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Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication
A Guide to Selected Sources
Third Update
COMMUNICATION
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Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication
A Guide to Selected Sources:
Third Update: October 1987
Office of Information
Resources Management
and
Headquarters Library
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION V
RISK ASSESSMENT 1
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE *
ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES t *
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND
PHARMACOKINETICS 1
METHODS OF ESTIMATING AND MEASURING
RISK 2
HEALTH RISKS 2
GENERAL *
CANCER 3
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE
EFFECTS 3
NEUROTOXICITY *
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT .. 4
HAZARDOUS WASTE 11
RADIATION 12
ECOLOGICAL RISK 13
CORPORATE RISK ASSESSMENT *
POLICY *
LEGAL ASPECTS *
USES OF RISK ASSESSMENT *
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES ... *
EPA INFORMATION SYSTEMS INVENTORY .. *
OFFICE OF PESTICIDES PROGRAM .. *
OFFICE OF RADIATION RESEARCH .. *
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT *
RISK MANAGEMENT 15
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE *
POLICY *
LEGAL ASPECTS *
HEALTH RISKS *
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT ... *
HAZARDOUS WASTE *
RADIATION *
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 15
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT 16
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES .... *
* Indicates that no references were found for
this section.
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RISK COMMUNICATION 19
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER 19
INFORMING THE PUBLIC *
INFORMING THE WORKER 20
OTHER SOURCES *
ORGANIZATIONS *
MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES *
EDUCATION *
APPENDIX A *
EPA Regional Network for Risk Assessment/
Risk Management *
APPENDIX B *
EPA LIBRARIES *
APPENDIX C *
DATABASES SEARCHED *
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This third update to the Guide has been prepared
and reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). Due to the rapidly expanding field
of risk information, EPA cannot guarantee that all
relevant sources are cited. Publication does not
signify that the contents reflect the views of EPA
or that EPA endorses the coverage and scope of the
subject matter as comprehensive, complete, and
appropriate.
111
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Due to funding limitations, we may have to restrict distribution
of future updates to Federal and State agencies only. However,
copies may be obtained from NTIS.
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INTRODUCTION
This third quarterly update to Risk Assessment. Management,
Communication; A Guide to Selected Sources contains references
gathered from the following databases: Toxline, Conference
Papers Index, ENVIROLINE, National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS),
ABI Inform, and Legal Resource Index. The citations cover the
period of July 1987. Beginning in January 1988, updates to the
Guide will be produced twice a year.
The risk update series is subdivided into three major
sections: Assessment, Management, and Communication. Consult
the Table of Contents for the categories included in each
major division. The citations are arranged alphabetically
by title. The Chemical Specific Risk Assessment and Chemical
Specific Risk Management subsections are grouped by chemical
name. Abstracts in the Assessment section have been shortened
or eliminated if the content of the article is reflected in
the title.
The EPA library network can assist EPA staff and EPA
contractors in obtaining materials. Reference copies of the
Guide and its updates are available at all EPA libraries.
For those outside of EPA, the Guide and updates are available
through NTIS at the following address:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
703-487-4650
Guide: PB87-185500
1st Update: PB87-203402/AS
2nd Update: PB88-100102
Questions or comments concerning the Guide or updates
can be sent to:
Headquarters Library, PM-211A
Risk Update
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
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RISK
ASSESSMENT
.... IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT EVALUATES THE
POTENTIAL FOR OCCURRENCE OF ADVERSE EFFECT.
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND PHARMACOKINETICS .... includes
cinical and physiological pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism,
acceptable daily intake (ADI), quantitative structure-activity
relationship (QSAR), dose-response relationship.
Interspecies Dosimetry of Reactive Gases
Miller, F. J. ; Overton, J. H. ; Gerrity, T. R. ; Graham, R. C.
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 048097000
Sponsor: Northrop Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Report NO.: EPA/600/D-87/105
PB87-175824/XAB
Mar 87 36p
Prepared in cooperation with Northrop Services, Inc.,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
The development of dosimetry models that can provide a
description of the uptake and distribution of inhaled
compounds throughout the body and the availability of animal
toxicological data are integral components for a full
evaluation of potential risks associated with human
exposure. Interspecies dosimetric comparisons must be
approached using a model conceptualization that incorporates
the major factors affecting the uptake of the gas, such as
respiratory tract morphology, route of breathing, depth and rate
of breathing, physicochemical properties of the gas, etc.
Modeling efforts thus far have primarily focused on ozone.
A comparison of theoretical predictions of delivered dose of
ozone to the lower respiratory tract of man shows good
agreement with dose estimates derived from experimental
measurements. Applications to ozone toxicological data in
animals and man have been examined that incorporate the use of
dosimetry models in studying quantitative dose-response
relationships. (NTis)
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METHODS OF ESTIMATING AND MEASURING RISK
Lognormal model for health risk assessment of fluctuating
concentrations.
Saltzman BE
Am Ind Hva ASSOC J; VOL 48, ISS 2, 1987, P140-9
Health risk assessments of exposures to harmful materials
increasingly are required because of legal and economic
pressures. An important part of the procedure is the mathematical
model for the dose-effects relationship. If a linear no-threshold
relationship is assumed, then the mean of fluctuating
concentrations may be used for the calculation of health risk.
But the widely used PEL and TLV values assume a threshold
relationship. For this and for nonlinear relationships the
calculation with the use of the mean concentration is inaccurate,
because higher concentrations produce disproportionately higher
effects. An appropriate mathematical model based upon lognormal
concentrations and probit effects is proposed. Rather than
monitoring concentrations .for unlikely high values, the method
requires estimation of their geometric mean and geometric
standard deviation. A health risk assessment than may be
calculated simply and conveniently from the charts and tables
provided. The method clarifies some issues and the specifics of
utilizing and improving the required data. The model should be
useful for assessing health risks from fluctuating concentrations
of most toxic compounds. (NLM)
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HEALTH RISKS
CANCER .... includes carcinogenesis, carcinogens,
carcinogenicity, genetics, epidemiology, and multi-media
exposure.
The need for biological risk assessment in reaching decisions about
carcinogens.
International Commission for Protection against Environmental
Mutagens and Carcinogens. ICPEMC publication No. 13.
Clayson DB
Mutat Res ', VOL 185, ISS 3, 1987, P243-69
The prudent assumption that carcinogen bioassays in rodents
predict for human carcinogenicity is examined. It is suggested
that in certain cases, as for example the induction of tumors
against a high incidence in controls, or in situations in which
high dose toxicity may be a critical factor in the induction of
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cancer, the probability that animal bioassays predict for humans
may be low. The term 'biological risk assessment' is introduced
to describe that part of risk assessment concerned with the
relevance of specific animal results to the induction of human
cancer. Biological risk assessment, which is almost entirely
dependent on an understanding of carcinogenesis mechanisms, is an
important addition to present mathematical modeling used to
predict the effects of animal carcinogens that have been
demonstrated after high dose exposure, to the effects of the much
smaller doses to which humans are perceived to be exposed.
Evidence for the conclusions reached by biological risk
assessment may sometimes be supported by a careful review of
human epidemiological data. (NLM)
HEALTH RISKS
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS .... includes
development and reproductive effects, embryo and fetal effects,
fertility, exposure during pregnancy, teratogenicity, mutagenesis
and mutagenicity, genetics and carcinogenesis, and neoplasia.
Issues in Risk Assessment in Male Reproductive Toxicology
(Journal article)
Zenick, H. ; Clegg, E. D.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Reproductive Effects Assessment Group.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287602
Report No.: EPA/600/J-86/291
PB87-175303/XAB
1986 13p
Jnl. of the American College of Toxicology, v5 n4 p249-
259 1986.
Efforts in the area of risk assessment have concentrated
primarily on cancer as an outcome. However, attention is now
being directed toward the development of strategies for
assessing risk to other target systems. The Reproductive
Effects Assessment Group in the Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, is involved extensively in
that effort in the areas of developmental and reproductive
toxicology and mutagenicity. This group is currently preparing
risk assessment guidelines for the male and female reproductive
systems. Some of the issues associated with hazard identification
and dose-response assessment with respect to male
reproductive toxicity are discussed. (NLM)
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RI
ASBESTOS
An asbestos hazard in the reprocessed textile industry.
Quinn MM ; Kriebel D ; Buiatti E ; Paci E ; Sini S ; Vannucchi G
; Zappa M
Am J Ind Med; VOL 11, ISS 3, 1987, P255-66
Epidemiologic studies have identified an excess risk of lung
cancer and mesothelioma among workers in the reprocessed textile
industry in Prato, Italy. These studies suggested that there may
have been asbestos hazard in this industry although exposure was
not known to exist. An industrial hygiene investigation was
conducted to determine whether there was previous or current
asbestos exposure in the industry. Walk-through surveys,
environmental sampling, process documentation, and management and
worker interviews were conducted in 13 textile reprocessing
establishments. Polypropylene bags that once contained asbestos
were found in 2 of the 13. Asbestos bags were cut open and used
to cover bales of rags which were then distributed throughout the
world. Workers were exposed to asbestos while handling the bags
which were contaminated with chrysotile, amosite, and
crocidolite. Additional sources of asbestos exposure that may
have existed in the past in the industry are also discussed.
(NTIS)
DIOXIN
A critical evaluation of the use of mutagenesis, carcinogenesis,
and tumor promotion data in a cancer risk assessment of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Shu HP ; Paustenbach DJ ; Murray FJ
Reaul Toxicol Pharmacol; VOL 7, ISS 1, 1987, P57-88
Regulatory agencies in the Western Hemisphere are currently
assessing the potential human health risks of environmental
contamination by 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Some
U.S. agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have assumed that TCDD
behaves as a tumor initiator in animals and have used linear
low-dose mathematical extrapolation models for estimating any
human risk. In contrast, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment,
the State Institute of National Health of The Netherlands, and
Federal Environmental Agency of the Federal Republic of
Germany have concluded that TCDD does not have initiator
activity; these agencies have advocated a risk extrapolation
approach which applies a safety factor to a no-observable-effect
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level. Estimations of the potential risk obtained by these two
approaches can differ by three to four orders of magnitude and
have a major impact on the allocation of resources within the
affected countries. This paper critically reviews the TCDD
bacterial, animal, and human data on mutagenesis, carcinogenesis,
and tumor promotion and concludes that the scientific evidence
does not support risk estimations which are based on TCDD as a
tumor initiator. Rather, the animal data overwhelmingly support
TCDD as a tumor promoter. Risk estimations which incorporate
tumor promotion activity more accurately reflect the scientific
understanding of TCDD's mechanism of action and provide better
estimates of its risk. (NLM)
Quantitative cancer risk assessments for
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
Sielken RL Jr
Food Chem Toxicol: VOL 25, ISS 3, 1987, P257-67
State-of-the-art quantitative risk assessment techniques,
including consideration of new time-to-response data, have been
applied to chronic animal bioassay data on the dietary intake of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The non-linear shapes
of the dose-response relationships for the hepatocellular
carcinogenic responses have been estimated, and a review of the
quantitative impacts of several of the choices involved in the
quantitative risk assessment considers, particularly, the
definition of the carcinogenic responses of concern, the
experimental data set, the pathology evaluation, a biologically
effective dose scale versus the administered dose, methods of
making the fitted model responsive to the data at the lower
experimental doses, consistency in dose-response shapes for
different data sets, fitted model values versus bounds, the
utilization of time-to-response information incorporating the
lateness of the carcinogenic responses, and the method of
characterizing the maximum acceptable dose. The estimated
virtually safe dose for an increase of 0.000001 (one in a
million) in the probability of hepatocellular neoplastic nodule
and/or carcinoma in a female rat is approximately 0.1 ng/kg body
weight/day in the diet. The estimated mean free dose,
corresponding to a reduction in the expected amount of time
without hepatocellular neoplastic nodule and/or carcinoma
proportional to 1 wk in 70 yr, is in the range of 1-5 ng/kg body
weight/day in the diet of a female rat. No species-to-species
extrapolations nor human exposure assessments have been made.
However, these estimated risks correspond to dietary intakes that
are at least 150 times greater than the 0.0006365 ng/kg body
weight/day intake described by the Centers for Disease Control as
a reasonable level to begin consideration of action to limit
human exposure. (NLM)
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE
REVIEW OF THE U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION'S
HEALTH EFFECTS AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTS ON NITROGEN
DIOXIDE,
EPA REPORT SAB-CASAC-86-021, MAY 86 (36)
FED GOVT REPORT THE NITROGEN DIOXIDE HEALTH EFFECTS
AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTS OF THE U.S. CONSUMER PRODUCT
SAFETY COMMISSION WERE REVIEWED BY EPA'S CLEAN AIR
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE. PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FROM
EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND RELATED INDOOR AIR POLLUTION MONITORING
STUDIES SUGGEST THAT REPEATED PEAK EXPOSURES OF 0.3 PPM OF N02
MAY CAUSE HEALTH EFFECTS IN SOME INDIVIDUALS AND RAISES THE
POSSIBILITY THAT SUCH EFFECTS MAY OCCUR AT LEVELS AS LOW AS
0.1 PPM. GROUPS THAT APPEAR TO BE MOST SENSITIVE TO EXPOSURES
INCLUDE CHLIDREN, ASTHMATICS, AND CHRONIC BRONCHITICS. HUMAN
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO NO2 MAY LEAD TO
INCREASED RESPIRATORY ILLNESS RATES AMONG CHILDREN. HOWEVER, THE
MOST DIRECT EVIDENCE REGARDING LUNG DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH N02
IS OBTAINED FROM ANIMAL STUDIES. (ENVL)
URANIUM
Quantitative risk assessment of lung cancer in U.S. uranium
miners.
Hornung RW ; Meinhardt TJ
Health Phys; VOL 52, ISS 4, 1987, P417-30
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
has recently updated the vital status of the U.S. cohort of U
miners through the end of 1982. This represents 69 additional
lung cancer deaths since the last published follow-up through
1977. This more recent data was used to generate quantitative
risk estimates of lung cancer after exposure to Rn daughters.
Relative risks were estimated through use of the Cox proportional
hazards model with an internal referent group. Results indicated
that the exposure-response relationship was a slightly convex
curve, predicting excess relative risks between 0.9 and 1.4 per
100 working level months (WLM) in the lower cumulative exposure
range. Other findings of interest include a significant
exposure-rate effect with low exposure rates more harmful per
unit of cumulative exposure (WLM). Two temporal effects which
modify relative risk estimates were also found. Relative risk
increased with age at initial exposure to underground U mining.
However, relative risk of lung cancer fell dramatically in the:
years following cessation of exposure. (NLM)
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VINYL CHLORIDE
A scientific basis for the risk assessment of vinyl chloride.
Developed jointly by the members of the Committee on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Substances, National Health Council of
The Netherlands.
Reaul Toxicol Pharmacol: VOL 7, ISS 1, 1987, P120-7
In July 1984 the Minister of Welfare, Public Health and Culture,
representing the Dutch government, sent a request to the Health
Council of The Netherlands to advise on the health risks
presented by environmental exposure to several carcinogenic
substances. One of these substances was vinyl chloride (VC). On
the basis of a working document prepared by the National
Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene, a committee
of the Health Council of The Netherlands prepared a report
concerning a health risk assessment of VC which was published in
May 1986. A short review is presented of the available data and
the considerations that formed the basis for the risk assessment
of the carcinogenicity of VC to humans. The advice was based
mainly on human data from epidemiological studies of workers
occupationally exposed to VC. The committee concludes that
continuous exposure to 0.001 mg/m3 VC corresponds to an
additional cancer mortality risk of 10(-6) per lifetime. The
Dutch government considers this additional risk to the general
population to be acceptable. (NLM)
GENERAL
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and
Development. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
Health Assessment Documents:
l. Asbestos Health Assessment Update.
PB86-242864
EPA 600/8-84-003F
2. Carcinogen Assessment of Coke Oven Emissions.
PB84-170182
EPA 600/6-82-003F
3. Updated Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Assessment of
Cadmium.
PB85-243533
EPA 600/8-83-025F
4. Acetaldehyde.
First External Review Draft
EPA 600/8-86/015A
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5. Acrolein.
First External Review Draft
PB87-139960
EPA 600/8-86/014A
6. Acrylonitrile.
PB84-149152
EPA 600/8-82-007F
7. Beryllium.
Second External Review Draft
PB86-183944
EPA 600/8-84-026B
8. Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Assessment of
1,3-Butadiene.
PB86-125507
EPA 600/8-85-004F
9. Cadmium.
PB82-115163
EPA 600/8-81-023
10. Carbon Tetrachloride.
PB85-124196
EPA 600/8-82-001F
11. Chlorinated Benzenes.
PB85-150332
EPA 600/8-84-015F
12. Chloroform (2 Parts).
PB86-105004
EPA 600/84-004F
13. Chromium.
PB85-115905
EPA 600/8-83-014F
14. Dichloromethane (Methyl Chloride).
PB85-191559
EPA 600/8-82-004F
Addendum: EPA 600/8-82-004FA
Addendum: PB86-123742
EPA 600/8-82-004FF
15. Epichlorohydrin.
PB85-132363
EPA 600/8-83-032F
16. Ethylene Dichloride (2 Parts).
PB86-122702
EPA 600/8-84-006F
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17. Ethylene Oxide.
PB86-102597
EPA 600/8-84-009F
18. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene.
PB85-124915
EPA 600/8-84-001F
19. Hydrogen Sulfide.
PB87-117420
EPA 600/8-86-026A
20. Inorganic Arsenic.
PB84-190891
EPA 600/8-83-021F
21. Manganese (Parts 1 and 2).
PB84-229954
EPA 600/8-83-013F
22. Nickel.
PB86-232212
EPA 600/8-83-012FF
23. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins
PB86-122546
EPA 600/8-84-014F
24. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-Furans.
First External Review Draft
PB86-221256
EPA 600/8-86/018A
25. Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM).
Preprint
PB82-186792
EPA 600/8-79-008
26. Phosgene.
PB87-147039
EPA 600/8-86/022A
27. Tetrachloroethylene.
PB85-249704
EPA 600/8-82-005F
Addendum: PB86-174489
EPA 600/8-82-005FA
28. Toluene.
PB84-100056
EPA 600/8-82-008F
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29. Trichloroethylene
PB85-249696
EPA 600/8-82-006F
30. 1,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-triflouroethane
PB84-118843
EPA 600/8-82-002F
31. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Methyl Choroform.
PB84-183565
EPA 600/8-82-003F
32. Vinylidene Chloride.
PB86-100641
EPA 600/8-83-031F
33. Revised Evaluation of Health Effects Associated
with Carbon Monoxide.
PB85-103471
EPA 600/8-83-026F
34. Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation.
PB85-120848
EPA 600/8-83-026F
35. Health Issue Assessments are initial reviews of the
scientific literature concerning the health effects
associated with a given chemical or class of chemical
substances.
Mercury Health Effects Update.
PB85-123925
EPA 600/8-84-019F
Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated
with Chloroprene.
PB86-197662
EPA 600/8-85-011F
Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated
with Copper.
PB87-137733
EPA 600/8-87/001
Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated
with Phenol.
PB86-178076
EPA 600/8-86-003F
Summary Review of the Health Effects Associated
with Propylene Oxide.
EPA 600/8-86/007F
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Topical Report on the Meeting of the Gas Research Institute
Indoor Air Quality Research Advisory Committee. Final Report
February 11-13, 1986
Coerr, S. ; Johnson, D. O.
Gas Research Inst., Chicago, IL.
Report NO.: GRI-87/0015
PB87-185187/XAB
Feb 86 85p
The document presents the conclusions and recommendations of
the February 1986 meeting of the Gas Research Institute's
(GRI's) Indoor Air Quality Research Advisory Committee, which was
formed to provide advice on research results to date as well as
on the emphasis and direction of the GRI Indoor Air Quality
Research Program. Conclusions and recommendations are presented
on possible health effects issues, exposure studies, risk
assessment, and mitigation. Attachments provide an overview
of the GRI program and summarize contractor presentations.
(NTIS)
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Estimating Population at Risk from Release of Hazardous
Materials
Hillsman, E. L.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: CONF-8610237-1
DE87002813/XAB
1986 21p
Joint seminar University of Wisconsin/Wisconsin State
Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA, 24 Oct 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
A preliminary health and environmental assessment of the
effects of alternative strategies for destroying a portion of
the nation's chemical weapons stockpile (M55 rockets) is
provided. This assessment considered options for continuing to
store these munitions, for using a specially designed
incineration process to destroy them at the five continental US
locations and on the Johnston Atoll in the Pacific where they are
currently stored, and for transporting some of the munitions from
their storage sites to other storage sites for destruction.
Although the assessment considered potential impacts on
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as on human systems,
the risk to human health from transportation operations was to be
the primary consideration for choosing among the various
alternatives and, if any munitions were to be moved, among
alternative transportation modes to use for each origin-
11
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destination pair. Several measures of risk to human health were
to be computed, but all required information on the number of
persons at risk from the various alternatives. 12 refs., 7
figs. (ERA citation 12:019079) (NTIS)
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RADIATION
Waste-Acceptance Criteria for Greater-Confinement Disposal
Gilbert, T. L. ; Meshkov, N. K.
Argonne National Lab., IL.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: CONF-860990-14
DE87004672/XAB
1986 16p
Annual participants' information meeting of the DOE Low-
Level Waste Management Program, Denver, CO, USA, 22 Sep 1986.
Contract No.: W-31109-ENG-38
A methodology for establishing waste-acceptance criteria
based on quantitative performance factors that
characterize the confinement capabilities of a waste-disposal
site and facility has been developed. The methodology starts from
the basic objective of protecting public health and safety by
providing assurance that dispsoal of the waste will not result in
a radiation dose to any member of the general public, in either
the short or long term, in excess of an established basic dose
limit. The method is based on an explicit, straightforward, and
quantitative relationship among individual risk, confinement
capabilities, and waste characteristics. A key aspect of the
methodology is the introduction of a confinement factor that
characterizes the overall confinement capability of a
particular facility and can be used for quantitative
assessments of the performance of different disposal sites
and facilities, as well as for establishing site-specific
waste-acceptance criteria. Confinement factors are derived by
means of site-specific pathway analyses. They make possible a
direct and simple conversion of a basic dose limit into
waste-acceptance criteria, specified as concentration limits on
radionuclides in the waste streams and expressed in
quantitative form as a function of parameters that
characterize the site, facility design, waste containers, and
waste form. Waste-acceptance criteria can be represented
visually as activity/time plots for various waste streams.
These plots show the concentrations of radionuclides in a waste
stream as a function of time and permit a visual, quantitative
assessment of long-term performance, relative risks from
different radionuclides in the waste stream, and
contributions from ingrowth. 13 refs. (ERA citation 12:017870)
(NTIS)
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ECOLOGICAL RISKS
Toxicokinetic Modeling of (14)C-Pentachlorophenol in the
Rainbow Trout ('Salmo gairdneri)
(Journal article)
McKim, J. M. ; Schmieder, P. K. ; Erickson, R. J.
Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
Report NO.: EPA/600/J-86/295
PB87-176434/XAB
1986 24p
Aquatic Toxicology, v9 p59-80 1986.
An in vivo trout model was used to monito the major routes
and rates of pentachlorophenol uptake and elimination. A first-
order kinetic model and observed data were used to generate
fitted and predicted rate constants required for evaluation of
first-order kinetic. The fitted first-order uptake-depuration
curves for all experimental animals agreed with those observed
suggesting first-order kinetics approximated the behavior of
whole-body (14)C-pentachlorophenol (PCP) burden. (NTIS)
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RISK
MANAGEMENT
.... DESCRIBES REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING
PROCESSES TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Wastes
Ng, A. S. ; Rose, C. M. ; Torpy, M. F.
Argonne National Lab., IL.
Corp. Source Codes: 001960000; 0448000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: CONF-860965-1
DE87004673/XAB
1986 5p
National conference on anaerobic digestion of industrial
wastes, Chicago, IL, USA, 10 Sep 1986.
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
Contract No.: W-31109-ENG-38
Interest in anaerobic biotechnology for the treatment of
industrial wastes has grown considerably. Anaerobic biological
waste treatment offers advantages over aerobic systems in terms
of lower energy requirements, less biological sludge production,
and the potential for energy recovery in the form of methane
gas. The development of innovative reactor designs, based on the
optimization of growth and retention of anaerobic
microorganisms, has created an impetus to reevaluate the
anaerobic treatability of many industrial waste streams. Data
are presented to illustrate the potential applicability of
anaerobic digestion for the treatment of a wide array of
industrial process-waste streams, particularly those
process-wastes originating from the Organic Chemical
Production Industry. (ERA citation 12:018454) (NTIS)
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .... includes cost/benefit, cost/effectiveness.
Introduction to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Risk: Reduction
Measures in Energy Systems
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria).
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Corp. Source Codes: 014014000; 3294000
Report NO.: IAEA-TECDOC-383
DE87701286/XAB
Jul 86 70p
U.S. Sales Only.
The aim of this report is to introduce readers to methods of
cost-effectiveness analysis and their application in risk
reduction, especially in connection with the energy-
producing industries. The background to the assessment of
risk and the problems in estimating it quantitatively are
outlined. The methodology of cost-effectiveness analysis is then
described, particular attention being given to the way in which
results are derived and the overall use that can be made of
them. This is followed by a discussion of quantitative
applications and an outline of the methods that may be used to
derive estimates both of risk and the cost of reducing it. The
use of cost-effectiveness analysis is illustrated in an appendix,
which gives as a worked example a case study on the reduction of
public risk associated with radioactive releases during normal
operation of a PWR. After drawing some general conclusions the
report recommends that such analyses should normally be used as
an aid to risk management whenever several alternative risk
reduction measures are under consideration. 36 refs, 28 figs, 14
tabs. (Atomindex citation 18:002962) (NTIS)
Reward systems and risk analysis
Garibaldi, C.A.
Amoco, Argentina Oil Co.
SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium 8710065
Dallas, TX (USA) 2-3 Mar 1987
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Society of Petroleum Engineers, Bookorder Department, P.O.
Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836 (USA), Price: Domestic
$24.00 (includes postage); foreign $24.00 (plus postage) Paper
No. SPE-16314 (CPI)
**********
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk Analysis: Why Don't Insurers Use Risk Analysis?
Baram, Michael
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
v91n24 PP: 15-17 Jun 15, 1987
If insurers could better predict industrial risks to health,
property, and the environment and then forecast potential
liability and other losses, coverage could be better priced and
more carefully placed. Contract terms and insurance products
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could be written more carefully. Consequently, losses would be
reduced, and despite variable interest rates, the insurance
market could be restored. Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) is
available for insurers to predict risks. PRA is a process
that involves: 1. an assessment of a particular activity for its
hazardous features and failure ''pathways,*' 2. estimation of
the likelihood and magnitude of such failures, 3.
determination of the persons, property interests, or natural
resources that would be exposed to estimated failures, 4.
evaluation of the harmful implications of this exposure, and 5.
use of statistical analysis and judgment to estimate probability
of occurrence and the confidence level of the estimates. (ABI)
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Risk
COMMUNICATION
.... THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING AN
AUDIENCE TO MAKE BETTER PERSONAL AND SOCIETAL
DECISIONS REGARDING RISK.
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
Environment/Energy: Looking for Co-Communication
Harrison, E. Bruce
Public Relations Jrnl v43n6 PP: 5-6 Jun 1987
Companies across the US have started forming noncommercial
partnerships with outside groups. These partnerships, called
community right-to-know programs, are the law, set up by 1986
amendments to Superfund. Firms that handle chemicals classified
as hazardous by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration are required to give technical information on
those chemicals to a special local emergency planning committee
in the community, the local fire department, and an
emergency response commission in the state. Companies that deal
with chemicals on the Environmental Protection Agency list of
402 extremely hazardous chemicals must tell the state
emergency response commission if amounts of those chemicals in
excess of a threshold planning quantity are to be handled. In
addition, these companies must identify an emergency
coordinator in the facility who will work with the local
emergency planning committee. Essentially, community
right-to-know requires a firm to prepare a crisis-communication
plan and to be ready to carry it out on a recurring basis.
(ABI)
Privacy rights: whose life is it anyway? employees
concerned with preserving their privacy are wondering about the
limits of a company's right to know.
Cook, Suzanne H.
Personnel Administrator 32:58-60+ Ap '87
Employees' legal rights to privacy in the public and
private sectors; business safeguards for employees and for
organizational liability. (PAIS)
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"Right-to-know" rulings threaten regulatory framework.
Susser, Peter A.
Labor Lav Journal 38 n5 297-303 May 1987 (LRI)
INFORMING THE WORKER
Chemical hazard disclosure obligations: all manufacturing
employers are now obligated to identify hazardous chemicals in
their work places and to provide employees with information about
them.
Susser, Peter A.
Employment Relations Today 13:301-8 Winter '86/>87
Requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard,, first
promulgated in 1983 by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration. (PAIS)
Hazard warnings ordered extended for all employees. (United
Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO-CLC v. Pendergrass)
Pennsylvania Lav Journal-Reporter vlO pi June 8 1987
col 3 017 col in.
DESCRIPTORS: Right to know (Hazardous substances)—litigation;
Hazardous
substances—labeling (LRI)
A program of poison center services to business and industry.
Krenzelok EP ; Dean BS
Vet Hum Toxicol ; VOL 29, ISS 2, 1987, P172-3
Poison information centers have been developed to serve the
poison information, treatment, and prevention education needs of
the residents within their regions. These services are generally
provided and funded by hospital-based centers. A limited number
of centers receive local and state government financial support.
In general poison information centers are nonrevenue-generating
and rely upon these sources of fiscal support. As cost
containment vithin the health care industry becomes more
critical, poison centers are falling victims to budget cuts and
even being eradicated in the interest of saving money. The
private sector has provided grants to poison centers, but this
represents a short term solution to a long term problem—the need
for consistent funding. Business and industry have been
overlooked as a source of potential revenue. Our poison center
has developed an extensive program of services for the private
sector. These include providing 24-hour-a-day poison information
service on their behalf; developing a workers' right-to-know
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program; identifying epidemiologic trends with their products,
preparing exposure reports; etc. These services are provided for
a specific fee which is determined by anticipated call volume,
number of products to be included, medical and legal liability,
etc. By providing services to the private sector, we have reduced
the financial liability of our poison center by over 25%. (NLM)
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