905R93103
3-3-93
COMPARISON OF PROPOSED HHBAFs FOR THE GLI
by
Charles E. Stephan
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, MN
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
5 Library (PL-12J)
-------
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
-------
DERIVATION OF PROPOSED HUMAN HEALTH AND WILDLIFE
BIOACCUMULATION FACTORS FOR THE
GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE
(March 1993 Draft)
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
-------
VO
CO
o
en
in
*.
00
0
CN
in
vo
in
en
vo
en
•<*
o
CN
CO
00
CTi
rH
CN
(N
cr>
rH
CN
CTl
rH
CN
(N
CTl
in
<
o
ro
rH
CJ\
VO
CN
VO
CN
ro
CN
CN
ro
(N
in
01
c
-H
X
0
a
0)
i_i
o
rH
^
U
CO
i >
a
35
£^
•
in
0)
a
0)
N
c
a;
^
o
^|
o
rH
X5
O
rC
o
rH
o
!>i
U
o
)H
o
rH
A
U
03
X
t
U
o
tH
0
rH
33:
o
03
X
35
i
03
a;
A
t-
•
ro
C
OS
X
(U
rj
O
rH
O
^
u
o
i-l
o
rH
XI
U
OS
X
0)
3;
i
03
4J
rH
a;
CN
•
in
0)
C5
(0
•iH
TJ
(0
XJ
C
0)
Oi
0
rH
U
^,
U
- 0
M
0
rH
A
V
03
X
35
CN
•
^
a>
c
re
A
JJ
a>
o
r-l
0
rH
X!
U
03
X
35
00
in
.
vo
0)
C
OJ
M
S-
a
T3
o
1
ro
*.
CN
^
rH
• — i
0
c
0)
T3
C
M
1
1
1
1
pj
O
rJ
M
CO
ro
CN
0>
C
o
^
o
a
o
CO
73
03
0)
0)
rrj
C
•H
.J
C
O
•H
A
4J
03
rH
(0
S
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
-------
DRAFT
3-3-93
RANKED PROPOSED HHBAFs FOR THE GLI
by
Charles E. Stephan
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, MN
-------
CO
Q
M
o
m
CO
£
£
g
W
SJ
EH
V)
O
U
•J
CQ
Q
X
E*
S
U
a
E-
EH
i
iM O 73 rH ft. -H
ft QJ 3 JJ
0) CO O W OJ
cux: ox: O-H
(0 JJ ft to JJ
o o C-H
flj 01
rtj
O T) O JJ O
ejj
cu
to
JJ
c o
QJ IH
X. 03
0)
IW O
O o
CO
CD
JJ s
u
(0
o
—- Clj CO
U S ?
•H QJ s; IH
JJ CO CJ O
rH 0 U« 73
3 ft O
S o w id o ft c
o
CO Q) CO 73 O
-H C
CO 03 4-1
tQ-
3
73
XI id
JJ U-l
MX3
JJ ft QJ
H S
-H
3
Jj
x:
1
OlJJ
03
x:
jj
Ol
cu
rH 03
O O
Xl-d
id 3: fa 73
O O C W
QJ-H -H >,
JJ g QJ 03
(0 QJ X) CO 5
OJ3 CJ -H
•H O 73 O 03
C Q) 3 JJ JJ
•H x: o o o
JJ 3-rt C
S T3
g MH jj CU to
•H x: ft o
O g 3 73
U tO QJ
-H C W
<(0
s g jjxix:
c 1 g-t
C »rH Q) O
•H >,rH g XI
= Q) -H M JJ
J > jj CU
JJ 03 10
73 O JJ id"1
C QJ to Q) —
(0 ft-Q rH •
= cuco-'C-HSid'oc/j'uo
a M cu 3 o
= 0) gO- • gJJ-H73>
»J3 -OlrHid X) to3-HgCU73
CU3 Qu73rH -HrH>CUcO(y
CO 0) O g
QJ O
03
O
to Q)
QJ
QJ
O QJ
til „ j
— X)<
03 -H
EH O -H U XJ 3 O
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
-------
DRAFT
3-3-93
DERIVATION OF PROPOSED HUMAN HEALTH AND WILDLIFE
BIOACCUMULATION FACTORS FOR THE GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE
by
Charles E. Stephan
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, MN
-------
The proposed Human Health Bioaccumulation Factors (HHBAFs) and
Wildlife Bioaccumulation Factors (WLBAFs) were derived using a
draft of the 'Procedure to Determine a Bioaccumulation Factor0 that
was developed under the Great Lakes Initiative (GLI). (Although
proposed HHBAFs were derived for many chemicals, proposed WLBAFs
were derived only for DDT, mercury, PCBs, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD.) The
proposed HHBAFs were derived to apply to fish that contain 5.0%
lipids and are at trophic level 4 in the Great Lakes. The proposed
WLBAFs were derived to apply to fish that contain 7.9% lipids and
are at trophic levels 3 and 4 in the Great Lakes. The number of
digits given implies nothing about how many are significant. For
organic chemicals, predicted BCFs were calculated from Log P using
the equation 'Log BCF = 0.79 (Log P) - 0.40" (Veith and Kosian
1983) . The predicted BCFs are assumed to apply to fish that
contain 7.6% lipids. Because chemicals with very high values for
Log P do not accumulate according to the equation, the predicted
BCF was not allowed to be greater than 100,000 at 7.6% lipids. All
logarithms are to base 10. The "MedChem Star' and "MedChem Calc"
values for Log P were obtained from the QSAR system at ERL-Duluth
and are based on version 3.53 of MedChem, which was obtained from
Pomona College. Professional judgement was used when selecting a
"typical Log P" on the basis of the various measured and predicted
values that had been found for the chemical. Values for the Food
Chain Multiplier (FCM) were obtained by rounding the "typical Log
P" to two significant digits and then using the value specified in
the FCM table for the trophic level of concern; interpolation
between values in the FCM table was not used. When Log P is
greater than 6.5 and no chemical specific information concerning
BAFs is available, a value of 1.0 was used for the FCM as specified
in the GLI BAF methodology. Data for freshwater species were given
preference over data for saltwater species, especially for metals,
metalloids, and such ionizable organic chemicals as
pentachlorophenol. HHBAFs for metals and metalloids are to apply
to the wet weight of the edible portion, e.g., muscle, of
freshwater fish; WLBAFs for metals and metalloids are to apply to
the wet weight of the whole body of freshwater fish. If a BAF
could be calculated for a chemical from a field study in the Great
Lakes, BAFs from other bodies of water were not considered for that
chemical. For organic chemicals, a measured BCF or BAF was used
only if an acceptable measurement of percent lipids was available
so that the BCF or BAF could be normalized to 1% lipids. No
adjustment was made to account for the different solvents that were
used in the measurement of percent lipids.
-------
ACENAPHTHENE [CAS#: 83-32-9]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.92 MedChem Star
4.07 MedChem Calc
3.92 Miller et al. 1985
3.97 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A Log P of 3.84 has been proposed for use in the derivation
of sediment quality criteria for acenaphthene (U.S. EPA
1991a). A value of 3.98 was selected as a 'typical Log P",
from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 554.9
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 73.0
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (73.0) (5.0) (1.0) =
365.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
387 4.8 80.6 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 80.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(80.6) (5.0) (1.0) = 403.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
ACENAPHTHYLENE [CAS#: 208-96-8]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
3.62 MedChem Calc
A value of 3.62 was selected-as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 288.2
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 37.9
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
-------
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (37.9)(5.0) (1.0} =
190.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
ACROLEIN
{CAS#: 107-02-8]
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
-0.01 MedChem Star
0.101 MedChem Calc
0.90 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 0.5 was selected as a. "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =0.989
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.130
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.130) (5.0) (1.0)
= 0.65.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
344 4.8 71.7 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 71.7
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(71.7) (5.0) (1.0) = 358.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
ACRYLONITRILE
[CAS#: 107-13-1J
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
-------
0.25 MedChem Star
0.231 MedChem Calc
A value of 0.24 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 0.616
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.081
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.081) (5.0) (1.0)
= 0.40.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
48 4.8 10.0 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 10.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(10.0) (5.0) (1.0) = 50.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
ALDRIN .[CAS#: 309-00-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.09 MedChem Calc '
5.66 Isnard and Lambert 1989
6.496 de Bruijn et al. 1989
A value of 6.0 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 21,878
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 2,879
Food Chain Multiplier = 67
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (2,879) (5.0) (67) =
964,465.
-------
> No BCF with a measured value of percent lipids was found.
> No measured BAF was found.
Note: Because of metabolism of aldrin to dieldrin, a
predicted BAF for aldrin that does not take into
account the effect of metabolism on both the BCF and
the FCM is expected to be higher than a measured BAF.
A BAF for "aldrin plus toxic persistent metabolites'
should be higher than a BAF for •aldrin•.
ALUMINUM [CAS#: 7429-90-5]
No usable data were found concerning bioconcentration or
bioaccumulation of aluminum by freshwater fish.
ANTHRACENE [CAS#: 120-12-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.45 MedChem Star
4.49 MedChem Calc
4.45 Veith et al. 1979a
4.59 Hammers et al. 1982
4.54 Miller et al. 1985
4.54 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 4.5 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 1,429
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 188
Food Chain Multiplier =1.2
For" 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P- is (188) (5.0) (1.2) =
1,128.
> No measured BCF was found.
> A geometric mean BAF of 192.5 was obtained with fish that
averaged 4.23 % lipids (Burkhard, unpublished), which results in
a BAF of 228 at 5.0 % lipids.
ANTIMONY [CAS#: 7440-36-0]
Barrows et al. (1980) did not detect any increase above controls
5
-------
in whole-body measurements on bluegills exposed to antimony.
Thus it seems reasonable to assume that bioconcentration and
bioaccumulation of antimony by freshwater fish are negligible
and the HHBAF will be set at 0.0.
ARSENIC [CAS#: 7440-38-2]
Spehar et al. (1980) obtained BCFs of zero for various inorganic
and organic forms of arsenic based on whole-body measurements on
rainbow trout. Barrows et al. (1980) obtained a BCF of 4 using
whole-body measurements on bluegills, and DeFoe (1982) found a
BCF of 3 for whole body of fathead minnows. BCFs for muscle
should not be higher than those for whole body; thus it seems
reasonable to use a HHBAF of .1.0 for arsenic.
ASBESTOS [CAS#: 1332-21-4]
No usable data were found concerning bioconcentration or
bioaccumulation of asbestos by freshwater fish.
1.2-BENZANTHRACENE [CAS#: 56-55-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.664 MedChem Calc
5.91 Miller et al. 1985
5.91 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.8 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 15,205
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 2,001
Food Chain Multiplier = 33
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (2,001) (5.0) (33) =
330,165.
> No measured BCF was found.
> Field data (Burkhard, unpublished) resulted in a geometric mean
BAF of 40 for two PAHs with four rings for fish with 5.0 %
lipids. " :
-------
BENZENE [CAS#: 71-43-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.13 MedChem Star
2.142 MedChem Calc
2.13 Veith et al. 1979a
2.20 Hammers et al. 1982
2.13 Miller et al. 1985
2.12 Isnard and Lambert 1989
2.186 de Bruijn et al. 1989
A value of 2.14 was selected as a "typical Log P', from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =19.5
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 2.57
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (2 ..57) (5.0) (1.0) =
13.
> No acceptable measured BCF was found.
A BCF of over 5,000 was reported for fish with about 4%
lipids by Brooke and Call (manuscript). The results were
based on uptake of radioactivity. Results of this test were
not used because metabolites were detected and probably
contributed to the BCF.
> No measured BAF was found.
BENZIDINE [CAS#: 92-87-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.34 MedChem Star
1.576 MedChem Calc
A value of 1.46 was selected as a 'typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =5.67
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) =0.75
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.75)(5.0)(1.0) =
3.8. - -
> No acceptable measured BCF was found.
-------
Barrows et al. (1975) conducted a bioconcentration test on
benzidine and measured uptake of radioactivity. Results of
this test were not used because the tissue was air-dried
before analysis. Also, metabolites might have caused the BCF
to be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
3,4-BENZOFLUORANTHENE [CAS#: 205-99-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
6.12 MedChem Calc
: A value of 6.12 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =27,214
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 3,581
Food Chain Multiplier = 75
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P" is (3,581) (5.0) (75) =
1,342,875.
Note: Field data (Burkhard, unpublished) resulted in
predicted BAFs from 17 to 228 for four PAHs with three
and four rings for fish with 5.0 % lipids. It seems
unlikely that PAHs with five rings will have BAFs
greater than 1000.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
11.12-BENZOFLUORANTHENE [CAS#: 207-08-9]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
6.12 MedChem Calc
A value of 6.12 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 27,214
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 3,581
Food Chain Multiplier = 75
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typi_cal Log P" is (3, 581) (5. 0) (75) =
1,342,875.
Note: Field data {Burkhard, unpublished) resulted in
predicted BAFs from 17 to 228 for four PAHs with three
8
-------
and four rings for fish with 5.0 % lipids. It seems
unlikely that PAHs with five rings will have BAFs
greater than 1000.
No measured BCF or BAF was found.
1.12-BENZOPERYLENE [CAS#: 191-24-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
6.58 MedChem Calc
7.10 Miller et al. 1985
7.10 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 6.84 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 100,000
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 13,158
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (13,158) (5.0) (1.0)
= 65,790.
Note: Field data (Burkhard, unpublished) resulted in
predicted BAFs from 17 to 228 for four PAHs with three
and four rings for fish with 5.0 % lipids. It seems
unlikely that PAHs with five rings will have BAFs
greater than 1000.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
BENZC-ralPYRENE [CAS#: 50-32-8]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.97 MedChem Star
6.12 MedChem Calc
5.98 Miller et al. 1985
6.00 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 6.02 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 22,688
Normalized BCF (at 1.0.% lipids) = 2,985
Food Chain Multiplier. = 67
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (2, 985) (5.0) (67) =
999,975.
-------
Note: Field data (Burkhard, unpublished) resulted in
predicted BAFs from 17 to 228 for four PAHs with three
and four rings for fish with 5.0 % lipids. It seems
unlikely that PAHs with five rings will have BAFs
greater than 1000.
No measured BCF with a measured value of percent lipids was
found.
No measured BAF was found.
BERYLLIUM [CAS#: 7440-41-7]
Barrows et al. (1980) obtained a BCF of 19 based on whole-
body measurements on bluegills. A BCF based on edible-
portion might be lower, but the predicted HHBAF will be set
at 19 for lack of additional information.
BIS(2 -CHLOROETHOXY) METHANE [CAS#: 111-91-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
0.75 MedChem Calc
A value of 0.75 was selected as a "typical Log P*, from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =1.56
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.205
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.205) (5.0) (1.0)
= 1.0.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER [CAS#: 111-44-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.29 MedChem Star
0.996 MedChem Calc
1.12 Ishard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.14 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
10
-------
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =3.17
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.417
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P1 is (0.417)(5.0)(1.0)
= 2.1.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
11 4.8 2.29 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 2.29
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(2.29) (5.0) (1.0) = 11.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
BIS(2-CHLOROISOPROPYL) ETHER [CAS#: 108-60-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
1.61 MedChem Calc
A value of 1.61 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =7.45
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.980
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.980)(5.0)(1.0)
= 4.9.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
BROMOFORM [CAS#: 75-25-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
11
-------
The following value was found for Log P:
2.372 MedChem Calc
A value of 2.37 was selected as a "typical Log P*, from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =29.7
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 3.91
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0 (
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (3.91)(5.0) (1.0) =
20.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
4-BROMOPHENYL PHENYL ETHER
[CAS#: 101-55-3]
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log i?:
5.24 MedChem Calc
A value of 5.24 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 5,490
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 722.4
Food Chain Multiplier =4.3
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (722 .4) (5.0)(4.3)
= 15,532.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
[CAS#: .85-68-7]
from which
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.91 MedChem Star
4.87 MedChem Calc
4.05 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 4.7 was selected as a "typical Log P"
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 2,056
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 270.5
Food Chain Multiplier =1.4
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (270.5) (5.0) (1.4)
= 1,894.
12
-------
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
663 4.8 138.1 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 138.1
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(138.1)(5.0)(1.4) = 967.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
CADMIUM [CAS#: 7440-43-9]
Based on dry-weight measurements on adult brook trout, Benoit et
al. (1976) obtained BCFs of 15 for muscle, 300 to 600 for whole
body, and 19,000 for kidney. Using a conversion factor of 0.2
(Stephan et al. 1985), the wet-weight BCF for muscle is
estimated to be 3 . Sangalang and Freeman (1979) obtained a BCF
of 17 for muscle of brook trout. Calamari et al. (1982)
obtained a BCF of 2.3 for muscle of rainbow trout. Data
presented by Murphy et al. (1978) can be used to calculate BAFs
of 0.3 and 1.6 based on increases in the concentrations of
cadmium in water and in muscle of bluegills and bass in a
contaminated pond. The geometric mean of 0.3 and 1.6 is 0.69,
which will be used as the predicted HHBAF.
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE [CAS#: 56-23-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.83 MedChem Star
2.875 MedChem Calc
2.64 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.8 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% iipids) =64.9
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 8.54
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
13
-------
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (8.54) (5.0) (1.0) =
43.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF . % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
30 4.8 6.25 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 6.25
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(6.25)(5.0)(1.0) = 31.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
CHLORDANE [CAS#: see below]
There are several isomers of chlordane and so the following were
all considered to be of interest:
CAS# : 57-74-9 Chlordane, mixture of cis and trans
CAS#: 5103-71-9 alpha-chlordane; cis-chlordane
CAS#: 5103-74-2 beta-chlordane; trans-chlordane
CAS#: 5566-34-7 gamma-chlordane
CAS#: 12789-03-6 Chlordane, technical
All of these are expected to have similar values for Log P, BCF,
and BAF.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Locr P:
5.54 MedChem Calc
6.0 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.77 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 14,398
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1,894
Food Chain Multiplier = 33
For 5.0% lipids at trophic, level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (1,894) (5.0) (33) =
312,510.
14
-------
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
7,097 3.2 2,218 Goodman et al. 1978
15,687 3.6 4,357 Parrish et al. 1978
37,800 7.6 4,974 Veith et al. 1979b
18,762 7.28 2,577 Oliver and Niimi 1985
17,321 7.28 2,379 Oliver and Niimi 1985
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 3,118
The BCFs of 18,762 and 17,321 from Oliver and Niimi (1985)
are for the alpha and gamma isomers, respectively; both of
these values and the value for % lipids are the geometric
means from two exposures. The BCFs might not be at steady
state. For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted
HHBAF that is calculated from the geometric mean normalized
BCF is (3,118) (5.0) (33) = 514,470.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
1,400,000 8 175,000 R. trout Oliver and Niimi 1985
76,000 8 9,500 R. trout Oliver and Niimi 1985
558,824 11 50,802 Salmon Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 43,875.
The BAF of 1,400,000 is for the alpha isomer, whereas the
other two are for the gamma isomer. The range of the three
normalized BAFs is a factor of 18, but there is no basis for
choosing a subset of these three values. For 5.0% lipids at
trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is (43,875)(5.0) =
219,375.
CHLOROBENZENE [CAS#: 108-90-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.84 MedChem Star
2.855 MedChem Calc
2.83 Hammers et al. 1982
2.98 Miller et al. 1985
2.80 Bobra et al. 1985
• 15
-------
2.98 Isnard and Lambert 1989
2.898 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 2.18 to 2.98 were cited by Brooke et al.
(1990). A value of 2.88 was selected as a "typical Log P",
from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =75.0
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 9.87
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (9.87)(5.0) (1.0) =
49.
> No acceptable measured BCF was found.
A BCF of over 400 was reported for fish with about 4% lipids
by Brooke and Call (manuscript). The results were based on
uptake of radioactivity. Results of this test were not used
because metabolites were detected and probably contributed to
the BCF.
> No measured BAF was found.
p-CHLORO-m-CRESOL [CAS#: 59-50-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.10 MedChem Star
3.134 MedChem Calc
3.10 Veith et al. 1979a
A value of 3.11 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 114.0
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 15.0
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (15.0)(5.0)(1.0) =
75.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
CHLORODIBROMOMETHANE [CAS#: 124-48-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:.
The following value was found for Log P:
2.232 MedChem Calc
A value of 2.23 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
16
-------
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =23.0
Normalized BCF {at 1.0% lipids) = 3.03
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (3.03)(5.0) (1.0) =
15.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
CHLOROETHANE [CAS#: 75-00-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.43 MedChem Star
1.465 MedChem Calc
A value of 1.44 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =5.47
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.720
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.720)(5.0)(1.0)
= 3.6.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
2-CHLOROETHYL VINYL ETHER [CAS#: 110-75-8]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P: •
The following value was found for Log P:
0.994 MedChem Calc
A value of 0.99 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =2.41
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.317
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.317)(5.0)(1.0)
= 1.6.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found".
17
-------
CHLOROFORM [CAS#: 67-66-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.97 MedChem Star
1.952 MedChem Calc
1.90 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.94 was selected as a "typical Log P*, from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =13.6
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.79
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (1.79)(5.0)(1.0) =
9.0
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
6 4.8 1.25 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1.25
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1.25) (5.0) (1.0) = 6.2.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
2-CHLORONAPHTHALENE [CAS#: 91-58-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4 .03 MedChem Calc
4.07 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 4.05 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 630.2
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 82.9
Food Chain Multiplier" =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (82.9)(5.0)(1.0) =
18
-------
414.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
2-CHLOROPHENOL [CAS#: 95-57-8]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.15 MedChem Star
2.205 MedChem Calc
2.12 Hammers et al. 1982
2.16 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.16 was selected as a "typical Log P', from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 20.25
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 2.664
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (2.664)(5.0)(1.0)
= 13.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
214 4.8 44.6 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 44.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(44.6) (5.0) (1.0) = 223.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
4-CHLOROPHENYL PHENYL ETHER [CAS#: 7005-72-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.09 MedChem Calc
19
-------
4.08 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 4.6 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) == 1,714
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 225.5
Food Chain Multiplier =1.3
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (225.5)(5.0)(1.3)
= 1,466.
Note: Metabolism is likely to reduce the BCF and FCM enough
to cause the actual BAF to be less than 1000.
> No measured BCF with a measured value of percent lipids was
found.
>' No measured BAF was found.
CHLORPYRIFOS [CAS#: 2921-88-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.96 MedChem Star
4.685 MedChem Calc
4.99 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.267 de Bruijn et al. 1989
A value of 4.97 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 3,360
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 442.1
Food Chain Multiplier =2.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (442.1)(5.0) (2 . 6)
= 5,747.
> No measured BCF with a measured value of percent lipids was
found.
> Eaton et al. (1985) found normalized BAFs of. 209 for the fathead
minnow and 120 for the bluegill. The geometric mean of 209 and
120 is 158.4. For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted
HHBAF is (158.4) (5.0) = 792.
CHROMIUM [CAS#: 7440-47-3]
20
-------
BCFs of 0.13 and 2.8 were obtained for muscle of rainbow trout
by Buhler et al. (1977) and Calamari et al. (1982),
respectively. The geometric mean of 0.13 and 2.8 is 0.60, which
will be used as the predicted HHBAF.
CHRYSENE [CAS#: 218-01-9]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P;
The following values were found for Log P:
5.664 MedChem Calc
5.79 Miller et al. 1985
5.79 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.73 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 13,388
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1,762
Food Chain Multiplier =23
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (1,762)(5.0)(23) =
202,630.
> No measured BCF was found.
Field data (Burkhard, unpublished) resulted in a geometric mean
BAF of 40 for two PAHs with four rings for fish with 5.0 %
lipids.
COPPER [CAS#: 7440-50-8]
Benoit (1975) reported'a BCF of zero for copper in muscle of the
bluegill. Thus the predicted HHBAF will be set at 0.0.
CYANIDE [CAS#: 57-12-5]
No usable data were found concerning bioconcentration or
bioaccumulation of cyanide by freshwater fish.
2.4-D [CAS#: 94-75-7] :
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
21
-------
2.81 MedChem Star
2.682 MedChem Calc
3.00 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.83 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =68.5
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 9.01
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (9.01)(5.0)(1.0) =
45.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
ODD [CAS#: see below]
There are several isomers of DDD; the common ones are:
p,p'-DDD; 4,4'-DDD CAS#: 72-54-8
0,p'-DDD; 2,4'-DDD CAS#: 53-19-0
m,p'-DDD; 3,4'-DDD CAS#: 4329-12-8
All of the isomers, and all mixtures of them, are expected to
have similar values for Log P, BCF, and BAF.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
6.02 MedChem Star
6.21 MedChem Calc
6.02 Veith et al. 1979a
6.02 Isnard and Lambert 1989
6.217 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 6.02 to 6.21 were cited by de Bruijn et
al. (1989). A value of '6.1- was selected as a "typical Log
P", from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 26,242
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 3,453
Food Chain Multiplier = 75
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (3,453)(5.0) (75) =
1,294,875.
> No measured BCF with fish and with a measured value of percent
lipids was found.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
22
-------
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
892,473 11 81,134 Salmon Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 81,134.
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(81,134)(5.0) = 405,670.
Note: This value is probably too high because the fish were
also exposed to DDT. Uptake and metabolism of DDT
probably contributed to the concentration of DDD in the
fish.
DDE [CAS#: see below)
There are several isomers of DDE; the common ones are:
p,p'-DDE; 4,4'-DDE CAS#: 72-55-9
o,p'-DDE; 2,4'-DDE CASf: 3424-82-6
All of the isomers, and all mixtures of them, are expected to
have similar values for Log P, BCF, and BAF.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
6.51 MedChem Star
6.936 MedChem Calc
5.89 Burkhard et al. 1985
5.69 Isnard and Lambert 1989
6.956 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 5.69 to 6.94 were cited by de Bruijn et
al. (1989). A value of 6.4 was selected as a "typical Log
P", from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 45,290
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 5,959
Food Chain Multiplier = 98
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (5,959)(5.0) (98) =
2,919,910.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
52,000 7.6 6,842 " Veith et al. 1979b
180,000* 9.12 19,737* Kosian et al. 1981
11,773** 7.28 1,617** Oliver and Niimi 1985
23
-------
* = extrapolated from 28 days to steady state.
** = below steady state; not used in the calculation of the
geometric mean normalized BCF.
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 11,621
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(11,621)(5.0)(98) = 5,694,290.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
18,000,000 8 2,250,000 Trout Oliver and Niimi 1985
11,315,789 11 1,028,708 Salmon Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 1,521,379
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(1,521,3791(5.0) =7,606,895.
Note: This value is probably too high because the fish were
also exposed to DDT. Uptake and metabolism of DDT
probably contributed to the concentration of DDE in the
fish.
DDT [CAS#: See below]
There are several isomers of DDT and several pertinent CAS
numbers; the common ones are:
p,p'-DDT; 4,4'-DDT CAS#: 50-29-3
o,p'-DDT; 2,4'-DDT CAS#: 789-02-6
DDT CAS#: 33086-18-9
All of the isomers, and all mixtures of them, are expected to
have similar values for Log P, BCF, and BAF. The values used
for Log P, BCF, and BAF herein were based only on DDT and not on
"DDT plus metabolites" because the GLI human health criterion is
based on a study in which the test organisms were fed
commercial-grade DDT, which consisted of 81% p,p'-DDT and 17.9%
o,p'-DDT.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
6.36 MedChem Star
24
-------
6.913 MedChem Calc
6.19 Veith et al. 1979a
6.38 Hammers et al. 1982
5.44 Burkhard et al. 1985
5.75 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.98 Isnard and Lambert 1989
6.914 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 3.98 to 7.48 were cited by Brooke et al.
(1990), de Bruijn et al. (1989), and Eadsforth and Moser
(1983). A value of 6.2 was selected as a "typical Log P",
from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 31,477
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 4,142
Food Chain Multiplier = 84
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (4,142)(5.0)(84) =
1,739,640.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
29,400 7.6 3,868 Veith et al. 1979b
37,000 7.6 4,868 Veith et al. 1979b
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 4,339
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(4,339)(5.0)(84) = 1,822,380.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
4,210,526 11 382,775 Salmon Oliver and Niimi 1988
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(382,775) (5.0) = 1,913,875; for 7.9% lipids at trophic level
4 the predicted WLBAF is (382,775) (7 .9) = 3,023,922.
A normalized BAF of 382,775 for trophic level 4 corresponds
to a Log P of 6.2525. The validity of this back calculation
can be demonstrated as follows:
For a Log P of 6.2525, the BCF that is predicted for fish
containing 7.6% lipids is {antilogf(0.79)(6.2525)-0.4]} =
34,631.79. The BAF that is predicted for fish containing
25
-------
5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 is (34,631.79/7.6)(5.0)(84)
= 1,913,862; the BAF that is predicted for fish containing
7.9% lipids at trophic level 4 is (34,631.79/7.6) (7.9) (84)
= 3,023,902. Both of these BAFs agree well with the
values given above, as they should.
Thus for a Log P of 6.2525, by using the FCM of 29 for
trophic level 3 instead of the FCM of 84 for trophic level 4,
the WLBAF that is predicted for fish containing 7.9% lipids
at trophic level 3 is (34,631.79/7.6)(7.9)(29) = 1,043,966.
Note: Because of metabolism of DDT to DDD and DDE, a
predicted BAF for DDT that does not take into account
the effect of metabolism on both the BCF and the FCM is
likely to be higher than a measured BAF. A BAF for
"DDT plus toxic persistent metabolites' should be
higher than a BAF for "DDT'.
DEHP [CAS#: 117-81-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
8.66 MedChem Star
8.707 MedChem Calc
4.20 Isnard and Lambert 1989
7.453 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 4.20 to 9.64 were cited by de Bruijn et
al. (1989) and Brooke et al. (1990). A value of 8.0 was
selected as a "typical Log P", from which the following were
obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 100,000
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 13,158
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (13,158) (5.0) (1.0)
= 65,790.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
114 4.8 23.75 Macek et al. 1979; Barrows et al.
1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 23.75
For 5.0% lipids at trophic. level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "geometric mean normalized BCF" is
(23.75) (5.0) (1.0) = 119.
26
-------
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
DIAZINON [CAS#: 333-41-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.81 MedChem Star
3.707 MedChem Calc
3.31 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 3.6 was selected as a "typical Log P', from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 278.0
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 36.6
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (36.6) (5.0) (1.0) =
183.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
182 3.6 50.56 Goodman et al. 1979
247.9 8.6 28.83 Tsuda et al. 1989
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 38.18
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(38.18)(5.0)(1.0) = 191.
> No measured BAF was found.
1.2:5.6-DIBENZANTHRACENE [CAS#: 53-70-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P: --:
The following values were -found for Log P:
6.50 MedChem Star
6.838 MedChem Calc
6.88 Burkhard et al. 1985
27
-------
7.19 Miller et al. 1985
7.19 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 6.84 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 100,000
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 13,158
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (13,158)(5.0)(1.0)
= 65,790.
Note: Field data (Burkhard, unpublished) resulted in
predicted BAFs from 17 to 228 for four PAHs with three
and four rings for fish with 5,0 % lipids. It seems
unlikely that PAHs with five rings will have BAFs
greater than 1000.
No measured BCF or BAF was found.
DIBUTYL PHTHALATE [CAS#: 84-74-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.72 MedChem Star
4.689 MedChem Calc
5.15 Veith et al. 1979a
A value of 4.8 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 2,466
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 324.5
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (324.5) (5.0)(1.6)
= 2,596.
Note: Metabolism is likely to reduce the BCF and FCM enough
to cause the actual BAF to be less than 1000.
> No measured BCF with a measured value of percent lipids was
found.
> No measured BAF was found.
1.2-DICHLOROBENZENE [CAS#: 95-50-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
28
-------
The following values were found for Log P:
3.38 MedChem Star
3.568 MedChem Calc
3.34 Hammers et al. 1982
3.38 Miller et al. 1985
3.40 Bobra et al. 1985
3.39 Isnard and Lambert 1989
3.433 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 3.34 to 3.65 were cited by de Bruijn et
al. (1989). A value of 3.4 was selected as a 'typical Log
P", from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 193.2
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) « 25.4
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (25.4)(5.0) (1.0) =
127.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
89 4.8 18.5 Barrows et al. 1980
389 8.45 46.0 Oliver and Niimi 1983
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 29.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(29.2) (5.0) (1.0) = 146.
Note: The BCF reported by Barrows et al. (1980) was based on
uptake of radioactivity with no verification of the
parent chemical and therefore might be too high.
> Data presented by Oliver and Nicol (1982) for lake trout in Lake
Ontario and Lake Huron indicate that the normalized BAF for 1,2-
dichlorobenzene is greater than 21; the predicted HHBAF for 5.0%
lipids would be greater than 105.
1. 3-DICHLOROBENZENE [CAS#: 541-73-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P: - ;
The following values were found for Log P:
3.60 MedChem Star
3.568 MedChem Calc
3.46 Hammers et al. 1982
29
-------
3.48 Miller et al. 1985
3.40 Bobra et al. 1985
3.48 Isnard and Lambert 1989
3.525 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 3.38 to 3.95 were cited by Eadsforth and
Moser (1983) and de Bruijn et al. (1989). A value of 3.5 was
selected as a "typical Log P", from which the following were
obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 231.7
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 30.5
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (30.5)(5.0)(1.0) =
152.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
66 4.8 13.75 Barrows et al. 1980
557 8.45 65.9 Oliver and Niimi 1983
97 3.79 25.6 Carlson and Kosian 1987
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 28.52
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(28.52) (5.0) (1.0) = 143.
Note: The BCF reported by Barrows et al. (1980) was based on
uptake of radioactivity with no verification of the
parent chemical and therefore might be too high.
> Data presented by Oliver and Nicol (1982) for lake trout in Lake
Ontario and Lake Huron indicate that the normalized BAF for 1,3-
dichlorobenzene is greater than 57.9; the predicted HHBAF for
5.0% lipids would be greater than 290.
1. 4-DICHLOROBENZENE [CAS#: 106-46-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.52 MedChem Star
3.568 MedChem Calc
3.41 Hammers et al. 1982
3.38 Miller et al. 1985
3 .40 Bobra et al. 1985
30
-------
3.38 Isnard and Lambert 1989
3.444 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 3.24 to 3.65 were cited by de Bruijn et
al. (1989) and Brooke et al. (1990). A value of 3.46 was
selected as a "typical Log P", from which the following were
obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 215.5
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 28.4
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P- is (28.4)(5.0)(1.0) =
142.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
97 5.4 18.0 Konemann and van Leeuwen 1979
60 4.8 12.5 Barrows et al. 1980
50 2.3 21.7 Galassi et al. 1982
516 8.45 61.1 Oliver and Niimi 1983
674 7.28 92.6 Oliver and Niimi 1985
110 3.79 29.0 Carlson and Kosian 1987
296 8.5 34.8 Smith et al. 1990
Geometric mean normalized BCF =31.1
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(31.1)(5.0) (1.0) = 156.
Note: The BCF reported by Barrows et al. (1980) was based on
uptake of radioactivity with no verification of the;
parent chemical and therefore might be too high.
> Data presented by Oliver and Nicol (1982) for lake trout in Lake
Ontario and Lake Huron indicate that the normalized BAF for 1,4-
dichlorobenzene is 5.96; the predicted HHBAF for 5.0% lipids is
30.
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE [CAS#: 91-94-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.51 MedChem Star
3.637 MedChem Calc
A value of 3.57 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
31
-------
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 263.2
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 34.63
Food Chain Multiplier = 1,0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P" is (34.63) (5.0) (1.0)
= 173.
> No measured BCF with a measured value of percent lipids was
found.
> No measured BAF was found.
DICHLOROBROMOMETHANE [CAS#: 75-27-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
2.092 MedChem Calc
A value of 2.09 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =17.8
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 2.35
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (2.35)(5.0)(1.0) =
12.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
I.1-DICHLOROETHANE [CAS#: 75-34-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.79 MedChem Star
1.778 MedChem Calc
1.79 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.79 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =10.3
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.36
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (1.36) (5.0) (1.0) =
6.8.
32
-------
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
1.2-DICHLOROETHANE [CAS#: 107-06-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.48 MedChem Star
1.458 MedChem Calc
1.45 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.46 was selected as a 'typical Log P1, from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =5.67
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) =0.75
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (0.75)(5.0)(1.0) =
3.8.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
2 4.8 0.417 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 0.417
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(0.417) (5.0) (1.0) - 2.1.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.'
> No measured BAF was found.
1,1-DICHLOROETHYLENE {CAS#: 75-35-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.13 MedChem Star
2.114 MedChem Calc
A value of 2.12 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =18.8
33
-------
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 2.47
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P* is (2 .47) (5.0) (1.0) =
12.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
1.2-trans-DICHLOROETHYLENE [CAS#: 156-60-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.09 MedChem Star
1.514 MedChem Calc
A value of 1.80 was selected as a "typical Log P', from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =10.5
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.38
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (1.38)(5.0) (1.0) =
6.9
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL [CAS#: 120-83-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.06 MedChem Star
2.92 MedChem Star
3.066 MedChem Calc
3.08 Veith et al. 1979a
2.92 Hammers et al. 1982
3.08 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 3.0 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 93.3
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 12.3
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typi-eaJL Log P" is (12.3) (5.0) (1.0) =
62. .
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
34
-------
1.2-DICHLOROPROPANE [CAS#: 78-87-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.99 MedChem Calc
2.00 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.0 was selected as a "typical Log P*, from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =15.1
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.99
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (1.99) (5.0) (1.0) =
10.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
1.3-DICHLOROPROPENE [CAS#: 542-75-6]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
1.60 MedChem Calc
A value of 1.60 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =7.31
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) =0.96
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.96)(5.0) (1.0) =
4.8.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
DIELDRIN [CAS#: 60-57-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.32 MedChem Star
2.916 MedChem Calc
5.11 Hammers et al. 1982
5.16 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.40 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 5.16 to 5.30 were cited by de Bruijn et
al. (1989) . A Log P of 5.25 has been proposed for use in the
35
-------
derivation of sediment quality criteria for dieldrin {U.S.
EPA 1991b). A value of 5.0 was selected as a "typical Log
P', from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 3,548
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 466.8
Food Chain Multiplier =2.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (466.8)(5.0)(2.6)
= 6,068.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
2,300 1.1 2,091 Parrish et a.l. 1974
4,804 2.14 2,245 Shubat and Curtis 1986
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 2,167
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(2,167) (5.0) (2.6) = 28,171.
> No measured BAF was found.
PIETHYL PHTHALATE [CAS#: 84-66-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.47 MedChem Star
2.57 MedChem Calc
3.15 Veith et al. 1979a
3.00 Isnard and Laxnbert 1989
A value of 2.8 was selected as a "typical Log Pn, from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 64.9
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 8.54
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (8.54) (5.0) (1.0) =
43.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and'measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
36
-------
117 4.8 24.38 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 24.38
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(24.38) (5.0) (1.0) = 122.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
2.4-DIMETHYLPHENOL
[CAS#: 105-67-9]
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.30 MedChem Star
2.77 MedChem Calc
2.36 Veith et al. 1979a
2.42 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.48 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =36.2
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 4.76
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (4.76) (5.0) (1.0) =
24.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
150 4.8 31.25 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 31.25
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(31.25)(5.0)(1.0) = 156.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
37
-------
> No measured BAF was found.
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE [CAS#: 131-11-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.56 MedChem Star
1.52 MedChem Calc
2.11 Veith et al. 1979a
2.00 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.8 was selected as a "typical Log P', from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 10.52
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.38
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (1.38)(5.0)(1.0) =
6.9.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
57 4.8 11.9 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 11.9
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(11.9)(5.0)(1.0) = 60.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF and
the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
4,6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL [CAS#: 534-52-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found.for Log P:
2.56 MedChem Calc
A value of 2.56 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 41.9
38
-------
Normalized BCF '(at 1.0% lipids) = 5.51
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (5.51) (5 .0) (1.0) =
28.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
2.4-DINITROPHENOL [CAS#: 51-28-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.54 MedChem Star
1.915 MedChem Calc
1.51 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.6 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =7.31
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.962
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.962)(5.0)(1.0)
= 4.8.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
2.4-DINITROTOLUENE [CAS#: 121-14-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The"following values were found for Log P:
1.98 MedChem Star
1.997 MedChem Calc
2.04 Deneer et al. 1987
A value of 2.01 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 15.4
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 2.03
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (2.03)(5.0) (1.0) =
10.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
' 39
-------
(1.0% L)
16.2 8.0 2.025 Deneer et al. 1987
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 2.025
For 5.0% lipids ac trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(2.025) (5.0)(1.0) = 10.
> No measured BAF was found.
2 . 6-DINITROTOLUENE [CAS#: 606-20-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.72 MedChem Calc
2.02 Deneer et al. 1987
A value of 1.87 was selected as a "typical Log P', from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =11.9
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.57
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (1.57)(5.0) (1.0) =
7.8.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
21.9 8.0 2.74 Deneer et al. 1987
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 2.74
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(2.74) (5.0) (1.0) =14.
> No measured BAF was found.
DIOCTYL PHTHALATE [CAS#: 117-84-0]
For lack of other information and because of the structural
40
-------
similarity of the two chemicals, the predicted HHBAF derived for
DEHP will also be used for dioctyl phthalate.
1.2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE [CAS#: 122-66-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.94 MedChem Star
2.97 MedChem Calc
A value of 2.96 was selected as a "typical Log P', from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =86.8
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 11.4
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (11.4) (5.0) (1.0) =
57.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
ENDOSULFAN [CAS#: 115-29-7]
The HHBAF derived below for the alpha and beta isomers of
endosulfan will be also be used for endosulfan.
alpha-ENDOSULFAN [CAS#: 959-98-8]
beta-ENDOSULFAN [CAS#: 33213-65-9]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
3.83 MedChem Star
A value of 3.83 was selected as a "typical Log P°, from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 422.4
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 55.6
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (55.6) (5 .0) (1.0) =
278.
> No measured BCF with fish and with admeasured value of percent
lipids was found.
> No measured BAF was found.
41
-------
ENDOSULFAN SULFATE [CAS#: 1031-07-8]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
3.067 MedChem Calc
A value of 3.07 was selected as a 'typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 106
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 13.9
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (13.9)(5.0) (1.0) =
70.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
ENPRIN [CAS#: 72-20-8]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.32 MedChem Star
2.916 MedChem Calc
4.56 Veith et al. 1979a
4.56 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A Log P of 4.90 has been proposed for use in the derivation
of sediment quality criteria for endrin (U.S. EPA 1991c). A
value of 4.44 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 1,281
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 168.6
Food Chain Multiplier =1.1
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (168.6)(5.0)(1.1)
= 927.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
4,214 3.73 1,130 Jarvinen and Tyo 1978
Geometric mean normalized BCF~= 1,-130
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
42
-------
(1,130)(5.0)(1.1) = 6,215.
> No measured BAF was found.
ENDRIN ALDEHYDE [CAS#: 7421-93-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
2.38 MedChem Calc
A value of 2.38 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =30.2
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 3.97
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (3.97) (5.0) (1.0) =
20.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
ETHYLBENZENE [CAS#: 100-41-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.15 MedChem Star
3 .32 MedChem Calc
3.26 Hammers et al. 1982
3.13 Miller et al. 1985
3.13 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 3.22 was selected as a "typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 139.3
-Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 18.33
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (18.33)(5.0) (1.0)
= 92.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
43
-------
FLUORANTHENE [CAS#: 206-44-0]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.95 MedChem Calc
5.22 Miller et al. 1985
5.22 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.155 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 5.148 to 5.29 were cited by de Bruijn
et al. (1989) and Brooke et al. (1990), A Log P of 5.19
was recommended for use in the derivation of sediment
quality criteria for fluoranthene (U.S. EPA 1991d). A
value of 5.11 was selected as a 'typical Log P", from which
the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 4,334
Normalized BCF (at 1,0% lipids) = 570.3
Food Chain Multiplier =3.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (570.3)(5.0)(3.2)
= 9,125.
> No measured BCF was found.
> A geometric mean BAF of 81 was obtained with fish that
averaged 4.23 % lipids (Burkhard, unpublished), which results
in a BAF of 96 at 5.0 % lipids.
FLUORENE [CAS#: 86-73-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.18 MedChem Star
4.225 MedChem Calc
4.17 Hammers et al. 1982
4.18 Miller et al. 1985
4.38 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 4.24 was selected as a 'typical Log P', from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 890.4
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 117.2
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.1
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (117.2)(5.0)(1.1)
= 645. _ .
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
44
-------
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
1,344 4.6 292.2 Carlson et al. 1979
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 292.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(292.2)(5.0)(1.1) = 1,607.
> Field data (BurJchard, unpublished) resulted in a geometric
mean BAF of 89 for fish with 5.0 % lipids for two PAHs with
three rings each.
FLUORIDE [CAS#: 16984-48-8]
No usable data were found concerning bioconcentration or
bioaccumulation of fluoride into muscle of freshwater fish.
GUTHION [CAS#: 86-50-0]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.75 MedChem Star
2.62 MedChem Calc
A value of 2.68 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =52.1
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 6.86
Food Chain Multiplier =,1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (6.86)(5.0)(1.0)
= 34.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
HEPTACHLOR [CAS#: 76-44-8]
The values for Log P, BCF, and BAF were based only on
heptachlor and not on "heptachlor plus toxic persistent
metabolites" because the human health criterion is based on a
study in which the test organisms were fed heptachlor.
45
-------
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.605 MedChem Calc
5.44 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.02 was selected as a 'typical Log P*, from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 3,680
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 484.2
Food Chain Multiplier =2.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' ia (484.2)(5.0)(2.6)
= 6,295.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
2,999 1.1 2,726 Schimmel et al. 1976
2,980 3.2 931 Goodman et al. 1978
9,500 7.6 1,250 Veith et al. 1979b
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1,469
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1,469)(5.0)(2.6) = 19,097.
> No measured BAF was found.
Note: Because of metabolism of heptachlor to heptachlor
epoxide, a predicted BAF for heptachlor that does not
take into account the effect of metabolism on both
the BCF and the FCM is likely to be higher than a
measured BAF. A BAF for "heptachlor plus toxic
persistent metabolites" should be higher than a BAF
for •heptachlor'1.
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE [CAS#: 1024-57-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.785 MedChem Calc
5.40 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 4.09 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained":
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 677.8
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 89.2
46
-------
Food Chain Multiplier =1.1
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (89.2)(5.0)(1.1)
= 491.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
14,400 7.6 1,895 Veith et al. 1979b
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1,895
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1,895) (5.0)(1.1) = 10,422.
> No measured BAF was found.
HEXACHLOROBENZENE [CAS#: 118-74-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.31 MedChem Star
6.42 MedChem Calc
6.18 Veith et al. 1979a
5.66 Hammers et al. 1982
5.47 Miller et al. 1985
6.86 Burkhard et al. 1985
5.50 Bobra et al. 1985
5.66 isnard and Lambert 1989
5.73 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 4.13 to 6.48 were cited by Eadsforth
and Moser (1983) and Hammers et al. (1982). A value of 5.7
was selected as a "typical Log P", from which the
following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 12,677
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1,668
Food Chain Multiplier = 23
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (1,668)(5.0)(23)
= 191,820.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
47
-------
(1.0% L)
18,500 7.6 2,434 Veith et al. 1979b
15,660 5.4 2,900 Konemann and van Leeuwen
1979,1980
52,000 9.12 5,702 Kosian et al. 1981
15,492 8.45 1,833 Oliver and Niimi 1983
22,000 3.79 5,805 Carlson and Kosian 1987
14,597 6.90 2,116 Nebeker et al. 1989
27,000 5.00 5,400 Schrap and Opperhuizen 1990
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 3,366
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
. (3,366)(5.0)(23) = 387,090.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
45,700 L. trout Oliver and Nicol 1982
545,000 7.9 68,987 R. trout Oliver and Niimi 1983
253,333 11 23,030 Salmon Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 41,718
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(41,718)(5.0) = 208,590.
HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE [CAS# 87-68-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.78 MedChem Star
4.30 MedChem Calc
4.78 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 4.5 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 1,429
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 188
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic leyel 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (188)(5.0)(1.2) =
1,128.
48
-------
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
9,930 8.45 1,175 Oliver and Niimi 1983
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1,175
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1,175)(5.0)(1.2) = 7,050.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
4,000 7.9 506.3 Trout Oliver and Niimi 1983
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 506.3
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(506.3)(5.0) = 2,532.
HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE [CAS#: 608-73-1]
alPha-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE [CAS#: 319-84-6]
beta-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE [CAS#: 319-85-7]
delta-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE [CAS #: 319-86-8]
All data that were found concerning BCFs and BAFs for
hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers are presented for
lindane. The same predicted HHBAF will be used for all forms
of hexachlorocyclohexane.
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE [CAS#: 77-47-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.04 MedChem Star
4.645 MedChem Calc
5.51 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.2 was selected as a -"typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 5,105
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 671.7
49
-------
Food Chain Multiplier =4.3
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P" is (671.7)(5.0) (4.3)
» 14,442.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
29 7.6 3.82 Veith et al. 1979b
Oliver and Niimi (1985) reported that
hexachlorocyclopentadiene is not taken up by fish.
Podowski et al. (1991) found that hexachlorocyclopentadiene
is metabolized by fish.
Geometric mean normalized BCF =3.82
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(3.82) (5.0) (4.3) = 82.
> No measured BAF was found.
HEXACHLOROETHANE [CAS# 67-72-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.14 MedChem Star
4.61 MedChem Calc
3.93 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 4.2 was selected as a "typical Log P*, from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 827.9
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 108.9
Food Chain Multiplier =1.1
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (108.9) (5.0) (1.1)
= 599.
Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured E5CF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
139 4.8 28.96 Barrows et al. 1980
• 50
-------
782.3 8.45 92.58 Oliver and Niimi 1983
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 51.78
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(51.78)(5.0)(1.1) = 285.
Note: The BCF reported by Barrows et al. (1980) was based
on uptake of radioactivity with no verification of
the parent chemical and might be too high.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
1,500 7.9 189.9 Trout Oliver and Niimi 1983
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 189.9
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(189.9)(5.0) » 950.
INDENO[1.2,3-cd1PYRENE [CAS#: 193-39-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
1 The following value was found for Log P:
6.584 MedChem Calc
A value of 6.58 was selected as a 'typical Log P', from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 62,835
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 8,268
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (8,268)(5.0)(1.0)
= 41,340.
Note: Field data (Burkhard, unpublished) resulted in
predicted BAFs from 17 to 228 for four PAHs with
three and four rings for fish with 5.0 % lipids. It
seems unlikely that PAHs with five rings will have
BAFs greater than 1000.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
51
-------
IRON ICAS#: 7439-89-6]
No uMble data were found concerning bioconcentration or
bioaccunulation of iron by freshwater fish.
ISOPHORONE fCAS#: 78-59-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.22 MedChem Calc
1.67 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.8 was selected as a "typical Log P', from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =10.5
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.38
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (1.38) (5.0)(1.0)
= 6.9.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
7 4.8 1.46 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1.46
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1.46)(5.0} (1.0) =7.3.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF
and the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
LEAD [CAS#: 7439-92-1]
Data presented by Atchison et al-, (1977) can be used to
calculate a BAF of 45.7 based on" increased concentrations of
lead in water and in the whole body of bluegills. Data
presented by Murphy et al. (1978) can be used to estimate that
BAFs for cadmium and zinc for muscle of the bluegill are about
52
-------
0.166 of those for the whole body of the bluegill. Thus the
BAF for lead in muscle of the bluegill can be estimated to be
(45.7)(0.166) = 7.6, which will be used as the predicted
HHBAF.
LINDANE
Lindane is the gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane, which is
the pesticide "BHC". Thus the following were all considered
to be of interest:
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH, HCH) CAS#: 608-73-1
alpha-HCCH CAS#: 319-84-6
beta-HCCH CAS#: 319-85-7
gamma-HCCH (lindane) CAS#: 58-89-9
delta-HCCH CAS#: 319-86-8
All of these, and all of their mixtures, are expected to have
similar values for Log P, BCF, and BAF. Because sufficient
data are available for lindane, values for the other isomers
are given for comparison purposes only.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P for lindane:
3.61 MedChem Star
3.72 MedChem Star
3.75 MedChem Calc
3.85 Isnard and Lambert 1989
3.69 de Bruijn et al. 1989
MedChem contains Star Log P values of 3.80, 3.78, and 4.14
for the alpha, beta, and delta isomers, respectively.
Isnard and Lambert (1989) and de Bruijn et al. (1989) cited
Log P values of 3.77 to 3,96 for the alpha and beta
isomers. A value of 3.7 was selected as a "typical Log P",
from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 333.4
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 43.87
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P1 for lindane is
(43.87)(5.0)(1.0) = 219.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF for lindane:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
180 7.6 23.68 "Veith et al. 1979b
420 2.65 158.5 Rogers et al. 1983
1549 7.28 212.8 Oliver and Niimi 1985
53
-------
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 92.78
[Oliver and Niimi (1985) also reported a normalized BCF of
269.2 for alpha-BHC; this value and the one given above
front Oliver and Niimi (1985) are means of two exposures.
Canton et al. (1975,1978) reported normalized BCFs of 45
and 180.] For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted
HHBAF that is calculated from the geometric mean normalized
BCF is (92.78)(5.0) (1.0) = 464.
Measured Bioaccumulation Factors for Lindane:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
1,000 8 125. R. trout Oliver and Niimi 1985
9,333 11 848.5 Salmon Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 325.7.
[Oliver and Niimi (1985,1988) also reported normalized BCFs
of 87 and 487 for alpha-BHC. Both values for alpha-BHC are
lower than the corresponding values for lindane; in
addition, both values reported in 1985 are lower than the
corresponding values reported in 1988.J For 5.0% lipids at
trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is (325.7)(5.0) =
1,628.
[CAS#: 121-75-5]
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.36 ' MedChem Star
1.756 MedChem Calc
2.89 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.4 was selected as a •'typical Log P', from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =31.3
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 4.12
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (4.12)(5.0)(1.0)
= 21.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
54
-------
(1.0% L)
<25—- 3.6 <6.9 Parrish et al. 1977
37i* 8.6 4.40 Tsuda et al. 1989
Geometric mean normalized BCF =4.40
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(4.40)(5.0)(1.0) = 22.
> No measured BAF was found.
MERCURY [CAS#: 7439-97-6]
1. The GLI human health criterion and the GLI wildlife criterion
for "mercury* are both based on the toxicity of methylmercury
[CAS#: 2296-92-6], whereas measurements of mercury in water
usually determine "total mercury". Therefore the predicted
HHBAF and WLBAF for "mercury" will be derived to relate the
concentration of methylmercury in fish at trophic levels 3
and 4 in the Great Lakes to the concentration of total
mercury in the water column. Although the best definition of
the term "total mercury" is probably "the sum of inorganic
mercury and organic mercury", the concentration of
methylmercury is often assumed to be a good approximation for
the concentration of "organic mercury". In practice, all of
these terms are operationally defined in terms of the
analytical methods that are used to measure them in the water
column and in fish.
2 . Although methylmercury constituted less than 10% of the total
mercury in the water column- in. various portions of a Canadian
river system that had been contaminated with mercury (Parks
et al. 1989), Kudo et al. (1982) found that 33% of the
mercury in the Ottawa River was methylmercury. Gill and
Bruland (1990) reported that at least 17% of the mercury in
Lake Erie was organo-mercury. Thus 25% would seem to be a
reasonable estimate of the percent of the total mercury that
is methylmercury in the water column in the Great Lakes.
3. A reasonable estimate of the BCF for inorganic mercury for
freshwater fish is 2,998, which is the geometric mean of
1,800 and 4,994; these two BCFs are given on page 46 of the
U.S. EPA criteria document for-mercury (U.S. EPA 1985). Both
of these BCFs are for whole body, but other data discussed in
the criteria document indicate that BCFs based on whole body
and edible portion should be similar for mercury. This BCF
of 2,998 relates the concentration of inorganic mercury in
55
-------
the water column to the concentration of total mercury in
fish. (The BCF of 4,994 was used in the freshwater
calculations for inorganic mercury on page 47 in the criteria
document because the FDA action level is applied on a
speci««-by-3pecies basis.)
4. As explained in the U.S. EPA criteria document (U.S. EPA
1985), Olson et al. (1975) and McKim et al. (1976) both found
that the BCF for methylmercury was inversely related to the
concentration in the water. It is therefore appropriate to
use the BCFs obtained at the lowest tested concentrations.
Thus the most appropriate freshwater BCFs to use are 81,667
from Olson et al. (1975) and 33,333 from McKim et al. (1976),
which results in a geometric mean BCF of 52,175 for
methylmercury. This BCF of 52,175 relates the concentration
of methylmercury in the water column to the concentration of
total mercury in fish. (A BCF of 81,700 was used in the
freshwater calculations for methylmercury on page 47 in'the
criteria document because the FDA action level is applied on
a species-by-species basis.)
5. Based on paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 above, a weighted average BCF
that can be used to relate the concentration of total mercury
in the water column to the concentration of total mercury in
fish in the Great Lakes can be estimated to be (0.75)(2,998)
+ (0.25)(52,175) = 2,248 + 13,044 = 15,292. (When used with
the concentrations of inorganic mercury [calculated as 'total
mercury minus methylmercury"] and methylmercury in Table 1 of
Parks (1988), the BCFs of 2,998 and 52,175 give reasonably
good estimates of the concentration of total mercury in 1+
perch, which are not predatory fish.)
6. In bodies of fresh water with pH between 6.5 and 9.0,
methylmercury constitutes about 90%, on the average, of the
total mercury in large fish (Baluja et al. 1983; Cappon and
Smith 1981; Hattula et al. 1978; Hildebrand et al. 1980;
Huckabee et al. 1979; Kudo et al. 1978; Luten et al. 1980;
Paasivirta et al. 1981,1983). The average percentage might
be even higher for bodies of fresh water with pH lower than
6.5 (Grieb et al. 1990). Cappon (1984), however, reported
that methylmercury constituted about 70% of the total mercury
in salmonids in Lake Ontario.
7. If there was no transformation of inorganic mercury to
methylmercury or vice versa during or after bioconcentration,
the calculations presented in paragraph 5 above predict that
the resulting percent methylmercury in fish should be
(100)(13,044)/(15,292) = 85.3%. This is reasonably good
agreement with the percentages' given in item 6. (In place of
the assumption of no transformation; it might be assumed that
transformation occurs in both cases and results in a "steady
state" or "equilibrium11 in which 85.3% of the total mercury
56
-------
in fish is methylmercury, regardless of whether the form in
the water was inorganic mercury or methylmercury.)
8. The BCF of 15,292 relates the concentration of total mercury
in the water column (assuming that 25% of the total mercury
in the water column is methylmercury) to the concentration of
total mercury in fish. Based on the assumption that 85.3% of
the total mercury in fish is methylmercury, a BCF of
(15,292)(0.853) = 13,044 can be used to relate the
concentration of total mercury in the water column of the
Great Lakes to the concentration of methylmercury in fish due
to bioconcentration. (Using a BCF of 13,044 to relate total
mercury in the water column to methylmercury in fish is
equivalent to estimating that methylmercury constitutes 25%
of the total mercury in the water column and then using a BCF
of 52,175 to relate methylmercury in the water column to
methylmercury in fish.)
9. For predatory fish, accumulation of total mercury from food
can add to the accumulation of total mercury from the water
column. The following predator-prey factor increases in
total mercury have been found for fish:
7.7 to 9.2 MacCrimmon et al. 1983
8 and 15 Mathers and Johansen 1985
up to 8.4 Wren et al. 1983
up to 6 and 13 Skurdal et al. 1985
2.9 Parks 1988
6.4 Cope et al. 1990
It would seem reasonable to use a factor of 10 to estimate
the importance of the food chain effect for some species. If
the ratio of total mercury to methylmercury does not change
substantially from prey to predator, the factor of 10 can be
applied to methylmercury.
10. Based on paragraphs 8 and 9 above, a reasonable estimate of
the BAF to be applied to total, mercury in the water column in
the Great Lakes is (13,044)(10) = 130,440. Thus the
predicted HHBAF is 130,440 and is intended to relate the
concentration of methylmercury in trophic level 4 fish in the
Great Lakes to the concentration of total mercury in the
water column.
11. As stated in paragraph 3 above, it appears that BCFs and BAFs
based on whole body and edible portion should be similar for
mercury. Therefore, the predicted HHBAF that was derived for
fish at trophic level 4 will also be used as the predicted
WLBAF for fish at trophic level 4. On the assumption that
the FCM for mercury increases .geometrically with trophic
level, the FCM will be assumed 60 be 2.154 for trophic level
2, (2.154)(2.154) = 4.64 for trophic level 3, and
(2.154)(2.154)(2.154) = 10 for trophic level 4. Thus for
mercury the predicted WLBAF for fish at trophic level 3 is
57
-------
(13,044) (4.64) = 60,524.
fCAS#: 72-43-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.08 MedChem Star
5.325 MedChem Calc
4.3 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.0 was selected as a 'typical Log P', from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 3,548
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 467
Food Chain Multiplier =2.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P" is (467) (5.0) (2 .6) =
6,071.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured 3CF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
151 3.6 42 Parrish et al . 1977
8,300 7.6 1,092 Veith et al. 1979b
Note: The two BCFs differ substantially.
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 214
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(214) (5.0) (2.6) = 2,782.
> No measured BAF was found.
METHYL BROMIDE [CAS#: 74-83-9]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.19 MedChem Star
1.076 MedChem Calc
A value of 1.13 was selected" as a."typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =3.11
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.409
58
-------
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P» is (0.409)(5.0)(1.0)
= 2.0.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
METHYL CHLORIDE
[CAS#: 74-87-3]
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
0.91 MedChem Star
0.936 MedChem Calc
A value of 0.92 was selected as a "typical Log P', from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =2.12
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) =0.28
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (0 .28) (5.0) (1 . 0)
= 1.4.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
[CAS#: 75-09-2]
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.25 MedChem Calc
1.25 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.25 was selected as a 'typical Log P', from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =3.87
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.509
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0 . 509) (5 .0) (1 . 0)
= 2.5.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
MI REX
[CAS# 2385-85-5]
59
-------
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.28 MedChem Star
4.65 MedChem Calc
6.89 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.3 was selected as a 'typical Log P*, from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 6,124
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 805.8
Food Chain Multiplier =5.8
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (805.8)(5.0)(5.8)
= 23,368.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF . % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
18,100 7.6 2,382 Veith et al. 1979b
740* 7.6 97* Oliver and Niimi 1985
20,417 6.5 3,141 Gobas et al. 1989
* = below steady state; not used in the calculation of the
geometric mean normalized BCF.
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 2,735
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(2,735) (5.0) (5.8) = 79,315.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
15,000,000 8 1,875,000 Trout Oliver and Niimi 1985
5,806,452 11 527,859 Salmonids Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 994,855
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(994,855) (5.0) = 4,974,275.
Note: Both of the measured, BAFs are much larger than both
of the predicted BAFs.
60
-------
NAPHTHALENE [CAS#: 91-20-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.30 MedChem Star
3.316 MedChem Calc
3.37 Veith et al. 1979a
3.45 Hammers et al. 1982
3.35 Miller et al. 1985
4.70 Isnard and Lambert 1989
Values ranging from 3.01 to 3.45 are cited by Eadsforth and
Moser (1983). A value of 3.36 was selected as a "typical
Log P', from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 179.6
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 23.6
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (23.6)(5.0)(1.0)
= 118.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
97.5 2.44 39.96 Rogers et al. 1983
27.6 4.04 6.83 Brooke and Call, ras.
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 16.5
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(16.5) (5.0) (1.0) = 82.
Note: Brooke and Call measured the BCF using radiolabeled
chemical and the parent chemical was verified.
> No measured BAF was found.
NICKEL [CAS#: 7440-02-0]
Calamari et al. (1982) obtained a BCF of 0.80 for muscle of
rainbow trout. This value of 0.80 will be used as the
predicted HHBAF.
NITROBENZENE [CAS#: 98-95-3]
61
-------
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.85 MedChem Star
1.885 MedChem Calc
1.70 Hammers et al. 1982
1.89 Deneer et al. 1987
1.828 de Bruijn et al. 1989
1.85 Isnard and Lambert 1989
Values ranging from 1.70 to 1.88 were cited by de Bruijn et
al. (1989) and Brooke et al. (1990). A value of 1.84 was
selected as a "typical Log P", from which the following
were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 11.31
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.45
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P* is (1.45)(5.0)(1.0)
= 7.2.
Note: Brooke and Call measured the BCF using radiolabeled
chemical and the parent chemical was verified.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
2.34 8.0 0.293 Deneer et al. 1987
2.49 4.04 0.616 Brooke and Call, ms.
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 0.425
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(0.425) (5.0) (1.0) = 2.1. • .
> No measured BAF was found.
2-NITROPHENOL [CAS#: 88-75-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.79 MedChem Star
1.854 MedChem Calc
1.79 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.82 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 10.91
• 62
-------
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.44
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P» is (1.44)(5.0)(1.0)
= 7.2.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
4-NITROPHENOL [CAS#: 100-02-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.91 MedChem Star
1.854 MedChem Calc
1.91 Veith et al. 1979a
2.91 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 1.9 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 12.62
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 1.66
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (1.66)(5.0) (1.0)
= 8.3.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
6.194 4.04 1.533 Call et al. 1980; Brooke and
Call, ms.
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1.533
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1.533) (5.0) (1.0) = 7.7.
Note: The BCF was measured using radiolabeled chemical and
the parent chemical was verified. The two predicted
BAFs are similar.
> No measured BAF was found.
63
-------
N-NITRQSQDIMETHYLAMINE [CAS#: 62-75-9]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
-0.57 MedChem Star
-0.768 MedChem Calc
A value of -0.67 was selected as a 'typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 0.118
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipida) = 0.0155
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is
(0.0155) (5.0) (1.0) = 0.08.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE [CAS#: 86-30-6]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.13 MedChem Star
3 .16 MedChem Calc
A value of 3.14 was selected as a "typical Log P', from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 120.4
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 15.8
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (15.8) (5.0) (1.0)
= 79.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
217 4.8 45.2 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF =45.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(45.2) (5.0) (1.0) = 226.
Note: This BCF was based on uptalce of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF
and the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
64
-------
> No measured BAF was found.
N-NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE [CAS#: 621-64-7]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.36 MedChem Star
1.348 MedChem Calc
A value of 1.35 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =4.64
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) =0.61
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (0.61)(5.0)(1.0)
= 3.0.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
OCTACHLOROSTYRENE [CAS# 29082-74-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
7.94 MedChem Calc
A value of 7.94 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 100,000
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 13,158
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is
(13,158) (5.0) (1.0) = 65,790
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
33,000 7.6 4,342 Veith et al. 1979b
8,100 7.6 1,066 Oliver and Niimi 1985
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 2-, 151
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
' 65
-------
(2,151) (5.0) (1.0) = 10,755.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(baaed on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
1,400,000 8 175,000 Trout Oliver and Niimi 1985
9,361,702 11 851,064 Salmonids Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 385,923
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(385,923) (5.0) = 1,929,615.
PARATHION [CAS#: 56-38-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.83 MedChem Star
3.469 MedChem Calc
3.81 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 3.8 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained: .
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 399.9
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 52.6
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (52.6) (5.0) (1.0)
= 263.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
PCBs (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS)
The term "PCBs" refers to a group of 209 chemicals, which are
known as PCB congeners (for example, see Hawker and Connell
1988). In addition, several commercial products are mixtures
of PCBs; the most widely known such products are the ones
called "Aroclors". Thus there are about 220 CAS numbers that
pertain to PCBs. The GLI human health criterion is based on
data for Aroclor 1260 (which is mostly hexa- and
heptachlorobiphenyl), but the criterion is considered
representative for all PCB mixtures.
66
-------
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
Because of uncertainty concerning the value of Log P for
any one specific congener and because of the large number
of individual chemicals that are covered under the term
•PCBs", the following values for Log P are given as
indicative of the range of values that are available:
Class of PCBs
Monochlorobiphenyls
Dichlorobiphenyls
Trichlorobiphenyls
Tetrachlorobiphenyls
Pentachlorobiphenyls
Hexachlorobiphenyls
Heptachlorobiphenyls
Log P Reference
4.50 Miller et al. 1985
4.46-4.69 Hawker and Connell 1988
4.53 de Bruijn et al. 1989
4.26-4.95 Isnard and Lambert 1989
4.93-5.16 Miller et al. 1985
5.14 Burkhard and Kuehl 1986
4.65-5.30 Hawker and Connell 1988
4.96-4.98 de Bruijn et al. 1989
4.52-5.58 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.47-5.51 Miller et al. 1985
5.66 Burkhard and Kuehl 1986
5.02-5.89 Hawker and Connell 1988
5.71-5.90 de Bruijn et al. 1989
5.47-5.61 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.72-5.73 Miller et al. 1985
5.72-5.81 Burkhard and Kuehl 1986
5.21-6.48 Hawker and Connell 1988
5.94-6.63 de Bruijn et al. 1989
5.72-6.11 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.92-6.30 Miller et al. 1985
6.18 Burkhard and Kuehl 1986
6.04-6.95 Hawker and Connell 1988
6.75 de Bruijn et al. 1989
5.92-6.30 Isnard and Lambert 1989
6.63-7.55 Miller et al. 1985
5.48-6.68 Burkhard et al. 1985
6.65 Burkhard and Kuehl 1986
6.22-7.42 Hawker and Connell 1988
7.12-7.41 de Bruijn et al. 1989
6.63-6.93" Isnard and Lambert 1989
67
-------
Octachlorobiphenyls
6.68 Miller et al. 1985
6.69-7.71 Hawker and Connell 1988
6.68 Isnard and Lambert 1989
7.11 Miller et al. 1985
7.20-8.00 Hawker and Connell 1988
7.73 de Bruijn et al. 1989
7.11 Isnard and Lambert 1989
Nonachlorobiphenyls
Decachlorobiphenyl
Aroclor 1016
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
8.16 Miller et al. 1985
7.71-8.09 Hawker and Connell 1988
8.16 Isnard and Lambert 1989
8.26 Miller et al. 1985
8.23 Burkhard and Kuehl 1986
8.18 Hawker and Connell 1988
8.27 de Bruijn et al. 1989
8.26 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.58 Veith et al. 1979a
5.58 Veith et al. 1979a
6.11 Veith et al. 1979a
6.72 Veith et al. 1979a
Based on these ranges of values, a "typical Log P" was
selected for each class and then.a "predicted HHBAF" was
calculated for 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4:
Class of
PCBs
Monochloro-
Dichloro-
Trichloro-
Tetrachloro-
Pentachloro-
Hexachloro-
Heptachloro-
Octachloro-
Nonachloro-
Decachloro-
Typical
Loa P
4.54
4.99
5.57
5.75
6.40
6.82
6.69
7.45
7.95
8.24
Pred BCF
(7.6% L)
1,537
3,484
10,007
13,884
45,290
97,230
76,754
100,000
100,000
100,000
Norm BCF
(1.0% L)
202
458
1,317
1,827
5,959
12,793
10,099
13,158
13,158
13,158
FCM
1.2
2.6
16
23
98
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Pred HHBAF
(5.0% L)
1,212
5,954
105,360
210,105
2,919,910
63,965
50,495
65,790
65,790
65,790
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
Class
of PCBs
BCF
% L
Norm BCF
(1.0% L)
68
Reference
-------
Dichloro-
14,100
18,200
3,800*
10,000
13,000
6,100
Trichloro-
20,100
42,000
17,000*
6,066
14,125
Tetrachloro-
48,900
42,000
84,000
18,000*
17,000*
6,806
3.0
3.5
11.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
3.0
3.0
7.6
6.5
7.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
7.6
7.6
6.5
4,700
5,200
328*
1,316
1,711
803
6,700
14,000
2,237*
933
1,883
16,300
14,000
24,000
2,368*
2,237*
1,047
Bruggeman et al. 1981
Bruggeman et al. 1984
Oliver and Niimi 1984
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Bruggeman et al. 1981
Bruggeman et al. 1981
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Gobas et al. 1989
Go has and Schrap 1990
Bruggeman et al. 1981
Bruggeman et al. 1981
Bruggeman et al. 1984
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Gobas et al . 1989
Pentachloro-
14,000*
Hexachloro-
210,000
4,800*
Octachloro-
22,400
Decachloro-
10,500
8,374
Aroclor 1016
24,299
42,500
Aroclor 1248
70,500
Aroclor 1254
37,000
6,601
100,000
Aroclor 1260
194,000
7.6
3.5
7.6
3.5
1,842* Oliver and Niimi 1985
60,000
632*
6,400
3.5 3,000
6.5 1,288
3.6 6,750
7.6 5,592
7.6 9,276
1.1 33,636
3.16 2,089
7.6 13,159
7.6 25,526
Bruggeman et al. 1984
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Bruggeman et al. 1984
Bruggeman et al. 1984
Gobas et al. 1989
Hansen et al. 1975
Veith et al. 1979b
Veith et al. 1979b
Hansen et al. 1971
Snarski and Puglisi 1976
Veith et al. 1979b
Veith et al. 1979b
69
-------
* = below steady state.
For several of these the range of the normalized BCF is
greater than a factor of 10.
Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
Class
BAF
Trichloro-
590,000
293,333
Tetrachloro-
1,900,000
240,000
2,166,667
Pentachloro-
8,400,000
4,102,564
Hexachloro-
10,000,000
8,125,000
Heptachloro-
11,296,296
Octachloro-
13,000,000
Total PCBs
3,909,091
% L Norm BAF Species
(1.0% L)
Reference
8
11
8
8
11
8
11
8
11
11
11
11
73,
26,
237,
30,
196,
1,050,
372,
1,250,
738,
1,026,
1,181,
355,
750
667
500
000
970
000
960
000
636
936
818
372
Trout
Salmon
Trout
Trout
Salmon
Trout
Salmon
Trout '
Salmon
Salmon
Salmon
Salmon
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
Oliver
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
Niimi
1985
1988
1985
1985
1988
1985
1988
1985
1988
1988
1988
1988
The normalized BAF of 355,372 that was determined for
"total PCBs' is probably the best value to use as a
"typical normalized BAF" for PCBs. For 5.0% lipids at
trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is (355,372)(5.0) =
1,776,860; for 7.9% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted
WLBAF is (355,372)(7.9) = 2,807,439.
The predicted HHBAF of 1,776/860 for 5.0% lipids at trophic
level 4 seems reasonable because it is similar to the
predicted HHBAF that was calculated above using the
"typical Log P" for pentachlorobiphenyl, which is a PCB
with an intermediate amount of chlorination.
70
-------
A normalized BAF of 355,372 for trophic level 4 corresponds
to a Log P of 6.21167. The validity of this back
calculation can be demonstrated as follows;
For a Log P of 6.21167, the BCF that is predicted for
fish containing 7.6% lipids is {antilog[(0.79)(6.21167)-
0.40J) = 32,152.84. The BAF that is predicted for fish
containing 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 is
(32,152.84/7.6)(5.0)(84) = 1,776,867; the BAF that is
predicted for fish containing 7.9% lipids at trophic
level 4 is (32,152.84/7.6)(7.9)(84) = 2,807,451. Both
of these BAFs agree well with the values given above, as
they should.
Thus for a Log P of 6.21167, by using the FCM of 29 for
trophic level 3 instead of the FCM of 84 for trophic level
4, the WLBAF that is predicted for fish containing 7.9%
lipids at trophic level 3 is (32,152.84/7.6)(7.9)(29) =
969,239.
PENTACHLOROBENZENE [CAS# 608-93-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.17 MedChem Star
5.707 MedChem Calc
5.06 Hammers et al, 1982
5.03 Miller et al. 1985
5.00 Bobra et al. 1985
5.19 Isnard and Lambert 1989
5.183 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 4.88 to 5.92 were cited by de Bruijn et
al. (1989). A value of 5.1 was selected as a "typical Log
P", from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 4,256
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 560
Food Chain Multiplier =3.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (560)(5.0)(3.2) =
8,960.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L . Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
14,040 5.4 2,600 Konemann and van Leeuwen
1979,1980
3,400 4.8 708 Barrows et al. 1980
16,125 8.45 1,908 Oliver and Niimi 1983
5,100 1.5 3,400 Banerjee et al. 1984
7,100 1.8 3,944 Banerjee et al. 1984
71
-------
7,300 2.8 2,607 Banerjee et al. 1984
910 3.5 260 Bruggeman et al. 1984
8,400 3.79 2,216 Carlson and Kosian 1987
4,700 5 940 Van Hoogen and Opperhuizen
1988
23,000 5 4,600 Scrap and Opperhuizen 1990
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1,772
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1,772) (5.0) (3.2) = 28,352.
Note: The BCF reported by Barrows et al. (1980) was based
on uptake of radioactivity with no verification of
the parent chemical and might be too high. ,
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
2,538 L. trout Oliver and Nicol 1982
17,000 7.9 2,152 Trout Oliver and Niimi 1983
69,444 11 6,313 Salmonids Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 3,255
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(3,255)(5.0) = 16,275.
PENTACHLOROPHENOL [CAS#: 87-86-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
5.12 MedChem Star
5.24 MedChem Star
5.055 MedChem Calc
5.01 Veith et al. 1979a
5.01 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.1 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 4,256
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% -lipids) = 560
Food Chain Multiplier =3.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (560) (5.0) (3 .2) =
72
-------
8,960.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
27* 3.6 7.5 Parrish et al. 1978
770 7.6 101.3 Veith et al. 1979b
216 13.25 16.30 Smith et al. 1991
* = In salt water.
Geometric mean normalized BCF in fresh water = 40.63
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(40.63) (5.0) (3.2) = 650.
> No useful measured BAF was found.
PHENANTHRENE [CAS#: 85-01-8]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.46 MedChem Star
4.49 MedChem Calc
4.42 Hammers et al. 1982
4.57 Miller et al. 1985
4.562 de Bruijn et al. 1989
4.46 Isnard and Lambert 1989
Values ranging from 4.10 to 4.67 were cited by Eadsforth
and Moser (1983), de Bruijn et al. (1989), and Brooke et
al. (1990). A Log P of 4.36 was recommended for use in the
derivation of sediment quality criteria for phenanthrene
(U.S. EPA 1991e). A value of 4.5 was selected as a
"typical Log P', from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 1,429
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 188.0
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (188.0) (5.0) (1.2)
= 1,128.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
73
-------
(1.0% L)
2,850 4.27 667.4' Carlson et al. 1979
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 667.4
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(667.4) (5.0) (1.2) = 4,004.
> A geometric mean BAF of 30 was obtained with fish that
averaged 4.23 % lipids (Burkhard, unpublished), which results
in a BAF of 35 at 5.0 % lipids.
PHENOL [CAS#: 108-95-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
1.46 MedChem Star
1.475 MedChem Calc
1.46 Veith et al. 1979a
1.11 Hammers et al. 1982
1.46 Isnard and Lambert 1989
Values ranging from 0.62 to 2.20 were cited by Eadsforth
and Moser (1983). A value of 1.4 was selected as a
"typical Log P", from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =5.08
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.688
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0.688) (5.0) (1. 0)
= 3.4.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
1,382 4.0 345.5 Call et al. 1980; Brooke and
Call, ms.
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 345.5
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(345.5)(5.0)(1.0) = 1,728.'
Note: The BCF was measured using radiolabeled chemical and
' 74
-------
the parent chemical was verified. The two predicted
BAFs are very different.
> No measured BAF was found.
PHOTOMIREX [CAS# 39801-14-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.54 MedChem Calc
A value of 4.54 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 1,537
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 202.2
Food Chain Multiplier =1.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (202 .2) (5.0) (1.2)
= 1,213.
> No measured BCF was found.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
5,117,647 11 465,241 Salmonids Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 465,241
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(465,241) (5.0) = 2,326,205.
Note: The measured BAF is much larger than the predicted
BAF.
PYRENE [CAS#: 129-00-0]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.88 MedChem S-tar
4.95 MedChem Calc
4.93 Hammers et al. 1982
5.52 Burkhard et al. '1985
75
-------
5.18 Miller et al. 1985
4.88 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.1 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 4,256
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 560
Food Chain Multiplier = 3.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (560) (5.0)(3.2) =
8,960.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
2,445 4.4 555.7 Carlson et al. 1979
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 555.7
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(555.7) (5.0) (3.2) = 8,891.
> A geometric mean BAF of 14.3 was obtained with fish that
averaged 4.23 % lipids (Burkhard, unpublished), which results
in a BAF of 17 at 5.0 % lipids.
SELENIUM [CAS#: 7782-49-2]
Adams (1976) obtained BCFs of 2 and 12 for muscle of the
rainbow trout and fathead minnow, respectively. Barrows et
al. (1980) reported a whole-body BCF of 20 for the bluegill.
The geometric mean of 2 and 12 is 4.9, which will be used as
the predicted HHBAF for selenium.
SILVER [CAS#: 7440-22-4]
Barrows et al. (1980) found no uptake of silver by the
bluegill. The value of 0.0 will be used as the predicted
HHBAF.
2.3,7.8-TCDD (CAS#: 1746-01-6]
76
-------
> Predicted BAF based on Log P.-
The following values were found for Log P:
7.02 MedChem Star
7.695 MedChem Calc
7.02 Burkhard and Kuehl 1986
A value of 7.36 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 100,000
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 13,158
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is
(13,158) (5.0) (1.0) = 65,790.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
Cook et al. (1991) recommended a BCF of 51,000 for fish
that contain 7% lipids. Cook (1992) recommended use of a
BAF of 60,000 for fish that contain 5.0% lipids and are at
trophic levels 3 and 4 in the Great Lakes. This is
equivalent to recommending use of a FCM of 1.37255 for both
trophic level 3 and trophic level 4. This can be
demonstrated because for fish that are at trophic level 4
and contain 6% lipids, the predicted BAF is
(51,000/7)(6)(1.37255) = 60,000. Thus for fish that are at
trophic level 4 and contain 5.0% lipids, the predicted
HHBAF is (51,000/7) (5.0) (1.37255) = 50,000; similarly for
fish that contain 7.9% lipids, the predicted WLBAFs are
(51,000/7) (7.9) (1.37255) = 79,000 for both trophic level 3
and trophic level 4.
1.2.3.4-TETRACHLOROBENZENE [CAS#: 634-66-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.64 MedChem Star
4.99 MedChem Calc
4.41 Hammers et al. 1982
4.55 Miller et al. 1985
4.50 Bobra et al. 1985
4.65 Isnard and Lambert 1989
4.635 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 4.41 to 5.16 were cited by Hammers et
al. (1982) and de Bruijn et al. (1989). A value of 4.64
was selected as a "typical Log P", from which the following
were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 1,843
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 242.5
Food Chain Multiplier =1.3
77
-------
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (242.5) (5.0) (1.3)
= 1,576.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
Norm BCF
(1.0% L)
7
5
7
2
899
000
144
400
2,300
6,600
8.45
2.9
7.28
3.79
5
5
934.8
1724.
981.3
633.2
460.
1320.
Oliver and Niimi 1983
Banerjee et al. 1984
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Carlson and Kosian 1987
Van Hoogen and Opperhuizen 1988
Scrap and Opperhuizen 1990
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 920.4
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(920.4) (5.0) (1.3) = 5,983.
Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF
10,000
7,700
12,857
% L
.9
8
11
Norm BAF
(1.0% L)
2,513
1,266
962
1,169
Species
L. trout
R. trout
Salmon
Salmon
Reference
Oliver and Nicol 1982
Oliver and Niimi 1983
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Oliver and Niimi 1988
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 1,375
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(1,375) (5.0) = 6,875.
,5-TETRACHLOROBENZENE
[CAS#: 95-94-3]
Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
4.82 MedChem Star
4.99 MedChem Calc
4.52 Hammers et al. 1982
4.51 Miller et al . 1985
4.50 Bobra et al. 1985
4.67
Isnard and Lambert 1989
78
-------
4.604 - de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 4.51 to 5.16 were cited by Hammers et
al. (1982) and de Bruijn et al. (1989). A value of 4.7 was
selected as a "typical Log P", from which the following
were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 2,056
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 270.5
Food Chain Multiplier =1.4
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P' is (270.5)(5.0)(1.4)
= 1,894.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
8,301 8.45 982.4 Oliver and Niimi 1983
4,050 8.5 476.5 Smith et al. 1990
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 684.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(684.2) (5.0) (1.4) = 4,789.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
1513. L. trout Oliver and Nicol 1982
5,000 7.9 632.9 R. trout Oliver and Niimi 1983
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 978.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(978.6)(5.0) = 4,893.
1.1.2.2-TETRACHLORQETHANE [CAS#: 79-34-5]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.39 MedChem Star
2.644 MedChem Calc
2.39 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.52 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
79
-------
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =39.0
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 5.13
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (5.13)(5.0) (1.0)
= 26.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
8 4.8 1.67 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1.67
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1.67)(5.0)(1.0) = 8.4.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF
and the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
TETRACHLOROETHyLENE [CAS#: 127-18-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P.-
3.40 • MedChem Star
3.02 MedChem Calc
2.88 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 3.15 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 122.6
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 16.1
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (16 .1) (5.0) (1. 0)
= 80.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
80
-------
49 4.8 10.2 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF =10.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(10.2) (5.0) (1.0) = 51.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical.. Thus this BCF
and the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
THALLIUM [CAS#: 7440-28-0]
Barrows et al. (1980) reported a BCF of 34 based on whole-body
measurements with the bluegill, whereas Zitko et al. (1975)
obtain a BCF of 131 for muscle of Atlantic salmon. The
geometric mean of 34 and 131 is 67, which will be used as the
predicted HHBAF for thallium.
TOLUENE [CAS#: 108-88-3]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.70 MedChem Star
2.79 MedChem Calc
2.78 Hammers et al. 1982
2.78 Burkhard et al. 1985
2.65 Miller et al. 1985
2.786 de Bruijn et al. 1989
2.63 Isnard and Lambert 1989
Values ranging from 2.11 to 3.06 were cited by Eadsforth
and Moser (1983), de Bruijn et al. (1989), and Brooke et
al. (1990). A value of 2.76 was selected as a "typical Log
P", from which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 60.3
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 7.93
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (7 . 93) (5 . 0) (1. 0)
= 40.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF
81
-------
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
1,250 4.04 309.4 Brooke and Call, ms.
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 309.4
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(309.4) (5.0) (1.0) = 1,547.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF
and the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
TOXAPHENE [CAS#: 8001-35-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Logp P:
4.33 MedChem Calc
5.50 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 5.0 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 3,548
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 466.8
Food Chain Multiplier =2.6
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (466.8)(5.0)(2.6)
= 6,068.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P arid measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
19,465 4.78 4,073** Mayer et al. 1977
27,539 1.2 22,949* Schimmel et al. 1977
8,427 4.76 2,633* Goodman et al. 1978
26,552 4.76 5,578* Goodman 1986
62,462 4.1 15,235** Goodman 1986
70,743 3.2 22,107** Goodman 1986
19,532 4.76 4,103* Goodman 1986
* = juveniles
** = adults
82
-------
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 4,073
The geometric mean normalized BCF was based on the data of
Mayer et al. (1977). All the other BCFs were determined in
salt water, but there is no reason to suspect that the BCF
for toxaphene should depend on the water. The saltwater
data suggest that the normalized BCFs for some freshwater
species might be substantially higher than 4,073. For 5.0%
lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that is
calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(4,073) (5.0) (2.6) = 52,949.
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4)
BAF % L Norm BAF Species Reference
(1.0% L)
11,000,000 13.1 839,695 L. trout Swain et al. 1986
1,772,727 8.3 213,582 L. trout Swain et al. 1986
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 423,490
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(423,490) (5.0) = 2,117,450.
Note: Both of the measured BAFs are much larger than both
of the predicted BAFs.
1,2.4-TRICHLOROBENZENE [CAS#: 120-82-1]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.98 • MedChem Star
4.02 MedChem Star
4.28 MedChem Calc
3.96 Hammers et al. 1982
3.98 Miller et al. 1985
4.10 Bobra et al. 1985
4.04 Isnard and Lambert 1989
4.05 de Bruijn et al. 1989
Values ranging from 3.93 to 4.40 were cited by Hammers et
al. (1982), Eadsforth and Moser (1983), and de Bruijn et
al. (1989), A value of 4.0-was selected as a "typical Log
P", from which the following were-obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 575.4
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 75.7
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
83
-------
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (75.7)(5.0) (1.0)
= 378.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
Reference
Veith et al. 1979b
Macek et al. 1979; Barrows et
al. 1980
Kosian et al. 1981
Galassi and Calamari 1983
Galassi and Caleunari 1983
Galassi and Calamari 1983
Oliver and Niimi 1983
Oliver and Niimi 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Geyer et aJ. 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Geyer et al. 1985
Carlson and Kosian 1987
Smith et al. 1990
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 135.2
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF 'is
(135.2) (5.0) (1.0) = 676.
Note: The BCF reported by Macek et al. (1979) and Barrows
et al. (1980) was based on uptake of radioactivity
with no verification of the parent chemical and might
be too high.
BCF
2,800
182
1,600
85
349
39
2,040
2,917
124
248
498
914
769
769
1,127
1,365
1,442
991
410
2,026
% L
7.6
4.8
9.12
2.1(e)
3.2(h)
0.7{a)
8.45
7.28
1.8
2.2
4.4
5.0
5.2
5.2
5.7
5.8
7.7
8.2
3.79
11.4
Norm BCF
(1.0% L)
368.4
37.9
175.4
40.5
109.1
55.7
241.4
400.7
68.9
112.7
113 .2
182.8
147.9
147.9
197.7
235.3
187.3
120.9
108.2
177.7
> Measured Bioaccumulation Factors:
(based on field data for fish at trophic level 4]
BAF
1, 000
% L
7.9
Norm BAF
(1.0% L)
245
127
Species Reference
L. trout Oliver and Nicol 1982
R. trout Oliver and Niimi 1983
84
-------
1,200 8 150 Salmon Oliver and Niimi 1985
Geometric mean normalized BAF = 167.1
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF is
(167.1)(5.0) = 836.
1,1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE [CAS#: 71-55-6]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.49 MedChem Star
2.48 MedChem Calc
2.47 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.48 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were.obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 36.2
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 4.76
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (4.76) (5.0) (1. 0)
= 24.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
9 4.8 . 1.88 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 1.88
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(1.88) (5.0) (1.0) = 9.4.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF
and the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
> No measured BAF was found.
1,1.2-TRICHLOROETHANE [CAS#: 79-00-5J
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
85
-------
1.89 MedChem Star
2.05 MedChem Calc
2.42 Jsnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.1 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) ^18.2
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 2.39
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the 'typical Log P" is (2.39) (5.0) (1.0)
= 12.
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE [CAS#: 79-01-6]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
2.42 MedChem Star
2.267 MedChem Calc
2.53 Miller et al. 1985
2.53 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 2.43 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =33.1
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 4.36
Food Chain Multiplier = 1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (4.36) (5.0) (1.0)
= 22.
> Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
17 4.8 3.54 Barrows et al. 1980
Geometric mean normalized BCF = 3.54
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(3.54)(5.0)(1.0) = 18.
Note: This BCF was based on uptake of radioactivity with no
verification of the parent chemical. Thus this BCF
and the resulting predicted HHBAF might be too high.
86
-------
> No measured BAF was found.
2,4.6-TRICHLOROPHENOL [CAS#: 88-06-2]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following values were found for Log P:
3.69 MedChem Star
3.57 MedChem Calc
2.97 Isnard and Lambert 1989
A value of 3.5 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) = 231.7
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 30.5
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P' is (30.5)(5.0) (1.0)
= 152.
> .Predicted BAF based on Log P and measured BCF:
BCF % L Norm BCF Reference
(1.0% L)
88 12.4 7.10 Smith et al. 1990,1991
Geometric mean normalized BCF =7.10
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the geometric mean normalized BCF is
(7.10) (5.0) (1.0) = 36.
> No measured BAF was found. .
VINYL CHLORIDE [CAS#: 75-01-4]
> Predicted BAF based on Log P:
The following value was found for Log P:
1.36 MedChem Calc
A value of 1.36 was selected as a "typical Log P", from
which the following were obtained:
Predicted BCF (at 7.6% lipids) =4.72
Normalized BCF (at 1.0% lipids) = 0.621
Food Chain Multiplier =1.0
For 5.0% lipids at trophic level 4 the predicted HHBAF that
is calculated from the "typical Log P" is (0. 621) (5.0) (1.0)
= 3.1.
87
-------
> No measured BCF or BAF was found.
ZINC [CAS#: 7440-66-6]
Data presented by Murphy et al. (1978) can be used to
calculate BAFs of 2.45 and 8.03 based on increased
concentrations of zinc in water and in muscle-of bluegills and
bass. The geometric mean of 2.45 and 8.03 is 4.4, which will
be used as the predicted HHBAF for zinc.
88
-------
REFERENCES
Atchison, G.J., B.R. Murphy, W.E. Bishop, A.M. Mclntosh, and R.A.
Mayes. 1977. Trace Metal Contamination of Bluegill (Lepomis
macrochirus) from Two Indiana Lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
106:637-640.
Baluja, G., L.M. Hernandez, J. Gonzalez, and R. Clavero. 1983.
Mercury Distribution in an Ecosystem of the 'Parque Nacional de
Donana," Spain. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 30:544-551.
Banerjee, S., R.H. Sugatt, and D.P. O'Grady. 1984. A Simple
Method for Determining Bioconcentration Parameters of Hydrophobia
Compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18:79-81.
Barrows, M.E. 1975. Exposure of Fish to 14C-Benzidine:
Accumulation, Distribution, and Elimination of 14C-Residues.
Research Report submitted to Allied Chemical Corporation.
Barrows, M.E., S.R. Petrocelli, and K.J. Macek. 1980.
Bioconcentration and Elimination of Selected Water Pollutants by
Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) . In: Dynamics, Exposure
and Hazard Assessment of Toxic jghemicals, R. Hague, Ed. Ann
Arbor Science Pub. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 379-392. [Note: The
value used for percent lipids is from Johnson (1980).]
Benoit, D.A. 1975. Chronic Effects of Copper on Survival,
Growth, and Reproduction of the Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) .
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104:353-357.
Benoit, D.A., E.N. Leonard, G.M. Christensen, and J.T. Fiandt.
1976. Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Three Generations of Brook
Trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105:550-560.
Bobra, A., W.Y. Shiu, and D. Mackay. 1985. Quantitative
Structure-Activity Relationships for the Acute Toxicity of
Chlorobenzenes to Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:297-
305.
Brooke, D., I. Nielsen, J. de Bruijn, and J. Hermens. 1990. An
Interlaboratory Evaluation of the Stir-Flask Method for the
Determination of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients (Log Pow) .
Chemosphere 21:119-133.
Brooke, L.T., and D.J. Call. Manuscript. Bioconcentration,
Metabolism and Elimination of Eight Aromatic Compounds in the
Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas). Center for Lake Superior
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin - Superior,
Superior, WI.
89
-------
Bruggeman, W.A., L.B.J.M. Martron, D. Kooiman, and O. Hutzinger.
1981. Accumulation and Elimination Kinetics of Di-, Tri- and
Tetra Chlorobiphenyls by Goldfish after Dietary and Aqueous
Exposure. Chemosphere 10:811-832.
Bruggeman, W.A., A. Opperhuizen, A. Wijenga, and 0. Hutzinger.
1984. Bioaccumulation of Super-Lipophilic Chemicals in Fish.
Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 7:173-189.
Buhler, D.R., R.M. Stokes, and R.S. Caldwell. 1977. Tissue
Accumulation and Enzymatic Effects of Hexavalent Chromium in
Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) . J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:9-
18.
Burkhard, L.P. Unpublished data. U.S. EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN.
Burkhard, L.P., and D.W. Kuehl. 1986. N-Octanol/Water Partition
Coefficients by Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry for Eight Tetrachlorinated Planar Molecules.
Chemosphere 15:163-167.
Burkhard, L.P., D.W. Kuehl, and-G.D. Veith. 1985. Evaluation of
Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for
Estimation of N-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for Organic
Chemicals. Chemosphere 14:1551-1560.
Calamari, D., G.F. Gaggino, and G. Pacchetti. 1982.
Toxicokinetics of Low Levels of Cd, Cr, Ni and Their Mixture in
Long-Term Treatment on Salmo gairdneri Rich. Chemosphere 11:59-
70.
Call, D.J., L.T. Brooke, and P.-Y. Lu. 1980. Uptake,
Elimination, and Metabolism of Three Phenols by Fathead Minnows.
Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 9:699-714.
Canton, J.H., P.A. Greve, W. Slooff, and G.J. van Esch. 1975.
Toxicity, Accumulation and Elimination Studies of a-
Hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH) with Freshwater Organisms of
Different Trophic Levels. Water Res. 9:1163-1169.
Canton, J.H., R.C.C. Wegman, T.J.A. Vulto, C.H. Verhoef, and G.J.
van Esch. 1978. Toxicity-, Accumulation- and Elimination
Studies of a-Hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH) with Saltwater
Organisms of Different Trophic Levels. Water Res. 12:687-690.
Cappon, C.J. 1984. Content and Chemical Form of Mercury and
Selenium in Lake Ontario Salmon and Trout. J. Great Lakes Res.
10:429-434. ' :
90
-------
Cappon, C.J., and J.C. Smith. 1981. Mercury and Selenium
Content and Chemical Form in Fish Muscle. Arch. Environ. Contain.
Toxicol. 10:305-319.
Carlson, A.R., and P.A. Kosian. 1987. Toxicity of Chlorinated
Benzenes to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas] . Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:129-135.
Carlson, R.M., A.R. Oyler, E.H. Gerhart, R. Caple, K.j. Welch,
H.L. Kooperman, D. Bodenner, and D. Swanson. 1979. Implication
to the Aquatic Environment of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Liberated from Northern Great Plains Coal. EPA-6QO/3-79-093.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Cook, P.M. 1992. Memorandum to C.E. Stephan. July 8.
Cook, P.M., p.w. Kuehl, M.K. Walker, and R.E. Peterson. 1991,
Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of TCDD and Related Compounds in
Aquatic Ecosystems. In: Biological Basis for'Risk Assessment of
Dioxins and Related Compounds. M.A. Gallo, R.J. Scheuplein, and
K.A. van der Heijden, Eds. Banbury Report 35. Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY. pp. 143-167.
Cope, W.G., J.G. Wiener, and R.G. Rada. 1990. Mercury
Accumulation in Yellow Perch in Wisconsin Seepage Lakes: Relation
to Lake Characteristics. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:931-940.
de Bruijn, J., F. Busser, W. Seinen, and J. Hermeris. 1989.
Determination of Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients for
Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals with the "Slow-Stirring" Method.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:499-512.
DeFoe, D.L. 1982. Memorandum to R.L. Spehar. July 9.
Deneer, J.W., T.L. Sinnige, W. Seinen, and J.L.M. Hermens. 1987.
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for the Toxicity
and Bioconcentration Factor of Nitrobenzene Derivatives towards
the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Aquatic Toxicol. 10:115-129.
Eadsforth, C.V., and P. Moser. 1983. Assessment of Reverse-
Phase Chromatographic Methods for Determining Partition
Coefficients. Chemosphere 12:1459-1475.
Eaton, J., J. Arthur, R. Hermanutz, R. Kiefer, L. Mueller, R.
Anderson, R. Erickson, B. Nordling, J. Rogers, and H. Pritchard.
1985. Biological Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Dosing
of Outdoor Experimental Streams with Chlorpyrifos. In: Aquatic
Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Eighth Symposium. R.C. Bahner
and D.J. Hansen, Eds. ASTM STP 891. American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 85-118.
91
-------
Galassi, S., D. Calamari, and F. Setti. 1982. Uptake and
Release of p-Dichlorobenzene in Early Life Stages of Salmo
gairdneri. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 6:439-447.
Galassi, S., and D. Calamari. 1983. Toxicokinetics of 1,2,3 and
1,2,4 Trichlorobenzenes in Early Life Stages of Salmo gairdneri.
Chemosphere 12:1599-1603.
Geyer, H., I. Scheunert, and F. Korte. 1985. Relationship
between the Lipid Content of Fish and their Bioconcentration
Potential of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene. Chemosphere 14:545-555.
Gill, G.A., and K.W. Bruland. 1990. Mercury Speciation in
Surface Freshwater Systems in California and Other Areas.
Environ. Sci. Techno1. 24:1392-1400.
Gobas, F.A.P.C., and S.M. Schrap. 1990. Bioaccumulation of Some
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Octachlorodibenzofuran in
the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Chemosphere 20:495-512.
Gobas, F.A.P.C., K.E. Clark, W.Y. Shiu, and D. Mackay. 1989.
Bioconcentration of Polybrominated Benzenes and Related
Superhydrophobic Chemicals in Fish: Role of Bioavailability and
Elimination into the Feces. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:231-245.
Goodman, L.R. 1986. Memorandum to D.J. Hansen. February 28.
Goodman, L.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, and j. Forester. 1978.
Effects of Heptachlor and Toxaphene on Laboratory-Reared Embryos
and Fry of the Sheepshead Minnow. Proceedings of the Thirtieth
Annual Conference (1976), Southeastern Association of Fish and
Wildlife Agencies, pp. 192-202. [Note: The value used for
percent lipids is from Moore (1981).]
Goodman, L.R., D.J. Hansen, D.L. Coppage, J.C. Moore, and E.
Matthews. 1979. Diazinon: Chronic Toxicity to, and Brain
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition in, the Sheepshead Minnow,
Cyprinodbn variegatus. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 108:479-488.
[Note: The value used for percent lipids is from Hansen (1980).]
Grieb, T.M., C.T. Driscoll, S.P. Gloss, C.L. Schofield, G.L.
Bowie, and D.B. Porcella. 1990. Factors Affecting Mercury
Accumulation in Fish in the Upper Michigan Peninsula. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 9:919-930.
Hammers, W.E., G.J. Meurs, and C.L. Ligny. 1982. Correlations
between Liquid Chromatography Capacity Ratio Data on Lichrosorb
RP-18 and Partition Coefficients in the Octanol-Water System. J.
Chromatog. 247:1-13. " ;
Hansen, D.J. 1980. Memorandum to C.E. Stephan. August 25.
92
-------
Hansen, D.J., P.R. Parrish, J.I. Lowe, A.J. Wilson, Jr., and P.D.
Wilson. 1971. Chronic Toxicity, Uptake, and Retention of
Aroclor 1254 in Two Estuarine Fishes. Bull. Environ. Contain.
Toxicol. 6:113-119. [Note: The value used for percent lipids is
from Hansen (1980).]
Hansen, D.J., S.C. Schimmel, and J. Forester. 1975. Effects of
Aroclor 1016 on Embryos, Fry, Juveniles, and Adults of Sheepshead
Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104:584-
588. [Note: The value used for percent lipids is from Hansen
(1980) .]
Hattula, M.L., J. Sarkka, J. Janatuinen, J. Paasivirta, and A.
Roos. 1978. Total Mercury and Methyl Mercury Contents in Fish
from Lake Paijanne. Environ. Pollut. 17:19-29.
Hawker, D.W., and D.W. Connell. 1988. Octanol-Water Partition
Coefficients of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners. Environ. Sci
Technol. 22:382-387.
Hildebrand, S.G., R.H. Strand, and J.W. Huckabee. 1980. Mercury
Accumulation in Fish and Invertebrates of the North Fork Holston
River, Virginia and Tennessee. J. Environ. Qual. 9:393-400.
Huckabee, J.W., J.W. Elwood, and S.G. Hildebrand. 1979.
Accumulation of Mercury in Freshwater Biota. In: The
Biogeochemistrv of Mercury in the Environment. J.O. Nriagu, Ed.
Elsevier, New York, NY. pp. 277-302.
Isnard, P., and S. Lambert. 1989. Aqueous Solubility and n-
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient Correlations. Chemosphere
18:1837-1853.
Jarvinen, A. 1980. Memorandum to R. Russo. June 13.
Jarvinen, A.W., and R.M. Tyo. 1978. Toxicity to Fathead Minnows
of Endrin in Food and Water. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol'.
7:409-421.
Johnson, K. 1980. Memorandum to D.W. Kuehl. March 10.
Konemann, H., and K. van Leeuwen. 1979. Toxicokinetics in Fish:
Accumulation and Elimination of Six Chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
In: Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for Kinetics
and Toxicitv of Aquatic Pollutants and Their Mixtures in Fish. H.
Konemann, Ed. pp. 19-31.
Konemann, H., and K. van Leeuwen... 1980. Toxicokinetics in Fish:
Accumulation and Elimination of Six" Chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
Chemosphere 9:3-19.
93
-------
Kosian, P., A. Lemke, K. Studders, and G. Veith. 1981. The
Precision of the ASTM Bioconcentration Test. EPA 600/3-81-022.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Kudo, A., D.R. Miller, H. Akagi, B.C. Mortimer, A.S. DeFreitas,
H. Nagase, D.R. Townsend, and R.G. Warnock. 1978. The Role of
Sediments on Mercury Transport {Total- and Methyl-) in a River
System. Prog. Wat. Tech. 10:329-339.
Kudo, A., H. Nagase, and Y. Ose. 1982. Proportion of
Methylmercury to the Total Amount of Mercury in River Waters in
Canada and Japan. Water Res. 16:1011-1015.
Luten, J.B., A. Ruiter, T.M. Ritskes, A.B. Rauchbaar, and
G.Riekwel-body. 1980. Mercury and Selenium in Marine- and
Freshwater Fish. J. Food Sci. 45:416-419.
Ma'cCrimmon, H.R., C.D. Wren, and B.L. Gots. 1983. Mercury
Uptake by Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush, Relative to Age,
Growth, and Diet in Tadenac Lake with Comparative Data from Other
PreCambrian Shield Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:114-120.
Macek, K.J., S.R. Petrocelli, and B.H. Sleight III. 1979.
Considerations in Assessing the Potential for, and Significance
of, Biomagnification of Chemical Residues in Aquatic Food Chains.
In: Aquatic Toxicology, L.L. Marking and R.A. Kimerle, Eds. ASTM
STP 667. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp. 251-268. [Note: The value used for
percent lipids is from Johnson (1980).]
Mathers, R.A., and P.H. Johansen. 1985. The Effects of Feeding
Ecology on Mercury Accumulation in Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)
and Pike (Esox Indus) in Lake Simcoe. Can. J. Zool. 63:2006-
2012.
Mayer, F.L., Jr., P.M. Mehrle, Jr., and W.P. Dwyer. 1977.
Toxaphene: Chronic Toxicity to Fathead Minnows and Channel
Catfish. EPA-600/3-77-069. National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA.
McKim, J.M., G.F. Olson, G.W. Holcombe, and E.P. Hunt. 1976.
Long-Term Effects of Methylmercuric Chloride on Three Generations
of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) : Toxicity, Accumulation,
Distribution, and Elimination. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33:2726-
2739.
Miller, M.M., S.P. Wasik, G.-L. Huang, W.-Y. Shiu, and D. Mackay.
1985. Relationships between Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient
and Aqueous Solubility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:522-529.
Moore, J.C. 1981. Memorandum to D.J. Hansen. April 7.
94
-------
Murphy, B.R., G.J. Atchison, and A.W. Mclntosh. 1978. Cadmium
and Zinc in Muscle of Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and
Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmonides) from an Industrially
Contaminated Lake. Environ. Pollut. 17:253-257.
Nebeker, A.V., W.L. Griffis, C.M. Wise, E. Hopkins, and J.A.
Barbitta. 1989. Survival, Reproduction and Bioconcentration in
Invertebrates and Fish Exposed to Hexachlorobenzene. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 8:601-611.
Oliver, E.G., and K.D. Nicol. 1982. Chlorobenzenes in
Sediments, Water, and Selected Fish from Lakes Superior, Huron,
Erie, and Ontario. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16:532-536.
Oliver, B.G., and A.J. Niimi. 1983. Bioconcentration of
Chlorobenzenes from Water by Rainbow Trout: Correlations with
Partition Coefficients and Environmental Residues. Environ. Sci.
Tech. 17:287-291.
Oliver, B.C., and A.J. Niimi. 1984. Rainbow Trout
Bioconcentration of Some Halogenated Aromatics from Water at
Environmental Concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3:271-
277.
Oliver, E.G., and A.J. Niimi. 1985. Bioconcentration Factors of
Some Halogenated Organics for Rainbow Trout: Limitations in Their
Use for Prediction of Environmental Residues. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 19:842-849.
Oliver, B.G., and A.J. Niimi. 1988. Trophodynamic Analysis of
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners and Other Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario Ecosystem. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 22:388-397.
Olson, G.F., D.I. Mount, V.M. Snarski, and T.W. Thorslund. 1975,
Mercury Residues in Fathead Minnows, Pimephales promelas
Rafinesgue, Chronically Exposed to Methylmercury in Water. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14:129-134.
Paasivirta, J., J. Sarkka, M. Aho, K. Surma-Aho, J. Tarhanen, and
A. Roos. 1981. Recent Trends of Biocides in Pikes of the Lake
Paijanne. Chemosphere 10:405-414.
Paasivirta, J., J. Sarkka, K. Surma-Aho, T. Humppi, T. Kuokkanen,
and M. Marttinen. 1983. Food Chain Enrichment of Organochlorine
Compounds and Mercury in Clean and Polluted Lakes of Finland.-
Chemosphere 12:239-252.
Parks, J.W. 1988. Selected Ecosystem Relationships in the
Mercury Contaminated Wabigoon-English River System, Canada, and
Their Underlying Causes. Water Air Soil Pollut. 42:267-279.
95
-------
Parks, J.W., A. Lutz, and J.A. Sutton. 1989. Water Column
Methylmercury in the Wabigoon/English River-Lake System: Factors
Controlling Concentrations, Speciation, and Net Production. Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46:2184-2202.
Parrish, P.R., J.A. Couch, J. Forrester, J.M. Patrick, Jr., and
G.H. Cook. 1974. Dieldrin: Effects on Several Estuarine
Organisms. Southeastern Association of Game and Fish
Commissioners, Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference, pp. 427-434.
[Note: The value used for percent lipids is from Hansen (1980).]
Parrish, P.R., E.E. Dyar, M.A. Lindberg, C.M. Shanika, and J.M.
Enos. 1977. Chronic Toxicity of Methoxychlor, Malathion, and
Carbofuran to Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) . EPA-
600/3-77-059. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. [Note: The value used for percent lipids is
from Hansen (1980) .] •
Parrish, P.R., E.E. Dyar, J.M. Enos, and W.G.'Wilson. 1978.
Chronic Toxicity of Chlordane, Trifluralin, and Pentachlorophenol
to Sheepshead Minnows (Cvprinodon yarieqatus). EPA-600/3-78-010.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. [Note:
The value used for percent lipids is from Hansen (1980).]
Podowski, A.A., S.L. Sclove, A. Pilipowicz, and M.A.Q. Khan.
1991. Biotransformation and Disposition of
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene in Fish. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 20:488-496.
Rogers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, and M.J. DeFoer. 1983.
Bioconcentration of Lindane and Naphthalene in Bluegills (Lepomis
macrochirus) . In: Acruatic_ Toxicology and Hazard Assessment :
Sixth Symposium, W.E. Bishop, R.D. Cardwell, and B.B. Heidolph,
Eds. ASTM STP 802. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp. 300-311.
Sangalang, G.B., and J.C. Freeman. 1979. Tissue Uptake of
Cadmium in Brook Trout During Chronic Sublethal Exposure. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8:77-84.
Schimmel, S.C., J.M. Patrick, Jr., and J. Forester. 1976.
Heptachlor: Uptake, Depuration, Retention, and Metabolism by
Spot, Leiostomus xanthurus. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 2:169-
178. [Note: The value used for percent lipids is from Hansen
(1980).]
Schimmel, S.C., J.M. Patrick, Jr., and J. Forester. 1977.
Uptake and Toxicity of Toxaphene in. Several Estuarine Organisms.
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5:353-367. [Note: The value used
for percent lipids is from Hansen (1980).]
96
-------
Schrap, S.M., and A. Opperhuizen. 1990. Relationship between
Bioavailability and Hydrophobicity: Reduction of the Uptake of
Organic Chemicals by Fish due to the Sorption on Particles.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:715-724.
Shubat, P.J., and L.R. Curtis. 1986. Ration and Toxicant
Preexposure Influence Dieldrin Accumulation by Rainbow Trout
(Salmo gairdneri) . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:69-77.
Skurdal, J., T. Qvenild, and O.K. Skogheim. 1985. Mercury
Accumulation in Five Species of Freshwater Fish in Lake
Tyrifjorden, south-east Norway, with Emphasis on their
Suitability as Test Organisms. Environ. Biol. Fish. 14:233-237.
Smith, A.D., A. Bharath, C. Mallard, D. Orr, L.S. McCarty, and
G.W. Ozburn. 1990. Bioconcentration Kinetics of Some
Chlorinated Benzenes and Chlorinated Phenols in American
Flagfish, Jordanella floridae {Goode and Bean). Chemosphere
20:379-386.
Smith, A.D., A. Bharath, C. Mallard, D. Orr, K. Smith, J.
Vukmanich, L.S. McCarty, and G.W. Ozburn. 1991. The Acute and
Chronic Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Organic Compounds to the
American Flagfish, Jordanella floridae. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 20:94-102.
Snarski, V.M., and F.A. Puglisi. 1976. Effects of Aroclor 1254
on Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. EPA-600/3-76-112.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Spehar, R.L., E.N. Leonard, and D.L. DeFoe. 1978. Chronic
Effects of Cadmium and Zinc Mixtures on Flagfish (Jordanella
floridae). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107:354-360.
Spehar, R.L., J.T. Fiandt, R.L. Anderson, and D.L. DeFoe. 1980.
Comparative Toxicity of Arsenic Compounds and Their Accumulation
in Invertebrates and Fish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9:53-
63.
Stephan, C.E., D.I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, J.H. Gentile, G.A.
Chapman, and W.A. Brungs. 1985. Guidelines for Deriving
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic
Organisms and Their Uses. PB85-227049. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Swain, W.R., M.D. Mullin, and J.C. Filkins. 1986. Long Range
Transport of Toxic Organic Contaminants to the North American
Great Lakes. In: Problems of Aquatic Toxicology, Biotestinq and
Water Quality Management. R.C. Ryans, Ed. EPA-600/9-86-024.
National Technical Information Service,' Springfield, VA. pp.
107-121.
97
-------
Tsuda, T., S. Aoki, M. Kojima, and H. Harada. 1989.
Bioconcentration and Excretion of Diazinon, IBP, Malathion and
Fenitrothion by Willow Shiner. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 24:185-
190.
U.S. EPA. 1985. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Mercury -
1984. EPA 440/5-84-026. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA.
U.S. EPA. 1991a. Proposed Sediment Quality Criteria for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Acenaphthene. Office of Water,
Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC. 20460.
Page 2-4.
U.S. EPA. 1991b. Proposed Sediment Quality Criteria for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Dieldrin. Office of Water,
Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC. 20460.
Page 2-4.
U.S. EPA. 1991c. Proposed Sediment Quality Criteria for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Endrin. Office of Water, Health
and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC. 20460. Page
2-4.
U.S. EPA. 1991d. Proposed Sediment Quality Criteria for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Fluoranthene. Office of Water,
Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC. 20460.
Page 2-4.
U.S. EPA. 1991e. Proposed Sediment Quality Criteria for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Phenanthrene. Office of Water,
Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC. 20460.
Page 2-4.
Van Hoogen, G., and A. Opperhuizen. 1988. Toxicokinetics of
Chlorobenzenes in Fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:213-219.
Veith, G.D., N.M. Austin, and R.T. Morris. 1979a. A Rapid
Method for Estimating Log P for Organic Chemicals. Water Res.
13:43-47.
Veith, G.D., D.L. DeFoe, and B.V. Bergstedt. 1979b. Measuring
and Estimating the Bioconcentration Factor of Chemicals in Fish.
J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36:1040-1048.
Wren, C.D., J.R. MacCrimmon, and B.R. Loescher. 1983.
Examination of Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Metals in
a PreCambrian Shield Lake. Water.Air Soil Pollut. 19:277-291.
Zitko, V., W.V. Carson, and W.G. Carson. 1975. Thallium:
Occurrence in the Environment and Toxicity to Fish. Bull.
Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13:23-30.
98
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604.3590
------- |