United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
information Services
and Library
Washington DC 20460
EPA/IMSD-85-004
November 1985
vxEPA Bibliographic Series
Estuarine Management
Program
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BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR AN
ESTUARINE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Revised Edition
November 1985
Headquarters Library
Information Management and Services Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Room 2904M Waterside Mall PM-211A
401 M St, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 382-5922
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
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U.-S. Environmental Protection Agency
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INTRODUCTION
This bibliography was prepared by Brigid Rapp, Head
Librarian, at the request of the Director of the Office of
Marine and Estuarine Protection. It is organized according
to the following five basic steps for developing an estuarine
management program: (1) management structure; (2) problem
definition and assessment; (3) problem prioritization; (4)
problem solutions; and (5) implementation. In many cases, the
reports cited in this bibliography can apply to more than one
category. Together, the reports represent the development of
theory, research and action in estuarine management since
1970.
The citations include books, journal articles, reports
and conference papers. Within the five topics, the citations
are organized in alphabetical order by first author's last
name, or if there is no author, by title.
Citations preceded by an asterisk are held in at least
one of the twenty-eight EPA libraries. Citations not preceded
by an asterisk can be borrowed from other libraries for EPA
employees.
A comprehensive literature search using pertinent online
databases was performed to compile this bibliography. In
addition, we received valuable input from the Office of Marine
and Estuarine Protection and the library at our Gulf Breeze,
Florida, Laboratory. The citations were selected for their
relevance to the EPA estuarine management program. There is
a great deal more literature available on areas related to
estuarine programs. For example, the EPA Region X library in
Seattle, Washington has a bibliography on Puget Sound, a major
estuary in that Region. Any EPA librarian can assist in
identifying areas for research.
Whenever possible, a descriptive abstract is included
with the citation. The source of the citation and abstract
is noted by two letters enclosed in parentheses at the end of
the entry. Those symbols represent databases searched to
compile this biblioqraphy. The key to those symbols follows:
(EN) Enviroline
Environment Information Center, Inc., 292 Madison Ave.,
New York, NY 10017
(GR) GeoRef
American Geological Institute, One Skyline PI., 5205
Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041
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(NT) NTIS
National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of
Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161
(OA) Oceanic Abstracts
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, 5161 River Road, Bethesda,
MD 20816
(PA) Pollution Abstracts
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, 5161 River Road, Bethesda,
MD 20816
(WR) Water Resources Abstracts
Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the
Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240
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BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR AN
ESTUARINE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
I. Management Structure
*Armstrong, John Morrison, and Ryner, Peter C. Coastal Waters;
a Management Analysis. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor
Science, 1978.
An overview is presented of the factors that will be
involved in the states' efforts to establish comprehensive
management and planning programs for their coastal waters.
Stress is placed on the spatial and temporal boundaries of
coastal waters, rather than on the lands to establish a more
balanced approach in future state coastal management efforts.
Four major themes presented include the following: a description
and analysis of existing bases of authority to manage coastal
waters; a discussion of the Coastal Zone Management Act in
terms of its utility for managing coastal waters; a presentation
of some concepts for coastal water management, and a description
of uses of coastal waters and their implications for
comprehensive management. These uses are as follows: ocean
dumping, fisheries management, national defense, deepwater
ports, tanker safety, LNG, and outer continental shelf oil
and gas development. (OA)
*Armstrong, J. et al. Coastal Zone Management; the Process of
Program Development. Sandwich, Massachusetts: Coastal
Zone Management Institute, 1974.
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 was enacted to
encourage the coastal states to develop comprehensive coastal
resources management programs which in turn would provide
wise and effective management of the Nation's Coastal area.
This document presents an in-depth discussion of the various
elements of the act and attendant regulations that the States
must consider in developing their own program. It is broken
down into five categories: (1) substantive elements; (2)
authority and organization; (3) organization and use of
information; (4) public participation; and (5) estuarine
sanctuaries. Substantive elements covered include boundary
determination, permissible uses, geographic areas of particular
concern, and priority of uses. The authority section considers
the means of exerting control, organizational structures,
and problems involved in designing organization capabilities.
The information section includes a consideration of the
types of information needed, and the use and sources of existing
information. A discussion of the potential of public hearings
as a tool for the generation of new ideas is presented in the
public participation section. The estuarine section discusses
National Ecological Units. (WR)
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*Carlozzi, Carl; King, Kathryn; and Newbold, Jr., William F.
Ecosystems and Resources of the Massachusetts Coast.
Boston, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Office of
Coastal Zone Management, 1975. Sponsored by U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville
Maryland. (Report no. NOAA-7612 13 05; PB-263-411/1)
This publication discusses all the natural and many man-
made systems making up the Massachusetts coastline, their
importance as facets of the environment, and the ways in which
they are used and altered by man. It has been prepared as a
guide for all Massachusetts citizens to use in order to better
enjoy and understand their unique heritage. The publication
has been divided into four main sections. The first two parts
present an overview of the natural forces and ecosystems
respectively that form the productive basis for coastal
resources. The next part describes man's use of coastal
resources and the environmental consequences of man's
activities. Finally the report analyzes important broad
coastal ecosystems and their resource wealth, complexity, and
environmental health. This last section considers needs
for future scientific research and information tied to the
management of Massachusetts' wealth of coastal resources. (NT)
*Chasis, Sarah, Problems and Prospects of Coastal Zone
Management: an Environmental Viewpoint. Coastal Zone
Management Journal Vol.6, no.4 (1979): pp. 273+
The present National Coastal Zone Management Program is
inadequate to protect U.S. Coastal Resources and does not
effectively address the problems that Congress recognized
when it passed the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. The
need for a more effective Coastal Management Program is
discussed. Current program management problems are identified.
Recommendations to strengthen Coastal Zone Management are
presented. (EN)
*Clark, John, and McCreary, Scott. Prospects for Coastal
Resource Conservation in the 1980s. Oceanus Vol. 23,
no. 4 (Winter 1980-1981): pp. 22+
The Coastal Zone Management Programs implemented by various
State governments exemplify the progress made in this field and
illustrate needs for future management policies. Zoning, permit
controls, and other land use controls have preserved ecologicalVy
sensitive shorelines and wetlands, while inadequate programs
in other places have led to the erosion, pollution, and
destruction of coastal ecosystems. Future management goals
must encourage cooperation and mutual support of local, state,
and federal agencies. (EN)
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Evans, N., et al. Search for Predictability; Planning and
Conflict Resolution in Grays Harbor, Washington. Seattle,
Washington: Washington Sea Grant Program, Division of
Marine Resources, University of Washington, 1980. (Report
no. WSG 80-5)
In 1975 an experiment in coastal zone management began
in Grays Harbor, Washington. The frequent conflicts which
had occurred between government agencies, development interests,
and environmental groups over shoreline development projects
resulted in costly delays and great uncertainty about the use
of the estuary. To resolve these disputes and avoid such
conflicts in the future, agencies with decision-making responsi-
bilities in the region formed the Grays Harbor Estuary Planning
Task Force. The product of the Task Force effort, the Grays
Harbor Estuary Management Plan, was to provide a management
system to ensure that future uses of the Grays Harbor shoreline
would be predictable. Now, by mid 1980, although some major
agreements have yet to be reached, the Task Force effort is
nearing completion. (OA)
Grindley, J.R. Problems in the Management of Estuaries.
Fifth National Oceanographic Symposium, 24-28
January 1983. Grahamstown, South Africa: Rhodes
University, 1983 .
In recent years the need for conservation of estuaries
has become widely recognized. However effective conservation
often requires some degree of management and alternative
management strategies favour different users. Questions of
mouth opening salinity control, water level management and
other issues create a series of practical problems for estuarine
ecologists. (OA)
*Gusman, S., and Huser, V. Mediation in the Estuary. Coastal
Zone Management Journal Vol. 11, no. 4 (1984): pp. 273-
295.
Certain key disputes remained unresolved after extensive
and for the most part successful efforts by the Columbia
River Estuary Study Taskforce (CREST) to develop a management
plan for the Columbia River estuary and its shorelands. The
remaining disputes, involving conflicts between resource
protection and port development, were resolved by the mediation
process described in this paper. This process, involving
exploration, process design, negotiation, and implementation
phases, led to the signing of an agreement by twelve negotiators,
the subsequent endorsement of the agreement by the federal,
state, and local governmental bodies they represented, and
the incorporation of the terms of the agreement into the
comprehensive plans for local governments. The agreement
describes the particular kinds of port-related development
that might be appropriate at specific sites in the estuary
and the conditions under which such development might take
place. It also outlines areas where development alteration
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would not occur. For some of the sites its presents constraints
on dredge-and-fill activities, turning basin and navigation-
channel depths and widths, corridors for pile-supported
causeways and accessways, and mitigation policies. (OA)
*Guy, William E. Florida's Coastal Zone Management Program:
a Critical Analysis. Coastal Zone Management Journal
Vol. 11, no. 3 (1983): pp. 219+
Florida has already enacted most of the state legislation
needed for coastal zone management efforts. However, a review
of the state coastal zone management plan shows that its
effectiveness suffers from a lack of public and local govern-
ment consensus. The various state agencies involved and the
laws and regulations they administer are not well coordinated.
While excellent local, regional, or state plans exist in many
areas, they are often ignored in local government decision-
making. (EN)
*Jerome, L.E. Preserving the Nation's Wetlands. Oceans
Vol. 16, no. 3 (1983): pp. 48+
The annual loss of estuarine habitat, between 1947 and
1967, has been estimated to range from 21 percent to 36
percent -- a rate at which our wetlands would totally disappear
in 300 to 400 years. In 1972, the United States Congress
passed the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), administered
by the Office of Coastal Zone Management (OCZM), under the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Five short-
term goals are to: 1. gain a thorough understanding of the
ecological relationships within the estuarine environment; 2.
[develop] baseline ecological measurements; 3. monitor sig-
nificant or vital changes in the estuarine environment; 4.
assess the effects of man's stresses on the ecosystems and...
forecast and mitigate possible deterioration, and 5. provide
a vehicle for increasing public knowledge and awareness of
the complex nature of estuarine systems. (OA)
Klingeman, P.C. General Planning Methodology for Oregon's
Estuarine Natural Resources. Corvallis, Oregon:
Oregon State University, IS^3. (OA)
*Mieremet, R.B. Federal and State Coastal Zone Management
Efforts Directed at Estuaries and Freshwater Inflow.
Proceedings of the National Symposium on Freshwater
Inflow to Estuaries, San Antonio, Texas, September 9-11,
1980. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Office of Biologial Services, 1981. (Report no. FWS/OBS-
81/04, Vol. I; PB82-131426)
Special area management planning, enforceable policies,
and improved coordination are being brought to bear on the
decisonmaking process. Mitigation and restoration projects can
help alleviate some of the past problems. While coastal zone
management has many significant tools which are being used
and will be used in the future to address problems relating
to freshwater inflows to estuaries, it obviously cannot cure
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them all. Some states have included all or almost all of
their State as the coastal zone because of the watershed
principle, while others stop at the 5 ppt salinity line of the
estuary. Extra efforts are needed to ensure good coordination
of government actions. Coastal zone management often requires
some compromises between preservation and development. (WR)
Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Sanctuary Management
Plan. Providence, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Department
of Environmental Management, 1983. Sponsored by U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office
of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. (Report no.
NOAA-83090702; PB83-262089)
In response to intense pressures on the coastal resources
of the United States, Congress enacted the Coastal Zone
Management Act in 1972. Four years later, the Act was amended
to establish the National Estuarine Sanctuary Program. As
stated in the Act, "...the purpose of the estuarine sanctuary
program is to create natural field laboratories in which to
gather data and make studies of the natural and human
processes occurring within the estuaries of the coastal zone.
This shall be accomplished by the establishment of a series
of estuarine sanctuaries which will be designated so that at
least one representative of each type of estuarine ecosystem
will endure into the future for scientific and educational
purposes. The primary use of estuarine sanctuaries shall be
for research and educational purposes, especially to provide
some of the management information essential to the coastal
management decision-making process. (NT)
*Officer, C.B., et al. A Perspective on Estuarine and Coastal
Research Funding. Environmental Science and Technology
Vol. 15, no. 11 (1981): pp. 1282-1285.
There has been a dichotomy in approach to marine pollution
problems between the research community and those responsible
for environmental decision making. The net result has been
that research carried on by government laboratories has often
been restricted to immediate problem solving. The discussion
in this article is divided into two parts: first, an
examination of the affiliations of the individuals who have
made recent contributions to estuarine and coastal research
and of the sources of funding for that research and, second,
a brief history of the past 10 years of estuarine research
and some suggestions for procedural changes that might improve
research results. (OA)
*Shabman, Leonard and Kerns, Waldon. Intergovernmental Management
for the Chesapeake Bay: Emerging Issues and Alternatives.
American Water Resources Association Unified River Basin
Management Symposium, Atlanta, October 4-8, 1981. s.l.:
American Water Resources Association, 1981(7): pp.369+
Traditional approaches to the design of intergovernmental
organizations for watershed management have sought to instill
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broad issue focus and authority in a single entity. Alternative
approaches are being sought to improve regional management.
A tiered institutional structure is emerging within the
Chesapeake Bay area. Multi-issue agencies are being designed
soley for policy coordination rather than program implementation.
This technique offers potential for facilitating coordination
of agency decisions across the watershed. Issues of water
supply, water quality, and fishery management are addressed.
(EN)
II. Problem Definition and Assessment
*Alabaster, J.S. Investigation of Acute Pollution Problems
Affecting Fisheries in Estuaries and Coastal Waters. FAQ
Report; Pollutants in the Aquatic Environment; Detection,
Measurement and Monitoring. s.l.: Water Pollution Research
Laboratory, 1976. pp.56+
The main pollution problem for freshwater fisheries in
the U.K. stems from the combined effect on rivers of sewage
and industrial wastes in lowering the concentration of D.O. and
raising that of poisons, principally metals (copper and
zinc), cyanides, ammonia, and phenols. Short-term lethal
effects of these conditions on trout can be reasonably well-
defined from laboratory studies. The long-term effects of
polluted streams on trout and other coarse fisheries remian
to be determined. The lethal effects of mixtures of poisons
and water quality fluctuations are discussed. An empirical
relation between one predominant water quality characteristic's
temporal distribution and the status of a fish population can
be used to formulate water quality criteria, though other data
are required. (EN)
Capone, T.E. and Armstrong, N.E. A Computerized Assessment of
Environmental Impacts in an Estuarine System. Austin,
Texas: Center for Research in Water Resources, Environmental
Health Engineering Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department,
University of ^exas of Austin, 1981. (OA)
*Carter, Karen B. , and Flynn, Kevin C. Pollution Control and
the Chesapeake Bay. Water Pollution Control Federation
Journal Vol. 55, no. 10 (October 1983): pp. 1218+
The Chesapeake Bay is both a delicate balance of fresh-
water and saltwater plants and animals, and the largest and
most productive estuary in the world. For the last decade
EPA has conducted a program examining the pollution problems
in and around the Bay, and 1983 marks the first year that
data from this program is to be used. Data will be kept up
to date on the Bay's ecosystems. Any pollution problems
will be controlled and eliminated as they arise. (EN)
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*Chesapeake Bay; a Profile of Environmental Change. Annapolis,
Maryland: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Chesapeake Bay Program, 1983. Sponsored by Delaware
University, Lewes, College of Marine Studies; and CREST,
Astoria, Oregon. (Report no. PB84-119197)
The report describes trends in water and sediment quality,
and in the living resources of Chesapeake Bay. The water
quality parameters evaluated include nutrients, dissolved
oxygen, organic chemical compounds, and heavy metals. The
living resources that were assessed include phytoplankton,
submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), benthic organisms
(including shellfish), and finfish. Trends in water and
sediment quality, and in living resources, including the
interrelationships among these factors, were used to
characterize the current state of the Bay. (NT)
*Chesapeake Bay; a Profile of Environmental Change;
Appendices. Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program, 1983. (Report
no. PB84-119205)
This document contains the four appendices to the report
Chesapeake Bay;a Profile of Environmental Change and provides
a characterization of the Bay's water quality and resources.
(NT)
Coastal Zone Management Problems. Corvallis, Oregon: Water
Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University,
1974. Sponsored by U.S. Office of Water Research and
Technology, Washington, D.C. (report no. SEMN-WR-018.74;
W74-12756; OWRT-A-999-ORE(16); PB-236-470/1)
The report describes the coastal zone, composed of the
coastal plains, the continental shelf, bays, estuaries,
lagoons and deltas as an area rich in natural resources and
concentrated human activities. Lack of a comprehensive
inventory of coastal resources, unbridled and poorly conceived
development, increased population activities, uncontrolled
harvesting of resources, and limited local financial resources
to facilitate adequate provision of public services within
the zone are among the problems plaguing the coastal area.
Dredging and filling have particularly affected the environment
through altered water circulation, physical removal of
organisms, nutrient releases, and increases in turbidity,
suspended solids, and heavy metal levels. One management
technique is discussed, a diversity approach, which encourages
clustering of development only within selected estuarine
systems. (NT)
*Cronin, L. Eugene (ed.). Estuarine Research. N.Y.: Academic,
1975. 2 vols.
68 papers from a meeting of the Estuarine Research Federa-
tion at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, October 1973.
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*Cumberland, J.H. Economic Analysis in the Evaluation and
Management of Estuaries. Estuarine Pollution Control
and Assessment; Proceedings of a Conference, Pensacola,
Florida, February 11-13, 1975. (Report no. EPA-440/1-77-
007B; PB-265-467)
An economic-environmental systems model for analyzing
estuaries which has been used in Maryland to forecast the
quantities and types of waste and residuals which will be
generated through the year 1985 for the Chesapeake Bay and
each of its major tributaries is described. The model indicates
that the amount of residuals will be a function of the rate
and composition of economic development. Consequently, economic
development and growth in the region can be expected to
generate water quality problems of increasing magnitude for
all estuaries in the U.S. Various corrective policy measures
are evaluated for dealing with the environmental threat to
the quality of estuarine waters. One of the most serious
environmental impacts is aesthetic damage and methods are
suggested for applying charges for various levels of aesthetic
damage in order to encourage improved qualities of economic
development. (WR)
Druery, B.M, et al. Engineering Approach to the Management
of an Estuary. Fifth Australian Conference on Coastal and
Ocean Engineering 1981; Offshore Structures. Barton,
Australia: Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1981. pp.
111-112.
The main study objective was to carry out an engineering
analysis of the estuarine processes to provide a sound
engineering base from which responsible planning decisions
could be made. The study included identification of the
demands of the users of the waterway together with consideration
of the requirements of land management authorities. The
findings were presented within the following format: an
assessment and quantification of the present and future
constraints and opportunities offered by the waterway;
engineering guidelines and comment on the development and
management of the waterway and its environs. Guidelines were
produ ad for: (a) investigations into the feasibility of any
proposed engineering works. (b) land management decisions
concerning the foreshores and environs of the waterway. (OA)
*Duda, Alfred M. Municipal Point Source and Agricultural
Nonpoint Source Contributions to Coastal Eutrophication.
Water Resources Bulletin Vol. 18, no. 3 (June 1982):
pp. 397+
Several coastal rivers in North Carolina are facing
serious water quality problems such as surface blooms of blue-
green algae, fish kills from anoxic water, and red sore
disease among fish. Point source and nonpoint source inputs
of nutrients were investigated. The major factors contributing
to water quality problems appeared to be agricultural activities
like animal operations and cropland in watersheds with
drainage improvements. (EN)
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*Elkington, John B., The Impact of Development Projects on
Estuarine and Other Wetland Ecosystems. Environmental
Conservation Vol. 4, no. 2 (1977): pp. 135+
The Council of Europe declared 1976 the Year of the
Wetland in the hope of reaching a wider audience of sensitizing
professionals engaged in management of estuarine areas, and
of stimulating practical conservation projects. Such campaigns
are not reaching decision-makers in the developing world, and
are being ignored during the planning stages of a number of
major projects that threaten the integrity of wetland eco-
systems. Biology and pollution of estuarine wetlands, urban
use of wetlands, impacts of agriculture, of tourism, and of
recreation, wetlands laws, and conservation management of
wetlands are discussed. (EN)
*"Environmental Assessment of Water Quality Management Plans."
Washington, D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1977. (Memorandum)
The function of a water quality management plan is to
improve the physical environment. The preparation of an
environmental assessment WQM plan is required under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. Methods of
assessing environmental impacts of alternative WQM plan
elements are presented. Water quality and quantity, land
use, air quality, ecological, economic, visual, and social
impact assessments are described. (EN)
*Estuaries, Geophysics and the Environment. Washington, D.C.:
National Academy of Sciences, 1977.
As a result of increasing stress on U.S. estuaries from
such activities as river flow alteration, dredging, tidal
flat reclamation, effluent dispersal, and industrial cooling,
scientists, engineers, government officials, and the public
are becoming more aware of the need to protect estuaries.
The principal problems that must be addressed to protect
estuarine ecosystems are: The lack of understanding of the
fundamental aspects of estuarine behavior—particularly,
mixing and circulation; and the lack of a focal point for
estuarine research. Aspects of estuarine science, especially
the role of geophysics, are considered, and hydrodynamic and
geological processes and basic chemical and biological phenomena
are examined. Other topics explored include: longitudinal
circulation and mixing relationships, lateral circulation
effects, river plumes and estuary fronts, fjord and salt-wedge
circulation, and turbulent processes. (EN)
Ferguson, K.W. Human Activity and Slope Contribution of
Sediments to an Estuarine Basin; Case Study; North
River, Massachusetts. Ph.D. dissertation, Clark
University, 1983.
Soil erosion on slopes adjacent to the North River
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Estuary/ Massachusetts and the ensuing estuarine sedimentation
problems are the basis of this dissertation. Forest,
agriculture and suburban land use patterns are selected for
analyses of the soil erosion and sedimentation relations.
The following field methods and laboratory techniques were
utilized: (i) field reconnaissance, (ii) slope analyses,
(iii) soil erosion plots, (iv) photo and map analyses, (v)
botanical identification and delimitation, (vi) sediment
sampling, (vii) field survey and mapping, and (viii) computer
simulation. (OA)
*Galloway, Jr., G.E. Assessing Man's Impact on Wetlands.
Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Water Resources
Research Institute, 1978. (Report no. UNC-SG-78-17; NOAA-
79070910; PB-298-736/0) Cosponsored by U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Md.
The first section provides a short background on Federal
interest in wetlands and a discussion of how, when, and where
man's impact on wetlands occurs. The next section focuses on
impact assessment, first by defining the characteristics of a
usable evaluation system and then by briefly surveying current
evaluation techniques. The third section proposes the wetland
evaluation system (WES), the author's concept of an evaluation
system. The fourth section applies this model, for
illustrative purposes, to abbreviated case studies of wetland
evaluation in the Yazoo Basin of Mississippi and the Neuse
River Estuary of North Carolina. (NT)
*Hamilton, Peter, and Fucik, Kenneth W. Literature Review of
Marine Wetland and Estuarine Water Quality and Ecosystem
Models. Raleigh, North Carolina : Science Applications,
1980. (Report no. WES/TR/EL-80-5; AD-A088-656/4)
This literature review surveys published models of
hydrodynamics, sediment transport, water quality, and ecosystems
in estuaries and intertidal wetlands. The review was based
on the needs and problems of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(CE) in the coastal zone as revealed by a survey of CE Field
Offices with coastal responsibility. In addition, a workshop,
conducted in New Orleans in June 1979, assessing the state of
the art in understanding and modeling estuarine and wetland
processes, served to define the scope of the literature
review. (NT)
*Hamilton, Peter. Survey of Marine Wetland and Estuarine Water
Quality and Ecological Problems in Corps of Engineers
Field Offices. Raleigh, North Carolina: Science
Applications, 1980. Sponsored by Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. (Report no.
WES-MP-EL-80-2 , ADA088-171/4)
This report presents the results of a survey of Corps of
Engineers (CE) field offices that have coastal zone
responsibilities. The purpose of the survey was to
investigate existing or anticipated water quality and
ecological problems associated with CE activities in marshes
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and estuaries. Emphasis was placed on identifying those
problems amenable to analysis through application of predictive
modeling techniques. The identified problems represent the
perceptions of the field personnel as interpreted by Science
Applications, Inc. In some cases, perceived problems have
been extensively researched or are being presently studied.
The survey was designed to identify problems perceived by the
field offices and may not reflect current understanding.
Three general problems were emphasized by all offices:
(a) the uniqueness of the specific environments in their
District; (b) water quality and environmental problems are
functions of local concerns of the public; and (c) there is a
need to evaluate efforts of a change in physical regime on an
estuary. (NT)
*Haven, K.F. A Methodology for Impact Assessment in the
Estuarine/Marine Environment. Livermore, California:
California University, Livermore Laboratory, 1975.
(Report no. W-7405-ENG-48; UCRL-51949)
The goal was to develop a model for assessing and
evaluating the impact of present and future energy-related
activities on the marine/estuarine environment. These impacts
can be measured in economic terms by tracing the impact flow
out of the economic sector through the marine environment and
back into the economic sector in terms of changes in availability
of natural resources. Two types of models are proposed; an
ecological input/output model and a dynamic (difference
equation) model. The ability to track lethal and sublethal,
direct and indirect and short-and long-term effects of a
variety of pollutants related to the production and use of
energy resources is included in the acceptability criteria for
the models. (WR)
*Hefny, Kamal. Land-use and Management Problems in the Nile
Delta. Nature and Resources Vol. 18, no. 2, April-June,
1982, pp. 22 +
The magnitude and rapidity of the changes taking place
in the Nile Delta are discussed. This most vital part of
Egypt's scarce, arable lands is also highly vulnerable. The
system of agricultural and hydrobiological production depends
on maintaining certain chemical and ecological balances,
which are increasingly threatened by accelerated urban sprawl
and the impact of water control projects. Management decisions
about these complex problems should be based on continuing
interdisciplinary study and monitoring of the Delta ecosystem.
(EN)
*Helliwell, P.R. and Bossanji, J. (eds.) Pollution Criteria
— for Estuaries. New York: Halsted, 1975.
Howells, G.P. The Estuary of the Hudson River, U.S.A.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Vol. 180,
1972. pp. 521-534.
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Although each estuary contains unique characteristics,
studies of contrasting estuaries build up a body of knowledge
defining estuaries as ecosystems and document existing
conditions. A comparative approach allows economy of effort
and direct attack on problems of management or control.
Although the Hudson is a major river, utilized for drinking
water, transport, sewerage, and recreation, it has been
relatively neglected scientifically. Sufficient information is
now available on the lower Hudson to formulate simple models
usable for predictive purposes. Information about variety
and abundance of flora and fauna is lacking. Water quality
control may be needed if problems of fishery maintenance,
eutrophication, and drinking water are to be avoided. The
processes and pathways of pollutants within this estuarine
ecosystem need research and study of effects on biological
communities in relation to concentration and time of exposure.
Great natural environmental variations exist in estuaries and
the flora and fauna are affected by the need to tolerate
these variable conditions. Capacity of estuaries to accept
pollutants which enhance natural variations is relatively
great. The best reconcilation between industrial development
and maintenance of amenity needs to be determined. (WR)
*Josselyn, Michael N., and Atwater, Brian F. San Francisco
Bay Use and Protection (Physical and Biological Constraints
on Man's Use of the Shore Zone of the San Francisco Bay
Estuary). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1982. (AAAS report)
Physical and biological phenomena contribute to many of
the hazards, boundary disputes, and environmental regulations
that constrain shore zone development in the San Francisco
Bay Estuary. Most common among geologic hazards is the
instability of bay mud and peat under static loads. Providing
safeguards against earthquakes is difficult because of
uncertainty about fault locations and the magnitude of future
quakes. Boundary disputes involving ownership and governmental
jurisdiction often hinge on the evalution of wetlands in
historic or present times. Problems associeited with erosion
control and habitat preservation are also discussed. (EN)
*Ketchen, K.S.j Bourne, N. and Butler, T.H. History and Present
Status of Fisheries for Marine Fishes and Invertebrates
in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol. 40, no. 7
(1983): pp. 1095-1119.
An historical account is given of the development of
strait of Georgia commercial fisheries (other than salmon)
from their beginnings in the middle to late 19th century to
the 1980's. Where possible, attempts were made to explain
past fluctuation in abundance, especially to distinguish
natural effects from those of fishing or socioeconomic origin.
The review deals with commerical exploitation of herring...
and other invertebrates. (OA)
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Marx, P.R., and Kraft, J.C. Application of a Model for an
Estuarine Transgression to Coastal Planning Decision
Making. Geological Society of America. Abstracts with
Programs Vol. 13, no. 3 (1981). (OA)
*The Sancor Estuaries Programme, 1982-1986. s.l., South African
National Scientific Programmes, 1983. (Report no. 67)
A description of South Africa's Estuarine Programme
includes an outline of environmental problems resulting from
human activities in estuaries, the current research being
performed, and legislation that relates to estuaries. A
program framework is developed that outlines research needs
over the next five years. Research reports are divided
according to the following types of research: biological,
physical, chemical, geological, and aquaculture. (EN)
*Sheperd, P.N., and Ames, R.W. Management of Urban Development
in Coastal and Estuarine Environment. Institution of
Engineers, Australia. Civil Engineering Transactions Vol.
22, no. 1 (February 1980): p. 41+
Management of urban development in a coastal and estuarine
environment in Southern Australia is evaluated. Specific prob-
lems that had to be overcome to produce an environmentally
attractive and unique urban development are identified. Devel-
opment costs are discussed. Regulation of private development
by the Federal and local governments is described. (EN)
*Tarver, Johnie W., and Savoie, L. Brandt. An Inventory and
Study of the Lake Pontchartrain-Lake Maurepas Estuarine
Complex. New Orleans, Louisiana: Louisiana Wildlife and
Fisheries Commission, Division of Oysters, Water Bottoms
and Seafoods, 1976. Sponsored by U.S. National Marine
Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C. (Report no. LWLFC-
technical bulletin-19; NOAA-76111801; PB-262-413/8)
This study was made to investigate the composition,
general distribution, and abundance of commercially or
potentially important fauna inhabiting the Lake Pontchartrain-
Lake Maurepas estuarine complex, so that comparisons with
previously completed wetland research in Louisiana and the
northern Gulf of Mexico might enable administrators to
efficiently manage Louisiana's renewable coastal zone resources.
Vertebrate and macroinvertebrate populations were sampled
with a 16-food trawl and 100-foot beach seine. Molluscan
benthic communities were empirically determined utilizing a
Peterson dredge. Zooplankton was estimated based upon
collections accomplished utilizing a no. 2 mesh 1.8 x 0.5 meter
net. Hydrological and climatological parameters were collected
at four stations in addition to those coinciding with trawl,
seine, Peterson, and zooplankton locations. Grain size
determinations were made of the upper three inches of sediment
samples during two separate sampling efforts—one in 1972 and
another in 1973. (NT)
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*Techniques for Evaluating the Effects of Water Resources
Development on Estuarine Environments. Austin, Texas:
Texas Water Development Board, 1978. Sponsored by Texas
Department of Water Resources, Austin; and U.S. Office
of Water Research and Technology, Washington, D.C.
(Report no. W79-03043; OWRT-C-4137 (9024)(1)> PB-291-647/6)
This, research project was designed to provide a set of
analytical tools for water resources planners and decision-
makers to assist them in measuring and evaluating the effects
of water resources development on estuarine environments.
The techniques are designed to be sufficiently flexible to
analyze all types of water development and management policies.
This report describes: (1) the techniques developed to
measure the environmental impact of water resources development
on estuarine environments, and (2) the application of these
techniques to a prototype Texas river basin - estuarine system
to demonstrate the approach of the methodology described and
its efficacy. The methodology is tested through application
to the Guadalupe and San Antonio River Basins and their
associated estuary, San Antonio Bay. (NT)
*Terrell, Terry T. Physical Regionalization of Coastal
Ecosystems of the United States and Its Territories.
Fort Collins, Colorado:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Western Energy and Land Use Team, 1974. Sponsored by
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development. (Report no. FWS/OBS-78/80, PB-297-143/0)
A hierarchical regional classification scheme for
partitioning coastal ecosystems of the United States and it
territories based on the physical (mainly hydrological and
geological) characteristics of those areas was formulated.
Physical rather than biotic criteria were utilized so as to
define whole ecosystems, rather than to define the distribution
of a few species. The classification provides a data collection
structure and delineates geographic zones about which predictions
on the structure and functioning of ecosystems within these
zones may be at various levels of resolution. Boundaries as
defined by the National Wetlands Inventory were used extensively
for landward and se'award limits. (NT)
*Tiner, Ralph W., et al. Wetlands of the United States:
Current Status.and Recent Trends. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
National'Wetlands Inventory. For sale by the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984.
The current status of U.S. wetlands and areas where they
are in greatest jeopardy are revealed in a national survey.
Major wetland types are identified, such as estuarine and
palustrine systems, and their ecological importance is
emphasized. These areas are valued for their wildlife,
fishery resources, and water supply; wetlands also provide
erosion and flood control as well as recreational opportunities.
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An estimated 108.1 million acres in the lower 48 states were
classified as wetlands in the mid-1950's; this number was
reduced to 99 million acres in the mid-1970's. Agricultural
development involving drainage was responsible for 87% of recent
losses, while urban and other development caused 8% and 5%
respectively. Regional and national problem areas are examined,
and management recommendations are proposed. (EN)
*Trickey, E.B., and Savage T.G. The Development of Estuarine
Management Information through the Application of
Biological Monitoring Techniques: A Case Study of the
Mobile Bay Estuary. Estuaries Vol. 4, no. 3 (1981):
p. 279.
Beginning in March 1980, the Alabama Coastal Area Board
initiated a fourteen month study of the benthic community at
eight sites in the Mobile Bay Estuary using the methodology
developed in the Board's Pilot Study. The preliminary results
thus far reveal a dynamic polychaete community in Mobile
Bay/Mississippi Sound that varies seasonally. It is hoped
that the full year's data will provide a baseline of present
levels of polychaete organisms against which future trends in
the composition and population of the polychaete community
can be measured with understanding. (OA)
*Vernberg, F.J. Comparative Studies of Tropical and Temperate
Zone Coastal Systems. Bulletin of Marine Science
Vol. 31, no. 3 (1981). pp. 801-808.
Although estuarine ecological systems are of proven
importance to human society, estuarine studies tend to be
site specific and restricted in scope. A vital need is
research on the comparative dynamics of estuarine systems from
different climatic regions to provide a better basis for
developing a scientific understanding of their similarities
and dissimilarities which is essential to developing a rational
management program. One fundamental question is do the
functional responses of coastal ecosystems differ between
temperate and tropical zones in the same way the physiologi-
cal responses of organisms differ between these zones. (OA)
*Warinner, J.E., et al. An Assessment of Estuarine and
Nearshore Environments. Gloucester Point, Virginia:
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 1975.
Estuarine and nearshore marine environments are described
for the entire U.S., and an evaluation of water quality and
pollution problems for the various regions is included.
State and Federal law related to estuary protection is
discussed. Estuaries as an economic resource are important
as the home of diverse fish and waterfowl species. A potential
conflict exists between domestic and foreign fishing fleets
and between commercial and sport fishermen. Water use and
supply projections are employed to predict the environmental
impact of estuary use as an economic resource. (EN)
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III. Problem Prioritization
McGuinness, Jr., W.V. The Delaware Estuary System, Environmental
Impacts and Socio-Economic Effects; Annex to Volume I;
Management Agency Problems in the Delaware Estuary. Newark,
Delaware; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Delaware University
and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1973.
Major estuarine-related management areas and related
problems in the Delaware estuary are identified and ranked
according to societal priorities. Key managers were interviewed,
and priorities were determined from their collective views.
Management areas ranked as follows: highest-waste disposal;
high-comprehensive planning and management, recreation,
institutional and legal, and shipping; medium-commerical
fishing, wetlands management, commercial land use, and
residential land use; low-water supply, shore erosion,
preservation and aesthetics; and lowest-sand and gravel
extraction. Included is a problems matrix of four priorities,
with fourteen problem areas listed for each. Under priority
a, for example, is included abating unrecorded pollution,
regionalization, unrecorded pollution loads, urban waterfront
renewal, wetland values, biological implications, deep water
ports, capability to support basic uses, land use management
techniques, dredge spoil disposal, cost effectiveness in
pollution control, attitudes and education, and translating
research into action. Criteria for selecting the 56 problems
included the number of interviewees who cited it, the emphasis
placed on it, the stature of the interviewee, and the judged
significance of not solving the problem. (WR)
McGuinness, Jr., W.V. Priority Management Areas and Problems
in the Delaware Estuary; a Survey and Evaluation, s.1.:
n.p. , 1973 . (OA)
*Osbaldeston, P.J. Control of Estuarine Quality in the United
Kingdom. Water Quality Bulletin Vol. 5, no. 3, (July
1980): pp. 55+
Estuarine water quality characteristics and pollution
control programs in the U.K. are surveyed. An estuarine
classification system that characterizes these water bodies
according to pollution status is explained. Sewage and
wastewater treatment and effluent control systems have been
implemented. Monitoring and research projects are also
reviewed. (EN)
IV. Problem Solutions
*Bella, David A., Strategic Approach to Estuarine Environmental
Management. American Society of Civil Engineering.
Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division
Journal Vol. 101, no. 1 (February 1975): pp.73-92.
Ecological systems must be examined from a spectrum of
views ranging from those of high perspective-low detail to
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those of low perspective-high detail. Various concepts and
approaches pertinent to the comprehensive environment planning
for estuaries are developed. A high perspective-low detail
view is employed to examine the organization, function, and
requirements of whole estuarine systems. A planning approach
calling for the uneven distribution of development activities
among Oregon's estuarine systems is presented. A number of
methods, concerns, and problems related to the implementation
of this approach are identified. (EN)
*Cheng, Ralph T. and Conomos, T.J. Studies of San Francisco
Bay by the U.S. Geological Survey. Institute on Environ-
mental Science Life Cycle Problems and Environmental
Technology 26th Symposium. Philadelphia, May 12-14,
1980.
USGS is conducting a comprehensive interdisciplinary
study of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system. The broad
goals of this study are to understand processes and rates by
which water, solutes, sediments, and organisms interact, and
to develop and verify conceptual and numerical models of
these interactions. Important sources and sinks of various
chemical and biological constituents are being quantified,
and relative importance of river inflow, wind, and tides as
transport and mixing mechanisms is being determined. The
data collection program is designed to provide data required
for development of conceptual and numerical models. Near-
monthly surveys of hydrographic properties in the main
channels are being extended to include coverage in the broad
shoal areas. In situ current-meters are being used to measure
long-term circulations in the estuarine system. (EN)
*Chesapeake Bay; a Framework for Action. Annapolis, Maryland:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay
Program, 1983. (Report no. PB84-127729)
This report describes the present state of the Chesapeake
Bay, the sources of its pollution and alternative pollution
control options. It also recommends a range of actions to
improve the Bay. (NT)
^Chesapeake Bay; a Framework for Action; Appendices.
Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program, 1983. (Report no.
PB84-127737)
This document includes the seven appendices to the
report Cheasapeake Bay; A Framework for Action. The report
and its appendices describe the state of the Chesapeake Bay,
pollutant sources and loadings, and alternative management
strategies for improving the environmental quality of the
Bay. (NT)
*Chesapeake Bay Program; Findings and Recommendations.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Region III, 1983.
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Chesapeake Bay Study; Summary Report. Baltimore, Maryland:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, 1984.
*Diener, Richard A. Man-Induced Modifications in Estuaries of
the Northern Gulf of Mexico: their Impacts on Fishery
Resources and Measures of Mitigation. Paper presented
at the American Fisheries Society, et al. Mitigation
Symposium, Ft. Collins, Colorado, July 16-20, 1979.
The commercial and sport fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico
are heavily dependent on the estuaries of the Northern Gulf
Coast. Several anthropogenic modifications in these estuaries—
including dumping of toxic wastes and agricultural pesticides,
and landfilling of estuaries for residential and industrial
sites—are threatening these resources and the quality of the
supporting habitat. Potential impacts of each type of modifi-
cation on the habitat and resource are identified. Mitigative
measures that may be taken to offset these impacts are discussed.
(EN)
*Fruh, E. Gus; Penumalli, B.R., and Flake, P.H. Establishment
of Operational Guidelines for Texas Coastal Zone Management;
Special Report I; Water Quality Modelling and Management
Studies for Corpus Christi Bay; a Large Systems Approach.
Austin, Texas: Division of Natural Resources and Envi-
ronment, Texas University at Austin, 1975. Sponsored by
National Science Foundation, Researcn Applied to National
Needs, Washington, D.C. (Report no. NSF/RA/E-75/054;
PB-247-458/3)
The study considers a large systems approach to the
problem of estuarine water quality modelling and management.
The steady state estuarine water quality model is formulated
as a large scale matrix. This model has a simple structure
that is ideally suited to optimization methods for quantitative
water quality management analysis. The approaches developed
here have been applied to Corpus Christi Bay on the Gulf
Coast of Texas. The objective was to minimize the total cost
of treatment, and the corresponding variables of optimization
were the levels of treatment to which various sources have
to be treated. Four optimal policies for quantitative water
quality management corresponding to different constraint
conditions are determined for Corpus Christi Bay. (NT)
*Jaworski, Norbert A., and Villa, Jr., Orterio. A Suggested
Approach for Developing Estuarine Water Quality Criteria
for Management of Eutrophication. Duluth, Minnesota:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Research Laboratory, 1981. (Report no. EPA-600/J-81-567;
PB82-224049). Published in Estuaries and Nutrients,
1981, pp. 499-516.
A conceptual approach for developing water quality criteria
for eutrophication management is suggested. The three basic
components of the framework include source ambient relationships,
effects, and impact analyses. The approach focuses on a
conceptual method for developing decision-making criteria as
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opposed to the classical water quality criteria of a single
value of limitation. The approach to developing water quality
criteria for eutrophication management provides an analysis
framework of response relationships which can be readily
incorporated into water quality standard-setting processes
that include environmental considerations and technological
and economic factors. (NT)
*Johnson, M.S. and Eaton, J.W. Environmental Contamination
through Residual Trace Metal Dispersal from a Derelict
Lead-Zinc Mine. Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol.
9, no. 2 (April-June, 1980): pp. 175-*-
A study of historic and current environmental problems
near a derelict lead-zinc mine in North Wales shows that
heavy metal dispersal occurs through contaminated mine drainage
waters and episodal erosion of an unstable tailings dam.
Since discontinuation of mining operations, an estimated
13,000 metric tons of metalliferous spoil have been eroded
from the mine tailings dam. Extensive contamination of
lowland agricultural pastures, streamwater pollution, and
significant contamination of the flora and fauna near the
mine are discussed. Stabilization measures have been initiated
as a safeguard against further degradation of natural resources
in the area. (EN)
Kapetsky, James M. Some Considerations for the Management of
Coastal Lagoon & Estuarine Fisheries. New York: Unipub,
1981. (Fisheries technical papers, no. 218)
*Kelley, Don W. San Francisco Bay Use and Protection (Solving
the Delta Problem) Washington, D.C.: American
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1982. (AAAS
report)
Major ecological problems have been caused in the San
Francisco Bay Estuary and Delta Region by the effects of
upstream river diversions and other water resource development
projects. Two solutions to the problems of reduced freshwater
outflow and declining fishery stocks are outlined. The first
is to stop the diversion of water from the Delta, or reduce
it to low levels. The other alternative involves the effective
design and operation of the peripheral canal to export water
around, instead of through, the delta. (EN)
*Lambert, Walter P., and Fruh, E. Gus. Methodology to Evaluate
Alternative Coastal Zone Management Policies; Application
in the Texas Coastal Zone; Special Report III; A Methodology
for Investigating Fresh Water Inflow Requirements of a Texas
Estuary; Volume _I. Austin, Texas: Texas University at
Austin, Center for Research in Water Resources, 1976.
(Report nos. NSF/RA-760258, PB-259-182/4)
The study addresses the water resource management problem
of determining fresh water inflow requirements for a Texas
estuary. A computer-oriented methodology provides a general,
rational approach to the inflow problem without being dependent
upon specific machines and computer programs. Viability of
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the methodology is demonstrated by the use of existing computer
models within an estuarine management scenario developed for
Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. The methodology has a two-step
structure: step 1 translates qualitative, ecologically-
oriented management policy goals for an estuary into a set of
net fresh water inflow requirements. Execution depends on
the identification of a set of indicator organisms which
characterize the desired estuarine environment. Step 2
produces the set of upstream fresh water release schedules
required. (NT)
*Lambert, Walter P., and Fruh, E. Gus. Methodology to Evaluate
Alternative Coastal Zone Management Policies; Application
in the Texas Coastal Zone; Special Report III; A Methodology
for Investigating Fresh Water Inflow Requirements of a Texas
Estuary; Volume II; Appendices. Austin, Texas: Texas
University at Austin, Center for Research in Water Resources,
1976. (Report nos. NSF/RA-760259, PB-259-183/2)
This volume contains the five appendices to this report:
area study; calibration, verification, and sensitivity analysis
of HYDTID and LOTRAN; computer programs; selected computational
procedures; a compendium of experimental results generated
during execution of the illustrative application of the inves-
tigative fresh water methodology. An extensive bibliography
is included. (NT)
*Spofford, Walter, 0.; Russell, Clifford S.; and Kelly, Robert A.
Environmental Quality Management; An Application to the
Lower Delaware Valley. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the
Future, 1976. (Research report 1)
A study of residuals management in the lower Delaware
Valley was undertaken. Gaseous, liquid, and solid residuals
were observed. Different methods of allocating the distribution
of costs and environmental quality that could be useful in
making both legislative and business decisions are presented.
Ambient standards can thus be met through varying combinations
of strategies to distribute costs efficiently among the public
and private sectors, among the various subregions, and among
different income groups. (EN)
*Wallis, I.G., Options for Improving Water Quality. Interna-
tional Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 6, nos. 2/3
(1974): pp. 107-120.
The wasteload, which is the sum of all the different
wastes present, determines water quality. An expression for
the wasteload is derived in terms of five major factors —
the number of people living in the watershed, the per capita
waste generation, the waste treatment efficiency, the
distribution of waste and the capacity of the receiving water
to assimilate waste. To improve water quality, the waste
load must be reduced. The possible options for reducing the
wasteload are determined by examining the means of reducing
each of these factors. The algebraic expression obtained for
the wasteload shows the relationship between changes in the
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different control options and the resulting change in water
quality. It is concluded that cooperation between national,
regional and local authorities is necessary if all waste
.control options are to be used, but the regional scale provides
the greatest opportunity for using these options and hence
more flexibility for attacking water quality problems. (WR)
*Yamauchi, H., Economic Evaluation of Subtropical Bay from the
Standpoint of Water Quality Management. Advances in Water
Pollution Research; Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference. s.l. n.p., 1970.
Kaneohe Bay is used as a typical case of estuarine
pollution in Hawaii. Cost-benefit analysis is applied to
water quality management decision-making. To estimate socio-
economic values, an attempt was made to monetarily quantify
two of the more significant uses of the Bay (as a bait fishery
and as a recreational resource). These dollar values were to
be related to the physical baseline conditions of the Bay
and then weighed against the costs of alternative methods of
abating discharges into the area. Three approaches for
evaluating the Bay as a bait fishery are discussed yet no
satisfactory value of bait was established. However, an
upper limit was set and some difficult issues were isolated.
There are also problems in assigning dollar values to the
recreational activity occurring in the area since such
activities have, by nature, extra-market values. Alternative
methods for controlling waste discharges into the Bay are
elaborated and the least cost alternative was computed.
Substantial cost savings can be realized by widening the
range of physical and institutional alternatives from which
to choose. (EN)
V. Implementation
*Davis, Gordon E. Special Area Management: Resolving Conflicts
in the Coastal Zone. Environmental Comment (October, 1980)
pp.4 +
The proposed Coastal Zone Management Act amendments of
1980 call for the preparation of special area management
plans that provides for increased specificity in protecting
significant natural resources, reasonable coastal-dependent
economic growth, improved protection of life and property in
hazardous coastal areas, and improved governmental decision-
making. In Coos Bay, Ore., special area management, as
envisioned by the amendments, has evolved. The physical and
political context of the Coos Bay program are outlined. The
principles and techniques required to implement a special
area management program are examined. An example of how the
question of using a large freshwater marsh for future
industrial lands was resolved within the planning process is
cited. (EN)
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Griggs, N.S. Experience in Estuarine Water Quality Management.
Water International Vol. 7, no. 4 (1982): pp. 148-152.
Management of water quality in estuaries is complicated
owing to the diversity of sources of pollution and the complex
natural phenomena involved. Moreover, estuaries often involve
several jurisdictions of local, regional and provincial
governments of several states, which may complicate agreements
of actions plans. Action plans to improve water quality in
estuaries can be based on similar principles. The main
purpose of this paper is to examine a case study in the United
States where such an action plan for estuary restoration has
been implemented, with considerable political support.
Despite the support and a great deal of scientific attention,
significant difficulties persist. In order to make further
progress, additional sums must be invested in research and
investigations. (PA)
*Hull, C.H.J. Implementation of Interstate Water Quality
Plan. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings
of the American Society of Civil Engineers Vol. 101,
no. HY/3 (March 1975): pp. 495-509. (Paper no. 11177)
The water quality control plan of the interstate Delaware
River Basin is part of a multifunctional master plan for
water resources conservation, development, and management in
the 13,000-mile, four-state region. The master plan, or
comprehensive plan, is required by the Delaware River Basin
Compact and has the force of law. No project or development
affecting the water resources of the basin can be undertaken if
it is in conflict with the comprehensive plan, which includes
policies, standards, criteria, and general goals, as well as
physical projects and facilities, deemed necessary by the
Delaware River Basin Commission for the purpose of the Compact.
The water quality plan is being implemented by the basin
community under the guidance and regulatory control of the
Commission. Compliance is effected by: mandatory consultative
planning between the Commission and sponsors of projects that
may influence water quality; and formal detailed review of
water-related projects before construction approval is
granted by the Comiission. (WR)
*Levinson, Amy, and Hess, Jeffery. Conservation and Development
in Oregon's Coastal Zone. Coastal Zone Management Journal
Vol. 4, no. 1-2 (1978): pp. 97+
Coastal zone management in Oregon is dealt with through
the State's general land use law, which also regulates
population increases, urbanization, and preservation of
agricultural land. A commission having primarily local
membership was established to develop policies, studies, and
recommendations about coastal management. The findings of
the commission were assembled into a proposed coastal management
plan, and the staff of the commission was absorbed into the
state land management agency. In compliance with the Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972, the Oregon plan is now undergoing
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federal review. With state adoption of the plan, deadlines
for implementation were set for local compliance. Some opposition
to the plan has surfaced. (EN)
Noonan, D.C.; Rosenberg, M.S.; and Wood, D.W. Constraints
to Managing Interstate Aquifer. Journal of Water
Resources Planning and Management Vol. 110, no. 2
(1984): pp. 191-205.
Many considerations exist when attempting to manage a
ground water system that flows across interstate boundaries.
The legal, institutional, and technical constraints managing
one such system, the Coastal Plain Aquifer System of the
Delaware River basin, are described. A groundwater management
plan aimed at addressing the two biggest threats to the
quality of the interstate aquifer system, synthetic organic
contamination and salinity intrusion, is presented. The
recommended plan includes provisions for locating future
groundwater withdrawals away from stressed areas; developing
a surface water supply as part of a conjunctive use scheme;
and developing new well fields in the phreatic portions of
unstressed areas. The plan also contains a set of policy
recommendations aimed at addressing legal and institutional
problems. (GR)
*Taylor, L.E. Environmental Aspects of Water-Resources Planning
in England and Wales. Journal of Hydrology Vol. 51, nos.
1-4 (May, 1981): pp. 232-243.
The Water Resources Act of 1963 provides the framework
for the comprehensive management of water resources in England
and Wales. This paper discusses the resultant management
procedures which have facilitated consideration of regional
schemes including river regulation, inter-river transfers,
and freshwater storage in estuaries. The environmental
aspects of these representative regional schemes are discussed
with particular reference to a feasibility study of freshwater
storage in the wash. Multipurpose Regional Water Authorities
created in 1974 consider water resources schemes within a
framework of priorities for other water services. While it
is necessary to consult the public on alternative water
strategies, it is also necessary to ensure that resources are
developed in time to meet increasing demands. It is suggested
that environmental evaluation of water schemes is more appro-
priate for England and Wales than formalized environmental
impact assessment, which often results in the presentation
of extensive data, some of which is subjective and much of
which appears to be of doubtful use to planners. (WR)
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