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Risk Assessment,
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A Guide to Selected Sources
Third Update
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Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication

A Guide to Selected Sources:
Third Update: October 1987
          Office of Information
         Resources Management
               and
          Headquarters Library

     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

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                   CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 	    V
RISK ASSESSMENT 	    1
     GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 	    *
     ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 	t	    *
     QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND
        PHARMACOKINETICS 	    1
     METHODS OF ESTIMATING AND MEASURING
        RISK 	    2
     HEALTH RISKS 	    2
          GENERAL 	    *
          CANCER 	    3
          GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE
             EFFECTS 	    3
          NEUROTOXICITY 	    *
      CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT ..    4
      HAZARDOUS WASTE 	   11
      RADIATION 	   12
      ECOLOGICAL RISK 	   13
      CORPORATE RISK ASSESSMENT  	    *
      POLICY 	    *
      LEGAL ASPECTS 	    *
      USES OF RISK ASSESSMENT 	    *
      BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES ...    *
      EPA INFORMATION SYSTEMS INVENTORY ..    *
           OFFICE OF PESTICIDES PROGRAM ..    *
           OFFICE OF RADIATION RESEARCH ..    *
           OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND
              DEVELOPMENT 	    *

RISK MANAGEMENT 	   15
     GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 	    *
     POLICY 	    *
     LEGAL ASPECTS 	    *
     HEALTH RISKS 	    *
     CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT ...    *
     HAZARDOUS WASTE 	    *
     RADIATION 	    *
     ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 	   15
     CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT 	   16
     BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES ....    *
* Indicates that no references were found for
  this section.

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RISK COMMUNICATION	   19
     INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER 	   19
     INFORMING THE PUBLIC 	    *
     INFORMING THE WORKER 	   20

OTHER SOURCES 	    *
     ORGANIZATIONS 	    *
     MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES 	    *
     EDUCATION 	    *

APPENDIX A 	    *

EPA Regional Network for Risk Assessment/
    Risk Management 	   *

APPENDIX B 	    *

EPA LIBRARIES 	    *

APPENDIX C 	    *

DATABASES SEARCHED 	    *
                     11

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This third update to the Guide has been prepared
and reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).  Due to the rapidly expanding field
of risk information, EPA cannot guarantee that all
relevant sources are cited.  Publication does not
signify that the contents reflect the views of EPA
or that EPA endorses the coverage and scope of the
subject matter as comprehensive, complete, and
appropriate.
                     111

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****************************************************************

Due to funding limitations, we may have to restrict distribution
of future updates to Federal and State agencies only.  However,
copies may be obtained from NTIS.

****************************************************************
INTRODUCTION
     This third quarterly update to Risk Assessment.  Management,
Communication; A Guide to Selected Sources contains references
gathered from the following databases: Toxline, Conference
Papers Index, ENVIROLINE, National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS),
ABI Inform, and Legal Resource Index.  The citations  cover the
period of July 1987.   Beginning in January 1988,  updates  to the
Guide will be produced twice a year.

     The risk update series is subdivided into three  major
sections: Assessment, Management, and Communication.   Consult
the Table of Contents for the categories included in  each
major division.  The citations are arranged alphabetically
by title.  The Chemical Specific Risk Assessment and  Chemical
Specific Risk Management subsections are grouped by chemical
name.  Abstracts in the Assessment section have been  shortened
or eliminated if the content of the article is reflected in
the title.

     The EPA library network can assist EPA staff and EPA
contractors in obtaining materials.  Reference copies of the
Guide and its updates are available at all EPA libraries.
For those outside of EPA, the Guide and updates are available
through NTIS at the following address:

                 National Technical Information Service
                 5285 Port Royal Road
                 Springfield, VA  22161
                 703-487-4650

                 Guide:      PB87-185500
                 1st Update: PB87-203402/AS
                 2nd Update: PB88-100102

     Questions or comments concerning the Guide or updates
can be sent to:

                 Headquarters Library, PM-211A
                 Risk Update
                 U.S. EPA
                 401 M Street, S.W.
                 Washington, D.C.  20460

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                                                            RISK
                                               ASSESSMENT
                      ....  IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT  EVALUATES THE
                      POTENTIAL FOR OCCURRENCE OF ADVERSE  EFFECT.
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND PHARMACOKINETICS ....  includes
cinical and physiological pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism,
acceptable daily intake (ADI),  quantitative structure-activity
relationship (QSAR), dose-response relationship.
  Interspecies Dosimetry of Reactive Gases
  Miller,  F.  J.  ; Overton, J.  H.  ;  Gerrity, T. R. ;  Graham, R. C.
  Health Effects Research Lab.,  Research Triangle Park,  NC.
  Corp.  Source Codes: 048097000
  Sponsor:  Northrop Services,  Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC.
  Report NO.: EPA/600/D-87/105
  PB87-175824/XAB
  Mar 87   36p
  Prepared   in   cooperation  with Northrop  Services,  Inc.,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
  The development  of  dosimetry  models  that  can provide a
description  of the  uptake   and   distribution    of inhaled
compounds  throughout  the  body  and  the  availability  of  animal
toxicological    data  are  integral  components   for a  full
evaluation   of   potential    risks    associated    with   human
exposure.  Interspecies   dosimetric   comparisons    must   be
approached  using   a model conceptualization   that incorporates
the  major  factors  affecting  the  uptake  of  the  gas,  such  as
respiratory tract morphology,  route of  breathing, depth and rate
of  breathing,  physicochemical properties   of  the gas,  etc.
Modeling efforts  thus  far have  primarily   focused  on  ozone.
A   comparison  of  theoretical predictions of delivered dose of
ozone to  the lower respiratory tract    of    man   shows   good
agreement    with    dose    estimates   derived from  experimental
measurements.  Applications to   ozone  toxicological data in
animals  and  man  have been examined that incorporate the use of
dosimetry  models   in  studying  quantitative  dose-response
relationships.   (NTis)

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METHODS OF ESTIMATING AND MEASURING RISK
Lognormal model for health risk assessment of fluctuating
concentrations.
Saltzman BE
Am Ind Hva ASSOC J; VOL 48, ISS 2, 1987,  P140-9
Health risk assessments of exposures to harmful materials
increasingly are required because of legal and economic
pressures. An important part of the procedure is the mathematical
model for the dose-effects relationship.  If a linear no-threshold
relationship is assumed, then the mean of fluctuating
concentrations may be used for the calculation of health risk.
But the widely used PEL and TLV values assume a threshold
relationship. For this and for nonlinear relationships the
calculation with the use of the mean concentration is inaccurate,
because higher concentrations produce disproportionately higher
effects. An appropriate mathematical model based upon lognormal
concentrations and probit effects is proposed. Rather than
monitoring concentrations .for unlikely high values,  the method
requires estimation of their geometric mean and geometric
standard deviation. A health risk assessment than may be
calculated simply and conveniently from the charts and tables
provided. The method clarifies some issues and the specifics of
utilizing and improving the required data. The model should be
useful for assessing health risks from fluctuating concentrations
of most toxic compounds.   (NLM)
                           **********
HEALTH RISKS
CANCER .... includes carcinogenesis,  carcinogens,
carcinogenicity,   genetics,  epidemiology,   and  multi-media
exposure.
The need for biological risk assessment in reaching decisions about
carcinogens.
International Commission for Protection against Environmental
Mutagens and Carcinogens. ICPEMC publication No. 13.
Clayson DB
Mutat Res ', VOL 185, ISS 3, 1987, P243-69
The prudent assumption that carcinogen bioassays in rodents
predict for human carcinogenicity is examined. It is suggested
that in certain cases, as for example the induction of tumors
against a high incidence in controls, or in situations in which
high dose toxicity may be a critical factor in the induction of

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cancer, the probability that animal  bioassays predict for humans
may be low. The term 'biological risk assessment'  is introduced
to describe that part of risk assessment  concerned with the
relevance of specific animal results to the  induction of human
cancer. Biological risk assessment,  which is almost entirely
dependent on an understanding of carcinogenesis mechanisms, is an
important addition to present mathematical modeling used to
predict the effects of animal carcinogens that have been
demonstrated after high dose exposure, to the effects of the much
smaller doses to which humans are perceived  to be  exposed.
Evidence for the conclusions reached by biological risk
assessment may sometimes be supported by  a careful review of
human epidemiological data.   (NLM)
HEALTH RISKS
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS ....  includes
development and reproductive effects, embryo  and  fetal  effects,
fertility, exposure during pregnancy, teratogenicity, mutagenesis
and mutagenicity,  genetics and carcinogenesis,  and neoplasia.
  Issues in Risk Assessment in Male Reproductive  Toxicology
  (Journal article)
  Zenick, H. ; Clegg, E.  D.
  Environmental    Protection    Agency,     Washington,    DC.
Reproductive Effects Assessment Group.
  Corp. Source Codes: 031287602
  Report No.: EPA/600/J-86/291
  PB87-175303/XAB
  1986   13p
  Jnl. of the American College of Toxicology,  v5  n4  p249-
259 1986.
  Efforts   in   the   area   of risk assessment have concentrated
primarily on cancer   as    an  outcome.  However,  attention is now
being  directed  toward  the  development   of   strategies for
assessing  risk  to  other target  systems.   The  Reproductive
Effects   Assessment   Group   in   the   Office  of   Health  and
Environmental  Assessment,  U.S.  EPA,  is involved extensively  in
that  effort in  the areas of  developmental and  reproductive
toxicology and mutagenicity. This  group  is  currently preparing
risk assessment guidelines for the male and   female reproductive
systems. Some of the issues associated  with  hazard identification
and    dose-response     assessment     with    respect   to   male
reproductive toxicity are discussed.    (NLM)

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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RI
ASBESTOS
An asbestos hazard in the reprocessed textile industry.
Quinn MM ; Kriebel D ; Buiatti E ;  Paci E ;  Sini S ;  Vannucchi G
; Zappa M
Am J Ind Med; VOL 11, ISS 3, 1987,  P255-66
Epidemiologic studies have identified an excess risk  of  lung
cancer and mesothelioma among workers in the reprocessed textile
industry in Prato, Italy. These studies suggested that there may
have been asbestos hazard in this industry although exposure was
not known to exist. An industrial hygiene investigation was
conducted to determine whether there was previous or  current
asbestos exposure in the industry.  Walk-through surveys,
environmental sampling, process documentation, and management and
worker interviews were conducted in 13 textile reprocessing
establishments. Polypropylene bags that once contained asbestos
were found in 2 of the 13. Asbestos bags were cut open and used
to cover bales of rags which were then distributed throughout the
world. Workers were exposed to asbestos while handling the bags
which were contaminated with chrysotile, amosite, and
crocidolite. Additional sources of asbestos exposure  that may
have existed in the past in the industry are also discussed.
(NTIS)
DIOXIN
A critical evaluation of the use of mutagenesis, carcinogenesis,
and tumor promotion data in a cancer risk assessment of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Shu HP ; Paustenbach DJ ; Murray FJ
Reaul Toxicol Pharmacol; VOL 7, ISS 1, 1987, P57-88
Regulatory agencies in the Western Hemisphere are currently
assessing the potential human health risks of environmental
contamination by 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).  Some
U.S. agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have assumed that TCDD
behaves as a tumor initiator in animals and have used linear
low-dose mathematical extrapolation models for estimating any
human risk. In contrast, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment,
the State Institute of National Health of The Netherlands, and
Federal Environmental Agency of the Federal Republic of
Germany have concluded that TCDD does not have initiator
activity; these agencies have advocated a risk extrapolation
approach which applies a safety factor to a no-observable-effect

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level. Estimations of the potential risk obtained by these two
approaches can differ by three to four orders of magnitude and
have a major impact on the allocation of resources within the
affected countries. This paper critically reviews the TCDD
bacterial, animal, and human data on mutagenesis, carcinogenesis,
and tumor promotion and concludes that the scientific evidence
does not support risk estimations which are based on TCDD as a
tumor initiator. Rather, the animal data overwhelmingly support
TCDD as a tumor promoter. Risk estimations which incorporate
tumor promotion activity more accurately reflect the scientific
understanding of TCDD's mechanism of action and provide better
estimates of its risk.   (NLM)
Quantitative cancer risk assessments for
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
Sielken RL Jr
Food Chem Toxicol: VOL 25, ISS 3, 1987, P257-67
State-of-the-art quantitative risk assessment techniques,
including consideration of new time-to-response data, have been
applied to chronic animal bioassay data on the dietary intake of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).  The non-linear shapes
of the dose-response relationships for the hepatocellular
carcinogenic responses have been estimated,  and a review of the
quantitative impacts of several of the choices involved in the
quantitative risk assessment considers, particularly, the
definition of the carcinogenic responses of concern, the
experimental data set, the pathology evaluation, a biologically
effective dose scale versus the administered dose, methods of
making the fitted model responsive to the data at the lower
experimental doses, consistency in dose-response shapes for
different data sets, fitted model values versus bounds, the
utilization of time-to-response information incorporating the
lateness of the carcinogenic responses, and the method of
characterizing the maximum acceptable dose.  The estimated
virtually safe dose for an increase of 0.000001 (one in a
million) in the probability of hepatocellular neoplastic nodule
and/or carcinoma in a female rat is approximately 0.1 ng/kg body
weight/day in the diet. The estimated mean free dose,
corresponding to a reduction in the expected amount of time
without hepatocellular neoplastic nodule and/or carcinoma
proportional to 1 wk in 70 yr, is in the range of 1-5 ng/kg body
weight/day in the diet of a female rat. No species-to-species
extrapolations nor human exposure assessments have been made.
However, these estimated risks correspond to dietary intakes that
are at least 150 times greater than the 0.0006365 ng/kg body
weight/day intake described by the Centers for Disease Control as
a reasonable level to begin consideration of action to limit
human exposure.   (NLM)

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NITROGEN DIOXIDE
  REVIEW   OF   THE   U.S.  CONSUMER PRODUCT  SAFETY COMMISSION'S
HEALTH  EFFECTS AND  EXPOSURE  ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTS ON  NITROGEN
DIOXIDE,
  EPA REPORT SAB-CASAC-86-021, MAY 86 (36)
  FED   GOVT   REPORT      THE   NITROGEN  DIOXIDE   HEALTH EFFECTS
AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT  DOCUMENTS  OF  THE U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT
SAFETY  COMMISSION  WERE  REVIEWED    BY   EPA'S    CLEAN    AIR
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY  COMMITTEE.  PRELIMINARY  EVIDENCE    FROM
EPIDEMIOLOGIC  AND  RELATED INDOOR  AIR POLLUTION MONITORING
STUDIES  SUGGEST  THAT  REPEATED PEAK EXPOSURES OF 0.3 PPM OF N02
MAY CAUSE HEALTH   EFFECTS  IN  SOME   INDIVIDUALS  AND RAISES THE
POSSIBILITY THAT SUCH EFFECTS  MAY   OCCUR  AT   LEVELS  AS  LOW AS
0.1 PPM. GROUPS THAT APPEAR TO BE MOST   SENSITIVE   TO  EXPOSURES
INCLUDE  CHLIDREN,   ASTHMATICS,  AND CHRONIC  BRONCHITICS.   HUMAN
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES SUGGEST  THAT  EXPOSURE  TO NO2 MAY  LEAD  TO
INCREASED  RESPIRATORY ILLNESS RATES AMONG CHILDREN. HOWEVER, THE
MOST  DIRECT  EVIDENCE  REGARDING  LUNG DAMAGE  ASSOCIATED  WITH N02
IS OBTAINED FROM ANIMAL STUDIES.     (ENVL)
URANIUM
Quantitative risk assessment of lung cancer in U.S. uranium
miners.
Hornung RW ; Meinhardt TJ
Health Phys; VOL 52, ISS 4, 1987, P417-30
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
has recently updated the vital status of the U.S. cohort of U
miners through the end of 1982. This represents 69 additional
lung cancer deaths since the last published follow-up through
1977. This more recent data was used to generate quantitative
risk estimates of lung cancer after exposure to Rn daughters.
Relative risks were estimated through use of the Cox proportional
hazards model with an internal referent group. Results indicated
that the exposure-response relationship was a slightly convex
curve, predicting excess relative risks between 0.9 and 1.4 per
100 working level months (WLM) in the lower cumulative exposure
range. Other findings of interest include a significant
exposure-rate effect with low exposure rates more harmful per
unit of cumulative exposure (WLM).  Two temporal effects which
modify relative risk estimates were also found. Relative risk
increased with age at initial exposure to underground U mining.
However, relative risk of lung cancer fell dramatically in the:
years following cessation of exposure.   (NLM)

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VINYL CHLORIDE
A scientific basis for the risk assessment  of vinyl chloride.
Developed jointly by the members of  the  Committee on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Substances, National Health Council of
The Netherlands.
Reaul Toxicol Pharmacol: VOL 7, ISS  1, 1987, P120-7
In July 1984 the Minister of Welfare, Public Health and Culture,
representing the Dutch government, sent  a request to the Health
Council of The Netherlands to advise on  the health risks
presented by environmental exposure  to several carcinogenic
substances.  One of these substances  was  vinyl chloride  (VC). On
the basis of a working document prepared by the National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene, a committee
of the Health Council of The Netherlands prepared a report
concerning a health risk assessment  of VC which was published in
May 1986. A short review is presented of the available data and
the considerations that formed the basis for the risk assessment
of the carcinogenicity of VC to humans.  The advice was based
mainly on human data from epidemiological studies of workers
occupationally exposed to VC. The committee concludes that
continuous exposure to 0.001 mg/m3 VC corresponds to an
additional cancer mortality risk of  10(-6)  per lifetime. The
Dutch government considers this additional  risk to the general
population to be acceptable.   (NLM)
GENERAL
Environmental  Protection   Agency.  Office   of   Research  and
Development.  Office  of Health  and Environmental  Assessment.
Health Assessment Documents:

l.  Asbestos Health Assessment Update.
    PB86-242864
    EPA 600/8-84-003F

2.  Carcinogen Assessment of  Coke Oven  Emissions.
    PB84-170182
    EPA 600/6-82-003F

3. Updated Mutagenicity  and Carcinogenicity  Assessment  of
    Cadmium.
    PB85-243533
    EPA 600/8-83-025F

4.  Acetaldehyde.
    First External Review Draft
    EPA 600/8-86/015A

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5.  Acrolein.
    First External Review Draft
    PB87-139960
    EPA 600/8-86/014A

6.  Acrylonitrile.
    PB84-149152
    EPA 600/8-82-007F

7.  Beryllium.
    Second External Review Draft
    PB86-183944
    EPA 600/8-84-026B

8.  Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Assessment of
    1,3-Butadiene.
    PB86-125507
    EPA 600/8-85-004F

9.  Cadmium.
    PB82-115163
    EPA 600/8-81-023

10. Carbon Tetrachloride.
    PB85-124196
    EPA 600/8-82-001F

11. Chlorinated Benzenes.
    PB85-150332
    EPA 600/8-84-015F

12. Chloroform (2 Parts).
    PB86-105004
    EPA 600/84-004F

13. Chromium.
    PB85-115905
    EPA 600/8-83-014F

14. Dichloromethane (Methyl Chloride).
    PB85-191559
    EPA 600/8-82-004F
    Addendum: EPA 600/8-82-004FA
    Addendum: PB86-123742
              EPA 600/8-82-004FF

15. Epichlorohydrin.
    PB85-132363
    EPA 600/8-83-032F

16. Ethylene Dichloride  (2 Parts).
    PB86-122702
    EPA 600/8-84-006F

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17. Ethylene Oxide.
    PB86-102597
    EPA 600/8-84-009F

18. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene.
    PB85-124915
    EPA 600/8-84-001F

19. Hydrogen Sulfide.
    PB87-117420
    EPA 600/8-86-026A

20. Inorganic Arsenic.
    PB84-190891
    EPA 600/8-83-021F

21. Manganese (Parts 1 and 2).
    PB84-229954
    EPA 600/8-83-013F

22. Nickel.
    PB86-232212
    EPA 600/8-83-012FF

23. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins
    PB86-122546
    EPA 600/8-84-014F

24. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-Furans.
    First External Review Draft
    PB86-221256
    EPA 600/8-86/018A

25. Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM).
    Preprint
    PB82-186792
    EPA 600/8-79-008

26. Phosgene.
    PB87-147039
    EPA 600/8-86/022A

27. Tetrachloroethylene.
    PB85-249704
    EPA 600/8-82-005F
    Addendum: PB86-174489
              EPA 600/8-82-005FA

28. Toluene.
    PB84-100056
    EPA 600/8-82-008F

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29.  Trichloroethylene
    PB85-249696
    EPA 600/8-82-006F

30.  1,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-triflouroethane
    PB84-118843
    EPA 600/8-82-002F

31.  1,1,1-Trichloroethane Methyl Choroform.
    PB84-183565
    EPA 600/8-82-003F

32.  Vinylidene Chloride.
    PB86-100641
    EPA 600/8-83-031F

33.  Revised Evaluation of Health Effects Associated
    with Carbon  Monoxide.
    PB85-103471
    EPA 600/8-83-026F

34.  Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation.
    PB85-120848
    EPA 600/8-83-026F

35.   Health  Issue  Assessments  are  initial  reviews  of  the
     scientific  literature  concerning  the  health  effects
     associated  with a given chemical  or class of  chemical
     substances.

    Mercury Health  Effects Update.
    PB85-123925
    EPA 600/8-84-019F

    Summary Review  of the Health Effects Associated
    with Chloroprene.
    PB86-197662
    EPA 600/8-85-011F

    Summary Review  of the Health Effects Associated
    with Copper.
    PB87-137733
    EPA 600/8-87/001

    Summary Review  of the Health Effects Associated
    with Phenol.
    PB86-178076
    EPA 600/8-86-003F

    Summary Review  of the Health Effects Associated
    with Propylene  Oxide.
    EPA 600/8-86/007F
                           10

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  Topical  Report  on  the Meeting of the Gas Research Institute
Indoor  Air Quality  Research Advisory  Committee.   Final  Report
February 11-13, 1986
  Coerr, S. ;  Johnson,  D.  O.
  Gas Research Inst.,  Chicago,  IL.
  Report NO.:  GRI-87/0015
  PB87-185187/XAB
  Feb 86   85p
  The document  presents  the conclusions and  recommendations of
the February  1986   meeting  of   the   Gas  Research Institute's
(GRI's)  Indoor Air Quality Research Advisory Committee, which was
formed to provide advice on research results  to date as well as
on  the  emphasis  and  direction  of  the GRI  Indoor  Air  Quality
Research Program.  Conclusions  and  recommendations  are presented
on   possible    health  effects  issues,  exposure  studies,  risk
assessment, and mitigation.  Attachments  provide   an  overview
of  the  GRI  program  and summarize  contractor presentations.
(NTIS)
                           **********
HAZARDOUS WASTE
  Estimating Population  at Risk  from  Release  of  Hazardous
Materials
  Hillsman, E.  L.
  Oak Ridge National Lab.,  TN.
  Corp. Source Codes: 021310000;  4832000
  Sponsor: Department of Energy,  Washington, DC.
  Report NO.: CONF-8610237-1
  DE87002813/XAB
  1986   21p
  Joint   seminar   University   of    Wisconsin/Wisconsin   State
Department of Natural Resources,  Madison,  WI, USA,  24 Oct 1986.
  Portions of this document are  illegible  in microfiche products.
  Contract No.:  AC05-840R21400
  A  preliminary  health  and  environmental  assessment  of the
effects of alternative  strategies  for  destroying a portion of
the nation's  chemical weapons   stockpile   (M55   rockets)   is
provided. This assessment considered options  for   continuing  to
store    these  munitions,  for  using  a  specially  designed
incineration  process  to destroy them at  the five  continental US
locations and on the Johnston Atoll  in the Pacific  where they are
currently stored,  and for transporting some of the  munitions from
their  storage  sites  to    other  storage   sites  for destruction.
Although  the  assessment   considered  potential  impacts  on
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as  well as on human  systems,
the risk to human health from transportation operations was to be
the   primary consideration for  choosing  among the  various
alternatives and,  if   any   munitions were  to be moved,  among
alternative transportation  modes to   use for  each  origin-


                           11

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destination pair. Several measures of risk to human health  were
to be  computed,  but all  required information on  the  number of
persons  at  risk  from  the  various  alternatives. 12 refs., 7
figs. (ERA citation 12:019079)     (NTIS)
                           **********
RADIATION
  Waste-Acceptance Criteria for  Greater-Confinement Disposal
  Gilbert, T.  L.  ; Meshkov, N. K.
  Argonne National Lab.,  IL.
  Sponsor: Department of  Energy, Washington, DC.
  Report NO.:  CONF-860990-14
  DE87004672/XAB
  1986   16p
  Annual  participants'   information  meeting   of  the  DOE Low-
Level Waste Management Program,  Denver, CO, USA,  22 Sep 1986.
  Contract No.:  W-31109-ENG-38
  A   methodology  for  establishing  waste-acceptance  criteria
based    on quantitative     performance     factors      that
characterize  the  confinement capabilities  of a waste-disposal
site and facility has been developed.  The methodology starts from
the basic  objective  of protecting  public  health and  safety by
providing assurance that  dispsoal  of the waste will not result in
a  radiation  dose to any member of  the general public, in either
the short or  long  term,  in excess of an established basic dose
limit. The method is based  on an explicit, straightforward, and
quantitative  relationship among individual  risk, confinement
capabilities,  and  waste  characteristics.  A key  aspect    of the
methodology is  the  introduction  of  a  confinement  factor  that
characterizes    the    overall  confinement   capability  of  a
particular  facility  and   can    be   used   for   quantitative
assessments  of   the   performance of  different  disposal  sites
and   facilities,   as  well  as  for  establishing site-specific
waste-acceptance  criteria.  Confinement factors  are  derived by
means  of  site-specific   pathway analyses. They make possible a
direct and  simple  conversion   of   a   basic  dose  limit  into
waste-acceptance criteria, specified  as  concentration limits on
radionuclides  in  the  waste  streams  and   expressed      in
quantitative    form   as   a   function    of   parameters   that
characterize  the   site,  facility design,  waste containers, and
waste  form.  Waste-acceptance   criteria    can    be   represented
visually as activity/time  plots   for   various   waste  streams.
These plots show the concentrations of radionuclides  in a waste
stream as  a  function of  time and  permit  a visual, quantitative
assessment  of    long-term   performance,   relative   risks  from
different   radionuclides   in    the   waste   stream,    and
contributions  from ingrowth.  13 refs.  (ERA citation 12:017870)
(NTIS)
                           12

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ECOLOGICAL RISKS
  Toxicokinetic   Modeling   of   (14)C-Pentachlorophenol  in  the
Rainbow Trout ('Salmo gairdneri)
  (Journal article)
  McKim, J. M. ; Schmieder, P. K. ; Erickson, R. J.
  Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
  Report NO.: EPA/600/J-86/295
  PB87-176434/XAB
  1986   24p
  Aquatic Toxicology, v9 p59-80 1986.
  An   in   vivo trout model was  used to monito  the  major routes
and rates of pentachlorophenol  uptake  and elimination. A first-
order kinetic model  and  observed  data  were   used   to generate
fitted and predicted rate constants required  for  evaluation  of
first-order   kinetic. The fitted  first-order  uptake-depuration
curves  for  all  experimental animals agreed with those observed
suggesting  first-order  kinetics  approximated  the  behavior of
whole-body (14)C-pentachlorophenol (PCP) burden.    (NTIS)
                           13

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                                                             RISK
                                            MANAGEMENT
                        ....  DESCRIBES  REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING
                        PROCESSES TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
HAZARDOUS WASTE
  Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Wastes
  Ng,  A.  S.  ; Rose, C. M.  ;  Torpy, M. F.
  Argonne National Lab., IL.
  Corp.  Source Codes: 001960000; 0448000
  Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
  Report NO.: CONF-860965-1
  DE87004673/XAB
  1986   5p
  National conference on  anaerobic  digestion  of  industrial
wastes,  Chicago, IL, USA,  10 Sep 1986.
  Paper  copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
  Contract No.: W-31109-ENG-38
  Interest  in  anaerobic  biotechnology   for  the  treatment of
industrial wastes   has grown considerably.  Anaerobic biological
waste  treatment  offers advantages over aerobic systems  in terms
of lower energy requirements,  less biological  sludge production,
and the  potential  for energy recovery  in  the  form   of   methane
gas. The development of innovative reactor designs, based on  the
optimization     of   growth  and   retention   of  anaerobic
microorganisms, has    created  an   impetus    to  reevaluate  the
anaerobic treatability of many industrial  waste  streams.   Data
are presented to  illustrate the potential applicability   of
anaerobic digestion  for  the treatment of  a wide  array  of
industrial     process-waste    streams,     particularly   those
process-wastes  originating   from   the    Organic  Chemical
Production Industry.  (ERA citation 12:018454)    (NTIS)
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .... includes cost/benefit,  cost/effectiveness.
  Introduction  to  Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Risk: Reduction
Measures in  Energy Systems
  International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria).
                          15

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  Corp. Source Codes:  014014000;  3294000
  Report NO.:  IAEA-TECDOC-383
  DE87701286/XAB
  Jul 86   70p
  U.S. Sales Only.
The aim of this report is to introduce  readers to methods  of
cost-effectiveness   analysis  and   their   application  in   risk
reduction, especially     in    connection   with   the    energy-
producing  industries.  The  background  to   the  assessment  of
risk  and  the problems  in  estimating  it  quantitatively  are
outlined. The methodology of cost-effectiveness  analysis is   then
described,  particular  attention being given to the way in which
results   are   derived and the overall use that can  be  made of
them.  This   is  followed  by  a  discussion   of  quantitative
applications and an outline of the methods  that  may be  used to
derive estimates both of risk and the cost of reducing  it.  The
use of cost-effectiveness analysis is illustrated in an appendix,
which gives as a worked example a case study on the reduction of
public risk  associated with  radioactive  releases  during normal
operation of a  PWR.   After  drawing some  general conclusions the
report recommends that  such  analyses  should  normally  be  used as
an aid  to risk management  whenever several    alternative   risk
reduction  measures are under consideration.  36  refs,  28 figs, 14
tabs. (Atomindex citation 18:002962)    (NTIS)
  Reward systems and risk analysis
  Garibaldi, C.A.
  Amoco, Argentina Oil Co.
  SPE Hydrocarbon  Economics  and Evaluation Symposium     8710065
Dallas, TX (USA)   2-3 Mar 1987
  Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
  Society  of   Petroleum  Engineers, Bookorder Department,  P.O.
Box  833836,  Richardson,  TX  75083-3836  (USA),  Price:   Domestic
$24.00  (includes  postage);  foreign  $24.00  (plus  postage)  Paper
No. SPE-16314   (CPI)
                           **********
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT
   Risk Analysis: Why Don't Insurers Use Risk Analysis?
   Baram, Michael
   National   Underwriter  (Property/Casualty/Employee  Benefits)
v91n24  PP: 15-17  Jun 15,  1987

   If  insurers  could better predict industrial risks to health,
property,  and  the  environment  and  then  forecast  potential
liability and other losses, coverage  could  be better priced and
more carefully  placed.  Contract terms  and   insurance   products


                           16

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could  be  written  more  carefully. Consequently, losses would be
reduced,  and despite  variable  interest rates,  the insurance
market  could  be  restored. Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) is
available for  insurers  to  predict   risks.   PRA   is  a process
that involves:  1.  an assessment   of a particular activity for its
hazardous features and failure ''pathways,*'   2.   estimation  of
the    likelihood   and   magnitude   of  such  failures,    3.
determination of  the  persons,  property  interests,  or  natural
resources  that  would be  exposed  to  estimated  failures,  4.
evaluation of the harmful implications  of this exposure, and 5.
use of statistical analysis  and judgment to  estimate probability
of occurrence and the confidence  level of the estimates.    (ABI)
                          17

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                                                           Risk
                                        COMMUNICATION
                        ....  THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING AN
                        AUDIENCE TO MAKE BETTER PERSONAL AND SOCIETAL
                        DECISIONS REGARDING  RISK.
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
   Environment/Energy: Looking for Co-Communication
   Harrison, E. Bruce
   Public   Relations  Jrnl  v43n6  PP:  5-6  Jun 1987

   Companies   across the US  have started  forming  noncommercial
partnerships with  outside  groups.   These  partnerships, called
community  right-to-know programs,   are  the law, set up by 1986
amendments to Superfund. Firms that handle  chemicals   classified
as    hazardous   by  the   Occupational  Safety   and  Health
Administration   are  required  to  give technical information  on
those chemicals  to a special local  emergency  planning  committee
in  the  community,  the   local   fire   department,    and   an
emergency  response commission in the state.  Companies   that deal
with chemicals on  the Environmental Protection Agency   list  of
402   extremely    hazardous   chemicals    must tell  the  state
emergency   response  commission  if amounts of  those chemicals  in
excess of  a threshold  planning quantity  are  to be handled.  In
addition,  these  companies  must    identify    an  emergency
coordinator in the  facility  who  will work with  the      local
emergency    planning     committee.     Essentially,     community
right-to-know  requires  a  firm to  prepare  a crisis-communication
plan and to be ready to carry it out on a recurring basis.
(ABI)
Privacy  rights:     whose   life   is   it   anyway?   employees
concerned with preserving  their  privacy  are wondering about the
limits of a company's right to know.
 Cook, Suzanne H.
 Personnel  Administrator  32:58-60+ Ap  '87

 Employees'    legal   rights   to  privacy   in  the  public  and
private  sectors;  business  safeguards  for  employees  and  for
organizational liability.    (PAIS)
                          19

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"Right-to-know" rulings threaten regulatory framework.
 Susser, Peter A.
 Labor Lav Journal   38  n5  297-303  May  1987   (LRI)
INFORMING THE WORKER
Chemical   hazard   disclosure   obligations:   all  manufacturing
employers are  now obligated to  identify hazardous chemicals  in
their work places and to provide employees with information about
them.
 Susser, Peter A.
 Employment Relations Today  13:301-8 Winter '86/>87
 Requirements   of   the   Hazard  Communication  Standard,,  first
promulgated  in  1983 by the  U.S.  Occupational Safety and  Health
Administration.   (PAIS)
Hazard  warnings  ordered extended for  all employees.  (United
Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO-CLC v.  Pendergrass)
 Pennsylvania Lav Journal-Reporter   vlO  pi  June 8   1987
 col 3  017 col in.
 DESCRIPTORS:  Right  to know (Hazardous substances)—litigation;
Hazardous
    substances—labeling    (LRI)
A program of poison center services to business and industry.
Krenzelok EP ; Dean BS
Vet Hum Toxicol ;  VOL 29, ISS 2, 1987,  P172-3
Poison information centers have been developed to serve the
poison information, treatment, and prevention education needs  of
the residents within their regions. These services are generally
provided and funded by hospital-based centers.  A limited number
of centers receive local and state government financial support.
In general poison information centers are nonrevenue-generating
and rely upon these sources of fiscal support.  As cost
containment vithin the health care industry becomes more
critical, poison centers are falling victims to budget cuts and
even being eradicated in the interest of saving money. The
private sector has provided grants to poison centers,  but this
represents a short term solution to a long term problem—the need
for consistent funding. Business and industry have been
overlooked as a source of potential revenue. Our poison center
has developed an extensive program of services for the private
sector. These include providing 24-hour-a-day poison information
service on their behalf; developing a workers'  right-to-know
                           20

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program; identifying epidemiologic trends with their products,
preparing exposure reports; etc.  These services are provided for
a specific fee which is determined by anticipated call volume,
number of products to be included, medical and legal liability,
etc. By providing services to the private sector, we have reduced
the financial liability of our poison center by over 25%.   (NLM)
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