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?llo, from the 650 people who work for you at the Midwest Office
of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The Midwest Office works to protect environmental quality in six
states—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
That's a big part of America—containing one fifth of the nation's
population and one fourth of its manufacturing activity.
This is the fourth edition of "Together"—our annual report.
It covers 1976-1977, years marked by some real progress in cleaning
up the air and water, but also marked by new problems such as
toxic substances, large spills, some backlash to environmental pro-
grams and final chapters in some large pollution cases like Reserve
Mining and U.S. Steel Gary.
The report you are reading is something of a first. It is the first,jfw*
report to try and summarize environmental quality here in the
we^t, and the issues we are tackling.
",»* Together" is divided into two sections. Part I describes er
*^%*nental quality here while Part II tells you how Region V is organize^
Thank you.
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ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REVIEW
A
IR
Imagine driving down the highway and seeing bill-
boards with the ominous warning "Breathing May Be
Hazardous to Your Health". It sounds far-fetched,
but might well come to pass in a futuristic society
were it not for the efforts by EPA to clean up the
nation's air.
Our air is polluted. For years we've stood idly by,
ignoring the noxious gases, toxic substances, and
particulates released in the name of "progress"
What's so serious about air pollution? Consider the
health effects. Possible increases in cancer, lead
poisoning, and asthma are just a few of the problems.
There are six major pollutants—each with its own list
of associated health drawbacks.
The Pollutants...
SULFUR OXIDES: Most are produced through com-
bustion of coal or fuel oil. Sulfur oxides leave their
mark through the discoloration of plants, they eat
away at iron and steel, and can dissolve marble.
When it comes to the human body, sulfur oxides can
aggravate asthma, lung and heart disease, and cause
reduced lung function in children.
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES: This category
is a catch-all for any particle in the air including soot,
mists, sprays, dust, dirt and toxic substances. Re-
lated health effects are wide-ranging. Inhalation of
lead particles can cause lead poisoning; particulates
may weaken the body's resistance to infection and
cause injury to the linings of the lungs and throat
Dust and mists can prove irritating to the eyes.
CARBON MONOXIDE: A tasteless, odorless, colorless
gas, carbon monoxide is spewed forth into the en-
vironment by a familiar culprit—the automobile. Ex-
posure to small amounts can result in fatigue, diz-
ziness and headaches. As it inhibits the ability of
oxygen to enter the blood, exposure to large amounts
of carbon monoxide can be fatal. Persons suffering
from lung disease, anemia, or cerebral-vascular
disease should avoid contact with carbon monoxide
whenever possible.
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS: These pollutants are
secondary in nature. They are the result of chemical
reactions that occur when other pollutants are
exposed to sunlight. Smog is produced in this fashion.
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SULFUR DIOXIDE
T] Air Quality Maintenance Areas
"" J (by county)
Air Quality Maintenance Areas (AQMA's) \^
are areas that have been identified by i
the states, and designated by EPA, which,
due to current air quality and/or projected
growth rate, may have the potential for
exceeding any National Ambient Air
Quality Standard in the future.
J^
Non-attainment Areas (by county}
Non-attainment Areas are areas where air
quality monitoring data or modeling results
indicate that the air quality standards are
exceeded. Also, some additional areas
where violations of the air quality standards
are suspected have been identified as non-
attainment areas to indicate the need for
further analysis.
Other photochemical oxidants include formaldehyde,
nitrogen peroxide and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
Ozone is a constituent of photochemical smog.
Ozone is currently the subject of intensive studies
regarding health effects. It is believed that exposure
to ozone results in severe respiratory irritation. Other
photochemical oxidants are given credit for causing
headaches, coughing, chest pains, and triggering
asthma.
NITROGEN OXIDES: Nitrogen oxides are formed in
high-temperature combustion processes such as
electrical power plants. Exposure is linked with in-
hibiting vegetation growth and serious respiratory
problems. High concentrations may prove fatal.
HYDROCARBONS: Hydrocarbons are found in auto
emissions and are also formed from the evaporation
of industrial solvents found in painting and dry-
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TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
Air Quality Maintenance Areas
(by county)
Air Quality Maintenance Areas fAQMA's)
are areas that have been identified by
the states, and designated by EPA, which,
due to current air quality and/or projected
growth rate, may have the potential for
exceeding any National Ambient Air
Quality Standard in the future.
I Non-attainment Areas (by county)]^
Non-attainment Areas are areas where air
quality monitoring data or modeling results
indicate that the air quality standards are
exceeded. Also, some additional areas
where violations of the air quality standards
are suspected have been identified as non-
attainment areas to indicate the need for
further analysis.
cleaning processes. While no adverse affects are
directly related to hydrocarbons, they react under
light to form photochemical oxidants.
Region V and Clean Air
As specified in the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1970, aH states were required to develop and imple-
ment specific programs for achieving clean air stan-
dards set by EPA. EPA approved all state program
plans but encountered a snag in Ohio where the pro-
posed plan was deficient in the area of sulfur oxides.
EPA developed regulations to compensate for the
deficiency and these were adopted in August of
1976. Although the regulations resulted in a program
plan that demands the least amount of pollution
reduction consistent with maintaining public health
standards, immediate reaction by utilities and in-
-------
dustnes was far from favorable. Over 35 utilities and
industries brought charges against EPA. Most of
the furor is over the use of scrubbers and other control
techniques Scrubbers are expensive pollution con-
trol devices which reduce the amount of sulfur oxide
emitted through the burning of high sulfur coal.
The charges are under review by the 6th U.S. Cir-
cuit Court of Appeals.
If technology has its way, the next decade will
bring an effective, yet inexpensive replacement for
scrubbers. Scientists at the University of Tennessee's
Space Institute announced the development of an ef-
ficient electrical generating process which burns high
sulfur coal while producing a minimum of pollution.
Magnetohydrodynamics is the name of the process
which catches 95% of the sulfur oxides without using
costly scrubbers. Advocates of the process say such
plants will be able to produce 50% more power than
conventional plants and the process will be commer-
cially available by 1985 or 1990.
Meanwhile Region V reports a decrease in sulfur
oxide and particulate levels in several metropolitan
areas. In Chicago particulate levels dropped from 153
micrograms per cubic meter in 1975 to 148 micro-
grams per cubic meter in 1976. Sulfur oxide levels
dropped from .031 parts per million to .019 parts
per million in 1976. The national standard is .03
parts per million Other cities recording decreasing
sulfur oxide and particulate trends included Detroit
and Cincinnati.
Ozone Alley, Fluorocarbons, and
All of Us...
One of the most persistent and controversial air
problems remains the threat of ozone. Ozone is the
focal point for two environmental issues. EPA, to-
gether with the Food and Drug Administration and the
Consumers Product Safety Commission, has imposed
a ban on all fluorocarbon sprays by April 15, 1979.
It is believed that the use of fluorocarbons depletes
the ozone layer—a protective layer of air in the upper
atmosphere surrounding the earth which screens
out ultraviolet rays. Destruction or depletion of the
ozone layer would result in a significant increase in
skin cancers throughout the world The new ban will
affect approximately one billion pressurized spray
containers manufactured in the United States.
Looking at ozone in Region V, the amount of ozone
found in both our urban and rural areas has risen
sharply. By mid-June, 1977, Chicago had received
its fourth ozone advisory of the year, and people with
cardiac problems were being advised to avoid stren-
uous activity and remain indoors. The first alert, be-
ginning in May and extending into June, was the
longest advisory in Illinois history, lasting 23 days.
The harmful ozone in the lower atmosphere is
formed from hydrocarbon emissions which interact
with sunlight. Layers of ozone tend to build-up in the
cities although the problem also extends (to a lesser
degree) out to rural communities. The Chicago lake-
front area extending to Waukegan was nicknamed
"Ozone Alley."
EPA is working with the six states in Region V to
tackle the ozone problem and develop a feasible
solution. All Region V states have ozone levels over
the health standard, and in some areas the ozone level
has risen to three times the health standard. The key
to reducing the problem is to reduce hydrocarbon
emissions from motor vehicles and industry. The six
states and EPA are developing a solution to the prob-
lem which should be proposed in 1978. Possible
strategies include emission testing of automobiles and
trucks, controls on numerous industries, and the in-
creased use of mass transit.
Chicago and Cincinnati already have
auto emission testing programs. Chicago's voluntary
testing screens 700 cars per day at six stationary
and 10 mobile testing units, but in order to screen
all the city's cars, a mandatory program would need
to process 4000 cars per day. EPA feels that if such
a program became mandatory, exhaust pollutants
could be reduced by 30-50% over a five year period.
At the national level, the crackdown on auto emis-
sions has resulted in direct confrontation with the
auto industry. EPA is currently seeking the authority
to impose a penalty of $65 to $100 per car, beginning
in 1983 on new cars which will not meet nitrogen
oxide standards in effect at that time. The major auto-
motive manufacturers have said that the recom-
mendation is too stringent and will result in inflation,
lost jobs, and the waste of billions of gallons of gaso-
line each year. The controversy rages on, with EPA
holding firm on a policy on pollution control through
auto efficiency.
EPA is not only concerned with eliminating pol-
lutants, but also with maintaining pollution free areas.
EPA's policy, known as emission offset, advocates
restricting industrial polluters from building in areas
where the air pollution level is already in violation of
standards. Another EPA requirement focuses on the
prevention of significant deterioration of air quality
in areas with cleaner air. Sources are restricted from
expanding in those areas where it is known that the air
quality will deteriorate as a result of the action. While
this new area of responsibility causes many federal-
state management questions, the end result will be
cleaner air for us all.
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N
OISE
A passing freight tram, blaring television set,
revved-up car, or neighbor's lawnmower—almost dai-
ly each one of us is exposed to sounds that are loud-
er than what we consider comfortable. When sounds
pass the comfort threshold and interfere with com-
munication, we usually think of them as "noise."
Noise is a subtle, yet serious pollutant. Over 14
million Americans are exposed to high noise levels
from trucks, planes, motorcycles, stereos, lawnmowers,
and kitchen appliances. On-the-job conditions can
pose an additional threat with an estimated 15 million
people exposed to dangerous noise levels in con-
junction with their work.
EPA began fighting noise pollution in 1972 with the
passage of the Noise Control Act. All regions received
instructions to begin working directly with com-
munities in an effort to aid towns in the development
of noise pollution workshops which serve to instruct
municipal officials on noise pollution ordinance devel-
opment, monitoring devices, and enforcement strate-
gies. EPA's goal is to promote cooperation and un-
derstanding between towns and cities so that they
may develop compatible noise ordinances. An ex-
cellent example of inter-community cooperation
is demonstrated by St. Francis and West Allis, Wis-
consin. Town leaders in West Allis are helping offi-
cials in St. Francis design their noise pollution con-
trol ordinance so it will be compatible with the exist-
ing regulations in West Allis.
Citizens, too, are showing an increased interest
in the problems of noise pollution. In a unique rul-
ing in Ferndale Heights, Illinois, citizens were given
the right to report noise pollution violations and in
lieu of proper monitoring equipment, the complainant's
testimony is sufficient to prove a violation. If measure-
ments are taken, they must show that the numerical
limits are exceeded to prove a violation.
Currently, nearly 20 million Americans have suf-
fered some type of hearing loss. At one corporation
in Illinois, 250 workers filed worker's compensation
complaints for partial and total hearing losses re-
ceived while working m the company foundry, assem-
bly line, and testing rooms.
Transportation Modes— Environmental
Headaches
Noise pollution is a general area, but it is possible
to address a few of the specifics. The noise generated
by traffic is generally considered one of the major
offenders. EPA operates the U.S. Noise Enforcement
Facility in Sandusky, Ohio to test newly manufactured
trucks and air compressors to make sure they con-
form to strigent EPA standards. New EPA standards
which will be effective January 1, 1978, will require
new medium and heavy trucks not to exceed a noise
level of 83 decibels at 50 feet. By 1982, the noise
level must be reduced to 80 decibels. EPA's aim is to
reduce truck noise by 45%.
Individual communities tackle traffic noise in various
manners, some of which are quite innovative as well
-------
as practical. Detroit, Michigan is handling traffic
noise pollution through better construction practices.
City highways are being excavated below grade-level
and landscaped in an attempt to block noise naturally.
Officials in Gahanna, Ohio used a more forceful
tactic, threatening to close down a portion of the Outer-
belt Highway unless a noise barrier was constructed.
The city claimed the state promised them the noise
barrier when permission for construction was granted
in 1966. The Department of Transportation recently
promised Gahanna that construction of the 3,700-
foot concrete noise barrier will be completed by the
end of November 1977. Outerbelt traffic noise will
be reduced 10 decibels as a result of the barrier—
the first of its kind in the state.
Airport noise is another area of vital concern.
Far too often, the roar of jets overhead makes for mis-
erable living conditions for residents of areas near
airports. In Region V the worst offender is O'Hare In-
ternational Airport. Sound levels at O'Hare frequently
measure over 90 decibels. Homeowners near the air-
port have flooded the management with letters of
complaint and their problem is so serious that sever-
al residential areas are now ineligible for FHA mort-
gages. In response to public outcry, Illinois Congress-
man Abner Mikva has introduced legislation that
would provide for stricter control over airport noise.
Illinois Attorney General William Scott proposed art
STATE ROLL CALL
Cities in Region V that have existing, new, or are drafting
noise pollution control ordinances
6
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airport noise abatement regulation that is under con-
sideration by the Illinois Pollution Control Board in 1977.
In Minnesota, the state pollution control agency is
conducting an indepth study of jet aircraft noise in
an attempt to find ways to held alleviate deafening
conditions near Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport.
Region V EPA views airport-related noise as a
serious environmental threat and an area demanding
immediate attention. EPA has developed a process
to enable airports and communities to assess the
magnitude of airport noise in their areas and will
be working directly with numerous airports and towns
to plan and implement noise abatement strategies.
According to United Airlines President Richard
Ferris, the airlines and government agree that most
older four-engine jets should be replaced. This would
include early DC-8's, 707's, Convair 880's, and 990's
There is some disagreement on whether or not to
sound-deaden Boeing 727's, 737's, and McDonnell
DC-9's. The airlines feel it is too expensive; however,
such retrofitting is required by 1984 through a new
FAA ruling
The Department of Transportation recently pro-
posed an airline tax plan for the refitting or
replacement of aircraft that do not meet federal
noise standards. If such legislation passes, the out-
come should be a major step towards improving en-
vironmental quality
This decibel (dB) table compares some common sounds and
shows how they rank in potent/a/ harm to hearing. Note that
70 dB is the point at which noise begins to harm hearing. To
the ear, each 10 dB increase seems twice as loud.
Hound levels and Hut-- ;•
Common Sounds
Carrier deck
jet operation
Air raid siren
Jet takeoff (200 ft.)
Thunderclap
Discotheque
Auto horn (3 ft.)
Pile drivers
Garbage truck (50 ft.)
Heavy truck (50 ft.)
City traffic
Alarm clock (2 ft.)
Hair drier
Noisy restaurant
Freeway traffic
Man's voice 13 ft.)
Air conditioning unit
(20 ft.)
Light auto traffic
(100 ft)
Living room
Bedroom
Quiet office
Library
Soft whisper (15 ft )
Broadcasting studio
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STICIDES
It all began with SILENT SPRING. Rachel Carson's
best-seller on environmental threats sounded the alert
to an unsuspecting public. Pesticides may be dan-
gerous.
The term "pesticide" is actually a catch-all term
for any substance that repels or destroys pests; and
for any mixture of chemical used as a plant regulator
or killer.
While it is certainly true that some pesticides can
be lethal, it is also a fact that they are tremendously
useful substances. A skillful combination of some
1400 chemicals results in 46,000 pesticides that have
dramatic effects on man's lifestyle and well-being.
Pesticides can claim credit for increasing crop
production, eliminating the vectors of several deadly
diseases, and improving livestock production.
EPA's work with pesticides is primarily m the area
of regulation. By provision of the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972,
EPA has the authority to regulate all pesticides in
both interstate and intrastate commerce. EPA has
the power to suspend registration, thereby halting
production, if a pesticide is considered an imminent
health hazard to public welfare. Since the program
began, EPA banned the controversial DDT, and has
taken similar action on mercury, aldrin, and dieldrin.
Several other pesticides are currently under study
including the phenoxy herbicides, chemical sprays
that have been banned for forest spraying in seven
counties in the State of Minnesota.
President Carter, in his May 1977 Environmental
Message, directed EPA to expand its power in pesti-
cide regulation. In the past EPA had the task of regu-
lating the 46,000 individual pesticides on the market.
The new presidential order will simplify the task
by giving EPA the authority to regulate the 1400
chemical ingredients rather than the final products.
What does this mean to Region V? With over 6000
pesticides registered in the Midwest, the new order
should make registration and checking for violations
a more efficient process. In 1976, over 600 inspec-
tions were made and 900 samples were collected in
Region V for laboratory analysis.
Whenever people are exposed to poisonous sub-
stances there is always the possibility of accidents.
In Lombard, Illinois, the local police force has de-
8
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Number of Pesticide Applicators
Trained in Region V
ILLINOIS
38,125
OHIO
112,061
110,131
MICHIGAN^
MINNESOTA
110,000
16,870
WISCONSIN
| 5,000
4,000
Total 99,587
47,192
Private
Commercial
veloped an ingenious poison prevention program which
focuses on children. Primary grade school children
get a classroom visit from "Officer Nicely" and receive
free poison warning stickers for placement on dan-
gerous substances. Children also receive a coloring
book on pesticides and an informative brochure to
take home to parents.
While it is possible to eliminate pesticide poison-
ings by eliminating the use of pesticides all together,
such an action would result in more harm than good.
A viable alternative is a new approach to pest control
called Integrated Pest Management. Integrated Pest
Management uses a combination of biological and
chemical options for pest control based on the type
of pest, crop, and environment.
According to EPA Administrator Douglas Costle,
"Some pest species have developed a genetic resis-
tance to pesticides, and in many cases, natural bal-
ances have been disrupted, or entirely new pest
problems have emerged as a result of pesticide treat-
ments. We want to do what we can to assist the De-
partment of Agriculture and the agriculture commun-
ity in developing alternative crop production techni-
ques which reduce reliance on the ever increasing
cost and rapidly diminishing supply of petrochemical-
based fertilizers and pesticides. This explains our
interest m Integrated Pest Management".
An example of Integrated Pest Management in
action can be seen through the Dial-A-Bug program
m Michigan. Information about weather, insect popu-
lations and other data is collected daily from 27
regions in the State and analyzed by computer, which
relays the information to agricultural extension agents.
Farmers can obtain (regional) up-to-the-minute data,
and studies have shown that use of Dial-A-Bug has
reduced the use of insecticides by 30%.
What's Happening Now...
Many pesticides are used each year by individuals
who may have little Knowledge of proper application
techniques or background on the possible effects
of the pesticide. EPA is working with the states in
the development of applicator training and certifica-
tion programs. Plans have been submitted by all the
Region V states, and the Pesticide Branch is hopeful
that all state plans will be approved by October of
1977.
The certification program divides pesticides into
two groups—general and restricted. General pesti-
cides are those which can be used safely without
special knowledge—a good example is the household
ant trap or mosquito spray. Restricted pesticides are
far more dangerous and require application by or
under the supervision of a trained applicator. So
far close to 100,000 Region V citizens have received
training and passed state applicator examinations.
As the state programs move ahead during 1977-8,
the number of trained applicators is expected to
increase.
9
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R
ADIATION
Radiation is an invisible pollutant. We can't see
it, hear it, or smell it, but it is present all around us.
Man is exposed to radiation from both natural and
manmade sources. Natural radiation comes from
cosmic and terrestrial sources. Sunbathing gives the
body direct exposure to cosmic radiation, that is,
the radioactive rays from the sun. The water we drink
and ground we walk upon are sources of terrestrial
radiation.
Manmade radiation is divided into two categories:
ionizing and nonionizing radiation. Included is ra-
diation produced by x-rays, nuclear power plants,
radio and television transmitters, microwave devices,
ultraviolet light, lasers and high voltage transmission
lines.
EPA is interested in radiation since it can affect
our environment and health. The use of radiation has
resulted in significant medical advances. Our com-
munication systems are associated with minute
amounts of radiation as are nuclear power station
releases.
Scientists have found that exposure to large doses
of radiation can have harmful health effects. Some
of the health problems associated with radiation can
RADIATION
Radioactive
material measured
in curies
Exposure of
film badge measured
in rems
Intesity o
gamma rays
measured in
roentgens
Radiation — it's all in the name. Rems, roentgens, and
curies are all units associated with radiation. EPA measures
the biological effects of radiation in millirems. Each year
man is exposed to approximately 200 millirems from a
combination of natural and manmade radioactive sources.
include genetic defects, cancer, cataracts, skin burns,
and some neurological and behavioral changes.
In Region V, the Radiation program is coordinat-
ing its activities with the state radiation offices.
In 1977, the Agency will propose standards for radio-
active materials in drinking water under the Safe
Drinking Water Act. Under other authorities, EPA is
also proposing new federal guidance for medical and
dental x-ray practices in federal health care facilities.
Currently, EPA is involved in a coordinated federal
program for developing a long-range plan for safely
managing and disposing of radioactive wastes. Dur-
ing 1978, Region V will define and evaluate the pro-
blem of decommissioning radiological facilities in
urban areas. Regional findings will be used in a
national assessment plan.
The Canada/United States Water Quality Board
recommended in its 1976 annual report that federal,
state, and local or Provincial agencies engage in
environmental monitoring programs to assess the
impact of nuclear power stations upon the Great
Lakes. There are presently 20 nuclear power re-
actors in operation on the Great Lakes using the water
of the Lakes for condenser cooling. At this time the
impact of thermal and radioactive discharges upon
lake biota is not being assessed.
EPA is proposing new radiation standards which
will reduce public exposure to planned releases or
radioactive materials from the nuclear power industry
to one-twentieth of previous guidelines.
As an added measure of safety assurance, EPA
formally reviews all nuclear facility plans through the
required Environmental Impact Statements.
Looking at radiation associated with communica-
tion systems, a special radiation monitoring van from
EPA visited Region V during 1976 to check the in-
tensity of broadcast radiation from UHF and VHP
television and FM radio transmitters. The project was
the first phase of a two year analysis on environ-
mental levels of radio and microwave radiation in
urban areas of the United States. The study, being
done with the President's Office of Telecommuni-
cations Policy, will determine the amounts of electro-
magnetic radiation in various parts of the country,
define the need for non-ionizing radiation guidelines,
and study possible health effects on humans.
10
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SOLID
WASTE
Remember the city dump? Remember the sicken-
ing smells of rotting trash and all those mini-
mountains of decaying auto remains and appliance
pieces?
Garbage may well be an unrealized tribute to our
modern throwaway society, but it also accounts for
a tremendous waste of precious natural resources.
Each year Americans dispose of 48 billion cans,
26 billion bottles and jars, 4 million tons of plastic,
7.6 million television sets, 7 million cars/trucks, and
30 million tons of paper. Annually, we generate over
150 tons of municipal refuse which could be con-
verted into the energy equilvalent of 200 million
barrels of crude oil using available technology. Right
now, the concept of resource recovery (recovering
energy and other materials from municipal solid waste)
is understood and practiced by only a few. EPA is
banking on resource recovery systems becoming a
way of life.
In Region V, the problem of garbage disposal and
resource recovery is of massive proportions. Thirty
percent of the nation's garbage accumulates in
Region V. Finding a final resting place for the Mid-
west's throwaways is an incomprehensible environ-
mental headache. The Regional office is active in
giving technical assistance to states and communities
considering resource recovery. Under the provisions
of the new Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
EPA also has the power to provide limited financial
assistance to states and municipalities interested
in developing their own resource recovery systems.
Where It's At...
Region V has two major resource recovery plants
currently in operation with plans outlined for 10 more
to be under construction by 1980.
The 1000-ton-per-day resource recovery facility
in Chicago, Illinois, converts trash into supplemental
fuel for a Commonwealth Edison generating station.
Another benefit from the plant is the recovery of steel
cans for recycling. According to a Chicago city re-
port, the supplementary fuel plant is the most efficient,
clean, and economical solution to the city's waste
disposal problem. Officials estimate the plant will
11
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save the city $600,000 a year in operating costs as
compared to an incinerator disposal system of equiva-
lent capacity. Commonwealth Edison estimates the
energy produced by the processed waste fuel will
supply enough energy at presently planned consump-
tion rates to supply the electrical needs for about 45,-
000 Chicago homes.
At Milwaukee, Wisconsin an $18 million plant takes
all of that city's municipal waste and separates it
into metals, paper, glass, and fuel. A total of 90% of
the Milwaukee garbage can be recycled. The project
is presently the largest waste recycling plant of its
kind in the country. The Wisconsin Electric Power
Company has signed a contract to purchase the shred-
ded fuel which will later be fired as a supplement
to coal to generate electricity. The plant was ded-
icated in May, 1977 and by the end of the first month
nearly 300 tons per day (1/4 of the facility's planned
daily load) were being processed.
In 1971, an EPA sponsored resource recovery dem-
onstration facility opened in Franklin, Ohio. The pilot
plant used a "wet pulp" method for separating alum-
inum, ferrous metals, glass, and paper fibers from
municipal garbage. Although plant operation has been
intermittent, Franklin served an important role in point-
ing out the benefits and "kinks" in a significant re-
source recovery concept. Major facilities based upon
the Franklin process are under construction in
Florida and New York.
EPA And The States...
Each of the states has been working closely with
EPA in the development of solid waste management
programs (comprehensive plans for controlling the
collection, recovery, recycling, and disposal of muni-
cipal refuse and hazardous waste). EPA and state
solid waste agencies have been working to complete
individual state hazardous waste surveys. Such sur-
veys will identify potentially dangerous conditions
regarding closed disposal sites, and develop more
uniformly strong hazardous waste management pro-
grams which will encourage private industry to design
and construct all types of hazardous waste disposal
facilities.
Early in 1977, residents of Wilsonville, Illinois
claimed that a hazardous waste disposal site in their
town posed a serious health threat. At the request of
Illinois EPA, U.S. EPA Region V conducted an in-
dependent study on the safety and potential hazards
at Wilsonville. Report findings were due for release
by Fall, 1977.
Resource Recovery Facilities
From Municipal Solid Waste
CITY COUNTY REGION
Active
Negotiation
12
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How far along are the state solid waste management
programs?
ILLINOIS The State Division of Land Pollution
Control is currently evaluating the
results of a $3 million grant program
for solid waste management and re-
source recovery demonstrations.
INDIANA A "Guide to Recycle the Source
Separation Way" was recently pub-
lished by the State Board of Health
for use by communities consider-
ing the collection and sale of muni-
cipal refuse separated at the site of
generation.
MICHIGAN Michigan is developing a resource
recovery plan by 1978 which will al-
low for issuing revenue bonds, con-
tracting for services, construction
and operation.
MINNESOTA A $3.5 million solid waste disposal
and resource recovery grant program
is currently in operation. Grants to-
taling approximately $800,000 were
made in 1976.
OHIO 15 projects totaling $1 million were
approved and plans were reviewed
for a $46 million recycling center for
Akron. Six one-day workshops on the
new state solid waste regulations
were held for interested citizens and
officials.
WISCONSIN The Wisconsin Solid Waste Recycl-
ing Authority issued a request for
proposals for a resource recovery
facility to be located in a three-
country area including the cities of
Oshkosh and Neenah. Proposals from
the private sector are expected in
August, 1977. EPA assisted the
Authority with a solid waste planning
grant earlier m their project.
EPA is encouraged by the states' progress and in-
terest in solid waste program development. Individual
citizens, too, can help in solid waste management.
Contributing newspapers to community paper-
drives and taking aluminum cans or glass bottles
to the local recycling center is a conscientious move
toward resource recovery. Citizens in over 400 Mid-
western cities and towns have access to community
recycling plants. Recycling has proven economical
for big industry and has become popular with many
major manufacturers. Union Carbide, Raytheon, and
Grumman are investigating recycling and/or resource
recovery methods. Even our telephones can and are
being recycled. With the awakening of an energy con-
scious nation, the trend toward resource recovery
is expected to become a significant part of the national
energy-saving program. Resource recovery is here to
stay.
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
55
34
OHIO
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
33
WISCONSIN
106
101
81
13
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'ATER
In 1972 the condition of our waters was grim. News-
papers printed the obituary for Lake Erie, industrial
rivers resembled floating carpets of slime and grease,
and Lake Superior was the daily dumping ground for
67 tons of taconite waste. Only the foolhardy would
drink from the Detroit River or swim in the Cuyahoga.
With municipal and industrial growth on the up-
sw ing, the end seemed nowhere in sight.
The picture changed dramatically with the passage
of years. Enactment of the Federal Clean Water Act
Amendments signaled the beginning of an environ-
mental war. For the first time there was a national
policy on cleaning-up water pollution, with goals and
deadlines for the achievement. The new law decreed
the nation's waters must be fishable and swimmable
by 1983. The Act required all industry and munici-
palities to obtain permits for dumping wastes, and the
amount that could be dumped was placed under tight
restrictions. Secondary wastewater treatment was
required by law no later than July 1, 1977. The clean-
up effort was aided by 18 billion dollars which EPA
was authorized to administer through a grant program
for the funding of wastewater treatment facilities.
All this occurred five years ago. The 1977 progress
report is realistic, yet favorable, noting definite water
quality improvement in many areas of the country.
The Regional picture is also encouraging. Over 11,000
industries and municipalities have received permits.
Permit violations are most frequently attributable to
municipal construction delays or failure of industrial
plants to comply with effluent limitations.
The Region V states predict that 1983 water qual-
ity goals will be met by Minnesota, Wisconsin, In-
diana, and Michigan. Some waters in Illinois and Ohio
On April 9th,
you can prevent
this happening
in Dane County.
Next April 9th, we're inviting you
and your neighbors to join in the
planning process for a water quality
program for Dane County.
Your ideas are welcome.
The options are many.
The choices can be difficult.
Conflicting interests have to be
resolved to make economic sense while
serving environmental needs and the
overall community welfare
This is your chance to be part
of the power structure in Dane County.
Our water resources depend on how you
help make these decisions
See you April 9th, at the Holiday Inn,
9:00 A.M. Look for
"Water Planning Workshop'.'
The clean Witter people of Dane County
Prototype of a "Call to Meeting" ad developed by
Region V for its 208 agencies.
14
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are not predicted to meet standards; however, these
areas have unique problems such as acid mine drain-
age—one of the complex issues EPA will address in
1977-78.
Remaining water quality problem areas as noted
by states include:
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
OHIO
The Chicago area waters and the
tributaries to the Big Muddy River
where acid mine drainage makes at-
tainment of the "fishable, swimmable"
goal questionable.
The Indiana Harbor Canal, the West
Fork of the White River, and the upper
Pakota River, also an area suffering
from acid mine drainage
The waters around Detroit, the Clinton
River, Flint River, and Kalamazoo
EPA brought legal action against
Detroit in May of 1977, for serious
pollution discharges from the Detroit
Water and Sewage Department.
Fecal coliform bacteria present a
problem in the Red River of the North,
Minnesota River, Cedar River, Des
Moines River and the Twin Cities
Metropolitan Area.
Problem areas in Ohio include the
waters around Cleveland, Akron,
Toledo, and Loram and in the Ma-
honing River Valley. Acid mine drain-
age also presents pollution problems
for streams in the southeast portion
of the state.
WISCONSIN Water quality problem areas include
the urban areas of Milwaukee, the
Fox River to Green Bay, and portions
of the Wisconsin River.
Waters Clouded By Issues...
The fight for clean water is clouded by numerous
issues—PCB's, Reserve Mining, phosphates, thermal
pollutants, industrial discharges and mercury pollu-
tion.
>f:An alarm on toxic substances sounded in 1975
when tests revealed high concentrations of PCB's
in Great Lakes fish. EPA established the Office
of Toxic Substances to deal with this and similar
problems. Research on toxic substances will con-
tinue as authorized by the Toxic Substances Con-
trol Act. The new law requires all producers of
selected toxic substances to provide EPA with pro-
duction and test data before such chemicals reach
the market. The Great Lakes Water Quality Review
from the International Joint Commission (US and
Canada) cited the need for toxic substances control
and monitoring programs as "imperative."
5JcThe continuing controversy over phosphates in
the Great Lakes gains momentum as projected
studies indicate that phosphorus loadings will
increase at an alarming rate during the next decade.
The addition of phosphorus to the lakes results
in eutrophication—slow choking of the lakes by ex-
cessive nutrient growth. It would appear that the
most practical way to combat the problem of
phosphorus is to enact a ban on detergents using
15
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ILLINOIS
!• SYCAMORE
ROCK RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY
— Good
A Medium
BPoor
O Unknown
INDIANA
CHAMPAIGN-
URBANAi
KENTUCKY WABASH RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY
9 Good
± Medium
Unknown
phosphates. Although some cities have bans on
phosphates, no nation-wide ban has yet been
passed.
The Reserve Mining plant in Silver Bay, Minnesota
has been the scene of heated controversy since
1967, when the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration declared that taconite wastes from
the facility were harming Lake Superior. During 1977
the State Supreme Court approved an on-land
disposal site and work began on the new disposal
facility during June.
^cA series of poisonous chemical spills in the
Ohio River prompted EPA to take another look at
methods designed to prevent and/or deal with
emergency spills. EPA is currently considering
stepped up monitoring procedures and working
for increased emphasis on spill prevention by
industry.
jcAs part of its "Get Tough" pollution policy, EPA
fined US Steel (Gary) $4.2 million for pollution
violations of the federal air and water pollution laws.
This is the largest recorded EPA imposed penalty
in the history of the agency.
The six basin maps are EPA interpretations of quality
reports provided by the Midwestern states. As standards
are not uniform from state to state, the reader should not
generalize the reported quality for any river running
through more than one state. Rivers rated "Good" are
usually suitable for fishing and boating. "Medium" rivers
may contain industrial wastes and should be considered
poor fishing rivers. Any river rated "Poor"is unsuitable
for fishing, recreational use, and is probably heavily
polluted from industial or municipal waste.
% of Major Municipalities and Industries Meeting
July 1,1977 Secondary Treatment Deadline
State
INDIANA . .
143% • Municipalities
59%
Industries
74%
81%
84%
16
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The Techniques of Cleaning-Up...
Although the Federal law states the nation's
waterways must be cleaned and protected from further
pollutants, specifics of the gigantic project are not
clearly spelled out. Section 208 of the water law calls
for regional water quality management plans-
regional programs for dealing with common water
quality problems. Such plans address the preserva-
tion of clean water as well as the restoration of polluted
waters and advocate public participation through-
out the planning process.
In Region V, 37 regional planning agencies are
working closely with cities and towns to identify
problems and develop methods of reducing and elimi-
nating pollutants. Planning solutions include com-
binations of building wastewater treatment facilities,
enacting regulations, stream monitoring, and limit-
ing sources of pollution. Although in some states the
planning effort is slowed to a snail's pace as a re-
sult of political red-tape, the public's interest in 208
is increasing.
OHIO
HOCKING RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY
— Good
A Medium
• Poor
17
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MINNESOTA
— Good
A Medium
• Poor
WISCONSIN
— Good
A Medium
• Poor
ILLINOIS
WISCONSIN MAINSTEM STREAM SEGMENTS
WATER QUALITY
While the Coastal Zone Management program is
not administered by EPA, its environmental impact
deserves mention. The Illinois House passed HB
2118, the Illinois Coastal Zone Management Act,
in May, 1977. If passed by the Senate, it would make
Illinois eligible for $1.2 million annually in Federal
funds for the protection of Lake Michigan shoreline
through scientific studies, correcting shoreline dam-
age, acquisition of beaches, improvements in fisher-
ies, and grants to municipalities for improving their
shorelines. Other Region V states are currently im-
plementing similar programs.
The best known facet of PL 92-500 is the construc-
tion grants program, which is the largest public works
project in the nation. Under construction grants,
municipalities may apply to EPA for partial (75%)
funding for municipal wastewater treatment projects.
Overall budget for Region V is $4.5 billion and the
region leads the nation in the total number of pro-
jects, with over 1800 facilities under construction at
the present time. The largest project is an $520 +
million tunnel system for the Chicago Metropolitan
Sanitary District. When completed, the tunnel network
can store sewage and storm water runoff until it can
be pumped into wastewater treatment plants. Bene-
fits from the project will include reduced drainage,
and a reduction in the release of polluted flood waters
into Lake Michigan.
By far the greatest challenge facing the construc-
tion grants program is racing against the clock in
order to obligate all federal monies before the national
September 30, 1977 deadline. The complexity of the
grants program adds to the problem. An unbeliev-
able workload is expected in August and September
1977 as the states and EPA attempt to obligate the
1.4 billion remaining in the regional construction grants
coffer.
More At Stake Than Recreation ...
With so much attention being given to the goal of
fishable, swimmable waters, one might think the recrea-
tional and aesthetic quality of water was the only
objective. This is hardly the case. EPA has a major
program to ensure the safety of drinking water. The
Safe Drinking Water Act requires EPA to establish
and enforce national drinking water standards. EPA
is active in supporting state and local community
drinking water programs by providing financial and
technical assistance.
Naturally, the quality of the water you drink de-
pends on where you live. Individuals with well water
are far more likely to contract bacterial diseases than
those people receiving city water. The importance of
safe drinking water cannot be overlooked. Between
1960 and 1970, over 46,000 people suffered illness as a
result of polluted drinking water. Twenty deaths were
reported throughout the country. EPA's goal is to eli-
minate drinking water hazards and thereby ensure safe
drinking water for all.
It is difficult to comprehend the amount of drink-
ing water used each day. Cook County and the City
18
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of Chicago use 1 billion gallons a day. Conservative
estimates project a national use of 443 billion gal-
lons per day by 1980.
Region V uses the Model States Information System
to gather additional information on drinking water
supplies. In response to a drinking water crisis caused
by the disposal of taconite wastes in Lake Superior,
the city of Duluth, Minnesota received a federal grant
for the construction of a treatment plant. When com-
pleted the new facility will be capable of removing
potentialy hazardous asbestiform fibers from the
water.
In other parts of the nation, EPA scientists have
launched studies on the possibility of carcinogens in
drinking water supplies. In Region V, such a study
is currently being conducted on the Fox River near
Aurora, Illinois.
While EPA has stringent primary water standards,
secondary standards dealing with the aesthetic para-
meters of water are a new development. During March
1977, EPA proposed standards dealing with odor,
color, chlorides, copper, foaming agents, hydrogen
sulfide, sulfates, ph, and several trace elements.
While not mandatory, the new standards are designed
to aid the states in the development of their individual
programs.
EAST CENTRAL MICHIGAN
Lake Huron Norn
Planning Subarea
WATER QUALITY
• Good
A Medium
• Poor
19
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U.S. ENVIRONM
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
George R. Alexander, Jr.
DEPUTY REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
Valdas V. Adamkus
OFFICE OF PUBLIC AND
INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
OFFICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
AND URBAN AFFAIRS
OFFICE OF RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT
REGIONAL COUNSEL
AUDIT AND INSPECTION
OFFICE OF GREAT
LAKES COORDINATOR
MANAGEMENT
DIVISION
• Data Processing Branch
Financial Management Branch
-Manpower Development Branch
Program Development Branch
General Services Branch
•Personnel Branch
AIR AND HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS DIVISION
- Pesticides Branch
- Air Programs Branch
— Waste Management Branch
WATER
DIVISION
Planning Branch
Construction Grants Branch
Water Supply Branch
SURVEILLANCE AND
ANALYSIS DIVISION
Quality Assurance Office
Technical Support Branch
Field Support Branch
Eastern D. 0.
Central 0 0.
Western D. 0
Air Surveillance Branch
Great Lakes Surveillance Branch
Central Regional Laboratory
ENFORCEMENT
DIVISION
Water and Pesticides
Enforcement Branch
Permit Branch
Air Enforcement Branch
-------
Region V Deputy Administrator Va/das V. Adamkus
looks over shoulder of Regional Administrator
George R. Alexander, Jr.
THE REGIONAL
ADMINISTRATOR
The official spokesmen for Region V are the Re-
gional Administrator and Deputy Regional Adminis-
trator. The Regional Administrator keeps in close con-
tact with the Washington office, serving as an advisor
on national policy matters. EPA policy is officially set
by the Administrator in Washington and it is the re-
sponsibility of the Regional Administrator to see that
program goals and policies are carried out as they
pertain to the Midwest. In order to accomplish re-
gional and national goals, the Regional Administra-
tor allocates agency personnel and financial resourc-
es through the five program divisions. The Deputy
Regional Administrator is well-versed in all program
areas so that he may assume responsibilities belong-
ing to the Regional Administrator when necessary.
As representative of the EPA Administrator, the
Regional Administrator represents the Agency on the
Federal Executive Board and the Federal Regional
Council. He's also the Agency-appointed representa-
tive on the Great Lakes Basin Commission, the Upper
Mississippi River Basin Commission, and holds mem-
bership on the Winter Navigation Board, an Army
Corps of Engineers feasibility program extending the
navigation season in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence
Seaway. During 1976 and 1977 he has served as
Chairman of the United States Section of the Great
Lakes Water Quality Board of the International Joint
Commission.
THE REGIONAL COUNSEL
Not all pollution fighters are scientists. The Region-
al Counsel and staff cannot be found within any pro-
gram division, yet their role is vital to the success of
the nationwide pollution clean-up effort.
The Regional Counsel serves as the principal legal
advisor to the Regional Administrator and is the chief
law officer of the Region. He and his staff are a com-
ponent of the headquarters Office of General Counsel,
and are therefore technically not a part of the regional
office.
The Office of Regional Counsel provides legal
advice and opinions to all of the programs, divisions
and offices of Region V.
The past year has been the busiest in the Office's
history. Its six attorneys and three secretaries res-
ponded to 361 formal requests for legal opinions.
These requests came from both within and out-
side EPA, and dealt with a wide range of topics in-
cluding the meaning of environmental statutes, le-
gality of state regulations, eligibility of applicants
for program or construction grants, employee com-
plaints of discrimination based on race or sex, and
civil service questions.
In addition, the Office of Regional Counsel tries
all appeals that are taken from grant eligibility deci-
sions of the Regional Administrator. At the end of
1976 there were 76 grant appeals pending nation-
wide, of which 26 involved Region V! Most of these
concerned municipalities and school districts seeking
reimbursement for waste treatment construction pro-
jects.
Another busy area for the Regional Counsel's staff
involves protests filed by unsuccessful bidders on
construction projects funded by EPA. In 1976 the Of-
fice produced twenty-one formal decisions resolving
bid protests which were adopted and issued by the
Regional Administrator.
A major role for the Regional Counsel is to re-
present the Region in court suits. Since EPA's reg-
ulatory programs affect so many people in so many
ways, it is only natural that the cry "sue EPA" is
being heard ever more frequently. Suits against
Region V are now being filed at the rate of two or
three per month.
These kinds of cases involve a wide range of
EPA activities, including air and water pollution is-
sues and questions on environmental impact state-
ments. Office attorneys also worked with Enforce-
ment Division personnel in a successful joint effort
to preserve EPA's procedures to place plants that are
violating pollution regulations on a list of facilities
that are not eligible to receive federal grants or con-
tracts.
Finally, the Regional Counsel's office devotes a
good deal of its time in assisting the Office of Civil
Rights and Urban Affairs in guaranteeing that con-
tractors working on EPA funded projects comply
fully with all equal employment opportunity require-
ments.
21
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OFFICE OF PUBLIC AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
Questioning citizens, media and outside agencies
find answers and direction through the Office of Public
and Intergovernmental Affairs. The comprehensive
public affairs program communicates Agency policy
to a variety of publics while providing sounding-
board for community ideas.
In the exercise of its Intergovernmental Affairs
function, the Office gives information on EPA policies
and programs to agencies and officials at other levels
of government. The monitoring of state legislative
activity and the representation of the regional office
on some intergovernmental bodies are additional
responsibilities of this position.
Community ideas and feedback have become a
key ingredient in the public affairs program. During
1976 and into 1977, Town Meetings were held in Cleve-
land, Ohio; Marquette, Michigan; Springfield, Illinois;
Indianapolis, Indiana; Bowling Green, Ohio, Cincin-
nati, Ohio; and Grand Rapids, Michigan. The day-
long exchanges included meetings with business
leaders, local government officials, environmental
groups, and concerned citizens. Town meetings will
continue throughout 1977 under the new title of
"American Environmental Forums."
A successful business-government conference on
process change methods of pollution clean-up was
held in Chicago during January 1977. Over 400 at-
tendees represented numerous environmental in-
terests and the conference received wide national
coverage.
In cooperation with the technical programs, the
Office produced the first film on toxic substances.
The Fall of 1976 saw an aggressive information cam-
paign with race car drive Bobby Unser calling atten-
tion to high smog levels and importance of auto tune-
ups for better gas mileage and clean air.
The Office provided the Water Division with a public
participation specialist to work directly with local 208
agencies. Public Affairs also assisted in putting on
numerous hearings and public meetings for various
regional and Washington programs.
Responding to requests from educators, the Office
of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs developed
Environmental Education Packets—resource pack-
ages for classroom use which promote a hands-on
approach to learning about the environment. These
were prepared for distribution to 20,000 schools dur-
ing Fall,1977.
The speakers bureau expanded during 1976 with
numerous invitations from schools and citizens
groups. The Office continued its high level of service
to the news media and strengthened the link between
publics and EPA through the use of weekly radio
shows on the environment and two monthly pub-
lications—the internal newsletter and popular outside
magazine ENVIRONMENT MIDWEST.
OFFICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS AND URBAN AFFAIRS
The Office of Civil Rights and Urban Affairs is com-
posed of two sections: in-house Equal Employment
Opportunity and external Contract Compliance.
The former insures that Equal Employment Op-
portunity is practiced within EPA through such activ-
ities as the Federal Women's Program, Title VI en-
forcement, the Spanish-Speaking Program and the
EEO Complaint System.
Contract Compliance is responsible for monitor-
ing Equal Employment Opportunity in EPA-funded
wastewater treatment facility construction. At present,
the Region V Office of Civil Rights and Urban Affairs
is monitoring 480 contracts totalling $4.8 billion.
All contractors and sub-contractors take part in
preconstruction conferences where EPA and De-
partment of Labor EEO requirements are explained.
Reporting procedures are also discussed. The need
for minority hiring and "good faith" efforts are covered
in depth with grantees, contractors, and consulting
engineers.
Involvement by the Office of Civil Rights and Urban
Affairs includes the following project areas:
1. The equitable utilization of minority engineering
and architectural firms.
2. The equitable utilization of minority construc-
tion contractors.
3. EEP on demonstraction grants.
4. EPA Form 4700-4, Compliance Report, the
equal treatment of all persons to be served by
a project.
5. OCRUA also investigates compliants filed under
the Labor-Standards Wage & Hour provisions
of the Davis-Bacon Act.
To assist in the administration and accomplish-
ment of its various programs, the office published a
series of booklets for issuance to grantees, con-
sulting engineers, and contractors. The success of
the compliance program was evidenced by the rise
in the use of minority workers on construction jobs to
a high of 13.3%.
During 1977, the Office of Civil Rights and Urban
Affairs continued the in-house implementation of the
Equal Employment Affirmative Action Plan. Af-
firmative action plans for state and local governments
were evaluated and technical assistance was provided
when requested.
22
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OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Finding the "right" answers to tough environ-
mental questions—this is the job of the Office of
Research and Development. The questions and prob-
lems on the environment are numerous and varied.
Defining cancer-causing agents in the environment,
studying the effects of phosphates on lake eutro-
phication, and developing new ways to can and freeze
food which will require less water: these are just three
representative problems being dealt with through this
office.
Research and Development is a massive operation.
More than 1/5 of the total EPA budget is allocated
for scientific study. In addition to the Washington
headquarters and 10 regional offices, further work is
directed at numerous field stations, 15 major labor-
atories, and at academic, industrial, and research
facilities throughout the country.
The Office of Research and Development acts as
the official research liaison with the states, universities,
and the public. The Region V staff is responsible for
relaying the results of regional and national research
and development to the general public and special
interest groups. One means of achieving this goal is
through the Technology Transfer program. Technology
Transfer is a public information system which utilizes
seminars, design manuals, capsule reports, and bro-
chures to get the message across.
The Region V Research and Development Director
provides liaison with all regional activities and keeps
the Regional Administrator advised on research pro-
grams and accomplishments. The Director and his
staff are responsible for reviewing all research pro-
posals, managing the research position for Region V,
and for assessing the environmental research needs
of the Midwest.
During 1977 the Region V Office of Research and
Development provided project officers for 15 major
programs ranging from research on food proces-
sing to metal manufacturing.
Current studies include the Muskegon Waste-
water Management Program—a research grant used
to demonstrate the large scale use of land applica-
tion for the treatment and reuse of combined mun-
icipal-industrial wastewater. In another research
project, the Office is monitoring the Lawrence Avenue
Underflow Sewer System Project—a Chicago demon-
stration project to assess the feasibility of using under-
ground tunnels for the temporary storage of storm-
water runoff.
Some research programs are jointly administered.
The most notable example is the Development of
Environmental Monitoring Systems for the Great
Lakes. Several years in the planning, Region V and
Washington EPA have worked closely on the com-
bined NASA/EPA program. The actual development of
specialized monitoring equipment is just beginning
and the program is expected to continue throughout
the1970's.
OFFICE OF THE GREAT LAKES COORDINATOR
The Great Lakes comprise the largest freshwater
reservoir in the world, covering 95,000 square miles
and containing some 65 trillion gallons of water. In-
ternational concern over the quality and future for
the Great Lakes resulted in the 1972 US/Canada
Water Quality Agreement. In response to the com-
mitment to meet water quality objectives, EPA es-
tablished and implemented the Great Lakes National
Program. Based in Region V, the Regional Administra-
tor serves as the program manager for the effort. The
Great Lakes Coordinator supports the Regional Ad-
ministrator in carrying out the Great Lakes Program.
The Office coordinates, implements and monitors ef-
forts being made by EPA and the states in response
to the 1972 Water Pollution Control Act.
In conjunction with his membership in the Inter-
national Joint Commission, the Great Lakes Coordina-
tor held two chairmanships from 1976-1977. During
1976 he served as Chairman of the Remedial Program
Committee, in 1977 he held the post of Chairman of
the Implementation Committee. Other memberships
includes Chairmanship of the UC/Rainy River Pol-
lution Control Board, and alternate US Chairman to
the IJC/Red River Pollution Control Board.
The work of the Great Lakes Coordinator covers a
broad spectrum. Significant staff effort is placed on
Section 108(a) and on project monitoring and evalua-
tion. Demonstration grants totalling $1.5 million were
obligated during FY-76 under Section 108(a) of the
1972 Water Pollution Control Act. This program pro-
vides for federal funding to states, political sub-
divisions, interstate agencies or other public agencies
to carry out projects that will demonstrate new meth-
ods and develop preliminary plans for the elimina-
tion or control of pollution within the watershed of
the Great Lakes. Projects continuing under Section
108(a) include:
1. Wisconsin State Board of Soil & Water Con-
servation Districts, for the "Development and
Implementation of a Sediment Control Ordinance
for Water Quality Improvement."
2. Douglas County Soil & Water Conservation Dis-
trict, Western Lake Superior Erosion-Sedi-
mentation Control Program, Wisconsin-Min-
nesota.
3. Allen County Soil & Water Conservation Dis-
trict, "Reduction of Sediment and Related Pol-
lutants in the Maumee River and Lake Erie."
In addition to the 108(a) projects, the Office of
the Great Lakes Coordinator is also responsible for
the coordination of grants to finance four pilot water-
shed studies.
23
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MANAGEMENT DIVISION
MANAGEMENT
' DIVISION
Data Processing Branch
Financial Management Branch
Manpower Development Branch
Program Development Branch
General Services Branch
Personnel Branch
The Management Division provides Region V with
the administrative and support services necessary for
smooth Regional operations. The Division advises the
Regional Administrator and his program managers
in the areas of planning, management systems, and
administrative support.
The responsibilities of the Division include program
planning, resource distribution, and evaluation, spe-
cialized grantee assistance, financial management,
general administrative services, personnel manage-
ment, data processing support, manpower develop-
EPA Administrator Doug Costle presents award to
Region V's Charles Lewis at Management Division's
annual awards program
ment, graphic arts support, facilities management,
safety and security.
The Planning and Evaluation Branch assists in the
development of the Region's program from year to
year. The Branch helps program managers formulate
budgets, specify objectives, and monitor accomplish-
ment. Internal evaluations are conducted periodically.
The Branch also assists grantees in the areas of pro-
perty, procurement, audit coordination, accounting,
and fiscal matters.
The Financial Management Branch assures that
Federal financial regulations are adhered to, that
employees receive their paychecks on time, that bills
and contracts and grant obligations are paid, that of-
ficial travelers are reimbursed, and that appropriate
financial systems are in place and accurate records
are kept. The Grants. Administration Section moni-
tors procedures and assures that Regional staff and
grantees are trained in grants processing.
The Personnel Branch has the responsibility for
recruitment, staffing, classification, employee develop-
ment, and employee relations for the over seven
hundred employees in the various offices of Region
V. The Branch administers the Executive Develop-
ment and the Upward Mobility Programs and provides
staff services for the annual awards ceremony. Person-
nel staffers advise Regional managers in all areas
of personnel management including performance
appraisals, employee-management relations, and em-
polyee recognition and incentives.
The General Services Branch takes care of I.D.
Cards, procurement and purchasing, property, safety,
reproduction, supplies, mail distribution, facilities
management, general complaints, and all manner of
odds and ends that must be done if an office is to
open each morning. The Graphic Arts Section produc-
es all sorts of visual aids, signs, layouts, maps,
charts, slides, and the like for use in exhibits or pub-
lications in support of Region V's programs.
The manpower development activity assists the
states in Region V to develop an adequate supply
of skilled personnel for the successful implementation
of Federal statutes at state and local levels. EPA-
related educational and training grants are adminis-
tered and coordination with manpower agencies and
programs is accomplished.
The Data Processing Branch provides ADP support
to programs and activities in Region V. Branch re-
sponsibilities include planning computer use, data
entry and retrieval, review of requests for ADP equip-
ment and services, technical advice to managers,
liaison with ADP in Washington, and Regional com-
puter training. In addition to providing support to
programs like water supply, enforcement, air sur-
veillance, and construction grants, the Branch handles
local and national financial, personnel, timekeeping,
and other management systems supported by ADP
in Region V.
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AIR AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
DIVISION
AIR AND HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS DIVISION
Pesticides Branch
Air Programs Branch
Waste Management Branch
Toxic chemical spills, SO2 regulations, pesticide
applicator training programs, hazardous waste
regulation—the work handled by the Division of Air
and Hazardous Materials spans a diverse range of
timely environmental issues. Regional programs for
Air, Noise, Radiation, Pesticides, Toxic Substances
and Waste Management are managed through this
office. Primary responsibility of the Air and Hazardous
Materials Division is to assure that national EPA
program recommendations and goals are implement-
ed in the Midwest. To achieve this aim, personnel are
provided to work closely with state and local agencies
on grants, planning and monitoring systems, data
collection and analysis, and on the development of
regulations.
The six areas covered by the Division are divided
among three Branches: Pesticides, Air Programs,
Solid Waste Management, and the new Office of
Toxic Substances.
Pesticides
Pesticides promotes safe pesticide use through
state applicator training and certification programs.
Five of the Region V states have certification programs
which resulted as a joint effort by EPA with the states.
The State of Wisconsin has completed plans for a
certification program and is awaiting approval by
the legislature. In addition to working on state train-
ing programs, the Branch regulates all pesticides
registered in Region V, investigates pesticide ac-
cidents and spills and is currently investigating the
use of Integrated Pest Management as an alternative
pest control measure.
Air Programs Branch
Air Programs coordinates and implements the
Regional air program objectives with local and State
agencies, the Office of Air and Waste Materials, and
federal agencies. Branch personnel work closely
with state officials on programs to control existing
Famed race car driver Bobby Unser spoke out for
clean air through regular car tune-ups in a Region V
sponsored tour
sources and to insure that industrial growth will not
threaten existing clean air. 1976 saw the adoption
of EPA-developed sulfur dioxide regulations for the
State of Ohio. Ozone and particulate matter pollution
remain a critical issue throughout the Region.
Waste Management Branch
Noise, Radiation and Solid Waste Management fall
within the realm of the Waste Management Branch.
Each office works with State and local personnel,
providing technical assistance in the development of
program plans and other program functions. The
administration of grants, radiation monitoring and
fostering development of community noise control
ordinances are but a few of the areas of involvement
for the Waste Management Branch.
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WATER DIVISION
WATER
DIVISION
Planning Branch
Construction Grants Branch
Water Supply Branch
When we talk about the Water Division, the first
thing that comes to mind is the building of waste-
water treatment plants. While it is true that the Con-
struction Grants Branch works with the states on
wastewater treatment grants, the focus of the Division
is actually divided between dealing with water issues
of today and planning for tomorrow.
Over 180 employees are divided among the con-
struction grants, planning, and water supply branches.
Scuba divers prepare to collect sediment samples at
Shagawa Lake, Minnesota
Construction Grants
Construction Grants is responsible for the manage-
ment of a $4.5 billion grant program for the con-
struction of wastewater treatment facilities in Region
V. The Region is administering over 1800 active pro-
jects representing a Federal grant investment in ex-
cess of $3.3 billion. Construction grants authority
extends over application review and assistance, grant
awards, project monitoring, on-site inspections, User
Charge/Cost Recovery Systems, Infiltration/Inflow
Analysis, and completed Plant Operation and Main-
tenance.
Planning Branch
The Planning Branch provides direction to the
Regional water planning and water quality program.
Under Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, EPA is authorized to make financial
assistance available to state governments for area-
wide waste treatment management planning. Plan-
ning to prevent future pollution is a "hometown"
project. Local officials in an area advise their Gover-
nor which areas require planning due to high levels
of pollution. Governors designate planning areas
within their own states and see that public meetings
are held at which local citizens may express their
views on the issues involved. EPA has money avail-
able for regional planning agencies to help offset
costs, thereby encouraging public participation and
more comprehensive planning efforts.
In addition to involvement on 208, the Planning
Branch represents the Region on interagency plan-
ning committees, prepares Environmental Impact
Statements on proposed projects, administers the
Clean Lakes Program, and provides assistance to
State and local officials on EPA planning require-
ments.
Water Supply Branch
The Water Supply Branch is responsible for imple-
menting the Safe Drinking Water Act in Region V.
Program implementation is an awesome task—over
95,000 public water supply systems exist in Region
V, and to perform annual or biennial sanitary surveys
on each system would run close to $15 million.
EPA's involvement entails working with the states
on the development of state drinking water programs.
To make state programs work, tough regulations or
enforceable legislation is a "must." Five out of the
six Region V states have declared their intent to seek
primary enforcement responsibility for their public
water supply system programs.
In addition to state drinking water programs,
EPA is also responsible for protecting sources of
underground water. Regulations for the Underground
Injection Control Program are under final revision.
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SURVEILLANCE AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
..SURVEILLANCE AND
ANALYSIS DIVISION
Quality Assurance Office
Technical Support Branch
Field Support Branch
Eastern D. 0.
Central D. 0.
Western D. 0.
Air Surveillance Branch
Great Lakes Surveillance Branch
Central Regional Laboratory
The Surveillance and Analysis Division functions as
the "eyes and ears of EPA". Providing up-to-the-
minute feedback on the state of the environment is
the major objective of this technical division.
Surveillance and Analysis collects, monitors, an-
alyzes, and evaluates environmental quality data for
support of regional and national monitoring programs
and enforcement efforts. The Division is responsible
for maintaining the Environmental Emergency Re-
sponse Center for handling oil and chemical spills
throughout Region V. Other responsibilities include
coordinating Environmental Impact Statement re-
views, Section 10 and section 404 permit reviews,
and insuring compliance with environmental laws
by federal facilities. In working with the other EPA
divisions, Surveillance and Analysis evaluates state
program plans and provides technical assistance to
the states when needed. Most importantly, the
Division is responsible for the implementation of re-
gional monitoring programs to meet regional and na-
tional objectives not met by Washington EPA pro-
grams.
The year-to-year accomplishments of the Regional
Surveillance and Analysis Division would fill several
volumes. Over 140 technical and support personnel
staff the Regional facilities which include the Chicago
EPA office, the Central Regional Laboratory, and Dis-
trict Offices in Ohio, Minnesota, and Illinois. Major
achievements during 1976-1977 include:
^Development of a position paper advocating a de-
tergent phosphate ban for the Great Lakes. Phos-
phates are considered a major source of eutro-
phication in the Great Lakes. A ban on phosphates
in detergents is considered by Region V EPA to
be the easiest and cheapest way to correct the
problem.
^Publication of a summary report on toxic sub-
stances in the Wabash River Basin. The report
identifies known toxic sources, compounds, and ad-
ditional monitoring needs.
^Review comments and testimony in court proce-
edings and on the subsequent permit application for
the Reserve Mining Milepost 7 land disposal site.
The Division also operates an ambient air monitor-
ing network near Silver Bay, Minnesota to evaluate
and study the correlation between pollution trends
and public health.
jjcCompletion of a 21/2 year water quality evaluation of
the Mahoning River. Conducted in support of permits
for steel mills in the area, the river study includes
mathematical modeling of all parameters, evaluation
of treatment methods and cost projections.
Sampling Lake Michigan water from Region V's
research vessel, the Roger R. Simons
^Continuation of the Great Lakes Surveillance Pro-
gram. In addition to the 9-year water quality sampling
program, the Division is engaging in a special two-
year study of atmospheric pollution in the Great Lakes
through a grant with Governors State University.
Testing is done aboard the EPA oceanographic
vessel—Roger R. Simons. The Surveillance and
Analysis Division is also working with NASA to develop
methodology which will enable satellites to monitor
Great Lakes and ocean water quality.
akSponsorship of specialized technical workshops with
state and local agencies for the purpose of improving
the quality of collected environmental data. The pro-
gram included an evaluation of all state laboratories,
a series of ozone calibration workshops, state air
monitoring field audits, and assistance to the states
in the development of written water quality goals.
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ENFORCEMENT DIVISION
^ENFORCEMENT
DIVISION
.Water and Pesticides
Enforcement Branch
•Permit Branch
-Air Enforcement Branch
Enforcement
Enforcement acts as the "strong arm" for EPA.
According to the Clean Air Act, and Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, it is illegal to discharge any pol-
lutants into the nation's air or waterways which do not
meet stringent standards. The Enforcement Division
is responsible for assuring compliance with the law
by all Region V waste sources.
EPA Enforcement Division Director James McDonald
An air or water permit is not a license to pollute.
Permits set strict limits on "what" and "how much"
may be discharged. Any source in violation of, or
discharging without a permit faces court action, pos-
sible imprisonment, and severe fines.
While some industries consic'er the environmental
restrictions a nuisance, the real payoffs are seen in
environmental improvement—air and water that is
cleaner and healthier. In Region V, Enforcement's
persistent efforts against the paper mill dischargers
have resulted in a cleaner Fox River in Wisconsin.
Other actions are reflected in significant improve-
ments along Lake Michigan beaches and on the Cuya-
hoga River. The air we breathe is cleaner, too.Through
enforcement actions, the number of Region V cities
failing to meet national air quality standards has
been cut in half and steps have been taken to insure
that the clean air in the rural parts of the Midwest
stays that way.
The Enforcement Division consists of three bran-
ches: Water and Pesticides Enforcement Branch,
Permit Branch, and the Air Enforcement Branch.
Water and Pesticides Enforcement Branch
The Water and Pesticides Enforcement Branch
implements the EPA enforcement program to ensure
that waste dischargers and pesticide users and hand-
lers comply with the applicable laws and statutes.
During 1977, Region V EPA won a major enforce-
ment victory against water permit violations by U.S.
Steel. Also notable was the significant rise in the
number of toxic substances violations and necessary
enforcement actions.
Permit Branch
The Permit Branch directs the Regional NPDES
permit program (National Pollutant Discharge Eli-
mination System), and monitors the operation of these
States with NPDES authority. Over 12,000 permits
have been issued in Region V, 1100 of which were
for major dischargers.
Other areas of involvement for the Permit Branch in-
clude thermal demonstrations, ocean disposal per-
mits, and the Corps of Engineers Dredge and Fill
Permit Program.
Air Enforcement Branch
The Air Enforcement Branch develops and imple-
ments a regional air pollution enforcement program
for over 4000 major air pollution sources in Region
V, and provides technical back-up for state air pollu-
tion control programs. During 1976 the branch took
enforcement action on 130 cases of air standards vio-
lations from power plants, steel mills, and other in-
dustrial sources.
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