INTERNATIONAL JOINT COHfl^lISSJON
MENOMONEE RIVER
PILOT WATERSHED STUDY
WORK PLAN
COOPERATING AGENCIES
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
JOHN 6, KONRAD
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SYSTEM
WATER RESOURCES CENTER
GORDON CHESTERS
SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN REGIONAL
PLANNING COMMISSION
KURT W. BAUER
SUBMITTED TO
INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
POLLUTION FROM LAND USE
ACTIVITIES REFERENCE GROUP
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
SEPTEMBER 1974
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. OBJECTIVES 8
III. BACKGROUND WATER QUALITY INFORMATION RELATING TO THE
MENOMONEE RIVER WATERSHED 9
IV. MENOMONEE RIVER PILOT WATERSHED STUDY PLAN 12
A. WATER QUALITY: Monitoring of the Menomonee River
Watershed System 12
Work Unit 100-225 (WDNR) Water Quality Parameters. 12
Work Unit 100-325 (SEWRPC) Hydrologic-Hydraulic
Parameters 16
Work Unit 325-350 (WDNR) Selection of Monitoring
Stations 16
Work Unit 350-375 (WDNR-USGS) Installation of
River Network Sampling Stations 18
Work Units 225-250, 250-275, 275-280 (WDNR)
Laboratory Analysis 18
Work Unit 375-275 (WDNR) Sampling Activities 22
B. LAND USE PATTERNS IN THE MENOMONEE RIVER WATERSHED:
Sources and Behavior of Pollutants 25
Work Unit 100-425 (SEWRPC) Selection of Land Use
Parameters 25
Work Unit 425-150 (SEWRPC) Inventory of Land Use.. 26
Work Unit 450-475 (UW-WRC) Specific Land Use
Studies 26
Work Units 100-790 and 500-600 (UW-WRC) Remote
Sensing 28
C. LAND USE-WATER QUALITY PREDICTIONS: Modeling of
Menomonee River Watershed System 28
Work Unit 100-810 (UW-WRC) Selection of Modeling
Parameters 30
Work Unit 810-825 (UW-WRC) Selection of Basic
Modeling System 30
U.S. Environ mental Protection Agency
ii GLNPO LiC'::ry Collection (PL-12J) A
77 West JcK.n^.on Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
Work Unit 825-850 (UW-WRC) Development of Models. 31
Work Unit 850-875 (UW-WRC) Modify Models 33
Work Unit 875-900 (UW-WRC) Testing of Models 33
Work Unit 900-950 (UW-WRC, WDNR, SEWRPC) Model
Verification 35
SUPPLEMENTAL ACTIVITIES: Activities in Support of
the Study Obj ectives 35
Work Unit 500-550 (UW-WRC) Data Evaluation 35
Work Unit 500-850 and 550-875 (UW-WRC) Data
Storage, Processing and Dissemination 36
Work Unit 500-610 (WDNR) STORET 37
Work Unit 800-1000 (UW-WRC) Information
Dissemination 37
Work Unit 100-1000 (WDNR, UW-WRC, SEWRPC) Report
Preparation 38
V. REFERENCES 39
VI. BUDGET HO
ill
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
1 Selected water quality parameters 17
2 Selection of monitoring stations for the
Menoraonee River pilot watershed study 20 and 21
3 Specific land use activities to be
investigated and their related pollutants 27
4 Total project budget—Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources 41
5 University of Wisconsin subcontract 42
6 Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning
Commission subcontract 43
IV
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No,
1 Organizational chart for the Menomonee
River program. 4-
2 Location of Menomonee River watershed. 5
3 Menomonee River watershed. 6
4 Overall study plan. 13
5 Time schedule of activities. 14
6 Study plan for objective A. 15
7 Location of monitoring stations. 19
8 Study plan for objective B. 24
9 Study plan for objective C. 29
10 Study plan for data evaluation and
storage. 34
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INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
MENOMONEE RIVER PILOT WATERSHED
STUDY PLAN
I. INTRODUCTION
Concern for the effects of various land use activities on Great
Lakes water quality has prompted the governments of the United States
and Canada, under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of April 15,
1972, to direct the International Joint Commission to conduct studies of
the impact of land use activities on the water quality of the Great Lakes
Basin and to recommend remedial measures for maintaining or improving
Great Lakes water quality.
To effect this undertaking, the International Joint Commission,
through the Great Lakes Water Quality Board, established the International
Reference Group on Great Lakes Pollution from Land Use Activities (Pollution
from Land Use Activities Reference Group - PLUARG). The Reference Group
developed a study program which consisted of four major tasks. Task A is
devoted to the collection and assessment of management and research infor-
mation and in its later stages, to the critical analysis of implications
of potential recommendations. Task B requires the preparation of a land
use inventory, largely from existing data, and secondly, the analysis of
trends in land use patterns and practices. Task C is the detailed survey
of selected watersheds to determine the sources of pollutants, their
relative significance and the assessment of the degree of transmission of
pollutants to boundary waters. Task D is devoted to obtaining supplemen-
tary information on the impacts of materials to the boundary waters,
their effect on water quality and their significance in these waters in
the future and under alternative management schemes.
The Task C portion of the Detailed Study Plan includes intense
investigations of six watersheds in Canada and the United States which
are representative of the full range of urban and rural land uses found
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in the Great Lakes Basin. A Technical Committee and Task C Subgroup have
been established by the PLUARG and assigned primary responsibility for
developing and conducting the pilot watershed studies. The Menomonee
River watershed has been selected for the study of the effects of urban-
residential land uses undergoing rapid change. Interfacing of Task C -
Task D activities is to be accomplished by the Task C Technical Committee
with inputs from the PLUARG, the pilot watershed studies and the Task D
Subgroup and Technical Committee. Thus, the output of the Task C pilot
watershed studies will be consistent with the objectives and activities
of Task D. Likewise, the land use inventory developed by Task B will
form the basis for extrapolation of information developed under the pilot
watershed program to the total Great Lakes Basin. Coordinating respons-
ibilities for this activity will lie with the Task C Technical Committee.
Although it is not an objective of the Menomonee River pilot water-
shed program to develop an analytical quality control program for the
entire Task C activities, it should be reemphasized that maximum effective-
ness of the Task C (and eventually Task D) program will only be achieved
if the data collected is analytically compatible from one watershed to
another. It is therefore urged that the Reference Group make the necessary
arrangements to develop an analytical quality control program at the
earliest opportunity.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), the University
of Wisconsin System through the Water Resources Center (UW-WRC) and the
Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC) serve as the
lead agencies or organizations responsible for participating with the
Task C Technical Committee in the planning and conduct of the intensive
study of water quality-land use relations in the Menomonee River watershed.
The principal functions of these agencies are:
a. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: The WDNR will be
the lead agency and as such, will administer the total study.
This will include coordination of activities associated with the
Menomonee River Study and submission of reports to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and the PLUARG. The WDNR also
will provide laboratory support for the monitoring program to be
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conducted in the Kenomonee River Basin.
b. University of Wisconsin System: The UW, through the Water
Resources Center, will conduct special studies of selected
land use activities and provide interpretation and assessment of
monitoring data through development of land use-water quality
models.
c. Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission: The
SEWRPC will provide background inventories on land use activ-
ities and project land use patterns from its current Menomonee
River planning program and develop a computer file of all data
and information applicable to the study.
In addition to these agencies, the U.S. Geological Survey will
install and maintain gauging and sampling stations at twelve locations
in the Basin.
The organizational structure of the Menomonee River Pilot Watershed
Study is presented in Fig. 1.
The 136 square mile Menomonee River watershed is located in the
southeastern corner of Wisconsin and discharges to Lake Michigan at the
City of Milwaukee (Figs. 2 and 3). This highly urbanized watershed encom-
passes all or parts of four counties and 17 cities, villages and towns
and currently contains a resident population of about 400,000 persons
(2,94-0 persons/mile2). Existing urban land uses range from an intensely
developed commercial-industrial complex in the lower quarter of the water-
shed to low to medium density residential areas in the center half of the
watershed, while the upper quarter is in the process of being converted
from rural to urban land use, as reflected by scattered urban development.
The irregular topography of the watershed results from the effects of
glaciation. Heterogeneous glacial drift covers the entire watershed and
the dominant soil types tend to be poorly drained. The long-term average
discharge from the watershed is 66 cfs, but flood flows as high as 15,000
cfs have been recorded. The basin has a typical humid climate, with mild
summers and cold winters. The annual average temperature is 50°F with
mean daily temperatures ranging from 21°F in January to 71°F in July.
Annual average precipitation is 31 inches (40 inches of snow).
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INTERNATIONAL
JOINT COMMISSION
GREAT LAKES
WATER QUALITY
BOARD
IJC REGIONAL
OFFICE, WINDSOR
POLLUTION FROM LAND
USE ACTIVITIES
REFERENCE GROUP
TASK C SUBGROUP
CO-CHAIRMEN
J. Konrad
D. Jeffs
TASK C
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
TASK C
PROGRAM COORDINATOR
MENOMONEE RIVER
WATERSHED STUDY
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
R. Chrlstensen
F. Sullivan
J. Konrad
Project Director
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT
OF NATURAL RESOURCES
STUDY COORDINATION
0. Konrad
G. Chesters
K. Bauer
UNIV. of WISCONSIN
WATER RESOURCES
CENTER
G. Chesters
HDNR
ENVIRONMENTAL
STANDARDS
0. Williams
SEWRPC
S. Walesh
OTHER FEDERAL
and
STATL AGENCIES
Revised 10/74
'i.e. 1. Organizational chart for the Mcnomonoo River program.
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I i[| ,T'. -X-'W™,r.'. >,
I ^r^ | ^«^"1 /,
ri.l.lNOIH "
Figure 2. Location of Menomonee River Watershed.
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POINT
Figure 3. Menoroonee River Watershed.
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Several key factors entered into selection of the Menomonee River
watershed. Not only is the watershed highly urbanized—approximately
75% of the land is in some type of urban use—but the watershed and con-
tiguous lands contain a full range of urban uses including low to high
density residential areas, extensive commercial and industrial tracts
and a considerable amount of land devoted to transportation facilities.
The high degree of diversity of urban land uses in this watershed is
reflected by the existence of combined and separate sewer systems. A
dynamic dimension is added by the rapid development occurring in the
upper quarter of the basin where agricultural land is being converted to
urban land uses. A unique facet of the Menomonee watershed stems from
the proposed plan to remove all municipal point sources of pollution by
1976, at which time the effects of land use on water quality will arise
almost entirely from non-point sources. Thus, of the six major watersheds
chosen for intensive study in the PLUARG program, the Menomonee watershed
will serve as the focus of investigations on the impact of urban land uses
on water quality. Data obtained in the Menomonee watershed will be used
to extrapolate the effects of urban land use on the water quality of the
entire Great Lakes Basin.
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II. OBJECTIVES
The overall objective of the Menomonee River watershed study is to
investigate the effects of land drainage on the pollutional input to Lake
Michigan and to develop a predictive capacity with respect to the sources,
forms and amounts of pollutants reaching Lake Michigan.
The specific objectives of the Menomonee River watershed study are:
A. To determine the levels and quantities of major and trace
constituents including, but not limited to, nutrients, pesticides
and sediments reaching or moving in flow systems likely to affect
the quality of Lake Michigan water.
B. To define the sources and evaluate the behavior of pollutants
from an urban land use setting with particular emphasis on the
impact of residential and industrial areas including utility
facilities, transportational, recreational, agricultural and
constructional activities associated with rapid urbanization.
C. To develop the predictive capability necessary to facilitate
extension of the findings from the Menomonee River watershed
study to other urban settings, leading to an eventual goal of
integrating pollutional inputs from urban sources to the entire
Great Lakes Basin.
Activities and decisions made in meeting the specific objectives of
the Menomonee River watershed study will be carried out in such a manner
as to effectively interface with objectives of Task D.
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III. BACKGROUND WATER QUALITY INFORMATION RELATING
TO THE MENOHONEE RIVER WATERSHED
The Menomonee River watershed contains a diversity of urban land
uses confined within the relatively small area of 136 square miles, making
feasible the detailed monitoring of basin-wide spatial and temporal changes
in water quality and quantity. A number of water quality studies have
been conducted in the Menomonee Basin since 1953 which serve to provide
the necessary background information for planning and conduct of the pro-
posed IJC land drainage study.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, as part of its state-
wide program, has conducted a number of surveys in the Milwaukee River
Basin including investigations of the Menomonee River and its three princ-
ipal tributaries, namely, Honey Creek, Underwood Creek and the Little
Menomonee River. The purpose of the surveys was to identify the major
point sources of pollution and to determine the effects of these discharges
on the quality of receiving waterways. The earliest Milwaukee River Basin
survey on record with the WDNR was conducted during 1951 (1), with sub-
sequent surveys in 1952-53 (2), 1962 (3), 1966-67 (4), and 1968-69 (5).
Because the primary concern of these surveys was to evaluate the capacity
of streams to assimilate organic wastes, field and laboratory analyses
undertaken included the measurement of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD ) dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological surveys. These studies indi-
cated that inadequate treatments of food processing and municipal sewage
wastes was the major cause of organic pollution in the upper half of the
watershed, whereas discharges from separate sanitary and combined sewer
overflows were more significant pollutional sources in the lower half of
the watershed. Other significant and specific pollution sources identified
included the Moss American Co. on the Little Menomonee River and the State
Fair Park on Honey Creek. Organic loadings from the Underwood Creek sub-
watershed were also significant but sources were not identified. Water
quality problems which were observed within the watershed included high
BODg values and bacterial counts, critically low levels of DO, nuisance
growths of aquatic plants, accumulation of sludge deposits and localized
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succession of pollution-tolerant organisms.
During the period of January 1964 through February 1965, the South-
eastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (6)—with cooperation
from state and federal agencies—conducted regional water quality stream
studies for use in a seven-county planning program. The Menomonee River
and its tributaries were monitored at twelve stations for 32 parameters.
Present and predicted water quality were judged primarily on the basis
of 4- parameters, namely, chloride content, dissolved solids, DO and coli-
form counts. The results of this investigation confirmed other findings
regarding the effects of discharges from the sewage treatment plants at
Germantown, Menomonee Falls and Butler. Oxygen depletion and high coliform
counts were most evident at sites downstream from these treatment plants.
High salt and dissolved solids concentrations were related to surface
runoff from residential areas and to industrial waste discharges in the
Underwood and Honey Creek subwatersheds. Chloride levels in these creeks
averaged 210 and 370 mg/1 (ppm), respectively, which compared with averages
of 100 and 65 mg/1 (ppm) for the Menomonee and Little Menomonee Rivers.
Chlorides in residential runoff were attributed to overland seepage from
private septic tank systems; however, street and highway de-icing activ-
ities likely contributed to the higher salt concentrations during the
winter and spring periods. Throughout the course of the investigation
oxygen deficits were more pronounced in the Menomonee and Little Menomonee
Rivers than in Underwood and Honey Creeks. This was due, in part, to the
seasonal loadings of organic materials from the marshy headwater regions
of the Menomonee River.
A study supported by UW-WRC (7) between July 1968 and June 1970,
allowed an evaluation of phosphorus loadings to Lake Michigan from the
Menomonee River watershed. Phosphorus loadings, resulting from surface
runoff from an agricultural subwatershed were correlated statistically
with quantities of precipitation. However1, phosphorus concentrations
were not correlated statistically. Dissolved orthophosphate was found to
comprise the greatest percentage of the total phosphorus and at times was
indistinguishable from total phosphorus in the limited number of compar-
isons made. The sewage treatment plants in the villages of Germantown,
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Menomonee Falls and Butler were major sources of phosphorus; effluent
contained 20 to 40 mg/1 of PO^ (equivalent to 6.5 to 13.0 mg/1 of P).
Eutrophic conditions were evident during the summer months at several
locations downstream from the treatment plant outfalls where concentra-
tions of dissolved orthophosphate were frequently in the range of 3 to
6 mg/1 of PO (0.98 to 1.96 mg/1 of P) and dense growth of aquatic plants
was common. It was estimated that an average of 568 kg (1,250 Ib) of PO^
per day were discharged from the Menomonee River watershed to Lake Michigan;
sewage treatment plants served as the source for approximately 40% of this
phosphorus.
During the summer of 1972, investigators from Marquette University
(8) conducted a survey of selected physical, chemical and biological
parameters in the industrial sector of the lower Menomonee River. During
a week of intensive sampling, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci counts
averaged 1.7xl06 and 2.1xl03/100 ml, respectively. Nitrate contents, on
average, were less than 5 mg/1 (ppm) whereas chloride contents averaged
145 mg/1 (ppm) with a range of 15 to 1,270 mg/1 (ppm). Qualitative anal-
ysis of river bottom sediments indicated the presence of cresols and
possible accumulations of trace and heavy metals. Furthermore, some
residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons were noted in some sediment and fish
samples; however, concentrations in the water samples were below the
detection limit of the analytical techniques employed. Lead concentrations
in river water samples at most sites were in the range of 15 to 25 yg/1
(ppb), however, levels at one site were found to be as high as 121 and 139
yg/1 (ppb) on two different dates. These high lead concentrations may
have been caused by automobile emissions although no reasons could be
offered for the lack of lead at nearby sites.
All but the Zanoni study (7) have dealt with the identification of
point sources of pollution and further investigations are required to
evaluate non-point sources of pollution in the watershed.
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IV. MENOMONEE RIVER PILOT WATERSHED
STUDY PLAN
Although it is fully understood that each of three sub-objectives
are completely interrelated, the work plan is discussed and subdivided
to parallel the sub-objectives. Thus, the plan is designed in three
sections corresponding to sub-objectives A, B and C and each of the
sections is divided into work units designated by a numbering system
shown in the Menomonee River pilot watershed study plan (Fig. 4). The
work units are identified by the two or more numbers which delineate a
particular activity. Each of the work units is identified with one of
the lead agencies, namely—WDNR, UW-WRC and SEWRPC—solely for the purpose
of indicating that the particular agency will provide the leadership and
major reporting responsibilities for that work unit. It should not be
inferred that the activities have been segmented in such a fashion that
coordination and cooperation implicit in the program design have been
negated. A time sechedule for completion of the individual work units
is shown in bar graph form in Fig. 5.
To g5.ve a more concise overview of the three work plan sections
(sections A, B and C), Fig. 4 has been subdivided to present the work
units involved in meeting a particular objective; these figures appear
with the text.
Supplemental activities which must be pursued in conjunction with
the sub-objectives are outlined separately and include: computer opera-
tions; information dissemination and report preparation.
A. WATER QUALITY; Monitoring of the Menomonee River Watershed System
The position of the particular work units within the overall work
plan for section A is shown in Fig. 6.
Work Unit 100-225 (WDNR) Water Quality Parameters
The list of parameters adopted for the water quality studies includes
the basic "core" list recommended by the Task C Technical Committee for
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13
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15
SELECT
HATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS
LABORATORY
SELECT
HYDROLOGIC-
HYDRAULIC
PARAMETERS
FACILITIES
ORGANIZE AND
OPERATE
ANALYSIS
SELECT
STATIONS
CONSTRUCT AMD
OPERATE
SAMPLING
ACTIVITIES
Fig. 6. Study plan for objective A.
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16
use in all pilot watershed studies. Additional parameters have been
selected to fit the needs of the Menomonee River pilot watershed study.
Table 1 summarizes the specific water quality and sediment parameters
selected for laboratory analysis. The group listings shown in Table 1
correspond to the field study time schedules described in subsequent
work units, namely, 375-275 and 275-280.
Work Unit 100-325 (SEWRPC) Hydrologic-Hydraulic Parameters
Basic hydrologic information to be selected for the study will include
parameters pertinent to the atmospheric phase of the hydrologic cycle such
as precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, potential evaporation,
wind, and relative humidity data; parameters related to the surface water
phase of the cycle such as streamflow, river stage, soils and land slope
data; and information descriptive of the ground water phase of the hydro-
logic cycle such as the vertical and horizontal extent of the aquifers
underlying the watershed and the quantity of water contained within and
moving through them. Some of the basic hydrologic data will be subjected
to statistical analyses to develop flow duration curves and high and low
flow discharge-frequency relationships.
Basic hydraulic data to be selected will include surface water infor-
mation such as channel profiles, floodland cross sections, roughness co-
efficients and hydraulic structure plans and such ground water data as
hydraulic conductivity values and potentiometric surface maps for the
shallow and deep aquifers underlying the watershed.
Much of the hydrologic-hydraulic data will be provided by the SEWRPC
as a product of its water resources planning programs. This data will be
supplemented with hydrologic data collected during the monitoring phase
of the pilot watershed study. This supplemental data will include con-
tinuous streamflow and precipitation measurements.
Work Unit 325-350 (WDNR) Selection of Monitoring Stations
A monitoring network has been developed for the Menomonee River
watershed. This network consists of twelve automatic water quality
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Table 1 - Selected water quality parameters
Parameters determined
on water samples
Parameters determined on
water 5 sediment samples
Parameters determined
on sediment samples
Group A
Organic nitrogen
Ammon ium-nitrogen
Nitrate-nitrogen
Nitr ite-nitrogen
Total-phosphorus
Dissolved ortho-
phosphate
Alkalinity
Hardness
Chloride
Total carbon
Dissolved carbon
Total suspended
solids
Turbidity
Group B
Total coliform
counts
Fecal coliform
counts
Fecal streptococci
counts
Group C (Inorganic)
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Chromium
Arsenic
Selenium
Nickel
Cadmium
Mercury
Group C (Organic)
Phenolics
Cyanide
PCBs'
Phthalate
DDT
ODD
DDE
Heptachlor
Aldrin
Lindane
Heptachlor epoxide
Dieldrin
Methoxychlor
Group D
"Sulfate
"Silica
Iron
Aluminum
Calcium
Magnesium
Manganese
Sodium
Potassium
Group E
Total nitrogen
Ammonium nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Orthophosphate
Cation exchange
capacity
Amorphous minerals
Particle size
distribution
Total carbonates
pH
Organic matter
Suspended sediment
Group F
Clay
Silt
Sand
Mineralogy
'•Parameter will not be measured on sediment samples.
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and sediment samplers with eleven associated automatic gauging stations
(flow will not be measured at station 413004). In addition, three grab
sample stations have been established in the harbor area. Continuous probe-
type monitors (for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity)
will be installed at five of the automatic sites. The locations will be
determined at a later date.
The selection of sampling sites was based primarily upon the dis-
tribution of the diverse urban and urbanizing land uses in the Menomonee
River watershed. The stations are located either downstream from mixed
land use activities, such as the transition from rural to urban areas,
or are located to characterize the runoff from areas of homogeneous land
uses.
Figure 7 shows the location of the monitoring stations and Table 2
is a listing of the stations with STORET Primary Station Numbers, loca-
tions and types,together with a brief description of the activities to
be monitored at each station.
Work Unit 350-375 (WDNR-USGS) Installation of River Network Sampling
Stations
Construction of facilities for housing the monitoring equipment was
begun in August 1974. This activity has been subcontracted to the U.S.
Geological Survey and will include installation and maintenance of eleven
streamflow recording and twelve automatic water sampling devices.
Additionally, five of these stations will be equipped with electronic
sensor type monitors for measurement of dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity
and temperature. Water sample collection will be regulated on a pro-
portional flow basis while the flow recording and electronic sensor units
will operate continuously. Present plans require the complete installa-
tion of monitoring instrumentation by early December with a brief time
allowance for a short equipment testing period. The total system is
expected to be fully operational by January 1, 1975.
Work Units 225-250, 250-275, 275-280 (WDNR) Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory support for the river network monitoring activities will
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463001
413011
673001
4(3008
4130(0
19
683001
413009
413014
4(30(3
413007
3012
41300
Scale
miles
Figure 7. Location of monitoring stations.
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Table 2 - Selection of monitoring stations for the Menomonee River pilot
watershed study
Station No.
Location
Type*
Monitoring
activities
413012
413013
ui3 014
413004
413009
413005
413006
413010
413007
Milwaukee Harbor at N.
Broadway (Hwy. 32) bridge
Menomonee River at 2nd St,
(N. Plankinton) bridge
Menomonee River at N. 13th
St. bridge
Menomonee River above 27th
St. at Falk Corporation
Menomonee River at
Hawley Rd.
Menomonee River at 70th
St. bridge
Honey Creek 150 yards
above confluence with
Menomonee River along
Honey Creek Parkway Dr.
Schoonmaker Creek at
Vliet St.
Underwood Creek above
Hwy. 45 off North Ave.
4 Estuary waters of Lake
Michigan and the
Menomonee and Milwaukee
Rivers
4 Last station on
Menomonee River before
confluence with the
Milwaukee. Monitors
entire watershed and
local shipping activit-
ies
4 Industrial activities
including railroad
yards and shipping
2 Industrial activities
including railroad
yards. Combined and
separate sewer systems
3 Located at combined
sewer system outfall
1 Runoff from urban dev-
elopment, light
industry and express-
way development
1 Monitor net effect of
Honey Creek, a densely
populated residential
area
3 Monitor net effect of
Schoonmaker Creek storm-
water runoff from an
older residential area
1 Monitor net effect of
Underwood Creek runoff
from a residential and
light industrial dev-
eloping area
'"'Station types are 1. automatic sampling and continuous flow, 2. automatic
sampling only, 3. storm water station - automatic sampling and continuous
flow dependent on flow conditions, and 4. grab sample.
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Table 2 (continued)
21
Station No.
Location
Type5'*
Monitoring
activities
683001
413008
413011
683002
463001
673001
Menoraonee River at
124th St. (Hwy. M)
Little Menomonee River at
Appleton Ave. (Hwy. 175)
Noyes Creek at 91st St,
Menomonee River at Pilgrim 1
Rd. (Hwy. YY)
Little Menomonee River at 1
Donges Bay Rd.
Menomonee River at River 1
Lane Rd. (Hwy. F)
Monitor the quality of the
Upper Menomonee River
above the Town of Butler
sewage treatment plant and
the confluence with the
Menomonee River
Monitor effect of the
rural to urban land use
transition above the con-
fluence with the
Menomonee River
Monitor net effect of
Noyes Creek stormwater
runoff from a new resi-
dential area
Monitor the transition
from a rural to urban
land use
Monitor the transition
from a rural to urban
land use
Monitor rural land usage
(agriculture) with a new
residential lake and golf
course development
"Station types are 1. automatic sampling and continuous flow, 2. auto-
matic sampling only, 3. storm water station - automatic sampling and
continuous flow dependent on flow conditions, and 4. grab sample.
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22
be conducted by a cooperative agreement with the Laboratory Services
Section of the WDNR. This agreement was initiated in July 1974, con-
current with the establishment of preliminary sampling stations in the
Milwaukee harbor area. This arrangement with WDNR has been made for the
duration of the pilot watershed investigation. Laboratory analytical
techniques will follow the standardized procedures recommended by the
U.S. EPA Analytical Methods Manual and by techniques selected by the
Task C Technical Committee. The adoption of standard techniques for the
entire Task C program will ensure data comparability and provide the
greatest opportunity for integration of data on a Great Lakes Basin-wide
scale.
Work Unit 375-275 (WDNR) Sampling Activities
Collection of samples from the nine automatically operated stations
(Types 1 and 2 described in Table ?) on the Menomonee River and its major
tributaries will be made on a weekly basis beginning January 1, 1975.
Storm water runoff areas (Type 3, Table 2) will be equipped with auto-
matic sample collection and continuous gauging capability, however, the
frequency of sample collection will be determined by flow conditions, i.e.,
runoff events, snow melt, etc. During periods of high runoff (spring
and fall runoff and selected rainfall events) the sampling frequency at
the nine river and tributary stations will be increased to an average of
four times per week. In general, the increased sampling frequency will
cover a period of 10 to 12 weeks during each year. Three grab sample
stations have been established in the Milwaukee harbor area and will be
sampled weekly. Depth profiles for dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature
along with samples at various depths will be obtained at these stations.
Collection of these grab samples was initiated in the summer of 197M-.
All samples obtained will be analyzed for the Group A parameters (Table 1).
Parameters in Groups B, C and D (Table 1) will be determined on a less
frequent basis. The frequency of these analyses will be determined by
the results of the preliminary data evaluations. In addition to the
parameters listed in Table 1, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and
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23
conductivity will be determined in the field at each sampling time for
the stations not utilizing continuous probe-type monitors.
Bottom sediments will be obtained from selected locations and
screened initially for each of the parameters contained in Groups C, D,
E and F (Table 1). Subsequent sediment characterization will be deter-
mined on a quarterly basis and will focus primarily on the mobile chemical
constituents in the sediment near the sediment-water interface. Benthic
organisms also will be characterized from these quarterly samples.
Biannual, 24-hour composite surveys will commence in the spring of
1975 at the Germantown and Menomonee Falls waste water treatment plants.
These are the only treatment plants within the watershed which are dis-
charging significant quantities of treated effluent on a continuous basis.
Initial laboratory analyses will cover a full range of parameters to
characterize the discharged effluent. Analyses will include, but will
not be limited to, nutrients, pesticides and other organics and heavy
metals. The Village of Butler is now under contract to the Milwaukee
Metropolitan Sewerage Commission for treatment of wastes up to 400,000
gals/day. The excess effluent is chlorinated prior to discharge to the
Menomonee River. Since this discharge is not a continuous flow, regular
surveys will not be conducted.
The atmosphere may be a source of several of the constituents being
transported in the Menomonee River system. The transfer of materials
from the atmosphere to the watershed will be monitored in order to develop
a mass balance. A basic air quality monitoring system already exists in
and near the watershed. The in-watershed portion of that system, which
consists of four continuous air quality monitoring sites and two sites
at which only particulates are measured, will be supplemented with addi-
tional particulate measuring and precipitation recording devices. The
air quality monitoring system will permit determination of the rates at
which constituents are being added to the water and land surfaces from
the atmosphere, either as particulate fallout or rainout. The additional
sites will be selected so that they, in conjunction with the existing air
quality monitoring sites, will be uniformly distributed over the watershed.
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SELECT
LAND USE
CONDUCT
WATERSHED REMOTE SENSING
COMPARE
LANP "SE , ,
CLASSIFICATIONS. J
Fig. 8. Study plan for objective B.
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25
B. LAND USE PATTERNS IH THE MENOMONEE RIVER WATERSHED; Sources and
Behavior of Pollutants
The position of the particular work units within the overall work
plan for section B is shown in Fig. 8.
Work Unit 100-425 (SEHRPC) Selection of Land Use Parameters
The results of literature reviews coupled with the modeling experience
of the pilot watershed study participants will result in the identifica-
tion of a list of land use parameters for which quantitative data are to
be obtained for the entire Menomonee River watershed. With respect to its
use, this data will be subject to two restrictions. First, it must be of
sufficient detail to meet the needs of the land use-water quality model
to be developed for the Menomonee River watershed; and secondly, the land
use data must be upward compatible with the general land use categories
being inventoried by the Task B Subgroup.
The basic land use classification system to be used is that employed
by the SEWRPC. This system utilizes nine general land use categories,
consisting of seven urban categories—1. residential, 2. retail and service,
3. wholesale and storage, 4. manufacturing, 5. transportation, communica-
tion and utilities, 6. government and institutional, and 7. park and
recreation; and two rural categories—1. agriculture and related, and 2.
other open space lands, swamps and water areas. Each of these nine gen-
eral categories is subdivided into two to 10 detailed land uses resulting
in a total of 41 detailed land use categories.
While this classification system employing 41 land use categories
will meet the needs of the land use-water quality model for the entire
Menomonee River watershed, the classification system may not be adequate
for special short term research studies to be conducted during the course
of the project such as investigations of the characteristics and impact
of runoff from roadways or certain bulk storage areas on water quality.
In the case of these unique situations, supplemental land use classifica-
tions may be required.
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26
Work Unit 425-450 (SEWRPC) Inventory of Land Use
Aerial photographs of the Henoraonee River watershed at a scale of
1" = 400' as obtained by the SEWRPC in 1963, 1967 and 1970, and planned
for spring of 1975 constitute the primary data source for the inventory
and collation of land use data. By means of photo interpretation, sup-
plemented with on-site checks, 41 land use categories have been identified
on the 1963, 1967 and 1970 aerial photographs and will be identified on
the 1975 aerial photographs. The identified land uses have been or will
be delineated on overlays to the aerial photographs. These overlays will
be subdivided into small cells, and the coordinates and dominant land use
of each cell will be determined prior to entering the land use data into
a digital computer file.
Work Unit 450-475 (UW-WRC) Specific Land Use Studies
Intensive studies of specific land use activities in the Menomonee
River watershed will be conducted. The overall objective of these studies
is to determine the sources, quality, quantity and behavior of major
pollutants associated with land drainage originating from various seg-
ments of the watershed. The general approach of the study will be to
divide the watershed into sub-basins. In each sub-basin specific land
use activities will be identified and the physical characteristics of
each inventoried by SEWRPC. Selection of typical land use areas will be
made such that the pollutants arising from these areas will be represent-
ative of similar areas within the basin. Further, the selection of areas
will be made to maximize the isolation of major pollutional loads arising
from the specific land use. Each selected site will be provided with
automatic sampling and gauging stations. The WDNR has identified 12
sampling stations and installation of permanent automatic sampling and
gauging equipment is underway. If use of the permanent (WDNR) stations
can provide the necessary information, mobile stations will not be required.
Table 3 is a listing of specific land use activities and related
pollutants that require intensive investigation. This list is not exhaus-
tive and it is likely that other special land use activities may be
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
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28
identified as the study progresses.
Work Units 100-790 and 500-600 (UW-WRC) Remote Sensing
The remote sensing task will primarily involve the detection and
location of thermal outfalls along the Menomonee River and the analysis
of land cover in selected sub-basins.
Thermal outfalls will be located using aircraft thermal scanner
analysis. This will be a cooperative effort between the University of
Wisconsin Environmental Monitoring and Data Acquisition Group and the
WDNR. The locations of these point source pollutants will be related
to the monitoring stations at the time of the mission. Hence, this cap-
ability may locate known and previously unknown point sources of pollution
and will be helpful also in model development.
Another useful application of the aircraft-collected thermal imagery
and photography will be in the delineation of hydrologically active areas,
such as partial source areas. It will be important to locate these areas
to enable better quantifications of interflow and overland flow.
High altitude aircraft photography will be digitized and computer
processed to develop land cover maps within three sub-basins. The sub-
basins were chosen to include an urban, a residential and an agricul-
tural area. This technique will be evaluated by relating the remotely
sensed output to the ground truth information available in the data
files of the SEWRPC.
The remotely sensed parameters will be placed into computer storage
according to a readily useable format, such as the unit cell arrangement.
The land use parameters will be in a form complementary to other stored
parameters and will be coordinated with the computer facilities of the
participants.
C. LAND USE-WATER QUALITY PREDICTION: Modeling of the Menomonee River
Watershed System
The position of the particular work units within the overall work
plan for section C is shown in Fig. 9.
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29
SELECT
MODELING
PARAMETERS
SELECT
BASIC
^
DEVELOP ~\ MODIFY
MODELS
.-,.
»f875
VERIFICATION
TEST
MODELS
Fig. 9. Study plan for objective C.
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30
Work Unit 100-810 (UW-WRC) Selection of Modeling Parameters
The applications of systems analysis techniques to the Menomonee
River pilot watershed study will be used to support the goals of the
International effort and will not become an end in itself. Thus, it will
be necessary to develop an overall system with complementary elements which
evaluate, simulate and account for interactions between essential par-
ameters. As an initial step it is useful to format the study plan accord-
ing to the critical-path method. From this analysis it is seen that the
the objectives of the Menomonee Study are constrained and broadened within
the limits imposed by the other activities of the Pollution from Land Use
Activities Reference Group, namely, Task B, other watershed studies in
Task C and the future requirements of Task D.
With an appreciation of the overall PLUARG activities it will be
necessary to describe in some detail the essential parameters that must
be included in the modeling and analysis activities. Flexibility will be
maintained in the modeling effort to provide an iterative process in the
developing stages. The parameters to be included in the models will be
selected from those identified in the chain of activities 100-225, 100-325,
100-425 and 100-790, as well as parameters which will provide a linkage
between the land use and water quality elements. Special consideration
will be placed on identifying those parameters that have the strongest
cause and effect relationship among the numerous parameters identified
for possible consideration.
Work Unit 810-825 (UW-WRC) Selection of Basic Modeling System
It is unlikely that the objectives of this multi-dimensional study
can be serviced effectively by a single model and it is highly possible
that an array of models will be necessary to accomplish various tasks.
Therefore, it will be essential to provide for a "system of models" that
will avoid duplication and encourage interaction.
The formulation of models may take three fundamental forms (Fig. 9).
One approach would be to develop mathematical models to describe as
closely as possible the physical processes of nature. Because of the
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31
limitation of these models to describe accurately the physical system
and the lack of mathematical techniques capable of finding a solution
to the described system, it is often necessary to simulate the system,
as either steady state or stochastic processes, and run sensitivity
analyses on the parameters of the models. These models are referred to
as deterministic models.
A second general approach is to develop simple parametric models for
stationary and non-stationary time series. This method requires empiri-
cal reduction of a given time series to uncorrelated residuals. The
approach leads to autocorrelation time series models containing only a
few parameters which may be used to forecast future events. As such,
correlation analysis is used to fit a random process model to a given
time series.
A third group of models may be described as decision or optimization
models. These models apply mathematical optimization techniques of oper-
ations research to watershed management alternatives. To use many of
the optimization techniques available it is necessary to simplify the
problem under analysis because of the mathematical limitation of the
available method. However, simulation models may be used to effectively
guide the modification of the problem description so that the results will
have application in the real world.
In recent years, several models have been developed for use in water-
sheds. Thus, it will be necessary to review the recent literature and
make an overall assessment of the application of systems analysis tech-
niques to problems associated with water quality management and land use
activities. Members of the study teams from the WDNR, SEWRPC, UW-WRC
and other experts from the university sector will participate in the
assessment with UW-WRC providing leadership. As a result of the joint
evaluation a specifically organized modeling format will be selected.
Work Unit 825-850 (UW-WRC) Development of Models
The decisions made in work unit 310-825—basic modeling formation—
will dictate the activities to be undertaken in developing models and the
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32
degree of intensity to which each activity will be pursued.
At this point one may speculate that a series of deterministic models
will be applied to describe the watershed. Because of the difficulty in
describing the cause and effect relationships between land use activities
in the watershed and the resulting water quality in the receiving waters,
it may be useful to develop three separate models to represent different
sub-units within a watershed network, namely, overland flow (including
subsurface, non-point sources), stream flow and river flow (including main-
stream and larger tributaries). Subdividing the river network in this
manner1 provides for the spatial and temporal differences which exist
between the flow patterns of these sub-units, and the increments of time
at which they will be monitored. The overland-subsurface flow model will
be used to describe the water quality parameters that are affected by
specific land use activities from a limited area (< 10 acres) and the
active response time will be within units of an hour. At the other
extreme the river model will describe the drainage from 1,000 acres to
that of the entire watershed in terms of daily intervals.
An analytical approach to the land use-water quality model may be
to use water as a carrier of foreign material—causing a change in water
quality. By modeling the movement of water through the system, the basis
for transporting the foreign material is established. As such, the trans-
port and transformation of materials and their chemical forms within the
system can be "piggy-backed" onto a hydrologic simulation to achieve a
basin-wide, interactive model. Wherever appropriate, every effort would
be made to adopt or modify existing models developed for IBP, EPA, OWRT,
etc.
Apart from the deterministic models it may be useful to develop
statistical models to check the reliability of the descriptive models and
to provide additional capabilities to better predict future conditions.
For example, it may be desirable to investigate the usefulness of an auto-
regressive time-series model to analyze the quantity and quality of the
river water being discharged to Lake Michigan.
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33
Work Unit 850-875 (UW-WRC) Modify Models
The major activity to be achieved by this work element will be to
develop the software necessary to effectively utilize the geographic,
land use and water data stored in the computer system in operating the
developed models. To make the operation of the models economically
efficient it may be necessary to adopt changes in the connecting links
between the individual models.
After the computer software is operational, it will be necessary to
check the individual models to determine whether they are receiving the
correct information from the data file, and if the elements of the program
are functioning properly. Preliminary water quality monitoring infor-
mation will be used to check the models and to make changes in the models.
The Univac 1110 computer at UW will be the principal computer used
for the modeling activities, with secondary support from the Xerox Sigma
Six computer at Marquette University and the IBM 370-125 computer at
SEWRPC. The UW-WRC staff will provide the coordination for the entire
modeling effort.
Work Unit 875-900 (UW-HRC) Testing of Models
After the models have been modified to operate within the data system,
it will be necessary to test the developed models against the data that
have been collected and evaluated from the watershed. During this work
element it will be necessary to establish the sensitivity of the models
to key parameters, and identify the change in parametric control based
on variation in geographical location, time, and season. Should the
deterministric series modeling be selected, where a separate model exists
for overland-, stream- and river-flow, it will be necessary to describe
the response surfaces interfacing these models. As in the previous activ-
ity, the testing of the models will be principally conducted on the Univac
1110 computer.
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Fig. 10. Study plan for data evaluation and storage.
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35
Work Unit 900-950 (UW-WRC9 WDNR, SEWRPC) Model Verification
The modeling activities of the Menomonee River watershed will be
developed in coordination with the other IJC pilot watershed studies.
Once the models have been tested for the individual watersheds, it will
be necessary to validate the models using data from similar watersheds
in the system. Validation of these mdoels will be required before they
can be made available to project the water quality conditions of the
rivers entering the entire Great Lakes system.
SUPPLEMENTAL ACTIVITIES: Activities in Support of the Study Objectives
The position of the particular work units within the overall work
plan for data evaluation and storage is shown in Fig. 10.
Work Unit 500-550 (UW-WRC) Data Evaluation
Data gathered by the three lead organizations will be evaluated on a
continuous basis throughout the study period. Coordinated data evaluation
and interpretation is imperative for establishing guidelines for deter-
mining the relevance of data to the objectives of the study and adequacy
of data for the development, modification and testing of the land use-
water quality model. Further, it will provide for the refinement and/or
modification of schemes for gathering data which include experimental
design, sampling techniques and frequency, and analytical techniques.
Evaluations of data in the early phases of the study (FY '75) will isolate
parameters that are not relevant to the study and will indicate the intro-
duction of new parameters needed to meet the overall objectives of the
study.
In order to obtain valid inferences from which conclusions will be
drawn to answer the objectives of the study, statistical analyses will
be employed. Basic data developed in the study will be compiled and
tabulated according to designed statistical formats and results will be
subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Statistical analysis will
determine the best estimates of parameters and stability of analytical
values. Statistical analysis will also provide a means for determining
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36
the significance, relationships and trends of selected water quality
parameters as influenced by land use activities in a rapidly urbanizing
watershed.
Work Unit 500-850 and 550-875 (UW-WRC) Data Storage, Processing
and Dissemination
One of the major problems encountered in large multi-disciplinary
programs is data collection, analysis and dissemination. Firm decisions
regarding data processing must be made before the initiation of the pro-
gram to ensure usefulness of the data to participants and outside interests.
The UW-WRC, in cooperation with the WDNR and SEWRPC, will coordinate
data processing. The main thrust of this activity will be to ensure data
compatibility between participants. This activity will be accomplished
by:
Clearly defining data file format needs for participants and computers.
Establishing programs for reformating data tapes for those instances
when a participant cannot provide the data in the required format.
Establishing guidelines for presentation of data (printout).
Consultation with a systems analyst to expedite data flow between
participants.
The flow of processed and unprocessed information is critical to the success
of the study plan. The participants, in the initial phase of the study,
have agreed upon certain computer activities to facilitate information
transfer as outlined below:
UW-WRC Univac 1110
The UW-WRC will provide computer support for the storage and processing
of field and laboratory data (special land-use studies), model cal-
culations, remote sensing data and the dissemination of information.
Raw and evaluated data (work elements 500-850 and 550-875) will be
provided in a format suitable for model development and modification.
WDNR Univac 1110 (UW)
WDNR through use of the UW computer will provide computer support
for the storage and processing of field and laboratory data from the
twelve (WDNR) sample site locations.
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37
SEWRPC IBM 370-125
SEWRPC will provide information on the Menomonee River watershed and
its environs. It will also lend assistance in model formation and
development.
It is anticipated that by clearly defining participants data needs
and establishing lines of communication between participants, program
delays can be eliminated or lessened.
Work Unit 500-610 (WDNR) STORET
In conformance with the requirements of the project, all data collec-
ted throughout the study period will be submitted to the U.S. EPA STORET
system. Final procedures will be based upon the East Lansing Study Group
recommendations and will be in accordance with EPA guidelines. All water
quality monitoring data will be placed on tape in STORET's Decimal Input
(DIP) format. It is proposed that all data be stored under a unique
agency number and protection key so as to limit access of stored informa-
tion until the data have been analyzed and reported.
Work Unit 800-1000 (UW-WRC) Information Dissemination
An important aspect of the PLUARG program must center on providing
public awareness of the activities and recommendations of the programs
constituting the pilot watershed studies. This awareness can best be
achieved through an effective information program geared to providing a
variety of audiences with materials packaged in a manner most suitable
to their comprehension and needs. The initial step in the process
requires identification of the different audiences which might include
the general public, decision making officials, technical personnel and
other special interest groups. The UW-WRC has a long-standing information
dissemination program which can be brought to bear on the Menomonee River
pilot watershed study. This effort will be coordinated with the informa-
tion dissemination effort emanating from the IJC Office in Windsor,
Ontario.
For example, activities during the first year could include preparation
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38
of newspaper articles, two television 1 minute spots, 7-10 meetings, and
3 to 4 summary reports. This level of activity is planned for the first
two years and will taper off in the last year as the information program
related to Task D is expanded. Articles highlighting specific aspects
of the study will be submitted to local newspapers and other serial pub-
lications on a regular basis. The University's reporting staff will write
and distribute these stories. University staff and facilities will also
be utilized to produce television spots and films. Meetings with local
groups and agencies will be conducted by the project personnel at various
locations in the watershed. These meetings will be the best means of
conveying the significance of the study to the general public and to
special interest groups as they will allow direct interaction with project
personnel. Brief reports or one-page announcements will be written at
several technical levels to publicize selected aspects of the study.
Mailing lists maintained by the UW-WRC, WDNR and SEWRPC will aid in
reaching the desired audiences.
It is anticipated that together the approaches taken announcing
and clarifying the objectives, highlights and conclusions of the study
will reach the maximum number of interested citizens in the watershed
and provide an opportunity for all interested individuals to understand
and support the recommendations of PLUARG.
Furthermore, public awareness of Task C activities will facilitate
an understanding and acceptance of the management strategies instigated
through the Task D program.
Work Unit 100-1000 (WDNR, UW-WRC, SEWRPC) Report Preparation
Interim reports will be prepared according to the contractual schedule
to describe the progress during the reporting period. These reports will
summarize the basic data collected and present preliminary and final results
developed by the study team. Included in the progress reports will be a
narrative description of the work elements that were active .during the
period, and maps, tables and graphs will be utilized to illustrate the
basic data and information. In addition to the presentation of basic
information there will be an increasing need to provide an overview of
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39
the results following the evaluation and interpretation of the collected
data.
Final results of the study will not be available until the termina-
tion of all phases of the study. However, milestones will be established
during the study period when independent elements of the research plan
are finalized and reported upon.
A special report series will be developed to effectively report on
specialized monitoring and research activities, which can be practically
separated from other elements of the study. These reports may be developed
into technical papers to be submitted for publication in professional and
scientific journals or as agency reports.
Progress reporting will be used as a research management tool to
focus the efforts of the project staff and supervisory personnel on the
objectives of the total study. Thus, the interim reports will provide
each member of the multidisciplinary program with a general overview of
the entire study. As such,these reports also will inform non-project
personnel of study developments.
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40
V. REFERENCES
1. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, "Report of Investigations
of Pollution of Surface Waters in the Major Portion of the Milwaukee
River Basin Conducted during 1951,"' January, 1952.
2. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, "Report of Investigations
of Pollution of Surface Waters in Milwaukee County and that Portion of
the Root River System Draining from Waukesha County through Milwaukee
County Conducted during 1952 and 1953," March, 1954.
3. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, "Report on a Field Inves-
tigation of Surface Water Quality in Southeastern Wisconsin in the
Summer of 1962,'' (no date).
4. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, "Report on an Investigation
of the Pollution in the Milwaukee River Basin Made during 1966 and
19673;! January, 1968.
5. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, "Report on an Investigation
of the Pollution of the Milwaukee River, Its Tributaries,, and Oak
Creek Made during 1968 and 1969, : May, 1969.
6. Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, "Water Quality
and Flow of Streams in Southeastern Wisconsin./1 Technical Report No. 4,
November, 1966.
7. Zanoni, A.3 ''Eutrophic Evaluation of a Small Multi-Land Use Watershed,;I
U.W. Water Resources Center Technical Report, June, 1970.
8. Marquette University, :'Lower Menomonee River--Selected Biological,
Chemical, and Physical Parameters," 1972.
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VI. BUDGET
The budget is divided into three tables to delineate the total
budget being administered by the Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources (Table 4), and the subcontracts to the University of
Wisconsin (Table 5) and the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning
Commission (Table 6). The budget details are presented for each
year of the program.
-------
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