905R96019
            FINAL REPORT
PHASE H INVESTIGATION OF DIOXIN/FURAN
       EMISSION IMPACT ON SOILS
 IN THE VICINITY OF THE COLUMBUS, OHIO
      WASTE-TO-ENERGY FACILITY
              Submitted to

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
                 and
               Region V
        EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0139
         Work Assignment No. 4-6
           September 27, 1996
              Prepared by
              BATTELLE
           505 KING AVENUE
         COLUMBUS OH 43201
             (614)424^911

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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                  Eage


SUMMARY	1


BACKGROUND INFORMATION	1


     Sample Preparation and Analysis  	1


     Sample Results  	4


     Quality Control Results	6


           Method Blanks 	6


           Field Blanks	6


           Surrogate Internal Standards	7


           Matrix Spike/Matrix Spike Duplicate	7


           Sample Duplicates 	7


           Estimated Detection Limit (EDL) Sample	8


APPENDIX A.     INITIAL ANALYSIS REPORTING FORMS  	A-l


APPENDIX B.     SECOND COLUMN CONFIRMATION RESULTS  	B-l


APPENDIX C.     QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLE RESULTS  	C-l


APPENDIX D.     MANUAL DETECTION LIMIT CHECKS	D-l


APPENDIX E.     CHROMATOGRAMS AND BENCH DATA	E-l

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                  PHASE n INVESTIGATION OF DIOXIN/FURAN
                           EMISSION IMPACT ON SOILS
                   IN THE VICINITY OF THE COLUMBUS, OHIO
                          WASTE-TO-ENERGY FACILITY
                                 September 27, 1996



                                    SUMMARY



      This report contains analytical results for the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzorurans (PCDD/PCDF)

determined in seventeen soil samples and one water sample from the area around the Columbus

municipal waste-to-energy (WTE) incinerator.  These samples were analyzed according to the

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8290.



                         BACKGROUND INFORMATION



      Phase I data were presented to the public in April, 1996.  Data from both phases of this

investigation will be used to ascertain whether PCDD/PCDF concentrations in soils near and at

a distance  from the Columbus incinerator, and in several drinking water sources, are above

area background concentrations. The results from this and previous studies will be used to

determine  if more comprehensive sampling efforts are required to characterize site

contamination.



                              Experimental Procedures



      The 17 soil samples and 1 water sample were delivered by the field team directly to

Battelle laboratories. All 18 samples were analyzed in one batch consisting of 17 soil samples,

1 water samples plus the associated quality control samples: 2 soil field blanks, 2  soil

duplicates, 1 soil matrix spike, 1 soil matrix spike duplicate, 1 water duplicate, 1  water field

blank, and 1 method blank. In addition to these nine QC samples, one of the soils was  spiked

with PCDD/PCDF at 5 times the method detection limits (MDL) specified  in the Quality

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Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) to verify that these detection limits were achieved. Method
detection limits are 1, 5, and 10 pg/g for the respective tetra, penta/hexa/hepta, and octa

congeners.  This estimated detection limit (EDL) sample was included in the extraction,

cleanup, and analysis of the  soil and water samples for Phase II. The samples processed in
Phase II, in order of analysis, are as follows:
        lethod Blank
       R06, Field Blank
        U9, Field Blank
       S02, Site 2
       S03, Site 3 Top
       S04, Site 3 Middle
       S07, Site 4
     CS08, Site 4 Duplicate
       Sll, Site 7
       S13, Site 10
       S15, Site 11
       S24, Site 17              ("•'(,
     CS17, Site 17 Duplicate    -<<*-*  -v
       S18, Site 20
       S21, Site 18 (0-1.5")
       S22, Site 18(1.5-3.0")
       S25, Site 16
       S27, Site 13
       S30, Site 9
       S10, Site 6
       SOI, Site 1
     PR03, Water Blank
     I  SOI, Site 10 Water
     lv_S02, Site 10 Water Duplicate
       S09, Site 5
     Us 15, Site 11  EDL Sample
     pS09, Site 5 Matrix Spike
      i_S09, Site 5 Matrix Spike Duplicate
       Approximately 10 g of each soil sample was used to determine percent solids (percent
                           \JI
dry weight).  Another approximately 10 g of each sample was combined with sodium sulfate

for extraction. All samples were spiked with isotopically labeled analogs of fifteen of the

seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF prior to extraction.   The samples  were extracted

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for approximately 18 hours with toluene in a Soxhlet apparatus. Extracts were spiked with

37Q4-2,3,7,8-TCDD cleanup standard, partitioned against base and acid solutions, and

processed through acid/base silica, two (2) basic alumina, and Carbopak-C carbon/Celite

cleanup columns.  Extracts were spiked with l,2,3,4-TCDD-13C12/l,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD-13C12

recovery  standard and concentrated to a final volume of 20 /xL.

       Sample extracts were analyzed on a VG AutoSpec high resolution gas

chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) (Serial #X088, System

#6744) in the selected ion monitoring mode on a J&W DB-5 capillary column (Serial

#6124127) at an instrument resolution of approximately 10,000 (10 percent valley).  A Hewlett

Packard 5890 Series II Gas Chromatograph (C128/83) served as the inlet. Data reduction was

performed on a VAX station 3100, M38, Model WS42A-BC (Serial #AB11300V6D) using

OpusQuan software.  The criteria used to identify chromatographic peaks were:  (1) ^2.5

signal-to-noise ratio;  (2) ion abundance ratios within 15% of theoretical values; (3) retention

times of native analytes within  ±2 seconds of 13C12-labeled internal standards; and (4) no

diphenyl  ether interferences.  Because 2,3,7,8-TCDF is not completely resolved from all other

tetra-chlorinated isomers on the DB-5 column, second column confirmation of 2,3,7,8-TCDF

levels above 1 pg/g dry weight in the initial analysis was performed on a J&W DB-Dioxin

column (Serial #2743516) for 14 samples.  For those samples which were ran on the  DB-

Dioxin column, the utility of separating 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF from a non-2,3,7,8-HxCDF was

also investigated.

       Per the QAPP for this project, the following deviations to Method 8290, which are part

of routine sample preparation/analysis in Battelle's Dioxin Laboratory, were employed:


Sample Preparation


1.   The  following additional internal standards were  added to the samples prior to extraction
     to improve analytical accuracy:


              13C12-2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF            13C12-l,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
              '3C12-l,2,3,6,7,a-HxCDF           13C12-1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF
              13C,2-2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF           "C12-l,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF


2.  A cleanup standard, 37Cl4-2,3,7,8-TCDD, was added to the samples prior to processing
    through cleanup columns to evaluate analyte recovery through cleanup.

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3. A 30-mL volume of acid was used for the first acid wash of the sample extract, rather than
   40-mL; 20 mL of acid was used for each successive acid wash instead of 40 mL; and 15
   mL of base was used for the base wash.


4. In the acid/base silica column cleanup, a 1-g plug of silica gel was placed between the basic
   silica and the acid silica layers.  In addition, sodium sulfate was added to the top of the
   column. The column is rinsed with 30 mL of hexane instead of 10 mL. The sample was
   usually applied in 5 mL of hexane instead of the 2 mL of hexane specified in Method 8290.
   The column was eluted with 75 mL of hexane instead of 90 mL.


5. In the alumina column cleanup, Sigma basic alumina, WB-2, activity grade I, was used
   instead of acidic or neutral alumina.  For the  first elution, the alumina column was rinsed
   with 15 mL of 3 % methylene chloride/hexane instead of 20 mL of hexane.  The second
   elution, containing the PCDD/PCDF, consisted of 40 mL of 50% methylene
   chloride/hexane instead of 15 mL of 60% methylene chloride/hexane specified in Method
   8290.


6. For the carbon column cleanup, procedures similar to those specified in Method T09,
   Section 11.3.6, were followed.  The column was back eluted with 20 mL of toluene.


Sample Analysis


1. Commercially-prepared calibration standards  at concentrations specified in Method 1613
   were used  instead of calibration concentrations specified in Method 8290.  The Method
   1613 calibration concentrations cover a  wider range and lower limits for some compounds
   than the Method 8290 calibration concentrations. In addition, a sixth calibration standard,
   at a level approximately '/2 of the lowest Method 1613 calibration standard, was
   incorporated into the calibration curve.  The concentration of this standard was 0.25, 1.25,
   and 2.5 pg /xL for the respective tetra, penta/hexa/hepta, and octa congeners and
   corresponded to an LOQ of 0.60, 3.0, and 6.0 pg/g for the respective tetra,
   penta/hexa/hepta, and octa congeners in an 8.275-g sample.
                                 SAMPLE RESULTS



   Appendix A includes data sheets with analytical results from the initial analysis and

associated quality control results.  Data sheets in Appendix B present 2,3,7,8-TCDF

concentrations from second column confirmation analysis of 17 samples.  Results for 2,3,7,8-
                           Jl

TCDF from the second column confirmation analysis have been inserted into the initial

analysis data sheets in appendix A. In addition, because the DB-Dioxin column appeared to

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separate 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF from a co-eluting non-2,3,7,8-HxCDF, the second column data
for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF was also inserted into initial analysis data sheets in Appendix A.
Please note the following when reviewing these results:

   (1)       The "*" on the data sheets indicates that the analyte was not detected.

   (2)       The HRGC/HRMS instrumentation was calibrated in the ranges corresponding
             to analyte levels  in the samples of 0.60 to 483 pg/g dry weight for tetra
             compounds, 3.0  to 1250 pg/g dry weight for penta through hepta compounds,
             and 6.0 to 4834 pg/g dry weight for octa compounds.  These calibration ranges
             are based on an average sample dry weight of 8.275 g and a l-/xL injection
             volume.  Concentrations below these calibration ranges have been reported;
             however, accuracy of concentrations outside the calibration range cannot be
             guaranteed.

   (3)       Of the samples analyzed, only the three field blanks and soil sample S13 did not
             require second column confirmation analysis. Because sample S13 did not     /
             require a second column confirmation analysis, data from the separation of
             1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF from a non-2,3,7,8-HxCDF were  not available.  The
             concentration reported on the initial analysis data sheet was calculated as an
             estimated maximum possible concentration (EMPC), per Method 8290, Section
             7.9.5.2.1.

   (4)       Where data from the DB-Dioxin confirmation run have been inserted into the
             initial analysis data sheets, the total TCDDs and total HxCDFs have been
             adjusted accordingly.
                                                                                   /
   (5)       Sample SOI  soil, taken from  a Phase II resampling of Site 1, had very poor    /
             chromatography  and significant quantitation interferences. (The same results/
             were noticed in Phase I analysis of this samplel [Therefore, this sample did not
             go through a second column  confirmation due to the high  level of quantitation
                         ""f
             interferences.^ Sample S10, taken from a Phase n resampling^of Site 6, showed
             much better chromatography in Phase H than it did in Phased^ perhaps the
             result of better cleanup through the two alumina columns used in Phase n.

   (6)       In some instances an analyte  concentration which is slightly below the
             instrument limit  of quantitation (LOQ) has been reported. In these cases, the
             analyst judged the analyte met Method 8290 identification criteria and so the
             concentration determined has been reported along with the sample limit of
             detection (LOD^and the instrument limit of quantitation (LOQ).

   (7)       The sample  limits of detection shown on the data sheets were calculated by the
             OpusQuan data system according to Method 8290, Section 7.9.5.1.1. Appendix
             D shows a detailed comparison of manual  method detection limit calculations

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             with those generated by the OpusQuan data system for four runs. In addition,
             the OpusQuan-generated limits of detection were checked randomly by manual
             calculation throughout the analyses. In general, there was very good agreement
             between the OpusQuan-generated detection limits and the manually-calculated
             detection limits.  Also, for all analyses (except sample SOI, Site 1), the
             OpusQuan-generated LODs were well below the method detection limits
             outlined in Method 8290 of 1, 5, and 10 pg/g for tetra, penta/hexa/hepta, and
             octa congeners.


   (8)       Due to incomplete separation of 13CI2- 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 13CI2- 1,2,3,4-TCDD
             on the DB-Dioxin column, recovery data for 13C,j- 2,3,7,8-TCDF is not given in
             the  second column run. The recovery of 2,3,7,8-TCDF is shown for each
             sample on the initial data analysis sheet for that sample.
                           QUALITY CONTROL RESULTS



   Appendix A contains initial analysis data sheets for the method blank, water blank, and soil

field blanks.  Appendix C contains summary tables of quality control results for matrix spike,

matrix spike duplicate, sample duplicates, and the estimated detection limit (EDL) sample.



   Method Blanks:  One method blank and one water blank were processed with this batch of

samples to demonstrate freedom from contamination in the laboratory processing and analysis

procedures.  For the method blank, a 10-g aliquot of sodium sulfate was processed through all

extraction, cleanup, and analysis procedures as if it were an actual sample. PCDD/PCDF

were not detected at levels above the instrument LOQ or the method detection limits. The

water blank was received along with Phase II samples from the field sampling team.  It was

processed through the same extraction, cleanup, and analysis procedures as the two water

samples, samples  SOI and S02.  Again, no PCDD/PCDF were detected at levels above the

instrument LOQ or the  method detection limits.



   Field Blanks:   The play sand used for preparing soil field blanks in Phase I was muffled

again at 450 C immediately prior to Phase II.  Two Phase II  field blank samples were prepared

by rinsing new 500-mL jars with methylene chloride, filling  about lh. full with play sand, and

sealing jars with lids and teflon tape.

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   The field blanks for Phase II sampling effort were samples R06 and R19. In each case,
PCDD/PCDF were not detected or were detected at levels well below both the instrument
LOQ or method detection limits.  These results suggest that the field blanks were not exposed
to PCDD/PCDF background contamination in the field sampling activities.

   Surrogate Internal Standards:  Each sample was spiked with l3C12-labeled analogs of fifteen
of the seventeen 2,3,7,8-PCDD/PCDF prior to extraction. Recovery of these internal
standards gives an indication of method performance.  All internal standard recoveries were
within the 40-135 percent limit stated in Method 8290 except for 1) 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF-
13C12 in samples S30 (38 percent) and sample S02 (water duplicate) (39 percent); 2) 2,3,4,7,8-
PeCDF-13C,2 in sample S25 (38 percent); and 3) several internal standards in soil sample  SOI.
Recovery losses in  sample SOI appear to be attributed to column  overload during sample
cleanup.  The generally good recovery of surrogate internal standards indicates that laboratory
extraction procedures are sufficient to remove PCDD/PCDF from the matrix and cleanup
procedures are not contributing to excessive losses of PCDD/PCDF.

   Matrix Spike/Matrix Spike Duplicate: A matrix spike (MS) and matrix spike duplicate
(MSD), samples S09 MS and S09 MSD, were processed with this batch of samples by spiking
both samples with the seventeen 2,3,7,8-PCDD/PCDF and processing through all extraction,
cleanup, and analysis procedures.
   Spike recoveries for these two quality control samples were 60.7 to  112.1 percent.
Required control limits for matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate agreement were ±25% relative
percent difference (RPD). This control limit was met for all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF
congeners and is an indication of good laboratory precision.

   Sample Duplicates:   Two soil duplicates, for Site 4 and Site 17, and one water duplicate,
for Site 10, were received with the Phase II samples.  Required control  limits for duplicates
                           >3
were less than 25% RPD. The control limit was met for most analytes in the three samples
with the exception of a few analytes that were detected below the instrument LOQ. Again, the
low RPD is an indication of good laboratory precision.

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   Estimated Detection Limit (EDLt Sample:  One of the soils (S15), chosen by the field
sampling team, was used to verify that method detection limits were achieved.  Two aliquots of
SI 5, one spiked with PCDD/PCDF at about 5 times the method detection limit (MDL) and one
unspiked to serve as its background, were extracted with this set of samples. The recoveries of
the analytes ranged from 87.6% to 114.8%. The percent recovery for OCDD was calculated
using the following equation (a):

         Percent Recovery =  100 (Cone. found)/(Spike cone. + Background cone.)

This equation was used for the OCDD recovery calculation due to the very high background
level of OCDD, which "swamps" the relatively small spike.
(a) L. P. Provost and R. S. Elder, "Interpretation of Percent Recovery Data," Amer. Lab., 15(12), pg. 57, 1983.

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                                      APPENDIX A
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COMPLETE ANALYSIS DATA SHEETS FOR
INITIAL ANALYSIS OF PHASE n SAMPLES

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           Phase II Sample Analyses
Lab Record Book #
47482-20-26
47482-20-6
47482-20-19
47482-20-3
47482-20-*
47482-20-5
47482-20-7
47482-20-8
47482-20-12
47482-20-13
47482-20-14
47482-20-16
47482-20-17
47482-20-18
47482-20-20
47482-20-21
47482-20-22
47482-20-23
47482-20-24
47482-20-25
47482-20-2
47482-20-29
47482-20-27
47482-20-28
47482-20-9
47482-20-15
47482-20-10
47482-20-11
  Sample ID
  Method Blank
  R06, Field Blank
  R19, Field Blank
 -. S02, Site 2  >
^ S03, Site 3 Top
2 S04, Site 3 Middle
  S07, Site 4
  SOS, Site 4 Duplicate
  SI 1, Site 7
  S13, Site 10
  S15, Site 11
 
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