR. DOMINICK: I am sorry, I didn't hear your question.
MR. PURDY: Will the conferees have an opportunity to
ask questions cf those who are presenting statements this afternoon?
MR. DOMINICK: They certainly will. If you wish, we
could suspend at the close of each individual statement for any
-------
201
A. F. Bartsch
questions which you may have.
Do you have any questions of Dr. Bartsch while he is here
with us?
MR. PURDY: I do question the matter of the additional
papers that are made a part of the record. Will these papers be made
available to the conferees? Do they have a bearing on the information
that was presented here so that the conferees can review these papers
and consider the content in any decision that they may reach following
this conference?
MR. DOMINICK: They will be made available to all conferees
and certainly you will be given an opportunity to review them before
any final recommendations are agreed upon.
MR. PURDY: Fine.
In addition, we would like to compliment Dr. Bartsch on
his statement^ Like the Lake Michigan statement, we find it is
very well put together and is an excellent description of the existing
situation.
MR. DOMINICK: Do any of the conferees have any questions
for Dr. Bartsch at this time?
(No response.)
Dr. Bunch, you may proceed.
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202
David G. Stephan
STATEMENT OF DAVID G. STEPHAN,
ACTING ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER,
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, FEDERAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
(READ BY ROBERT BUNCH, CHIEF,
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, ROBERT A. TAFF
SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER,
CINCINNATI, OHIO.)
DR. BUNCH: Dr. Stephan expresses his regret he cannot
be here. I will present a portion of this statement, which will
be part of the record, entitled "Current Status of Waste-Treatment
Technology."
I appreciate this opportunity to discuss recent advances
in the waste treatment field and the role of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration in developing and applying new
technology for the treatment of wastewaters.
The objective of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration waste treatment research and development program is
to develop and demonstrate the technology necessary to achieve, at
lowest cost, any level of waste treatment which may be required to
meet pollution control needs. The methods being developed range
across the spectrum of physical, chemical and biological techniques.
They range from the "ordinary," such as filtration and gravity
-------
203
David G. Stephan
settling, through the "novel," such as biological denitrification to
remove ammonia, to the "exotic," for example, reverse osmosis or
ultrafiltration. Techniques are under study to imporve the performance
of existing primary treatment, to upgrade and extend the capability of
conventional secondary treatment, as well as to develop and apply
entirely new "tertiary treatment" methods.
There are actually two corollary objectives to be
attained through improved waste treatment technology. The obvious
one is the alleviation of the Nation's increasing water pollution
problems through removal of pollutants from waste effluents. The
other is the renovation of wastewaters for deliberate reuse as
industrial, agricultural, recreational, or in some cases, even
municipal supplies. In point of fact, these two objectives cannot
really be separated for as our ability to cleanse wastewaters increases
the resulting product water approaches nearer and nearer to or may
even exceed the quality of a water supply. This concept, perhaps
startling to the average citizen, will nonetheless play a larger and
larger role in water resource management, especially in water-short
areas.
The Federal Government program to develop and demonstrate
advanced waste treatment and wastewater renovation methods was
initiated in 1961. During the 8 years of this program some $25 million
have been invested in research and development on new waste treatment
technology. Within the last 2 or 3 years the fruits of this program
have become apparent with the emergence of several advanced waste
treatment (AWT) systems into the demonstration plant phase.
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204
David G. Stephan
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
research and development program on advanced waste treatment
technology is centered at our laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio.
However, a task of this magnitude requires the talents of the best
scientific and engineering minds in this field in the entire country,
regardless of whether they are in government, in the universities,
or in industry. Because of this, much of the work has been carried
out through contract and grant projects from one end of this country
to the other. Appendix A provides a summary picture of the status
of process development and the locations at which this work has been
or is being conducted.
(The Appendix referred to follows:)
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213
David G. Stephan
This effort has, in turn, stimulated private industry to enter this
field to a most heartening degree. Chemical manufacturers, equipment
fabricators, consultants, even the aerospace industry have
responded to this challenge. As a result, the technology available
today is not just one-of-a-kind and custom-built for experimental
purposes. Believe me, a host of private firms stand ready to take
orders for planning and design studies, for construction, and for
equipment, chemicals, etc. At a 2—day Phosphate Removal Workshop
we held last June in Chicago, for example, over a dozen companies
presented their own treatment techniques for removing phosphorus
from wastewater.,
One of the most productive mechanisms we have utilized
in our own process development work has involved the establishment
of cooperative projects with various municipalities. At the present
time, for example, we have a large variety of AWT pilot plants in
actual operation at joint Federal-local field sites in Lebanon, Ohio,
Pomona, California, and in Washington, D. C. Such joint projects
give us the practical experience and firsthand knowledge required tc
bring research out of its ivory tower and into the hard realities
of design, operational and maintenance problems and to measure our
successes (and our failures) in terms of that universal, index, dollars
In this light, I would like tc discuss tertiary treatment
by describing our AWT pilot plant system at the District of Columbia
Blue Plains Water Pollution Control Plant„ Comparisons and costs
will then be presented between primary, secondary and teritary
treatment systemsc
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214
David G. Stephan
Fundamentally, the pilot plant at Blue Plains consists
of three steps, each designed to accomplish specific objectives in
upgrading the quality of the Blue Plains secondary effluent. The
first step, treatment with chemicals, is used to remove nutrients.
The step, filtration through beds of sand and coal, removes any
remaining suspended solids or particulate matter. The third step is
treatment with activated carbon. This substance, made by "activating"
fine particles of coal or other organic materials at high temperatures,
is the type of material used in gas masks or even in some filter
cigarettes to absorb or collect organic molecules. Used in a waste
treatment system, this active carbon removes the dissolved biodegrad-
able organics (BOD) and other organic molecules which have passed
untouched through the entire previous treatment train. As a result
of this 3-step treatment, the 50,000 gallons-per-day pilot plant can
produce sparkling clear product water which, when disinfected with
a small dose of chlorine, approaches very closely to drinking water
in quality.
The complete tertiary treatment system is illustrated in
Figure 1.
(Figure 1 follows.)
-------
215
G
-------
216
David G. Stephan
Ordinary lime (calcium hydroxide) is added in the first tank, A.
This lime makes the water highly alkaline and also reacts with
the phosphorus present to form a solid material or precipitate.
The solid formed, calciumhydroxyapatite, settles to the bottom
of the tank and is removed as a sludge. Along with the phos-
phorus much of the suspended organic particulate matter present
in normal secondary effluent is also carried down with the sludge
and removed. The product from this tank is highly alkaline and
in this condition, when air is blown through the water in Tank B,
nitrogen in the form of ammonia is removed. The alkaline condi-
tion also imposes a severe biological shock on bacteria thus
also serving to provide partial disinfection of the water. In
the next tank, the recarbonator, C, carbon dioxide is bubbled
through the water to soften it as well as to remove alkalinity.
Another precipitate, calcium carbonate, is formed. This material
settles to the bottom of the second settling tank, D, where it is
removed as a sludge. This sludge, incidentally, along with that
from Tank A, is filtered and then incinerated in a special furnace
in the "lime recycle system." In this way fresh lime is regenerated
for reuse in the system and carbon dioxide is formed which serves
to supply the recarbonator, C. As much as 60 to 70 percent of the
lime required can be recovered and reused in this process. Thus,
lime purchases need only be about 1/3 of the amount actually used.
Some dry ash is discharged from this process but this is sterile
and nonpollutional in nature and may be disposed of as landfill.
Returning to the main flow stream through the tertiary
plant, the discharge from Tank D is then passed through beds of coal
-------
217
David G. Stephan
and sand, E, very much as utilized in existing water treatment plants.
In this step the very fine, nonsettling particles are filtered from
the water producing a clear effluent ready for the activated carbon
adsorption columns, F0 The active carbon removes essentially all of
the dissolved organic residues in the water and, frankly, produces a
water so clean that a BOD measurement cannot accurately be made. The
activated carbon, of course, becomes gradually saturated with these
organics and periodically the carbon is removed from the contact tanks
and "reactivated" in a furnace,, This reactivation burns the collected
organic materials to carbon dioxide and water and the rejuvenated
carbon is reinstalled back in the process and reused. The product
water from the carbon columns, F, is of quite high quality and, as
a final step, is disinfected with a conventional chlorinator, G»
Next, let me refer you to Table I to illustrate the
pollutant removals nominally achieved through each step of a primary-
secondary-tertiary waste treatment system as described above„
(Table I follows.)
-------
218
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219
David G. Stephan
Note that conventional primary-secondary treatment as now commonly
practiced will remove about 90 percent of both the BOD and the
suspended solids, about 80 percent of the total organics present,
about 30 percent of the phosphorus, 50 percent of the nitrogen and
some 95 percent of the coliform bacteria* The chemical treatment
step of a tertiary treatment plant will increase removal of each of
these pollutants quite significantly. The filtration step also
contributes to additional removals of each pollutant except nitrogen.
Activated carbon adsorption effectively eliminates all the remaining
BOD and almost all of the total organics/ a relatively low dose of
chlorine provides for disinfection to 99.99 percent or more.
While these improvements in percent removals are impressive
enough in and of themselves, the impact on pollutional loads discharged
to a stream is even more dramatic. Remember that an increase in
removal efficiency from 90 to 95 percent reduces the amount of pollu-
tion actually entering the stream by a factor of 2, An increase from
90 to 99 percent reduces the pollutional load by a factor of 101
For your interest, primary effluent may be considered to
provide partial pollution control but no direct reuse of the effluent
is possible. Activated sludge effluent achieves "conventional"
pollution control; the effluent may occasionally be reused for rough
industrial purposes or for nonfood crop irrigation in arid areas. The
effluent from the chemical treatment step contains only a little more
than half of the BOD load from an activated sludge plant, only half
the troublesome suspended solids and coliform bacteria, and is highly
treated for the nutrient elements, phosphorous and nitrogen. Such an
effluent achieves much improved pollution control and, with disinfection,
-------
220
David G. Stephan
the effluent could be reused as a general irrigation supply, as a
low quality industrial water for process or cooling purposes, and
even for non-body contact recreation. With filtration, the water
becomes suitable for a broad range of industrial purposes and with
activated carbon adsorption treatment, we have achieved complete
organic pollution control and the product water is really of high
enough quality for any irrigation purpose, for essentially any
industrial requirement and even for body contact recreation.
The next question to be raised is a natural: What will
such treatment facilities cost to build and to operate? Table II
summarizes projected full-scale costs for a typical municipal waste
treatment plant in terms of 1969 dollars.
(Table II follows.)
-------
221
TABLE II
Projected costs for a 100 rr.gd prinary-secondary-tertiary treatment system
(1969 dollars)
reatment
Primary Sedimentation
Activated Sludge
Chemical Precipitation-
Stripping
Filtration
Activated Carbon
Adsorption
Capital Cost
(million$)
Each Process Cumulative
Operating & Maintenance Cost
(cents/1000 gal.)
Each Process Cumulative
10
23
14
3
12
1
10
33
47
50
62
63
2
4
6
2
5
1
2
6
12
14
19
20
-------
222
David G. Stephan
As seen, the addition of chemical treatment for nutrient removal will
cost some $14 million for a 100-mgd plant. This amounts to a 43 percent
increased investment over that required for primary-secondary treatment
facilities alone. Filtration for suspended solids removal would add
another $3 million or 7 percent to the prior costs. Activated carbon
facilities will run another $12 million and add 24 percent to the
previous total, while chlorination facilitities will require less than
$1 million and add less than 2 percent to the capital cost.
Typical operation and maintenance costs for large plants
are also presented in Table II „ As seen, the added operating cost
for achieving nutrient removal with tertiary chemical treatment is
about six cents per 1,000 gallons, which equals the cost of operating
a present-day primary-secondary treatment plant alone. To add filtra-
tion raises the cost by an additional 2$ per 1,000 gallons, while
carbon adsorption will cost some 5<: per 1,000 gallons more,, The cost
of chlorination is minimal and will add less than l£ per 1,000 gallons
to the operating and maintenance costs of the system,,
In one sense, the costs projected are certainly considerable,
The capital investment for advanced waste treatment amounts to almost
twice that for conventional practice. Operating costs are over three
times those for operating today's plants! On the other hand, I suggest
an analysis from another perspective* The additional capital invest-
ment calculates out to some $37 or $38 per individual served., Assuming
a useful life of 20 years, this amounts to less than $2 per year per
person. With interest rates at, say, 6.5 percent, the cost per year
per person is only about If per day. I might also ask that you
compare this $38 per capita capital investment with that for our gas,
-------
223
Dacid G. Stephan
phone, and electric utilities. These amount to $125, $310, $433,
respectively.
As for operating cost, let's examine it in the same way.
The 14£ per 1,000 gallon figure associated with a complete AWT system
beyond conventional treatment is less than 2£ per person per day. To
this let us add l£ per day figure given above for capital amortization.
This 3£ per day compares with an average per capita expenditure of 13£
per day for gas, almost 22<£ per day for phone service, 26£ per day for
electricity for the community, 80£ per day for food, and even 12<: to
15<: per day for cigarettes.
I conclude by submitting to you that the treatment
technology now exists to effectively eliminate the sewered municipal
waste load to this Nation's lakes and streams and that the cost to do
so is roughly only 1/4 of what we spend for cigarettes!
(Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Dr. Bunch.
Do we have any questions from the conferees at this
point?
MR. FRANCOS: Yes, Mr. Commissioner. I wonder if I could
direct a question to Dr. Bunch.
Sir, on Page 7, Dr. Bunch, your cost is presented in terms
of a 100 million gallons per day plant, and you talk about the cost
of $14 million to build the nutrient removal facilities. Could you
give us an estimate of what this cost might be for a plant that
would be 1/10 this size, let's say a 10 million per day plant, a
rough estimate?
-------
224
David G« Stephan
DR. BUNCH: I don't have any figures here today. You
can't divide by a hundred. The smaller a plant gets--
MR. FRANCOS: I suppose $2 million for building a nutrient
facility would be a fair guess at this stage, anyway?
DR. BUNCH: I would guess that, anyway,
MR, FRANCOS: Could we say the same thing about the
operating costs? You indicated it would be about 6<£ per 1,000 gallons
for a community that has a 100 million gallons per day plant. Could
we maybe apply some factor to this, if you were going down to a
10 million gallon per day plant?
DR. BUNCH: I would assume that the operating cost itself
would probably about double, if you are going down to a 1 million
gallons per day plant,
MR. FRANCOS: I am sorry, 10 million gallons per day
plant.
DR. BUNCH: I would say to that, add another 1/3 to that.
MR. FRANCOS: So we are talking about 9£ or 10£ per 1,000
gallons.
I am just trying to get another perspective on this thing
we get at the State and municipal level. If we are talking about an
operating cost of 10<: per 1,000 gallons, how do you translate that
into an annual cost? I think we can all do the arithmetic, I am
trying to do it here.
DR. BUNCH: You mean your annual operating costs?
MR. FRANCOS: Yes. Ten cents per 1,000 gallons.
DR. BUNCH: This will depend on the yearly flow and also
the size of the plant.
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David G. Stephan
MR. FRANCOS: Let's assume 10£ per 1,000 gallons cost and
a 10 million gallons per day plant.
DR. BUNCH: I do not have the figures yet, but they are
available and they can be presented to the conference,
MR. FRANCOS: The only reason 1 raise the question is
that if yo\i look at it at cents per day per person, it doesn't appear
very much. I am not suggesting that we don't make that kind of an
investment, bat it does present a real problem wh€:n it comes to budget
time at the municipal level of government to translate that into
thousands of dollars. What I am suggesting is that we do need to
appreciate this as a fact of life, if we are to proceed in this
direction, that we will need to have as much support as v*e can get
in seeing these projects through to completion.
DR. BUNCH: I am sure that Dr. Stephan can bring these
figures with him and we can give them tomorrow if you wish.
MR. FRANCOS: Thank you0
MR. DOMINICK: Arc there any o~her questions?
Thank you, Dr0 Bunch.
(Applause.)
MS. DOMINICK: Mr. Edwin Geld-reich, who is a Research
Microbiologist with the Bureau of Water Hygiene, which is discussed
on Page 24 of the report, and Recommendation No. 6.
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Edwin E. Geldreich
STATEMENT OF EDWIN E. GELDREICH,
RESEARCH MICROBIOLOGIST, BUREAU
OF WATER HYGIENE, U. S. PUBLIC
HEALTH SERVICE, CINCINNATI, OHIO
MR. GELDREICH: Mr. Commissioner, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
At this time I wish to present the following statement on
the microbial considerations in the development of water quality
objectives for Lake Superior.
The problem of microbial pollution to the Great Lakes
Basin area ultimately relate to various contributions from polluted
tributaries, harbors, and inshore areas contiguous to a particular
lake. This fecal pollution is of varying magnitudes which may be
derived from municipal sewage, storm water runoff, meat packing waste
discharges, sugar beet processing, paper mill effluents, and agri-
cultural practices.
Pathogenic organisms occur in polluted streams and lakes
as a result of contamination by fecal discharges from warm-blooded
animals, man included. The access of fecal pollution to water may
add a variety of intestinal pathogens at any time, and at one time or
another enteric pathogenic bacteria and viruses will be present.
Many of these enteric pathogens that infect and multiply in the
gastointestinal tract of man are transmitted by the water route from
fecal excretions of the sick and from carriers in the community. The
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227
Edwin E. Geldreich
most common genera of pathogenic bacteria found in water are Salmonella,
Shigella, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Leptospira, and
My cob-act erium. The enteric viruses consist of five subgroups which
include polio viruses, infectious hepatitis virus, coxsackie viruses
(Group A and B) ECHO viruses and adenoviruses.
In the Lake Erie drainage area, 180 Salmonella isolates
(1)
representing 21 serotypes were recovered from a survey of 12 streams/.
A similar study on the Raisin and Huron Rivers that empty into Lake
Erie and the Saginaw River flowing into Lake Huron also revealed the
occurrence of one or more Salmonella serotypes in 44 percent of the
(2)
samples/. In another study a series of canals and rivers in the
Chicago area, which occasionally flow into Lake Michigan during heavy
storm periods, were whown to contain Salmonella strains in 46 percent
of samples and pathogenic enteroviruses in 27 percent stream samples
(3,4)
so examined7. Any tributary streams which carry a fecal pollution
burden that is discharged into Lake Superior can also be expected to
contain pathogens that are a risk to public health.
There is sufficient evidence from the literature to
indicate pathogenic organisms can be present in the excreta of poultry,
(5-8)
livestock, cats, dogs, and wild animals/c Such bacteria, which are
equally pathogenic to man and other animals, may be acquired from
contaminated food or water. Even freshwater fish may become actively
infected with human pathogens after exposure to contaminated water and
(9,10)
carry these organisms to clean stream recreational areas/
Pathogenic Conveyance to the Tributary Streams and Lake Superior
Municipal sewage contains the major domestic input of
human fecal discharges plus other domestic additions of laundry
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228
Edwin E. Geldreich
wastes and food refuse. In some cities wastes from meat packing and
dairy plant operations may also be mixed in the domestic sewage
collections. Salmonella and Shigella have frequently been detected
(11-17)
in sewage/. Raw wastes from institutions treating tuberculosis patients
(13-21)
will almost always contain large numbers of tubercle bacilli/. Sewage
from four sanitaria showed from 425 to 10,000 tubercle bacilli per
(18)
1 ml/. Municipal sewage containing wastes from dairies and slaughter
houses may also be expected to discharge M. tuberculosis in their
wastes.
Enteric viruses which are capable of producing diseases
in humans are excreted by infected individuals into domestic sewage
(22-25)
in large quantities/ The peak incidence of isolation of enteric
(26)
viruses in sewage occurs during the warmer months of the year/and
(27)
during periods of epidemic/, with fluctuations in the predominant type
(28,29)
being related to what is prevalent in the community at a give time/.
(30)
Kelly and Sanderson/found 15 strains of Coxsackie, ECHO, and polio-
viruses present in raw sewage. Of 150 viruses isolated by Bloom, et
(31)
al.f/from sewage samples, 31 were identified as ECHO viruses, four as
poliviruses, and 76 as Coxsackie. Many septic tank effluents have
(32)
been found to contain enteroviruses/i In one instance a septic tank
effluent still contained viable poliovirus six months after a child
from that home had contracted poliomyelites.
Untreated paper mill wastes introduce not only a high
level of bacterial nutrients to the receiving stream, but also signi-
ficant additions of fecal contamination which is intensified in
magnitude by plant operational procedures. Fecal pollution may be
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229
Edwin Ee Geldreich
introduced from poor quality stream water used for pre-process water,
debarking and wood chipping operations, and chip washer water. Rodent
contamination may occur on stored wood chips. Other sources of •
possible bacterial contamination are found from in-plant floor drainage
and cross connection in-plant domestic sewage to the mill waste lines,
Regrowth of this bacterial contamination has been observed to occur in
the clarifier as a response to high levels of nutrients, pH below 800,
and warm processing water temperatures. Fecal pollution found in
paper mill wastes cannot be ignored. The implications are that enteric
pathogens could also be present in such an environment. Stream
sampling immediately below two paper reprocessing plants on a small
tributary of the lower Raisin River were found to contain Salmonella
typhimurium in February, S. anatum and S. bredeney in April, and S,
(2)
derby in September/
Pathogen Removal by Sewage Treatment
In a review of the literature on removal of pathogenic
microorganisms by trickling filters, activated sludge, anaerobic
(33)
digestion, and stabilization ponds, Kabler/concluded that these
treatment processes will markedly reduce the number of pathogenic
organisms present. However, the resulting effluents will contain a
portion of each kind of microorganism originally present in the raw
sewage. Those pathogenic bacteria, virus and parasites that do
remain in the treated effluents constitute potential health hazards
to persons using the receiving waters for recreational purposes.
Where these waters are used as a source of raw water supply, any
accidental break in treatment could quickly bring pathogens to our
public •Mater supply. Application of appropriate chlorination procedures
-------
230
Edwin E, Geldreich
to effluents from secondary treatment of sewage will further reduce
the pathogenic bacterial populations to below demonstrable densities.
Additional advanced waste treatment processes using chemical floccula-
tion with sedimentation may be necessary in special problems involving
(33,34)
reuse water for complete removal of parasitic ova and virus/i
Many factors are involved in sewage chlorination, including
organic and ammonia residuals, effluent pH and temperature, chlorine
contact time, uniformity of effluent-disinfectant mixing, and
reliability of chlorine residual test, among others. Primary sewage
effluents are more difficult to chlorinate to a specific coliform
content than secondary effluent. Chlorination of primary effluents
should not, under any circumstances, be considered a substitute for
secondary treatment. The primary measurement for the adequacy of
chlorine disinfection of treated sewage must be based on the coliform
count since methods for detecting pathogens remain too complicated
for routine monitoring purposes.
Pathogen Survival in Lake Superior
Microbial pollution entering Lake Superior from polluted
trubutaries and harbors will not immediately disperse by dilution nor
rapidly decrease through death of the organisms. Instead, plumes of
poor water quality will develop adjacent to those outlets into the
lake. In these diffusion fields many of the bacteria and associated
pathogens present will settle out by sedimentation into the water-
sediment lake bottom interface. Our studies on bottom deposits from
streams and lakes indicate Salmonella was isolated more frequently
from mud than from the overlying water because of the concentration
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231
Edwin E. Geldreich
(35)
effect from fecal pollution "fall-ouV." Survival experiments on
holding mud from a moderately polluted stream for seven days at
20 degrees centigrade suggested fecal coliform densities remain
constant for two days, then begin a gradual decline. After seven
days, their number was about 1/10 of the initial count. Salmonella
derby declined at a slightly faster rate in these same expeiments.
Lake Superior is a cold lake with water temperatures
most frequently below 12 degrees centigrade. Under these conditions
there will be a longer persistence of pathogenic bacteria in the
bottom muds and in the lake water. While this time limit for
pathogen survival is measured in terms of days, new fecal pollution
is constantly being released to these mixing zones to counter-balance
transient pathogen die-away by the forces of natural self-purification,,
During periods of storm water runoff and lake turbulence, bottom
sediments from these mixing zones could be resuspended temporarily
and spread by lake currents, carrying viable pathogenic microorganisms
to new reaches of the lake.
Not all pollution organisms will necessarily be deposited
at the lake bottom by sedimentation. Where portions of the lake
contains particles of three microns size or smaller there can be an
adsorption of microorganism to this material which is capable of
remaining suspended in the water for a considerable time. Thus these
finely divided particles moved by lake currents to a diffusion area
of pollution can become a transport vehicle for microorganisms.
Taconite tailings of fine particle size could, in this
•
way, bring some fecal pollution organisms into the areas of public
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232
Edwin E. Geldreich
water intake, given the proper set of circumstances.
Finally, if we are to conserve the excellent microbiological
quality of Lake Superior water far the future, fecal pollution sources
in affected tributaries and harbors must be controlled through adequate
treatment.*
Thank you.
(Applause.)
MP. DOMINICK: Thar* you, Mr. Geldreich.
Do we have any questions?
MR. VOGT: Mr, Chairman, I do. On Page 5 Mr. Geldreich
refers to the difficulty of chlorinating primary sewage effluents,,
I Vvas wondering what you have in mind when you say
"Primary sewage effluents are more difficult to chlorinate to a
speicific coliform content than secondary effluent.'1
MR. GELDREICH: This material has a definite demand for
chlorine and varies greatly. There are many factors associated with
the proper chlorination of sewage„ We must remove the nutrients and
we can best do this by secondary treatment and then chlorinate it.
If we are to chlorinate primary effluents, I an concerned that we
have just pushed the problem downstream; the nutrients are still
there and we can go through the problem of regrowth of the organisms
that may still remain in that primary effluent. You do not remove
all the bacteria by primary treatment with chlorination. Thin is
very difficult,,
MR. VOGT: In your work have you ever done any studies
of so-called split chlorination or prechlorination of primary treat-
ment works?
*See attached references that were appended to original statement.
-------
232a
1. Peterson, M. L. The Occurrence of Salmonellae in Streams Draining
Lake Erie Basin. Proc. Tenth Con. Great Lakes Research, 196? j
' lt ! ?9-87 (1967). I i
, • , • , • ,' - .'
2..,. .dement, J. and Ghristensen, R. Q. Results of a Recent Salmonella
Survey of Some Michigan Waters Flowing into Lake Huron and
Lake Srie. Proc, Tenth Con. Great' Lakes Research, 1967 J 1-11
(1967).
3, Scarce, L. S. and Peterson, M. L. Pathogens in Streams Tributary
to the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Research Division, Pub. No.
1U7-158, Univ. of Michican, (1966).
i
4. Lamb, G. A., Chin, T. 0, 2. and Scarce, L. £. Isolations of Enteric
Viruses from Sewage and River Water in a Metropolitan Area,
Amer. Jour. Hyg. 80; 320 (1?6U).
$, Summers, James L. The Sanitary Significance of Pollution of Water
by Domestic and Wild Animals - - A Literature Review. U. S.
Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service,
Shellfish Sanitation Technical Report, April 1967.
6. Butler, C. E. and Busbee, C. E. Human Enteric Pathogens in Dogs
in Fairbanks, Alaska. Pub. Health Reports, 82; U65 (1962).
7, Lofton, C. B., Morrison, S. M. and Leiby, P. D. The Enterobacterio-
aceae of Some Colorado Small Mammals and Birds , and Their
Possible Role in Gastroenteritis in Man and Domestic Animals.
Zoonoses Research lj 227 (1962).
8. Faddoul, G. P., Fellows, G. W. and Baird, J. A Survey on the
Incidence of Salmonella in Wild Birds. Avian Diseases, 10;
89 (1966). ~
9. Glantz, P. J. and Krantz, G. E. Escherichia coli Serotypes Isolated
from Fish and Their Environment. Health Lab. Sci. 2; 5>U
10. Janssen, W. A. and Meyers, C. D. Fish: Serological Evidence of
Infection with Human Pathogens. Science 159; £U7 (1968).
11. Moore, B. The Detection of Paratyphoid Carriers in Towns by Means
of Sewage Examination. Month. Bull. Min. Health and Pub.
Health Lab. Serv. |j 2iA (19U8).
12. .Wang, W. L. L.> Dunlop, S. 0« and DeBoer, R. G. The Survival of
Shigella in Sewage. Appl* Microbiol., hi 3U (19!?6) .
-------
232b
13• Keil, R. and Rohring, A» To the Detection of Salmonella in
Municipal Sewage. Gesundhwes. Desinfeht. (Germany) 56;
33U96U).
II*. McCoy, J. H. The Presence and Importance of Salmonella in Sewage.
Proc, Soc. for Water Treat, and Exam., 6j 81 (1957).
15. Wang, W. L. L., Dunlop, S. G., and Munson, P. S. Factors In-
fluencing the Survival of Shigella in Wastewater and
Irrigation Water. Jour. Water Poll. Contr. Fed. 38; 1775
(1966). ~
16. Dunlop, S. G. The Survival of Pathogenic Organisms in Sewage.
Pub. Works 88_; 80 (1957).
17. Brezenski, F. T., Russomanno, R., and DeFalco, P. Jr. The Oc-
currence of Salmonella and Shigella in Post-Chlorinated and
Non-Chlorinated Sewage Effluents and Receiving Waters. Health
Lab. Sci., £; ^0 (1965).
18, Heukelekian, H. and Albanese, M. Enumeration and Survival of
Human Tubercle Bacilli in Polluted Waters. II Effects of
Sewage Treatment and Natural Purification. Sewage and In-
dustrial Wastes 28; 109U (1956). , ' '
19. Greenberg, A. E, and Kupka, E. Tuberculosis Transmission by Waste• •
Waters — A Review. Sew, and Ind. Wastes 29; 52U (1957)..': ')< •'.',
, 20. .Jensen, K. E. Presence and Destruction of Tubercle Bacilli in /' ,'.',
Sewage. Bull. World Health Org., 10; 171,(195k)* "'
21. Kelly, S. M., Clark, M. E. and Coleman, M. B. Demonstration.of
;- Infectious Agents in Sewage. Amer. Jour, Pub* Health U5>
V- 1U38 (1955). - •' ':•••/.•'; :•"?.>& .;;-,'.
22. Rhodes, A. J., Clark, E. M., Knowles, D. S., Shimada, F., Good-
fellow, A. M., Ritchie, R. C., and Donahue, W. L. Polio-
myelites Virus,in Urban Sewage: An Examination of Its
Presence Over a Period of 12 Months. Can. Jour. Pub. Health,
U; 2h8 (1950).
23. Kelly, S. Mi Detection and Occurrence of Coxsackie Viruses in
Sewage. Amer. Jour. Pub. Health U3; 1532 (1953).
2k* Melnick, J. L., Emmons, J., Coffey, J. H. and Schoof, H* Seasonal
Distribution of Coxsackie Viruses in Urban Sewage and Flies*
Amer. Jour, Hyfe. ££) 16U (1?5U).
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232c
25. Melnick, J. L., Emmons, J., Optom, E. M. and Coffey, J. H.
Coxsackie Viruses from Sewage. Methodology Including an
Evaluation of the Grab Sample and Gauge Pad Collection
Procedures. Amer. Jour. Hyg. 59_j 185 (195U).
26, Oelfand, H. M. The Occurrence in Nature of the Coxsackie and
ECHO Viruses. Progr. Med. Virol. 3; 193 (1961).
27. Wiley, J. S., Chin, T. D., Gravelle, C. R. and Robinson, S.
Enterovirus in Sewage During a Poliomyelitis Epidemic.
Jour. Water Poll. Contr. Fed. 3J£J 168 (1962).
28. Kelly, S., Winsser, J. and Winkelstein, W., Jr. Poliomyelitis
and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage. Areer. Jour. Pub. '
Health U7j 72 (1957) . .
29. Clarke, N. A, and Kabler, P. W. Human Enteric Viruses ,in Sewage*
Health Lab. Sci. 1} UU (1961). . ' ;
30. Kelly, S. and Sanderson, W. W. Density of Enteroviruses in''" . • ,V • »,
Water. Jour. Wat. Poll. Contr. Fed. 3£j 1269 (19.60) i "••"•:
31. Bloom, H. H., Mack, W. W., Krueger, B. J. and Mailman, W^ L». ..', •:. ,r,: •, •'.
Identification of Enteroviruses in Sewage*1. Jour. Inf. Bis',''.'-' •• . •"•./
j 61 (1959). , • . '"-: :' v;'v;^
.32. Senault, R. Foliquet, J. M., Laurent, R., and Martin, 'J. M. A /; '/.:, ''•„.'
' ' . • Study of Septic Tank Effluents as a Factor of Environmentai r'.t;^'f:
Pollution by Faecal Viruses. Results of a Study in Meur - . '',.• ;:
the - et - Moselle. Revue. Hyg. Med, Sociale 13j 283 (1965),
33* Kabler, P, Removal of Pathogenic Microorganisms by Sewage Treat-
ment Processes. Sew. and Indus t. Wastes 31; 1373 (195>9).
3U« Berg, G. Virus Transmission by the Water Vehicle, III Removal of
Virus by Water Treatment Procedures, Health Lab, Sci. 3s 170
1966). . .. - *
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Edwin E. Geldreich
MR. GELDREICH: I have not.
MR. VOGT: You are not familial- with what is published
in the literature, then?
MR. GELDREICH: I have seen that, but this is not my
speciality.
MR. VOGT: You made a judgment here.
MR, GELDREICH: Yes, sir, based on bacterial determina-
tions.
MR. VOGT: But you are not familiar with the practice,
then, I mean of pre-chlorinating raw sewage before primary treatment
and then also post-chlorinating it?
MR. GELDREICH: I am aware of it.
MR. VOGT: Are you familiar with the results that can be
obtained?
MR. GELDREICH: Oh, yes. Excellent results could be
obtained if we have proper control of all these factors which I
briefly mentioned a few of -- pH, contact time, etc. But our problem
is, though you have at that point greatly reduced the bacterial con-
tent, we have not removed the nutrients which are still there in pri-
mary treated effluent, and we must be concerned downstream with these
nutrients for they do separate the natural, die-away of the organism
from one stretch of the stream to the other.
MR. VOGT: I will just comment we have experienced very
effective results of disinfection of sewage by chlorinating at pri-
mary treatment works, both pre and post, and then by bactericJogi cal
analyses of the effluent have demonstrated very effective removal of
the test organism is accomplished.
MR, GELDREICK: I remember a few years age I was up in
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Edwin EC Geldreich
your State in a conference with Mr. Purdy and I believe some of the
other staff. We did discuss this problem. One of the things that
we made a point of at that time that we are still concerned with is
if there is a new entry of pollution this nutrient material becomes
an excellent growth material downstream. True, we have removed the
bacterial population if we have done the job properly, but we still
have upset the natural die-away rate of that stream. If there is
some reentry or some new entry of sewage down from it, the organisms
are going to blossom out to aftergrowth phenomenon.
MR. VOGT: On page 3 you suggest that tuberculosis is
spread by water supplies, is that correct?
MR. GELDREICH: Yes, sir. I cite the literature for
that. There are several citations.
MR. VOGT: You cite that the tubercle bacilli have been
found in sewage plant effluent, which I don't think is in debate.
MR. GELDREICH: Yes, sir.
MR. VOGT: But what happens? Is this inferring that
possibly tuberculosis might be spread by drinking water? What is the
significance of this?
MR. GELDREICH; Our concern is that these organisms, just
like the coliform, will be reduced greatly by advanced waste treat-
ment and can be eliminated by chloiination and secondary treatment.
If they are not, we are concerned somewhere downstream they could
enter into a recreational area, and we are concerned not only with
what happens at the moment of discharge but we are concerned what
happens when that water reaches either a water intake or recreational
area downstream. Our concern, as you heard us many times state, we
are interested in the concept of multiple barriers to prevent the
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Edwin E. Geldreich
possible hazards of pathogens getting into our drinking water-
MR. VOGT: I have one more question, Mr. Chairman.
In your next to the last paragraph where you refer to
taconite tailings that might bring fecal organisms into the water
supply of public works intakes, has your study indicated this has
happened in Lake Superior?
MR. GELDREICH: We have some preliminary studies, they
are actually being done by the Duluth National Water Quality Laboratory,
and they have taken an entire pathogenic ecoli and have put this into
the water which is in the lake in varying amounts of taconite tailings
present and they find in their experiments that it is not toxic. The
organisms not only survive, they also increase in their laboratory
experiments. These are preliminary. They do increase at 4 centigrade,
which is rather remarkable. I think this is a tremendous area where
we must do more research. We must find the answers why this happens.
MR. VOGT: I don't think you answered my question. Are
you saying that the taconite tailings could bring or do bring these
organisms into the area of the public works?
MR. GELDREICH: Yes, sir, they could.
MR. VOGT: And do they? Have your studies indicated
that this is occuring in Lake Superior?
MR. GELDREICH: Using a code form indicator -- and for
years we have used this as an indicator of hazards in our work --we
find coliforms in this area of the water which is affected by taconite
tailings. We therefore conclude if coliforms are there we conclude
that pathogens are also there. But up to this point there has been
no attempt to isolate particular pathogens from that particular water.
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Edwin E. Geldreich
MR. VOGT: Are these coliforms brought into the area of
water intake by taconite tailings? Yes or no.
MR. GELDREICH: This is an area we must develop. It can
come from some area near the taconite where it is released, but,
more logically, as I have been trying to say here, it is very con-
venient for us to say it is a method of carrying these organisms if
it floats into an area where there is pollution coming out from the
tributary.
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any further questions?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
You know, Mr. Vogt raised the question on disinfecting
of chlorinating primary effluent. Presumably this can be done satis-
factorily in a laboratory. I wonder if any of you people with vast
experience know whether on a 365-day-a-year basis, where they
chlorinate primary effluent from a sewage treatment plant that is
actually in the field this is satisfactory in killing the pathogens,,
MR VOGT: I will answer that for you, Mr. Stein. Your
question about chlorinating primary effluent, I think if I would
answer it just the way you posed it there, probably the answer would
be no, that you cannot do a satisfactory job0 But that is not the
method of choice for disinfection where only primary treatment is
provided„ At least the method of choice that we believe to be the
most effective is to chlorinate the sewage, the raw sewage, as it
comes to the primary sewage treatment plant so that the chlorine
residual is maintained throughout the entire treatment process and
then an additional shot of chlorine is added to the settled effluent
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Thomas L. Kimball
to improve the disinfection. By this method of dual disinfection,
you might call it, or we sometimes refer to it as split chlorination
where chlorine is added to the raw and settled sewage, we have found
that very effective disinfection is obtained.
MR. STEIN: Where is it done on a 365-day basis?
MR. VOGT: It is done 365 days in Michigan.
MR. STEIN: Where?
MR. VOGT: In some of our primary plants, where we do have
primary treatment plants«
MR. DOMINICK: Fine. Thank you very mucho
Are there any further questions?
We have with us today Thomas Lo Kimball, the Executive
Director of the National Wildlife Federation.
It has been brought to my attention that Mr. Kimball has
to catch a plane back to Washington very shortly, so we will suspend
with the FWPCA presentations at this time to hear from Thomas Kimball„
(Applause„)
STATEMENT OF THOMAS L. KIMBALL,
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, NATIONAL
WILDLIFE FEDERARATION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
MR. KIMBALL: Mr. Commissioner, conferees, and ladies and
gentlemen:
I want to express my appreciation for the opportunity to
appear before you today to share the concern of the National Wildlife
Federation's 2-1/2 million supporters for the pollution problems
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Thomas L. Kimball
facing one of our country's greatest aquatic resources, Lake Superior,,
This concern is a logical reflection of the Federation's
historic interest in water pollution abatement from support of the
original Federal Water Pollution Control Act through the more recent
and vital nondegradation policy of the Interior Department.
But in addition to bringing to you the spirit of my
organization's concern, I want to briefly relate some pertinent
findings of the Gallup Survey we recently commissioned to plumb the
public's attitudes toward their natural surroundings.
In general , the survey found that 86 percent of the
citizens in this country are concerned about the effects of air
pollution, water pollution, soil erosion and wildlife destruction.
Air and water pollution, in that order, were considered the most
overwhelming environmental problems, and they were ranked so close
together the difference isn't statistically significant.
In addition, the survey revealed that three out of four
of our citizens said they would be willing to pay more taxes if the
money could be earmarked to combat the deterioration of the natural
environment. That should answer some of the questions raised before
this conference as to whether or not the people would be willing to
pay. And certainly, in my view, this conference has indicated, at
least to this moment, that we have the technology to do much more
than we are currently doing. I think this willingness on the part of
the people to pay is quite significant. In the light of the current
tax revolution and I would wager virtually every elective representa-
tive in Washington would agree that the public is generally disenchanted
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Thomas L. Kimball
with the current tax structure --a public declaration of willingness
to pay more taxes is a revealing barometer of the public's desire to
clean up the Nation's air and water.
Yes, the Federal Government has made a national commit-
ment to cleaning up and preventing water pollution. The publis has
demonstrated its concern and willingness to support that commitment.
And now the eyes of the Nation are focused on the Great Lakes --
immense bodies of freshwater of tremendous national importance for
transportation, commerce, fish, wildlife and recreation -- and pollution
problems of commensurate magnitude.
Lake Erie is a national, even international, disgrace. A
testimony to an inane, cavalier attitude of our affluent society that
has become an effluent society that is bearing bitter fruit.
Lake Michigan has its pollution problems, too: the
municipal-industrial wastes of the Chicago-Gary-Hammond area; and, as
I stand here, millions of tons of DDT are slowly climbing the lakes'
ecological ladder to haunt, perhaps even terrify, us in the future.
In comparison, Lake Superior is as pure as a mountain
brook. And our organization is dedicated to seeing that it stays
that way.
One of the major problems at hand is the discharge of
taconite tailings into the lake by the Reserve Mining Company. A
review of the Interior Department report on the environmental impact
of this waste disposal into the lake gives rise to deep concern for
preserving the lake's claim to relative cleanliness.
Though you will hear them many times today, I'm sure, a
number of the report's conclusions bear repeating:
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Thomas L. Kimball
The total discharge of taconite tailings by the Reserve
Mining Company in a 12-day period equals the annual sediment contribu-
tion to Lake Superior by all United States tributaries.
The original permits issued to the Reserve Mining Company
permitted the dumping of tailings in a speicified area of the lake.
There is evidence, however, that much of the lighter, suspended
materials are not deposited in the deep trough as intended, but move
a considerable distance downshore with the lake currents. In fact, it
is my understanding that some of these suspended particles are now
appearing in the water supply system of the city of Duluth.
These suspended solids have been found at least 15 miles
downshore from the place of deposition. This material has increased
turbidity and undoubtedly has had a deleterious effect on bottom-
dwelling organisms. The report also concluded the water quality
criteria recommended by the Technical Advisory Committee for zinc,
cadmium, and phosphorus for aquatic life production are being exceeded.
\
In my view, the report's most significant conclusion was
that there are reasonable alternatives to dumping the taconite tailings
into Lake Superior. The Bureau of Mines examined a stilling basin
located approximately 5 miles from the Reserve plant and proposed it
as a possible alternative waste disposal site. This area appeared
the closest, and therefore the most economical, on-land disposal area
available to the mining company.
The waste effluent would be pumped uphill to a settling
basin and wastewater drawn off at a lower point for recycling and
wash water. On a very preliminary basis, it was estimated that the
capital investment in dike constuction, pipeline, pumps and thickener
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Thomas L. Kimball
would be approximately $7.5 million for an initial capacity of 55
million tons of tailings (about 3 years' production). Average annual
operating and dike rise cost would be $3.3 million. Assuming a 10 year
depreciation of the initial capital investment, plus the operating
costs per year, the added unit cost would be roughly $4 or 40<; per ton
or 3 percent of the value ($12.80 per ton) of taconite and products.
There are those who will argue the point that we have no
proof the pollution by the mining company has had any direct measurable
effect on fish populations or that it poses any hazard to human health
or to the lake's esthetic values. However, it is the hope of my
organization that remedial action can be taken to abate pollution
prior to the time that we have dead fish, health problems, or before
it detracts from the aesthetic values of clean water.
I was very pleased to hear John Blatnik pledge his support
to an action program to clean up pollution in this lake wherever it
occurs, and I would like to add my voice to his and pledge the support
of my organization, and I think we can speak for the citizens of this
country that we want action now.
Although I have dealt at some length with the problem of
taconite tailings pollution, this is not the only source of pollutants
entering Lake Superior. The lake is also under attack by the residues
of municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities.
But whatever the source, we must not delay in abatement.
We have learned by painful experience that it is poor business to
pollute now and pay later.
In the face of a national water crisis, we simply cannot
afford to gamble with the quality of one of our largest bodies of
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Thomas L. Kimball
freshwater,,
Pollution abatement in Lake Superior, as in the rest of
the United States, must be considered an integral part of doing
business, and that is on the part of any industry. And, Mr» Chairman,
let me assure you the eyes of the Nation are upon Lake Superior to
see what pollution abatement and preventive actions are taken in view
of the Federal Government national commitment to clean water, and the
public's desire to see that commitment carried out.
To that end the National Wildlife Federation concurs with
the general recommendations by the Interior Department which are aimed
at maintaining Lake Superior's status as the cleanest of the Great
Lakes:
"All municipalities should provide secondary treatment
of wastes by January 1973" -- We have already heard that technology
is at hand to preserve our clean water, to provide this type of
treatment, and that it can be done at a nominal cost -- "and industries
should provide an equivalent treatment by the same date."
Certainly if ws can get this team of industry and munici-
palities to do the job we would be well on the way to the accomplishment
of our goals.
"Continuous disinfection of all wastes should be provided
by May 1970.
"Eighty percent of phosphorus, a substance which spurs
the growth of algae, should be removed from wastes by January 1973.
"Combined sewers should be separated or pollution from
this source controlled in some other manner by October 1977 to prevent
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Thomas L. Kimball
contamination as a result of storm water overflow.
"Controls should be adopted to limit concentrations of a
pesticides."
Let's not have a repetition in Superior of what has already
happened in Lake Michigan. My understanding is if they never applied
another ounce of DDT there, it would be some 20 years or more before
the levels of those persistent chemicals are at least removed or at
least turned downward in that particular lake, and no telling what
will happen if they continue to apply it.
"Uniform rules and regulations should be enacted to
control wastes from watercrafto"
And finally:
"Dumping of polluted dredgings into the lake should be
prohibited."
Mr. Commissioner, I heard in this meeting comments about
a fact-finding conference. I read the Federal law and I read about
conferences and I read about facts, and certainly this is one of the
purposes of a conference. But I think the people will judge this
conference by what actions are taken. If we find that we need additional
facts, let's certainly collect them. But I, for one -- and here again
I am sure I speak for the citizens at large -- am hopeful that we have
sufficient facts now that some action can be taken on the facts that
we have.
Let's get together with industry, with our municipalities,
with agriculture, let's work out the problems. But if they won't do
it willingly, then I think it is the responsibility of the people who
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Thomas L. Kimball
are taxpayers to take whatever action is necessary to clean up the
water. I hope, speaking as one citizen, that it will not be necessary
for the citizens to take the kind of action that our governmental
agencies won't. This means if we have to we will have to go to the
other branches of Government, in this case the Judiciary, to see if
the pollution abatement laws of this country are really being
administered in the proper manner. And if the citizens are able to
do it, where our executive agencies fail, in my view this would be a
tremendous travesty of justice, it would ba a terrible indictment,
really, of our democartic system in this country. We have 86 percent
of our citizens on an unbiased survey who have indicated their deep
concern about the quality of our environment. They have indicated a
willingness to pay the bill in order to accomplish the task, and what
clearer mandate can the Executive agencies of our Government have to
do the job of what it takes to maintain clean water.
Now, let's have Lake Superior for generations yet unborn
in a condition that is clean so they can enjoy it as God made it, not
like it looks after man got through with it.
Thank you.
(Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you very much, Mr. Kimball, for a
very constructive and informative statement. I think we all owe you
and your Federation a great deal of thanks for the initiative which
you took in commissioning the Gallup survey. That was a real public
service --an eye-opener to everyone who is concerned with pollution.
We are grateful to you for coming and speaking in such a positive
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Donald I. Mount
manner today.
MR. BADALICH: I believe Mr. Kimball has left the audience.
But I, certainly, on behalf of Minnesota, appreciate his comments and
I think they are very well founded, and I wish he could preach his
remarks to the so-called municipalities and industries that were
compelled to issue enforcement orders and studies etc. This would be
a very good speech to give to each particular municipality, because
we are faced with the problem of trying to comply with our orders. It
seems money is a problem. But according to Mr. Kimball on the survey
he conducted, this seemed to be a minimal task insofar as gaining
public support. I wish this could be transmitted to him.
Secondly, a statement was made on Reserve Mining operations
and we have invited Reserve Mining Company to appear as a witness for
the State of Minnesota to explain their particular matter. I think
the problem of the deposition of this material outside the lake area
into the highly concentrated resort area, which is approximately 5 miles
north of the plant, will be brought to light and explained. I wish
Mr. Kimball could be here for this explanation. I am sure people
realize this is not a problem that is very easily overcome.
MR. DOMINICK: We will hear now from Dr. Donald Mount,
the Director of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
National Water Quality Laboratory, here in Duluth. Dr., Mount will
discuss some of the information discussed on Pages 27 and 28 of the
report.
Dr. Mount.
(Applause.)
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246
Donald I. Mount
STATEMENT OF DR. DONALD I. MOUNT,
DIRECTOR, NATIONAL WATER QUALITY
LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, DULUTH,
MINNESOTA
ACCOMPANIED BY R. W. ANDREW,
RESEARCH CHEMIST, NATIONAL WATER
QUALITY LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,
DULUTH, MINNESOTA
DR. MOUNT: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and gentlemen:
The question of tailings distribution in Lake Superior
has been the subject of considerable discussion during recent years.
In a report entitled "Report on Tests for Taconite Residuals in
Lake Superior 1957 and 1958," by the Minnesota Department of Health,
Division of Environmental Sanitation, the X-ray diffraction methods
was used to determine the presence of taconite tailings "on the bottom
or in the water extending from the tailings launder out into the lake
as far as 5 miles and along the shore to the south and north up to
12 miles."
Mr. Robert Andrew, Research Chemist on my staff at the
National Water Quality Laboratory, has used this same method to
determine the tailings in samples collected at various locations8
Mr. Andrew received his graduate training in soil science at Ohio
State and Wisconsin University and minored in minerology. Mr. Andrew
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247
Donald I. Mount - Robert Andrew
will discuss current methods used to identify cummingtonite in samples
and the utility of that mineral to trace tailings.
MR. ANDREW: Thank you.
Mr. Chairman, conferees:
The mineralogical nature of the taconite tailings makes
them ideally suited for study and analysis by X-ray diffraction
methods. This method is the most widely used means of studying mineral,
soil, and sediment materials, and is a highly sensitive one. It is used,
for example, by the F.B.I, and other agencies for the identification and
characterization of individual dust particles and paint flecks that may
weigh less than one milligram. In the present work we have easily been
able to identify the individual minerals in Lake Superior water in
suspension at concentrations of less than 1 mg/1, (Ippm).
The X-ray diffraction method is generally semiquantitative,
but by preparation of standard curves from mixtures of standard minerals,
the method can be made quite quantitative with accuracy limited only to
the gravimetric accuracy of preparation of the standard mixtures. A
solid sample is mounted on a glass slide or similar sample holder, and
a beam of X-rays is "projected" on a sample, the diffracted ("reflected")
X-rays are measured in an arc around the sample using an electronic X-ray
detector and recorder. In the case of water samples or sediment suspen-
sions, the samples are filtered through a .45 micron membrane filter to
collect the suspended solids, and the membrane is then mounted on the
sample holder.
For identification purposes the angular location and
intensity of the "reflected" peaks for an unknown material are compared
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248
Donald I. Mount - Robert Andrew
with those of mineral and chemical standards in a card file published
and maintained by the American Society for Testing Materials.
The method is highly specific and rarely is there any
question as to identification of the mineral materials present, except
in the case of complex mixtures. Even in these cases, the X-ray
diffraction pattern may be used to "fingerprint" the material, even
though the exact composition of the mixture is not known. Such
mixtures are usually easily resolved by chemical treatments.
METHODS
For the present study, water, tailings, suspended sediments,
and bottom sediment samples have been analyzed using X-ray diffraction
techniques. Except in the very early phases of the study, sedimenta-
tion and/or centrifuge techniques have been used to separate and to
define the particle size ranges of the suspended or solid materials
prior to analysis. In each case the weights and percentage of the
various size fractions have been determined.
The purpose of these size separations was twofold:
(1) Separation of sample sediments into size fractions
segregates certain mineral groups and greatly improves the resolution
and accuracy of the X-ray diffraction analysis.
(2) The analytical results for the various size fractions
can be much more closely related to movement or transport of the particles
in suspension in the waters of the lake.
The X-ray diffraction analysis were made for the most part on
the less than two micron size particles, since these particles are most
easily transported in suspension. A 2 micron particle, for example,
settles at a rate of less than 1 foot per day in the cold waters of
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249
Donald I. Mount - Robert Andrew
Lake Superior, and thus can be transported many miles by the lake
currents before settling to the bottom0
Quantitative estimates of the percentages of the various
minerals present in the samples were made by visual comparison of
X-ray diffraction patterns and corresponding peak heights with
cummingtonite and other mineral standards similarly prepared and
analyzed. The percentage of taconite tailings present was estimated,
using the peak height of the 8.3 angstrom peak of cummingtonite, and
compared with the X-ray patterns of various size fractions of a
composite tailings sample.
In some cases these estimates have been confirmed by
additional heavy liquid and fusion separation methods. However, these
techniques have been used on a limited number of samples, and additional
work is in progress in this area.
Visual estimates based on peak height in this manner are
accurate to approximately 5 percent of the mineral content in a
given fraction. However, when a mineral such as cummingtonite is
only found in a single size fraction, as in the Duluth water plant
samples, which will be shown in a short while, the over-all accuracy
in the whole sample is improved. For example, a mineral making up
30 percent plus or minus 5 percent of the clay fraction (less than
2 microns) of a sample having 10 percent clay, is 3 percent plus or
minus 005 percent.
DISCUSSION
Mineralogically, the finer fractions of the taconite
tailings are composed, of quartz, cummingtonite, some noncrystalline
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250
Donald I. Mount - Robert Andrew
iron oxides, and small quantities of the clay minerals chlorite,
vermiculite, and montmorillonite. Of these minerals only cumming-
tonite can be used to definitively identify and trace the tailings
at any appreciable distance from the discharge because quartz and
the other minerals are quite common in the soils and sediments of
the Lake Superior Basin.
Cummingtonite, which is a magnesium silicate mineral
(classed as an amphibole) comprises approximately 1/3 of the fine
fractions of the taconite tailings. Grunerite, and iron silicate
with a similar structure and X-ray diffraction pattern is also
present in very small amounts, but the proportion of the two varies
from sample to sample and within various fractions of the same sample.
Cummingtonite and grunerite are less common minerals of the amphibole
group and their distribution in the Lake Superior Basin is limited
exclusively to the taconites found in the Biwabik formations. They
are not -- and I repeat they are not — common in the ores or rocks
of the western part of the Mesabi Range.
In the natural soils, sediments, and glacial deposits
of the basin, the amphiboles, including Cummingtonite, are found
entirely in the coarser sand and silt fractions, where they comprise
usually less than 10 percent of those fractions. Cummingtonite and
the other amphiboles are not normally found in the finer fractions
(less than 2 micron) of the natural soils and sediments of the basin.
In summary, we have used X-ray diffraction methods to
show the unique mineralogical nature of the taconite tailings.
Similar studies of the natural stream sediments of the
basin have shown that Cummingtonite, a dominant mineral in the
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251
Donald I. Mount - Robert Andrew
tailings, is absent in the fine fractions, which are those most easily
carried in suspension in the waters of the lake.
Thank you.
DR. MOUNT: In order to further establish the validity of
the use of cummingtonite and to follow the movement of tailings, I
would like to read the following letter addressed to Mr. Dale Bryson
from William C, Phinney, Professor of Geology:
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252
-3 / .
UNIVERSITY OF
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY • SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS • MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55455
May 6, 1969
Mr. Dale S. Bryson
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
East 58th Street and 40th Avenue South
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55450
Dear Mr. Bryson:
In answer to your query concerning the possible sources of cununingtonite
which might drain into Lake Superior, I can give you the following infor-
mation.
1. All of the streams from Duluth northeastward and draining into
Lake Superior have their entire courses in rocks which do not contain
cummintonite. Most of the bedrock in the area consists of volcanic flows
and gabbroic to intermediate igneous rocks none of which are known to
contain cummingtonite. The only possible source of any cununingtonite in
this area might be from material in the surficial glacial deposits but in
all of the studies of this material the rock fragments are essentially
all from rock types which do not contain cummingtonite. IB wduld appear
essentially impossible to me that this glacial drift could provide a
measurable amount of cummingtonite in the streams draining through it.
2. The only known occurrence of cummingtonite in the drainage area
within Minnesota leading to Lake Superior is at the eastern end of the
Mesabi Range. There is only a small strip of metamorphosed iron-formation
from about 3 or 4 miles N.E. of Mesaba to Birch Lake which contains
cummingtonite. Most of this area from 3 miles south of Babbitt northeast-
ward to Birch Lake drains through the Dunka River Watershed which drains
northward to Birch Lake and Rainy River rather than Lake Superior. Only
a small area which drains into the Partridge River could supply any
cummingtonite to Lake Superior via the St. Louis River. However, the
drainage is so sluggish, with several swamps and lakes occurring between
the the cummingtonite source area and the St. Louis River, that it seems
unlikely for a significant amount of cummingtonite to reach the St. Louis
River, let alone Lake Superior.
Sincerely yours,
William C. Phinney7
Professor of Geology
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253
Donald I. Mount
Mr. Chairman, I will presently use five slides, Slides 1,
2, 4, and 5 are included in the back of the printed material that I
have given you, and I would request, if possible, that Slide 3 be made
an exhibit to the conference.
Utilizing the described technique of tracing tailings,
their distribution was determined. Detailed examination of the bottom
sediments and water samples in 13 tributary streams to Lake Superior
failed to reveal more than a trace of any of the amphiboles in this
2 micron size fraction. A trace was found in a single sample from
the Nemadji River. The northeastsrnmost stream sampled was a creek
entering the lake near Grand Portage, Minnesota. Cummingtonite was
absent in this stream, as well as in the following rivers: Devil's
Track, Temperance, Baptism, Beaver, Gooseberry, Stewart, French,
Lester, and the St. Louis, as well as two streams in Wisconsin, the
Nemadji and the Brule. The absence of Cummingtonite in the fine
sediment fractions of these tributary streams ranging from the Canadian
border to Duluth indicates that the contribution of Cummingtonite in Vh
watershed of concern is minimal.
Slide 1 shows typical X-ray diffraction patterns of the
clay minerals that are found in the natural stream sediments of the
Minnesota and Wisconsin tributaries.
(Slide 1 follows:)
-------
SLIDE 1
254
GOOSEBERRY R.
SEDCMENT
ST. LOUIS R.
SEDIMENT
CUMM1NGTONITE
30
26
i
22
i
18
i
14
10
ANGLE 29, DEGREES
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255
Donald I. Mount
The upper, or Gooseberry River pattern, is typical of the sediments
of the North Shore tributaries. The pattern at the bottom of the
slide is typical of the mineralogical composition of the sediments
of the St. Louis and Nemadji Rivers. Notice the absence of a defined
peak at the point designated for cummingtonite.
Slide 2 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern for a composite
sample of tailings two microns and less in particle size.
(Slide 2 follows:)
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256
SLIDE 2
QUARTZ
I
CUMMINGTONITE
30
26
TACONITE
TAILINGS
CUMMINGTONITE
SPLIT ROCK
GREEN WATER
SOLIDS
22 18 14 10
ANGLE 20, DEGREES
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257
Donald I. Mount
Note the two large peaks designated as cummingtonite in the X-ray
pattern of the taconite tailings. Fhe smaller peaks designated with
a "C" are also cummingtcnite. These are additional peaks that help
to further identify cummingtonite as a distinct mineral of the
amphibole group. The lower curve is an X-ray diffraction pattern of
the suspended solids filtered from a sample of green water taken just
off Split Rock Lighthouse Bay in Lake Superior. This particular
sample contained approximately 3 milligrams per liter of suspended
solids and was taken fro.n a green water mass. The most important
point to be made is the strong similarity of the X-ray patterns of
the sample and the tailings. All of the peaks are approximately the
same height and are located in the same positions. This indicates
that the suspended solids filtered from the water are of identical
mineralogical composition to the taconite tailings.
Slide 3, taken under water just off the Reserve Mining
effluent delta, shows one of our scuba divers near a dense cloud of
taconite tailings in suspension and pealing off the heavy density
current.
(Slide 3 was not entered into the record.)
Notice the cloudy or fog-like appearance of the tailings around the
diver. Observations of the divers at distances several hundred feet
from the tailings delta indicate that the cloudy or foggy appearance
of the tailings in suspension changes gradually to a green water
appearance that was visible from the shoreline. Analysis of samples
collected by the divers indicate that the only difference between the
materials in the grey clouds and green water is the concentration of
*0n file FWPCA, Washington, DeC. and the Regional Office, Chicago,
Illinois.
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258
Donald I„ Mount
the suspended solids. Mineralogically these solids are identical to
the fine fractions of the tailings. Samples of green water collected
along the Wisconsin shore after runoff following a rain did not contain
tailings.
There is no implication intended that green water is caused
by tailings. Some is, however.
Analysis of sediment samples from the water treatment
plants of communities located along the North Shore of Lake Superior
A
were made. Slide 4 shov^in the upper curve, the X-ray diffraction
pattern that was obtained for the less 'than 2 micron fraction of the
dediinent from the Beaver Bay, Minnesota, water treatment plant.
(Slide 4 follows:)
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259
SLIDE .'*
QUARTZ
CUMMINGTONITE
BEAVER BAY, MINN.
WATER PLANT
SEDIMENT
CUMMINGTONITE
TWO HARBORS, MINN.
WATER PLANT
SEDIMENT
CUMMINGTONITE
30
26
22
18
i
14
10
T
6
—l
4
ANGLE 20, DEGREES
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260
Donald I. Mount
In this X-ray diffraction pattern there is a strong similarity to the
one shown earlier for the taconite tailings and for the solids filtered
from the green water. The principal cummingtonite peak, in comparison
with the quartz peak on the left, is slightly lower and you will notice
also a smaller peak to the left of the main cummingtonite peak, which
indicates that a small amount of the clay mineral kaolinite is present
in the sample. This peak was not present in the two X-ray diffraction
patterns shown earlier. There is, then, some natural sediment material
besides the taconite tailings. From X-ray analyses of all fractions
of this sediment, however, it is estimated that the sediment in the
Beaver Bay water plant is approximately 85 percent or more taconite
tailings. The lower curve is a similar X-ray diffraction pattern
obtained for the less than 2 micron fraction of the sediment from the
Two Harbors, Minnesota, water treatment plant. In this case, the
cummingtonite peaks are much lower than in the upper pattern, and
peaks of the clay minerals on either side are much stronger. Thus,
there has been a considerable dilution of the taconite tailings with
natural sediments by the time the material has reached the intake to
the water treatment plant at Two Harbors. Estimates indicate that
approximately 15 percent of the sediment in the plant is taconite
tailings.
The last slide shows three X-ray diffraction patterns of
sediment collected at various times from the detention basin of the
Duluth, Minnesota, water treatment plant.
(Slide 5 follows:)
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261
DULUTH8 1969
FUSION RESIDUE
SLIDE r>
CUMMINGTONITElii
30
26
CUMMINGTONSTE
DULUTH, MINN
I96S
DULUTH, MINN.
1962
22 18 14 10
ANGLE 20, DEGREES
T I
6 4
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262
Donald I. Mount
The lower curve is from the sediment collected in 1962. In this case
there is a complete absence of a cummingtonite peak. In the center
curve, from a sample collected in April 1969, you will notice a cumming-
tonite peak which is slightly less than the peak at the Two Harbors water
plant. Notice also the change in abundance of clay minerals in this
particular sample. We estimate that the sediment in the Duluth plant
contains approximately 7 to 9 percent taconite tailings.
In order to verify our identification and to further
strengthen the quantitative results obtained on the 1969 Duluth,
Minnesota, sample shown in the center curve, we have carried out some
additional chemical tests on this particular sample. The results of
these tests are shown in the upper curve. For this X-ray pattern,
all of the clay minerals have been removed by a chemical treatment
developed in our laboratory, leaving only the residue of quartz and
cummingtonite (the principal minerals found in the taconite tailings)--
in the small size fraction, I should add. This greatly simplifies the
quantitative estimates of the minerals that are present since only
cummingtonite and quartz are left in the residue and we are dealing
with a 2-mineral mixture rather than a 4 or 5. Since the weight of the
residue is known, an upper limit is placed on the percentage
of the original sample that is composed of tailings.
Additional X-ray analyses were made of sediments from the
water plant at Grant Marais, Minnesota, and from the water detention
tank at the Grand Portage National Monument at Grand Portage. A trace
(less than 1 percent) of taconite tailings was found in sediment from
the Grand Marais plant, but none was found at Grand Portage.
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262a
Donald I„ Mount
In addition to the sediment samples that have been
collected from the various water treatment plants along the North
Shore, we have also used X-ray diffraction for the analysis of
sediment samples collected from toilet flush tanks in private homes
in Grand Portage, Grand Marais, Beaver Bay, Two Harbors, and Duluth.
In all cases the sediments collected from the toilet flush tanks had
similar X-ray diffraction patterns to those found in the sediments
collected in the detention basins of the various water treatment
plants. A sediment sample from a flush tank in Proctor (served by
the Duluth water system) produced a pattern similar to that obtained
from the sediment in the Duluth water plant. This home is over 15
miles away from the Duluth Water Treatment Plant.
In summary, tailings were found in the water supplies of
Grand Marais, Beaver Bay, Two Harbors, and Duluth. They were absent
in a sediment sample taken in the Duluth water plant. Tailings con-
stituted a larger percent of the suspended solids in the plants
closest to the Reserve discharge.
Tailings were also prominent in "green water" samples
collected along the North Shore and apparently cause the green
appearance at certain times. Not all green water is caused by tailings.
And green water caused by runoff from the Wisconsin shore did not
contain tailings during late 1968.
(Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Dr. Mount, for a very excellent
report.
Do we have any questions?
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263
Charles R. Collier
MR. PURDY: Dr. Mount, were any collections taken and
analyzed on any water other than Minnesota waters?
DR. MOUNT: We have gathered a great deal of data and
have done many experiments since the taconite study group began in
March of 1968. We are concluding in our report at this time the
results that we feel that we can stand on.
MR. PURDY: You are only reporting on results from
Minnesota waters at the present time?
DR. MOUNT: The results I gave here without exception are
from Minnesota, with the exception of the Brule and Nemadji.
MR. PURDY: Thank you»
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any other questions?
Mr» Charles Collier, who is the District Chief of the
U. S. Geological Survey of St. Paul will comment on Conclusions 1 and
2 presented on Page 27 of the report.
Mr. Collier.
(Applause.)
STATEMENT OF CHARLES R. COLLIER,
DISTRICT CHIEF, U. S. GEOLOGICAL
SURVEY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
MR. COLLIER: Mr. Chairman and conferees:
The Water R sources Division, U. S. Geological Survey,
U. S. Department of the Interior, welcomes the opportunity to
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Charles R. Collier
participate in this conference. The Geological Survey has responsibility
for the collection of basic data on the water resources of the Nation
and for the analysis and interpretation of these data for use by others
in the conservation, development, and management of the resource. We
are, therefore, extremely interested in this conference and in the
conclusions or actions which may result.
Before discussing sedimentation in Lake Superior and its
tributaries, I would like to make available to the conference the
following four tables of water quality analyses. These chemical
analyses, for the Pigeon, Baptism, Beaver Bay, and St. Louis Rivers
in Minnesota, were obtained during the summer of 1968 and are not yet
published in the annual series, Water Resources Data for Minnesota.
(The four tables of water quality analyses follows:)
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269
Charles R. Collier
The chemical characteristics of these four streams are similar and
are probably representative of the water quality of many of the
streams along the north shore of Lake Superior. Of the several minor
elements analyzed, small concentrations of copper, zinc, strontium,
and arsenic were found in some samples.
Sediment, the product of the natural processes of weathering
and erosion of the rock and soil of a watershed, is transported into
Lake Superior by its many tributary streams. Erosion and transport of
this sediment is influenced to some degree by changes in land use,
vegetative cover of the soil, construction in the basin, and by other
cultural improvements. Sedimentation is, however, a natural process
and cannot be completely eliminated.
Although the sediment yield of each tributary to Lake
Superior has not been measured, past investigations have provided data
sufficient for estimates of the general magnitude of the sediment
yields and have delineated problem areas.
The average annual sediment yield of the Pigeon, Baptism,
Beaver Bay, and St. Louis River Basins in Minnesota was estimated to
range from 5.6 to 17 tons per square mile and average about 10 tons
per square mile per year throughout the total drainage area of these
basins . This yield is of the same magnitude as that for basins in
the Superior Uplands physiographic province reported in Appendix G,
Fluvial Sediment, Upper Mississippi River Comprehensive Basin Study,
and may also be representative of the yield from the many Canadian
streams along the north shore of Lake Superior.
Collier, C. R. , 1968, Preliminary report on streamflow conditions and
sedimentation in the vicinity of Silver Bay, Minnesota, U. S. Geological
Survey, November 1968.
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270
Charles R. Collier
In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan the reported annual
sediment yields for the East Branch Escanaba and Michigamme River
2
Basins were 2-1/2 to 3 tons per square mile or less . Because of
similar physiographic setting, and from less frequent measurements
on streams tributary to Lake Superior, it is reasonable that most
of the Lake Superior Basin in Michigan would have sediment yields
of similar magnitude.
Along the south shore of Lake Superior the Wisconsin
streams have considerably higher sediment yields. Limited data on
the Bad River near Odanah, for example, indicate a long term average
yield of about 270 tons per square mile. One of the most severely
eroded and high sediment-producing areas in the Lake Superior Basin
is the red clay area in northwestern Wisconsin. Sediment discharge
data of streams draining this area are not available at this time„
The problem has been recognized by interested State and Federal
agencies, and is now under investigation „
Compared to yields in other areas of the country, the
sediment yields of streams tributary to Lake Superior are generally
very low. In the agricultural areas of the Missouri and Ohio River
Basins, for example, average annual sediment yields of streams are
seldom less than 100 tons per square mile and some streams have
sediment yields in excess of 1,000 tons per square mile.
o
R. F. Flint, 1967, in U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1842,
"Water resources of the Mdrquette Iron Range area, Michigan", by
S. W. Wiitala and others.
3
Erosion and sedimentation control on the red clay soils of northwestern
Wisconsin, Red Clay Interagency Committee, 1967.
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271
Charles R. Collier
The largest single source of solid material entering
Lake Superior along the Minnesota shore is the taconite processing
plant at Silver Bay. The plant, operated since 1955 by Reserve
Mining Company, now discharges about 62,000 long tons of waste
material per day to Lake Superior. These tailings are discharged
from the plant in a thin slurry through flumes or "launders" and
onto a delta formed by the tailings. From the end of the launders
the water and tailings material flows over the surface of the delta
in continuously shifting and meandering streams to the edge of the
delta and into Lake Superior. Reserve Mining Company has reported
that about 45 percent of the tailings remain on the delta and about
55 percent are carried into Lake Superior.
The particle-size distributions of the taconite tailings
were determined by the visual accumulation tube and pipette methods
of analysis. These analyses are based upon the fall velocities of
spherical particles through quiescent water by application of Stokes1
law, and closely reflect the effective particle size of the material
in water. The resulting particle-size distributions are determined
as sedimentation diameters, defined as the diameter of a sphere that
has the same specific gravity and has the same terminal uniform
settling velocity as the given particle in the same sedimentation
±luid4.
Although it is recognized that sediment particles are not
spherical in shape and shape does affect the fall velocities of
4
Report No. 12, Some fundamentals of particle size analysis, Interagency
Committee on Water Resources. Subcommittee on Sedimentation, December 1957
Government Printing Office.
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272
Charles R. Collier
particles, the diameters obtained by these hydraulic methods are the
accepted parameters of study of the small sediment particle. Sedimenta-
tion diameters are a function of the settling rates and are of more
importance than the actual diameters „ Stokes' law expresses the
terminal fall velocity of a sphere whose fall is dependent only upon
the viscous effects of the fluid. It is valid throughout the range
of particle sizes between those large enough to have drag resistance
and those so small that they remain in colloidal suspension. It is
applicable for the size of particles which are apt to be transported
into Lake Superior beyond the face of the tailings delta.
Stokes1 law considers density and diameter of the particle,
density of the fluid, acceleration due to gravity, and the dynamic
(absolute) viscosity of the fluid. It is expressed as:
v = 1 (61 - 62) gr2
u
where v = velocity of fall in cm/sec
1 = density of sphere in gm/cm
e 3
2 = density of fluid in gm/cm
g = acceleration due to gravity (981 cm/sec/sec)
r = radius of sphere in cm
2
u = dynamic viscosity of the fluid in dyne-sec/cm
The terminal fall velocities of individual particles of
various sizes of taconite tailings were computed using a specific
gravity of 3.00 for the tailings, and a water temperature of 40 degrees
Fahrenheit, about 4 degrees centigrade, as representative of the
temperature of Lake Superior 0 The velocities were:
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273
Charles R. Collier
Particle
Diameter
(millimeter)
0.062
0.016
0.004
Terminal
Fall
Velocity
(cm/sec^
0.259
C.0172
0.00108
Terminal
Fall
Velocity
(ft/hr)
30.6
2.04
0.127
The particle-size distribution of the total tailings
determined from a single sample supplied by Reserve Mining Company
was 56 percent sand (2.0 to 0.062 millimeters diameter), 39 percent
silt (0.062 to 0.004 millimeters), and 5 percent clay (less than
0.004 millimeters), Figure 1.
(Figure 1 follows:)
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274
H3Ki.ii
- 10
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275
Charles R. Collier
These results agree closely, particularly for the smaller sizes,
with the analysis reported by Reserve Mining Company. Near the edge
of the delta, the particle size distribution of the tailings in
transport by the streams on the delta was 30 percent sand, 61 percent
silt, and 9 percent clay. The difference in these analyses indicate
that more of the sand and larger silt-sized particles are deposited
on the face of the delta.
The water, containing a heavy concentration of fine
tailings, flows into the lake along the face of the delta. Because
of the high concentration of fine tailings, a density current is
formed which flows downward along the face of the delta. The tailings
particles do not settle at their respective settling velocities but
are carried downward by the density current. The extent and duration
of this current is not known. The material does not spread over the
surface of the lake but sinks rapidly from sight within a few feet
from the edge of the delta.
However, some of the material has been observed to break
away from the density current by the action of local lake currents,
and form what appears to be clouds of fine tailings. As the material
in these clouds is gradually dispersed and the concentration of
particles is decreased, the individual particles will assume their
fall velocities and begin settling to the bottom. The fall velocities
of the small particles are extremely slow and the lake currents
described earlier this morning are sufficient to carry the particles
for long distances before they are deposited on the lakebed.
Sampling and chemical analysis of the lakebed sediment by
Reserve Mining Company have indicated a thin layer of tailings deposited
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Charles R. Collier
over a wide area south and southwest of the delta. Core sampling
of the deposits in the lake have been collected and the percentages
of tailings in the mixture of tailings and nautral sediments were
determined by an analysis for titanium content.
The extent and location of the tailings deposit on the
lakebed is shown in the map in Figure 2.
(Figure 2 follows:)
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277
5 Miles Best
Baptism River
Reserve Plent
Beaver Bay
5 Miles West 3 —)
Split Rock River-,
10 Miles West 4-
Gooseberry River
15 Miles West _
Contour interval - 1 inch
Figure 2. — Mep showing the approximate deposition of taconite tailings in
Lake Superior.
- 12 -
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Charles R. Collier
This map was prepared from data obtained by Reserve Mining Company
during the fall of 1966 and spring and fall of 1967 „ The map shows
the approximate extent and thickness of the tailings deposition, and
is based on sampling at 1 mile intervals on lines perpendicular to
the shore and at 5 mile intervals from the plant„ One set of samples
was collected on a line parallel to shore and 5 miles offshore.
Conditions did not allow complete sampling at any one time, but it is
believed that the amount of deposition changes slowly so that little
accuracy was lost by compositing the data obtained over a l_year
period.
The maximum thickness of tailings deposit reported was
6-J/4 inches in a core taken 5 miles southwest of the plant and
2 miles offshore. The extremities of the deposit are not defined„
None of the samplings extended offshore beyond the area of deposition.
However, only trace amounts of tailings 1/6 inch or less were reported
in several of the cores taken from 7 to 10 miles offshore. Reserve
Mining Company has reported traces of tailings in samples of lakebed
sediments collected 10 miles offshore and 15 miles southwest of the
delta.
The location and shape of the tailings deposits indicate
that a southwesterly movement of water prevails in the vicinity of
Silver Bay. This agrees with the earlier discussion by Dr. Baumgartner
on lake currents and indicates also that the directon of the prevailing
local currents at depth do not differ greatly from the direction of
the surface currents.
The characteristics, behavior,and deposition of the taconite
tailings in Lake Superior are not fully documented at this time.
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279
Charles R. Collier
Questions concerning the extent and duration of the density currents
on the face of the delta, the characteristics and behavior of the
natural sediment and tailings particles, definition of the lake
currents in the vicinity of Silver Bay and western Lake Superior, and
the extent of deposition of the tailings must be answered to understand
fully the effect of the tailings on the water resource.
Thank you.
(Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr. Collier.
Do we have any questions?
Mr. Purdy?
MR. PURDY: No.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
Mr. Clifford Risley, who is Director of the Lake Michigan
office and who was also in charge of the studies conducted in Lake
Superior prior to this year, will comment on the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration's findings of the Lake Superior water
quality studies included on Pages 27 and 28.
Mr. Risley.
(Applause.)
STATEMENT OF CLIFFORD RISLEY, JR.,
DIRECTOR, LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN OFFICE,
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION, DULUTH, MINNESOTA
MR. RISLEY: I am Clifford Risley, Jr., Director of the
Lake Michigan Basin Office of the Federal Water Pollution Control
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280
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Administration. The Lake Michigan Basin Office has made several
studies of the lake to locate sources of pollution and to determine
the areas affected by pollution.
The first study in 1966, and the second in 1967 were con-
ducted in order to assess the effects of lake water movements on the
dispersion of pollutants throughout Lake Superior. Dr0 Baumgartner
has already told you what we learned about lake currents from these
studies. I will, therefore, limit my discussion to some of the most
significant physical and chemical findings„
Seven lake stations were sampled in 1966 and 22 stations
were sampled in 1967. These stations were each sampled at 3 feet
below the surface and at mid-depth and at 8 inches above the bottom,,
This gave a total of 87 lake samples.
During the 1966 study two high values for copper were
found, one with a value of 00037 mg/1 near the north shore of the
lake in the vicinity of the French River, and one with a value of
0.036 mg/1 on the south shore near Port Wing, Wisconsin. Both of
these stations were located in the western tip of Lake Superior„
Copper was not detected in any of the other samples„
During the 1967 study a copper concentration o± 00113 mg/1
was measured in one sample found northeast of the Apostle Islands.
Copper was undetected at the other stations.
Total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.010 to
0.016 mg/1 in 1966 and from 0.003 to 0.010 mg/1 in 1967. The highest
value was observed near Port Wing, Wisconsin, but other moderately
high values were encountered in all stations of the west tip of the
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Clifford Risley, Jr.
lake as well as at a few scattered points throughout the lake.
Lead concentrations higher than 0.05 rag/1 and zinc con-
centrations higher than 0.03 rag/1 were also found in a few samples
at scattered locations in the lake in the 1967 study.
Results of all other parameters tested were found to be
below those criteria usually cited for protection of aquatic life„
In response to a request from the U. S. Array Corps of
Engineers for comments on revalidation of the Corps's permit to
Reserve Mining Company, several agencies of the U. S. Department of
Interior reported a continuing concern over the deposition of taconite
tailings into Lake Superior. In response to these concerns an Interior
study group was formed to investigate the effects of the taconite
tailings in Lake Superior. The Corps of Engineers and state agencies
o± Minnesota and Wisconsin provided information and acted as observers
in the study group.
1967 PRELIMINARY STUDIES
The initial observations of the Reserve Mining Company's
plant at Silver Bay were made by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration during a routine reconnaissance in May of 1967.
Waste material conveyed by a flume from the plant to the
lake shore had formed a large delta„ Large particles had deposited
near the end of the flume and lighter solids and suspended materials
carried over the delta to the lake.
SILVER BAY STUDY
In September 1967 water samples were collected at 7 points
extending up to 7 miles from the delta.
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282
Clifford Risley Jr.
Chemical analysis of these samples revealed concentrations
of copper and zinc in excess of levels considered as necessary for the
protection of aquatic life.
Secchi disc readings at most of the stations indicated that
suspended material reduced the light penetration into the water of the
affected part of the lake.
In view of these findings, further investigation of this
problem was indicated.
1968 IN-PLANT SURVEY
In May 1968 an in-plant survey of Reserve Mining Company's
process wastes was conducted by both the Bureau of Mines and Federal
Water Pollution Control Agency to determine the waste load being
discharged to Lake Superior.
Some of the results of the in-plant survey are presented
as "Conclusion 10" on Page 28 of the report titled "An Appraisal of
Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin," which was distributed
today.
The U. S. Geological Survey determined the particle size
distribution of the tailings and reported that 4 percent of the
material was less than 2 microns in diameter. Since 60,000 tons of
waste are discharged daily, calculations indicate that 4 percent or
2,400 tons o± this discharge are less than 2 microns. This material
would not be heavy enough to settle but may stay suspended in the
water indefinitely.
STUDY OF LAKE AREA INFLUENCED BY RESERVE MINING COMPANY DISCHARGE
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration personnel
aboard the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel SISCOWET made a
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Clifford Risley, Jr. 283
Study in June and July of 1968. Water samples and a few bottom
sediment samples were collected at 33 sampling stations covering
about 30 square miles of Lake Superior adjacent to the Reserve
Mining Company at Silver Bay. Water samples were collected at
3 feet below the surface, at mid-depth, and at 8 inches above the
bottom. A total of nearly 200 water samples were analyzed„
BIOLOGICAL RESULTS
Although the number of bottom samples were limited, it
should be noted that benthic organisms were found in only 4 of the 9
stations sampled in the waste disposal area. Pollution-sensitive
scuds were not found in the waste disposal area. Each sample
collected outside the waste area contained a number of benthic
organisms, and scuds were found in each of these samples,,
CHEMISTRY RESULTS
High iron concentrations were found over the major part
of the sample area near the lake bottom with the highest value in
proximity to the company property. The iron values increased from
the surface to the bottom and were 7 to 9 times higher than the highest
value in the rest of the lake„ Soluble iron was found to be about the
same as total iron in surface and mid-depth samples and 1/4 the total
iron near the bottom.
Lead values exceeded 0.05 mg/1 in several locations„ Some
lead values higher than this level were recorded at scattered locations
in the open lake.
Copper exceeded 0.008 mg/1, the level normally accepted for
the protection of aquatic life, in a large area starting south of the
discharge and extending 3 miles southward into the lake.
A sample of water collected at a point 100 feet deep and 100
feet off-shore from the Reserve discharge contained 0.119 mg/1 of
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284
Clifford Risley, Jr.
copper. After filtration through 0.45 micron membrane filter, the
sample contained 0.051 mg/1 of copper, a sufficient concentration to
produce a toxic effect on sensitive organisms. Bicassays did not
indicate such acute effects, however, and additional checks were made
to determine the reason., Subsequent filtration through a 0.1 micron
filter left 0/£036 mg/1 of copper.
Apparently some of the particulate copper is not biologically
active in a bioassay of short duration. The hazard due to copper
shifting from biologically inactive to active copper was not determined.
The criterion commonly accepted for zinc, based on protec-
tion of aquatic life, is 0.03 mg/1. This value was exceeded at several
sampling points in the surface and mid-depth samples, but no high
values were observed in the bottom water samples. These results were
3 times higher than were found anywhere else in the lake. The soluble
zinc was about 1/3 the total zinc values at the points tested„
At several stations total cadmium and soluble cadmium
values equaled or exceeded 0.002 mg/1, the criteria level accepted for
protection of aquatic life. Cadmium was not detected in the rest of
the lake.
One-tenth of a milligram per liter (mg/1) is a level of
nickel commonly accepted for the protection of aquatic life. There
were two stations where this level of total-nickel was exceeded in the
surface samples and two stations where this value was exceeded in the
bottom samples.
Total-chromium values up to 0.037 mg/1 were found in the
Reserve Mining Company study area. This is 10 times the value cited
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285
Clifford Risley, Jr.
as a trace amount„ No chromium was indicated in the 1966 or 1967
lake survey samples.
Phosphorus concentrations found in the near bottom were
about 5 to 10 times higher than those observed in the lake in 1967.
Suspended solids exceeded the values normal to the major portion of
the lake. Suspended solids and phosphorus both increased from top to
bottom.
Turbidity values also increased from top to bottom. The
values near the bottom were 10 to 60 times higher than at the surface
and from 2 to 40 times higher than those observed in the major portion
of the lake,, Highest values occurred in the vicinity of the Reserve
Mining Company and extended southward.
In summary,, the findings of these studies show that most
of Lake Superior has water of high quality with the exception of
phosphorus, which was high at all stations in the west tip of the lake
and at scattered points throughout the rest of the lake, and with the
exception of copper and lead values, which were also high at several
scattered points in the lake„
The studies of the Reserve Mining Company discharge and a
30 square-mile lake area adjacent tc the discharge area show that
60,000 tons of taconite waste solids are discharged daily from the
Reserve Mining Company directly into Lake Superior. Twenty-four
hundred tons per day of these waste solids are less than 2 microns in
diameter, a particle size which will stay suspended in water for a
considerable time after discharge.
The investigations in the vicinity of Silver Bay revealed
lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, and nickel levels in concentrations in
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286
Clifford Risley, Jr.
excess of commonly accepted levels for protecting aquatic life. Iron
concentrations in the area affected by Reserve Mining Company dis-
charges increased from surface to bottom and were 9 times higher than
those observed in the open waters of the lake. Suspended solids and
turbidity measurements were observed to be relatively high in the
vicinity of the Reserve Mining discharge, forming a pattern to the
south and southwest of the discharge. The bottom water turbidity
values were from 2 to 40 times higher than those found in the rest of
the lake in 1967 lake-wide survey.
Water transparency measured by Secchi disc reading was
4»5 meters in the area influenced by the waste discharge and 12 meters
in the lake beyond that area, which indicates that the turbidity of
the discharge reduces the light penetration in the area involved.
In conclusion, the study area selected for sampling was
too small to define the area adversely affected,, Analysis of data
by the study group indicated that the area affected extended beyond
the furthest sampling poiht.
Thank you.
(Appluase„)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
Do we have any questions here?
MR. PURDY: Do we have time for questions?
MR. DOMINICK: Yes, Mr, Purdy.
MR. PURDY: Mr. Risley, earlier today Mr. Kimball indicated
the possibility of on-land disposal of the tailings. But yet in your
presentation on Page 4, commencing with: some "2,400 tons of this
discharge are less than 2 micorns (in size and that) this material may
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287
Clifford Risley, Jr.
stay suspended in the water indefinitely," from this would you reach
the conclusion that even if you had on-land disposal and overflow basins
that this 2400 tons per day would still reach the lake?
MR. RISLEY: I think a large portion of it would if you had
overflow disposal. I think what would be best would be if we would re-
circulate this.
MR. PURDY: O.K. Thank you.
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Risley, I have a question. In this
presentation of yours this afternoon you refer to a study of the 1968
report. I believe this report was available in the preliminary conference,
but certainly not in the bibliography at this time. Is there any reason
for it being withdrawn?
MR. RISLEY: The report made by our agency should have been
in the bibliography. If it is not there, it is an oversight.
MR. BADALICH: So you are basing your conclusions on a report
that has not been available to the conferees?
MR. RISLEY: The report was given to all members of the taconite
study group, which included two of the conferees, the three conferees, the
Federal conferees. But we did not do it with the State Commissioners
because they were not represented, and went to all Department agencies and
the Corps of Engineers. This was an unpublished report, but was available
to all study members.
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Chairman, I think if we are going to con-
sider the results of this presentation we should have the validity or the
report at our disposal so we could certainly look into the foundation for
some of these conclusions.
MR. DOMINICK: We would be happy to provide the conferees with
the FWPCA contribution to that. Is it the 1967 report you are concerned
with at this point?
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288
Clifford Risley, Jr.
MR. BADALICH: No, Mr. Chairman, this is the 1968
report. I believe it would be in reference to Page 4, June and
July 1968, where some 200 water samples were analyzed.
MR. DOMINICK: Do you have that report available,
Mr. Risley?
MR. RISLEY: I have a couple of copies along. The
information is available, as is all data which we collected. There
is always an open file.
MR. DOMINICK: Fine.
We would be happy to make that available.
MR. BADALICH: I have another question. The reference
is made on Page 5 here to the level being in excess of the criteria
level accepted for protection over aquatic life. You also refer to,
on another level, Page No. 7 where lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, and
nickel levels in concentrations in excess of commonly accepted levels
for protecting aquatic life. I believe, in looking at the water
quality standards that we have listed on Pages 82 and 83, it is my
understanding these are water quality standards for Lake Superior
for the accepted States. Is this another set of standards or what
you have here for water aquatic life?
MR. RISLEY: These were referred to because there were
no numbers assigned to the criteria for Lake Superior in the State
standards for these particular parameters, and the criteria cited,
there were some numbers assigned for protection of drinking water
quality. These standards, or those that are in the water quality
criteria, are recommended to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration for the orotection of aquatic life.
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289
Clifford Risley, Jr.
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Chairman, in the Minnesota standards I
believe you indicate the levels of concentration for many base metals,
including arsenic, barium, cadmium, CCE, chromium, copper, cyanide,
fluorides, lead, manganese, etc., I believe we have about 15 listed
here. But I wonder if you would agree with the standards.
MR. DOMINICK: Fine.
In response to your first question, it has been brought
to my attention on Page 52 of the Public Report No. 49 we do list
there the "Investigation of the Distribution of Taconite Tailings in
Lake Superior, U. S0 Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Great Lakes Region, September-October 1968."
Is that the report you have used in presenting this state-
ment, Mr. Risely? I have No. 49 on Page 52.
MR. RISLEY: I am not certain whether all the chemical
data that I have talked about here today is in that report. That
title is slightly different than the title which I used on the report
when published.
MR. DOMINICK: Very well.
We will certainly make this available to the conferees»
Are there any further questions?
Thank you.
Dr. Mount, we would like to call upon you again to discuss
Appendix C of the report.
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290
Donald !<, Mount
STATEMENT OF DR. DONALD I. MOUNT,
DIRECTOR, NATIONAL WATER QUALITY
LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, DULUTH,
MINNESOTA
DR. MOUNT: Mr. Chairman and conferees:
The following comments that I have prepared are a rather
cursory treatment of the recommended order of quality criteria for
standards that you find listed in table form on Page 44 and individu-
ally with explanations in Appendix C that you indicated.
The National Water Quality Laboratory was asked by the
Great Lakes Region to develop a set of specific water quality criteria
that would: 1) maintain the present appearance of the lake, 2) pro-
tect present aquatic life, 3) protect the high quality drinking water
supply, and 4) prevent slow long-term aging, deterioration, of the
lake. To do this, the existing quality of the lake had to be considered
as well as the permissible limits as related to water use. In most
cases there seems to be a reasonable difference between existing levels
and those that would limit the present use. For this reason massive
treatment costs would not be required to meet these limits.
The small amount of data available for the lake might
cause one to wonder how the existing conditions can be established
for the various parameters as shown in Appendix C. There are several
features rather unique to Lake Superior that make this possible , even
though most of the data came from only two stations,, While not
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291
Donald I. Mount
necessarily in order of importance the following characteristics
make this possible:
1. Tributaries to the lake are small and have localized
effects only.
2. Pollutant discharges to the lake are small in most
cases and are located far apart so that zones of influence in the
lake are usually small and well-separated.
3. The lake does not stratify thermally to a significant
extent so that mixing top to bottom occurs often„
4. Lake currents are well-developed and mix the waters
cont inuously.
5. One sampling station is located at the head of the
lake in a prevailing current pattern and one at the outlet of the
lake representative of the opposite end.
The former station, the one at the head of the lake, is
at the Duluth water plant and many of the analyses we used were made
by the Duluth Water Department.
6. The large volume of the lake makes rapid changes very
unlikely except in shallow shore areas.
The pitfalls of "zero" tolerances or "not detectable"
limits that have been used by such agencies as the U. S. Food and
Drug Administration have been very troublesome because as analytical
sensitivity increases, the minimum amount detectable increases also.
Such changes are frustrating for regulatory agencies and costly for
those who must comply, because the standard changes with each new
method of analysis. Other statements, such as "no material addition
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Donald I. Mount
of heat," are nebulous and could be construed to prohibit discharge
of secondary effluent from sewage treatment plants, depending on how
"material" is defined. In these criteria the words recommended, in
Appendix C "trace" and "no material addition," etc., have been
replaced by numbers in order to definitely establish the limit in
clearJy understandable terms.
The importance of the slow flushing rate and the presence
of persistent potential pollutants is recognized. Should this lake
be contaminated by persistent pollutants, the use of this lake for
several generations may be jeopardized,, The aquatic life in the lake
is probably as sensitive to heat, oxygen, and metals as any biota in
the United States and is further affected by the very soft water in
which many pollutants, especially metals, are most toxic. For this
reason concentrations found elsewhere to permit aquatic life are not
acceptable in Lake Superior. There is no implication that aquatic
life will be killed immediately should these concentrations recommended
in Appendix C be slightly exceeded, but essential processes, such as
reproduction or food production, will be impaired.
Certain of the recommended standards are designed to
maintain the present appearance of the lake. These are color, turbidity,
temperature, methylene blue active substances (foam producers), and
phosphorus. It seems obvious that the appearance o± this lake is of
great importance to the tourist business and that blue color, water
clarity, and absence of visible algae are desired.
These slides are for showing purposes. They are not to
be included in the record.
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Donald I. Mount
MR. DOMINICK; Are the conferees doing as Dr. Mount has
described?
DR. MOUNT: Slide I shows the Lester River entering Lake
Superior during the 1969 snow melting period. The turbidity of the
river when this picutre I-JCLS taken was 25 JTU. This turbidity is 50
percent of the limit for aquatic life as recommended by the National
Technical Advisory Commission. You can see how inappropriate this
condition would be for the whole lake.
Slide II shows "green" water along the Minnesota shore in
the autumn of 1968. The suspended solids content of 12 green water
samples was 1.9 mg/1 as compared to .5 mg/1 for 7 blue water samples.
The visibility of an object placed below the surface (Secchi Disc)
was 24 to 30 feet in the blue water and 4 to 8 feet in the green water.
An increase of approximately 1.4 mg/1 5.5. reduce light penetration by
approximately 20 feet, but this change would not be discernible in most
of the Nation's waters where turbidity is much higher.
Another group of standards is recommended primarily for the
protection of the aquatic life -- principally lake trout, lake herring,
and white fish -- presently inhabiting the lake. These are copper, lead,
•zinc, cadmium, nickel, cyanide, hydrogen sulf ide, temperature, pH, methy-
lene blue active substances, color, and complex waste.
One of these, zinc, appears to be much closer to an unsafe
concentration in the lake than any of the others. Experimental work
recently completed and properly corrected for the water type suggests
that concentrations now occurring at the lower end of the
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Donald I„ Mount
lake are high enough to reduce reporductive success of trout.
Slide III shows a view of a perch that has been exposed
to copper at 40 ppb (.04 mg/1) for 8 weeks in Lake Superior water and
a control fish. You can see the exposed fish is very thin and
apparently ready to die. Similar tests on trout show that newly
hatched ones have greatly reduced growth rates at 15 ppb, .015 mg/1
copper, and important food organisms die at 10 to 12 ppb0
Hydrogen sulfide is currently being intensively studied
through an FWPCA research grant at the University of Minnesota. Tests
have shown that 8 ppb (.008 mg/1) is lethal to fish eggs. The standard
recommended in Appendix C is expressed as total sulfide and has been
appropriately increased to 20 ppb to allow for slightly less than 50
percent that would be dissociated at a pH of 6.8. Furthermore, since
all important fish species deposit their eggs on the bottom and have
long incubation periods, measurement of standards compliance is
recommended at the place where eggs occur to make the standard ecologi-
cally significant.
Several standards are recommended primarily for use in
monitoring the lake's aging. Total dissolved solids is closely
related to the aging of Lakes Erie and Michigan and provides an easily
measured index. Ammonia, dissolved oxygen, and bacteria are excellent
predictors of organic matter decomposition and changes would signal
development of undesirable conditions. A drop in D.O. from present
concentrations to 6 to 7 ppm would be accompanied by the production
of vast quantities of undesirable decomposition products such as
ammonia, nitrate, and potentially hydrogen sulfide and methane,
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Donald I. Mount
depending on the conditions. Such situations appear remote now but
the same feeling was expressed about Lake Erie less than 25 years
ago.
I have given rather cursory treatment to the individual
parameters and many are important in more than one group of the four
groups mentioned. I attempted to mention each parameter under the
group where it is most restrictive.
I shall be happy to answer specific questions the conferees
may want to ask, but I may have to rely on my staff for specific details
in some cases.
(Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Dr. Mount.
Do we have any questions from the conferees?
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Chairman, I think we will defer
questions until tomorrow morning.,
MR. DOMINICK: Very fine.
Mr. Vogt?
MR. FRANCOS: Mr. Chairman, I have a short question.
On Page 4 there is a discussion of zinc. Could the doctor
comment on what the source of this zinc might be?
DR. MOUNT: I should have mentioned that the data that
was used for the present or in giving the existing conditions to
Lake Superior, I believe that is usually Item No. 3 or 4 in Appendix C,
came principally from two of the national network monitoring stations
which have been in operation since approximately 1958. We received
the entire computer printout for all data, and in both recommending
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Donald I. Mount
the recommended standards as well as the existing conditions we
looked very carefully at the extremes that we found and the existing
conditions as they were, including the means. We had quarterly-
means , minimums and annual means and finally a maximum and minimum
for the station for all years of record. Some of the means work
which were used in the temperature and pH conditions. And we feel
that for the open part of the lake the conditions presented here are
reasonably accurate.
I can say that in comparing the two stations , the one in
the St. Mary's River and the one at the Duluth water plant, there were
differences between the two but no consistent ones. In some cases I
remember particularly iron was much lower at Duluth than St. Mary's.
On the other hand, zinc was much lower--did I say that right, yes--
zinc, was much lower here at Duluth and much higher at 3t0 Mary's.
It seems to me that copper was reversed0 But the point I am trying
to make is that you could not say all parameters were of lower quality
or toxic materials were of higher concentration at one than the other,,
MR. VOGT: Mr,, Chairman, I think you were focusing
attention on some or at least on one of the questions that we had
which was: Just what do these proposed values mean or how do they
relate to present values for each of these parameters, and would you
say that generally the present parameters, the values are higher or
lower, or did you make a general statement?
DR. MOUNT: No. As I said or meant to say if I didn't in
my introductory remarks, we feel that in almost every case the open
lake values are low to much lower -- if lower is the proper word. In
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Donald I«, Mount
the case of oxygen it would be nigher. But I guess I should say the
quality is high so much higher than these existing recommended standards
If you would care to compare on a parameter-by-parameter basis, if you
have looked at Appendix C, we have given a section on what the extremes
and means, etc. are. Just below that you will see the standards that
we have recommended.
I would like to underline that in some cases, and there
is one that I single out, not because of any known source but simply
because the values are high at the lower end of the lake, high in
terms of what we believe we know about the chronic effects of zinc.
This is a very interesting, I shouldn't say interesting, a very
baffling metal because, as you know, it is an essential metal. It is
reasonably soluble and not very toxic on an acute or short-term basis.
However, in chronic testing that we did while I was still in Cincinnati
we found that one could reduce the zinc concentration perhaps by a
factor of two or three below the 96-hour value. This is the concentra-
tion that kills half of the test animals in 96 hours. If you would
reduce it six or sometimes below that value, the fish would be much
better and the fish look happier, if fish can look happy, and yet
these fish were totally unable to reproduce and spawn.
This is the kind of information that has gone into the
recommended standards that we have given you here. We have tried to
tell you and give you in the first part under "Biological Effect" our
thinking and our evidence that we have used in preparing this. For
example, in the case of chromium, we were not able to come up with
good data in the time that we had from the literature in regard to
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Donald I. Mount
toxicity of chromium. But I think we know in this case that diatoms
and green algae are much more sensitive to chromium than are the
fishes that we are concerned with here on the lake. However -- I
don't believe I have that in front of me; thank you -- the upper
limit that we have recommended for chromium is .05 parts per million.
That would be 50 parts per billion, and this is based strictly on
drinking water limits as recommended by the National Technical Advisory
Committee and, I believe, the Public Health Service as well. However,
you will notice that we suggested that 90 percent of the time it
should be less than that. I feel we can cut back on the standards to
give ourselves a little bit of margin of safety to protect us against
other situations, for example zinc, where we feel we have already
stretched our limit on the standards that we have recommended. We
believe the zinc standards, as recommended, will result in about a
10 percent reduction in the reporduction success of the trout. We
reason this way: these levels are there and we can probably tolerate
some reduction in egg production in these species because most of
them lay more eggs than would be required.
I am long-winded here, but I am trying to show you that
we have thought about these things.
MR. VOGT: I think that is an extremely important point,
Mr. Chairman. And in looking at Appendix C here, for existing con-
ditions, often an average value is quoted and I am looking specifically
right now at phenols on Page 91. On the other hand, the recommended
criteria are the maximum values. So it seems to me if we are going
to be able to make a judgment -- I am not saying that we should make
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Donald I. Mount
a judgment on these -- but if a judgment is determined to be necessary
in the conclusions, it would seem to me we would have to have the
range of values for each parameter rather than averages or means
which, in some instances, are the only values that we have for the
existing conditions.
DR. MOUNT: May I comment on that?
MR. DOMINICK: Yes, go ahead, Dr. Mount.
DR. MOUNT: We ran into somewhat of a snag with phenols.
First of all, I believe that it mentions -- and let me be sure -- you
notice it says that the "data from Duluth and St. Mary's River indicate
that total aromatics (including phenols) average less than 0.001 mg/1."
This means that phenols were only one portion of the materials that
would be included under the measurement of total aromatics. Phenols
are considerably less than the 0.001 mg/1 now. It is true in this
case we do not have a range in it. Why do we recommend 0.001 mg/1 on
phenols? The simple reason is, after talking with Mr. Rosen of
Cincinnati -- and the other man's name slips me at the moment -- you
can't be technical with any degree of confidence. You will see on
Page 44 we just have not given a value for 90 percent of the time
and have only suggested a maximum, and this is principally because
of the problem of determining phenol at these levels.
Also, may I point out, if you just look across at the
other page, you will see that we do give the range for existing
conditions in regard to detergents. We gave the range before we had
them.
MR. VOGT: The same thing prevails in phosphorus. I
haven't had the opportunity to review these, but in phosphorus you
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Donald I. Mount
give the average concentration, too. Now, there may be more, I
just don't know. I haven't had an opportunity to look at them.
Then the other question is, these values, of course, are
recommended criteria for open waters. What is shoreline water? I
note that you have in your indication here a method of calculating
a tributary influence and a mixing zone, but now if there isn't a
tributary and we have shoreline water and high turbidity merely from
runoff, is this classified as open water?
DR. MOUNT: I think I will have to say simply, we have
recognized there is a terrible problem in deciding what is shore water
and what is open water. We have concluded there would be an even
worse problem if we tried to define what was shore and open water,
so we didn't say anything. We did say the corner that appears for
defining the zone of influence at the mouth of the tributary might
be useful to you in thinking about the different discharges of the
tributary. It has the advantage when the flow of the tributary
increases the area of influence increased as well.
We pondered a number of zones of influences using this
zone formula, from some of the largest to some of the smaller ones.
We found, particularly in the case of Duluth where we had a lot of
information from the water plant as well as other measurements on this
end of the lake , we found that this formula provided about the right
boundary as the river flow changed based on any experience of the
influence the river has on the lake, not in every case but in general.
We would like to underline that this formula, perhaps it
it not useful at all. But if it is, we are not suggesting that you
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Donald I„ Mount
have to use 500 as a multiplier/ it might be 200 or what other number
is reasonable. The point we feel is, if you are going to have an area
which is not going to meet or cannot meet the standards at certain
times because of conditions beyond the control of man, you are going
to have to recognize it somehow and define it and that is it.
As far as shores are concerned, again I think this will
have to be based on your own experience. Surely, the Wisconsin shore
waters stand much further out in terms of quality than do Minnesota's
because of the difference in shoreline„ You have the shallow sloping
shore with sediment and sand, particularly, on it, which gives you a
different situation than the steep rocky Minnesota shore. These are
things which you will have to take into account yourself.
What we are trying to say, the bulk of the lake, this is
what we feel ought to exist in it. I think it is the lake as a whole
that we are most concerned about in this conference and we do believe
this is reasonable.
MR. VOGT: I think there are some other basic questions
so far as these water quality criteria are concerned that need to be
satisfied even before we get into the values that he might attach to
some parameters. Those might have to be discussed when the conferees
consider the recommendation.
MR. DOMINICK: That will be very satisfactory. If you
have any discussion of these in your presentation from the State point
of view, we will be happy to have that at that time.
Are there any other questions of Dr. Mount?
Mr. Bryson, if you would, give us the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration statement on the summary and
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Dale S. Bryson
conclusions of the report beginning on Page 46 and the recommendations
beginning on Page 48.
STATEMENT OF DALE S. BRYSON,
DIRECTOR, LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN OFFICE,
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MR. BRYSON: Reading from Page 46, the Summary and
Conclusions:
1. Lake Superior is a priceless natural heritage which
the present generation holds in trust for posterity, with an
obligation to pass it on in the best possible condition.,
2, The esthetic value of Lake Superior is of major
importance. The lake's deep blue appearance is a significant
tourist attraction.
3. Because of the low mineral content of Lake Superior's
waters, increases in the range of 2 to 50 parts per billion of
heavy metals such as copper, chromium, zinc, and cadmium will
have lasting deleterious effects upon the lake.
4. The extreme clarity and cold temperature of the
waters of Lake Superior are a necessity to support its present
ecology. A reduction in light penetration will significantly
alter the types of life therein. The clarity of the lake is
extremely susceptible to being reduced by Works, has a dele-
terious effect on the ecology of a portion of the lake by
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Dale S. Bryson
reducing organisms necessary to support fish life.
5. The portion of Lake Superior shallow enough to
provide suitable fish spawning areas is limited to a small
band around the shoreline. This area is most susceptible
to the influence of natural and man-made sediments„ Deposi-
tion on the bottom of fine particles discharged to Lake
Superior is a threat to the inshore food producing area and
to the incubation of important fish species.
6. Water quality criteria can be established to
protect the esthetic value, recreational uses and the
unique aquatic life of the lake and yet such that reasonable
allowance is made for future municipal and industrial
expansion,
7. Lake Superior is an oligotrophic lake. Nutrient
values in some area of the lake have been reported at levels
approaching those commonly associated with nuisance algal
growths. However, other factors, such as temperature, are
limiting.
80 Outflow from Lake Superior passes through Lakes
Huron, Erie and Ontario. Dissolved chemicals in this
outflow contribute to the levels found in these downstream
lakes.
9. The discharge of taconite tailings to Lake
Superior from the Reserve Mining Company, E. W. Davis Works,
has a deleterious effect on the ecology of a portion of the
lake by reducing organisms necessary to support fish life„
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Dale S. Bryson
10o The quantity of oxygen normally dissolved in
water is one of the more important ingredients necessary
for a healthy, balanced aquatic life. The discharge o±
treated and untreated municipal and industrial wastes with
high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand has caused
oxygen depletion in the St. Louis River, Duluth-Superior
Harbor, and Montreal River.
I!. Watercraft plying the waters of Lake Superior
are contributors of both untreated and inadequately treated
wastes in local harbors and in the open lake, and intensify
local pollution problems.
12„ Oil discharges from industrial plants, commercial
ships and careless loading and unloading of cargoes despoil
beaches and other recreational areas, coat the hulls of
boats and are deleterious to fish and aquatic life,
13„ Evidence of bacterial pollution has been reported
in the St. Louis River and Duluth Harbor area in Minnesota,
and Superior Harbor area, Ashland inshore area, and reaches
o± the Montreal River in Wisconsin.
14. The maintenance of waterways for commercial and
recreational use is a necessary activity. The deposition of
polluted dredgings contributes to the degradation in quality
of Lake Superior.
15. Adverse effects upon water quality and water uses
of streams in the red clay area of northwestern Wisconsin is
occurring as a result of land runoff from poor land management
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Dale S0 Bryson
practices. The sediment contained in the discharges from
streams in this area has an adverse effect on Lake Superior.
16. A persistent pollutant entering directly into
the waters of Lake Superior or dissolved in the water that
feeds the lake mixes with an becomes an integral part of
a significant portion of the lake water.
17„ Discharges of wastes originating in Michigan
and Wisconsin cause pollution of the interstate Montreal
River. Discharges of wastes originating in Minnesota and
Wisconsin cause pollution in the interstate St. Louis River
and Duluth-Superior Harbor. These discharges endanger the
health or welfare of persons in States other than those in
which such discharges originate. This pollution is subject
to abatement under the provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.).
Now turning to the recommendations on Page 48:
It is recommended that:
lo Water quality criteria as shown in Table 3
(Page 44) be included as part of the interstate water
quality standards on Lake Superior to reflect more
appropriately the uniqueness of the lake.
2. The FWPCA and the States keep the discharge of
taconite tailings tc Lake Superior from the Reserve Mining
Company, E. W. Davis Works, under continuing surveillance
and report to the conferees at 6 month intervals on any
findings that interstate pollution is occurring or is likely
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Dale S. Bryson
to occur, and the State of Minnesota is urged to take such
regulatory actions as necessary to control the intrastate
pollution resulting from these discharges, if any.
3. The FWPCA and the States adjust or modify water
quality surveillance plants for the Lake Superior Basin to
insure that plans are sufficiently sensitive to monitor
changes in water quality. The FWPCA and States are requested
to report to the conferees within six months concerning their
program.
4. Secondary biological waste treatment be provided
by all municipalities in the Lake Superior Basin. This
action is to be accomplished by January 1973 or earlier
if required by Federal-State water quality standards.
5. Continuous disinfection be provided throughout
the year for all municipal waste treatment plant effluents.
This action should be accomplished as soon as possible and
not later than May 1970.
6. Continuous disinfection be provided for industrial
effluents containing pathogenic organisms which indicate the
presence of such pathogens. This action should be accomplished
as soon as possible and not later than May 1970.
70 Waste treatment be provided by municipalities to
achieve at least 80 percent reduction of total phosphorus
from each State. This action is to be accomplished by
January 1973, or earlier if required by Federal-State water
quality standards,,
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Dale Sc Bryson
80 Industries not connected to municipal sewer
systems provide treatment equivalent to that of munici-
palities so as not to cause the degradation of Lake Superior
water quality0 This action is to be accomplished by
January 1973 or earlier if required by Federal-State water
quality standards.
9. Each State water pollution control agency make
necessary corrections to the list in Appendix A of munici-
pal and industrial waste discharges to the Lake Superior
Basin. In addition, information should be provided on
each source to indicate whether it discharges pollutants,
including nutrients, that have a deleterious effect on
Lake Superior water quality,, Detailed action plans for
treatment of all wastes having deleterious effects should
be developed, where not already completed. Such plans
shall identify the principal characteristics of the waste
material now being discharged, the quantities, the proposed
program for construction or modification of remedial
facilities and a timetable for accomplishment, giving target
dates in detail. This list shall be presented to the conferees
within six months.
10, Unified collection systems serving contiguous
urban areas be encouraged.
11. Each o± the State's water pollution control
agencies accelerate programs to provide for the maximum
use of area-wide sewage facilities to discourage the
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Dale S. 3ryson
proliferation of small treatment plants in contiguous
urbanized areas and foster the replacement of septic tanks
with adequate collection and treatment.
12 „ Each State water pollution control agency list
the municipalities or communities having combined sewers„
The listing should include a proposed plan for minimizing
bypassing so as to utilize to the fullest extent possible
the capacity of interceptor sewers for conveying combined
flow to treatment facilities,, Construction of separate
sewers or other remedial action to prevent pollution from
this source is to be completed by October 1977.
130 Existing combined sewers be separated in
coordination with all urban reconstruction projects
except where other techniques can be applied to control
pollution from combined sewer overflows,, Combined sewers
should be prohibited in all new developments.
14. Discharge of treatable industrial wastes to
municipal sewer systems be encouraged,,
15. The States institute necessary controls to
ensure that the concentration of DDT in fish not exceed
100 micrograms per gram; DDD not exceed 005 micrograms
per gram; dieldrin not exceed 0.1 micrograms per grain^
and all other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides,
singly or combined, should not exceed 001 micrcgrams per
gram. Limits apply to both muscle and whole body and are
expressed on the basis of wet weight of tissue„
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Dale S. Bryson
16. Uniform State rules and regulations for controlling
wastes from watercrafts should be adopted., These rules and
regulations should generally conform with the rules and regula-
tions approved by the conferees to the Lake Michigan-Four State
Enforcement Conference. Commensurate interstate requirements
controlling the discharge of wastes from commercial vessels
should be the responsibility of the Federal Government.
17„ The dumping of polluted dredged material into
Lake Superior be prohibited.
18„ Programs to be developed by appropriate State
and Federal agencies to control soil erosion in the basin,,
The action plan developed by the Red Clay Interagency
Committee should become an integral part of the programs
conducted by all appropriate agencies, groups, and private
individuals 0
19„ The discharge of visible oil from any source
be eliminatedo
20o The recommendations of this enforcement conference
be adopted as part of the State's enforceable water quality
standards.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Mr, Bryson
Are there any immediate questions?
MR,, PURDY: Yes, Mr. Chairman, I have a couple of clarifying
questions that I would like to enter into a full discussion of the
findings and summary and conclusion and recommendations at some later
time in the conference.
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Dale S. Bryson
However, in the Summary and Conclusion No0 12 it seems
to indicate that oil discharges are now a problem. However, on
Page 31 is the statement that oil pollution is presently not a problem
in Lake Superior,, It seems to be somewhat in conflict., Is oil a
problem presently in Lake Superior?
MR. BRYSON: There have been isolated instances of oil
pollution that have occurred, but, as the report says on Page 31,
there have not been any major problems in the basin,, The Summary and
Conclusion No. 12 merely points out some of the problems that can
occur in the event of a major spill, and also with the more limited
spill these conditions can exist„
MR. PURDY: If one occurred this would happen?
MR. BRYSON: Would you repeat that? I can't hear you.
MR. PURDY: Are you saying that No. 12 indicates if oil
is lost this is what would happen; it is not a finding that this is
occurring at the present time?
MR. BRYSON: Isolated instances have occurred in the
basin.
MR. PURDY: All right.
On No0 17 would you say that you have definitive informa-
tion at the present time to reach a conclusion that discharges of
waste originating in Michigan cause pollution of the interstate
Montreal River?
MR0 BRYSON: The discharges of waste into the Montreal
River has caused an oxygen depletion problem. As my statement said
earlier, the origin of the sources of the two wastes have not been
determined.
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Dale So Bryson
MR. PURDY: No. 17 seems to reach the conclusion that
discharges of waste originating in Michigan and Wisconsin both cause
pollution of the interstate Montreal River„ I wonder if you have
definitive information to reach that conclusion,,
MR. BRYSON: In a report prepared by the State of
Wisconsin, Bibliographical Reference No. 12, they report oxygen
depletion problems in the Montreal River,, As I said, the proportion
of the problem created by discharging in Michigan versus discharging
in Wisconsin was not determined by the FVPCA.
MR. PURDY: I think this would mean that you would have to
have additional studies to reach this conclusion that it causes
pollution of the interestate water.
MR. STEIN: As I understand it, it is oxygen depletion
which causes pollution of the interstate waters. As we have looked
at this -- and Michigan, too -- is that if there is pollution because
of oxygen depletion the people contributing to the pollution are
jointly and separately liable and both Michigan and Wisconsin have
contributed to that,, As long as they contribute, a source that is not
the minimum and results in pollution, then they reach such a conclusion,,
MR. PURDY: When we present our report we will have informa-
tion on this and the quantity discharged from sources in Michigan,,
MR. STEIN: Then we can make it. But the rule here, as
you know, is that we don't use any rule differently than you do in
State administration,,
MR. PURDY: The original report indicated bacterial con-
tamination from both Michigan and Wisconsin., I note from the comments
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Dale So Bryson
presented this morning that the bacterial contaminations of Michigan
sources has been eliminated from that part of the original report and
I wondered if there could be any revision of this conclusion at the
present time.
MR. DOMINICK: I believe if we receive your testimony we
will take a look at this conclusion, but no revision should be attempted
at the present time.
MR. PURDY: With respect to Recommendation No, 15, I think
it might be valuable at some later point in time to have Dr. Mount
review the basis of the recommendation with the conferees.
Also, I think it should be clear, if this recommendation
relates to , say, the edibility of the flesh of the fish, this con-
ference is concerned with this, I question this with the FWPCA interim
tolerance level.
MR. DOMINICK: We would be happy to address ourselves to
those questions. If you feel that Dr0 Mount should testify further on
that point, he will at an appropriate time.
MR. PURDY: I think we need additional information on it.
But right at the moment this limit recommended here relates to the
edibility of the fish, because the limit here is less than that now
recommended by the FWPCA as a limited tolerance level.
MR, STEIN: I think we should call on Dr. Mount for that
one.
Is Dr. Mount here?
DR. MOUNT: I am afraid I am here.
The limits that we recommended -- these, by the way, to
state again, are the recommendations of the Lake Michigan Pesticide
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Dale S. Bryson
Committee that was appointed by the conferees at that conference.
There was a reasoning that went into these limits which were based
upon what we felt was a healthy fish population in Lake Superior and
these are the average levels that one finds in Lake Superior fish.
This information comes from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Laboratory in Ann Arbor, and I think most of it has been done under
the auspices or direction of MrD Carr. These limits are in no way
intended to relate to the edibility of fish0 They refer to whole
body measurements in this case and are intended to protect the health
of the fish rather than the health of the people in this case0 We
have, I think, ample evidence to show that amounts of DDT in the
water which will result in unacceptable residues as far as human
consumption is concerned which may be quite different than those that
will permit good survival of aquatic life,,
MR, PURDY: Thank you»
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Dr, Mount0
If we have no further questions, the conference will be
recessed until 9 o'clock tomorrow morning, at which time we will hear
."^rom the State of Minnesota „
(Whereupon, at 4:55 p.m.,, the conference adjourned until
Wednesday, May 14, 1969, at 9:00 a.m.,)
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