/
Risk Assessment,
Management Communication
A Guide to Selected Sources
Volume 2, Number 1
COfVIIVILJIMICATIOIN
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PROPERTY OF THE
OFFICE OF SUPERFUND
Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication
A Guide to Selected Sources
Volume 2, Number 1
COIV1 M U N I CAT IO N
Office of Information
Resources Management
and
Headquarters Library
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
March 1988
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION iii
RISK ASSESSMENT 1
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 1
ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 2
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND PHARMACOKINETICS 4
METHODS OF ESTIMATING AND MEASURING RISK 6
HEALTH RISKS 8
GENERAL 8
CANCER 8
GENOTOXICITY AND REPORDUCTIVE EFFECTS 10
NEUROTOXICITY 11
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT 12
HAZARDOUS WASTE 21
RADIATION 28
ECOLOGICAL RISK 34
CORPORATE RISK ASSESSMENT *
POLICY 35
LEGAL ASPECTS 36
USES OF RISK ASSESSMENT 37
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES 39
RISK MANAGEMENT 41
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 41
POLICY *
LEGAL ASPECTS 44
HEALTH RISKS 45
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT 46
HAZARDOUS WASTE 48
RADIATION 51
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS *
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT 53
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES *
RISK COMMUNICATION 55
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER 55
INFORMING THE PUBLIC 58
INFORMING THE WORKER 60
* Indicates that no references were found for this section.
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This issue of Risk Assessment, Management and
Communication: A Guide to Selected Sources has been prepared
and reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). Due to the rapidly expanding field of risk
information, EPA cannot guarantee that all relevant
sources are cited. Publication does not signify that the
contents reflect the views of EPA or that EPA endorses the
coverage and scope of the subject matter as
comprehensive, complete and appropriate.
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INTRODUCTION
This issue of Risk Assessment, Management and
Communication:A Guide to Selected Sources is the fifth
update in EPA's series of risk management bibliographies.
References were gathered from the environmental, medical and
scientific literature included in the following databases:
Toxline, Conference Papers Index, Enviroline, NTIS, PAIS
Public Affairs Information Service, ABI Inform, and Legal
Resource Index. The citations cover documents added to those
collections during the period from November 1987 through
February 1988. The original Guide appeared in March 1987 and
was followed by quarterly updates. These earlier volumes
constitute volume one of the current semiannual series.
Like its predecessors, this document is subdivided into
Risk Assessment, Risk Management and Risk Communication. The
Table of Contents lists further divisions of each of these
categories. Citations are arranged alphabetically by title,
with the exception of the chemical specific references.
These citations are grouped alphabetically by chemical
name. Abstracts in the Risk Assessment section have been
shortened or eliminated if the content of the article is
adequately reflected in the title.
The EPA library network can assist EPA staff members and
EPA contractors in obtaining materials cited in the
bibliography. Reference copies of the original Guide and
subsequent issues are available through NTIS at the
following address:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
703-487-4650
800-336-4700 (outside Virginia)
* Guide: PB87-185500
1st Update: PB87-203402/AS
2nd Update: PB88-100102
3rd Update: PB88-128178
Questions or comments concerning Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication: A Guide to Selected Sources may
be sent to:
EPA Headquarters Library PM-211A
Risk Management Bibliographies
401 M St., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 2046
* These four issues constitute volume 1 of the current
series.
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RISK
ASSESSMENT
. .IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
THAT EVALUATES THE POTENTIAL FOR
OCURRENCE OF ADVERSE EFFECT.
.... includes cross media approach, de minimis
risk, and uncertainty in assessment.
Environmental protection: laying the foundation for the year
2000.
Russell, Milton
Environmental Forum 4 nlO 7(6) Feb, 1986
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NMJS
JURISDICTION: United States
SIC CODE: 9511
DESCRIPTORS: Environmental protection—forecasts; United States.
Environmental Protection Agency—aims and objectives; Risk assessment—
environmental aspects (LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
Perspectives in Risk: Conpared to V&iat?
Fox, Michael R.
Vital Speeches v53n23 PP: 730-732 Sep 15, 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The result of vigorous risk reduction is drastically increased cost, a
trade-off that society usually is unwilling to make. The concept of
"acceptable risk" tries to resolve the conflict between dollars and safety,
and the psychology of risk assessment produces strange developments. While
society determines widespread death and destruction to be an acceptable
cost of automobile usage, the nuclear industry, even with a near-perfect
safety record, is viewed as too dangerous. Adverse health effects caused by
politically popular energy alternatives are ignored while the comparatively
small risk of nuclear power is vastly overblown. A 1982 Scientific American
article highlighted the difference between perception and reality of risk
when a League of Women Voters group and a group of college students ranked
nuclear power as riskier than smoking, which takes 150,000 lives per year,
and driving, which takes 45,000. Society should invest its safety dollars
where greater actual risk exists. (ABI/TNFORM)
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ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
BIOTECHNOLOGY AMD THE ENVnCNMEMT: RESEARCH NEEDS,
OMENN GILBERT S. ; TEICH ALBERT H.
(UNIV WASHINGTON) AND ; (AAAS) ,
NOYES DATA CORP (PARK RIDGE, NJ) , 1986 (169)
BOOK DISCUSSED ARE RESEARCH NEEDS RELATING TO THE EFFECTS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING KEY CONCERNS AND
REO3WENDATIQNS, ENVreCWENTAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS, JVn\!ITORING AND QUALITY
ASSURANCE, CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, RESEARCH PLAN FOR TEST METHODS,
DEVELOPMENT OF RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NOVEL MICROBES RELEASED INTO TERRESTRIAL
AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, BIOTECHNOLOGY HEALTH RISKS, ENVIRCSNIMENTAL
ENGINEERING RESEARCH SUPPORT PROPOSAL, AND MONITOKENG TECHNIQUES FOR
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROORGANISMS. (EIWIROLINE)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPUCATICNS OF REOCMBINANr DMA TBCHNOLOGY,
CLICK BERNARD R. ; SKOF YVONNE C.
UNIV OF WATERLOO, ONTARIO,
BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES, 1986, V4, N2, P26K17)
JOURNAL ARTICLE APPLICATIONS OF RDNA TECHNOLOGY ARE DISCUSSED INCLUDING
RISK ASSESSMENT, CONTAINED APPLICATIONS, KILLED MICROORGANISMS FORMING THE
PRODUCT, EN\7IICNMENIAL RELEASE, VACCINIA VACCINES, BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL
FERTILIZERS, MICROBIAL PESTICIDES, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED PLANTS, WASTE
TREATMENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL, AND MICROBIAL ORE LEACHING AND RECOVERY.
SOME OF THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RDNA TECHNOLOGY ARE
DESCRIBED AND DISCUSSED. APPLICATIONS AND IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY ARE DISCUSSED WHERE THESE PROVIDE EITHER SIGNIFICANT
PARALLELS WITH NEWER APPLICATIONS OR USEFUL INSIGHTS INTO THE POTENTIAL
EFFECTS OF GENETIC MANIPULATIONS. (49 REFERENCES) (ENVIROLINE)
Research Needs for Dealing with Uncertainty in Risk Analysis
(Final rept)
Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, MA.
Corp. Source Codes: 016223000
Sponsor: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Div. of Policy-
Research and Analysis.
Report No.: NSF/PRA-83043
Sep 83 74p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8409
Country of Publication: United States
Contract NO.: NSF-PRA84-40855
Discussions are summarized from the workshop held to: (1) identify major
generic problems of uncertainty in the risk analysis process; (2) summarize
methods and approaches that could be used to deal with these problems; and
(3) suggest areas and topics warranting further research to address those
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problems that are not adequately treated by existing methods. The workshop
format is described and participants are listed. Thirteen areas wrrranting
further research are identified: (1) estimation of low probabilities; (2)
dealing with model uncertainty; (3) representation of uncertainty; (4)
description of risks and behaviors; (5) responses to rare events; (6) data
collection strategies; (7) resource allocation to hazards; (8) use of
experts in risk analysis; (9) role of incentives in risk management; (10)
ethics for imposition; (11) retrospective review of risk studies; (12)
long-range risk analysis; and (13) natural experiments. These research
topics are ranked and compared in terms of both importance and feasibility.
(NTIS)
Safety Guidelines and Procedures for Bioscience-Based Industry and Other
Applied Microbiology
United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna (Austria).
Corp. Source Codes: 057483000
Report No.: IJNIDO-ID/W3.463/1
23 Apr 86 19p
Presented at Informal UNEDO/WHO/UNEP Working Group on Biotechnology
Safety, Vienna, Austria, January 27-29, 1986.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC E02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709
Country of Publication: Other
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNUJO)
publication on industrial safety for biotechnology research and development
and applied microbiology covers: (1) project objectives; (2) risk and risk
assessment, the IBRD guidelines, the World Health Organization
classification system; (3) conjectural risks associated with applied
bi Dtechnology. (NTIS)
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RISK ASSESSMENT AND PHARMfl[XKIMJiriCS . . . includes
clinical and physiological pharmacokinetics , drug metabolism,
acceptable daily intake (ADI) , quantitative structure-activity
relationship (QSAR) , dose- response relationship
EXPOSURE-IMIEGRATED FHYSICE£GICALLY BASED FHARMAOKENETIC 1VCDELS FCR RISK
ASSESSMENT OF ENVnOSMEOTTAL CARCBSIOGENS (ENGLISH)
BOGEN KT; MCKONE TE; LAYTON DW
UNIV CALIF LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NAIL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM
SCI/LIVFIM3RE//CA/94550
TOXICOLOGY , V47, Nl-2, P206-206, 1987 (SCISEARCH)
Interspecies extrapolations in risk analysis.
Travis CC
Toxicology 1987 Dec 1; 47(1-2):3-13
Quantitative risk assessment for carcinogenic chemicals is
usually based on data obtained in animal studies conducted at
very high levels of exposure. A key issue in using such data is
the extrapolation of results from animals to man. Recently,
physiological pharmacokinetic models can also be used to aid in
extrapolating extrapolations. The models can also be used to aid
in extrapolating between routes of administration. (NLM)
Physiologically based pharmacofcLnetics and the risk assessment
process for methylene chloride.
Clewell HJ 3d; Gargas ML; Smith FA; Reitz RH
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987 Feb;87(2):185-205 (NLM)
Methylene chloride (dichloromethane, DCM) is metabolized by two
pathways: one dependent on oxidation by mixed function
oxidases (MFO) and the other dependent on glutathione S-
transferases (GST). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-
PK) model based on knowledge of these pathways was used to
describe the metabolism of DCM in four mammalian species
(mouse, rat, hambster, and humans). Kinetic constants for the
model were derived from in vivo experiments or the literature.
The model was constructed to distinguish contributions; from the
two pathways of metabolism in lung and liver tissue, and to
permit extrapolation from rodents to humans. Model validation was
conducted by comparing predicted blood concentration time-course
data in rats, mice, and humans with experimental data from these
species. The tumor incidence in two chronic studies of DCM
toxicity in mice was correlated with various measures of target
tissue dose calculated with the PB-PK model. Tumor incidence
correlated well with tissue AUC (area under the
concentration/time curve) and amount of DCM metaboli2:;ed by the
GST pathway. However, tumor incidence did not correlate
with the amount of DCM metabolized by the MFO pathway. Because of
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its low chemical reactivity, DCM is unlikely to be directly
involved in carcinogenesis. Consequently, metabolism of DCM by
appears to be important in carcinogenesis. The PB-PK model
was used to estimate target doses of presumed toxic chemical
species in humans exposed to DCM by inhalation or by drinking
water. Target tissue doses in humans exposed to low
concentrations of DCM are 140- to 170-fold lower (inhalation) or
50- to 210-fold lower (drinking water) than would be expected
from the linear extrapolation and body surface area factors which
have been used in conventional risk assessment methods (D. V.
Singh, H. L. Spitzer, and P. D. White (1985). Addendum to the
Health Assessment Document for Dichloromethane (Methylene
Chloride). EPA/600/8-82/004F). The PB-BK analysis thus suggests
that conventional risk analyses greatly overestimate the risk in
humans exposed to low concentrations of DCM. PB-PK considerations
provide a scientific basis for risk assessment, improve
experimental design in chronic studies, and structure collection
of quantitative metabolic constants required for risk assessment.
(NIM)
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ME3HCDS OF ESTIflgmMG flND MEASURING RISK
Chemical Transport, Human Exposure and Health Risk: A Matimedia Approach
McKone, T. E. ; Layton, D. W.
Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA.
Corp. Source Codes: 068147000; 9513035
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: UCRL-94352; CONF-8604251-1
Aug 86 19p
APCA international speciality conference on environmental risk analysis,
Chicago, IL, USA, 8 Apr 1986.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-48
Multimedia models simulate the transport and transformation of chemicals
in multiple environmental media, such as air, water, soil, biota, and
sediments. Such models are useful for developing macroscopic view of
environmental chemistry. In this paper we explore the use of multimedia
models in risk assessment. We begin with a discussion of how multimedia
models can be used to enhance the risk-assessment/management process. This
is followed by a description of a multimedia model, called GEOTQX, that
uses physicochemical and landscape properties to estimate the intermedia
transport rates of a chemical. These rates are used to estimate chemical
concentrations in the air, water, soil, and food of a representative or
generic environment. We use these concentrations in exposure-pathway models
to calculate quantities absorbed by humans; then, dose-response data are
used to estimate health risks. We illustrate the use of these models in a
risk-based screening procedure for hazardous chemicals. The paper concludes
with a discussion of the limits and capabilities of this approach. (ERA
citation 12:001729) (NTTS)
ERUSKING WATER AND HEALTH,
US NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT, 1986 (475)
FED GOVT REPORT THE STATE OF THE ART IN THE DEVELOPING FIELD OF RISK
ASSESSMENT IS EXAMINED AS IT PERTAINS TO DRINKING WATER AND HEALTH. SOME
RISK ASSESSMENTS ARE PROVIDED FOR DRINKDXJG WATER EXPOSURE TO 14 COMPOUNDS
OF INTEREST TO EPA. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ADDRESSING REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY,
NEUROTQXICITY, CARCINOGENESIS, AND DOSE-ROUTE EXTRAPOLATIONS IS
HIGHLIGHTED. CANCER RISK IS ESTIMATED FOR THE 14 CHEMICALS IN DRINKING
WATER. WHEN ADEQUATE EVIDEIVKE SUGGESTS THAT A CHEMICAL IS NOT LIKELY TO BE
A CARCINOGEN OR MUTAGEN, LEVELS OF EXPOSURE THAT WOULD NOT BE EXPECTED TO
CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS ARE IDENTIFIED. FOR CARCINOGENS, THE
MULTISTAGE MODEL IS USED TO ESTIMATE BOTH THE MAXIMAL, LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATE
AND THE UPPER 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF RISK ASSOCIATED WITH A DAILY EXPOSURE
TO 2 L OF DRINKING WATER (XWTAINING 1 MG/L COXICENIPRATTON OF
CHEMICAL. (ENVIROLINE)
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The Mattman MDdel: The Risks of Special Events
Mattman, Jurg W. ; Berlonghi, Alexander E.
Risk Mgmt v34nlO PP: 60-65 Oct 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INTORM
The Mattman Model, which clarifies and simplifies the risk assessment
process, can be used not only for making risk reduction recommendations
prior to a special event, but also as a prototype for other areas, such as
investment, political risk, and chemical risk. The model emphasizes a broad
scope of observation. For assessing the risk of a special event, the model
includes certain categories of observation: 1. special event domains and
subdomain specifications, 2. designated protectees and unspecified
subjects, 3. standard practice risk reducers, 4. location of security
execution, 5. calendar and time considerations, 6. environmental
conditions, 7. public status and identity, 8. degree of controversy, 9.
level of public awareness, 10. compound stimulant influences, 11.
maintenance, 12. severity of consequences, and 13. difficulty of risk
neutralization. Risk reduction recommendations should be specific and based
on true assertions and valid assessments. (ABI/INFORM)
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GENERAL
Infection control: risk assessment and management for the dental
health professional.
Scarlett ME; Furman LJ
Dent Hyg (Chic) 1987 Jul;61(7):300-3 (NEW)
Population Surveillance for Rare Health Events
Aldrich, T. E. ; Wilson, C. C. ; Easterly, C. E.
Arizona State Univ., Tempe.
Corp. Source Codes: 000950000; 0451000
Sponsor: Oak Ridge National Lab. , TN. Health and Safety Research Div. ;
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-8508204-1
1985 13p
24. annual symposium of the National Center for Health Statistics,
Bethesda, MD, USA, 19 Aug 1985.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8710; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
The use of health statistics data should be as one element in policy
formation and decision making related to environmental health risks.
Further, the practice of population surveillance is recommended when a
choice is made to accept a low-level environmental risk(s), for which there
are uncertain health effects and strong advantages. Especially encouraged
is attention directed to the patterns of occurrence among rare health
events, with environmental implications. Further work is needed on the use
of health statistics with public health policy decisions. 20 refs., 1 fig. ,
2 tabs. (ERA citation 12:002051) (NTIS)
CANCER ....includes carcinogens, carcinogenesis,
carcinogenicity, genetics, epidemiology, and multi-media exposure.
An IARC Manual series aimed at assisting cancer epidemiology and
prevention. "Environmental carcinogens: selected methods of analysis:
O'Neill IK; Fishbein L
Int J Environ Anal Chem 1986;26(3-4):229-40
Since 1975, the IARC has been preparing a series of volumes
entitled "Environmental Carcinogens: Selected Methods of
Analysis: (IARC Manual series) of which the purposes are to
assist analysts, epidemiologists and regulatory authorities in
planning or performing exposure measurements that are truly
comparable between different studies. The Manual series provides
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expert information within each volume on multi-media sampling,
methods of analyses and some background of epidemiology,
metabolism, use/occurrence for a group of known or suspect
carcinogens. So far, eleven volumes have been published or are in
preparation on the following subjects: N-nitrosamines, vinyl
chloride, PAH, aromatic amines, mycotoxins, N-nitroso compounds,
volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, metals, passive smoking,
benzene and alkylated benzenes, dioxins, PCDFs and PCBs. The
presentation will discuss needs and priorities for use of
analytical chemistry in estimating exposures of apparently
greatest relevance to cancer causation, i.e. the approach to
developing this series. Indications from epidemiology,
evaluations of carcinogenic risk to humans, and recent
developments in total exposure assessment are that new methods
and matrices need more emjhasis, e.g. as with biochemical
dosimetry, exhaled breath, and in indoor air. (NLM)
Quantitative risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis for
carcinogens at EPA: a critique.
Perera, Frederica P.
J Public Health Policy 8:202-21 Summer '87, tables
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: P
Since 1982.
Unknown cost of relaxing regulation of environmental pollutants.
(PAIS)
Contribution of toxicology towards risk assessment of
carcinogens.
Kroes R
Arch Toxicol 1987; 60(1-3):224-8
In the last decade many tests have been designed to detect
possible carcinogenicity of compounds. Presently, many more or
less simple and convenient systems are available to detect
mutations, effects on chromosomes, DNA binding and damage and
malignant transformation. These systems, which have been
extensively refined during the last years, often show reasonably
good relevance +o carcinogenicity. Although inconsistencies in
the patterns of response do indicate that their role as
predictive indicators of carcinogenicity remains still uncertain,
the use of such short-term tests in carcinogen risk assessment
does seem feasible. Factors other than these tests should also be
taken into consideration, since other characteristics like
chemical structure, biotransformation, toxicokinetics,
qualitative and quantitative physiological and/or morphological
effects, species, strains, organ specificity, dose-response
relation and information on studies in man, if available, are of
importance too. In conjunction with the results of adequately
performed carcinogenicity tests in mammals, one may attempt to
classify carcinogens. Current knowledge does not permit a rigid
classification, but may warrant a subclassification into
carcinogens acting via a genetic or a non-genetic mechanism. It
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is emphasized, that on theoretical and practical grounds a
different extrapolation system should be used for the different
types of carcinogens in risk assessment procedures. Evaluations
on individual compounds should be made to decide whether such
genotoxic or non-genotoxic compounds should be permitted in the
human environment.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 38 REFS. (NLM)
tfodel risk analysis of nitrosatable compounds in the diet as precursors
of potential endogenous carcinogens.
Shephard SE; Schlatter C; Lutz WK
Institute of Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Schwerzenbach.
IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE) 1987, (84) p328-32, ISSN 0300-5038
Journal Code: GKU
Languages: ENGLISH
The potential health risk posed by the endogenous formation of N-nitroso
compounds (NOC) from nitrosation of dietary ureas, guanidines, amides,
amino acids and amines (primary, secondary and aromatic) was estimated
according to the model: Risk = [daily intake of precursor] X [gastric
concentration of nitritejn X [nitrosatability rate constant] X
[carcinogenicity of derivative]. The daily intakes of these compound
classes span five orders of magnitude (100 g/day amides, top; 1-10 ing/day
secondary amines, ureas, bottom) ; the nitrosation rate constants span seven
orders of magnitude (aryl amines, ureas, top; amides, secondary amines,
bottom); and the carcinogenicity estimates span a 10,000-fold range from
'very strong' to 'virtually noncarcinogenic'. The resulting risk estimates
likewise span an enormous range (nine orders of magnitude): dietary ureas
and aromatic amines combined with high nitrite concentration could pose as
great a risk as the intake of preformed N-nitrosodimethylamine in the diet.
In contrast, the risk posed by the in-vivo nitrosation of primary and
secondary amines is probably negligible. The risk contributed by amides
(including protein), guanidines and primary amino acids is intermediate
between these two extremes. (NLM)
GENGTOXICITY AND REHOXJCTI^^E EFFECTS includes development
and reproductive effects; embryo and fetal effects, fertility,
exposure during pregnancy, teracogenicity, mutagenicityjgenetics
and carcinogenesis; and neoplasia.
Principles and problems in assessing prenatal toxicity
Neubert D.; Chahoud I.; Platzek T.; Meister R.
Institut fur Toxikologie und Embryopharmakologie, Freie Universitat
Berlin, D-1000 Berlin 33
GERMANY, WEST
ARCH. TOXICOL. (GERMANY, WEST) ,1987, 60/1-3 (238-245), Coden: ARTOD
Languages: ENGLISH
(1) The terminology to be used in reproductive (or in prenatal)
toxicology has to be in accord with other fields and principles of
10
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toxicology; the reasons are briefly discussed. In addition it is essential
to assess prenatal toxicity in comparison to adult (maternal) toxicity. (2)
Since pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals (e.g. rodents) usually differ
considerably from that in man, this fact has to be considered when planning
and evaluating studies on prenatal toxicity. Up till now this aspect has
seldom been taken into account. (3) A special problem in prenatal toxicity
is the inter- and intralitter variability of the toxic manifestation
(especially in polytocal animals). This problem has to be recognized by the
investigators and means of dealing with it have to be developed. (4) Like
all other toxic effects, embryo-/fetotoxic manifestations occur dose
dependently. Little information is available in the literature on clean
dose-response-curves for teratogenic effects. Some data from our laboratory
ai3 presented. (5) Risk assessment of teratogenic effects up till now
represents a major problem. While qualitative risk assessment for man on
the basis of animal data is possible, quantitative extrapolation from such
data to the situation possibly existing in man is still difficult, because
basic principles and strategies are largely lacking (e.g. may a 'threshold'
be assumed or not?), The results of some activities towards this goal are
presented from our laboratory. (NLM)
Neurotoxicology in regulation and risk assessment
Reiter LW
Dev Pharmacol Ther 1987;10(5):354-68
It is well recognized that a wide variety of chemicals exert
toxic effects on the structure and function of the nervous
system. Regulatory agencies, charged with the protection of human
health from toxicant exposures, should therefore consider
neurotoxicological evaluations in the risk assessment process.
Over the last decade, several expert panels have recommended
testing schemes for evaluating neurobehavioral toxicity. In
general, these pvanols have recommended behavioral measures
performed in tandem with nearopathological evaluations. In
keeping with these recontnendations, the Environmental Protection
Agency has developed seven neurotoxicity test guidelines for use
in evaluating new and existing chemicals. Further refinement and
extension of these test guidelines will flow from a better
understanding of the cellular/molecular events which underly
neurotoxicant-indi:cerl functional alterations.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 17 REFS. (NLM)
11
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
ALACHLOR
Aladilor: health advisory.
Marcus WL;Grilli S; Lutz WK; Parodi S
Toxicol Ind Health 1987 Sep;3( 3): 383-96 (NLM)
ASBESTOS
Damages for an increased risk of developing cancer- caused by asbestos
exposure are only recoverable if it is more likely than not that
cancer will develop, (case note)
Ebert, Robert T., Jr.
Missouri Law Review 51 n3 847-864 Summ, 1986
CODEN: MLWRDZ
ARTICLE TYPE: case note
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
CASE: Gideon v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp. 761 F.2d 1129 (5th Cir. 1985)
DESCRIPTORS: Industrial safety—cases; Asbestosis—cases; Risk assessment
—cases
(LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
BENZENE
Possible implications from results of animal studies in human risk
estimations for benzene: nonlinear dose-response relationship due to
saturation of metabolism.
Grilli S; Lutz WK; Parodi S
Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sul Cancro and Istituto di
Cancerologia, Uhiversita di Bologna, Italy.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol (GERMANY, WEST) 1987, 113 (4) p349-58, ISSN
0171-5216 Journal Code: HL5
Languages: ENGLISH
To date, all risk assessment studies on benzene have been based almost
exclusively on epidemiological data. We have attempted a more integrated
and quantitative evaluation of carcinogenic risk for humans, trying to
utilize, in addition to the epidemiological data, all data available,
specifically data on metabolism, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity in small
rodents. An integrated evaluation of the globality of the available data
seems to suggest a progressive saturation of metabolic capacity both for
man and rodents between 10 and 100 ppm. The most susceptible target cells
seem to be different in humans (predominant induction of myelogenous
leukemia) and small rodents (induction of a wide variety of tumors).
Nevertheless, both epidemiological and experimental carcinogenicity data
tend to indicate a flattening of the response for the highest dosages,
again suggesting a general saturation of mechanu sms of metabolic
activation, extended to different target tissues. From a quantitative point
12
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of view, the data suggest a carcinogenic potency at 10 ppm two to three
times higher than that computable by a linear extrapolation fnm data in
the 100 ppn range. These observations are in accord with the recent
proposal of the European Economic Conmunity of reducing benzene
time-weighted average occupational levels from 10 to 5 ppm- (NLM)
BYCOGUARD
Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment - Bycoguard MP-4S
Leimgruber, R.
Stiftelsen foer Vaermeteknisk Forskning, Stockholm (Sweden).
Corp. Source Codes: 100873000; 5985100
Report No.: SW-194
Jan 85 26p
U.S. Sales Only. Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711; NSA1200
Country of Publication: Sweden
The inhibitor Bycoguard MP^S has been investigated concerning its
toxicological and. ecotoxicological properties. The investigation was
performed at the Research and Consulting Company AG (RCC), Basel,
Switzerland. In all, the internationally standardized tests have been used
and reported in detail in ten reports. Results were evaluated concerning
the risks when using the inhibitor for corrosion protection in the
intercooler systems of power plants. Special attention was paid to safety
at work and to effects on the environment. Bycoguard MP4S was compared with
hydrazine and chromate as it is intended to replace them. The results show
that Bycoguard MP4S has a low iircnediate toxic ity to man and to the
environment. Compared with hydrazine and chromate, no or very low toxic ity
was demonstrated. (FRA citation 12:005377) (NTIS)
CYTDCHRCME P-4
7-EtlioxyresonifinK)-deetliylase activity in human hair roots: a potential
marker for toxifying species of cytochrome P-450 isozymes.
Merk HF; Mukhtar H; Schutte B; Kaufmann I; Das M; Bickers DR
Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Koeln, West Germany.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun (UNITED STATES) Get 29 1987, 148 (2)
P755-61, ISSN 0006-291X Journal Code: 9Y8
Contract/Grant No.: ES 1900; CA 38028; AM 34368
Languages: ENGLISH
Assay systems for the evaluation of carcinogen interaction with human
tissues are essential for assessing cancer risk. Human hair roots (HHR) are
a readily obtainable epithelial tissue source that have been employed for
investigating inherited enzyme activities. In this study HHR were found to
possess cytochrome P-450-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (ERD)
activity which measures cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes that are highly
specific (in thu order of greater than 95%) markers for the metabolic
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activation of many environmental carcinogenic substances such as the
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EAHs). Topical application of EAHs (in
liquor carbonis detergens) to the scalp of human volunteers was found to
enhance the activity of this enzyme in freshly plucked hair roots. Oral and
topical administration of ketoconazole to the same subjects resulted in an
appreciable (up to 73%) inhibition of detectable enzyme activity. Our data
suggest that measurement of ERD in HHR may be a useful marker for the study
of toxifying species of cytcchrome P-450 isozymes in human
populations. (NEJyi)
Dioxm
OF 2,3,7,9-TCED EQUIVALENT COSJCmERATIONS OF COMPLEX
ENVHOWENTAL casnMONAMr MIXTURES,
EADON GEORGE ; KAMTNSKY LAURENCE ; SILKWORTH JAY ; ALDOUS KENNETH ;
HILKER DAVID ; O'KEEFE PATRICK ; SMITH ROBERT
NEW YORK STATE DEFT HEALTH,
ENV HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, DEC 86, V70, P221(7)
JOURNAL ARTICLE SUFFICIENT TOXICOLOGICAL DATA ARE AVAILABLE TO PERMIT
USE OF CONVENTIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES TO ESTIMATED HAZARDS
ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN EXPOSURE TO 2,3,7,8-TCDD. HOWEVER, MANY PEAL-WORLD
EXPOSURES INVOLVE COMPLEX MIXTURES OF DIBENZODIQXINS, DIBENZOFURANS, AND
RELATED COMPOUNDS. A NOVEL APPROACH TO RISK ASSESSMENT WHICH USES EXISTING
LITERATURE DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS TO CALCULATE THE TCDD EQUIVALENT
COSICENTRATION OF A MIXTURE IN ORDER TO PREDICT ITS BIOLOGICAL POTENCY
RELATIVE TO 2,3,7,8-TCDD ITSELF IS ADVANCED. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED IN VIVO
ACUTE AND SUBCHROMIC STUDIES AND SOME RECENTLY rXDOJMEWTED ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY DATA ARE INTEGRATED TO CLARIFY THE U HXITY OF THIS APPROACH. (36
REFERENCES, 4 TABLES) (ENVEROLINE)
EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF DIOXTN IN BLEACHED KRAFT PAPER PRODUCTS,
EPA DRAFT REPORT 52967-02, JUN 25, 87 (67)
FED GOVT REPORT THE STUDY EVALUATES AND QUANTIFIES EXPOSURES AND RISKS
TO HEALTH WHICH MAY OCCUR THROUGH THE USE OF BLEACHED KRAFT PAPER PRODUCTS
THAT MAY CONTAIN DIOXTN. RESULTS IMPLY THAT UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES,
BLEACHED KRAFT PAPER PRODUCT USERS MAY BE EXPOSED TO DIQXIN AND WILL HAVE A
CALCUABLE LIFETIME RISK OF CANCER. ALTHOUGH THE RISKS ARE LOW, THEY ARE
DEPENDENT ON THE INTENSITY OF USE OF THE PRODUCTS OR THE ASSUMPTION OF THE
EXPOSURE SCENARIOS. (29 REFERENCES, 8 TABLES) (ENVTROLINE)
Health-risk estimates for 2,3,7,8-tetJ^chloro-dibenzodloxin: a
overview.
Fishbein L
Toxicol Ind Health 1987 Mar;3(1):91-134
As has been abundantly noted by many investigators, the paucity
of definitive knowledge of metabolism, pharmacokinetics and
pathogenesis of the chlorinated dioxins, principally
2,3,7,8-TCDD, in human populations continues to severely limit
14
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our ability to evaluate the scope of the chronic and delayed
effects of exposure to these agents. The marked qualitative and
quantitative differences in the response of animals to TCDD plus
the inability to validate a number of the critical assumptions
and mathematical models relative to risk assessment make the
extrapolation of data from intact animals to man particularly
uncertain. Hence, it is vital to vigorously pursue the
elaboration of the mechanism of action of TCDD at the molecular
level. This should greatly contribute to our fundamental
understanding of this agent and the potential danger that it may
pose for man. (NLM)
Risk assessment and oroadynamict. of ethyiene oxide as related to
occupational exposure.
3eliles RP; Parker JC
Toxicol ind Health 1987 Sep;J(3):371-82
Two rat inhalation bioassays have been integrated into the risk
assessment on the carcinogenicity of ethylene oxide (ED). The
carcinogenic findings as well as relevant metabolism and
pharmacokinetic data are reviewed. Brain tumors were selected as
the endpoint for the assessment of risk because of the indication
that adverse effects on the nervous system, related to BO
exposure, were consistent across species. Two methods,
time-exposure concentration product and area under the plasma
concentration-time curve (AUC) are used as a basis for
calculating effective dose. Scaling of the dose to man from both
rat and dog is explored based on pharmacokinetic studies. Two
different mathematical risk extrapolation models, the probit and
the multi-stage, are used to estimate the cancer risk for daily
exposures to BO of 1.8 microgram/liter over a working lifetime.
The use of AUC as a basis for dose from a daily exposure of 1.8
microgram/liter over a vorxing lifetime gives the higher risk
rates (90-142/10,000 workers). The implication of the simulated
dose using plasma concentrations versus the time-concentration
product approach is discussed in relation to threshold effects.
(NLM)
PCKM^LDEHYDE
Health Risks from Indoor Formaldehyde Exposures in Northwest Weatherized
Residences
Mellinger, P. J. ; Sever, L. E.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA.
Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: PNL-6058
Oct 86 28p
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NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8710; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC06-76KL01830
Conflicting opinions on the potential hazards associated with
formaldehyde exposure triggered a national workshop to address the
toxicological questions concerning the health effects of formaldehyde.
Since quantitative human data are not available to derive a dose-response
curve for formaldehyde risk assessment, nonhuman data are used. In the case
of formaldehyde, data from animals exposed to high concentrations are used
to estimate human risk at much lower concentrations. This study presents
the several steps that make up a risk assessment and exaiidnes any
additional data that might alter significantly the risk estimates presented
in the 1984 EIS. Eat inhalation chronic bioassay data from a study
sponsored by the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT) have been
used to develop a risk equation that was subsequently used by BPA in its
EIS. The CUT data base remains the only acceptable animal data that can
support the estimation of a dose-response curve. The development of
mathematical models continues with a great deal of energy, and the use of
different models is largely responsible for the great variability of the
formaldehyde risk estimates. While one can calculate different values for
carcinogenic risk associated with formaldehyde exposure than were presented
earlier in the BPA EIS, they are not likely to be any better. (ERA citation
12:005644)(OTTS)
Risk assessment of laboratory rats and mice chronically exposed to
fonnaldehyde vapors.
Brown KG
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Sep 1985, 5 (3) p!71-80, ISSN 0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Experimental data from the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology
(CUT) are used to estimate the risk of squamous eel1 carcinoma of the
nasal cavity in Fischer 344 (F344) rats over a range of ambient air
concentrations of formaldehyde that includes current exposure guidelines
for the workplace and home. These values are presented as a best estimate
envelope obtained from five mathanatical dose-response formulation. The
response of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats dosed at 15 ppm in a separate study at
New York University is consistent with the predicted lifetime response for
F344 rats at a slightly lower concentration (13-14 ppm). A dose-related
mortality effect beyond what is attributable to the; occurrence of nasal
carcinomas is found in F344 rats at all CUT exposure levels (2, 6, and 15
ppm). There is no evidence 01 a mortality effect in B6C3F1 mice of the CUT
study, and data for SD rats of the NYU experiment are inconclusive. In the
CUT study, rats exposed to 15 ppm exhibited a high incidence of nasal
cavity squamous cell carcinomas and polypoid adenomas. Polypoid adenomas
were also observed with increased incidences at 2 ppm and 6 ppm.
Statistical comparisons with matched controls, and the low historical rate
of spontaneous occurrence both suggest that polypoid adenomas may be a risk
to F344 rats at exposure levels below the current Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) standard of 3 ppm. Squamous cell carcinomas
were observed in two mice exposed to 15 ppm. This finding may be
biologically significant since this tumor is rare and has not been
previously reported in 4932 untreated B6C3F1 mice from recent National
Toxicology Program (NTP) feeding studies. (21 Refs.) (NEJyi)
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HEXZOiLORCBENZENE
Environmental health risk assessment: hexachlordbenzene.
Krewski D; Colin D; Villeneuve D
I7ARC Sci Publ 1986; (77):621-8
The process of environmental health risk assessment may be
described as a series of distinct stages, ranging from hazard
identification and risk estimation to the selection and
implementation of an appropriate risk management strategy. An
important step in this process is the estimation of health risks
at low levels of exposure. The toxicological and epidemiological
data base on which such estimates are based are reviewed in the
case of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a persistent organochlorine
pesticide, along with data on human exposure. This information is
used to assess the potential human health risks attributable to
HCB.
REVIEW ARTICLE: 49 REFS. (NEW)
Hexachlorobenzene fate-inodelling for risk assessment.
Eschenroeder A
IARC Sci Publ 1986; (77):39-44
Exposure assessments are needed for managing risks posed by
releases of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the environment. This
paper shows how mathematical models are used to trace the
movement of HCB and of materials which may carry it through the
environment. These models can be used to assess the benefits of
controls on the source of the releases in terms of reduced human
exposures. Examples are given for spills on soil, atmospheric
transport of combustion products, aqueous fate of material in
soil and overall environmental partitioning. These examples are
designed both to demonstrate available methods and to give
insights into probable pathways.(NLM)
A risk analysis of hexaclilorobenzene-related reproductive
outcomes.
Siegel-Scott C; Johnson AE
US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances,
Washington, DC 20460.
IARC Sci Publ (FRANCE) 1986, (77) p629-34, ISSN 0300-5038
Journal Code: GKU
Languages: ENGLISH
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) has been shown to produce reproductive effects in
man and animals. The risks associated with hexachlorobenzene exposure have
been determined for a litter using data from a feeding study by Kitchin et
al. (1982). The total amount and the concentration of HCB in the litter has
been estimated from a pharmacokinetic model. This estimate is consistent
with the works of Kitchin et al. (1982), Courtney and Andrews (1985), and
others which demonstrate that a large amount of HCB is transferred to the
litter, and this quantity increases as a function of the number of
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lactating days. The transfer of large quantities of HCB caused a
significant increase in the number of litters with greater than or equal to
10% mortality when total HCB in the litter was 29-57 mg, equivalent to a
concentration of 220-310 micrograms/g. The pharmacokinetic model proved
useful in estimating the total effective dose and concentration of HCB in
the litter via the dam's experimental dose. The model was also able to
calculate the equivalent human exposure, in order to compare it with actual
HCB levels from human monitoring data. (NLM)
LIMDflNE
Lindane: Position Document No. 2/3
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide
Programs.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287124
Report No.: EPA/540/9-87/153
Jun 80 194p
See also PB80-213861, and PB87-165098. Portions of this document are not
fully legible.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711
Country of Publication: IMited States
The Position Document addresses the risks and benefits of pesticide
products containing the subject active ingredient. The Agency has
determined that the use of products containing the subject active
ingredient may meet or exceed a risk criterion described in 40 CFR Part
154. Potential hazards will be examined further to determine the nature and
extent of the risk, and considering the benefits of the subject active
ingredient, whether such risks cause unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment. (NITS)
Lindane: Position Document 4
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287000
Report No.: EPA/540/9-87/154
Oct 83 161p
See also PB87-165080. Portions of this document are not fully legible.
Languages: Engli sh
WITS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711
Country of Publication: United States
The Position Document addresses the risks and benefits of pesticide
products containing the subject active ingredient. The Agency has
determined that the use of products containing the subject active
ingredient may meet or exceed a risk criterion described in 40 CFR Part
154. Potential hazards will be examined further to determine the nature and
extent of the risk, and considering the benefits of the subject active
ingredient, whether such risks cause unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment. (NITS)
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OZCNE
Hazard Assessment Using an Integrated Physiologically-Based Dosimetry
Modeling Approach: Ozone
Miller, F. J. ; Overton, J. H. ; Smolko, E. D. ; Menzel, D. B. ; Graham,
R. C.
Health Effects Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH.
Corp. Source Codes: 057052000
Sponsor: Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC. ; Northrop Services, Inc. ,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
Report NO.: EPA/600/D-87/040
Jan 87 31p
Prepared in cooperation with Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC. , and
Northrop Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Languages: English
NITS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709
Country of Publication: United States
A physiologically-based dosimetry modeling approach can provide a
framework for integrating various components of hazard assessments to
obtain interspecies dose-response curves as part of the risk assessment
process. The methodology presented for developing dose-response curves is
illustrated within the context of the inhalation toxicology of a ubiquitous
air pollutant, ozone. Major components of the approach are discussed,
including a data-based management system, the Critical Toxicity Reference
System, and a physiological based dosimetry model for ozone absorption in
the lower respiratory tract of mairmals. Features and characteristics of the
two components are discussed. When the ozone dosimetry modeling approach is
sufficiently developed, it can provide improved estimates for dose-response
relationships in experimental animals, leading to improved estimates of
human health risks. (NTIS)
RADIUM
Risk Assessment of Exposure to Radium and Fluoride in Illinois Public
Water Supplies
Hallenbeck, W. H.
Illinois Univ. at Chicago Circle.
Corp. Source Codes: 010384000
Sponsor: Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield.
Energy and Environmental Affairs Div.
Report No.: IL/ENR/RE/EA-86/14
Dec 86 86p
Sponsored by Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield.
Energy and Environmental Affairs Div.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8713
Country of Publication: United States
In June of 1985, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency petitioned
the Illinois Pollution Control Board to suspend the restricted status of
certain communities until January 1, 1989. The effect of this proposal
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would be to raise the Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) of fluoride
from 1.8-2.0 mg/1 to 4 mg/1, and combined
radium from 5 to 20 pCi/1. The
overall objective of the report was to assess the potential health impacts
of these proposed changes in MACS. Pertinent literature and IPCB testimony
were evaluated, health impact models were constructed, and individual risks
and/or expected cases were calculated for each affected community. There
are 107 corrmunities (680,912 people) in Illinois whose water supplies
exceed the present Illinois standard of 5 pCi/1 of combined radium. There
are 46 comnunities (53,840 people) in Illinois whose water supplies exceed
the present Illinois standard of 1.8 to 2.0 mg/1 of fluoride.
(NLM)
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Comprehensive Environmental Assessment and Response Program Conf innation
and Evaluation Activities
Martz, M. K. ; Rea, K. H. ; Vocke, R. W. ; Ferenbaugh, R. W.
Los Alamos National Lab. , NM. Environmental Surveillance Group.
Corp. Source Codes: 072735011; 9508221
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: LA-UR-86-2892; CCNF-861227-1
1986 lip
Superfund '86, Washington, DC, USA, 1 Dec 1986.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-7405-ENG-36
The US Department of Energy Albuquerque Operations Office (DOE-AL)
initiated the Comprehensive Environmental Assessment and Response Program
(CEARP) to identify, evaluate, and conduct remedial actions at hazardous
waste disposal and contamination sites on the eight nuclear weapons
development and production installations under its jurisdiction. The CEARP
is being implemented in five phases (Phase 1 - Installation Assessment,
Phase 2 - Confirmation, Phase 3 - Technological Assessment, Phase 4 -
Remedial Action, and Phase 5 - Compliance and Verification). During Phase
1, regulatory compliance was evaluated and disposal/contamination sites
were identified. Phase 2 provides the field data for site characterization,
risk assessment, determination of need for corrective action, and
evaluation of possible remedial actions at hazardous waste sites. Phase 2
is being conducted in two stages (monitoring plan
development/reconnaissance sampling and site characterization/remedial
investigation). Problem sites across the DOE-AL complex were prioritized
for site characterization and CEARP Phase 2 activities nave been initiated.
(ERA citation 12:000249) (NTIS)
LAND: THE SCALE OF THE PROBLEMS IN EUROPE (PART 1),
GIESELER GERNOT
DORNIER SYSTEM GMBH, W GERMANY,
EEC INTL POLLUTION ABATEMENT CONF, BIRMINGHAM, UK, APR 6-8, 87, PGK29)
CONF PAPER THE EXTENT OF LAND CCWTAMINATION IN WESTERN EUROPE BY
HAZARDOUS OR INDUSTRIAL WASTES IS CONSIDERED. VARIOUS NATIONAL APPROACHES
FOR ESTABLISHING WASTE DISPOSAL AND CLEANUP APPROACHES ARE CONTRASTED, AS
ARE APPLICABLE NATIONAL STATUTES AND MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES. TOPICS COVERED
INCLUDE GROUND SURVEY TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL POLLUTION PROBLEMS, LAND
RECLAMATION AND REMEDIAL MEASURES, AND DISPOSAL ROUTES FOR HAZARDOUS
WASTES. RECXM/ENDATIONS FOR ENHANCING WASTE AND WASTE SITE IDENnFICATION
AND RISK ASSESSMENT OPERATIONS ARE APPENDED. (9 TABLES)
(ENVIROLINE)
Evaluation of Methods to Compare Consequences from Hazardous Materials
Transportation Accidents
Rhoads, R. E. ; Franklin, A. L. ; Lavender, J. C.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA.
Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268
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Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: SAND-86-7117; TIC-0674
Oct 86 118p
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. Original
copy available until stock is exhausted.
Languages: English
NITS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC04-76DP00789
This report presents the results of a project to develop a framework for
making meaningful comparisons of the consequences from transportation
accidents involving hazardous materials. The project was conducted in two
phases. In Phase I, methods that could potentially be used to develop the
consequence comparisons for hazardous material transportation accidents
were identified and reviewed. Potential iirprovements were identified and an
evaluation of the improved methods was performed. Based on this evaluation,
several methods were selected for detailed evaluation in Phase II of the
project. The methods selected were location-dependent scenarios, figure of
merit and risk assessment. This evaluation included application of the
methods to a sample problem which compares the consequences of four
representative hazardous materials - chlorine, propane, spent nuclear fuel
and class A explosives. These materials were selected because they
represented a broad class of hazardous material properties and consequence
mechanisms. The sample case aplication relied extensively on consequence
calculations performed in previous transportation risk assessment studies.
A consultant was employed to assist in developing consequence models for
explosives. Ihe results of the detailed evaluation of the three consequence
comparison methods indicates that metnods are available to perform
technically defensible comparisons of the consequences from a wide variety
of hazardous materials. Location-dependent scenario and risk assessment
methods are available now and the figure of merit method could be developed
with additional effort. All of the methods require substantial effort to
implement. Methods that would require substantially less effort were
identified in the preliminary evaluation, but questions of technical
accuracy preclude their application on a scale. These methods may have
application to specific cases, however. (ERA citation 12:000166)
(NITS)
Factors for Assessment of Human Health Risk Associated with Remedial
Action at Hazardous Waste Sites
Stephenson, D. E. ; King, C. M. ; Looney, B. B. ; Holmes, W. G. ; Gordon,
D. E.
Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co. , Aiken, SC. Savannah River Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 009966002; 9520932
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: DP-MS-85-129; COSIF-851235-2
1985 17p
American Geophysical Union fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 9 Dec
1985.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NITS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: united States
Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001
A risk assessment strategy that is cost effective and minimized human
22
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health risks was developed for closure of hazardous waste sites at the
Savannah River Plant. The strategy consists of (1) site characterization,
(2) contaminant transport modeling, and (3) determination of relative
merits of alternative remedial actions according to the degree of health
protection they provide. (ERA citation 12:001725) (NITS)
Issues on health risk assessment at hazardous waste sites and resource
recovery facilities in Region II.
Cam V
United States Environmental Protection Agency/ Region II, Air and Waste
Management Division, New York, NY 10278.
Toxicol tnd Health (UNITED STATES) Dec 1985, 1 (4) p271-6, ISSN
0748-2337 Journal Code: VWS
Languages: ENGLISH
This paper examines the issues involved in health risk assessments at
hazardous waste sites and resource recovery facilities in Region II and
emphasizes the programmatic aspects of the problem and the integration of
risk assessment into the permitting process for these facilities.
Suggestions for the R&D agenda and policy needs to support a risk
assessment strategy in this area are also discussed. (NLM)
Liner Location Risk and Cost Analysis ffodel. Appendices
(Draft rept)
Pope-Reid Associates, Inc., St. Paul, MN.
Corp. Source Codes: 085816000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid
Waste.
Jan 85 414p
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Solid Waste.
Languages: English
NTTS Prices: PC A18/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8712
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-01-6621
The volume contains the appendices to the Liner Location Risk Analysis
Model Draft Report. Contents: Failure and release submodel; Subsurface
transport submodel; Exposure submodel; Hazard submodel; Cost model; Waste
and constituent characterization; Structure and function of the
liner-location risk analysis model. (NTIS)
PROBABILISTIC RISK ANALYSIS IN WASTE DISPOSAL: AN
APPROACH.
BAMBERG SAMUEL A. ; VAN ZYL DIRK
AND ; (COLORADO STATE UNTV),
COLORADO STATE UNTV (A.A. BALKEMA) 8TH GEOHYDRO WASTE MGT SYM, FORT
COLLINS, FEE 5-7, 86, P399(8)
CONF PAPER AN INTEGRATED APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY IS DELINEATED FOR
RISK ANALYSIS OF WASTE DISPOSAL. THE METHOD EMPLOYS RISK ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES APPLYING PROBABILITY THEORY, WHICH CONSIDERS VARIABILITY AND
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UNCERTAINTY OF PARAMETERS. THE RESULTS OF A PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS ARE
EXPRESSED AS A RELIABILITY OR PROBABILITY OF FAILURE LEADING TO A RELEASE
OF POLLUTANTS AND RESULTING IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL CCNSEQUENCE. THE STEPS IN
THE ASSESSMENT ARE TO DEVELOP nMFORMATION AND DATA SETS, IDENTIFY HAZARDS,
AND THEN PERFORM PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT WHICH CAN BE USED TO
IDENTIFY DESIGN ALTERNATIVES. (ENVIROLINE)
Projected Environmental Inpacts of Transportation of Radioactive Material
to the First United States Repository Site. An Overview
Cashwell, J. W. ; Neuhauser, K. S. ; Reardon, P. C.
Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM.
Corp. Source Codes: 068123000; 9511100
Sponsor: Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA.; Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
Report NO.: SAND-86-2186C; TTC-0684; CONF—860930—2
1986 5p
Annual information meeting of the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management
Program, Winnipeg, Canada, 7 Sep 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC04-76DP00789
The relative national environmental inpacts of tramsporting spent fuel
and other nuclear wastes to each of nine candidate repository sites in the
United States were analyzed. Two scenarios were examined for each
repository: (1) shipment of 5-year-old spent fuel and defense high-level
waste (DHLW) directly from their points of origin to a repository
(Reference Case); (2) shipment of 5 year old spent fuel to a Monitored
Retrievable Storage (MRS) facility and shipment (by dedicated rail) of 10
year old consolidated spent fuel from the MRS to a repository. Transport by
either all truck or all rail from the points of origin were analyzed as
bounding cases. The computational system used to analyze these iirpacts
included the WASTES II logistics code and the RADTRAN III risk analysis
code. The radiological risks for the Reference Case increased as the total
shipment miles to a repository increased for truck; the risks also
increased with mileage for rail but at a lover rate. For the MRS scenario
the differences between repository sites were less pronounced for both
modal options because of the reduction in total shipment miles possible
with the large dedicated rail casks. All the risks reported are small in
comparison to ''natural background.'' 15 refs., 6 tabs. (ERA citation
12:000252) (NTIS)
Research Needs Workshop: Hazardous Wastes Treatment and Disposal
Parkin, G. F. ; Pipes, W. 0. ; Koerner, R. M.
Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA.
Corp. Source Codes: 028824000
Sponsor: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Directorate for
Engineering.
Report NO.: NSF/ENG-86042
1986 123p
24
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Proceedings of a workshop held at Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.,
June 9-10, 1986. Sponsored by National Science Foundation, Washington, DC.
Directorate for Engineering.
Languages: Eng1ish
NITS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: NSF-CDR84-13832
The specific objectives of the workshop were: (1) to identify nationally
recognized experts conducting research on hazardous waste treatment and
disposal; (2) to summarize the present status of the information available
in the various areas of hazardous waste research; (3) to identify the
current needs for basic research which can contribute to long-term
solutions for the wide variety of hazardous waste problems; (4) to bring
together this group of experts to generate a reasonably well-focused and
uniform position on the subject; (5) to recormend areas of research
requiring NSF funding; and (6) to disseminate the information generated to
the technical community. Eight areas of research were selected for study by
the panels of the workshop; (1) source identification and benefication; (2)
hazard identification and evaluation; (3) incineration; (4) physical
treatment processes; (5) chemical and biological treatment processes; (6)
land disposal; (7) monitoring, restoring, and protecting groundwater
quality; and (8) risk assessment. Position papers, conclusions,
recommendations, the workshop format, and a list of participants are
included. (NITS)
A RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILLS,
EISENBEIS JOHN J. ; MONTGOMERY ROBERT H. ; SANDERS THOMAS S.
COLORADO STATE UNIV,
COLORADO STATE UNIV (A.A. BALKEMA) 8TH GEOHYDRO WASTE MGT SYM, FORT
COLLINS, FEE 5-7, 86, P417(10)
CONF PAPER A RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY IS INTRODUCED FOR DESIGNING A
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL. THE EIGHT-STEP PROCESS BEGINS WITH CHOOSING A
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE AND DEFINING SYSTEM FAILURE. SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND
INTERACTTONS ARE THEN DETERMINED, AND A FAULT TREE THAT DESCRIBES
CONNECTIONS AMONG EVENTS IS CONSTRUCTED. PROBABILITIES ARE
ASSIGNED TO
EVENTS, AND THE PROBABILITY OF THE TOP EVENT IS COMPUTED. CONSEQUENCES ARE
THEN ASSIGNED, RISK IS ESTIMATED, AND RESULTS ARE EVALUATED IN TERSM OF
ACCEPTABLE RISK AND POSSIBLE RISK REDUCING MITIGATION EFFORTS. THE RESULTS
ARE APPLIED TO THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS BY (XMPARTNG THE AMOUNT OF COST
AND RISK FOR DIFFERENT DESIGNS. (ENVTROLINE)
RISK ASSESSMENT; THE JTHBOOM JUNKYARD SUPERFUND SITE; THE OREGON, OHIO
SITE,
CAMOUGIS GEORGE ; IRWTN LAURIE ; HOLMYARD PETER ; HELTMACH JOHN E. ;
KENNING TODD ; YOST KARL
NEW ENGLAND RESEARCH INC, MA,
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS & WASTE MANAGEMENT, JAN-FEB 87, V5, Nl, P10(9)
JOURNAL ARTICLE RISK ASSESSMENT IS A SEQUENTIALLY-LINKED, MULTI-STEP
PROCESS WHICH PROVIDES KEY INPUTS TO MAKING DECISIONS ON WHAT TO DO WITH
SUPERFUND SITES. A CHALLENGE FACED BY EPA AND WASTE MANAGERS IS TO AGREE ON
25
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A RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE WHICH CAN BE APPLIED WIDELY TO SITE ASSESSMENTS
AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS AT (XNTAMINATED SITES THROUGHOUT THE U.S. THE
DECONTAMINATION PROGRAM SCHEDULED FOR THE JTBBOOM JUNKYARD, A HEAVY
METAL-POLLUTED SUPERFUND SITE NEAR SACRAMENTO, CA, IS DETAILED. THE LARGEST
SUPERFUND ON-SITE TREATMENT PROJECT EVER ATTEMPTED IS OlTITNuTNG ?T A SITE
IN OREGON, OH. THE SCOPE OF WORK INVOLVES CHEMICALLY TREATING THE LIQUID
WASTE PORTION OF A LAGOON ESTIMATED TO BE 18-25 MILLION GAL IN VOLUME. (1
DIAGRAM, 3 PHOTOS) (FJWIROLINE)
Transportation of Hazardous Materials in Arizona. Volume 1. Gccprehensive
Study Approach, Analyses and Findings
Pijawka, K. D. ; Radwan, A. E. ; Soesilo, J. A.
Arizona State Univ. , Tempe.
Corp. Source Codes: 000950000
Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration, Phoenix, AZ. Arizona Div.;
Arizona Dept. of Transportation, Phoenix.
Report NO.: FHWA/AZ-86/223-1
Jan 86 175p
See also PB87-136750. Sponsored by Federal Highway Administration,
Phoenix, AZ. Arizona Div., and Arizona Dept. of Transportation, Phoenix.
Languages; English
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8708
Country of Publication: united States
The objective of the study was to assess the magnitude of hazardous
materials shipments, load characteristics in terms of chemical type, volume
Rand hazard class. These data were allocated to routes in Arizona. The
analyses is a first step in understanding the hazardous materials
transportation situation and will serve as a basis for risk assessment
studies. A database management system was developed for data manipulation
and retrieval by state agencies for program planning, risk evaluations and
as a basis for risk evaluations. Several surveys were; conducted to obtain
ttn uata. These included: (1) hazardous waste shipments for 19i3 and 1984
compiled from RCRA manifests; (2) two one-week surveys of placarded trucks
at Arizona's major ports of entry; (3) an intra-state survey at 9 state
locations; (4) interviews with distributors of gasoline, acids and propane.
(NTIS)
Transportation of Hazardous Materials in Arizona. Volume 2. Hazardous
Materials Data Base Management System: Development and Programs
Pijawka, K. D. ; Radwan, A. E. ; Shieh, F. Y. ; Soesilo, J. A.
Arizona State Univ., Tempe.
Corp. Source Codes: 000950000
Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration, Phoenix, AZ. Arizona Div.;
Arizona Dept. of Transportation, Phoenix.
Report NO.: FHWA/AZ-86/223-2
Jan 86 80p
See also PB87-136743, and PB87-136768. Sponsored by Federal Highway
Administration, Phoenix, AZ. Arizona Div., and Arizona Dept. of
Transportation, Phoenix.
Languages: Eng1ish
NTTS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8708
26
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Country of Publication: United States
The document describes the steps undertaken to develop the Data Base
Management Systems (DBMS) for the transportation of hazardous materials and
hazardous wastes in Arizona. It includes the selection of computer hardware
and software, the design of the data base input and output form, the
development of the necessary command procedures to produce statistical
relationships, the step-by-step procedure to access and operate the DBMS,
and, finally, the listing of command procedures. (NITS)
Transportation of Hazardous Materials in Arizona. Volume 3. Executive
Summary
Pijawka, K. D. ; Radwan, A. E. ; Soesilo, J. A.
Arizona State Univ., Tempe.
Corp. Source Codes: 000950000
Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration, Phoenix, AZ. Arizona Div.;
Arizona Dept. of Transportation, Phoenix.
Report No.: FHWA/AZ-86/223-3
Jan 86 16p
See also PB87-136743. Sponsored by Federal Highway Administration,
Phoenix, AZ. Arizona Div. , and Arizona Dept. of Transportation, Phoenix.
Languages: English
NITS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8708
Country of Publication: United States
The objective of the study was to assess the magnitude of hazardous
materials shipments, load characteristics in terms of chemical type, volume
and hazard class. These data were allocated to routes in Arizona. The
analyses is a first step in understanding the hazardous materials
transportation situation and will serve as a basis for risk assessment
studies. A data base management system was developed for data manipulation
and retrieval by state agencies for program planning, risk evaluations and
as a basis for risk evaluations. (NITS)
27
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RADIATION
1986 Annual Information Meeting (of tlie Environmental Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory). Abstracts
Oak Ridge National Lab. , TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORNL/M-155; CONF-8605183-ABSTS.
1986 28p
Environmental Sciences Division annual information meeting, Oak Ridge,
IN, USA, 7 May 1986.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711; NSA1200
Country of Publication: united States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
Abstracts are presented for the following papers: Geohydrological
Research at the Y-12 Plant (C.S. Haase); Ecological Impacts of Waste
Disposal Operations in Bear Creek Valley Near the Y-12 Plant (J.M. Loar) ;
Finite Element Simulation of Subsurface Contaminant Transport: Logistic
Difficulties in Handling Large Field Problems (G.T. Yen); Dynamic
Compaction of a Radioactive Waste Burial Trench (B.P. Spalding) ;
Comparative Evaluation of Potential Sites for a High-Level Radioactive
Waste Repository (E.D. Smith); Changing Priorities in Environmental
Assessment and Environmental Compliance (R.M. Reed); Ecology,
Ecotoxicology, and Ecological Risk Assessment (L.W. Barnthouse); Theory and
Practice in Uncertainty Analysis from Ten Years of Practice (R.H. Gardner) ;
Modeling Landscape Effects of Forest Decline (V.H. Dale); Soil Nitrogen and
the Global Carbon Cycle (W.M. Post); Maximizing Wood Energy Production in
Short-Rotation Plantations: Effect of Initial Spacing and Rotation Length
(L.L. Wright) ; and Ecological Communities and Processes in Woodland Streams
Exhibit Both Direct and Indirect Effects of Acidification. (ERA citation
12:008588) (NTIS)
Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 1982 (Held at Mannheim, Federal
Republic of Germany on 4 May 1982). Technical Meeting: Possibilities and
Effects of Serious Reactor Accidents
Deutsches Atomforum e.V., Bonn (Germany, F.R.).
Corp. Source Codes: 070499000; 2152000
Report No.: INIS-MF-10620; CONF-8205205-PT.2
1982 97p
In German. Meeting on nuclear technology, Mannheim, F.R. Germany, 4 May
1982.
Languages: German Document Type: Conference proceeding
Country of Publication: Germany, Federal Republic of
A critical examination of the forecast of a design basis accident, the
view of the Sandia National Laboratory on the probability of a steam
explosion after a core meltdown accident is comparison with WASH-1400, the
possibilities of interactions with the containment structure and fission
product release, as well as the influences for the assessment of risk in
Germany taken from the analysis of core meltdown accidents are dealt with
in these papers. (ERA citation 12:038922) (NTIS)
28
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Assessment of Atmosftierically-Released Radionuclides Using the
Coifxtterized Radiological Risk Investigation System
Nelson, C. B. ; Sjoreen, A. L. ; Miller, C. W. ; Baes, III, C. F.
Office of Radiation Programs, Washington, DC.
Corp. Source Codes: 038529000; 9500472
Sponsor: Oak Ridge National Lab. , TN. ; Department of Energy, Washington,
DC.
Report NO.: CONF-861165-4
1986 5p
Joint conference on applications of air pollution meteorology, Chapel
Hill, NC, USA, 18 NOv 1986.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
For radionuclides, the standards are in terms of an annual dose, and the
regulations require assurance that no member of the general public receives
a dose in excess of that standard. Thus, spatial variations in the
population around an emission source must be considered. Furthermore, for
most chemical pollutants the standards are written in terms of an air
concentration while for radionuclides other pathways of exposure, e.g.,
uptake of the airborne emissions by terrestrial food chains must also be
considered. The remainder of this paper discusses the computer codes that
make up the CRRIS and how they are used to perform an assessment of the
health impacts on man of radionuclides released to the atmosphere. (ERA
citation 12:005590) (NTIS)
ASSIGNED SHARES IN COMPENSATION FOR RADIATION-RELATED CANCERS; WHO NEEDS
CAUSATION ERCBABUJTIES?; ASSIGNED SHARES AND COMBINED INSULTS; THE
UNCERTAINTIES OF ASSIGNED SHARES TORT COMPENSATION: WHAT WE DON'T KNOW CAN
HURT US,
LAGAKOS STEPEHN W. ; MOSTELLER FREDERICK ; ROSENBERG DAVID ; LAVE LESTER
B. ; SEILER FRITZ ; COX LOUIS
HARVARD UNTV,
RISK ANALYSIS, 1986 , V6 , N3, P345(36)
JOURNAL ARTICLE AN NIH WORKING GROUP PREPARED RADIOEPTDEMIOLOGIC TABLES
WHICH ESTIMATE THE LIKELIHOOD THAT CANCER VICTTNS PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO A
RADIATION DOSE DEVELOPED THEIR CANCER AS A RESULT OF THIS EXPOSURE. THE
TABLES PROVIDE A SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR DETERMINING VICTIM COMPENSATION, AND
THEIR USE WOULD REPRESENT A MARKED DEPARTURE FROM THE CURRENT TORT SYSTEM
FOR DECIDING COMPENSATION. AFTER PARTITIONING A POPULATION INTO REFERENCE
SETS BASED ON AGE AT EXPOSURE AND OTHER DATA, AN ASSIGNED SHARE IS COMPUTED
FOR EACH SET AND THEN ASSIGNED TO ALL OF ITS MEMBERS. THE ASSIGNED SHARE
REPRESENTS THE FRACTION OF THE CANCER CASES IN THE REFERENCE SET THAT ARE
ATTRIBUTED TO THE RADIATION DOSE. PROBLEMS AND UNCERTAINTIES INHERENT IN
THIS APPROACH ARE IDENTIFIED, AND CRITIQUES OF THIS APPROACH TO
COMPENSATION ARE APPENDED. (4 GRAPHS, 61 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE)
(ENVTROLINE)
29
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Epidaniological Studies of General Population Groups Exposed to Low-Level
Radiation
Davies, J. M. ; Inskip, H.
Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris (France).
Corp. Source Codes: 064679000; 4796200
Report No.: HXUS-XN-60
1986 48p
U.S. Sales Only.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8801; NSA1200
Country of Publication: Other
The exposure of man to radiation and the resulting ri.sk of carcinogenesis
continue to be of concern to the public. In this context, there is often a
tendency to carry out epidemiological studies concerning the induction of
cancer in radiation workers and members of the public which are not
supported by a statistically valid data base or whose result are
misinterpreted or misused. To assist national authorities in evaluating
radiological risks, the Nuclear Energy Agency has sponsored a critical
review of the methodologies for, and the limitations of, these
epidemiological studies, and of the precautions to be adopted in
interpreting their results. Prepared by two consultants, Dr. Joan M. Davies
and Dr. Hazel Inskip, the review focuses on the problems encountered when
carrying out epidemiological studies on groups of the general population
exposed to radiation, and using their results for radiological protection
purposes. The primary objective is to provide background material for
national authorities who have responsibilities in the field of radiological
protection, as well as to other persons interested in this subject. It is
published under the responsibility of the Secretary General of the OECD,
and does not necessarily reflect the views of Member Governments. (ERA
citation 12:042236) (NTIS)
Estimated Risk from Exposure to Radon Decay Products in US Hones
Nero, A. V.
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA. " pplied Science Div.
Corp. Source Codes: 086929008; 9505804
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: LBL-21642; CGNF-8509332-1
May 86 19p
Workshop on exposure modeling and monitoring, Cambridge, MA, USA, 30 Sep
1985.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NITS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098
Recent analyses now permit direct estimation of the risks of lung cancer
from radon decay products in US homes. Analysis of data from indooi
monitoring in single-family homes yields a tentative frequency distribution
of annual-average sup 222 Rn concentrations averaging 55 Bq m sup -3 and
having 2% of homes exceeding 300 Bq m sup -3 . Application of the results
of occupational epidemiological studies, either directly or using recent
advances in lung dosimetry, to indoor exposures suggests that the average
30
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indoor concentration entails a lifetime risk of lung cancer of 0.3% or
about 10% of the total risk of lung cancer. The risk to individuals
occupying the homes with 300 Bq m sup -3 or more for their lifetimes is
estimated to exceed 2%, with risks from the hones with thousands of Bq m
sup -3 correspondingly higher, even exceeding the total risk of premature
death due to cigarette smoking. The potential for such average and
high-level risks in ordinary homes forces development of a new perspective
on environmental exposures. (ERA citation 12:001994) (NITS)
Bewertung ausgewaehlter epidemiologiscner Studien an strahlenexponierten
Kollektiven (Evaluation of Selected Epidemiological Studies on Collective
Groups of Radiation Exposed Persons)
Kaul, A. ; Elsasser, U. ; Hinz, G. ; Kossel, F. ; Martignoni, K.
Bundesgesundheitsamt, Neuherberg (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer
Strahlenhygiene.
Corp. Source Codes: 052715002
Report No.: ISH-51
Dec 84 60p
Text in German.
Languages: German Document Type: Bibliography
NITS Prices: PC E09 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711
Country of Publication: Germany, Federal Republic of
An analysis of the literature indicated that further epidemiological
studies of stochastic radiation effects are needed to validate and extend
the presently known data on the extent of the risk induced by radiation.
For this purpose and on account of the availability of dose values and
results from medical examinations, the group of occupationally
radiation-exposed persons is particularly suitable. Assessments as to the
number of persons required for such a study indicate, however, that only
such risk coefficients might be found that exceed by a factor 10 those
presently assumed. Furthermore, a uniformly large exposure of several rem
per year and person would have to occur over a period of two additional
decades in order to statistically confirm an increased frequency of disease
from radiation exposure. (Copyright (c) 1986 by FIZ. Citation no.
86:10122.) (NITS)
Health and Environmental Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power
Plant Accident
Goldman, M. ; Catlin, R. J. ; Anspaugh, L.
Committee on the Assessment of Health Consequences in Exposed
Populations, Washington, DC. Inter laboratory Task Group on Health and
Environmental Aspects of the Soviet Nuclear Accident.
Corp. Source Codes: 089961001; 9522690
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/ER-0332
Jun 87 307p
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products. Original
copy available until stock is exhausted.
Languages: English
NTTS Prices: PC A14/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8801; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
31
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An assessment of the impact of the Chernobyl accident on the Northern
Hemisphere is presented in this report. It relies heavily on the USSR
report presented, to the International Atomic Energy Agency. There are gaps
in present knowledge and, in some areas, uncertainties may never oe
completely resolved. What is clearly apparent at this time, however, is
that on a large regional scale, the estimates of collective dose have a
reasonable level of confidence. The associated potential health impacts
have also been projected, together with a range of estimates. A brief
description of the tragic consequences to the heroic firefighting and
rescue personnel is also provided, and valuable insights regarding acute
exposures are developed. Much early effort was expended on estimation of
the source term, especially for radiocesium and radioiodine. Several
independent analyses are presented that are in reasonable agreement.
Atmospheric transport of the radioactive material and its subsequent
deposition provide a documented 'umbrella'' of the distributions that form
the basic integration of this assessment. The estimates of radiological
doses to selected Northern Hemisphere populations were employed in
developing an integrated risk assessment of potential latent health effects
using the most current models, parameters and risk coefficients. The
estimates presented include lo;ver- and upper-bound values, as well as the
"best " or most realistic ranges. While many scientists believe that
minuscule increases in risks to large populations are impossible to prove,
it is essential that the magnitude of these possible risks be presented, if
only to put an upper limit on the situation. It must be emphasized that
while these are "potential" health effects, the values presented
represent our best current assessment of the health and environmental
detriment caused by the Chernobyl accident. 72 refs. , 37 figs. , 91 tabs.
(ERA citation 12:041928) (NITS)
Radiation Protection Guidelines for Space Missions
Fry, R. J. M. ; Nachtwey, D. S.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX.
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.; Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-861044-5
1986 17p
Hanford Life Sciences symposium: radiation protection-a look to the
future - celebrating four decades of research at Hanford, Richland, WA,
USA, 21 Oct 1986.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NITS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: CKAI8712; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's current radiation
protection guidelines were recommended in 1970. The career limit was set at
400 rem. Today, using the same approach as in 1970, but with the current
risk estimates, a considerably lower career limit would obtain. Also, there
is considerably more information about the radiation environments that will
be experienced in different missions than previously. Since 1970 women have
joined their ranks. For these and other reasons it was considered necessary
to reexamine the radiation protection guidelines. This task has been
undertaken by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
32
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Scientific Corraittee 75 (NCRP SC 75). Below the magnetosphere the radiation
environment varies with altitude and inclination of the orbit. In outer
space missions galactic cosmic rays, with the small but important heavy ion
component, determine the radiation environment. The new recomnendations for
career dose limits, based on lifetime excess risk of cancer mortality, take
into account age at first exposure and sex. The career limits range from
100 rem (1.0 Sv) for a 24 year old female to 400 rem (4.0 Sv) for a 55 year
old male compared to the previous single limit of 400 rem (4.0 Sv). The
career limit for the lens of the eye has been reduced from 600 rem (6.0 Sv)
to 400 rem (4.0 Sv). 20 refs., 1 fig., 7 tabs. (ERA citation 12:010045)
(OTIS)
SCIENCE AND TEANS-SCTENCE IN RADIATION RISK ASSESSMENT: CHILD CANCER
AROUND THE NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING PLANT AT SELLAFIELD, U.K. ,
CROUCH DAVID
UNTV OF SUSSEX, UK,
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENV, SEP 86, V53, N3, P201(16)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH RISKS TO THE POPULATION FROM
RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ENVTRONMEWT IS A COMPLEX AND AS YET INCOMPLETE
SCIENCE. BICGEOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFER AND
CONCENTRATION ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD, AND MODELS OF RADIONUCLIDE METABOLISM
RELY LARGELY ON INCONCLUSIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANIMALS. THESE PROBLEMS ARE
DESCRIBED WITH REFERENCE TO THE ASSESSMENT OF CHILD CANCER RISKS AT THE
SELLAFIELD, U.K., NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING PLANT. THE EXTENT OF
UNCERTAINTIES IN A RECENT RADIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ARE FOUND TO BE SUCH
THAT, SHOULD SCIENTIFIC CONCERN PERSIST OVER THE EXCEPTIONAL INCIDENCE OF
CHILD CANCER AT THIS SITE, GREATER CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO A
REAPPRAISAL OF THE RISK CALCULATION. (77 REFERENCES) (ENVTJROLINE)
Uncertainty and relative risks of radiation exposure.
Adelstein S
JAMA 1987 Aug 7;258(5):655-7
Exposure to ionizing radiation in a nonmilitary emergency is
likely to alarm those persons exposed and their families. Not
only is the outcome uncertain, but the risks are difficult to
convey. This coxnnunication discusses uncertainties in short-term
outcome and long-term effects, as well as means of conveying the
magnitude of risks to patients and their families. It emphasizes
that the perception of radiation hazards is contextual. It offers
three ways of presenting the prognostic long-term risks of
accidental radiation exposure by comparing them with the
incidence of cancer and genetic abnormalities in unexposed
persons, the hazards of everyday living, and the level of natural
and medical exposures to ionizing radiation.(NLM)
33
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BDOUDGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
JUDGMENT AMD ANALYSIS IN OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT,
STEWART THOMAS R. ; LESCfflNE THOMAS M.
(NATL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, CO) AND ; (UNTV OF WASHINGTON) ,
RISK ANALYSIS, 1986, V6, N3, P305UD
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE JUDGMENTAL BASIS IS DESCRIBED FOR TISK ASSESSMENT
IN AN IMPORTANT, CONTROVERSIAL AREA OF FJWTROMyENTAL RISK: THE RISK OF OIL
SPILLS FROM MARINE TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATED WITH PROPOSED COASTAL ENERGY
FACILITIES OR OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING. THREE GENERAL APPROACHES TO THE
PROBLEM ARE OUTLINED, HIGHLIGHTING THE INTUITIVE, EMPIRICAL, AND SIMULATION
PATHS. THE JUDGMENTS INVOLVED IN A NUMBER OF ANALYTIC OIL SPILL RISK
ASSESSMENT METHODS ARE COMPARED. (2 GRAPHS, 38 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES)
(ENVTROLINE)
34
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At the top of the questions - risk.
Ramsey, Stephen D.
Environmental Forum 4 nlO 24(2) Feb, 1986
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
SIC CODE: 9121
DESCRIPTORS: Environmental protection—philosophy; Risk assessment—
environmental aspects; United States. Congress—environmental policy
(LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
EPA'S RISK ASSESSMENT CULTURE,
YOSIE TERRY F.
EEA, DC,
ENV SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, JUN 87, V21, N6, P526(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE RISK ASSESSMENT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EPA'S
REGULATORY PROCESSES. THE AGENCY TRANSLATES THE GOALS AND LANGUAGE OF
FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES INTO CRITERIA THAT ARE USED TO EVALUATE THE
RISKS OF SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS AS A BASIS FOR REACHING REGULATORY DECISIONS.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS ARE DISCUSSED: THE
SHIFTING INFLUENCE AMONG THE OFFICES THAT PREPARE ASSESSMENTS, THE EXPANDED
USE OF EXTERNAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS, AND THE SEARCH FOR CONSISTENCY IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF RISK ASSESSMENTS. FEATURES OF A NEW, EMERGING RISK
ASSESSMENT CULTURE INCLUDE MULTIMEDIA RISK ASSESSMENT, MEDIATING OR
INTEGRATING STRUCTURES, AND RISK CCMV1UNICATION. (ENVIROLINE)
Last word on EPA risk decisions?
Yuhnke, Bob; Russell, Milton
Environmental Forum 4 nlO 44(3) Feb, 1986
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
SIC CODE: 9511
DESCRIPTORS: United States. Environmental Protection Agency—decision
making; Risk assessment—environmental aspects; Public health—
environmental aspects (LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
35
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LBSVL ASPECTS
Releases and risk-sharing - finding a proper balance.
Habicht, F. Henry, II
Environmental Forum 4 n9 28(3) Jan, 1986
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
STATUTE: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act of 1980
DESCRIPTORS: Risk assessment—environmental aspects; Hazardous waste sites
—management; Compromise (Law)—environmental aspects
(LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
Risk Analysis: Fear of Disease Fuels Flurry of Toxic Tort Cases
Baram, Michael
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v91n29 PP.-
31,34-35 Jul 20, 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The public is greatly concerned about the health risks associated with
hazardous wastes and other toxic chemicals. The result has been a flurry of
toxic tort cases based on fear of disease and evidence of increased risk.
The claims are of great concern to industrial firms and to their insurers,
who are potentially liable for compensatory damages and for bearing the
costs of other remedies imposed by the courts. Tort law has evolved over
the last decade, and the changes have favored the victims of toxic exposure
with actual disease. In several states, the changes care being expanded to
accommodate fear of disease and. increased-risk claimants who lack actual
physical injury. Insurers must face up to the situation in providing and
costing future coverages and deciding on options among the choices
available. Within the tort system, users can promote new evidentiary
standards or the use of better litigation strategies. Increased reliance on
alternative dispute resolution methods or support of enactment of a
victim's compensation program can take these cases out of the tort system.
(ABI/HMFORF)
Toward resolution of insurance coverage questions in toxic tort litigation.
(New Jersey) (Symposium: Toxic Waste)
Bauer, Janine; Lakind, Arnold
Rutgers Law Journal 38 n4 677-727 Surrm, 1986
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUSLJJ
JURISDICTION: New Jersey
CASE: Ayers v. Township of Jackson 461 A.2d 184 (N.J. 1983); Jackson
Township Municipal Utilities Authority v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity
CO. 451 A.2d 990 (N.J. 1982)
DESCRIPTORS: Toxic torts—insurance; Right to know (Hazardous substances)
—litigation; Insurance, Pollution liability—litigation
(LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
36
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USES OF RISK ASSESSMENT
Health Risk Analysis: Technical Adequacy in Three Selected Cases
General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. Program Evaluation and
Methodology Div.
Corp. Source Codes: 010682032
Report NO.: GAO/PEMD-87-14; B-227612
Sep 87 174p
Languages: English
NITS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8803
Country of Publication: united States
The report investigates the quality and scope of risk analysis activities
conducted by selected federal agencies with responsibility for regulating
environmental health and safety. It serves as a pilot study for possible
future evaluations of federal health risk analyses. (NITS)
INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS (AUSTRALIA) 1986 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, MELBOURNE, MARCH 17-19, 1986,
INST OF ENGINEERS (AUSTRALIA) REPORT 86/2, 1986 (144)
CONF PROCEEDINGS AN ENGINEERING CONFERENCE SPONSORED BY THE TNST. OF
ENGINEERS (AUSTRALIA), AND HELD IN MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, MARCH 17-19, 1986,
FOCUSED ON THE USE AND ABUSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION IN ENGINEERING. A
NUMBER OF CASE STUDIES IS REVIEWED TO INDICATE DIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH THE
CONSIDERATION OF ENX/IRCNMEMTAL INFORMATION HAS INFLUENCED ENGINEERING
PROJECTS. TOPICS COVERED INCLUDE: SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF
F^WIROXIMENTAL CRITERIA; USE AND LIMITATIONS OF EIWIiaXIMEWrAL HAZARD
ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES; THE BENEFICIAL
APPLICATION OF ENVIRONIMENTAL STUDIES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING PROJECTS;
AND PRELIMINARY FJWIRCNMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT. (11 DIAGRAMS, 26 GRAPHS, 99 REFERENCES, 54 TABLES)
(ENVTROLINE)
Methodology for Predictive Modeling of Environmental Transport and Health
Effects for Waste Sites at the Savannah River Plant: Environmental
Information Document
Stephensen, D. E. ; King, C. M. ; Looney, B. B. ; Grant, M. W.
Savannah River Lab., Aiken, SC.
Corp. Source Codes: 087640000; 9520932
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: DPST-86-710
Mar 87 71p
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Languages: English
NTTS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8801; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001
This document provides information on the methods used to predict
chemical transport and the associated health risk for various postulated
closure activities at waste sites. The document was prepared as background
37
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documentation for the Department of Energy's proposed Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) on waste management activities for groundwater protection
at the Savannah River Plant (SRP). The various mathematical formulations
used in the environmental transport analysis, the exposure assessment, and
the health risk assessment used in the analysis of all foreseeable
scenarios as defined by the National Environmental Policy Act (CFR, 1986)
are presented in this document. The scenarios do not necessarily represent
actual environmental conditions for every SRP waste site. This document was
prepared in support of the National Environmental Policy Act process, but
does not by itself satisfy federal or state regulatory requirements. 29
refs., 11 figs. (ERA citation 12:041888) (NTIS)
THE USE OF QUAMTTIATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE SELECTICN OF WASTE
TREATMENT EESIGST,
SEPESI JEFFREY ; SLOAN ALPHEUS ; FLEISSNER JOHN
CH2M HILL, WI,
UNTV OF WISCONSIN 8TH MUNICIPAL & INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONF, MADISON, SEP
18-19, 85, PI(16)
CONF PAPER REDUCTION OF RISK TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
ASSOCIATED WITH WASTE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY IS PART OF THE MANDATE OF 1980
SUPERFUND LEGISLATION AND MUST BE ASSESSED WHEN SELECTING REMEDIAL
TECHNOLOGY. QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES ARE EXPLAINED. THE
FIRST STEP IN SUCH ASSESSMENT IS HAZARD TOENnFICATION, FOLLOWED BY
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND DEIERMHSJATION OF A ROUTE OF EXPOSURE. SELECTION OF
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ON THE BASIS OF RISK REDUCTION IS ULLUSTRATED
THROUGH 1WO EXAMPLES: TREATMENT OF GROUTCWATER COOTAMINATED WITH A VARIETY
OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PRIOR TO DISCHARGE, AND TREATMENT OF
TRTOlLORDEIHYI.EiNE-POIiUTED GROUNDWATER DIRECTLY AFFECTING PRIVATE CGMfJNITY
WELLS. (3 DIAGRAMS, 14 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE) (ENVIROLINE)
38
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BTHT.TQGRAPHTRS AND OTHER SOURCES this section highlights a
variety of documents including bibliographies,serial
publications, directories, special subject collections,indexes,
etc. These sources lead to information and data on specific
chemicals and chemical groups as well as on many of the intricate
components of risk assessmnet including exposure, fate, toxicity,
chemical safety and handling, physical and chemcial
properties,standards and regulations , manufacturing and use, etc.
Environmental Chemicals - Their Impacts and Pathways
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Grossf orschungseinrichtungen, Bonn (Germany,
F.R.).
Corp. Source Codes: 056207000; 9201551
Report NO. : CONIF-8512105-
1985 7-9p
In German. Lecture meeting on environmental chemicals - their impacts and
pathways, Bonn, F.R. Germany, 12 Dec 1985.
U.S. Sales Only. Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
Languages: German Document Type: Conference proceeding
NITS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8712; NSA1200
Country of Publication: Germany, Federal Republic of
22 papers were given at the conference and were entered separately in the
data base. Topics covered the following fields of environmental chemicals:
1. global distribution and atmospheric chemistry; 2. occurrence and
formation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; 3. toxicity and
determination methods; and 4. medical aspects. (ERA citation 12:009895)
(NITS)
Ifazardous Materials Transportation. January 1977-April 1987 (Citations
from the NTIS Database)
(Rept. for Jan 77-Apr 87)
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
Apr 87 172p
Supersedes PB86-865268.
Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography
NITS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8712
Country of Publication: united States
This bibliography contains citations concerning the transport of
hazardous materials primarily by road, rail, and cargo vessel. Risk
assessment, accident analyses, response programs, and explosives container
design aspects are among the topics discussed. Federal legislative aspects
and state programs, and test procedures for a variety of containers are
also considered. Selected fossil fuels, explosives, and hazardous chemicals
are among the materials presented. Citations pertaining specifically to
radioactive materials are discussed in a separate bibliography. (This
updated bibliography contains 350 citations, 23 of which are new entries to
the previous edition.) (NITS)
39
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RISK
MANAGEMENT
... DESCRIBES REGULATORY
PROCESSES TO OCMKX, AMD MANBGE RISK
. includes decision making, acceptable
risk, risk-taking (psychology), multi-media approach, cross media
(holistic) approach, applications, uncertainty, risk/benefit.
Fairness Hypothesis and Managing the Risks of Societal Technology Choices
Cantor, R. ; Rayner, S.
Oak Ridge National Lab., IN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: CCNF-861211-11
Aug 86 27p
American Society of Mechanical Engineers winter meeting, Anaheim, CA,
USA, 7 Dec 1986.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711; NSA1200
Country of Publication: united States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
Much of the literature on risk perception and management has asked how
society should resolve the question, "How safe is safe enough'' There has
been political and technical disagreement over the types of answers that
may be given, as well as over the social values attached to perceived
probabilities and magnitudes of various outcomes. Despite controversy,
there seems to have been a large measure of consensus that, "How safe is
safe enough" is the right question to ask. This paper sets out to question
that assumption. Various ingenious techniques of risk analysis have sought
to discover the real risks inherent in various activities, but from a
sociocultural viewpoint it can be seen that no single answer can be given
to the problem of adequate safety in a complex society which contains a
wide variety of perceptual biases about danger, expectations of the good
life, and levels of demand for safety. The paper argues that, from a
societal risk-management perspective, we should be addressing a different
range of questions that views societal risk as a whole rather than as the
sum of individual hazards. Resolving the question, "How safe is safe
enough" is less important in making societal technology choices than "How
fair is safe enough.'' A recent empirical pilot study is reported which
explored the ufairness hypotheses in tie context of nuclear power. The
results indicate that the process of technology choice should recognize
explicitly the preferred principles different parties hold with respect to
obtaining consent from those affected by the risks, distributing the
liabilities, and justifying trust in the relevant institutions. The paper
closes with a discussion of future prospects for the fairness approach in
areas such as noxious facility siting. (ERA citation 12:003531)
(NTIS)
41
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THE 1HREE LEGACIES OF EHQFRL,
KUMAR SEHDEV
ALTERNATIVES, NOV 86, V13, N4, P3(8)
JOURNAL ARTICLE ON DECEMBER 2, 1984, BHOPAL, INDIA, BECAME THE SITE OF
THE WORLD'S WORST INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT WHEN METHYL ISOCYNATE LEAKED FROM THE
UNION CARBIDE CO. PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING PLANT. EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE
ACCIDENT, AND DEFECTS IN PLANT DESIGN THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE TRAGEDY ARE
DISCUSSED. UNION CARBIDE MEDICAL PERSONNEL ARE CHARGED WITH FAILURE IN
COMMUNICATION AND MISINFORMATION, AS THEY INSISTED THAT THE TOXIC GAS
ESCAPING FROM THE PLANT WAS NOT DANGEROUS AND DID NOT1 HAVE ANY LONG TERM
EFFECTS. THE THREE LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM THE BHOPAL ACCIDENT CONCERN
SITING, ANALYSIS OF RISKS, AND AWARENESS. FACTORIES WITH HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS MUST BE SITED AWAY FROM POPULATED AREAS. THE NEED FOR DEVELOPING
AND APPLYING METHODS OF PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT TO SUCH TECHNOLOGIES
IS INDICATED, AS IS THE NEED TO ENHANCE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE DANGERS OF
CERTAIN PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS IN NEARBY FACTORIES. (1 DIAGRAM, 1 MAP, 3
PHOTOS, 1 TABLE) (ENVTROLINE)
Problems of Environmental Pollution in a MDdern Society
Pinchera, G. C.
ENEA, Rome (Italy).
Corp. Source Codes: 085298000; 2372100
Report No.: ENEA-RT/AMB-83-9
Oct 83 38p
In Italian.
U.S. Sales Only. Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche
production.
Languages: Italian
NTIS Prices: PC A03 Journal Announcement: GRAI8615; NSA1100
Country of Publication: Italy
The paper deals with the problem of environmental deterioration in Italy
and of systematic acquisition of data on the state of environment. Manners
in which some countries are tackling the problems of regulating air
pollution control are analysed and compared. Then, attention is given to
farming practices which made agriculture notoriously exposed to pollution
caused by other human activities, becoming itself a significant source of
adverse ecological effects. Possible directions for recovering, recycling
and utilizing wastes of urban, agrozootechnical and industrial origin are
discussed. Finally, some suggestions are made for the improvement of
environmental risk management in Italy. (ERA citation 11:023811)
(NITS)
Promoting Risk Management in Developing Countries
Skipper, Harold D., Jr.
Risk Mgmt v34n6 PP: 18-24 Jun 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
One outcome of the tragic 1984 industrial accident in Bhopal, India, was
the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's commissioning of a
study on the applicability of modern risk management techniques to
42
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commercial and industrial enterprises in developing countries. The study,
conducted by Georgia State University, concluded that risk management can
help developing nations achieve economic and political self-sufficiency. It
also concluded that governments in most countries must assume a major
responsibility for promoting risk management by: 1. designing insurance
laws to faster use of the technique, and 2. ensuring that exchange controls
and trade laws are compatible with risk management promotion. Insurance
companies in developing countries should assume a leadership role in
promoting risk management. Top executives of commercial and industrial
enterprises must accept responsibility for the successful integration of
risk management in development. Multinational enterprises also have a
special role to play. References. (ABI/INFORM)
Role of Liability Preferences in Societal Technology Choices: Results of
a Pilot Study
Cantor, R. ; Rayner, S. ; Braid, B.
Oak Ridge National Lab. , TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: COXIF-8510223-1
1985 15p
Annual meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, Alexandria, VA, USA, 6
Oct 1985.
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTTS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8608; NSAllOO
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
At the 1984 Annual Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, Steve Rayner
presented a paper that challenged the conventional wisdom of risk
management research. In that paper, he argued that resolving the question,
' 'How safe is safe enough.'' is less important in making societal
technology choices than ''How fair is safe enough.'' Adopting the fairness
question as the concern of risk management would iinply that the process of
technology choice explicitly recognize the preferred principles different
parties hold with respect to obtaining consent from those affected by the
risks, distributing the liabilities, and justifying trust in the relevant
institutions. This paper discusses a recent empirical pilot study which
explored the fairness hypothesis in the context of nuclear power.
Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted to examine whether or
not preferred principles for liability distributions were consistent with
those suggested by the cultural characteristics of the constituency. The
results suggest that for this type of societal technology choice, violation
of these preferred principles may be a major source of the conflict between
different constituencies. Additionally, the study contributes towards the
development of a new approach in risk management that combines the cultural
model of risk perceptions with, the decision-theoretic approaches found in
economics and psychology. (ERA citation 11:007255) (NITS)
43
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LEffiL ASPECTS... includes law, courts, regulations, mediation vs
litigation
Squaring-Off Successfully Against Toxic Waste Risks
Tusa, Wayne
Risk Mgmt v34nll PP: 50-52 Nbv 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/BMFORM
The reauthorized Superfund amendinents: 1. require toxic waste cleanups
to meet more stringent environmental standards and to maximize the use of
permanent remedial technologies, 2. strengthen the Environmental Protection
Agency's legal posture, and 3. increase the potential for private citizen
legal actions. Ten guidelines are offered for potentially responsible
parties that are attempting to minimize losses associated with remediating
hazardous waste sites. These are: 1. Never underestimate potential
Superfund liabilities. 2. Superfund liabilities are not determined soley by
the application of good science. 3. It is critically important to develop a
long-term liability management strategy for each site. 4. Regulators focus
on a strategy with a strong conservative bias. 5. Risk assessment
techniques are important in justifying remedial solutions. 6. The ability
to document risk conclusions is useful. 7. Long-term strategies also must
accommodate the administrative process. 8. Experienced legal representation
is crucial. 9. Appropriate technical support is critical. 10. The risk
conclusions and proposed remedial approach must be made acceptable to a
very skeptical audience. (ABI/INFORM)
44
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HEALTH RISKS... includes occupational and nonoccupational
management of risks, radiation, risk/benefit, margin of safety,
cancer, genetics,and public health.
Joint IAEA/UNEP/VHD project on Assessing and Managing Health and
Environmental Risks from Energy and Other Conplex Industrial Systems
Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY. Dept. of Applied Science.
Corp. Source Codes: 004545006; 9502232
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: BNL-38299
1985 35p
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8703; NSAllOO
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC02-76CH00016
The project comprises four main activities, namely: (1) the development
of a guide to procedures for risk management and hazard control, drawing on
results from a number of case studies which will be carried out in Member
States; (2) the establishment and operation of a system for the collection,
evaluation and distribution of information concerning methods and, as
required, health and environmental effects; (3) the training of personnel
in risk management and hazard control; and (4) the promotion of an approach
to risk management and hazard control, and procedures for the planning of
energy production and use and of other complex technologies, at the
national level. (NTIS)
45
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CHEMICAL SFbUJLb'lC RISK
Characterization of Gas Hazards in the Manufacture of alpha -Si
Btotovoltaic Cells
Fthenakis, V. M. ; Moskowitz, P. D.
Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY.
Corp. Source Codes: 004545000; 0936000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: BNL-51854
Apr 85 33p
Languages: English
NITS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8607; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract NO.: AC02-76CH00016
Production of alpha -Si thin-film photovoltaic cells entails extensive
handling of many toxic and/or pyrophoric gases which present potential
significant occupational hazards. Toxic gas by-products of the
manufacturing process are likely to be produced in small quantities and can
be controlled by use of available technology; controlled emissions from
normal operation will probably pose no hazards to public health. Accidental
release of gases stored on site, however, may endanger both plant personnel
and the surrounding conmunity. Safe handling of explosive SiH sub 4 gas
requires careful gas system design, the fundamentals of which are
discussed. Gases in the alpha -Si deposition processes can be handled
safely, provided that certain safety features are incorporated in the
design of facilities and that users take appropriate precautions. Hazard
management options are discussed. (ERA citation 11:005049) (NITS)
PIGEON
DICKIN RISK MANAOMENT AT TIMES BEACH, MISSOURI: AN EVALUATION,
1XCKONE THOMAS E.
LLNL,
ENV PROFESSIOSIAL, 1986, V8, Nl, P13(12)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE DIOXIN COK1TAMINATION PROBLEM AT TUXES BEACH, MO, IS
EVALUATED TO DETERMINE THE IMPLICIT COST-BENEFIT RATIO EMPLOYED AND TO
COMPARE THIS TO RATIOS USED FOR RADIOACTTVE COSnAMINATION. THE DIOXIN
SOURCE TERM AND ITS CHEMICAL FATE WITHIN THE TIMES BEACH ENVIRONMENT IS
SURVEYED. THE RISK ASSESSMENT IS FACILITATED THROUGH A MODELING SCHEME
ADDRESSING TCDD OTNieENTRATIONS IN AIR, SOIL, SURFACE WATER, AND SEDIMENT
ENVIRC8N1MENTAL COMPONENTS. DERIVED DATA ARE USED TO ASSESS THE COST-BENEFIT
RATIO WHICH WAS IMPLICIT IN THE DECISION TO BUY OUT THE COMMUNITY. EPA USED
AN IMPLICIT RATIO OF $1.5-33 MILLION PER CANCER AVERTED WHEN IT BOUGHT THE
TOWN FOR $33 MILLION. THIS IS COMPARED WITH THE $17 MILLION PER CANCER
AVERTED THAT NRC USES IN GUIDELINES FOR REDUCING ROUTINE RELEASES FROM
NUCLEAR POWER FACILITIES. THUS, THE AMXJNT OF MONEY EXPENDED AT TIMES BEACH
APPEARS REASONABLE. (1 DIAGRAM, 27 REFERENCES, 8 TABLES)
(ENVIROLINE)
46
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POLYCHLORINft3ED BHHENYLS
MVNAGQC EOONCMIC RISKS FRCM PCB EQUIPMENT IN ELECTRIC UTILITY POWER
PLANTS,
COHAN DAVID ; NIEMEYER E. VICTOR
(ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INST, PALO ALTO) , AND ; (DECISION FOCUS INC) ,
ENV PROFESSIONAL, 1987, V9, N2, P133(5)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE PCB ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT MODEL (ASK) FOCUSES ON
THE QUESTION OF WHEN TO REPLACE PCB OR ASKAREL EQUIPMENT BY PROVIDING A
METHOD TO COMPARE THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVE EQUIPMENT
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. ECONOMIC RISKS ARE DIRECT EQUIPMENT AND CLEANUP
COSTS, AND COSTS INCURRED DUE TO HEALTH OR ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RELEASES
OF PCBS. RESULTS OF ANALYSES AT TWO POWER PLANTS ARE PRESENTED WHICH SHOW,
HOW THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF A PCB TRANSFORMER AFFECT THE ECONOMIC
RISKS AND BENEFITS OF PCB RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS. (2 DIAGRAMS, 2
REFERENCES, 2 TABLES) (ENVIROLINE)
THE TRANSKKMEIVCAEBCrrOR RISK MANAGEMENT MODEL,
EPRI REPORT EA-4985, JAN 87 (140)
ASSN REPORT A CCMPUTER M3DEL WAS DEVELOPED TO DESCRIBE THE MECHANISMS
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS. THE TRANSFORMER/CAPACITOR RISK MANAGEMENT M3DEL
INCLUDES TWO KEY COMPONENTS: A DECISION TREE AND A DETERMINISTIC MDDEL.
ELEMENTS OF CONCERN IN REGULATING PCBS ARE INCORPORATED INTO THE ANALYTICAL
SCHEME, INCLUDING INVENTORY OF EQUIPMENT OVER TIME, FREQUENCY OF INCIDENTS
INVOLVING RELEASE PF PCBS, QUANTITIES RELEASED, AM3UNT OF HUMAN EXPOSURE,
AND HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS. ECONOMIC CONSIDERAnONS ADDRESSED ARE COSTS OF
REPLACING EQUIPMENT AND OF CLEANING UP AFTER RELEASE INCIDENTS.
(ENVIROLINE)
47
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
A 1987 Stperfund Primer
Bergen, G. S. Peter
Risk Mgmt v34n7 PP: 20-25 Jul 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The Superfund statute, officially named the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) , creates an $8.5
billion fund to pay for certain expenses relating to cleanup of leaking
hazardous waste dumps. A significant portion of the expenses also will be
paid directly by those who created or generated the hazardous materials, or
by their insurance or reinsurance carriers. Superfund's thrust continues to
be making those responsible for chemical releases to the environment bear
the cost of cleanup. Those persons liable under CERCLA can be held: 1.
liable without fault, 2. jointly liable, and 3. retroactively liable.
Persons who may be held liable include: 1. the owner and operator of a
facility, 2. the person who previously owned it, 3. those who arranged for
disposal, and 4. any transporters of hazardous substances who actively
selected the site. Superfund's most vexing problems arise when the fund is
applied to releases from facilities that have ongoing treatment operations
subject to regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). Proposals under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of
1986 include changes of definitions, standards on cleanliness, and new
provisions on settlements and a community's right to know about storage and
use of chemicals. References. (ADI/INFORM)
Technical Resource Document for Obtaining Variance from the Secondary
Contairanent Requirement of Hazard Waste Tank Systems. Volume 1.
Technology-Based Variance
Versar, Inc., Springfield, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 060372000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid
Waste.
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-87/002-A
Feb 87 248p
See also Volume 2, PB87-158663. Sponsored by Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid Waste.
Languages: English
NITS Prices: PC All/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-01-7053
Descriptors: *Hazardous materials; *Tanks(Containers); *Storage tanks;
*Waste treatment; Design; Regulations; Containment; Technology; Installing
Identifiers: *Hazardous wastes; NITSEPASW
Section Headings: 68C* (Environmental Pollution and Control—Solid Wastes
Pollution and Control) (NITS)
48
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Technical Resource Document for Obtaining Variance fran the Secondary
Qantainment Requirement of Hazard Waste Tank Systems. Volume 1.
Technology-Based Variance
Versar, Inc., Springfield, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 060372000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid
Waste.
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-87/002-A
Feb 87 248p
See also Volume 2, PB87-158663. Sponsored by Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid Waste.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC All/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711
Country of Publication: united States
Contract No.: EPA-68-01-7053
On July 14, 1986, EPA promulgated revised standards for hazardous waste
storage and treatment tank system (51 FR 25422). These regulations require
that all new and existing hazardous tank systems be provided secondary
containment with release monitoring. EPA recognizes that the goal of
protecting human health and the environment might be achieved in ways other
than secondary containment. Therefore, tank system owners or operators may
apply for a variance from the secondary containment requirements of the
hazardous waste tank standards. Both risk-based and technology-based
variances can be obtained. The document was developed to provide hazardous
waste tank system owners and operators information for submitting a request
for a variance. It was written in two volumes; Volume 1 covers
technology-based variances, and Volume 2 covers risk-based variances.
Technology based variances as discussed in Volume l, can be granted if the
tank system owner/operator can show that the use of new technology and/or
alternative operating procedures together with location characteristics,
will enable a release to be contained, detected, and removed as effectively
as if a secondary containment technique were employed. (NTIS)
Technical Resource Document for Obtaining Variances from the Secondary
Containment Requirement of Hazardous Waste Tank Systems. Volume 2.
Risk-Based Variance
ICF, Inc., Washington, DC.
Corp. Source Codes: 040575000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid
Waste.
Report No.: EPA/530/SW-87-002-B
Feb 87 405p
See also Volume 1, PB87-158655. Sponsored by Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Solid Waste.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A18/MF AOl Journal Announcement: GRAI8711
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-01-7290
On July 14, 1986, EPA promulgated revised standards for hazardous waste
storage and treatment tank system (51 FR 25422). These regulations require
tnat all new and existing hazardous tank systems be provided secondary
containment with release monitoring. EPA recognizes that the goal of
49
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protecting human health and the environment might be achieved in ways other
than secondary containment. Therefore, tank system owners or operators may
apply for a variance from the secondary containment requirements of the
hazardous waste tank standards. Both risk-based and technology-based
variances can be obtained. The document was developed to provide hazardous
waste tank system owners and operators information for submitting a request
for a variance. It was written in two volumes; Volume 1 covers
technology-based variances, and Volume 2 covers risk-based variances. A
risk-based variance as discussed in Volume 2, may be 'granted if the tank
system owner/operator can show that if a release occurs there will be no
substantial hazard (present or future) to the environment and human health.
(WHS)
VCBJCANIC HAZARD ASSESSVIENr FOR DISPOSAL OF HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE
(ACTIVE TK7EONICS),
CROWE BRUCE M.
LANL,
US NAIL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT, 1986, P247(14)
FED GOVT REPORT VOLCANIC HAZARD STUDIES FOR DISPOSAL OF HIGH-LEVEL
RADIOACTIVE WASTE POSE SOME UNIQUE PROBLEMS, INCLUDING THE LONG TIME FRAME
OF HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND THE LIMITED GEOLOGIC RECORD OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
AT DISPOSAL SITES. MAJOR VARIABLES AFFECTING VOLCANIC HAZARDS ARE THE
STRUCTURE OF MAGMA FEEDER SYSTEMS AT REPOSITORY DEPTHS AND THE MAGMA
FRAGMENTATION AND DISPERSAL ENERGY OF ERUPTIONS. VOLCANIC HAZARD RISK
ASSESSMENTS HAVE BEEN CCSVIPLETED FOR A POTENTIAL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY IN
THE NEVADA TEST SITE. THE CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY OF DISRUPTION OF THE
POSSIBLE WASTE DISPOSAL SITE BY BASALTIC VOLCANISM IS BOUNDED BY THE RANGE
OF 10 TO THE MINUS EIGHT TO 10 TO THE MINUS 10/YEAR. THE TOTAL EXPECTED
RELEASE FROM DISRUPTION OF A REPOSITORY BY BASALTIC MAGMA FOR A 10,000 YEAR
PERIOD IS 1.8 CI FOR SPENT FUEL AND 1,3 CI FOR HIGH-LEVEL WASTE. (4 GRAPHS,
34 REFERENCES) (ENVTROLINE)
50
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Indoor Ionizing Radiation. Technical Solutions and Remedial Strategy
Ericson, S. 0. ; Lindvall, T. ; Maansson, L. G.
Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm.
Corp. Source Codes: 060307000; 9698225
Report No.: BFR-D-7-1986
1986 5Ip
U.S. Sales Only.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A04/TF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8801; NSA1200
Country of Publication: Sweden
Radiation in indoor air is discussed in the perspective of the effective
dose equivalents from other sources of radiation. Estimates of effective
doses equivalents from indoor radon and its contribution to lung cancer
incidence are reviewed. Swedish experiences with cost effective remedial
actions are presented. The authors present optimal strategies for screening
measurements and remedial actions in cost-benefit perspective, (author).
With 105 refs. (ERA citation 12:042633) (NTIS)
Long-Term Problems of Contaminated Land: Sources, Impacts and
Countermeasures
Baes, III, C. F.
Oak Ridge National Lab. , TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORNL-6146
Nbv 86 133p
Languages: English
NITS Prices: PC A07/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8712; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
This report examines the various sources of radiological land
contamination; its extent; its impacts on man, agriculture, and the
environment; countermeasures for mitigating exposures; radiological
standards; alternatives for achieving land decontamination and cleanup; and
possible alternatives for utilizing the land. The major potential sources
of extensive long-term land contamination with radionuclides, in order of
decreasing extent, are nuclear war, detonation of a single nuclear weapon
(e.g., a terrorist act), serious reactor accidents, and nonfission nuclear
weapons accidents that disperse the nuclear fuels (termed ''broken
arrows"). (ERA citation 12:009949) (NITS)
What Does Ghernobyl Teach US
Bengtsson, G.
Statens Straalskyddsinstitut, Stockholm (Sweden)
Corp. Source Codes: 100859000; 9860158
Report No.: SSI-86-14
Aug 86 6p
51
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In Swedish.
U.S. Sales Only.
Languages: Swedish
NITS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8711; NSA120C
Country of Publication: Sweden
The accident has caused great problems and rendered large collective
doses to the population. Difficulties concerning spread of information are
discussed. Evaluation of risk seems to differ considerably from authorities
to individuals. (ERA citation 12:006768) (NITS)
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OCRPORKEE RISK
Keep Up with Environmental Law: Expert
Hofmann, Mark A.
Business Insurance v21n46 PP: 103 Nov 16, 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Mary P. Morningstar, corporate counsel of Risk Science International
Corp., an environmental consulting firm, says that changes in environmental
law over the past 5 years present corporate risk managers with serious new
challenges that could result in harsh penalties for those who fail to
comply. Federal authorities have started imposing criminal penalties on
violators. Risk managers have not often been the targets of federal
criminal action, but any corporate officer who has any responsibility for
environmental compliance could end up facing a jail term. There are several
pending or already enacted federal rules and proposals of which risk
managers should be aware. For example, under financial responsibility rules
proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency, companies that store
petroleum products or hazardous wastes in underground tanks would have to
establish a financing niechanism to provide limits of $1 million per
occurrence and a $6-million annual aggregate for cleanup costs and
third-party liability arising from any spills or leaks.
(ABI/INFORM)
Pollution Update: Risk control Is Key
Aschkenasy, Janet
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v91n52 PP:
19-20 Dec 28, 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Because of the Environmental Protection Agency's crackdown on polluters,
risk manager's conmitment to risk control can affect their chances of
getting coverage dramatically. According to John Amore of American
International Group (AIG), risk control is the key to the underwriting
process. The best underwriting gamble is on companies with large exposures
since these companies devote extensive resources to managing the risks
while firms with marginal exposures tend to spend very little on risk
management. Max Clay of Planning Corp. noted that state authorities are
becoming more aggressive and more thorough in their cleanup efforts. The 3
companies that are active in the pollution liability market are: 1. AIG, 2.
Reliance National Risk Specialists, and 3. Pollution Liability Insurance
Association. Risk managers wishing to buy a standalone policy for
underground petroleum storage tanks will find few outlets.
(ABI/INFORM)
53
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Risk
COMMUNICATION
... THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING
AN AUDIENCE TO MMOE HFTTTra PERSONAL
AND SOCIKIftL EEdSIONS REGARDING RISK
INt'lKMTNG THE I M_* ISION MftKER
A.G. would limit toxic law's public notice requirement. (Calif.)
Guccione, Jean
Los Angeles Daily Journal vlOO p2 Aug 5, 1987
EDITION: Wed 7 COl in
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUSWCA
JURISDICTION: California
DESCRIPTORS: Right to know (Hazardous substances)—analysis
(LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
The connunity right-to-know requirements: new obligations and liabilities
for industry.
Ezzard, Martha M.
Colorado Lawyer 16 n8 1404(4) Aug, 1987
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
STATUTE: Emergency Planning and Conmunity-Right-To-Know Act of 1986
DESCRIPTORS: Right to know (Hazardous substances)—law and legislation
(LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
The Expanding Scope of Enployers' Duties Under tne Hazard Connunication
Standard and State and Local Rignt-to-Know Laws
Goldsmith, Willis J.
Employee Relations Law Jrnl v!2n4 PP: 705-711 Spring 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Hazard
Corrmunication Standard (HCS) became effective just over a year ago. During
that period, state and federal lawmakers have broadened the hazardous
substance disclosure obligations of employers, and 2 appellate court
decisions have limited the preemptive effect of the HCS on state and local
hazard comnunication laws. In Manufacturer's Association of Tri-County
versus Knepper (1986), the 3rd Circuit Court addressed the
constitutionality of the Pennsylvania Worker and Community Right-to-Know
Act of 1984. It ruled that only those requirements of the act exclusively
applicable to employee hazard communication were preempted in the
manufacturing sector. In Ohio Manufacturers' Association versus City of
Akron (1986), the 6th Circuit held that the federal HCS preempts part of
the Akron, Ohio, right-to-know ordinance. Recent state and federal
legislative and regulatory efforts to broaden employers' obligations
55
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regarding hazardous material waste handling include: 1. the Superfund
Right-to-Know Law, 2. comprehensive state laws, and 3. proposed OSHA
rulemaking. References. (ABI/INFORM)
Hazard Connunication Standard Requirements: A Primer for Trainers
Oak Ridge Associated universities, Inc., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021305000; 4828000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORAU-255
Nov 85 36p
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-760R00033
This document, prepared for the 1985 TRADE Conference, provides
background information about the training requirements specified by OSHA 29
CFR 1910.1200 - Hazard Communication (Appendix II) and the DOE Environment,
Safety and Health Bulletin numberl4, "How OSHA's New 'Hazard
Communication' Standard Affects DOE Contractors" (Appendix III). The
purpose of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) is to ' 'reduce
chemical source illnesses and injuries through behavior modification
resulting from the acquisition of hazard information.'' This can occur only
if employees receive information in a usable form through appropriate
training. The HCS requirements are results-oriented, providing goals for
achievement and allowing employers flexibility to develop training programs
suitable for each facility. The purpose of the DOE ES and H Bulleting
numberl4 is to clarify the application of the HCS to DOE contractors. (ERA
Citation 12:002054) (NTIS)
Risk Analysis: Data Base May Aid Pollution Carriers in Writing Covers
Baram, Michael
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits) v9ln46 PP:
9,42 Nov 16, 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
Under the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986,
communities now are receiving data on the extremely hazardous chemicals
being produced, used, or stored within their boundaries by industrial
companies. The organizations that will use this risk information will be
the local emergency planning committees for each emergency planning
district and the local fire departments. The challenge they face will be to
assess the level of danger posed by the chemicals to develop emergency
plans and other risk-reducing measures. Industrial Economics, Inc.
(Cambridge, Massachusetts) has the "Acute Hazardous E/encs Data Base,"
which contains historical data on over 10,000 toxic chemical releases in
the US, including their causes and effects. For example, the event context
provides information on the activities that happened before the event.
Entries for each event specify whether or not tnere were injuries or
fatalities and how many people were involved. (ABI/INFORM)
56
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Safety Watchdog Fights Lap Dog Image
Shalowitz, Deborah
Business Insurance v21n37 PP: 1,65-67 Sep 14, 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFOKM
Critics charge that the Occupational Safety & Health Administration
(OSHA) is far too slow in developing workplace safety standards and that
penalties proposed for violations of safety rules are too few. OSHA
administrator John A. Pendergrass defends OSHA, saying it is merely
suffering from growing pains and noting the recently issued hazard
coirrnunication standard. He promises increased activity from the agency
regarding: 1. formaldehyde exposure, 2. hazardous waste handling, and 3.
concrete construction. Detractors are not satisfied with the explanation,
however, and maintain OSHA actions are often too little, too late.
Pendergrass acknowledges agency slowness but insists that OSHA is
continually refining its inspection methods and targeting special groups
within industries for action. Additionally, OSHA provides funding to assist
nonprofit organizations develop programs to educate employees and employers
about workplace hazards and their abatement. The agency's budget, currently
at $225.8 million, will rise to $244.4 in 1988 if its latest budget request
is approved by Congress. Graphs. (ABI/INFORM)
57
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INFORMING THE R1HT.TC
Ccnnunicating Risk: A Ccmmnity Case History
Health And Environment Digest vlnll PP:
December 1987
Ccnnunity InvDlvement in Emergency Plans for Chemical Facilities
Burns, Carolyn C.; Bell, Donald W.
Professional Safety v32n7 PP: 11-15 Jul 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) contains
the freestanding Title 3 that encourages planning at state and local levels
to provide residents and governments with information about potential
chemical hazards in their comnunities. Title 3 is known as the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, and it contains
requirements for both governments and the chemical industry. In emergency
plan development, Title 3 emphasizes the need for such actions as accident
assessment, notification, and communication and protective action. In
addition, guidelines for emergency plan maintenance are outlined. Title 3
also recommends coordination of training programs so that state and
corporate efforts are not wasteful and duplicative. References.
(ABI/INFORM)
Consumers Guide To Safer Pesticide Use
Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. September 1987 OPA 87-013
OVERCOMING THE HARRIERS TO PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
FACILITIES,
CONNOR DESMOND M. ; SVENDSEN ANN C.
(CONNOR DEVELOPMENT SERVICES LTD, CANADA) AND ; (ONTARIO WASTE MANAGEMENT
CORP, CANADA),
ENV CANADA/ET AL 8TH CANADIAN WASTE MANAGEMENT COM', HALIFAX, SEP 3-5,
86, Pl(ll)
CONF PAPER VARIOUS BARRIERS ARE IDENTIFIED TO PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF
WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES. EFFECTIVE APPROACHES FDR OVERCOMING THESE
OBSTACLES INCLUDE ENVIROS1MENTAL MONITORING, VALUE TRACKING, TECHNOLOGICAL
EDUCATION, AND PERCEIVED RISK MANAGEMENT. A CASE STUDY REVEALS HOW THESE
AND OTHER METHODS WERE USED TO WIN PUBLIC APPROVAL FOR SITING A REFUSE
MANAGEMENT COMPLEX IN LOWER BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. THE PROJECT PLACED A
HIGH PRIORITY ON PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND OFFERED REAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE
PUBLIC TO OBTAIN INFORMATION AND TO PARTICIPATE IN THE OUTCOME. (10
REFERENCES) (ENVIROLINE)
58
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Radon Risk Ccnnunication Project Interim Report
Program Evaluation Division Office of Policy, Planning
& Evaluation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
October 27, 1987
An important responsibility of many EPA programs is to communicate
risk to the public. Yet few of these programs have systematically
examined whether people receive, read or understand the communication
materials distributed. With the need to evaluate such efforts
apparent, Region III requested that the Program Evaluation Division
in the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation undertake a project
to develop and test radon risk conmunication materials as part of
Region Ill's planned radon outreach campaign. As a result, OPPE,
Region III and the State of Maryland agreed to test the effectiveness
of radon communication materials in two pilot communities in
Maryland during the 1987/88 heating season. This interim report:
(l) reviews information collected during the preliminary phase
of the project and discusses its implications for project design;
(2) outlines what risk communication outreach efforts will be used
during the 1987/88 heating season and why these were selected;
and (3) presents the next stages of the project.
Speaking of Risk
Civil Engineering. Vol.58 No. 2 February 1988.
p. 59-61.
59
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INFORMING THE WORKER
OMB Calls for Changes in Entettled Hazcom Standard
Reid, Robert
Occupational Hazards v49nl2 PP: 43-47 Dec 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INEDRM
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) recently disapproved some of
the paperwork requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's (OSHA) hazard communication standard. OMB claims that OSHA
failed to comply witti the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980. OMB also
disapproved of the OSHA requirement covering consumer products excluded
from the "hazardous chemical" definition. In addition, OSHA disapproved of
the portion of the standard dealing with all drugs regulated by the Food
and Drug Administration in the nonmanufacturing sector. In another area of
criticism, OMB told OSHA to explain what were to be considered "normal
conditions of use." Clarifications and provisions in the expanded hazard
communications standard are reviewed. There is concern about the cost of
implementing the standard. The Small Business Administration has estimated
that the expanded standard would cost over $1.8 billion in its first year.
(ABI/HMFORM)
The New Jersey Right to Know Act. (Symposium: Toxic Waste)
Treat, Sharon Anglin
Rutgers Law Journal 38 n4 755-790 Summ, 1986
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUSLNJ
JURISDICTION: New Jersey
STATUTE: New Jersey worker and Community Right to Know Act
DESCRIPTORS: Right to know (Hazardous substances)—law and legislation
(LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
Report to the governor and the legislature of the state of New Jersey on
the implementation of the Worker and Ccnnunity Right to Know Act,
1983-1987.
New Jersey. Dept. of Health.
My '87 viii+106p, tables charts
ORDER IM'O: CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625 pa
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: M
Evaluates activities of the state departments of Health, Environmental
Protection, and Labor.
(PALS)
Right to Know Promotes Health and Safety
Manji, James F.
Production Engineering v34n9 PP: 62-70 Sep 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/TNFORM
The Occupational Safety & Health Administration's OSHA Hazard
60
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Communication Standard, or Right to Know law, effective since May 25, 1986,
requires manufacturers that produce chemicals to label all shipped
containers of hazardous chemicals and to provide purchasers with Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). According to Robert N. Steinwurtzel of the law
firm of Collier, Shannon, Rill & Scott, the law has 4 main elements. The
first is a written hazard communication program, which should contain
certain items and be available to employees. The 2nd element specifies a
program for MSDSs that should designate responsibility for obtaining and
Rmaintaining the sheets and also address how they will be maintained and
updated, what happens if they are not received, and employee access to
them. A 3rd written program concerns employee training; the 4th element is
a list of chemicals for which MSDSs are required. Critics say the law is
ambiguous, but David Cox of Chem-Trend Inc. sees it as providing some
welcome flexibility in compliance. (ABI/INFORM)
Whose "ri^Tt-to-know" what? (Small Business Problems and Planning)
Sparrow, Herbert G.; Trickey, Elizabeth
Michigan Bar Journal 66 n7 668-670 July, 1987
CODEN: MBJODR
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
DESCRIPTORS: Right to know (Hazardous substances)—analysis; Employers'
1 i abi 1 i ty—analys i s
(LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX)
'Right to Know' Standard to Cover All Coipanies
Shalowitz, Deborah
Business Insurance v21n34 PP: 1,24 Aug 24, 1987
AVAILABILITY: ABI/INFORM
According to a new federal rule effective in the spring of 1988, all
employers must inform workers of the potential dangers of any hazardous
substance used in the workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's (OSHA) newly expanded hazard communication standard will
cover a total of 32 million workers in 3.5 million locations, at an
estimated cost of $687.2 million during the first year. Although employer
representatives generally voice support for the "right to know" rule, Jim
Anderson of the National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors notes that
compliance will be particularly difficult for small- and medium-sized
firms. Enployers whose workers are exposed to hazardous substances must
establish a hazard communication program that includes: l. labeling
containers of potentially hazardous materials with appropriate warnings,
and 2. developing material safety data sheets detailing the substances'
properties and the nature of the hazard. (ABI/INFORM)
U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1988-516-002/80074
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