905R83103
CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 274-P
DRAFT
1982 OPEN LAKE WATER QUALITY
CONDITIONS FOR LAKE ERIE
PRELIMINARY REPORT
by
Laura A. Fay
Cory R. Arico
and
Julie A. Letterhos
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Great Lakes National Program Office
Region V, Chicago, Illinois
Grant No. R005555-02
Project Officer: Clifford Risley, Jr.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GLNPO Library Collection (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard,
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH
COLUMBUS, OHIO
March 1983
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures...
Acknowledgments...
Executive Summary.
Introduction
Objectives of the Sampling Plan
Description of the Sampling Pattern.
Methods
Quality Control Summary.
Data Reductions
Physical Data
Thermal Distributions,
Dissolved Oxygen
Nutrients.
Particulates
Turbidity and Seechi
Corrected Chlorophyll a
Suspended Solids
Particulate Organic Carbon
Relationships of the Particulates.
References Cited.
Tables
Figures
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
1. 1982 Lake Erie Sampling Schedule.
2. Geographic Coordinates of 1982 Lake Erie Water
Qua!ity Mentoring Stations
3. Summary of 1982 Analytical Methods
4. Quality Control Summary for 1982
5. 1982 Western Basin Mean/Median Water Quality Summary.
6. 1982 Central Basin Mean/Median Water Quality Summary.
7. Lake Erie Western Basin Limnion, Oxygen and
Temperature Data, 1982
8. Lake Erie Central Basin Limnion, Oxygen and
Temperature Data, 1982
9. Summary of 1982 Central Basin Hypolimnetic Surveys of
Lake Erie
10. Trends in net oxygen demand of the central and eastern
basin hypolimnions of Lake Erie 1930 to present
11. Lake Erie Western Basin Water Quality Summary, 1982.
12. Lake Erie Central Basin Water Quality Summary, 1982.
13. Correlation Coefficients (r) for the Central and Western
Basin's Particulates for 1981 and 1982
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1. 1982 Open Lake Water Quality Monitoring Stations (n-41)
2. Explanation of Median Plots (after Reckhow, 1980)
3. Temperature Cruise Medians (°C) for the Western
Basin, 1982
4. Temperature Cruise Medians (°C) for the Central Basin
Epilimnion, 1982
5. Temperature Cruise Medians (°C) for the Central Basin
Hypolimnion, 1982
6. Temperature Contours
7. Thermal structure of central Lake Erie at station 042,
May to October, 1982
8. Thermal structure of the Sandusky sub basin of Lake Erie at
station 082, May to October, 1982
9. Hypolimnion thicknesses (m) for 1982.
10. Dissolved Oxygen Cruise Medians (mg/1) for the western basin,
1982
11. Dissolved Oxygen % Saturation Cruise medians for the
western basin, 1982
12. Dissolved Oxygen Cruise medians (mg/1) for the central basin
epi1imnion, 1982
13. Dissolved Oxygen % Saturation Cruise Medians
for the central basin epilimnion, 1982
14. Hypolimnion horizontal distribution maps for dissolved
oxygen (mg/1), 1982
15. Dissolved oxygen cruise medians for the central basin
hypo!imnion, 1982
16. Dissolved oxygen % saturation cruise medians for the central
basin hypolimnion, 1982 ,
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LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd)
Page
17. Total Phosphorus cruise medians for the western basin, 1982.
18. Total Phosphorus cruise medians for the central basin
epilimnion, 1982
19. Total Phosphorus cruise medians for the central basin
hypolimnion, 1982
20. Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Cruise Medians for the western
bas i n, 1982
21. Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Cruise Medians for the central
basin epilimnion, 1982
22. Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Cruise Medians for the central
basin hypolimnion, 1982 ,
23. Total Filtered Phosphorus Cruise Medians for the western
basin, 1982
24. Total Filtered Phosphorus Cruise Medians for the central
basin epilimnion, 1982 ,
25. Total Filtered Phosphorus Cruise Medians for the central
basin hypolimnion, 1982 ,
26. Nitrate plus nitrite cruise medians for the western basin,
1982
27. Nitrate plus nitrite cruise medians for the central basin
epilimnion, 1982 ,
28. Nitrate plus nitrite cruise medians for the central basin
hypolimnion, 1982 ,
29. Ammonia cruise medians for the western basin, 1982
30. Ammonia cruise medians for the central basin epilimnion, 1982..
31. Ammonia cruise medians for the central basin hypolimnion, 1982.
32. Soluble Reactive Silica Cruise Medians for the western
basin, 1982
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LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd)
33. Soluble Reactive Silica Cruise Medians for the central basin
epilimnion, 1982
34. Soluble Reactive Silica Cruise Medians for the central basin
hypolimnion, 1982
35. Hypolimnion Nutrient Concentrations for the Central Basin, 1982.
36. Limnion horizontal distribution maps for total phosphorus
(ug/1), 1982
37. Limnion horizontal distribution maps for nitrate plus nitrite
(ug/1), 1982
38. Limnion horizontal distribution maps for ammonia (ug/1), 1982...
39. Limnion horizontal distribution maps for soluble reactive
silica (ug/1), 1982
40. Turbidity versus the reciprocal of Secchi for the western
basin surface, 1982
41. Tubidity versus the reciporcal of Secchi for the central
basin surface, 1982 ,
42. Secchi Area-Weighted Transparency for the western basin 1974
1978 and 1982
43. Secchi Area-Weighted Transparency for the central basin 1974
1978 and 1982
44. Horizontal Distribution maps for Secchi (m), 1982.
45. Corrected chlorophyll a. cruise medians for the western basin,
1982
46. Corrected chlorophyll a^ cruise medians for the central basin
epilimnion, 1982
47. Corrected chlorophyll ji cruise medians for the central basin
hypolimnion, 1982 ,
48. Epilimnion horizontal distribution maps for corrected
chlorophyll a (ug/1), 1982
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49. Epilimnion horizontal distribution maps for Corrected
Chlorophyll ji yearly surface means for 1970-1982
50. Suspended solids (Total, Residual and Volatile) Means for the
Western Basin 1982
51. Suspended solids (Total, Residual and Volatile) Means for the
Central Basin epilimnion 1982
Page
52. POC vs. volatile solids for the western basin 1982
53. POC vs. volatile solids for the central basin epilimnion 1982...
54. Corrected chlorophyll ji versus volatile solids for the western
basin 1982
55. Corrected chlorophyll a_ versus volatile solids for the central
basin epilimnion 1982
56. Turbidity versus total suspended solids for the western basin
1982
57. Turbidity versus total suspended solids for the central basin
epilimnion 1982
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INTRODUCTION
Objectives of the Sampling Plan
Since 1973,the objective of the open lake sampling plan has been to
obtain annual data for total phosphorus, corrected chlorophyll a and
dissolved oxygen. Total phosphorus and corrected chlorophyll data have
been of interest for eutrophication indices and long term trends. Oxygen
data is utilized to calculate the cruise interval hypolimnetic depletion
rate. During the open lake cruises other limnological parameters have also
been evaluated to help explain fluctuations in data and to supplement those
developing lake models.
Description of the Sampling Pattern
Seven open lake cruises were conducted during the 1982 field season
begining on April 5^ajid ending on October 26. Thermal stratification was
exhibited from cruise\2\May 26) thru cruise 6 (Sepetmber 13). Cruise
dates, durations ancN-Tnidpoints are presented in Table 1. A total of 41
stations were dispersed throughout the western (n=12) and the central
(n=29) basins. ( Figure 1). The number of stations actually sampled and the
percent of the total (n=41) is as follows:
cruise 1 28 68%
2 41 100%
3 41 100%
4 41 100%
5 40 98%
6 41 100%
7 41 100%
The eastern portion of the central basin could not be sampled on the
first cruise due to large ice floes still residing there and to inclement
weather. A listing of the geographic coordinates, bottom depths and basin
designations are presented in Table 2.
METHODS
A summary of the methods employed for the 1982 season can be seen in
Table 3. A detailed description of the methods are presented in Letterhos
1982.
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QUALITY CONTROL SUMMARY
A quality control program is routinely followed for all pertinent
parameters, constituting approximately ten percent of the total sampling
effort. This program utilizes a series of known standards, duplicates and
spikes, as suggested by the International Joint Commission, to monitor
accuracy and precision and estimate standard deviations. Standard
deviations are estimated for each analytical method by summing the
differences between duplicate analyses, calculating a mean and dividing by
1.128 ( as suggested by the IJC ). Acceptable limits for the range of
differences are determined by multiplying the mean difference by
predetermined factors ( EPA , 1972 ). Standard deviations calculated for
1982 are presented in Table 4. A detailed description of the quality
control program can be found in Letterhos (1982).
DATA REDUCTIONS
Raw data reductions were accomplished utilizing BMDP programs that
calculate limnion means and medians with the appropriate variance
statistics. Analysis of data over the last few years has indicated that
medians are the most relevant indicator of the actual conditions in Lake
Erie. A modified version of the notched block plot (Reckhow, 1980) as
explained in Figure 2 is used to present seasonal concentrations. The
median point is not usually in the center of the box indicating that
several high values are skewing the means upward. Tables for the western
and central basins are presented with the limnion means and medians for
those who find it difficult to adjust to the use of medians (Tables 5 and 6).
Volume weighted data for nutrients , chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen
that are presented in later sections are derived from Survey 8
calculations. Further D.O. calculations are based on the oxygen depletion
model by Burns (1976). Area weighted data for secchi transparency was also
made available from the Survey 8 program.
PHYSICAL DATA
Thermal Distributions
The seasonal western basin water temperature pattern mirrored the
atmospheric temperature. The low temperatures (2fC) found for the first
cruise reflect some of the below freezing days and nights in April. New
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surface ice films (1 cm) were observed to be forming in the western basin as
late as April 8th. The warmest water temperatures were found in early August
instead of mid to late August as a result of cooler air temperatures in the
latter half of the month. The cruise medians for the western basin are
presented in Figure 3.
The central basin epilimnion cruise medians (Figure 4) exhibited the
same unimodal cycle as the western basin; however values were higher than
those of the western basin for the 2 fall cruises ( September amd October)
and lower on the first 5 cruises of the year. The central basin
hypolimnion warmed continuously from 6 C in early June to 12.5 C in early
September (Figure 5).
The spatial patterns of temperature are presented for the epi and
hypolimnion for all cruises (Figure 6). Temperatures generally increase
from east to west for the epilimnion waters. The hypolimnetic waters
increase thermally from north to south, not as a result of latitude but
from upwelling and downwelling (see cruise 3, late June).
Ephemeral stratification was observed in the western basin at one
station on only one cruise ( station 331, July 26 ). This area has been
observed to stratify frequently due to movement of the central basin
mesolimnion or hypolimnion water into the Pigeon Bay area of the northeast
corner of the western basin (Bartish, personal communication).
Stratification in the central basin was first observed on cruise 2, at
station 082 ( May 26) and lasted thru cruise 6 (station 047, September 13) or
an observed span of 111 days.
The vertical temperature profiles acquired at every station were
analyzed for knee depth and knee temperatures which were necessary for the
volume weighting calculations of the Survey 8 programs. A synopsis of
thermal traces throughout the season has been prepared to demonstrate the
evolution of the thermal regime for the mid lake central basin station 42
(Figure 7) and for a station in the Sandusky sub basin (82- Figure 8).
Three different patterns of stratification exist. Unstratified or
isothermal conditions (one layer) were observed at station 042 on April
12th and October 22nd. The standard stratified condition or three layer
system was observed at station 42 from May 30th till September 10th with a
progressively subsiding hypolimnion. The two layered stratified system was
observed regularly during the season in areas where shallow depths did not
allow for the maintenance of the more stable 3 layer condition. The
Sandusky sub basin is noted as being shallow ( 12- 16 meters) and for being
able to stratify and destratify several times through out the season. This
area also exhibits an example of the two layer system (epilimnion and
mesolimnion) ( Figure 8 ). The area of maximum hypolimnion thickness is
similiar to the deep portion (23-25 meters) in the mid lake area east of the
line from Cleveland, Ohio to Erieau, Ontario (Figure 9). Seasonally, the
maximum thickness (10- 12 m) occurred in late May /early June and subsided
until destratification occured in mid to late September. In late July
/ early August (cruise 4) there was an obvious expansion in the the
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hypolimnion area and volume. The increase in area is the result of the
extension of a 0 - 2 m thick hypolimnion into the Sandusky sub basin and is
quantified in Table 9. The increase in hypolimnion volume is a product of
the area increase coupled with a slight increase in hypolimnion thickness in
some areas. See the additional pockets of 8 m thick hypolimnion that
were present on cruise 4 (Figure 9, Table 8). In late August there was a
return of the hypolimnion to its previous position just east of an
imaginery line running NW-SE of the Sandusky Triangle boundary and a slight
increase in hypo thickness to 10 m for the center portion of the central
basin. The break-up of the hypolimnion had already begun towards the end of
cruise 6 (September 13) and two separate hypolimnion areas resulted
(Figure 9). The central basin cruise hypolimnion thicknesses along
with hypolimnion temperatures and oxygen data are presented in Table 8.
Dissolved Oxygen
Cruise medians for western basin D.O. concentrations did not vary
much on a seasonal basis. As expected, the spring and fall concentrations
were the highest while the 5 summer cruises remained nearly the same.
Cruise medians for D.O. percent saturation remained fairly uniform with the
highest values occurring in early August. The early August cruise also
exhibited the widest range of values from 10.4 to 0.1 mg/1 and D.O.
percent saturations from 133.2 to 1.2% (Figures 10 and 11). The single low
oxygen value was encountered in the Pigeon Bay Region and has already been
discussed in the temperature section.
D.O. cruise medians for the central basin epilimnion reached the
lowest point on cruise 5 in late August although individual lower values
were found during cruise 6 ( early September) (Figure 12). As expected, the
epilimnion cruise medians for dissolved oxygen percent saturation remained
at approximately 100 % (Figure 13).
The seasonal display of hypolimnion D.O. concentrations are presented in
Figure 14. The highest concentrations of D.O. are usually found in the more
stable portion of the central basin where the water column is the deepest
and the hypolimnion thicknesses are greater. The lowest D.O. levels are
usually seen in the southwest corner of the central basin, including or
adjacent to the Sandusky sub basin. The exception to this occurs during
cruise 6 ( early September) as the lake is destratifying at which time
higher 02 levels are observed on the fringes of the hypolimnion area.
The central basin hypolimnion D.O. medians indicated a continuously
decreasing rate of depletion throughout the stratified period. There
appears to be two different rates of hypolimnion depletion or two different
slopes (Figure 15). Cruises 2 to 4 (early June to early August) exhibit the
first slope ( .08 mg/1) and cruises 4 to 6 (early August to mid
September) indicate a slightly steeper negative slope or greater decrease in
02 concentration. The same sort of two slope change is observed for the
median hypolimnion percent saturations ( Figure 16). This simple analysis of
the data does not reflect the actual oxygen budget and does not account for
the hypolimnion thickness changes.
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The budget for the 1982 central basin hypolimnion surveys was
facilitated by the Survey 8 program (Hanson et al, 1978) and calculations
were performed according to the Burns model (Burns, 1976). The mesolimnion
exchange model usually accounts for losses in dissolved oxygen due to
decreasing hypolimnion volume and area. The model also can correct for the
oxygen budget when an increase in hypolimnion volume and area occur as they
did prior to cruise 4 ( early August) (Table 9). The results of the cruise
interval calculations are as follows:
cruise number duration of interval volumeteric rate
days mg/l/day
2-3 27 .106
3-4 35 .102
4-5 24 .116
5-6 19 .121
An increase in volumetric oxygen depletion is seen after cruise 4 (early
August) until turnover in mid September. The overall average for the
stratified season is .111 mg 02 / 1 /day + .009. This and other available data
from 1930 is presented in Table 10. Central basin volumeteric depletion
rates appear to fluctuate from .08 to .130 mg 02/1/ day and depend on
seasonal weather conditions (Hartley, 1966).
NUTRIENTS
Nutrients measured during the 1982 field season included total
phosphorus (TP),soluble reactive phoshorus (SRP), total filtered phosphorus
(TFP),ammonia (NH3), nitrate plus nitrite (N03+N02) and soluble reactive
silica (SRS). All parameters were analyzed using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer II
and methods described in Letterhos (1982). Samples to be analyzed for
soluble nutrients were filtered immediately and determined within two to
four hours of collection. Total phosphorus and TFP were digested and
analyzed following each cruise.
Due to spring storms and peak runof£>total phosphorus was highest in
both basins in early April , averaging 130 ug/1 for the western basin and 33
ug/1 for the central basin (Figures 17 and 18). In the western basin,
concentrations decreased to a minimum of 18 ug/1 by late June and then
began a steady increase to 44 ug/1 by mid September. Values then declined
through October. Central basin epilimnion concentrations dropped to a
minimum of 8.5 ug/1 during the summer months and rose again through the
fall. Hypolimnion values were slightly higher than those of the epilimnion
and remained fairly stable throughout the season (Figure 19).
Soluble reactive phosphorus in the western basin reached a maximum in
early April of 10.5 ug/1, however, a central basin maximum of 4.4 ug/1
wasn't observed until late October. Both basins exhibited similar seasonal
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distribution patterns with higher values in the spring and fall and lower
values during the summer months. Hypolimnion values were only slightly
greater than epilimnion values and showed only a small rise near the end of
the stratified period when hypolimnion waters became anoxic(Figures 20-22 ).
Total filtered phosphorus concentrations closely followed the seasonal
pattern of SRP, measuring approximately two to three times higher. An
exception to this occurred in the western basin at the end of July when TFP
concentrations four times higher were measured at most stations. Within
the next cruise interval concentrations dropped back to levels consistant
with SRP and remained stable for the rest of the sampling season. Figures 20
- 23 portray the range of TFP concentrations.
Western basin N03 + N02 concentrations were more varied seasonally and
spatially than were those in the central basin as seen in Figures 26 and 27.
Epilimnion values followed the same pattern in both basins with maximums
reached in late May decreasing through late summer and rising again into
October. Western basin values dropped sharply in the cruise interval from
early to late August, reaching a minimum of 22 ug/1 while central basin
values decreased more gradually and remained above 100 ug/1. Central basin
hypolimnion concentrations showed little change throughout the stratified
season averaging between 225 and 275 ug/1, with a maximum reached during
August and only a slight decrease noted near the end of stratification when
anoxia was most extensive (Figure 28 ).
Ammonia nitrogen was much less variable than N03 + N02 nitrogen, but
this was expected because ammonia is generally assimilated as fast as it is
produced . Seasonal distribution patterns (Figure 29 to 31) show little
difference between western basin and central basin epilimnions once peak
spring flow had receded with medians ranging betw
same time a minimum median of less than 1 ug/1 was reached in the
central basin. The single highest ammonia value, 332 ug/1, was recorded
during early August in the western basin at station 57. A corresponding
D.O. level of 1.5 mg/1 was measured on the bottom. Central basin
hypolimnion concentrations were higher than both western and central basin
epilimnions during the stratified period. Values increased from 12.2 ug/1 at
the beginning of the stratified period to 34.3 ug/1 by the end of June,
decreased through late August to 15.0 and then increased again to 37.0 ug/1 in
mid September, due to regeneration.
Soluble reactive silica exhibited considerable fluctuation in the
western basin and central basin hypolimnion compared with the central basin
epilimnion (Figures 32 to 34). Western basin SRS concentrations were
highest in early April (2100 ug/1), dropped to a minimum (280 ug/1) by late
May and alternated between 350 ug/1 and 900 ug/1 for the remainder of the
year. The central basin epilimnion values exhibited a steadily increasing
silica content from early April to the end of October. Hypolimnion
concentrations increased from 240 ug/1 at the beginning of the stratified
period to 2240 ug/1 near turnover when a number of stations were anoxic.
Following fall turnover .western and central basin concentrations were
similar,averaging 545 ug/1.
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Both central and western basin nutrient levels tended to follow the
same seasonal distribution patterns observed in Lake Erie in previous
years. Although anoxia was present during cruises 5 and 6, significant
regeneration was only noted for ammonia and SRS (Figure 35 ). Generally,
nutrient concentrations decreased horizontally from west to east and south to
north with more concentrated nutrients emanating mainly from rivers along
the southshore and following current patterns. Isopleths describing cruise
by cruise observations for TP, N03 + N02, NH3, and SRS appear in Figures 36
to 39. Volume weighted concentrations and total in lake metric tonnages
present were calculated by basin and appear in Tables 11 and 12.
PARTICIPATES
Corrected Chlorophyll a; Total. Residual and Volatile Suspended Solids;
Turbidity; Secchi; Particulate Organic Carbon
Particulate material found in the water column is comprised of both
organic and inorganic suspended material. In the spring the suspended
particulate concentration has a high inorganic content generally reaching up
to 80% of the total (western basin). This is the result of both internal
loading, the resuspension of bottom sediments and external loading from
tributaries draining agricultural lands. During the summer the central
basin stratifies resulting in decreased concentration of particulate
inorganic material due to decreases in both internal and external loading
sources. The decrease in inorganic suspended material and increase in
plankton biomass causes the percent organic suspended material to increase
approaching 50% of the total (central basin). As Fall approaches
temperatures decrease and weather again becomes a factor in increasing
sediment resuspension. Generally in the early fall the particulate
concentration is as high as in the ly the
ic ladden sediments following turnover.
After the early fall peak the percent organic suspended material decreases as
plankton biomass decreases through the later portion of the year. In
contrast the percent inorganic suspended material increases as internal and
external loading again increases. It is evident that the central and
western basins of Lake Erie follow a similar cycle but, particulate
concentrations are generally from 2 to 5 times higher in the western basin.
Surface and bottom concentrations do vary but both generally follow the
same pattern.
The 1982 field season followed the previously described patterns,
however there were extremely high concentrations of particulate inorganic
suspended material during the first cruise in early April. This was the
result of very high tributary loading.
Turbidity and Secchi
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Turbidity and secchi values for the 1982 field season followed the
pattern previously outlined (Figures 40 and 41). The reciprocal of secchi
values have been plotted through the field season along with mean turbidity
values. Note the high-low-high effect through the field season and in
particular the high peak during the first cruise in April. Secchi
area-weighted transparency for the years 1974,1978 and 1982 are presented in
Figure 42 and 43. As seen from these graphs, 1982 values followed the same
pattern as seen in previous years both in the central and western basin
although the clarity of the water was slightly lower in 1982. The spatial
patterns of secchi disk transparency (Figure 44) throughout the season are
not unique for 1982. The lowest values occured an April for all the western
basin ( 0.2 m) and the greatest secchi values occured in late July in the
central basin (9m).
Corrected Chlorophyll a
The 1982 Corrected Chlorophyll a concentrations followed the patterns
previously stated with the central basin exhibiting a bimodal pattern
(spring and fall peaks) and the western basin exhibiting a unimodal pattern
(fall peak) (Figures 45-49). Contours of these two basins on a cruise by
cruise bases are presented in Figure 48. Means of Corrected Chlorophyll a
(Chlacorr) surface concentrations for the western and central basins from
1970 to 1982 are presented in Figure 49.
Suspended Solids
Total, residual and volatile suspended solids for the western and
central basins followed the pattern previously described for the 1982 field
season (Figures 50 and 51). The effect of cruise 1 on concentrations of
total and residual suspended solids (TSS,RSS) is clearly evident in these
figures. Volatile suspended solids (VSS) are less effected in cruise 1
because over 85% of the suspended material at this time was inorganic.
Particulate Organic Carbon
Particulate organic carbon (POC) followed similar patterns as found for
Chlacorr and VSS throughout the field season (Figures 52 and 53). This
relationship was followed throughout the central and western basins.
Relationships of the Particulat&s
The 1981 Open Lake Report (Fay, 1982) provided information on a three way
relationship between Chlacorr, POC and VSS. Correlation coefficients (r)
were calculated from the 1982 data base and similar relationships were found
as reported in 1981 (Table 13; Figures 52-55). An additional
relationship that correlated well both years was turbidity and TSS (Table
13, Figures 56 and 57). Relationships between these parameters were
examined for two reasons. First, to establish if a relationship exists
between related parameters and if so how strong. Second, to develop a
predictable model were one or more parameters could be estimated by using
measurements of a single related parameter. Past and future data sets need to
be analyzed to determine if any predictable model is possible.
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Data from cruise 1 was not used in some calculations due to the high
concentrations of the various components of the particulate material. The
high concentrations of inorganic material during this time did not typify
the remainder of the 1982 data set.
TABLE 1
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS (R) FOR THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN BASINS (EPILIMNION)
Western Basin Central Basin
1981 1982 1981 1982
POC - VSS .82 .97 .86 .94
POC - Chlacorr .95 .94* .76 .83*
Chlacorr - VSS - .89* .91 .70*
Turbidity - TSS .95 .98 .98 .99
* Cruise 1 data omitted.
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TABLE 10
TRENDS IN NET OXYGEN DEMAND OF THE CENTRAL AND
EASTERN BASIN HYPOLIMNIONS OF LAKE ERIE 1930 TO PRESENT
NET OXYGEN DEMAND
DATA
SOURCE*
1
1
1
1
2
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,4
3
2
5
2
5
3
3
3
YEAR
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1977
1978
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Rate Per
(g o2 m
Central
Basin
0.08
0.15
0.25
0.37
0.38
0.53
0.60
0.67
0.75
0.58
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.41
0.63
0.47
0.47 .04
Unit Area
~2 day"1)
Eastern
Basin
-
-
_
0.70
0.23
0.57
0.76
-
0.68
0.51
0.58
0.61
0.58
_
_
Rate Per
(mg 02
Central
Basin
0.054
0.067
0.070
0.093
0.110
0.120
0.130
0.100
0.130
0.130
0.120
0.092
0.111
0.090
0.109
0.085
unit VoJume
1-1 day"1)
Eastern
Basin
_
-
_
0.055
0.016
0.026
0.040
0.032
0.060
0.065
0.048
0.047
0.049
_
_
0.111 .009
*Data sources: 1) Dobson and Gilbertson, 1971; 2) CCIW--Noel Burns, personal
communication; 3) OSU/CLEAR—Central Bas/fin, 1973-1977, 1980-1982; 4)
SUNY/GLL—Eastern Basin, 1973-1976, 1977; 5) USEPA/GLNPO—rate calculation
OSU/CLEAR
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Figure 36. Limnion horizontal distribution maps for
total phosphorus (yg/£) 1982.
-------
hypolimnion
June 21-29 (3)
epilimnion
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hypolimnion
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Figure 36 (continued)
Limnion horizontal distribution maps for total phosphorus (yg/£) 1982.
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hypolimnion
August 19-26 (5)
epilimnion
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hypolimnion
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Figure 36(continued)
Limnion horizontal distribution maps for total phosphorus (yg/£) 1982.
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epilimnion
April 5-12 (1)
epilimnion
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hypolimnion
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Figure 37. Limnion horizontal distribution maps
for nitrate plus nitrite (vg/a), 1982
-------
hypolimnion
June 21-29 (3)
epilimnion
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Figure37. (continued)
Limnion horizontal distribution maps for nitrate plus nitrite
, 1982.
-------
hypolimnion
August 19-26 (5)
epilimnion
September 8-13 (6)
hypolimnion
September 8-13 (6)
epilimnion
October 18-26 (7)
Figure 37. (continued)
Limnion horizontal distribution maps for nitrate plus nitrite
(yg/0, 1982.
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hypolimnion
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Figure 38.
Limnion horizontal distribution maps for ammonia (yg/£), 1982.
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Figure 39. Limnion horizontal distribution maps
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Figure 39 (continued)
Limnion horizontal distribution maps for soluble reactive silica (yg/£), 1982.
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Figure 39 (continued)
Limnion horizontal distribution maps for a soluble reactive silica (yg/£), 1982.
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U.S. Env'^nr^ntal Protection Agency
GLNPO L Collection (PL-12J)^
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Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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