United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Information Services
And Library
Washington DC 20460
EPAJMSD/88-009
October 1988
&EPA Bibliographic Series
Wetlands Protection
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WETLANDS PROTECTION
November 1988
Headquarters Library Staff
Information Services Branch
Information Management and Services Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW PM-211A
Washington, DC 20460 __ _ _
(202) 382-5922 TJ.5. Environmental Protection
:
230 S. Daai
Chicago, 1L
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MISSION STATEMENT i
INTRODUCTION iii
GENERAL INFORMATION 1
WETLAND TYPES
General Description 3
Saltwater and Brackish Marshes 4
1 Western Riparian Wetlands 5
Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands 6
Prairie Potholes 6
WETLAND CHARACTERIZATION 7
WETLAND VALUES OR FUNCTIONS
General Information 27
Habitat for Wildlife 29
Flood Storage and Desynchronization 30
Water Quality Improvement 33
Commercial Use 42
TRENDS IN WETLANDS
National Trends 49
Regional or Local Trends 56
WETLAND MITIGATION 67
WETLAND REGULATIONS AND POLICIES
Litigation 75
Regulatory and Nonregulatory Legislation 77
General
404 Program of the Clean Water Act
Coastal Zone Management
Coastal Barrier Act
Food Security Act
Rivers and Harbors Appropriations Act
State Legislation and Regulation
Planning 90
Comprehensive Planning
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MISSION STATEMENT
by
Office of Wetlands Protection
Office of Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The term wetlands is used to describe a diverse set of
plant and animal communities ranging from bogs and fens
to mangrove swamps and saltwater marshes. They are
identified by their vegetation, soils and hydrology.
Vegetation varies among wetland types but is united by
the presence of periodic or permanent surface water
and saturated soils.
Wetlands are important plant and animal communities.
Nationwide, they are disappearing at a rate of approx-
imately 300,000 acres annually. As our understanding
of their overall environmental importance grows, there
is increasing concern over the long-term effects these
losses will have on the quality of the environment.
The Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Wetlands
Protection is committed to protecting wetlands: by deve-
loping a national strategy, programs and regulations to
control discharges of dredged and fill material into
wetlands and other national waters; by ensuring adequate
consideration of wetland functions and values in Agency
actions; and by working with federal and state agencies
and with industry, environmental and other interest
groups to reduce wetland losses and improve the quality
of existing wetlands.
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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of Wetlands Protection is to provide individuals
with a useful tool for understanding wetlands and the
regulations, policies and activitiesthatform the current
framework for protection or degradation and loss. It is meant to
be a resource for individuals who wish to gain an in-depth
understanding of wetlands and the issues affecting protection.
The first part of the bibliography focuses on wetland
communities. Materials describing wetland types,
characterization, values and trends are identified. The second
half of the bibliography focuses on the existing framework for
protection. Wetland restoration and mitigation are areas of
controversy and concern. Any consensus reached through these
debates will have a profound impact on the future of wetland
protection. Likewise, wetland litigation, legislation, and
planning profoundly influence the effectiveness or
ineffectiveness of current efforts to protect wetlands.
To obtain materials for this bibliography, a free-text
search of the databases listed at the end of this introduction
was conducted, using the search term "wetlands." No date limits
were set. The Office of Wetlands Protection then selected
citations for inclusion, based on their relevance to current
wetland issues.
Wetlands Protection is arranged by subject categories and by
publication date (most current listed first) within those
categories. Information given in citations was taken directly
from the databases searched except where otherwise indicated.
Source of citation and abstract is noted by an abbreviation in
brackets at the end of each item. Databases searched are as
follows:
[ DOC ] Document:
This abbreviation is used with items added by the
Office of Wetlands Protection for which citations or
abstracts were not available from the databases
searched.
[ENV] Enviroline
R. R. Bowker Company
245 West 17th Street
New York, NY 10011
[LRI] Legal Resources Index
Information Access Company
11 Davis Drive
Belmont, CA 94002
iii
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[NTIS] National Technical Information Service
U. S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
[PAIS] PAIS International
Public Affairs Information Service, Inc.
521 West 43rd Street
New York, NY 10036
[WNET] Watemet
American Water Works Association
6666 W. Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
[WRA] Hater Resource Abstracts
Office of Water Research and Technology
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, DC 20240
This bibliography identifies a small sampling of articles and
reports on wetlands. The following databases provide more
extensive information:
WETLANDS: A National Database
of State Wetland Protection Programs and Contacts
This database is maintained by the Council of State
Governments in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. It describes wetland protection
programs and identifies contacts in each state. For
further information contact Mr. R. Steven Brown,
Director, Center for Environment and Natural Resources,
P. 0. Box 11910, Lexington, KY 40502.
Wetland Values Citation Database
National Wetland Value Bibliographic Database
These two databases are maintained by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. The Citation Database identifies
author, year, title, source and subject or value for
each of its approximately 12,000 entries. The
Bibliographic Database is an annotated database that
gives the author, year, title, source, location and
wetland type for each of its approximately 6,500
bibliographic citations. For more information about
one or both of these databases contact Lisa Miller,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology
Research Center, 2627 Redwing Road, Fort Collins, CO
80526 or call (303) 226-9407.
iv
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Wetlands Protection was prepared in the EPA Headquarters Library
by reference librarians Athena Stone and Sheila Richard. David
Hoadley of the Office of Information Resources Management and
Jeanne Melanson of the Office of Wetlands Protection assisted in
the selection and organization of citations for the bibliography.
For copies of the bibliography contact:
Athena A. Stone, Reference Librarian
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library PM-211A
401 M Street, NW Room 2904
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 382-5922
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GENERAL INFORMATION
STATEMENT OF POLICY & PRACTICES FOR THE CONSERVATION OF
, WETLANDS: CORPORATE CONSERVATION COUNCIL,
NATL WILDLIFE FEDN REPORT, UNDATED (9) ASSN REPORT
AS ITS FIRST PROJECT, THE NAT'L WILDLIFE FEDN. CORPORATE
CONSERVATION COUNCIL-CONVENED IN OCTOBER 1982-CHOSE TO ADDRESS
THE CONSERVATION OF U.S. WETLANDS. THESE VALUABLE NATURAL AREAS
PROVIDE MANY ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING WATERFOWL AND
ANIMAL HABITAT, FISHERIES, FLOOD CONTROL, WATER QUALITY
MAINTENANCE, AND RECREATIONAL AND AESTHETIC VALUES. YET 56% OF
THE ORIGINAL WETLAND ACREAGE OF THE 48 CONTIGUOUS STATES HAS
BEEN LOST. THE COUNCIL'S MEMBERS INCLUDE: CONOCO, DOW
CHEMICAL, DUKE POWER, EXXON, KIMBERLY-CLARK, MILLER
BREWING, MONSANTO, NORTH CAROLINA PHOSPHATE, SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA EDISON, AND U.S. STEEL. ( 1 DRAWING, 1 GRAPH, ). [ENV]
Worthless, Valuable, or What. An Appraisal of Wetlands
Brande, J.
Vermont Univ., Burlington.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol 35, No 1,
p 12-16, January/February, 1980. 23 Ref.
Wetlands have been recognized as having a positive value only in
the past 30 years. This paper traces history of the
negative attitude toward wetlands, swamps, and marshes from
Hippocrates in the fourth century B.C., through Roman times,
Shakespeare's writings, early American colonial leaders, and
surveyors of the Dismal Swamp in Virginia to the recent
literature. It is now realized that wetlands can improve
water quality, store floodwaters, recharge groundwater
supplies, provide habitat for wildlife and an environmental
margin of safety, produce useful materials (peat, fish, game),
protect shorelines from erosion, provide recreational and
educational opportunities, purify the air, act as sound
barriers, and provide a genetic reservoir. The vast amount of
data on wetlands now being acquired must be translated and
interpreted so that society can understand and use it,
especially the economic aspects. If monetary values for the
variety of wetland functions are assigned, the true value of
these formerly 'dangerous1 and 'worthless' areas may be realized.
[WRA]
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WETLAND TYPES
General Description
Preliminary Guide to the Onsite Identification and
Delineation of the Wetlands of the Interior United States
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Environmental Lab.
Technical Report Y-78-6, May 1982. Final Report. 49 p, 1
fig, 1 tab, 18 ref, 1 append.
Wetlands communities of the interior United States are
classified into six widely varying ecoregions: warm
continental, hot continental, subtropical, prairie, steppe,
and desert. Most of the original, natural vegetation has been
succeeded by agricultural crops. Wetlands have been
characterized to help identify and delineate the wetlands. The
freshwater aquatic bed wetlands community occurs in ponds,
lakes, reservoirs, etc., and contains rooted, submerged
plants; floating, nonrooted plants; and rooted plants with
floating parts. The saline aquatic bed wetlands, uncommon
in this area, are usually sparsely vegetated. Algae and rooted
vascular plants occur in dense, scattered stands. Moss-
lichen wetlands (often called bogs) occur in the northern
midwest on acid, peaty soils. Sphagnum moss is the prevalent
species. Emergent wetlands are dominated by erect, rooted,
herbaceous hydrophytes, excluding moss and lichens.
Perennials are dominant. Common emergent wetlands communities
are saline inland flats (scattered halophytic herbs),
saline marshes (saltgrass, spikesedge, bulrush, etc.),
freshwater flats (rooted, emersed herbs and sparsely scattered
shrubs and trees), and freshwater marshes (dense stands of
graminoids intermixed with an occasional forb). Scrub-shrub
wetlands and forested wetlands have woody vegetation less than 20
ft high. Vegetation is often stunted because of severe
environmental conditions. Vegetated stream beds, commonly
containing old witchgrass, are colonized during low flow and lose
the vegetation during high flow. Unconsolidated shores are
briefly vegetated by goosefoot, barnyard grass, summer
cypress, and cocklebur, which are killed by rising water. [WRA]
A A A
Historic Changes in Terminology for Wetlands
Moss, D.
Forsyte Center, Boston, MA.
Coastal Zone Management Journal, Vol 8, No 3, p 215-225, 1980.
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47 Ref.
Various terms have been used in legal and lay documentation to
describe and label wetlands, including marshes and swamps, in
combination with words such as salt, tidal, coastal, etc. The
term wetlands is currently used as an all-inclusive term for
coastal and inland fresh and saline wet lands that are
permanently, intermittently, —or periodically inundated. For
coastal wetlands the most common terms are marsh, tidal
marsh and salt marsh. These coastal wetlands are characterized
by a change in vegetation as one proceeds from the lowland to
the upland areas. Scientists, lawyers, federal and state natural
resource agency personnel, policy-makers and the general public
have historically been plagued by the inconsistent use of ill-
defined terms for natural areas and resources. A case in point
is the continuing attempts by scientists to agree on a
definition of an estuary based on chemical, biological and
physical properties. Changing public perceptions have caused
some changes in the use of key words over the years. [WRA]
Saltwater and Brackish Marshes •
Effects of Environmental Changes on Marsh Vegetation with
Special Reference to Salinity
(Final Report, 1 Feb. 1975 - 31 Jan. 1976)
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Smalley, A. E. ; Thien, L. B.
Tulane Univ., New Orleans, La.
Report No.: NASA-CR-147585
1 Feb 76 112p
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
STAR1413 Contract No.: NAS9-14501
A literature survey primarily concerned with brackish and salt
marshes located along the eastern coast of North America and
the Gulf Coast was presented. The review concentrated upon
the vegetation of the marshes, particularly in regard to
distribution, composition, succession, and productivity.
Special efforts were made to include major works concerned with
the Louisiana and Mississipi coastal marshes. It appears that
spring to early summer (weeks 18-34 of the year; April - mid-
July) is the best period of time to categorize the communities.
It is during this time of the year that the communities
appear most stable in regard to species composition. This
allows a strong correlation to be drawn between the salinity
of the region and the dominant species of the community. As such,
this would seem to be best period in which to sample the marsh
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via air or land for differences in vegetation and salinity.
[NTIS]
A A A
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DOCUMENTS RELATED TO ESTUARINE
AND MARINE SANCTUARIES
LAIRD, BEVERLY L. ; PATTON MARTHA A.
VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCIENCE SPECIAL REPORT IN APPLIED
MARINE SCIENCE & OCEAN ENGINEERING 49, MAR 74 (48)
BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDED ARE ALL RELEVANT MATERIAL FROM ••DOCUMENTS
RELATED TO MANAGEMENT OF THE COASTAL ZONE: AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY'• AND FROM NUMEROUS NEWSLETTERS, CONSERVATION
MAGAZINES, AND JOURNALS THAT WERE USED AS BACKGROUND MATERIAL
FOR A CONFERENCE TO DEVELOP CONCEPTUAL AND POLICY ALTERNATIVES
FOR IMPLEMENTING THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972 AND THE
MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND SANCTUARIES ACT OF 1972. [ENV]
Western Riparian Wetlands •
ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF A RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM DURING FLOOD
SEASON,
MITSCH WILLIAM J.
UNIV OF ILLINOIS,
NTIS REPORT PB80-104540, AUG 79 (72)
SPECIAL REPORT A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE
DYNAMICS OF FLOODPLAIN WETLANDS ALONG THE KANKAKEE RIVER IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS DURING THE SPRING FLOOD SEASON OF 1979. THE
HYDROLOGY, WATER CHEMISTRY, AND SEDIMENTATION MEASUREMENTS OF
THE KANKAKEE RIVER DURING THE STUDY PERIOD ARE REPORTED. STUDY
AREAS WERE DOMINATED BY SILVER MAPLE, RIVER BIRCH, PIN OAK,
AMERICAN ELM, AND SWAMP WHITE OAK TREE SPECIES. RESULTS INDICATED
THAT FLOODING OCCURRED AT A RIVER DISCHARGE RATE OF
4000-4500 CFS. THE FLOODPLAIN FOREST WAS UNDERWATER FOR 10 DAY
PERIODS DURING AT LEAST 66% OF THE YEARS SINCE 1917.
GROUNDWATER SHOWED INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF ORTHOPHOSPHATES
AND DECREASED NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS AFTER FLOODWATER
RECEDED. [ENV]
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Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands
Bottomland hardwood wetlands.
Nat Wetlands Newsletter 7:2-15 Mr/Ap '85, bibl
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: P
Problem of wetland losses, in general, and their agricultural
conversions in particular, in the lower Mississippi Valley; 6
articles. Focus on types, functions, and status; economic
incentives for conversion; forest management practices
compatible with protection; and private acquisition efforts.
[PAIS]
Prairie Potholes
Spring Runoff Retention in Prairie Pothole Wetlands
Hubbard, D. E.; Linder, R. L.
South Dakota Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Brookings.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JWSCA3, Vol. 41, No. 2,
p 122-125, March-April 1986. 1 fig, 2 tab, 40 ref. Federal Aid
in Wildlife Restoration Project W-75-R.
The volume of water in 213 small wetlands on 648 ha of the
Altamont moraine in northeastern South Dakota was
measured in April 1982, immediately after the vernal thaw.
Water depths were measured to the nearest centimeter at
intervals along transects through each wetland. The surface area
of each wetland was obtained from low-level, black-and-white
aerial photographs obtained at the same time the water depth
measurements were made. The 213 wetlands comprised 50% of the
water surface area that occurred in the study area and contained
an estimated 19.58-ha-m of water. The data are discussed in
relation to what is known about prairie wetland hydrology.
Values of intact prairie wetlands should be given serious
consideration in water resource planning and development of the
glaciated prairie region. [WRA]
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WETLAND CHARACTERIZATION
Ecology of Barataria Basin, Louisiana: An Estuarine Profile
Library of Congress catalog card no. 87-18475. Sponsored
by Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. Div. of
Biological Services. NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01
Conner, W. H. ; Day, J. W.
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. Center for Wetland
Resources. Corp. Source Codes: 011064049
Sponsor: Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. Div. of
Biological Services.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.13)
Jul 87 184p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
Country of Publication: United States
The Barataria Basin lies entirely in Louisiana between the
natural levees of the active Mississippi River and the
abandoned Bayou Lafourche distributary. It is characterized
by a network of interconnecting water bodies which allows
transport of water, materials, and migrating organisms throughout
the basin. These wetlands and water bodies are extremely
productive biologically and provide valuable nursery habitat
for a number of commercial and recreational fish and shellfish,
as well as habitat for wintering waterfowl and furbearers.
The basin is a dynamic system undergoing constant change
because of geologic and human processes. The network of bays,
lakes, and bayous has gradually enlarged over time due to natural
subsidence and erosion. These human activities have altered
natural hydrologic patterns in the basin and may directly or
indirectly contribute to wetland losses. Controlling wetland
deterioration in the basin is a major management concern. [NTIS]
Ecology of Mugu Lagoon, California: An Estuarine Profile
Library of Congress catalog card no. 87-600236. Sponsored
by National Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA.
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
Onuf, C. P.
California Univ., Santa Barbara. Marine Science Inst.
Corp. Source Codes: 005457035
Sponsor: National Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.15)
Jun 87 14Op
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
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Country of Publication: United States
Mugu Lagoon is significant as one of the least disturbed
and best protected estuaries in southern California; thus,
this small estuarine system can serve as a baseline model for
the region. The report summarizes and synthesizes scientific data
on the ecological structure and functioning of the estuary,
including discussions of climate, hydrology-, --geology,
physiography, biotic assemblages, and ecological
processes and interactions. The estuary exhibits extreme
variability in freshwater inputs, being at times totally
marine and at other times flushed by stormwater runoff from
the watershed. Major storms in 1978 and 1980 resulted in
sedimentation that drastically altered benthic communities and
resulted in changes in the distribution of submerged aquatic
vegetation and benthos, and fish and shorebird use of these food
resources. [NTIS]
Ecology of Open-Bay Bottoms of Texas: A Community Profile
Library of Congress catalog card no. 87-600187. Sponsored
by National Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Armstrong, N. E.
Texas Univ. at Austin. Dept. of Civil Engineering.
Corp. Source Codes: 043127092
Sponsor: -National Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.12)
May 87 119p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Open-bay bottoms represent one of the most extensive
habitats in any estuarine system, especially in the
northwestern Gulf of Mexico estuaries of Texas. Seven major
estuarine systems are found here (Sabine Lake, Galveston Bay,
Matagorda Bay, San Antonio Bay, Copano-Aransas Bays, Corpus
Christi Bay, and the Laguna Madre), along with three
minor riverine estuaries (Brazos, San Bernard and Rio Grande)
which long ago filled. These bays are typically broad and
shallow with average depths of 1.2 to 2.4 meters and a total
surface area of 624,000 ha. Salt marshes and seagrass beds are
small. The key functions of the benthic system are production of
biomass as food resources for higher trophic levels;
bioturbation, which enhances nutrient regeneration; and nutrient
regeneration itself. Managers of these estuaries must consider
the open-bay bottom systems as a critical part of the overall
function of these estuaries. [NTIS]
8
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Ecology of the Coastal Marshes of Western Lake Erie: A Community
Profile
Includes one sheet of 48x reduction microfiche. Library
of Congress catalog card no. 86-607954. Sponsored by National
Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA.
NTIS Prices: PC E07/MF A01
Herdendorf, C. E.
Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Center for Lake Erie Area
Research. Corp. Source Codes: 005518152
Sponsor: National Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.9)
Feb 87 186p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC E07/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
i
Lake Erie, the southernmost of the Laurentian Great Lakes, is
narrow and relatively shallow in comparison to other Great Lakes.
The lake experiences extreme water level fluctuations and storm
energy restricts the development of wetlands to protected
areas within embayments, lagoons, or behind barriers.
However, coastal marshes of western Lake Erie fringe the
shorelines of Michigan, Ohio, and Ontario and encompass an area
of 268 sq km. Biological information available for the Lake
Erie wetlands is discussed in detail, and ecological processes
contributing to the evolution of wetlands, biological
production, and community organization in the wetlands are
examined. A chapter on applied ecology addressing issues such as
wetland loss, values of wetlands to fish and wildlife,
management, and future prospects for Lake Erie wetlands completes
the publication. [NTIS]
A A
Wetlands Research Program. Corps of Engineers Wetlands
Delineation Manual (Final rept)
Original contains color plates: All DTIC and NTIS
reproduction will be in black and white.
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
MS.Environmental Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 002621009; 411388
Report No.: WES/TR/Y-87-l
Jan 87 168p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
This document presents approaches and methods for
identifying and delineating wetlands for purposes of Section 404
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of the Clean Water Act. It is designed to assist users in
making wetland determinations using a multiparameter approach.
Except where noted in the manual, this approach requires
positive evidence of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and
wetland hydrology for a determination that an area is a
wetland. The multiparameter approach provides a logical,
easily defensible, and—technical basis for wetland
determinations. Technical guidelines are presented for~
wetlands, deepwater aquatic habitats, and nonwetlands
(uplands). Hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland
hydrology are also characterized, and wetland indicators of
each parameter are listed. Methods for applying the
multiparameter approach are described. Separate sections are
devoted to preliminary data gathering and analysis, method
selection, routine determinations, comprehensive determinations,
atypical situations, and problem areas. Three levels of routine
determinations are described, thereby affording significant
flexibility in method selection. Four apendices provide
supporting information. [NTIS]
A A A
Coastal Wetlands
Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan. 1986. 286 p.
Edited by Harold H. Prince, and Frank M. D'ltri.
This book represents the proceedings of the first 'Great Lakes
Coastal Wetlands Colloquium' (November 5-7, 1984, East Lansing,
MI) . The theme was 'Natural and Manipulated Water Levels in
Great Lakes Wetlands1. This material constitutes both Great
Lakes wetlands and the state of understanding about them. It is
intended to provide fisheries and wildlife biologists,
ecologists, aquatic resource managers and planners and
environmental scientists information about the coastal wetlands.
Objectives of the colloquium were: (1) to provide a forum for the
exchange of current information on Great Lakes coastal wetlands,
relating in particular to water levels; (2) to establish a
network of wetland ecologists and managers in the Great Lakes
region; (3) to publish an integrative set of invited and
contributed papers on Great Lakes coastal wetlands; and (4) to
develop a set of research priorities for Great Lakes wetlands as
a base for future research. [WRA]
A A A
Wetlands a definition. (California tidelands and wetlands)
Beasley, Oscar H.
Western State University Law Review 13 n2 553-562 Spr, 1986
10
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GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
Coastal Wetlands
Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan. 1986. 286 p.
Edited by Harold H. Prince, and Frank M. D'ltri.
This book represents the proceedings of the first 'Great Lakes
Coastal Wetlands Colloquium' (November 5-7, 1984, East Lansing,
MI) . The theme was 'Natural and Manipulated Water Levels in
Great Lakes Wetlands'. This material constitutes both Great
Lakes wetlands and the state of understanding about them. It
is intended to provide fisheries and wild life biologists,
ecologists, aquatic resource managers and planners and
environmental scientists information about the coastal wetlands.
Objectives of the colloquium were: (1) to provide a forum for
the 'exchange of current information on Great Lakes coastal
wetlands, relating in particular to water levels; (2) to
establish a network of wetland ecologists and managers in the
Great Lakes region; (3) to publish an integrative set of invited
and contributed papers on Great Lakes coastal wetlands; and
(4) to develop a set of research priorities for Great Lakes
wetlands as a base for future research. [WRA]
Effect of Mississippi River Delta Lobe Development on the
Habitat Composition and Diversity of Louisiana Coastal
Wetlands
Neill, C.; Deegan, L. A.
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. Coastal Ecology Lab. The
American Midland Naturalist AMNAAF, Vol. 116, No. 2,
P296-303, October 1986. 4 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref. Fish and
Wildlife Service Contract 14-16-009-80-073.
Land in the Mississippi River delta region was formed during
the last 6000 years by sediment deposited in major deltaic lobes
by the Mississippi River. Together the delta lobes built
abroad plain of approximately 3 million ha. The nature and
timing of these deltaic deposits control the long-terra dynamics
and persistence of the habitats found in this
predominantly wetland coastal region. The five delta lobes that
today make up the Mississippi River deltaic plain range in age
from 10-4000 years. New delta lobes begin to form approximately
once every 1000 years in response to a major change in the
course of the river. The patterns of habitat changes that occur
during the growth and decay of Mississippi River deltaic lobes
were examined by comparing different-aged lobes using habitat
maps constructed from aerial photographs. Mudflats and
freshmarshes dominated young delta lobes (10-1000 years
old).Intermediate-aged lobes (1000-2000 years old) contained
11
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large areas of salt and brackish marshes and open water. The
number of habitat types (N) and Shannon-Wiener index of habitat
diversity (H1) were lowest in the youngest lobe (N = 14,H1
= 0.68), highest in a medium-aged lobe (N = 56, H1 = 1.77),and
intermediate in the oldest lobe (N = 44, H1 = 1.38). A new
cycle of vegetation change is initiated approximately every
1000 years when upstream river diversion reintroduces
freshwater and sediment into an old lobe. [WRA]
A A
Ecology of Pools 19 and 20, Upper Mississippi River: A Community
Profile
Library of Congress catalog card no. 86-600373. Sponsored
by National Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA., and
Army Engineer District, Rock Island, IL.
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Jahn, L. A. ; Anderson, R. V.
Western Illinois Univ., Macomb.
Sponsor: National Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA.;
Army Engineer District, Rock Island, IL.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.6)
Sep 86 157p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
To accommodate navigation, the • Upper Mississippi River
has been extensively modified by the dredging of
navigation channels and the construction of a series of
lock and dam structures. Each lock and dam creates a pool in
the river. The document reviews ecological information and data
on navigation pools 19 and 20 of the Upper Mississippi River
extending from near Keokuk, IA, southward to Canton, MO, and
Meyer, IL. Biological populations inhabiting or associated
with the pools are described, followed by a section on
community functions which includes a discussion of production
and trophic interactions. The report describes human impacts on
the section of the river. [NTIS]
A A A
Ecology of Lake St. Glair Wetlands: A Community Profile
Library of Congress catalog card no. 86-600404. Prepared in
cooperation with Eastern Michigan Univ., Ypsilanti. Dept.
of Geography and Geology. Sponsored by National Wetlands
Research Center, Slidell, LA., and Army Engineer District,
Rock Island, IL.
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NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01
Herdendorf, C. E. ; Raphael, C. N. ; Jaworski, E.
Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Center for Lake Erie Area
Research. Corp. Source Codes: 005518152
Sponsor: Eastern Michigan Univ., Ypsilanti. Dept. of
Geography and Geology.; National Wetlands Research Center,
Slidell,__LA.; Army Engineer District, Rock Island, IL.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.7)
Sep 86 204p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
The publication reviews the ecological data and
information on the wetlands of Lake St. Clair. The lake, which
is a part of the Great Lakes ecosystem, is situated between
southeastern Michigan and southwestern Ontario. These
wetlands are among the most productive areas in the Great Lakes
ecosystem. The publication summarizes the geologic history of
the region leading to the development of wetlands and the
present environment; biological production and community
organization in the Lake St. Clair wetlands are also
examined. The publication closes with a chapter on applied
ecology which addresses issues such as wetland
disturbance, management, and future prospects for these wetlands.
[NTIS]
A A A
Ecology of Regularly Flooded Salt Marshes of New England: A
Community Profile (Biological rept. (Final))
Sponsored by Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
DC. Div. of Biological Services.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Teal, J. M.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA.
Corp. Source Codes: 015160000
Sponsor: Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. Div. of
Biological Services.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.4)
Jun 86 76p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
The report summarizes information on the ecology of intertidal,
regularly flooded marshes in New England and focuses on the
Great Sippevissett Salt Marsh in Falmouth, Massachusetts.
Marsh plant productivity and decomposition and the'related
processes of bacterially mediated cycling of nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulfur, and carbon through the marsh are discussed in
13
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the profile. These marshes are dominated both
vegetationally and ecologically by a single emergent plant
species, Spartina alterniflora. [NTIS]
A A A
Ecology of Tijuana Estuary, California: An Estuarine Profile
Sponsored by National Coastal Ecosystems Team, Slidell,
LA., and California Sea Grant Coll. Program, La Jolla.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Zedler, J. B. ; Nordby, C. S.
San Diego State Univ., CA. Dept. of Biology.
Corp. Source Codes: 036379012
Sponsor: National Coastal Ecosystems Team, Slidell, LA.;
California Sea Grant Coll. Program, La Jolla.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.5)
Jun 86 116p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Tijuana Estuary in southern California is characterized by a
high degree of environmental variability resulting primarily
from unpredictable freshwater inputs. The report discusses these
habitats and synthesizes data amassed on the vegetation, algae,
invertebrates, fishes, and birds found in the estuary, their
ecological interrelationships, and relationships of the biota
with the physical environment. [NTIS]
Environmental Influences on the Distribution and Composition of
Wetlands in the Great Lakes Basin.
Geis, J. W.
State Univ. of New York Coll. of Environmental Science
and Forestry, Syracuse.
IN: Coastal Wetlands, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.
1985. p 15-31, 3 fig, 23 ref.
Wetlands are land-water systems which characterize shoreline
interfaces of most water bodies. Wetlands are lands where
'the water table is at, near, or above the land surface long
enough to promote the formation of hydric soils or support the
growth of hydrophytes'. The deep water end of the continuum is
marked by the growth limit of emergent macrophytes. It grades
into 'deep-water habitats', which are dominated by submerged
aquatic macrophytes. The upland limit is exceeded when soils are
no longer 'hydric' in classification, and the predominating
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vegetation is terrestrial rather than hydrophytic. Studies
along the eastern shoreline of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence
River have emphasized the continuity of physical
environmental conditions and the intergradation of dominant
plant species between adjacent wetland and shallow water
littoral systems. Consequently, a 'wetlands continuum1 dominated
by aquatic macrophytes, both submerged and emergent, is
considered to represent an ecologically useful concept. This
continuum spans a range of environments from the deepwater
limit of submerged aquatic macrophytes to the upland
contact. The practical delineation of 'wetlands1 and
'deepwater habitats' according to the occurrence of emergent
hydrophytes is not seen to be at variance with this concept. Four
broad categories of wetland systems are presented:
(1)barrier and lagoon systems; (2) embayed wetlands; (3)
streamside wetlands; and (4) island and school systems. The
effects upon the hydrologic regime of seasonal variation,
water level, snowpack and ice are discussed. [WRA]
A A A
Ecology of Giant Kelp Forests in California: A Community Profile
Color illustrations reproduced in black and white. Sponsored
by National Coastal Ecosystems Team, Slidell, LA.
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Foster, M. S. ; Schiel, D. R.
Moss Landing Marine Labs., CA.
Corp. Source Codes: 100235000
Sponsor: National Coastal Ecosystems Team, Slidell, LA.
Report No.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7.2)
May 85 172p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Giant kelp forests are marine communities dominated by the
large brown alga, Macrocystis pyrifera. In the northern
hemisphere, stands of this species occur along the outer coast
of the eastern Pacific from near Santa Cruz in central California
to the central coast of Baja California, Mexico. Plants are
usually attached to rocky substrata at depths of 5-20 m. These
submarine forests are probably the most species-rich,
structurally complex and productive communities in temperate
waters. This profile reviews the relevant literature (over 400
citations) describing M. pyrifera, the organisms associated
with it, the interactions among these organisms, and
environmental factors that affect the distribution and
structure of the community. [NTIS]
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Ecology of irregularly flooded salt marshes of the northeastern
Gulf of Mexico: A community profile.
Stout, J.P.
Marine Environmental Sciences Consort. Dauphin Island, AL, USA
BIOL. REP. U.S. FISH WILDL. SERV., 1984., 116 pp
LANGUAGES: English
SUMMARY LANGUAGES: English
NTIS Order No.: PB86-126430/GAR.
DOC TYPE: Report
REPORT NO.: BIOLOGICAL-85(7 1)
The salt marshes of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico are
distinguished by irregular flooding, low energy wave and tidal
action, and long periods of exposure. The plant community is
most often dominated by black needlerush (Juncus romenrianus),
the • species of focus in this synthesis. Distinct marsh zones
include those dominated by Juncus and Spartina alterniflora at
low elevations, sparsely vegetated salt flats, and higher
elevation salt meadows of Juncus and Spartina patens . A
diverse microbial and algal assemblage is also present. A
diverse fauna has adapted to the physical rigors of these
marshes. Zooplankton are dominated by the larvae of fiddler
crabs (Uca sp.) and other decapods. Macroinvertebrates are
represented by crustaceans (especially mollusks and crabs),
annelids, and insects. Gross shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris )
blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus ) , and other crustaceans are
seasonally abundant in marsh creeks, as are a number of resident
and migratory fish species. [NTIS]
A A A
Alaska wetlands: an opportunity for protection.
Marcus, Laurie.
Nat Wetlands Newsletter 7:10-14 N/D '85, bibl map
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: P
Partial contents: Developoment pressures; Regulation in
wetland areas.
Effects of Four Heavy Metals on Survival and Hatching
Rateof Artemia salina (L.)
Kissa, E.; Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M.; Kiortsis, V.
Athens Univ. (Greece). Zoological Lab. and Museum.
Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Vol. 102, No. 2, p 255-264,
December, 1984. 1 Fig, 5 Tab, 31 Ref.
Acute lethalities to nauplii of Artemia salina were compared
for IJour heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, nickel, cobalt)
commonly discharged into coastal waters; LC50 48 hours were
determined for three day old nauplii. Sublethal effects of low
concentrations of these metals on the hatching rate of
16
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Artemiacysts were compared as well. Acute toxicity tests
indicated an increased tolerance of Artemia to three (Cd, Co, Ni)
of the four tested metals (LC50 48h, in mg/1): Cd: 159.611 + or
0.176; andCo: 1.7-1.66 + or 0.201. Artemia has not demonstrated
such a high tolerance to chromium: LC50 48h = 7.911 + or
0.066.Artemia eggs have shown a higher sensitivity to metals
(except chromium) compared with Artemia nauplii: concentrations
from 1/15 to 1/30 of the LC50 48h caused usually a 50%
reduction ofthe hatching rate. For chromium a concentration of
about the LC50 48h caused halving of the hatching rate.
Chromium probably has a different toxic action when acting on
survival and on hatching. [WRA]
A A
Preserving Nebraska's Wetlands: Now and in the Future
Christensen, M. A.
Nebraska Law Review, Vol. 63, No. 3, p 473-513, 1984 192 Ref.
In an effort to increase public awareness of the importance of
Nebraska's wetlands and to evaluate the means presently
available to aid in wetlands preservation, this summary of
wetlands and their role in Nebraska is offered. Suggestions
for further protective measures are also made. The destruction
of Nebraska's wetlands is described as it relates to the
rainwater basin and the sandhills. Consequences of wetlands
destruction include a loss of nutrients, groundwater supplies
and recycling center for water, and a lessening of the holding
power of water from rainfall. Wetland protections afforded under
the Clean Water Act are discussed, specifically section
404.Other means of preservation include federal land acquisition,
state land acquisition, state cost sharing practices, and
water bank programs. [WRA]
A A A
Wetland Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Final rept.)
Original contains color plates: All DTIC and NTIS
reproductions will be in black and white.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Weinmann, F. ; Boule, M. ; Brunner, K. ; Malek, J. ; Yoshino,
V. Corps of Engineers, Seattle, WA. Seattle District.
Corp. Source Codes: 032395003; 410076
Sep 84 92p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
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Fifty-nine species of wetland plants are described and
illustrated with color photographs. These wetland species
occur in eelgrass beds, low salt/brackish marshes, high
salt/brackish marshes, deep freshwater marshes, shallow
freshwater marshes, wet meadows and swamps. Definitions and
a general introduction to wetlands are also provided. [NTIS]
A A
NEW JERSEY SHOWS A DIFFERENT FACE IN THIS BEWITCHING PROVINCE OF
PINES
SIMONS LEWIS
SMITHSONIAN, JUL 83, V14, N4, P78 (10)
1
AN AUTHENTIC WILDERNESS AREA EXISTS IN THE CENTER OF NEW
JERSEY. ENCOMPASSING SOME 2000 SQ MI OF THE STATE, THE PINE
BARRENS IS A PATCHWORK OF TOWNS, FARMS, COMMERCIAL CRANBERRY
BOGS, FORESTS, AND WETLANDS. THE REGION'S MOST ABUNDANT AND MOST
IMPORTANT RESOURCE IS THE COHANSEY AQUIFER. THE SCENIC AND
NATURAL QUALITIES OF THE PINE BARRENS ARE VALUED BY
RECREATIONISTS AND NATURALISTS AND THE DISPERSED SETTLERS WHO
HAVE BEEN DWELLING THERE FOR GENERATIONS. DEVELOPMENT AND LAND
SPECULATION HAVE BEEN GOING ON IN THIS AREA FOR DECADES.
AS A RESULT OF EFFORTS BY CONSERVATIONISTS, THE PINE
BARRENS BECAME ONE OF THE FIRST RESERVES ESTABLISHED UNDER
THE NAT'L PARKS & RECREATION ACT OF 1978. (16 PHOTOS). [ENV]
Hydrology of Wisconsin, Wetlands
Novitzki, R. P.
Geological Survey, Albany, NY. Water Resources Div.
University of Wisconsin-Extension, Madison, Geological
and Natural History Survey, Information Circular No 40,
1982. 22 p, 14 Fig, 7 Tab, 34 Ref.
The hydrologic characteristics of Wisconsin's wetlands, and
their effect on floodflows and base flows, are described.
Wetlands occur in depression and on slopes, and may be in
contact with ground water or totally surface-water supported.
Wisconsin's wetlands can be classified as surface-water
depression, ground-water depression, surface-waterslope, or
ground-water slope. Throughout the State, floodflows are
80% lower, springtime streamflows 40% higher,and fall base
flows 40% lower in basin with 40% lake and wetland area than
in basins with no lake and wetland area. Inthe north-central
third of the State sediment yields are 90% lower in basins with
40% lake and wetland area. [WRA]
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Preliminary Guide to the Onsite Identification and
Delineation of the Wetlands of the North Atlantic United
States
Huffman, R. T. ; Tucker, G. E. ; Wooten, J. W. ; Klimas, C.
V.;Freel, M. W. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station,Vicksburg, MS. Environmental Lab.
Technical Report Y-78-8, May 1982. Final Report. 53 p, 5
Fig, 81 Ref, 1 Append.
This guidebook is intended to help regulatory personnel with
the onsite recognition and geographical delineation of wetland
boundaries in the North Atlantic United States. The introduction
includes general information about wetlands. Major lowland areas
are the Seaboard Lowlands of New England, the Ontario Plain in
New York, and the large-river valleys: Connecticut, St.Lawrence,
Mohawk, and Hudson. Numerous ponds, lakes, swamps, andbogs exist
as a result of impervious underlying rock, coarse acidic
soils, and glaciation effects. Climatic parameters are highly
variable. However, inland areas are usually cool and humid
with an average of 102 cm of precipitation each year. Tropical
storms have caused major damage in southeastern New England
forests. Indicators are described for determining whether
vegetation, soil, and hydrological conditions are typically
wetland. Wetlands are classified into several groups,
each with characteristic vegetation. Aquatic bed wetlands have
vegetation which grows on or below the water surface for
most of the growing season. Emergent wetlands have erect,
rooted, herbaceous hydrophytes (excluding mosses and lichens),
mostly perennial. Scrub-shrub wetlands and forested wetlands have
woody vegetation less than 6 m high. The streambed class includes
nontidal channels containing water for part of the year.
Unconsolidated shores have unconsolidated substrates, 30% or
less vegetation cover, flooded intermittently. [WRA]
A A A
Preliminary Guide to the Onsite Identification and
Delineation of the Wetlands of the South Atlantic United
States
Huffman, R. T.; Tucker, G. E.; Wooten, J. W. ; Klimas, C.
V.;Freel, M. W. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MS. Environmental Lab.
Technical Report Y-78-7, May 1982. Final Report. 59 p, 6
fig, 4 ref, 1 append.
Wetlands of the South Atlantic United States are mainly
located on the coastal plain. Freshwater marshes are found in
the plateaus. The types of wetlands and the prevalent
vegetation are as follows: haline aquatic bed, algae and
seagrass; freshwater aquatic bed, free-floating, floating-leaved,
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and submersed herbs; emergent haline coastal flats,
halophytic and succulent forbs; emergent haline marshes,
densestands of graminoids with a few shrubs and forbs;
freshwater flats, rooted, emersed herbs and sparsely scattered
shrubs and trees; freshwater marshes, dense stands of graminoids
intermixed with occasional forbs; scrub-shrub wetlands and
forested wetlands, medium to dense stands of shrubs and/or
trees; stream beds, temporary stands of old witchgrass; and
unconsolidated shores, temporary stands of goosefoot,
barnyard grass, summer cypress, and cocklebur. [WRA]
A 4 A
Geology and Hydrology of Wetlands in Massachusetts
Motts, W. S.; O'Brien, A. L.
Massachusetts Univ., Amherst. Dept. of Geology and Geography.
Available from the National Technical Information
Service,Springfield, VA 22161 as PB83-154419.
Price codes: A08 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche.
Water Resources Research Center, Pub No 123, Oct
1981,Univ. of Mass., Amherst.
147 p, 9 Tab, 23 Fig, 67 Ref, 3 Append. B-012-
MASS(ll), B-023-MASS(18). 14-31-0001-3090 and 3596.
The report provides detailed data on three Massachusetts
wetlands of varying character in diverse settings. The findings
reveal a wide range of differences between wetlands in the
extent to which they (1) modify the character of runoff from a
basin, (2) influence the discharge/recharge relationship with
their underlying aquifer, and (3) affect potential ground-
water development. Wetlands cover 6.5% of the land area
of Massachusetts. Two thirds of the state's wetlands are
underlain by potential aquifers in stratified drift and lake
bottom deposits. There is good probability of penetrating high
saturated thicknesses of stratified-drift aquifers near
wetlands. Artesian aquifers which commonly underlie lakebed-type
wetlands are protected from man-induced contamination by the
wetland, the clay cap, and the aquifer artesian pressure.
This report proposes a classification to define the
hydrologic response of wetlands using factors of hydrologic
position, geologic type, and topographic position. Important
geologic and hydrologic factors include character and
thickness of surficial materials; bedrock type; hydrologic
position and connection of wetland-related aquifers including
permeability of their organic layer, their transmissivity,
and their quality; groundwater outflow; and depth of
standing water. Important topographic factors are wetland
position in the drainage basin and both their relative and
absolute size. [WRA]
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Illinois Wetlands: Their Value and Management
Bell, H. E. Ill
Rock Valley Metropolitan Council, Rockford, IL.
Illinois Institute of Natural Resources, Chicago,
Document No 81/33, October 1981. 133 p 5 Fig, 12 Tab, 121 Ref.
In the last 100 years, approximately 99.5 percent of Illinois
wetlands has been destroyed because they were considered useless
and the land could be put to better use with higher economic
yield. This report details the diverse value of wetlands and
outlines the means of preserving, restoring, and managing them.
Wetlands are valuable for many reasons: they provide a habitat
for threatened and endangered species; they filter pollutants
from rivers and lakes without the high cost of treatment
plants,i.e., excessive nutrients are chemically locked into
wetland soil or absorbed by plants; and they can act like
sponges during floods by storing water in floodplain forests, in
depressions like shrub swamps and marshes, or in sandy soils.
There are also potential benefits in treating wastewater with
artificial wetlands. Most Illinois wetlands are theatened with
destruction; federal, state, and local laws—404
permits,Section 10 permits, the Endangered Species Act do not
provide adequate protection. Local citizens need to take a more
active role in wetlands protection and management by voicing
their concerns to the agencies responsible for
administering the regulations, such as regional planning
commissions and councils of governments. Wetlands can be
protected by public acquisition, such as by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service and the Illinois Department of
Conservation. Landowners must also protect their wetlands
from adjacent land use that can disturb their hydrology or
vegetation. Wetlands are not wastelands and should be managed
for all the benefits they offer. Preservation is the best
type of management. [WRA]
Inventory of Wetlands and Agricultural Land Cover in the
Upper Sevier River Basin, Utah
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Jaynes, R. A. ; Clark, Jr., L. D. ; Landgraf, K. F.
Utah Univ., Salt Lake City. Center for Remote Sensing and
Cartography. Corp. Source Codes: 016669138; U8734375
Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space
Administration,Washington, DC. Report No.: E82-10345; NASA-
CR-168961
31 Oc£ 81 40p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 GRAI8222;STAR2016
Country of Publication: United States
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Contract No.: NAGW-95
The use of color infrared aerial photography in the
mapping of agricultural land use and wetlands in the
Sevier River Basin of south central Utah is described. The
efficiency and cost effectiveness of utilizing LANDSAT
multispectral scanner digital data to augment
photographic interpretations are discussed. Transparent
overlays for 27 quadrangles showing delineations of wetlands
and agricultural land cover were produced. A table summarizing
the acreage represented by each class on each quadrangle overlay
is provided. [NTIS]
A A
The Mississippi Coastal Program: Resource Management on the
Mississippi Coast
Gibbs Michael T.
Univ of Mississippi,
presented at Coastal Society 7th Conf, Galveston, Oct
11-14,81, p27 (10)
An overview of the Mississippi Coastal Program (MCP) is
provided. MCP represents a significant step toward the
implementation of an institutional framework for managing
Mississippi's coastal resources. The wetlands permitting
process, likely to be an arena for critical debates between
opponents and proponents of the program, is highlighted.
Special features of MCP such as fisheries management, affirmative
management activities, the A-95 clearinghouse system, and
pollution control are considered. (34 references). [ENV]
A A A
MICHIGAN'S STATE-LEVEL WETLAND PROTECTION PROGRAM
WOLVERTON CHARLES L.
MICHIGAN DEPT NATURAL RESOURCES
PRESENTED AT MINNESOTA WATER PLANNING BOARD/ET AL
WETLAND VALUES & MANAGEMENT CONF, ST PAUL, JUN 17-19, 81,
P565(8)
MICHIGAN'S WETLANDS PROTECTION LEGISLATION IS ANALYZED. THE
GOEMAERE-ANDERSON WETLANDS PROTECTION ACT WAS PASSED IN 1979 AND
REQUIRES A PERMIT TO DREDGE, DRAIN, FILL OR USE CERTAIN WETLANDS
IN THE STATE. CONTIGUOUS AND NONCONTIGUOUS, WETLANDS ARE
TREATED SEPARATELY, AND THE CRITERIA FOR THEIR REGULATION ARE
OUTLINED. ACTIVITIES THAT ARE EXEMPTED FROM THE ACT-OF BOTH
MINOR LONG-TERM IMPACTS AND POTENTIAL DAMAGE-ARE LISTED. THE
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GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING WHETHER AN ACTIVITY IS IN THE
PUBLIC INTEREST ARE PRESENTED. [ENV]
A A
THE RHODE ISLAND FRESH WATER WETLANDS PROGRAM
BRYAN TODD A.
RHODE ISLAND DEPT ENV MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED AT MINNESOTA WATER PLANNING BOARD/ET AL
WETLAND VALUES & MANAGEMENT CONF, ST PAUL, JUN 17-19, 81,
P603(9)
•
THE RHODE ISLAND FRESHWATER WETLANDS LAW OF 1971 IS ONE OF THE
MOST COMPREHENSIVE WETLANDS LAWS IN THE U.S. THE LAW ALLOWS THE
STATE TO HAVE A MANDATE OVER FRESHWATER BOGS, FLOOD-PRONE
REGIONS, SWAMPS, PONDS, RIVERS, FLOOD PLAINS, AND BUFFERS TO
THESE AREAS. RHODE ISLAND WAS RECENTLY' GRANTED FEDERAL MONEY
BY • EPA TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF INCORPORATING THE
SECTION 404 DREDGE AND FILL PERMIT PROGRAM OF THE FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1977. (1 REFERENCE). [ENV]
A A A
Gulf of Mexico Wetlands: Value, State of Knowledge and Research
Needs
Thayer, G. W.; Ustach, J. F.
National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, NC.
Southeast Fisheries Center.
In: Proceedings of a Symposium on Environmental Research
Needs in the Gulf of Mexico (GOMEX) , Key Biscayne,
Florida, 30 September - 5 October 1979, Volume IIB, May,
1981.p 1-30, 3 Fig, 3 Tab, 73 Ref. National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida.
Approximately 50% of the commercial and recreational fishes in
the Gulf of Mexico and 80-90% of the fishery landings are
estuarine-dependent. Coastal wetlands provide habitats and
food resources that make estuarine-nearshore zones vital
spawning, nursery and feeding areas for aquatic species.
Although there is a great deal of information on plant species
in Gulf wetlands, little quantitative data exist on mixed
species communities and submergent species and on the factors
regulating growth and production of most wetland plants. Thereis
a paucity of quantitative data on the abundance and
distribution of faungl components, including forage species and
meiofauna, and on growth and mortality rates of juvenile
fishes, age-specific utilization, and resource partitioning
within wetland habitats. One of the most important, yet
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poorly understood, aspects of wetland ecology is the
production, decomposition, utilization, and export of detrital
material from Gulf wetlands. When one considers that about 75% of
the total plant production in Gulf estuarine-wetland areas is
derived from macrophytes, the importance of developing a sound
information base on the decomposition process is obvious.
Intensive long-term studies on a few systems and extensive
short-term studies on many systems on a regional basis within
the Gulf are needed to understand natural variability among
organisms and their habitats, as well as the range of
conditions and variability of wetland ecosystems. [WRA]
FRESHWATER WETLANDS IN THE CATSKELLS
NEW YORK STATE DEPT OF ENV CONSERVATION CATSKILL STUDY REPORT
10, SEP 76 (13)
SPECIAL REPORT
NEW YORK STATE, IN COMMON WITH OTHER STATES IN THE
NORTHEAST, RECEIVES RELATIVELY ABUNDANT ANNUAL
PRECIPITATION. THIS PRECIPITATION, COMBINED WITH LOCAL
SOIL AND SURFICIAL GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, HAS RESULTED IN
THE CREATION OF FRESHWATER WETLANDS IN MANY AREAS OF THE STATE.
FRESHWATER WETLANDS ARE VALUABLE BECAUSE THEY PROVIDE FLOOD AND
STORM DRAINAGE CONTROL AND OTHER BENEFITS. DESPITE THESE
ADVANTAGES, THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF WETLANDS HAVE BEEN LOST
THROUGH FILLING, DRAINAGE, AND OTHER ALTERATIONS. THE 1975
FRESHWATER WETLANDS ACT WAS DESIGNED TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE
THESE RESOURCES. THE CATSKILLS WETLANDS ARE DESCRIBED, AND THE
EFFECTS OF THE FRESHWATER WETLANDS ACT ARE EVALUATED. (2
MAPS, 15 REFERENCES, 3 TABLES). [ENV]
A A A
YORK COUNTY AND TOWN OF POQUOSON TIDAL MARSH INVENTORY
SILBERHORN GENE M.
VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCIENCE SPECIAL REPORT IN APPLIED
MARINE SCIENCE & OCEAN ENGINEERING 53, AUG 74 (70)
SPECIAL REPORT
i
THE VIRGINIA INST. OF MARINE SCIENCE IS RESPONSIBLE FORCONDUCTING
AN INVENTORY OF THE STATE'S TIDAL WETLANDS. THE INVENTORY
PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO ASSIST MANAGERS AND CONCERNED CITIZENS
INTERESTED IN CONSERVING WETLANDS. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS (USGS) WERE USED TO DETERMINE WETLAND LOCATIONS
AND PATTERNS OF MARSH VEGETATION. MARSH COMMUNITY ZONES AND
PATTERNS WERE VERIFIED BY GROUND TRUTH METHODS, I. E.,BOAT AND
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LOW-LEVEL AIR FLIGHTS. ACREAGES AND WETLAND BOUNDARIES WERE ALSO
OBTAINED BY THESE SOURCES AND BY FIELD ESTIMATES. (NUMEROUS
MAPS). [ENV]
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WETLAND VALUES OR FUNCTIONS
• General Information •
Economic Value of Wetlands Systems
Farber, S.; Costanza, R.
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. Dept. of Economics.
Journal of Environmental Management JEVMAW, Vol. 24, No.
1, p 41-51, January 1987. 7 fig, 6 tab, 29 ref.
An economic willingness-to-pay (WTP) and an energy analysis
(EA) method are used to establish the social value of a
wetlands system. The economic approach considers the commercial,
recreational, and storm protection value of wetlands. The
energy analysis evaluates the energy processed by the wetlands
system. These methods were applied to the wetlands system in
South Louisiana. Estimates ranged from $590 per acre using WTP
to $6,400-$10,000 per acre using EA. This range is quite large
for management decisions. In the past, this uncertainty has
caused managers to ignore the consumer value of wetlands and to
make decisions based on other criteria. It is concluded that this
is not adequate; more research is needed to increase the accuracy
of these estimates, especially in storm flood protection, and
option and existence values. Meanwhile, an estimate intended to
minimize the chances of error should be adopted. The $590 per
acre WTP estimate is probably an underestimate because it
excludes several known wetlands services, while the higher EA
estimates is probably high because they include wetland
products that may not be economically valuable. [WRA]
A A A
What Value Wetlands?
Bardecki, M. J.
Ryerson Polytechnical Inst., Toronto (Ontario). Dept.
of Applied Geography.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 39, No. 3,
p 166-169, May-June, 1984. 2 Fig, 23 Ref.
Wetlands are an important outdoor recreation resource for
activities such as sport fishing, hunting, camping, picnicking,
hiking, nature study, and photography. Wetland conservation
efforts, where they do exist, are frequently based on the
biological significance of such areas. Certain,fish, waterfowl,
beaver and muskrat are but a few of those who depend on the
wetlands for their existence. The second most often cited
reason for wetlands protection is their supposed role in flood
27
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control. Wetlands act as important water storage reservoirs, but
it is likely that only in those situations where the wetlands
act as groundwater discharge areas do wetlands contribute
much to base flow. Concerning the value of wetlands for water
quality, a broad range of recent studies deals with the impacts
of wetlands on the quality, of their discharge waters. Many
wetlands have potential for removing plant nutrients from
incoming waters. Sediments, pathogens, and toxic substances
may be removed as well. Large wetlands often exert regional
climatic effects. While it is not clear how these effects
differ from those of a body of open water, the high surface area
to volume ratio and the presence of vegetation may well play
a significant role. Without strong policies to promote wetland
protection, wetlands will continue to disappear, and those
benefits that people enjoy because of these areas will disappear
with them. [WRA]
A Functional Classification of Wetlands
Odum, E. P.
Georgia Univ., Athens. Inst. of Ecology.
In: Proceedings, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Workshop
on Coastal Ecosystems of the Southeastern United States, Big
Pine Key, Florida, 18-22 February 1980, Fish and Wildlife
Service, Office of Biological Services, Report FWS/OBS-80/79,
February, 1981. p 4-9, 3 Fig, 4 Ref.
A holistic approach to impact assessment and management of a
wetland ecosystem must include consideration of the input and
output environments. In wetlands, water flow acts as an
energy subsidy which enhances the performance of the system in
many situations. In other circumstances the input becomes .a
stress which reduces the potential productivity of the system.
A classification can be devised based upon the input
environment. To the natural water regime categories are
added classifications for eutrophicated and chemically stressful
inflows in each of the habit types. Identification of the input
environment in relation to the wetlands system is extremely
important in terms of estimating the impact of a manmade
disturbance. It often is advisable to consider the output
environment. The output feature of major importance concerns
the nature and extent of net export of energy and materials from
the wetland system. Exports of organic matter, nutrients, or
toxic chemicals not only affect the downstream adjacent
system, but also the wetland itself. A preliminary classification
might include several situations in regard to exports as
follows: detritus with a net export of organic matter;
grazing systems with an export of nutrients; grazing systems
without a net export of organic matter or nutrients;
28
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eutrophicated systems with a pass-through export of organic
matter or nutrients; and stressed systems with a pass-through
export of toxic materials. [WRA]
Habitat for Wildlife
LONE STAR WETLANDS
PARVIN BOB
NATURE CONSERVANCY NEWS, JAN-FEB, 85, V35, Ml, P19(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
i
WATERFOWL AND WILDLIFE HABITAT HAS BEEN DRASTICALLY DIMINISHED
IN THE WETLANDS OF TEXAS, DUE TO DREDGING, DRILLING, AND
DRAINING. THE CURRENT CONSERVATION TASK IS AN EMERGENCY
CAMPAIGN TO SAVE THREATENED AND OFTEN ISOLATED REMNANTS OF THE
STATE'S SHORELINE, WHICH IS USED BY TWO-THIRDS OF THE TOTAL
CENTRAL FLYWAY MIGRATORY BIRD POPULATION EACH YEAR. REFUGES
AND PRESERVES HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED ALONG THE TEXAS COAST BY
THE NATURE CONSERVANCY TO PROTECT VALUABLE WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS.
( 8 PHOTOS ). [ENV]
A A A
The Politics of Wetland Conservation: A Wildlife View
Harmon, K. W.; McConnell, C. A.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 28, No.
2, p 92-95, March-April, 1983. 2 Fig.
Political action at many levels plays a major role in the
competition between public and private views of wetlands. In
general, attitudes toward wetlands have changed in the past
two decades, most noticeably at the federal level, less so in
the states and locally. Of the many legislative efforts
considered in this area, Section 404 has caused a
significant amount of debate. However, attempts to undermine
two decades of gains in balancing wetland protection with
economic activity are not restricted to 404 and the Corps of
Engineers. The US Department of Agriculture has retreated in
its demands. The administration's resolve to resurrect a
laissez-faire approach to management of finite resources is
illustrated in its proposal to repeal the Principles and
Standards for Planning Water and Related Land Resources and .I
them as guidelines. [WRA]
29
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MITIGATION UNDER THE CORPS REGULATORY PROGRAM
BANNER ARNOLD
US FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE, FLA,
PRESENTED AT AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY/ET AL MITIGATION
SYM, FORT COLLINS, JUL 16-20, 79, P396 (4)
SURVEY REPORT
PRIVATE DEVELOPERS WORKING UNDER FEDERAL PERMITS TO DEVELOP
PUBLICALLY OWNED WETLANDS ARE OFTEN REQUIRED BY THE U.S. FISH
AND WILDLIFE SERVICE TO IMPLEMENT FISH AND WILDLIFE LOSS
MITIGATION EFFORTS AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT. CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF SMALL PROJECTS, AND THE
EXPANSION OF FWS JURISDICTION TO INCLUDE FRESHWATER WETLANDS
HAVE MADE THIS FWS EFFORT INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT. THE MITIGATION
PROCESS FOR PERMITTED WORK REQUIRES SIMPLIFIED HABITAT
EVALUATION PROCEDURES AND OFFSITE OR STRUCTURAL ENHANCEMENT.
LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT IS NOT A GOAL OF THIS MITIGATION PROCESS. (1
DIAGRAM, 2 PHOTOS, 2 REFERENCES). [ENV]
• Flood Storage and Desynchronization •
Simulating the Flood Mitigation Role of Wetlands
Ogawa, H.; Male, J. W.
University of Occupational and Environmental Health,
Kitakyushu (Japan). Dept. of Post Graduate Education.
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE)
JWRMD5, Vol. 112, No. 1, p 114-128, January 1986. 6 fig, 2
tab, 27 ref.
A simulation methodology was developed for evaluating
the flood mitigation potential of inland wetlands. Widely
used computer models are accomodated by this methodology with
generally available input data. Being a watershed simulation
approach, the methodology can assess the potential for
downstream flooding resulting from a reduction in upstream
wetland storage capacities. The wetland encroachment
scheme resembles the well-tested method of flood insurance
studies and allows partial filling of a wetland. Simulations
were performed for different antecedent moisture conditions,
rainfall intensities and degrees of wetland encroachment.
Results showed that encroachment on less than 25% of a wetland
area would have only minimal impact on peak flows. In
addition, results showed that downstream main-stem wetlands
are more effective in reducing downstream flooding than upstream
wetlands. [WRA]
30
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The Flood Mitigation Potential of Inland Wetlands
Ogawa, H.; Male, J. W.
Massachusetts Univ., Amherst. Dept. of Civil Engineering.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161 as PB83-223024, Price codes: A08 in
paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Water Resources Research
Center Publication No 138, Massachusetts University,
Amherst, March 1983. 164 p, 25 Fig, 19 Tab, 80 Ref. OWRT
A-136-MASS(1), 14-34-0001-1123.
This study investigates evaluation methodologies for the flood
mitigation function of inland wetlands, and is intended to
provide a tool useful in regulatory decision-making. The
simulation methodology employs several publicly available
computer models and is applied to data obtained for three
eastern Massachusetts watersheds. The models are simulated
under three rainfall intensities (10, 100, and 500 year
recurrence intervals with 24-hour duration) and three antecedent
moisture conditions (dry, moderate, and wet). The wetland
encroachment conditions include five levels: 0, 25, 50, 75, and
100%. Because detailed simulation studies are often too
time-consuming for wetland regulatory decisions, the simulation
results for this study's watersheds are generalized.
Analyses show that the effectiveness of a wetland in
reducing downstream flooding increases with increases in (1)
the area of the wetland, (2) its location downstream, (3) the
magnitude of flooding, and (4) the degree of encroachment
on the wetland. The wetland's effectiveness decreases with
increases in (1) the distance downstream from that wetland and
(2) the number and size of other storage areas upstream of
damage locations. Regression analyses provided a guick and
quantitative assessment of the impacts of wetland encroachment on
downstream flooding. However, these results should be used
with caution since they are based on regional simulations. [WRA]
A A A
State and Local Acquisition of Floodplains and Wetlands; A
Handbook on the Use of Acquisition in Floodplain Management
Water Resources Council, Washington, DC.
Water Resources Council, Washington, D.C., September,
1981. 141 p, 10 Fig, 101 Ref.,
Acquisition of floodplains and wetlands can be useful and
effective method of reducing flood losses and protecting natural
values. However, it is often most effective when used in
combination with other floodplain management tools, or in
conjunction with other community development or redevelopment
programs. Acquisition programs require some of all of the
following steps: selecting properties and setting priorities:
31
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reserving properties; determining how properties will be
acquired; obtaining funds; acquiring properties; providing
relocation assistance; property clearance and management.
Paying fair market value can be a costly way to acquire
property. A community may be able to reduce its costs through a
variety of methods while still obtaining necessary control of the
land: acquisition at less than fair market value;
acquisition through donation or device; leases; easements;
subdivision dedication requirements; and transfer of
development rights. Lack of funds and lack of technical
assistance are the most common impediments to acquisition. In a
time of shrinking government budgets, state and local officials
may find private sources an increasingly important contribution
to acquisition of floodplains and wetlands. Conservation
organizations have proven to be particularly beneficial
because of their flexibility in conducting land transfers to
supplement government acquisitions and to accept land when
government units are unwilling or unable to do so, or where
property owners prefer not to deal with a government agency.
[WRA]
Analysis of Flood Hydrographs from Wetland Areas
Fagan, G. L. Jr
PhD Dissertation, June, 1981. 301 p, 25 Fig, 28 Tab, 119
Ref, 4 Append. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor,
MI; Order No GAX81-18869.
Many natural wetlands and water courses serve the valuable
function of reducing flood peaks and lessening high flood
stages. Such effects may be substantially altered or
eliminated by man's activities. This research presents the
results of a project to predict flood discharges from wetland
areas. Hydrographs from several non-winter flood events
resulting solely from precipitation, in the Great Swamp in the
Passaic River Basin in New Jersey, were studied in an
attempt to explain the runoff regimen that exists. Examination
of the hydrographs showed that for a given
precipitation volume, the volume of surface runoff during the
flood event decreased with increasingly wetter antecedent
precipitation conditions. This finding is contrary to what
would generally be expected for a non-wetland area. In
addition, a statistical analysis determined that the loss, which
is the difference between the total precipitation volume and the
runoff volume, was significantly correlated with the
total precipitation volume and antecedent precipitation
conditions. Unit hydrographs developed from flood hydrographs
were studied and found to be inadequate as a means of
predicting peak discharges for specified precipitation
patterns. However it was found that the unit hydrograph peak
32
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generally decreased with increasing volume of precipitation
excess and the duration of this excess. The analyses provided
the basis of a statistical approach for predicting flood
discharges with limited precipitation and flow data. The
results of the research should be of significance in the
planning and design of flood control works, the
conservation and development of wetland areas, and the
evaluation of flood risks for areas downstream of wetland areas.
[WRA]
Water Quality Improvement
Role of Aquatic Plants in Wastewater Treatment by Artificial
Wetlands
Gersberg, R. M.; Elkins, B. V.; Lyon, S. R.; Goldman, C. R.
San Diego Water Reclamation Agency, Santee, CA.
Water Research, Vol. 20, No. 3, p 363-368, March 1986. 3
fig, 2 tab, 23 ref. CA Dept. of Water Resources grant
B-53459 AM IV and EPA grant CR-807299-03-0.
This report describes studies using artificial
wetlands which quantitatively assess the role of each of three
higher aquatic plant types (bulrush, common reed, and
cattail) in the removal of nitrogen (via sequential
nitrification-denitrification), BOD and total suspended solids
(TSS) from primary municipal wastewaters. During the
period August 1983-December 1984, the mean ammonia
concentration of 24.7 mg/liter in the primary wastewater inflow
(hydraulic application rate » 4.7 cm/day) was reduced to mean
effluent levels of 1.4 mg/liter for the bulrush Tbed, 5.3
mg/liter for the reed bed and 17.7 mg/liter for the cattail
bed. For all three vegetated beds, the mean effluent ammonia
values were significantly below that for the unvegetated
control bed and for the inflow. The bulrushes and 587779/7
reeds proved to be superior at removing ammonia, both with mean
effluent levels significantly below that for the cattail bed. The
high ammonia-N and total N removal efficiencies of the bulrush
and reed beds are attributed to the ability of these plants to
translocate oxygen from shoots to roots, which in turn stimulates
sequential nitrification-denitrification . BOD removal
efficiencies were also highest in the bulrush and reed beds.
These findings suggest that higher aquatic plants can play a
significant role in secondary and advanced wastewater
treatment by wetland systems. [WRA]
33
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Use of Wetlands in Treating Nonpoint Source Pollution
Willenbring, P. R.; Weidenbacher, W. D.
Hickok (Eugene A.) and Associates, Inc., Wayzata, MN.
IN: Perspectives on Nonpoint Source Pollution, Proceedings of
a National Conference, Kansas City, MO. May 19-22, 1985.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1985. p 380-381, 2 tab, 4
ref.
The role that wetlands play in treating stormwater runoff is
examined. Physical and chemical mechanisms through which
wetlands remove pollutants from nonpoint source runoff
are reviewed and specific wetland characteristics that
can increase the pollutant removal efficiencies are identified.
Watershed factors that affect the quality of the nonpoint
source runoff generated from a given watershed and the ability
of a given wetland to treat this runoff are outlined. Also
presented is a procedure that can be used for planning purposes
to quantify the need for preserving a wetland in a given
watershed. The need for preserving the wetland is based on the
wetland's ability to mitigate adverse impacts to the surface
water resources in its watershed. [WRA]
Wastewater Treatment by Artificial Wetlands
Gersberg, R. M.; Elkins, B. V.; Goldman, C. R.
Ecological Research Associates, Davis, CA.
Water Science and Technology, Vol. 117, No. 4/5, p 443-450,
1985. 5 Fig, 1 Tab, 10 Ref. EPA grant CR-807299-03-0,
California Department of Water Resources grant B-53459 AM IV.,
This report describes studies of artificial wetlands at
Santee, California which demonstrate the capacity of these
systems for integrated secondary treatment (BOD and suspended
solids removal) and advanced treatment (nitrogen removal)
of municipal wastewater effluents. When receiving a blend of
primary and secondary wastewaters at a blend ratio of 1:2 (6 cm
per day 1 degrees: 12 cm per day 2 degrees) , mean removal
efficiencies for a complete year of operation from July, 1982
through July, 1983 were 80% for total nitrogen (TN) and 80% for
total inorganic nitrogen, with the mean inflow TN level of 21.5
mg/1 reduced to a mean value of 4.3 mg/1 in the wetland
effluent. The BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies
were 93% and 88% respectively. The mean wetland effluent
values for both BOD and suspended solids were below the 10/10
mg/1 standard for advanced secondary treatment. When primary
effluent was the sole source of inflow to the artificial
wetlands, BOD and suspended solids levels approaching the
quality of a secondary treated effluent (30/30 mg/1) could be
attained at an application rate of 6-8.3 cm per day. In this
34
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case, mean BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies for
the complete year from July, 1982 through August, 1983, were
78% and 80% respectively, with the effluent levels reduced to
mean values of 33 mg/1 for BOD and 10 mg/1 for suspended solids.
At the application rate of 6 cm per day, the study shows that
only 16 acres (6.5 ha) of the constructed wetlands would be
required to treat 3785 cu m of primary wastewaters to
secondary treatment"levels. Data on capital, and operating and
maintenance costs show that artificial wetlands are competitive
with other treatment technologies available to small to medium
sized communities. [WRA]
A A A
Biological Neutralization of Acid Deposition in Ombrogenous
and Mierotrophic Wetlands
Army, T. P.; Hemond, H. F.
Massachusetts Univ., Amherst. Water Resources Research Center.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161 as PB85-216901/AS, Price codes:
A03 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Technical
Completion Report, Massachusetts Water Resources Research
Center, Publication No. 149, Amherst, January, 1985. 47 p, 3
fig, 5 tab, 42 ref, 2 append. USGS G848-03.
The magnitude of net neutralization of atmospherically deposited
acid in an ombrogenous wetland ecosystem was assessed using
ion chromatographic analysis of the porewaters, laboratory
incubations for sulfate and nitrate uptake under oxic and
anoxic conditions, and lead-210-based deposition rates for
solid sulfur species, together with rigorous statistical
treatment of porewater data and an annual-averaged mass transport
model for sulfate. Results indicate a biologically-dominated
sulfate distribution exists in the primary study site, with
nearly complete transformation of sulfate deposition within
centimeters of the bog/atmosphere interface. The major product
appears to be a solid phase organic sulfur species having a very
long residence time in the wetland. In addition, a measurable
amount of soluble organic sulfur is produced. By contrast,
porewater chemistry at a second study site, a minerotrophic
marsh, failed to show evidence of significant long-term sulfate
transformation. It is hypothesised that hydrologic
differences are responsible for the observed differences in
behavior of the two systems. While the ombrogenous site
remained essentially saturated throughout the year, the
minerotrophic site may have experienced some desaturation,
resulting in reoxidation of sulfur. [WRA]
35
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Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Selenium in Sediments of
Riverine and Pothole Wetlands of the North Central United
States
Martin, D. B.; Hartman, W. A.
Columbia National Fisheries Research Lab., Yankton, SD.
Field Research Station.
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Vol. 67, No. 6, p 1141-1146, November/December, 1984. 1 Fig, 3
Tab, 31 Ref.
In 1980 a two year study was begun of sediments in the US
Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) wetlands to obtain
baseline information on specific element concentrations.
Objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of
arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium in the sediments
of 'representative riverine and pothole wetlands in the North
Central US, compare these element concentrations with
values from the literature, and make an initial assessment of
the present state of these wetlands for possible
contamination. Mean of dry weight concentrations (mg/kg) for
pothole and riverine locations, respectively, were arsenic 4.4
and 2.4, cadmium 0.52 and 0.26, lead 13 and 6.6, and
selenium 0.89 and 0.52. Mercury concentrations did not differ
significantly between pothole sediment and riverine type wetland
sediments with a mean of 0.03. with the possible exception of
one location, levels found in this study were within normal or
background ranges according to literature values. [WRA]
A A A
NITROGEN CONTROL IN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT WITH VEGETATED PONDS,
PATE R. E.
FARMLAND INDUSTRIES, FL,
FERTILIZER INST ENV SYM, KISSIMMEE, FL, OCT 24-16, 84,
P321(21)
CONF PAPER
A PONDING SYSTEM WAS USED BY ONE INDUSTRIAL CONCERN IN FLORIDA
TO DEMONSTRATE THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF VEGETATION IN
REMOVING NITROGEN FROM SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES. DYE INJECTION
TESTS REVEALED WATER FLOW AND DILUTION TRENDS THROUGH THE
THREE-POND SYSTEM. THE AVERAGE N CONCENTRATION IN WASTEWATER
WAS REDUCED BY 17 MG/L BY CATTAILS, DUCKWEED, AND OTHER SPECIES.
[ENV]
A A A
Use of Artificial Wetlands to Remove Nitrogen from Wastewater
Gersberg, R. M.; Elkins, B. V.; Goldman, C. R.
36
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Ecological Research Associates, Davis, CA.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
56, No. 2, p 152-156, February, 1984. 5 Fig, 1 Tab, 16
Ref. EPA grant CR 807299-01, California Dept. of Water
Resources grant B-53459.
Artificial wetlands, jwhjeii ^supplemented with methanol to
increase the carbon supply and stimulate denitrification,
showed very high nitrogen removal efficiencies, 97% of total
inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and 94% of total nitrogen (TN) at
application rates of 20 to 25 cm/d. Plant biomass, mulched and
applied to the surface of the wetlands, was a low-cost
alternative to methanol. At a wastewater application rate of
8.4 to 12.5 cm/d, the mean nitrogen removal efficiencies for
mulch-amended beds were 95% for TIN and 89% for TN. When the
application rate was increased to 17 to 20 cm/d, the mean
removal efficiencies decreased to 70% for TIN and 65% for TN.
At a wastewater application rate of 8.4 cm/d, endogenous wetland
productivity could supply 0.06 kg/cu m carbon, or 67% of the
carbon loading value of 0.09 kg/ cu m at which there was
an 89% removal of TN. When primary effluent was blended into
the secondary wastewater stream at a ratio of 4 cm/d:15 cm/d,
the mean nitrogen removal efficiency was 62% for TIN. At the
ratio of 6 cm/d: 12 cm/d, the mean removal efficiencies were 79%
for TIN and 77% for TN. The utility of the artificial
wetlands for integrated biological treatment, to perform
secondary treatment and nitrogen removal is thus demonstrated.
[WRA]
Establishment and Management of Freshwater Marshes for
Maximum Enhancement of Water Quality for Reuse
Burton, T. M.; Ulrich, K. E.
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of Zoology.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161, as PB84169390, Price codes: A04 in
paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Completion Report, September,
1983. 65 p, 22 Fig, 8 Tab, 44 Ref. Project No. OWRT B-055-
MICH(l), Contract/Grant No. 14-34-0001-0267.
The objective of this study was to provide information (1) on
growth and nutrient uptake responses of marsh plants to
variable loading rates of N, P, and K and (2) on the response of
these plants to various harvest regimes as background
information for the design, maintenance, and operation of
natural or artificial marshes for water quality enhancement.
Five species of highly productive common marsh plants were
grown in large pots with various loading rates of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium plus an excess of other necessary
plant nutients. The five species were the common reed (Pragmites
37
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australis), wild rice (Zizania aquatic), two species of cattail
(Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia), and burreed (Sparganium
eurycarpum). In general, all five species responded with
increased growth to increases of N and P alone or especially in
combination up to a maximum of 468 N/ha and 125 kg P/ha. Growth
of S. eurycarpum was inhibited at loading rates of 936 kg N/ha.
The two species of cattail were the most productive of the five
species at higher loading rates. The potassium contained in the
low nutrient and medium used in these experiments was adequate
for growth of all species, and added K caused little or
no increase in growth. Experiments on establishment and
harvest of these five species plus prairie cordigrass (Spartina
pectinata) were attempted. Successful establishment and harvest
of the two species of cattail and burreed was achieved. These
three species only tolerated one harvest per year; multiple
harvesting led to decline in biomass the following year.
Nutrient budgets for three 0.47 artificial marshes indicated
excellent removal of N by these marshes, but little P removal
occurred. [WRA]
A A A
Application of Wastewater to Wetlands
Brinson, M. M.; Westall, F. R.
East Carolina Univ., Greenville, NC. Dept. of Biology.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161 as PB84 190388, Price codes: A03 in
paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Water Resources Research
Institute Report No. 5, Land Treatment Series, August 1983.
North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh. 27 p, 1 Fig, 11 Ref. OWRT
Project No. B-123-NC (15), Contract/Grant No. 14-34-0001-9144.
The fifth of a series of five reports dealing with land (and
wetland) treatment of wastewater and sludge under the general
guidance of a task force representing North Carolina
regulatory agencies and universities. Draft reports were
critiqued by other specialists and practitioners at regional
conference before publication. This report reviews the status of
wetland treatment technology and examines its potential
application in North Carolina and similar areas. Wetlands are
viewed as valuable natural resources whose use for wastewater
treatment should be limited to careful treatment in the
context of water quality improvement not disposal. The report
differs considerably from the other reports in this series in a
more incomplete state of the art and the fact that wetlands
contribute to water quality improvement in their natural
state, provide valuable wildlife habitat, and function as
important buffer zones between upland runoff and down stream
receiving waters. Part I (Natural Wetlands) covers wetland
types, hydrology, functional properties, and mechanisms of
38
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water quality improvement; Part II (Regulation, Planning and
Engineering) deals with regulatory issues, planning and
design considerations, and artificial wetlands. An Appendix
lists reference and additional readings. [WRA]
Estimating the Effectiveness of Vegetated Floodplains/Wetlands
as Nitrate-Nitrite and Orthophosphorus Filters
Yates, P.; Sheridan, J. M.
Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, FL.
Southeast Watershed Research Lab.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, Vol. 6, No. 3, p
303-314, May, 1983. 2 Fig, 3 Tab, 12 Ref.
The role of vegetated floodplains/wetlands on the stream water
quality of agroecosystems in the Coastal Plain region of
the southeastern United States is reported. Water-borne nitrate
plus nitrite nitrogen budgets and orthophosphate phosphorus
budgets from a cropped agricultural area were compared with
those of a watershed with alluvial forests below the cropped
areas. Analyses were made to determine if observed differences
in nutrient concentrations and loads were the result of dilution
of cropped area runoff by flows from non-cropped areas.
Reductions in the observed levels of nitrate plus nitrite
nitrogen and orthophosphate phosphorus between upland cropped
areas and watershed outlets exceed reductions that would be
caused by dilution effects. Significant portions of the observed
nutrients leaving cropped areas were retained, utilized and/or
transformed in the vegetated floodplains/wetlands characteristic
of these Coastal Plain watersheds. [WRA]
A A A
Chemicals and Wetlands
Kadlec, R. H.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161 as PB83-132811. In: Working Papers
Prepared as Background for Testing for Effects of
Chemicals on Ecosystems, National Academy Press, Washington,
DC. 1981. p 97-118, 42 Ref.
Wetlands have certain characteristics which must be considered
during an environmental assessment of toxic chemicals on the
ecosystem. Wetlands appear to have a buffering systems (with
respect to pH, alkalinity, and hardness), which tends to
maintain a stationary operating point under natural and man-
made stress. Water quality varies with time (diurnal,
39
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seasonal, historical) and water flow distance. The hydrologic
regime must be fully understood the understand the variation
of chemical parameters. Sediment is the site of action for
most uptakes and initial storages of chemicals. Uptake by
plants and subsequent return to the sediment often takes many
months, while epiphytes perform similarly, but on a time scale of
hours. Nitrogen and phosphorus show a cyclic behavior, and
microbial processes are very important in nutrient uptake
processes. Heavy metals are absorbed aquatic plants and
sediments, with more entering the sediments in most wetlands.
Refractory chemicals such as hydrocarbons or halogenated
hydrocarbons are often slowly degraded by microbial
processes. Advanced wastewater treatment using wetlands
usually has excellent BOD and COO reduction. The fate of
viruses and bacteria in wastewater applied to wetlands has
been studied with variable results. [WRA]
Nutrient: Removal From Wastewater by Wetlands
Nichols, D. S.
North Central Forest Experiment Station, Grand Rapids, MN.
In: Proceedings, 6th International Peat Congress, August
17-23, 1980, Duluth, Minnesota. W.A. Fisher Company,
Eveleth, Minnesota, 1981. p 638-642, 2 Fig, 1 Tab, 61 Ref.
The literature on the capacity of wetlands for removing nitrogen
(N) and phosphorus (P) from wastewater was reviewed and
assessed. Retention of inflowing P under natural conditions
appears to be limited to the relatively small amount of
P that is accumulated as peat is formed from partially-decayed
vegetation. Some P is absorbed by the soil when above-
natural levels are added to a wetland. Wastewater P is
most, efficiently removed at low loading rates, and efficiency
decreases rapidly as loading rates increase. Further, P
removal declines with time; hence, short-term studies can give
misleadingly high estimates of ultimate P removal capacity.
Removal of N in excess of the natural accumulation rate in the
peat is apparently by denitrification. As with P, N
removal efficiency decreases rapidly as wastewater N loading
rates are increased. The denitrification rate may be limited
by the nitrification rate of ammonium-N, nitrate-N, or by
oxygen diffusion. From the sparse literature data available,
it is estimated that 1 ha of wetland would be needed to remove
75% of the P and N generated by 15 and 20 people, respectively,
or to remove 54% of the P and N generated by 50 people.
Hence, wetland application is feasible only where wetlands
are abundant and population densities are low. Large
populations cannot be served by this means. [WRA]
40
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Denitrif ication in Wetlands as a Means of Water Quality
Improvement
Graetz, D. A.; Krottje, P. A.; Erickson, N. L. ;
Fiskell, J. G. A.; Rothwell, D. F.
Florida Univ., Gainesville. Dept. of Soil Science.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161 as PB80-222227, Price codes: A05 in
paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Water Resources Research
Center, University of Florida, Publication No 48, May 1980. 83
p, 18 Fig, 9 Tab, 98 Ref. OWRT-B-035-FLA (1), 14-34-0001-8073.
The feasibility of using natural wetlands to remove
nitrogen via denitrification from secondarily treated
municipal sewage effluent was studied. Nitrification and
denitrification occurring in the marsh ecosystem may be an
important pollution control treatment for non-point sources such
as agricultural runoff. Nitrification and denitrification
rates were investigated in the laboratory and in situ.
Simulated marsh ecosystems of soil: water columns with
artificial aeration were studied. Plants were found to increase
the ammonium removal rates. Denitrification did not occur in
marsh water or in oxidation pond water without soil. Rapid,
first-order denitrification was observed in the soil: water
columns and average nitrate removal rates, assuming a floodwater
nitrate concentration of 10 milligram N per liter, were about
1.2 kilogram N per hectare per day without plants and 2.0
kilogram N per hectare per day with plants. Denitrification was
accelerated by increasing the soil pH with lime. The
denitrification and N20 evolution rates for 15 Florida wetland
soils were investigated in the laboratory and first-order rate
constants ranging from 0.040 per day to 0.192 per day were
found for denitrification. For 90% removal about 12 to 58 days
of wetland treatment would be required. More research is needed
to determine the effects of water depth, oxygen concentration,
plant density, and temperature on denitrification rates. [WRA]
A A
Effects of Temperature, pHf Salinity, and Inorganic Nitrogen on
the Rate of Ammonium Oxidation by Nitrifiers Isolated from
Wetland Environments
Jones, R. D.; Hood, M. A.
University of West Florida, Pensacola. Dept. of Biology.
Microbial Ecology, Vol 6, No 4, p 339-347, 1980. 3 Fig, 24
Ref.
The transformation of nitrogen and its recycling are extremely
important to the productivity of aquatic ecosystems.
Although factors affecting ammonium oxidation in agricultural
soils and sewage have been investigated, information on factors
41
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affecting nitrification in wetland environments is lacking.
Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria were examined in a freshwater marsh
and in an estuarine bay over a 2-year period. Two predominant
species of Nitrosomonas were consistently isolated, one from
each environment. A closed culture, high cell density assay was
used to determine the effects of temperature, pH, salinity,
sodium, potassium, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium
concentrations on nitrification. Maximum oxidation of ammonium by
the freshwater isolate occurred at 35 degrees C, pH 8.5,
salinities of 0.3 to 0.5 percent sodium and potassium, and
ammonium concentrations exceeding 0.5 grams per liter. The
estuarine isolate exhibited maximum activity at 40 degrees C,
pH 8.0, salinities of 0.5 to 1.0 percent sodium and potassium,
and 0.2 grams of ammonium per liter. The sodium
requirement of the estuarine isolate could be partially
substituted by potassium, suggesting that the organism is a
true estuarine bacterium. Salinities below 0.5 percent may
severely reduce oxidation of ammonium by the bacterium in the
estuarine environment. While nitrate had no significant effect
on either isolate, certain combinations of ammonium
nitrite were inhibitory, especially to the estuarine
species. The data indicate that oxidation of ammonium by
isolates from wetlands is influenced by pH and temperature and
that estuarine nitrifiers may be more sensitive to and more
extensively affected by salinity, ammonium concentrations,
and nitrite than are isolates from fresh waters. [WRA]
Commercial Use
Production of SOD Peat. Handbook In Finnish.
U.S. Sales Only. Portions of this document are illegible in
microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A15/MF A01
Leinonen, A. ; Luukkainen, V. M.
Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Jyvaeskylae (Finland).
Kotimaisten Polttoaineiden Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 076640001; 9830300
Report No.: VTT-TIED-614
Sep 86 331p
Languages: Finnish
NTIS Prices: PC A15/MF A01 NSA1200
Country of Publication: Finland
The aim of v the study is to create a kind of handbook on
sod peat production. The book would include all stages of sod
peat production from selection of the bog to the transport and
delivery of sod peat to users. The references used are mainly
42
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from Finnish literature. The information has been complemented by
literature from the Soviet Union. The book is intended for those
who are planning sod peat production or those who are starting to
work in the peat production branch. The book can be divided
into three parts: 1) the history of sod peat production, 2)
the present-day and the future of sod peat production in Finland
and 3) the sod peat production in other countries. The
emphasis is in the Finnish, present-day production. Discussion
comprises, for instance: position of sod peat in peat
production; selection and preparing of sod peat production site;
drying of sod peat; the present technique of production, stock
piling and storing of sod peat; and loading, transport,
unloading and delivery. Furthermore, the sampling, properties
and economy of sod peat have been reviewed. The paragraph
of sod peat production in other countries presents the peat
production of the Soviet Union, Sweden and Ireland. Lastly, the
future of sod peat production in Finland has been discussed. Sod
peat is believed to be competitive in the future. In the
future the quality of sod peat has more emphasis when
selecting sod peat as a fuel for different users. The most
important developing ejects in sod peat production are the sod
peat cutting machine and the optimization of sod size. [NTIS]
* A
WETLAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES BALANCING AGRICULTURE WITH
CONSERVATION: A NATIONAL SURVEY OP EXPERT OPINION
NELSON R. WAYNE
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INST,
ENV PROFESSIONAL, 1986, V8, Nl, P54(16)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
A NATIONAL SURVEY DOCUMENTED EXPERT OPINION ON POLICY AND
STRATEGY OPTIONS AFFECTING THE PRESERVATION OF FRESHWATER
INTERIOR WETLANDS. THE SPECTRUM OF AVAILABLE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
MEASURES IS WEIGHED FOR EFFECTIVENESS IN REDUCING WETLAND
DRAINAGE, CLEARANCE, AND CONVERSION TO AGRICULTURE. NATURAL
VALUES OF WETLANDS FOR RECREATION AND WILDLIFE OR ECOSYSTEM
PROTECTION ARE CONTRASTED WITH THEIR ECONOMIC VALUES FOR CROP,
LIVESTOCK, AND TIMBER PRODUCTION. FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT
COMPULSORY MEASURES AND STRICT ENFORCEMENT SHOULD BE APPLIED
SELECTIVELY TO WETLANDS DETERMINED TO BE VALUABLE FOR
CONSERVATION PURPOSES, ESPECIALLY THOSE IRREPLACEABLE WETLANDS
THAT ARE ALSO UNDER A SEVERE THREAT OF AGRICULTURAL CONVERSION.
(4 GRAPHS, 1 PHOTO, 15 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE). [ENV]
43
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Wetland Valuation: Policy Versus Perceptions
Weber, P. B.
Eastern Michigan Univ., Ypsilanti.
IN: Coastal Wetlands, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea,
Michigan. 1985. p 159-174, 1 fig, 4 tab, 12 ref.
Traditional wetland valuation strategies have been based upon
financial models expanded to frame such resource economics
issues as valuing the imputed cost of environmental policy
alternatives. These cost-benefit analyses utilize present value
techniques to examine discounted cash flows, payback periods or
profitability indices as a method to establish the comparative
advantage of land use alternatives. Finance-based models are
credible evaluation tools for investment alternatives
which possess identifiable cash flows or streams of benefit.
However, their applicability to land use problems which require
estimation of social value rather than private value is less
than complete because of at least two shortcomings: (1)
traditional financial models offer no provision for the
measurement or estimation of affective, nonraonetary values
attached to alternative uses; and (2) the comparison of
benefit streams or returns on investment are estimates of the
variable costs and returns to the parcel in use, and do not
reflect the land owner's perceptions of the worth of a
parcel (as distinct from its market value). It is common
knowledge that property holders may invest disproportionate
sums in a parcel relative to their expected returns on that
investment. The attempts of federal and state agencies to
establish a socially optimal balance of wetlands throughout the
Upper Midwest region is but one case in point. Cash estimates
of private landowner returns to wetland drainage included
increased crop sales, decreased nuisance or avoidance costs and
a component for the net influence of intangibles. Increased
crop sales were estimated using a present value algorithm based
upon discounted cash flow. Extensive computations were based
on variable costs of production (not return on land values).
The cost-benefit analysis fails to account, literally, for
owned worth of the land, in addition to the potential risks
stimulating interest in wetland drainage. One alternative, of
course, would be to simply increase monetary incentives gradually
until participation was optimal. However, such tactics tend to
elicit counterstrategies on the part of landowners who may
attempt to estimate 'peak' payoffs and drive the incentives
payment higher in an artificial market. It would be far
preferable strategically, and in terms of total social cost,
to assess an adequate cash value for nonmonetary considerations
and shift the incentive structure in a one-time adjustment,
rather than to invoke a bidding posture. [WRA]
44
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Cost-Benefit Analysis of Wetland Drainage
Bowers, J. K.
Leeds Univ. (England). School of Economic Studies.
Environment and Planning A, Vol. 15, No. 2, p 227-235,
February, 1983. 14 Ref.
The wetland areas of England are under imminent threat of
drainage for agricultural improvement. The immediate cause is the
local drainage surveys produced under the Water Act 1973.
Problems identified in these surveys are subjected to cost-
benefit appraisal. Examination of a selection shows that these
appraisals are technically defective and result in an
overstatement of the benefits and in an overinvestment in land
drainage. The main defects are: first, a failure to assess
amenity and conservation losses; second, use of prices that
contain a substantial element of income transfer which is not
netted out; third, a failure to properly calculate the rate of
land conversion - a crucial variable; fourth, the project
appraisal period is arbitrarily chosen or treated as a variable;
fifth, the use of theoretical rather than expected
agricultural yields; sixth, the level of flood protection
aimed at is too high for the stated objective; and, last,
anticipated flood losses are not deducted. [WRA]
A A A
Wetland Losses and Coastal Fisheries: An Enigmatic and
Economically Significant Dependency
Turner, R. E.
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. Center for Wetland
Resources. IN: Proceedings of the Conference on
Coastal Erosion and Wetland Modification in Louisiana:
Causes, Consequences, and Options, October 5-7, 1981, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana. FWS/OBS-82/59, September 1982. p 112-120, 6
fig, 1 tab, 17 ref. Publication No CEL-SG-82-010
Louisiana's coastal fishing industry landings are limited by the
area of coastal wetlands, not open water. The relationship
is not sufficiently understood, but is demonstrable through
the life history patterns of all the commercially important
species, organism density in the vicinity of altered and
natural wetland-water edges, experiments in predation, and
correlation analysis of landings data and wetland area should be
conserved in order to maximize for the largest potential
fisheries yields. The impact of previous wetland losses are not
well documented because of lack of good landings data that
accounts for both year-to-year environmental influences and a
changing fishing effort. At a projected 1% wetland loss rate over
the next 20 years, the commercial fishing industry will
experience a potential one billion dollar loss spread
45
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throughout the industry (exclusive of the recreational level).
Thus with a mere 10% reduction in the present loss rates, the
annual savings would be 5 million dollars. [WRA]
Peat Resource Estimation in Georgia
Technical conference on peat, Bethesda, MD, USA, 27 Apr 1982.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Didocha, R. J.
Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta. Engineering Experiment
Station. Corp. Source Codes: 010263002; 2763000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-820453-1
Apr 82 9p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: FG18-80FC10502
The objective of this project is to determine the amount and
location of fuel-grade peat in Georgia that may be
harvested and utilized in an environmentally acceptable
manner. The 4 tasks undertaken the first year were to: assess
existing data and prioritize peat areas to be surveyed in
Georgia; identify sampling procedures and strategy; identify
and procure needed equipment and supplies; perform a
preliminary peat resource estimation. The status of the work
accomplished to date is summarized in this report. [NTIS]
Overview - Using Peat for Energy: Potential Environmental
Constraints
Conference on peat as an alternative, Arlington, VA, USA, 1
Dec 1981. NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Reed, R. M. ; Voorhees, L. D. ; Mulholland, P. J.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-811217-1
1981 37p .-
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-7405^ENG-26
Serious consideration is being given to using peat as an energy
46
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resource in Minnesota, North Carolina, Florida, and some
New England States. Potential environmental constraints for
using peat as an energy resource are associated with
disruption of important regional wetland ecosystems. Mining
peatlands may significantly modify ground and. surface
water hydrology, degrade water quality in downstream
receiving systems, contribute to the deterioration of local air
quality, disrupt or eliminate plant and animal populations
having specialized requirements and limited distributions, and
destroy unique wetland ecosystems representing important
scientific and educational resources. Careful selection of
peatlands to be developed and application of appropriate
mitigation and monitoring programs will be necessary to offset
these impacts. Data on emissions and effluents from commercial
operations of peat energy facilities are not presently
available. Environmental impacts from such facilities,
therefore, are not well understood but should be similar to
those associated with the use of other fossil fuel sources.
Pollution control technologies and mitigation measures that
have been or are being developed for coal combustion and
gasification should be transferable with some modifications
for peat technologies. Development of peat resources for
energy can probably be accomplished in an environmentally
acceptable manner, but detailed environmental planning at a
regional scale will be required. [NTIS]
A A
Use of Wetlands for Production of Woody Plants for Fuels and
Petrochemical Substitutes
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Farnham, R. S. ; Read, P.
Minnesota Univ., St. Paul. Dept. of Soil Science.
Corp. Source Codes: 012009018; 9500789
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/ET/20588-T1
1 Mar 81 52p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 NSA0900
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: FG01-78ET20588
Work performed on this project in the past year has
included the evaluations of natural stands productivity for
wetland biomass species; propagation studies with alder,
willow and poplar species; nursery establishment for
production of cultivars and evaluation of wetland soils suitable
for production of woody biomass species. Also a biomass research
facility has been established in N. Minnesota suitable for
long-term research and demonstration. Propagation research has
47
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included both micro and macro propagation techniques with
native willows, selected willow clones from Sweden, alder
seed selection from Finland and hybrid poplar clones from US
Forest Service, Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Approximately 100,000
rooted plants will be available for field research by June 1,
1981. [NTIS]
THE USE OF DEVELOPMENT VALUE ESTIMATES FOR COASTAL
WETLAND PERMIT DECISIONS
SHABMAN LEONARD ; BERTELSON MICHAEL K.
(VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST & STATE UNIV) AND; (UNIV OF
WYOMING), LAND ECONOMICS MAY 79, V55, N2, P213 (10)
SURVEY REPORT
IN MOST CASES, BEFORE WETLAND ALTERATION CAN OCCUR, IT MUST BE
PROVED THAT THE BENEFITS OF THE PROPOSED ALTERATION OUTWEIGH THE
DAMAGE TO THE WETLANDS RESOURCE. TO ALLEVIATE SOME OF THE
DIFFICULTIES OF QUANTIFYING BENEFITS AND COSTS OF SUCH LAND USE
DECISIONS, A PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING THE DEVELOPMENT VALUES IS
PRESENTED. USING COURTHOUSE RECORDS, A HEDONIC PRICE EQUATION
THAT INCLUDES A VARIABLE TO MEASURE THE LEVEL OF WATERFRONT
AMENITY FROM FILLED COASTAL MARSH, IS DEVELOPED TO PREDICT THE
VALUE DERIVED FROM FILLING AN ADDITIONAL SMALL AREA OF COASTAL
WETLANDS FOR RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT. THE NET VALUE FOR
DEVELOPMENT (CALCULATED BY SUBTRACTING DEVELOPMENTS COSTS) CAN
THEN BE COMPARED WITH NATURAL WETLAND VALUE LOST WHEN A MARSH IS
FILLED. [ENV]
A A A
THE DEVELOPMENT VALUE OF NATURAL COASTAL WETLANDS: A FRAMEWORK
FOR ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL VALUES
SHABMAN, LEONARD A. ; BERTELSEN MICHAEL A.
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST & STATE UNIV,
NTIS REPORT PB80-157068, NOV 78 (30)
SPECIAL REPORT
PRIVATE DECISIONS TO DEVELOP COASTAL WETLANDS HAVE RECENTLY
BEEN CONSTRAINED BY BOTH FEDERAL AND STATE PERMIT REQUIREMENTS.
REGULATORY AGENCIES ARE EXPLICITLY DIRECTED TO WEIGH THE BENEFITS
AND COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE WETLAND USE PATTERNS BEFORE
GRANTING PERMITS TO ALTER NATURAL WETLANDS FOR RESIDENTIAL OR
COMMERCIAL USES. METHODS DEVELOPED FOR ESTIMATING COSTS AND
BENEFITS OF WETLAND DEVELOPMENT ARE DESCRIBED. [ENV]
48
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TRENDS IN WETLANDS
• National Trends
THE CHANGING FACE OF AMERICA
CAREY JOHN
NATL WILDLIFE, APR-MAY 86, P18(10)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE U.S. LANDSCAPE HAS CHANGED DRAMATICALLY
OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS, AS FORESTS AND MARSH ARE TURNED INTO
CROPLAND AND CITIES ENCROACH ON RURAL LANDS. THE NET EFFECT HAS
BEEN MORE LAND FOR PEOPLE AND THEIR ACTIVITIES AND LESS FOR
WILDLIFE. HOWEVER, CITIES AND SPREADING SUBURBS AFFECT LESS
THAN 3% OF THE TOTAL U.S. LAND AREA, AND THE AMOUNT OF CROPLAND
HARVESTED EACH YEAR HAS DECLINED. THE CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY HAVE CAUSED FARMERS TO ABANDON
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES. LOSS OF WETLANDS AND FOREST LANDS HAVE
RESULTED. [ENV]
A A A
FEDERAL AND STATE MANAGEMENT OF INLAND WETLANDS: ARE STATES
READY TO ASSUME CONTROL?
GLUBIAK PETER G. ; NOWKA RICHARD H. ; MITSCH WILLIAM J.
UNIV OF LOUISVILLE,
ENV MANAGEMENT, MAR 86, V10, N2, P145(12)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
AS INLAND WETLANDS FACE INCREASING PRESSURE FOR DEVELOPMENT,
BOTH THE FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS HAVE BEGUN REEVALUATING
THEIR RESPECTIVE WETLAND REGULATORY SCHEMES. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE PAST, PRESENT, AND PROPOSED FEDERAL REGULATIONS IN DEALING
WITH SHRINKING WETLAND RESOURCES IS EXAMINED; EMPHASIS IS
PLACED IN THE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 1977 SECTION 404 DREDGE AND FILL
PERMIT PROGRAM. THE STATUS OF STATE INVOLVEMENT IN THIS LARGELY
FEDERAL AREA IS DISCUSSED, AND STATE PREPAREDNESS TO ASSUME
PRIMACY SHOULD FEDERAL PRIORITIES CHANGE IS ANALYZED.
COMPREHENSIVE LEGISLATION APPEARS TO BE THE MOST REASONABLE ROUTE
FOR STATES TO TAKE. [ENV]
A A A
PROTECTING OUR WETLANDS
HANSON JENNIFER J. ; DAWSON ROBERT .K. ; CHAFER JOHN H. ;
BREAUX JOHN ; HAIR JAY D. ; FURST FELICE F. ; OFFRINGA JANE
EPA,
EPA J, JAN-FEB 86, V12, Nl, P2(29)
49
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JOURNAL ARTICLE
THOUSANDS OF ACTIVITIES ARE UNDERTAKEN ANNUALLY IN THE U.S.
WHICH ELIMINATE WETLANDS. DREDGING, POLLUTION, AND LAND
DEVELOPMENT THREATEN WETLANDS RESOURCES, WHICH ARE VALUED
IN TERMS OF COMMERCIAL FISHING, RECREATION, AESTHETICS, AND
FLOOD CONTROL. VARIOUS VIEWPOINTS ON THE ENFORCEMENT BY USAGE
OF SECTION 404 OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF
1977, WHICH REGULATES PERMITS FOR DREDGING AND FILLING IN
NAVIGABLE WATERS, ARE EXPRESSED. STEPS TO STRENGTHEN WETLANDS
ACQUISITION AND CONSERVATION PROGRAMS ARE PROPOSED. [ENV]
A A A
Approaches to Cumulative Impact Assessment
National wetland assessment symposium, Portland, ME, USA, 17
Jun 1985. NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Witmer, G. W.
Argonne National Lab., IL.
Corp. Source Codes: 001960000; 0448000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-8506146-1
1985 15p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-31-109-ENG-38
The quantity and quality of North American wetlands have been
greatly reduced this century. Growing concern over the
social and ecological effects of this has lead to studies of
wetlands ecology and efforts to classify, monitor, and
predict impacts to wetlands. Assessing and predicting land
use and developmental activity impacts - particularly
cumulative impacts - to wetlands is difficult because of
their diverse, complex, and dynamic nature. Methods for
assessing and predicting cumulative impacts must involve
features beyond those associated with traditional impact
methods. For example, the methods must allow for multiple
projects or land uses, an extended time frame, the aggregation of
impacts, a flexibility in geographic boundaries, and
adaptability to new techniques and sources of information. Nine
categories of existing methods are br-iefly reviewed. It is
probable that a combination of these methods can be used for
cumulative impact assessment. To do so effectively, some
additional concepts must be incorporated. 48 refs. [NTIS]
50
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ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT CONFLICTS IN COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
HEALY ROBERT G. ; ZINN JEFFREY A.
(CONSERVATION FOUNDATION, DC) AND ; (US CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH
SERVICE), AMERICAN PLANNING ASSN J, SUMMER 85, V51, N3,
P299(13)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT AROSE AS A RESPONSE TO PERVASIVE
CONFLICT BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES OF OF THE COASTAL ZONE AND
VARIOUS DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES. IN ENACTING THE COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972, CONGRESS EXPLICITLY CALLED FOR A
BALANCING OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS, LEAVING
STATES CONSIDERABLE LEEWAY IN HOW THE BALANCE WOULD BE
STRUCK. METHODS OF BALANCING THESE CONCERNS HAVE EVOLVED,
INCLUDING PERMIT SYSTEMS, COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING SCHEMES, AND
ZONING AND SUBDIVISION CONTROLS. [ENV]
Marshes of the Ocean Shore: Development of an Ecological Ethic
Siry, J. V.
San Francisco Univ., CA.
Texas ASM University Press, College Station, TX. 1984.
216 p. $22.50.
This book traces the interplay among scientific knowledge,
popular values, legal frameworks, and public policy in the
development of a wetlands, ecological ethic. The significance
of marshes has been debated from ancient times. The Bible depicts
marshes as a necessary element in the creation of the earth.
Drainage and transformation of marshes has been a goal for
civilizations eager to gain agricultural land and prevent
marsh-originating disease. Studies reveal the wetlands to be
the earth's most productive and fertile natural areas.
Conflicts exist between preservationists and
commercial/recreational users of marshes. The goals and
policies of wetlands ecology developed gradually until after
World War II. Three stages are identified:
colonial/preindustrial, industrial, and suburban. The National
Estuary Protection Act of 1968 committed the country to planning
for preservation of the wetlands. This and other legislation
control dredging, waste dumping, and reclamation and encourage
protection of wildlife and water quality. Conflicts still
exist among government bodies responsible for safeguarding the
wetlands. Important to continuing marshland preservation are
retaining the functional integrity of surrounding
environments and recognition of responsibility by the
appropriate governmental bodies. [WRA]
51
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WETLANDS: THEIR USE AND REGULATIONS
OTA REPORT 0-206, MAR 84, (214)
FED GOVT REPORT
WITHIN THE LAST 200 YEARS, 30-50% OF THE WETLANDS IN THE LOWER
48 U.S. STATES HAVE BEEN CONVERTED TO OTHER USES BY ACTIVITIES
SUCH AS AGRICULTURE, MINING, FORESTRY, OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION,
AND URBANIZATION. USAC'S REGULATORY PROGRAM ESTABLISHED BY
SEC. 404 OF THE CLEAN WATER ACT PROVIDES THE MAJOR AVENUE OF
FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT IN WETLANDS USE BY REGULATING DISCHARGES
OF DREDGED OR FILL MATERIAL INTO WETLANDS. TOPICS DISCUSSED
INCLUDE: WETLAND TYPES, WETLAND VALUES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF
WETLANDS TO HUMANS, WETLAND PROGRAMS AFFECTING THEIR USE,
WETLAND TRENDS, IMPACTS AND MITIGATION, EFFECTS AND
LIMITATIONS OF THE 404 PROGRAM, AND CAPABILITIES OF THE STATES
IN MANAGING WETLAND USE. IN GENERAL, COASTAL WETLANDS ARE
REASONABLY WELL PROTECTED AND FRESHWATER WETLANDS ARE POORLY
PROTECTED. [ENV]
A A A
Forecasting the Impacts of Global Forces on America's Wetlands
Mangun, W. R. PH.D
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
Journal of Environmental Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1, p 69-76,
1983-84. 2 Fig, 11 Ref.
The future of this nation's wetlands is being shaped by forces
in action throughout this country and around the world. If
government decision makers are to develop policies adequate to
protect these environmentally sensitive resources, wetland
scientists and policy analysts will have to integrate their
skills to develop a forecasting capability which will
effectively predict how these forces will affect the future
status of wetlands. The world's wetlands are facing threats
from industrial and post-industrial stresses associated with a
highly urbanized environment. The direct threats come in the
form of dredging, filling, and pollution. The shift in
population and industry from the northeast and
northcentral to the southeast and southwest will cause
increasing pollution loads which will inhibit the capacity of
wetlands to perform their basic functions. A little more than
half of the original wetland acreage remains in the United
States. The policy makers. of today have an enormous
responsibility to formulate public policies which -.attempt to
take into consideration the future state of the global
environment. Long-range planning can be an effective tool in
the protection of wetlands. Typical long-range planning
activities would include: monitoring, forecasting, goal setting,
analysis, policy generation (with appropriate pre-testing),
and implementation. [WRA]
52
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The Effects of Agricultural Runoff Upon Natural Wetland
Ecosystems
Vanamburg, G. L.
Concordia Coll., Moorhead, MN. Dept. of Biology.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161 as PB84-111905, Price codes: A03 in
paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Water Resources Research
Center Completion Report, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul,
September 1983. 40 p, 15 Fig, 8 Tab, 22 Ref. OWRT A-044-
MINN(l), 14-34-0001-2125.
The purpose of the study was to examine the functioning of
the major wetland ecosystem compartments. Two prairie
glacial marshes in western Minnesota were studied. The major
compartments studied were: (1) watershed soils, (2) watershed
runoff, (3) emergent macrophytes, (4) submergent plants, (5)
wetland sediment, and (6) wetland waters. Ammonia and nitrate
forms of nitrogen contributed significantly to nitrogen
entering the wetlands via runoff. Above ground biomass of
Typha peaked in mid July ranging from 650 to 988 g/m super 2.
Below ground biomass reached a maximum in June, declined until
late summer, then recovered to values recorded in early spring.
Nitrogen concentrations in Typha shoots increased in early
spring then declined throughout the season. Nitrogen
concentration of the rhizomes and roots was less than in the
shoots, except late in the season. Nitrogen content declined
in the rhizomes and roots until mid July, after which N-
concentration increased in the rhizomes. Changes in
Phosphoros concentration in the shoots, rhizomes and roots
were very similar in pattern to nitrogen. Total non-
structural carbohydrate concentration in rhizomes and roots
declined until mid July, then began increasing. One wetland
was dominated by Potamogeton pectinatus, which reached a
peak standing crop biomass of 264 g/m super 2 on August 10.
The other wetland had Ceratophyllum demersum and P.
berchtoldii as co-dominant species. P. berchtoldii reached a
maximum standing crop of 128 g/m super 2 on June 30, while C.
demersum peaked at 127 g/m super 2 on July 28. [WRA]
A A A
MITIGATION AND GRASSROOTS CONSERVATION OF WETLANDS-URBAN ISSUES
CLARK JOHN R.
CONSERVATION FOUNDATION, WASH DC,
PRESENTED AT AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY/ET AL MITIGATION
SYM, FORT COLLINS, JUL 16-20, 79, P141 (11)
SURVEY REPORT
CASE HISTORIES FROM THE NEW YORK CITY AND LOS ANGELES
METROPOLITAN AREAS ARE PRESENTED AS EXAMPLES OF THE DIFFICULTIES
53
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THAT ARISE IN MITIGATING IMPACTS OF URBAN COASTAL WETLANDS
DEVELOMENT ON WILDLIFE HABITAT. BOTH THE NATURAL VALUES AND
THE REAL ESTATE VALUES OF URBAN WETLANDS ARE HIGH, AND
CONFLICTS BETWEEN ADVOCATES OF DEVELOPMENT AND ADVOCATES
PRESERVATION OFTEN BECOME EXTREMELY COMPLICATED. EFFECTIVE
MITIGATION PROGRAMS ARE RECOMMENDED AS A POTENTIAL
SOLUTION TO SUCH CONFLICTS. (7 DIAGRAMS, 1 MAP, 3 REFERENCES, 3
TABLES). [ENV]
A A A
LAND USE: CHOICES AND CHALLENGES
J SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION, JUL-AUG 78, V33, N4, SUPPLEMENT
(8) SURVEY REPORT
t
THE LAND USE SITUATION IN THE U.S. IS REVIEWED IN TERMS OF
OWNERSHIP PATTERNS, PRICE ESCALATION, LAND PROTECTION, AND
CONFLICTS. LAND USE POLICIES SHOULD ADDRESS NOT ONLY THE USE
OF LAND RESOURCES, BUT ALSO THE EXTENT OF INVOLVEMENT OF VARIOUS
LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT. THE IMPLICATIONS OF ALLOWING CURRENT
TRENDS TO CONTINUE IN THE FUTURE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. MAJOR
LAND USE ISSUES INCLUDE: PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PRIME
AND UNIQUE FARMLANDS; PROTECTION OF PRIME FOREST LANDS;
PRESERVATION OF WETLANDS; RECREATIONAL LAND USES;
TRANSMISSION AND TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS; COASTAL
DEVELOPMENTS; SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION; AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL; ALLOCATION OF WATER RESOURCES; ENERGY
CONSTRAINTS; AND INTERJURISDICTIONAL CONFLICTS. SEVERAL GUIDING
PRINCIPLES OF A LAND USE ETHIC ARE OUTLINED. ACTIONS THAT
COULD PROMOTE THE WISE USE OF LAND RESOURCES ARE:
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMS; IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PLANNING PROCESS; ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS AND PRIORITIES
THAT RESPECT NATURAL RESOURCES; CLEAR DEFINITION OF
INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS AND RESPONSIBILITIES; AND
INVOLVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR. THE ROLE OF THE SOIL
CONSERVATION SOCIETY IN IMPLEMENTING THESE ACTIONS IS OUTLINED.
[ENV]
A A A
POTTING TOGETHER THE POLICY AND LEGAL DECISIONS
MANDELKER DANIEL R.
WASHINGTON UNIV,
PRESENTED AT SOIL CONSERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA NATL SYM,
OMAHA, MAR 21-24, 77, P421 (7)
COMMENTARY EUROPEAN SYSTEMS FOR DEALING WITH LAND USE
PROBLEMS ARE HIGHLY CENTRALIZED, ADMINISTRATIVELY RUN, AND
POLITICALLY MANAGED WITH LITTLE JUDICIAL INTERFERENCE. A CONVERSE
SITUATION EXISTS IN THE U.S. LOCAL POLICY-MAKING AND THE
54
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ADOPTION OF PLANNING AND CONTROL MEASURES ARE DISCUSSED.
THE ROLE OF POLICE POWER AND EMINENT DOMAIN IS EXAMINED, AND A
CHECK LIST IS COMPILED TO HELP TAKE LEGAL POLICY MEASURES.
GROWTH CONTROL CASES ARE DESCRIBED TO ILLUSTRATE THE
RECOMMENDATIONS. [ENV]
A A A
WHY OUR WETLANDS ARE VANISHING
EPA J, JAN 77, V3, Nl, P3 (2)
FEATURE ARTICLE
HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE RUINING THE WETLANDS OF AMERICA AT AN
ALARMING RATE. DAM. CONSTRUCTION, MINING DISCHARGES, AND MAJOR
INCREASES IN THE FLOW OF SILT STEMMING FROM CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES ARE ALL HARMFUL TO THE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT NEEDED BY
PARTICULAR SPECIES OF BIRDS AND FISH. THE FOLLOWING STEPS COULD
BE TAKEN TO REVERSE THIS NATIONWIDE TREND TOWARD WETLAND
DETERIORATION AND DESTRUCTION: ESTABLISHMENT OF WETLAND
SANCTUARIES; CURTAILMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY DESTRUCTIVE
CONSTRUCTION; ADOPTION OF EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
CRITERIA; POST-CONSTRUCTION IMPACT STATEMENTS; AND CURTAILMENT
OF MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY DESTRUCTIVE TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS. (3 PHOTOS). [ENV]
A A A
THE INFLUENCE OF AQUATIC HERBICIDES ON WETLANDS
NEWBOLD C.
NATURE CONSERVANCY, UK,
COUNCIL OF EUROPE INFORMATION CENTRE FOR NATURE
CONSERVATION REPORT 46.221, NOV 76, N4 (7)
SPECIAL REPORT
RECREATIONAL AND AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS IN WATER USE HAVE
RESULTED IN THE USE OF AQUATIC HERBICIDES TO KEEP CHANNELS
CLEAR. DESPITE LOW COST AND EASE OF USE, CONCERN FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS SHOULD BE A MAJOR CONSIDERATION IN
DECISIONS TO USE AQUATIC HERBICIDES. THE INCREASING USE OF
TOTAL HERBICIDES CAN CAUSE WETLAND HABITAT DESTRUCTION ON A
LARGE SCALE. SHORT-TERM EFFECTS ON WETLANDS, INCLUDING OXYGEN
DEPLETION, DIRECT TOXICITY, AND LOSS OF FOOD, ARE DIAGRAMED. (1
DIAGRAM). [ENV]
55
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Regional or Local Trends
Turnaround for the Everglades
Belleville, B.
Oceans, Vol. 19, No. 4, p 16-21, 58-59, August 1536— —
A 'Save Our Everglades' program initiated in 1983 by Florida's
Governor Bob Graham may restore the Everglades to its 1900
status by the year 2000. The program's six tenets are:
restoration of the Kissimmee River; restoration of the
natural water levels in a 95-square-mile area of Palm Beach
County; management of the deer population in the eastern
Everglades; ensuring that the conversion of 'Alligator Alley' to
Interstate Highway 75 includes hydrological improvements and
ample underpasses for endangered species, especially the
Florida panther; support for the National Park Services's own
seven-point restoration plan; and acquisition and
improvement of habitat for the endangered Florida panther. The
history of ecological degradation of the Everglades and the
details of the restoration plan are discussed. [WRA]
A A A
THE RETREATING COAST
DAVIS DONALD W.
NICHOLLS STATE UNIV,
J SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION, MAY-JUN 86, V41, N3, P146(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
IN THE U.S., 75% OF THE POPULATION LIVES IN CLOSE PROXIMITY
TO THE SEA, AND HUMAN OCCUPANCY IN THE COASTAL ZONE IS
INCREASING. THESE CULTURAL ELEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL
FORCES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOSS OF A CONSIDERABLE PORTION
OF NATIONAL WETLANDS. LOUISIANA MAY BE BE THE BEST EXAMPLE OF
COASTAL PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. PARTS OF THE STATE'S COAST ARE
DISAPPEARING AT RATES EXCEEDING 100 FT/YEAR. THE PROBLEM RELATES
DIRECTLY TO HUMAN INTERFERENCE WITH THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER'S FLOW
REGIME, BUT IS COMPOUNDED BY THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL EROSION AND
RISE IN SEA LEVEL. ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF MARSH AND WETLAND LOSS
IN LOUISIANA ARE HIGHLIGHTED; THESE AREAS ARE SOURCES OF
REVENUE FROM TRAPPING AND SEAFOOD PRODUCTION. [ENV]
56
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Effects of Water Level Fluctuations on Great Lakes Coastal Marhes
Burton, T. M.
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of Zoology.
IN: Coastal Wetlands, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.
1985. p 3-13, 1 fig, 18 ref. NOAA Grant R/CW-5.
Many of the wetlands within the Great Lakes Basin have
already been converted to other uses. For example, 47% or
7.5 of 16 million ha of wetlands had been destroyed in
Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin by 1980. These three states
account for 77% of the total wetland areas in glaciated regions
of the United States. Most of these wetlands are inland with only
a small percentage classified as coastal wetlands. For
example, 3.3% of Michigan's 1.3 million ha or 42,840 ha were
classified as coastal wetlands. These wetlands are often
considered to be modulators of events between land and water.
Some of the fluctuations ascribed to them include: (1) acting as
a natural filter to protect the water quality of the Great
Lakes from nutrients and toxic materials; (2) acting as flood
storage areas to reduce the magnitude of flood damage; (3)
acting as areas of concentrated primary and secondary
production which may serve as food chain support for near-
shore Great Lakes communities; (4) acting as recharge
areas for groundwater; and (5) serving as habitat and/or
nursery areas for fish,, mammals, game and non-game birds as
well as invertebrates and ectothermic vertebrates. The present
7-10 year cycle of water level fluctuation results in low
periods in lake level which are about 1.75 m lower than the
high. The difference between low and high water can have
profound effects on the plant communities of coastal marshes.
At low water levels, open water decreases from almost 50% of
wetland area to about 15%. At high water levels near 177 m in
1975, much of the area of the marsh was occupied by open
water/submergent vegetation or emergent vegetation. As water
level increases, inundated areas will support considerable
emergent and/or submergent productivity including the
associated epiphytic plant productivity. As this material
rapidly decomposes, the overlying water dissolved oxygen
concentrations will decrease, especially in winter when oxygen
production by plant photosynthesis is limited.
Alternate fluctuations in water level in marshes could
result in a situation analogous to that resulting from
seasonal re-oxygenation of bottom waters in dimictic eutrophic
lakes. Litter accumulation was greatest under lowest water
conditions due to known slower decomposition rates in sedge
meadows. The impact of water level changes on some bird and
mammal populations has been well documented for inland
emergent marshes. Few such data are available for the Great
Lakes, and almost no data are available for fish populations.
[WRA]
57
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Human Interference with Natural Water Level Regimes in the
Context of Other Cultural Stresses on Great Lakes Wetlands
Patterson, N. J.; Whillans, T. H.
Federation of Ontario Naturalists, Don Mills.
IN: Coastal Wetlands, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea,
Michigan. 1985. p 209-251, 6 tab, 94 ref.
Water level regime is but one of many manageable factors
which could influence the condition or extent of a Great Lakes
wetland. Some factors which could affect water levels such as
river discharge into a wetland, diversion of lake water around a
wetland, isolation from natural hydrologic influence (diking)
or channelization through a wetland could also have
independent influence and are subjects of considerable human
tampering. It is therefore advisable to consider water
leve1! regime and human interference with it in the context
of other human-engendered problems in Great Lakes wetlands.
There are at least three major aspects which merit examination:
(1) comparison of causal factors in order to isolate
similarities among causes (and implied solutions); (2) contrast
of stresses (biological, chemical or physical perturbation) and
of long-term responses in order to clarify the ecosystemic
significance of water level regime (and implied priority for
action); and (3) investigation of interaction among causes,
among stresses and among long-term responses in order to
specify synergisms and antagonisms (and implied interpretation of
(1) and (2)). The aspects (1) and (2) have been examined to a
degree for the Great Lakes in general, for certain wetland-
rich ecosystems within the Great Lakes, and for wetlands in
general. This review is based in large part upon those studies.
[WRA]
A A A
What Are Cumulative Impacts All About
Conference on managing cumulative impacts in Florida wetlands,
Sarasota, FL, USA, 18 Oct 1985.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Witmer, G.
Argonne National Lab., IL.
Corp. Source Codes: 001960000; 0448000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-8510289-1
1985 14p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-31-109-ENG-38
The growing concern over cumulative impacts is addressed.
58
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Definitions and types of cumulative impacts are discussed and
examples given. Some methods for the assessment of cumulative
impacts are referenced, but it is noted that such methods are in
an embryonic state. The complex nature of wetlands makes them
especially difficult to assess. Any method attempting to assess
cumulative impacts must consider many additional factors
beyond those of traditional impact assessment; extended time
and spatial frame, flexible boundaries, adaptability, and
aggregation of impacts are among these considerations.
Research in key areas can help improve our ability to
perform cumulative impact assessment. 33 refs. [NTIS]
Stability of Artificially-Drained Lowlands: A Theoretical
Assessment
Phillips, J. D.
Rutgers - The State Univ., New Brunswick, NJ. Center for
Coastal and Environmental Studies.
Ecological Modelling, Vol. 27, No. 1/2, p 69-79, March,
1985. 2 Fig, 1 Tab, 31 Ref.
The impacts of artificial land drainage on wetlands was
investigated, using coastal plain lowlands of North
Carolina as an example, from a holistic viewpoint. The rate
of drainage channel degradation following construction of
artificial drainage networks appears to be the key variable
determining stability of surface hydrologic systems. If
degradation is rapid, the system is metastable and a new
equilibrium may be achieved within a few years, though a
return to the pre-alteration state is unlikely. Limited data
available in the North Carolina coastal plain indicate that
artificially-drained lowland hydrologic systems are
metastable. Ditch and canal degradation is rapid after initial
disturbance, but unmaintained channels do persist. More data
are needed, however, on rates and processes of drainageway
degradation and on the persistence of manmade stream networks.
It appears that regular dredging, re-excavation, snagging, and
vegetation removal in ditch-and-canal systems in North
Carolina is limiting the ability of natural systems to
adjust to perturbations and is maintaining the hydrologic
system and, by extension, the ecosystem, in an unstable state.
[WRA]
A A A
HAS THE TIME COME TO RESCUE CHESAPEAKE BAY?
CONSERVATION FOUNDATION LETTER, MAR-APR 84, (6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
59
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THE DEGRADED CONDITION OF CHESAPEAKE BAY IS BEGINNING TO ATTRACT
THE ATTENTION OF STATE AND FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES.
THE PERCEPTION THAT POLLUTION IS CAUSING DRAMATIC DECLINES
IN COMMERCIALLY VALUABLE FISH AND SHELLFISH AND SEVERE
DETERIORATION OF THE ENTIRE ECOSYSTEM UNDERLIES THIS
EMERGING CONCERN. THE ESTUARY, VALUED FOR ITS AQUACULTURAL,
RECREATIONAL, AND SCENIC VALUES, IS THE VICTIM OF NONPOINT
SOURCE POLLUTION. INPUTS OF NUTRIENTS AND HERBICIDES HAVE
RESULTED IN EXTENDED OXYGEN DEPLETION, ALGAL BLOOMS, AND
SUPPRESSION OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION. ALTHOUGH THE LINK BETWEEN
POLLUTION AND FISH DECLINES HAS YET TO BE DEMONSTRATED, THE
MARYLAND GENERAL ASSEMBLY AUTHORIZED FUNDS IN SUPPORT OF A
CLEANUP PROGRAM. WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS MUST BE UPGRADED, AND
RUNOFF SHOULD BE REDUCED. (2 DRAWINGS, 2 MAPS, 15 REFERENCES)
[ENV]
THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN LAND-USE ON SWAMPS OF THE NEW
JERSEY PINE BARRENS
EHRENFELD JOAN G.
RUTGERS UNIV,
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, 1983, V25, P353 (23)
TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF LAND-USE CHANGES ON WETLANDS, A
QUALITATIVE STUDY IS CONDUCTED OF THE VEGETATION OF THE NEW
JERSEY PINE BARRENS SWAMP. SPECIES COMPOSITION IS STUDIED TO
DETERMINE WHETHER IT CHANGES WHEN SITES IN THE SWAMP ARE
DRAINED. OF 32 SITES AND 177 PLANT SPECIES EXAMINED, 73 SPECIES
OCCURRED ONLY IN DEVELOPED SITES, WHILE 26 OCCURRED ONLY
IN PRISTINE SITES. DEVELOPED SITES TEND TO LOSE THE
HERBACEOUS SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE REGION. (2 GRAPHS,
1 MAP, NUMEROUS REFERENCES, 6 TABLES). [ENV]
A A A
Proceedings of the Conference on Coastal Erosion and Wetland
Modification in Louisiana: Causes, Consequences, and Options
Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161 as PB83-152777. Price codes: A12 in
paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Conference held October 5-7,
1981, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. FWS/OBS-82/59, September 1982.
Edited by Donald F. Boesch. 256 p.
The causes and consequences of coastal erosion and wetlands
modification in Louisiana, and the mitigative options to slow
the loss of coastal lands are discussed. Specific topics covered
include sedimentation and sea-level rise, geological and human
60
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factors, mudflat and marsh progradation, canal dredging, the
effects of coastal alteration on marsh plants, effects of
wetlands deterioration on fish and wildlife resources, economic
aspects of land loss, future sea-land changes, dune vegetation
and stabilization, and reversal of coastal erosion by rapid
sedimentation and shoreline .in Louisiana during the early
1980's was 130 sq km/yr. [WRA]
Pipeline Haul-Road Investigations North of the Brooks Range
Portions are illegible in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Alexander, V. ; Miller, M. C.
Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Inst. of Marine Science.
Corp. Source Codes: 001217007; 9506127
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/EV/70009-T1
May 82 105p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AT06-76EV70009
The haul road operated by Alyeska during and after the
construction of the Alaska Pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to
Valdez was investigated for ecological effects on ponds, lakes,
and wetlands along its route across the North Slope of the
Brooks Range. The dust generated by wind and passing trucks was
deposited on vegetation and water surfaces as a double log
function of distance away from the road. The dust leached Ca
exp ++ and nutrients which had the potential to modify
pond productivity and vegetation structure. The leachates
contained nitrogen and phosphorus, which was stimulatory to
phytoplankton in these ponds. However, a six-year study of
several ponds failed to detect any change caused by dustfall
alone. The most acute increases were caused by contact with
fresh pad material and its leachates or by direct
fertilization to enhance the reestablishment of vegetation.
Thus, stimulation of production usually occurred only during
1 to 2 years. The sediments in both the ponds and lakes along
the transect apparently immobilized the additional phosphorus by
binding to Fe exp +++ compounds in the water and surface
sediments. Zooplankton population density closely followed
primary production except at very high zooplankton densities
which apparently overgrazed the algae. The species in old
ponds followed the predictions of the fish and Heterocope
predation model of O'Brien. The species in new ponds were
largely colonizers. 52 references. [NTIS]
61
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LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN
WETLANDS ENHANCEMENT
MCCREARY SCOTT
CALIFORNIA STATE COASTAL CONSERVANCY,
PRESENTED AT TIBURON CENTER FOR ENV STUDIES/ET AL WETLAND
RESTORATION SYM, HAYWARD, CA, FEB 82, P39 (14)
AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES CONFRONTING
WETLAND RESTORATION IN CALIFORNIA IS PRESENTED. AMONG THE ISSUES
DISCUSSED ARE THE EVOLUTION OF STATE POLICY TOWARD WETLANDS
PROTECTION, FEDERAL TRENDS IN WETLANDS MANAGEMENT,
INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AFFECTING LAND ACQUISITION, THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN WETLANDS PROTECTION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, THE ROLE OF
SCIENTISTS IN ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS, AND THE PERSPECTIVES OF
CITIZENS IN WETLAND ENHANCEMENT. PLANNING AND NATURAL SCIENCE
LITERATURE, INTERVIEWS, AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE IN WETLANDS
ENHANCEMENT ARE THE SOURCE MATERIALS APPLIED TO THIS DISCUSSION.
(1 MAP). [ENV]
CALIFORNIA'S COASTAL COMMISSION: TEN YEARS IN TRIUMPHS
HILL GLADWIN
PLANNING-APA, JAN 82, V48, Nl, P10 (5)
FEATURE ARTICLE
IN 1982, THE CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION MARKS ITS 10TH YEAR
OF EXISTENCE; THE COMMISSION HAS ARRESTED RUNAWAY COASTAL
DEVELOPMENT AND PUT A LONG-RANGE CONSERVATION PROGRAM INTO
OPERATION. LAST YEAR THE COMMISSION BEGAN TURNING BACK TO LOCAL
AUTHORITIES JURISDICTIONS THAT HAD BEEN TAKEN FROM THEM IN
1972, ALLOWING THESE COUNTIES AND CITIES TO MAKE THEIR OWN
DECISIONS ABOUT COASTAL OPEN SPACE, FARMLAND, WETLANDS, AND
BEACHES. PUBLIC ACCESS, HOUSING, AND INEQUITIES BETWEEN RICH
LANDOWNERS AND LOWER CLASS BEACH USERS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. (6
PHOTOS. [ENV]
A A A
Effects of Wetland Deterioration on the Fish and Wildlife
Resources of Coastal Louisiana
Fruge, D. W.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Lafayette, LA.
IN: Proceedings of the Conference on Coastal Erosion
and Wetland Modification in Louisiana: Causes, Consequences,
and Options, October 5-7, 1981, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
FWS/OBS-82/59, September 1982. p 9.9-107, 33 ref.
Wetland deterioration, which is partially attributable to natural
causes, has been greatly accelerated by human influences
62
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such as navigation channel, excavation, agricultural
drainage, and construction of mainline Mississippi River levees
that have presented freshwater and sediment overflow into
adjacent subdelta marshes. The serious declines in
estuarine-dependent fish and shellfish harvest, fur catch,
waterfowl habitat, and related fish and wildlife productivity
which would be caused by continued wetland deterioration are
discussed. The magnitude of the use of these coastal wetlands by
ducks, geese, fish and shellfish is described. The future of
marsh restoration to be financed by the state of Louisiana
through its Coastal. Environmental Protection Trust Fund is
discussed. [WRA]
4 A
ALASKA'S WETLANDS-WHAT ARE THEY? WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
EVANS, MIKE ; FERRELL DAVE,
ALASKA CONSTRUCTION & OIL, SEP 80, V21, N9, P30 (3)
FEATURE ARTICLE
CONCERN ABOUT THE PROPER DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION OF ALASKA'S
RESOURCES IS REPORTED, AND THE BIOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY OF ALASKA'S
WETLANDS ARE DEFINED. USAGE REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT ON
ALASKA WETLANDS AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF THE
WETLAND HABITATS ARE OUTLINED. THROUGH ITS PERMIT PROGRAM,
USAGE IS FACILITATING SOUND DEVELOPMENT IN WETLANDS WITHOUT
DESTROYING THEIR NATURAL FUNCTIONS. [ENV]
A A A
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
REBUFFONI DEAN '
EPA J, JUL-AUG 80, V6, N7, P22 (6)
SURVEY REPORT
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER THE LONGEST WATERWAY IN THE U.S., IS ALSO
ONE OF THE MOST POLLUTED. SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES ARE
DISCHARGED INTO THE RIVER ALONG ITS 2,552 MI COURSE. FEDERAL
AND STATE ACTIONS HAVE RESULTED IN THE UPGRADING OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANTS ALONG THE RIVER, SO THAT DISCHARGES ARE OF
HIGHER QUALITY. THERE HAS BEEN MUCH PROGRESS IN IMPROVING THE
CONDITION OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, BUT MANY MORE PROGRAMS ARE
REQUIRED TO HALT CONTINUING DEGRADATION OF WATER QUALITY. (2
PHOTOS). [ENV]
63
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PREDICTING IMPACTS OF A PROPOSED IRRIGATION WATER CONSERVATION
PROJECT ON WILDLIFE HABITAT
CHALK DAVID E.
scs,
PRESENTED AT AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY/ET AL MITIGATION
SYM, FORT COLLINS, JUL 16-20, 79, P305 (5)
SURVEY REPORT
AN IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR THE UINTAH BASIN, UTAH, CALLS
FOR ONFARM IMPROVEMENTS TO BE INSTALLED ON 84% OF THE
POTENTIALLY TREATABLE LAND. THE PROJECT COULD REDUCE WATER
AVAILABLE TO PHREATOPHYTES BY 40%, RESULTING IN A CONVERSION
OF 19,800 ACRES OF WETLANDS TO UPLAND HABITAT. ABOUT 23% OF
THE WATER PRESENTLY DIVERTED FOR IRRIGATION IS CONSUMED BY
PHREATOPHYTES. POSSIBLE IMPACT MITIGATION STRATEGIES ARE
DISCUSSED. (6 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES). [ENV]
* A
THE ECONOMICS OF WETLANDS PRESERVATION IN VIRGINIA
SHABMAN, LEONARD A. ; BATIE SANDRA S.; MABBS-ZENO CARL C.
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST & STATE UNIV,
NTIS REPORT PB80-155138, JUN 79 (33)
SPECIAL REPORT
THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ALTERNATIVE WETLANDS USE PATTERNS
ARE DETERMINED AND EVALUATED BY FEDERAL AGENCIES BEFORE
DEVELOPMENT PERMITS ARE GRANTED. THERE IS, HOWEVER,
CONSIDERABLE UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE EXISTENCE AND SCOPE OF
NATURAL WETLANDS SERVICES AND THE ABILITY TO REVERSE WETLANDS
ALTERATIONS. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT AGENCIES USE A MINIMAX
DECISION STRATEGY TO SELECT PROPOSALS THAT CAN ACHIEVE A
MINIMUM MAXIMUM POTENTIAL LOSS FOR SOCIETY. [ENV]
CALIFORNIA'S COASTAL WETLANDS
SIWOLOP, SANA ; ALBERT HENRI
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ,
CALIFORNIA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM REPORT 69, SPRING 79 (39)
SPECIAL REPORT
SINCE 1900, THE TOTAL COASTAL AND ESTUARINE AREA IN
CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN REDUCED BY 67%, FROM 381,000 ACRES TO
125,000 ACRES. CONFLICTS BETWEEN CONSERVATIONISTS AND PRIVATE
DEVELOPERS OVER THE NUMEROUS DIVERGENT NEEDS AND USES OF
CALIFORNIA'S COASTAL WETLANDS ARE DISCUSSED. A MANAGEMENT SCHEME
TO REGULATE THE STRESSES ON THE CALIFORNIA WETLANDS IS
64
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PRESENTED. PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE
IMPORTANCE OF CALIFORNIA'S COASTAL WETLANDS ARE LISTED. (NUMEROUS
DIAGRAMS, PHOTOS). [ENV]
65
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WETLAND MITIGATION
Anadromous Fish Law Memo; A Guide to Federal Wetlands Protection
under Section 404 of the Clean Water Lav
Natural Resources Law Institute, Lewis and Clark Law School,
Portland, Oregon.
Zaleha, Bernard D.
Distributor: Oregon State University Extension/Sea Grant
Program, Corvallis, OR 97331.
Issue 45, August 1988.
This Memo comprehensively reviews the 404 program, its history,
its current operation, and its future. It focuses special
attention on the intergovernmental tension between the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, charged with issuing 404 permits, and the
Environmental Protection Agency, reponsible for overseeing the
Corps. This tension, largely the product of regulatory
ambivalence on the part of the Corps, has characterized 404
regulation from its inception over 15 years ago and continues to
pose troublesome questions concerning the program's jurisdiction.
This Memo. analyzes these issues in detail and makes suggestions
about how the program can better fulfill its mission of
protecting the nation's diminishing wetland resources. [DOC]
Mitigation of Impacts and Losses. National Wetland Symposium
Proceedings: Held in New Orleans, Louisiana on October 8-10,
1986
Sponsored by Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.,
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC., and Corps of
Engineers, Washington, DC.
NTIS Prices: PC A20/MF A01
Kusler, J. A. ; Quammen, M. L. ; Brooks, G.
Association of State Wetland Managers, Berne, NY.
Sponsor: Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.; Fish
and Wildlife
Service, Washington, DC.; Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ASWM/TR-3
May 88 475p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A20/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
What progress has been made in developing techniques and
approaches for reducing the impacts of activities conducted in
wetlands or compensating for such impacts through wetland
restoration or creation. One hundred and fifty-five speakers and
67
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panelists and an additional 370 attendees met over a 3 day
period in New Orleans to address this question. The papers in the
proceedings are the first comprehensive attempt to examine
•mitigation1 since an initial mitigation symposium in 1977. The
speakers were asked to focus on two principal questions:
What has been learned concerning the effectiveness of various
impact reduction and restoration/creation techniques; and How
could these techniques be strengthened or improved and what are
the research needs. [NTIS]
Overview of the Hydrologic Concerns Related to Wetlands in
the United States
Carter, V.
Connecticut Univ., Storrs. Ecology Section.
Canadian Journal of Botany CJBOAW, Vol. 64, No. 2, p
364-374, February
1986. 1 fig, 123 ref.
Regional, geologic, topographic, and climatic differences
create a tremendous diversity in wetland types and wetland
vegetation in the United States. Wetland hydrology, a primary
driving force influencing wetland ecology, development, and
persistence, is as yet poorly understood. The interaction
between groundwater and surface water and the
discharge-recharge relationships in wetlands affect water
quality and nutrient budgets as well as vegetative
composition. Hydrologic considerations necessary for an
improved understanding of wetland ecology include detailed water
budgets, water chemistry, water regime, and boundary conditions.
Wetland values are often based on perceived wetland functions.
These hydrologic functions include (1) flood storage and
flood-peak desynchronization, (2) recharge and discharge, (3)
base flow and estuarine water balance, and (4) water-quality
regulation. Expanded research and basic data collection
focussed on wetland hydrology and its relation to wetland
ecology are needed to identify and quantify the
hydrologic functions of wetlands. [WRA]
4 4
Wetland creation and restoration in the United States from 1970
to 1985: An annotated bibliography
Wolf, R.B.; Lee, L.C.; Sharitz, R.R.
Society of Wetland Scientists, Wilmington, NC (USA)
WETLANDS., vol. 6, no. 1
PUBL: SWS, WILMINGTON, NC (USA), 1986., 96 pp
68
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LANGUAGES: English
SUMMARY LANGUAGES: English
304 ref.
DOC TYPE: Bibliography; Book
This bibliography deals with the creation of new and
restoration of disturbed salt ~ancT~ freshwater wetlands in the
United States since 1970. The authors' aim was to provide wetland
scientists and regulatory agencies with an index for
identifying and locating publications useful in planning new
projects or reviewing old. In selecting publications, they
emphasized site engineering and plant propagation. Thus
numerous articles that discuss preparing the site for
natural or artificial revegetation, and transplanting and
seeding of vegetation are included in the 304 reports
cited. However, articles concerning more minor habitat
adjustments and, for example, lake or reservoir management
for wildlife or waterfowl are not included. [WNET]
Dredging Operations Technical Support Program. Long-Term
Monitoring of Habitat Development at Upland and Wetland
Dredged Material Disposal Sites
1974-1982
(Final rept.)
NTIS Prices: PC All/MF A01
Mewling, C. J. ; Landin, M. C.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Environmental Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 002621009; 411388
Report No.: WES/TR/D-85-5
Jul 85 228p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC All/MF A01
Country of Publication: United States
During the Dredged Material Research Program, six wetland and
three upland habitat development projects were established at
seven sites to demonstrate the feasibility of creating productive
habitat on dredged material deposits. Wetland sites were
Windmall Point in the James River, Virginia; Buttermilk Sound
near the Altamaha River, Georgia; Drake Wilson Island in
Apalachicola Bay, Florida; Bolivar Peninsula in Galveston Bay,
Texas; Salt Pond Number 3 in South San Francisco Bay, Clifornia;
and Miller Sands Island in the Columbia River, Oregon. Sites
were also located in upland , areas at Nott Island in the
Connecticut River, Connecticut; Bolivar Peninsula; and Miller
Sands. These sites have continued to be monitored since their
construction (1975-77) until the present time. In addition,
69
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three natural marsh upland reference sites have been selected for
comparison to the man-made sites. Data and research results are
presented in this report. Results over an 8-year period indicate
that all of the sites have developed and stabilized, and that
they have all been highly successful. Despite a complete lack of
management since construction, the sites maintain plant
communities generally comparable to or more productive than those
on the reference areas. Wildlife use exceeds that occurring on
reference areas, and the sites are compatible with and
contributing to the ecosystems of which they are a part. [NTIS]
Improving Wetland Policy Through Amelioration of Adverse Effects
on Local Economies
Leitch, J. A.; Scott, D. F.
North Dakota State Univ., Fargo. Dept. of Agricultural
Economics.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 5, p 687-693,
October, 1984. 1 Tab, 24 Ref.
Public ownership of land creates several problems for state
and localdecision makers. Those problems are summarized and
particular emphasis is placed on economic problems that may
arise in local areas. Input-output
analysis is used to evaluate local economic impacts of public
investment. This approach takes into account direct, indirect,
and induced effects of changes in expenditure and income flows
within the region being examined. It explicitly takes into
account the economic interdependences that exist between
sectors in a regional economy. An example is presented
of converting productive agricultural land to wildlife habitat
considering the payment required to compensate the landowner
and the payment required to maintain personal income in the
local economy. Public agencies presumably act in the public
interest, which means that on balance society is better
off as a result of a specific action. However, while the
gains may outweight the losses in such actions, it is
important to consider those losses and determine adequate
compensation. Presumably, those benefiting should be willing
to compensate those who are adversely affected if the gains
outweigh the losses. [WRA]
A A A
Coastal Zone Development: Mitigation, Marsh Creation, and
Decision-Making
Race, M. S.; Christie, D. R.
70
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Stanford Univ., CA. Program in Human Biology.
Environmental Management, Vol 6, No 4, p 317-328, July,
1982. 3 Tab,
50 Ref.
Marsh creation as a mitigation technique should not be used to
justify destruction of natural wetlands and substitution with
man-made marshes. Marsh creation may be effective in
minimizing damage caused by construction, in abating
shoreline erosion, and in returning degraded coastlands to
tidal influence. Although the net acreage of wetlands may not
change as a result of mitigation of development, there is
insufficient evidence that man-made marshes are comparable
to natural marshes in structure and function. Different
states have varying requirements for wetlands mitigation.
These are reviewed for 11 coastal states. Mitigation policies in
one area may not be applicable to other regions or may
adversely affect other estuarine habitats. Decision makers
must not be influenced by developers who prepare extensive
mitigation plans to justify destruction of natural marshes. This
is especially critical in areas where natural wetlands have
already been reduced by extensive filling and development.
Rather, decisions should be based on: (1) the fact that
present knowledge of. ecological effects of marsh creation is
still limited, (2) the trade-offs involved, and (3) the
state's defined standards and policies. [WRA]
A A A
ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN WETLAND TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER
BENFORADO J.
FWS,
PRESENTED AT MINNESOTA WATER PLANNING BOARD/ET AL
WETLAND VALUES & MANAGEMENT CONF, ST PAUL, JUN 17-19, 81, P307
(17)
TECHNICAL REPORT
THE FEASIBILITY OF USING ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS FOR THE DISCHARGE OF
WASTEWATER IN TERMS OF COSTS, ENERGY CONSERVATION, AND THE
RECLAMATION OF WASTEWAER CONSITUTENTS IS DESCRIBED. BENEFITS OF
SUCH A SYSTEM INCLUDE WILDLIFE ENHANCEMENT, THE PRESERVATION OF
OPEN SPACES, AND FLOW STABILIZATION, TECHNICAL ISSUES, FOOD CHAIN
EFFECTS, AND EFFECTS ON OTHER WETLANDS FUNCTIONS AND VALUES ARE
DISCUSSED. (NUMEROUS REFERENCES). [ENV]
71
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Rehabilitation and Creation of Selected Coastal Habitats,
Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Sapelo Island, Georgia on
16-20 May 1976
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Lewis, James C. ; Bunce, Elaine W.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. Office of
Biological Services.
Corp. Source Codes: 004899113
Report No.: FWS/OBS-80/27
Nov 80 167p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8115
Country of Publication: United States
•
Nineteen papers are published in these proceedings of the
workshop held at Sapelo Island, Georgia on 16-20 May 1976.
The reports contain useful information which may be
beneficially applied in the rehabilitation and creation of
coastal habitats. All coastal areas of the conterminous United
States are addressed. Individual topics include techniques
for creating salt marshes, creation of marshes on dredged
material, planting techniques, marsh soil development, substrate
interaction: microorganisms, deterioration of marshes, sand
dune creation, mangrove swamp creation, creation of seagrass
beds, impact of heavy metals and pesticides, use of infrared
photography, ditching and diking, nutrient cycling, impact of
sewage, and pricing of natural resources. [NTIS]
Colonial Bird Use and Plant Succession on Dredged Material
Islands in Florida; Vol. II: Patterns of Plant Succession
Lewis, R. R. Ill; Lewis, C. S.
Seabird Research Inc., Culver City, CA.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161 as AD-A056 803, Price codes: A06 in
paper copy, A01 in microfiche.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Mississippi,
Technical Report D-78-14, April 1978 (In 2 volumes). 175 p, 75
fig, 44 tab,
36 ref.
This study was made to determine succession of vegetation on
various aged dredged material islands in Florida. Forty islands
in five selected study areas were intensively examined. An
extensive literature review was conducted. Vertical aerial
photographs and vegetation maps of each island are presented. A
total of 141 plant species were found to occur on the islands.
In Florida, typical island vegetation occurred through
72
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colonization by propagules from water-,wind-,and bird-carried
sources. Marsh grasses such as smooth cordgrass preceded
establishment by upland species such as Brazilian pepper,
Australian pine, sabal. palm, and herbaceous and grass cover.
Bird use of the islands was directly related to the stage of
plant succession, and bird fecal material was found to affect
the vegetation both adversely and beneficially depending upon
location. Recommendations for management include creation
of new islands and enlargement and stabilization of
existing eroding islands for bird use. Maintenance of
unvegetated sites as critical habitat for terns and black
skimmers is also recommended. [WRA]
A A A
Proceedings of the fourth annual conference on restoration of
coastal vegetation in Florida
Lewis, R. R., III. Cole, D. P.
Tampa, Fla. May 14, 1977
(1977?) 189 pp
(n.p.)
illus. refs. for various papers
Abs.
Languages: ENGLISH
Doc Type: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
This conference-sponsored by the Hillsborough Community College
Environmental Studies Center (Cockroach Bay) and cosponsored by
the Tamp Port Authority-dealt with revegetation studies in areas
of Florida's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Specific topics include
sea grass development on dredge spoil at Port St. Joe,
revegetation and maturation of restored shoreline on Indian
River, tidal marsh creation on dredged material in Tampa Bay, the
economic costs of transplanting material in Tampa Bay, the
economic costs of transplanting Thalassia, techniques and
seasonal growth rates of transplanted white mangroves, Rhizophora
litter production and freeze effects in Tampa Bay, visual quality
of southwest Florida tidal creeks, a plant pathology study of red
mangrove infected with fungi, and elements of the Cayo-Costa
Island ecosystem in Lee County. A list of the names and
addresses of attendees and contributors is included. [WNET]
A A A
The Possible Role of Spartina Altemiflora Loisel in
Establishment of Mangroves in Florida
Lewis, R. R.; Dunstan, F. M.
Hillsborough Community Coll., Tampa, Fla. Dept. of Biology.
73
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In: Proceedings for Second Annual Conference on the
Restoration of Coastal Vegetation in Florida, May 17,
1975, Hillsborough Community
College, Tampa, Florida, p. 82-100. 13 fig., 19 ref.
The potential importance of Spartina alterniflora as part
of the successional pattern of mangroves is examined in
investigations of four sites in eastern Tampa Bay: two spoil
islands, a natural mangrove island and a mangrove forest
cleared in 1971 and now in the process of secondary succession.
A 'doughnut' effect observed in the Spartina colonization is
due to the contrast between one year's flowering stems and the
following year's new growth, which is consistent with the
primary means of reproduction by rhizomes. Examination of
these 'doughnuts' showed young mangrove seedlings located in
the'center. All three mangroves (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia
germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa) were found. There was also
evidence of shading out and elimination of some Spartina by the
larger mangroves. The implication is that when considering
planting vegetation on spoil material, the natural
successional pattern of the specific site should be
considered to determine the best approach. When compared with
the generally slow growing characteristics of mangroves,
particularly in Tampa Bay, it is apparent that the initial
use of S. alterniflora on spoil material would be more
advantageous as opposed to direct plantings of mangroves. [WRA]
74
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WETLAND REGULATIONS AND POLICIES
Litigation
Federal Wetlands Litigation: 1986 to the Present
Want, William L.
Environment Reporter, April 29, 1988, pp. 2563-2570.
Wetlands law continues to be an active area of environmental
litigation, with more than 30 new federal cases having been
reported on the subject since January 1986. This article
discusses these recent federal cases in the context of previous
rulings on the subjects and in some instances predicts future
directions in litigation. [DOC]
A A A
Developments in environmental law: defending against citizen
suits under the Clean Water Act and landowner suits
against oil companies for destruction of wetlands.
Craig, Frank S., Ill; Atkinson, Robert L. ; Darden, Allen D.
Southwestern Legal Foundation Institute on Oil & Gas Law &
Taxation 37 5-1(26) Ann, 1986
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
SIC CODE: 1311 [LRI]
A A A
Federal Wetlands Law: The Cases and the Problems
Want, W. L.
Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 1-54, 1984.
487 Ref.
Throughout much of the history of this country, wetlands
have been destroyed in the name of progress. Suddenly in
the last decade, their protection has become a national cause,
warranting a special newsletter. Some argue that wetlands
protection has gone too far and that the Corps' program is a
paragon of government red tape and over regulation. The Reagan
administration substantially revised the Corps' wetlands
regulations in July of 1982, for the stated purpose of
eliminating regulatory excesses. Environmentalists have
challenged these revisions in court, contending that they
eliminate important protections and will result in large
wetlands losses. Specifically examined in this article are the
75
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scope of the Corps' jurisdictional authority with interest
expressed in the Rivers and Harbors Act Section 10, Clean Water
Act Section 404, and Scope of Corps Review of Section 404
Permit Applications. Attention is also directed toward a
judicial review of Corps wetlands determinations and permit
decisions. [WRA]
A A
Study criticizes federal regulation of wetlands; corps
settles with environmental groups.
Zoning and Planning Law Report 7 n4 31-32 April, 1984
GEOGRAPHIC CODE: NNUS
JURISDICTION: United States
SIC CODE: 9611; 1629 [LRI]
SECTION 404 OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDHENTS OF 1977: HYDROLOG1C MODIFICATION, WETLANDS
PROTECTION AND THE PHYSICAL INTEGRITY OF THE NATION'S
WATERS
THOMPSON, EDWARD
HARVARD ENV LAW REVIEW, 1978, V2, P264 (24)
SURVEY REPORT
THE HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATION OF THE NATION'S STREAMS AND
WATERSHEDS (SUCH AS BY DREDGING AND FILLING OF WETLANDS) IS A
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM THAT HAS RECEIVED LESS ATTENTION THAN
IT SHOULD IN THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF
1972. SECTIONS 208 AND 404 OF THE ACT ADDRESS THE CONTROL OF
HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATION. A COURT DECISION IN NATURAL RESOURCES
DEFENSE COUNCIL VS. CALLAWAY REVEALED SEVERAL SIGNIFICANT ISSUES
THAT CONGRESS HAD NOT PREVIOUSLY ADDRESSED IN SECTION 404: THE
DESIRABILITY OF CASE BY CASE REVIEW WAS QUESTIONED; THE ISSUE
OF REGULATING HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATION AT THE STATE RATHER THAN
THE FEDERAL LEVEL WAS RAISED; AND THE FURTHER ADMINISTRATIVE
REVIEW OF CONGRESSIONALLY AUTHORIZED HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATIONS
WAS SUGGESTED. IN THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF
1977, CONGRESS CLARIFIED THESE ISSUES BY EXTENDING THE
APPLICABILITY OF SECTION 404 GUIDELINES TO GENERAL PERMITS FOR
HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATION, TO THE CONDUCT OF STATE 404
PROGRAMS, AND TO THE REVIEW OF FEDERAL WATER RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT. (NUMEROUS REFERENCES). [ENV]
76
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CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND ESTUARINE MANAGEMENT,
BANTA JOHN S.
CONSERVATION FOUNDATION,
OCEANUS, FALL 76, V19, N5, P64 (7)
SURVEY REPORT
THE CLASSIC CONSTITUTIONAL TEST FOR INVALIDITY OF LAND USE
REGULATIONS IS A BALANCING OF THE PUBLIC PURPOSE OF A
RESTRICTION AGAINST THE PRIVATE HARM BORNE BY A LANDOWNER. IF
THE BALANCE TIPS IN FAVOR OF THE LANDOWNER, THE REGULATION IS
UNCONSTITUTIONAL. THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RULE
APPLIED IN THE WATER AREAS OF ESTUARIES ARE DISCUSSED: THE
PUBLIC PURPOSE SERVED BY THE REGULATION THAT IS OPEN TO
CHALLENGE; COMPETING PUBLIC INTERESTS IN THE AFFECTED
PROPERTY (EASEMENTS, PUBLIC TRUST, NAVIGATION RIGHTS); AND LOSS
OF VALUE. BOTH THE MYTH OF UNFETTERED USE AND THE FEAR OF
UNCOMPENSATED PUBLIC USE OF PRIVATE LAND ARE ILL-FOUNDED.
REASONABLE PUBLIC REGULATION FOR A VALID PURPOSE-E.G.,
WETLANDS OR FLOOD HAZARD MANAGEMENT-DOES NOT FALL UNDER THE
CONSTITUTIONAL TAKING LIMITATION (5 PHOTOS). [ENV]
• Regulatory and Nonregulatory Legislation •
- General -
SAVING OUR NATION'S WETLANDS
CHAFEE,JOHN H. ; TEMPLE TRUMAN; BENFORADO JAY; ALM ALVIN L.
SENATOR (R-RI),
EPA J, OCT 83, V9, N2, (22)
AN OVERVIEW IS PROVIDED OF U.S. WETLANDS, LEGISLATION UNDER
CONSIDERATION THAT WILL PROTECT THESE AREAS, AND EPA
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND GOALS CONCERNING WETLANDS. WETLANDS
PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE SURVIVAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE, THE
MAINTENANCE OF WATER QUALITY, GROUND WATER RECHARGE, AND FLOOD
CONTROL. PRESENTLY, SOME ONE-HALF MILLION ACRES OF WETLANDS
ARE DESTROYED EACH YEAR BY VARIOUS MEANS. (NMUMEROUS DIAGRAMS,
PHOTOS) [ENV]
A A A
Federal Participation in Land Use Decision-Making at the
Water's Edge—Floodplains and Wetlands
Holmes, B. H.
Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Natural
77
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Resource Economics Div.
Natural Resources Lawyer, Vol 13, No 2, p 351-410, 1980.
338 Ref.
Land use regulation, traditionally the prerogative of states
and local governments, is increasingly a federal concern,
particularly in the sphere of water resources. The National
Environmental Policy Act and the Coastal Zone Management Act
of 1972 are examples of the Congress1 more recent attitudes
toward protection of water resources. In the past the federal
government has exerted control over shoreland land use through
the statutes on navigable waters, over which it has
jurisdiction. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972 provide one example of this. Judicial
decisions have promoted the extension of federal control over
land use as it affects water quality. Uses of flood plains are
also controlled by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, the
Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, other legislation,
and executive orders. Flood control projects, assistance in
flood plain management, disaster relief, and flood plain
acquisition are means of implementing these laws and
regulations. A unified national wetlands protection
management program is emerging from the piecemeal and
fragmented jurisdictions, involving many federal agencies.
Wetlands preservation is currently carried out through wetlands
acquisition, providing migratory bird habitats through the
Water Bank Program, the Corps of Engineers permit policy for
construction activities (including dredging), small watershed
management (discouraging channel improvement), the National
Environmental Policy Act, and the Endangered Species acts.
[WRA]
A A
WETLANDS PROTECTION: THE REGULATORY ROLE OF THE U.S. ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
WOOD, LANCE D. ; HILL, JOHN R.
USAGE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS,
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT J, 1978, V4, N4, P371 (36)
SURVEY REPORT
THE STATUTORY AUTHORITIES, JURISDICTIONAL LIMITATIONS, AND
EVOLUTION OF THE CURRENT USAGE REGULATIONS, WHICH EXPRESS A
STRONG POLICY TO PROTECT WETLANDS, ESTUARIES, AND TIDAL WATERS
FROM UNNECESSARY DREDGING, FILLING, OR OTHER ALTERATION, ARE
EXAMINED. USAGE ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURES ARE REVIEWED,
AND SEVERAL PRECEDENTIAL PERMIT CASES THAT HAVE DEVELOPED AND
IMPLEMENTED THE USAGE ''WETLANDS POLICY11 ARE INVESTIGATED.
CURRENT AND POTENTIAL POLICIES UNDERLYING THE REGULATORY
EFFORTS OF USAGE ARE DISCUSSED. (82 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE) [ENV]
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-404 Program of the Clean Water Act -
The taking of wetlands under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
Rapoport, Simeon D.
Environmental Law 17 nl 111-124 Fall, 1986
JURISDICTION: United States
STATUTE: Clean Water Act of 1977 [LRI]
A A A
WETLANDS PROTECTION AND THE NEGLECTED CHILD OF THE CLEAN
WATER ACT: A PROPOSAL FOR SHARED CUSTODY OF SECTION 404,
NAGLE ERIC W.
VIRGINIA J NATURAL RESOURCES LAW, FALL 85, V5, Nl, P227(31)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
SECTION 404 OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1977
IS A PRIMARY STATUTORY AUTHORITY FOR FEDERAL WETLANDS PROTECTION.
IT PROHIBITS DISCHARGE OF DREDGED OR FILL MATERIAL INTO WATERS
OR WETLANDS WITHOUT A USAGE PERMIT. THE PROGRAM HAS BEEN
CRITICIZED BY LAND USE PLANNERS AS BEING OVERLY RESTRICTIVE,
WHILE CONSERVATIONISTS CLAIM IT DOES NOT ADEQUATELY PROTECT
WETLANDS. THESE CONFLICTING CLAIMS ARE EXAMINED, AND A POSSIBLE
SOLUTION TO THE DEFICIENCIES OF THE SECTION 404 PROGRAM IS
PROPOSED. SOME LEGISLATIVE IMPROVEMENTS ARE RECOMMENDED. EPA,
THROUGH ITS SECTION 404(C) PROSPECTIVE VETO AUTHORITY, SHOULD
ASSUME A MORE ACTIVE ROLE IN THE PROGRAM BY IDENTIFYING
AND MAPPING IMPORTANT WETLANDS AND PROHIBITING THEIR
DESTRUCTION. [ENV]
A A A
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act: risks of regulatory reform.
Tomasello, Thomas G.
Florida Bar Journal 58 n4 232-234 April, 1984
JURISDICTION: United States
STATUTE: Clean Water Act of 1977
SIC CODE: 9511 [LRI]
A A A
WETLANDS PRESERVATION, FISH AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION, AND 404
REGULATION: A RESPONSE
BLUMH MICHAEL C.
LEWIS & CLARK COLLEGE,
LAND & WATER LAW REVIEW, 1983, V18, N2, P469 (21)
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THE PERMIT PROGRAM ESTABLISHED BY S404 OF THE FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF ' 1977 IS DEFENDED AGAINST CHARGES OF
BUREAUCRATIC RED TAPE AND OVER-REGULATION. THE VALUE OF
WETLANDS, FISH, AND WILDLIFE WARRANT A BROAD 404 JURISDICTIONAL
MANDATE AND A PLURALISTIC REVIEW PROCESS DESIGNED TO ASSURE THAT
THE BENEFITS OF AQUATIC DEVELOPMENTS EXCEED THEIR COSTS. THE
EXISTING PROGRAM HAS BOTH PRESERVED IMPORTANT ECOSYSTEMS
AND PRODUCED COST-EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENTS. [ENV]
Restoring the nation's wetlands: can the Clean Water Act's
dredge and fill guidelines do the job?
Eerretti, Joan M.
Pace Environmental Law Review 1 n2 105-122 Spr, 1983
JURISDICTION: United States
STATUTE: Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970
SIC CODE: 9511 [LRI]
Wetland Impact Assessment: Problems Under the Clean Water Act
Nelson, R. W.
Nelson (R. Wayne) and Associates, Inc., Boulder, CO.
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, p
25-40, March, 1983. 5 Fig, 13 Ref.
The thrust of current change in the wetland regulatory
strategy as initiated by the Army Corps of Engineers is to
concentrate the government's limited resources where they are
needed most, that is, where wetlands are clearly at high risk
from activities normally viewed as threatening. The more costly
approach calling for separate project permits, site-specific
impact assessments, and routine surveillance cannot be
justified from the standpoint of cost-effectiveness where
the proposed activities are relatively benign. The expanding
use of general permits covering these less damaging activities
may have to be tempered in several ways so the
ecologically valuable wetlands can still be protected,
especially from the unforeseen cumulative and compounding
, impacts that may result from many individually low risk
activities affecting the same natural system. Better
documentation is called for to support the premise that
activities brought under general permits really cannot
generate more than minor cumulative impacts as mandated by
, the EPA. Greater use of the Corps of Engineers' areawide
wetland review is suggested to assess cumulative effects where
many similar activities are allowed under generalb permits
within the same natural system. Instead of depending on the
80
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wetland review to uncover suspected cumulative impacts, it is
suggested that the natural areas having wetlands considered
unsuitable for a discharge of dredged or fill material because
of their high intrinsic ecological or public interest values
be identified in advance. General permits should be issued
strictly on a statewide basis, or perhaps by river basin or
other natural region, so critical differences around the country
are not ignored. [WRA]
A A
Reducing the Federal Role in Wetlands Protection
Wakefield, P.
Environment, Vol. 24, No. 10, p 6-13, 30-33, December,
1982. 8 Fig, 98 Ref.
A growing awareness that wetlands are both ecological and
economic resources has encouraged a stronger commitment to
wetlands management through state and federal legislation and
regulation. The major federal provision for wetlands protection,
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, has been put high on the
priority list by the Presidential Task Force on Regulatory
Relief. The debate currently reflects the larger question of the
proper role of the federal government in wetlands protection.
The National Wetlands Inventory Project, directed by the Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) was first established in 1974 and
expanded by the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Water Act to
provide comprehensive, scientifically determined data about the
extent and characteristics of the nation's wetlands. Although a
preliminary inventory report calls for further study
by an interdisciplinary team of scientists to
determine the causes and implications of the trends in
wetlands gains and losses, the potential importance of the
inventory for regulatory use is clear. New proposals designed
to reduce the regulatory burdens created by 404 include: reducing
404 jurisdiction to traditionally navigable waters;
reduce permit processing time; transfer more permitting
authority to the states; expand the use of general permits; and
reduce conflicting or overlapping policies and responsibilities.
The Clean Water Act is itself due for Congressional
reauthorization. Even so, any slowdowns in the flow of
regulatory changes are likely to be only temporary. [WRA]
A A A
CLEAN WATER: SECTION 404 DREDGE AND FILL PERMIT PROGRAM
COPELAND, CLAUDIA
US LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE REPORT
IB77026, SEP 21, 82 (12)
81
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SPECIAL REPORT
RECENT CONGRESSIONAL CONCERN HAS FOCUSED ON IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE SECTION 404 PROGRAM OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ACT OF 1977. THIS PROGRAM GOVERNS THE DISPOSAL OF DREDGE AND
FILL MATERIALS. THE PROGRAM AND THE ACT ARE DUE FOR
REAUTHORIZATION AND REVISION. CURRENT INTEREST IN REVISIONS
TO THE PROGRAM ARISES FROM TWO ISSUES: COMPLAINTS ABOUT LENGTHY
TIME DELAYS IN PERMIT ISSUANCE FOR DREDGE SPOIL DISPOSAL, AND
GENERAL DESIRE TO REDUCE SUCH UNNECESSARY AND BURDENSOME
FEDERAL REGULATIONS. A HISTORY OF THE PROGRAM, ADMINISTERED BY
USAGE, AND RELATED LEGISLATION PENDING IN CONGRESS ARE PRESENTED.
[ENV]
History, Practice and Emerging Problems of Wetlands Regulation:
Reconsidering Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
Parish, G. E.; Morgan, J. M.
Popham, Haik, Schnobrich, Kaufman and Doty Ltd., Denver, CO.
Land and Water Law Review, Vol 17, No 1, p 43-84, 1982. 138
Footnotes.
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act required potential
dischargers to secure permits from the Corps of Engineers before
dredge or fill materials are dumped into navigable waters.
Securing a permit is very difficult, entailing complex
application procedures and involvement with several federal
agencies. This paper examines the Section's deviations from
the Congressional purpose and constitutional foundations of
water law, the process problems involved in securing a
permit, and suggestions for facilitating the process.
Jurisdictional problems arise in the definition of whether a
wetland is water and which waters are considered navigable.
Permits are not needed for dredged and fill material from several
specified activities such as agriculture, structure maintenance,
and construction of irrigation or drainage ditches and ponds.
General permits, allowing some activities to take place
without going through the application process, were intended to
simplify the process but have produced the opposite result.
Standards for permit review have been broken down into 12
general policies, the most important of which are public
wildlife. Permit processing procedures are described for
routine cases and cases in which controversy is expected.
Suggestions for reform are discussed under the categories:
legislative (Jurisdictional, permit standards, permit
procedures reform) and alternatives to wetland protection
(regulatory* and nonregulatory). [WRA]
82
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THE CLEAN WATER ACT'S SECTION 404 PERMIT PROGRAM ENTERS ITS
ADOLESCENCE: AN INSTITUTIONAL AND PROGRAMMATIC PERSPECTIVE,
BLUMM MICHAEL C.
LEWIS & CLARK LAW SCHOOL,
ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY, 1980, V8, N3, P409 (64)
TECHNICAL REPORT
SECTION 404 FOR THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1977
REGULATES THE ADDITION OF SOLID WASTES AND DREDGED MATERIAL INTO
WATER BODIES. THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE VARIOUS FEDERAL
AGENCIES AUTHORIZED TO ENFORCE SECTION 404 PROVISIONS, WHICH
AFFECT MANY DIVERSE ACTIVITIES, ARE DISCUSSED. EPA, USAGE, AND
STATE AND LOCAL RESPONSIBILITIES ARE SURVEYED. EPA MUST
PROMULGATE 404 GUIDELINES THAT PROVIDE SUFFICIENTLY DETAILED
GUIDANCE TO USAGE AND STATES THAT INCONSISTENT PERMIT DECISIONS
ARE -MINIMIZED. [ENV]
FEDERAL PROTECTION OF WETLANDS THROUGH LEGAL PROCESS
MYHRUM CHRISTOPHER B.
BOSTON COLLEGE ENV AFFAIRS LAW REVIEW, 1979, V7, N4, P567 (61)
SURVEY REPORT
A GROWING APPRECIATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS
HAS CULMINATED IN A COMPREHENSIVE FEDERAL PROGRAM THAT EXTENDS
SECTION 404 OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1972
TO REGULATE DISCHARGE OF DREDGED AND FILL MATERIAL INTO
WETLAND AREAS. DESPITE THE INCREASING AWARENESS OF THE VALUE
OF WETLANDS, INITIAL STATE REGULATORY EFFORTS WERE UNABLE TO
COPE WITH WETLANDS DESTRUCTION. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF SECTION 404 TO PROVIDE FEDERAL PROTECTION OF
WETLAND AREAS IS DESCRIBED. (299 REFERENCES) [ENV]
- Coastal Zone Management -
ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL REGIME IN THE UNITED STATES PERTAINING TO
COASTAL ZONES,
MEAGHER, STEPHEN W. ; PEMBROKE JOHN
(OHIO POWER SITING COMMISSION),
ERISTICS, MAR-APR 82, V49, N293, P156 (4)
SURVEY REPORT
SIGNIFICANT FEDERAL STATUTES GOVERNING COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT IN THE U.S. ARE THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972 AND THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS
83
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OF 1977. THE LATTER REAFFIRMS THE RESPONSIBILITY AND
REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF USAGE AND EPA OVER THE DISCHARGE OF
DREDGED AND OTHER FILL MATERIALS INTO NAVIGABLE WATERS. THE
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972 AUTHORIZES STATES TO
IMPLEMENT FEDERALLY-APPROVED COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS. [ENV]
A A
THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT: AN INITIAL
ASSESSMENT
NOAA OFFICE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT REPORT, MAR 79 (63)
SPECIAL REPORT
THE • RESULTS OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN THE 13 STATES
THAT HAVE RECEIVED GRANTS IN THE LAST FIVE YEARS UNDER PROVISIONS
OF THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1976 ARE DISCUSSED.
RESULTS SHOW THAT ADDITIONAL ATTENTION IS NOW BEING GIVEN
TO THE PROTECTION OF COASTAL WETLANDS, DUNES AND BEACHES, AND
OTHER SIGNIFICANT NATURAL RESOURCES. THERE ARE INDICATIONS THAT
COASTAL DEVELOPMENT IS BEING MANAGED MORE RATIONALLY NOW THAN
BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACT. STATES AND LOCALITIES ARE
TAKING STEPS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL PROTECTION OF THE
CULTURAL, AESTHETIC, AND HISTORIC RESOURCES FOUND IN COASTAL
AREAS. IN AN INCREASING NUMBER OF STATES, STEPS ARE BEING
TAKEN TO SIMPLIFY AND STREAMLINE THE PERMITTING PROCESS FOR
COASTAL DEVELOPMENT CONSISTENT WITH STATE COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT POLICIES. (5 TABLES) [ENV]
4 A
WETLANDS PROTECTION AND COASTAL PLANNING: AVOIDING THE PERILS OF
POSITIVE CONSISTENCY
BLUMM MICHAEL C.
LEWIS & CLARK LAW SCHOOL,
COLUMBIA J ENV LAW, FALL 78, V5, Nl, P69 (28)
SURVEY REPORT
ATTEMPTS TO UNDERMINE WETLANDS PROTECTION AFFORDED UNDER SECTION
404 OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMMENDMENTS OF
1972 ARE FOCUSING ON THE STATE PROGRAMS FUNDED UNDER THE COASTAL
ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE
FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT AND
THE SECTION 404 PERMIT PROGRAM COULD HELP TO MINIMIZE WETLANDS
PLANNING CONFLICTS. BASIC SIMILARITIES IN THE TWO PROGRAMS ARE
OUTLINED, AND DIFFERENCES ARE NOTED. THE IMPACT OF THE COASTAL
ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ON REGULATORY ACTIVITIES UNDER
SECTION 404 ARE SURVEYED. MISINTERPRETATION OF THE
CONSISTENCY PROVISIONS CAN WEAKEN FEDERAL WETLANDS
84
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PROTECTION. THROUGH RECOGNITION IN STATE COASTAL PROGRAMS OF
FEDERAL WETLANDS PROTECTION STANDARDS, SUCH MISINTERPRETATIONS
COULD BE AVOIDED. STATE PROGRAMS THAT FAIL TO INCORPORATE THESE
STANDARDS SHOULD NOT RECEIVE FEDERAL FUNDING. THOSE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DESIGN, REVIEW, IMPLEMENTATION, AND
OVERSIGHT OF STATE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS CAN ENSURE
COMPATIBILITY WITH NATIONAL WETLANDS PROTECTION STANDARDS.
(NUMEROUS REFERENCES) [ENV]
A A A
STATES' INTEREST IN LAND USE
. SPICER, BRADLEY E. ; BRAUD DEWITT H. ; BORDELON JOHN M.
LOUISIANA STATE PLANNING OFFICE
PRESENTED AT SOIL CONSERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA NATL SYM,
OMAHA, MAR 21-24, 77, P405 (7)
SURVEY REPORT
ALTHOUGH NUMEROUS FEDERAL PROGRAMS HAVE LAND USE
IMPLICATIONS, ONLY FOUR ARE RELATIVELY BROAD IN PERSPECTIVE:
SECTIONS 208 AND 404 OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
OF 1978, SECTIONS 305, 306, AND 308 OF THE COASTAL ZONE
MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972, AND SECTION 701 OF THE HOUSING AND
URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACT. THE NATURE OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT LAND USE SECTIONS IS OUTLINED.
FEW STATES ACTUALLY HAVE COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANNING.
FEDERAL PROGRAMS PROVIDE INCENTIVES. EFFECT OF THE LAWS ON
LOUISIANA IS MENTIONED. [ENV]
- Coastal Barrier Act -
THE COASTAL BARRIER RESOURCES ACT AND THE EXPENDITURES
LIMITATION APPROACH TO NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION: WAVE
OF THE FUTURE OR ISLAND UNTO ITSELF?
KUEHN ROBERT R.
US COURT OF APPEALS, ELEVENTH CIRCUIT,
ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY, 1984, Vll, N4, P583(88)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
COASTAL BARRIERS ALONG THE ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS ARE BECOMING
URBANIZED AT TWICE THE NATIONAL RATE, IN PART BECAUSE OF MASSIVE
AID FROM FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR DEVELOPMENT. BY ENCOURAGING
DEVELOPMENT, FEDERAL AID OFTEN HAS CONTRIBUTED Tq DEGRADATION
OF NATURAL RESOURCES ON BARRIERS. IN RESPONSE TO THIS SITUATION,
THE COASTAL BARRIERS RESOURCES ACT WAS ENACTED IN 1982. NEW
FEDERAL EXPENDITURES WITHIN DESIGNATED COASTAL BARRIER AREAS
85
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ARE NOW LIMITED. THE UNIQUE FISCAL APPROACH TO NATURAL
RESOURCE CONSERVATION EMPLOYED IN THE ACT IS ANALYZED. THE
EXPENDITURE BAN ATTEMPTS TO DETER RESOURCE-DESTRUCTIVE
ACTIVITIES BY MAKING THEM MORE EXPENSIVE. ( 45 REFERENCES)..
IENV]
- Food Security Act -
Swampbusting in Perspective
Heimlich, R. E.; Langner, L. L.
Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Natural
Resource Economics Div.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 41, No. 4, p
219-224, July-August 1986. 16 ref.
Provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198)
that affect conversion of wetlands to agricultural uses are
discussed, including trends in wetland conversion, land cover
on remaining non-federal wetlands, wetland values (fish and
wildlife, ecological, socioeconomic), estimation of economic
values, and a review of problems in six wetland areas in the
United States that are most threatened by agricultural
conversion. These areas are: South Florida, prairie
potholes, Nebraska's sandhills and rainwater basins, North
Carolina pocosin, and western riparian wetlands. These six
areas and six additional areas accounted for 50% of all
nonfederal wetlands in 1982, they contained 79% of the wetlands
judged as having high potential and 61% judged as having
medium potential for conversion. 'Swampbuster' provisions of
the new law will only be an effective deterrent to
conversion in areas where farm programs offer important
subsidies and where participation is high. [WRA]
A A A
THE SWAMPBUSTER PROVISIONS OF THE FOOD SECURITY ACT OF 1985:
STRONGER WETLAND CONSERVATION IF PROPERLY IMPLEMENTED AND
ENFORCED
TRIPP JAMES T. ; DUDEK DANIEL J.
ENV DEFENSE FUND, NY,
ENV LAW REPORTER, MAY 86, V16, N5, P10120(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
THE FOOD SECURITY ACT OF 1985 . CONTAINS SEVERAL IMPORTANT
ADDITIONS TO THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. THE SWAMPBUSTER
PROVISIONS OF THE ACT DEPRIVE FARMERS WHO FILL WETLANDS TO
EXPAND THEIR ACREAGE UNDER CULTIVATION OF FEDERAL SUPPORTS FOR
86
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ALL THEIR CROPS ON ALL THEIR LANDS. PRIOR TO THE RECENT
LEGISLATION, FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES HAD WORKED AGAINST
FEDERAL WETLAND PROTECTION POLICIES. THESE NEW PROVISIONS
ARE REVIEWED, HIGHLIGHTING HOW THEY CAN BE EFFECTIVE DETERRENTS
TO THE CONVERSION OF WETLAND TO FARMLAND WHILE FEDERAL
AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES CONTINUE. VIGOROUS IMPLEMENTATION AND
ENFORCEMENT OF THE ACT'S PROVISIONS IS ADVOCATED IN ORDER TO
REALIZE SUCH PROTECTION. [ENV]
- Rivers and Harbors Appropriations Act -
FEDERAL WETLANDS LAW: THE CASES AND THE PROBLEMS
WANT WILLIAM L.
HARVARD ENV LAW REVIEW, 1984, V8, Nl, PI (54)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
THE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS IS BRIEFLY REVIEWED,
AND THE ESSENTIAL PROCEDURAL AND SUBSTANTIVE ASPECTS OF FEDERAL
WETLANDS LAW ARE ADDRESSED. THE SCOPE OF USAGE JURISDICTION
OVER THE TWO PRINCIPAL FEDERAL STATUTES PROTECTING
WETLANDS IS EXAMINED; CANAL DEVELOPMENT, DREDGING OPERATIONS,
AND WATER POLLUTION STANDARDS ARE COVERED BY THE RIVERS & HARBORS
ACT OF 1976 AND THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF
1977. SEVERAL ASPECTS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW OF USAGE WETLANDS
PERMIT DECISIONS ARE ALSO CONSIDERED. DEFENSES AND RELIEF
AVAILABLE IN WETLANDS CASES ARE ILLUSTRATED BY REFERENCE TO
RECENT LITIGATION. (NUMEROUS REFERENCES). [ENV]
A A
SECTIONS 9 AND 10 OP THE RIVERS AND HARBORS ACT OF 1899: POTENT
TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
BARKER NEIL J., EDITOR
ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY, 197.6, V6, Nl, P109 (51)
COMMENTARY THE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF THE RIVERS AND HARBORS ACT
OF 1899 IS ANALYZED TO PROVE ITS CURRENT APPLICABILITY FOR
THE PRESERVATION OF WETLANDS AND THE RESTRICTION OF WATERFRONT
DEVELOPMENT. ALTHOUGH THE LAW DID NOT ENVISION THE NEED TO
REGULATE INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT TOt PRESERVE
THE ENVIRONMENT, ITS ORIGINAL PROVISIONS WERE OF SUCH* A BROAD
BASE THAT, FOR MOST PURPOSES, IT CAN BE READILY UTILIZED FOR
IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS. ONE MAJOR DRAWBACK OF THE
ACT IS THE INABILITY OF USAGE TO USE THE LAW FOR REGULATORY
PURPOSES AFTER THE CORPS HAS ISSUED A PERMIT FOR WATERFRONT
CONSTRUCTION. [ENV]
87
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- State Legislation and Regulation -
CALIFORNIA'S COASTAL PROGRAM: LARGER-THAN-LOCAL INTERESTS
BUILT INTO LOCAL PLANS
FISCHER MICHAEL L.
CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION,
AMERICAN PLANNING ASSN J, SUMMER 85, V51, N3, P312(10)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
THE CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION HAS DEVELOPED BINDING
PARTNERSHIPS, IN THE FORM OF CERTIFIED LOCAL COASTAL PROGRAMS,
WITH MANY OF THE 67 CITY AND COUNTY GOVERNMENTS ALONG THE STATE'S
1100 MI COASTLINE. TWO ASPECTS OF THE STATE'S COASTAL
PROGRAM HAVE PROVED TO BE CRITICAL IN ACHIEVING PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT SUCCESS: THE NURTURING OF STATE/LOCAL RELATIONSHIPS
AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT COASTAL CONSERVANCY
AGENCY. ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT INCLUDE WETLAND RESTORATION,
PROVISION OF PUBLIC ACCESS, AND TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT CREDITS.
[ENV]
Select State Inland Wetland Protection Laws. A Review of the
State Laws and Their Natural Resource Data Requirements
Sponsored by NASA.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Klein, S. B.
National Conference of State Legislatures, Denver, CO.
Corp. Source Codes: 050418000; NH858063
Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, DC. Report No.: NASA-CR-164144
Nov 80 99p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 STAR1912
Country of Publication: United States
Although many states afford some measure of protection for
wetland areas through flood-plain regulations or through
programs for coastal areas, shorelands, scenic and wild rivers
or pollution control, few states have programs that adequately
deal with conservation of wetlands. Only 16 states have
legislation specifically regulating development or use of
wetlands. Most of the wetland acts apply only to coastal
wetlands, several to inland wetlands and three acts apply to
both. Many other states are still regulating wetland use
.through the dredge and fill and/or critical area program.
Several offer tax incentives to property owners to encourage
protection of wetlands or broader open spaces. Many states
have acquired wetlands for park and wildlife purposes and a
88
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large measure of wetland protection is achieved by the very
restrictive controls applied to floodways areas. Direct
floodplain or floodway regulations or state standards for
local regulations were adopted in 24 states but protection of
ecological values of wetlands is rarely an explicit
objective of these programs. Scenic and wild river programs
adopted in one half of the states provide some protection for
wetland areas. [WRA]
A A A
GEORGIA'S APPROACH TO COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
REIMOLD, ROBERT J. ; CONNALLY LINDA D.
GEORGIA DEPT OF NATURAL RESOURCES,
PRESENTED AT WILDLIFE MANAGE INST NORTH AMERICA
WILDLIFE & NATURAL RESOURCES 54TH CONF, MIAMI BEACH, MAR
22-26, 80, P181 (7)
TECHNICAL FEATURE
GEORGIA, WITH MORE THAN 100 MI OF SHORELINE AND MORE SALT
MARSHES THAN ANY OTHER EAST COAST STATE, HAS HAD A HEAD
START ON RECOGNIZING THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT. ALL SALTWATER WETLANDS
ACTIVITIES ARE REGULATED, AS MANDATED IN THE STATE'S
MARSHLANDS PROTECTION ACT OF 1970. GUIDELINES FOR PERMIT
EVALUATION INCLUDE REVIEW OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST,
THE WATER-DEPENDENT NATURE OF THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY, AND
PUBLIC RECREATIONAL BENEFIT. RELEVANT PROGRAMS SEEK TO
RESOLVE CONFLICTS BETWEEN NATURAL-RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN A WAY THAT ENSURES THE GREATEST LONG-TERM
INCREASE IN PUBLIC BENEFIT. [ENV]
A A A
STATE ROLE IN WETLANDS PROTECTION; PROTECTING WETLANDS
PERMANENTLY
ROSENBAUM, NELSON ; FIX MICHAEL
URBAN INST, WASH DC,
ENV COMMENT, JUL 78, P9 (6)
TECHNICAL FEATURE
STATE REGULATION OF U.S. WETLANDS IS.SURVEYED FOR METHODOLOGY
AND STRINGENCY. FOURTEEN STATES HAVE ENACTED WETLANDS STATUTES;
ALL BUT MISSISSIPPI ARE LOCATED ON THE EAST COAST. MOST
EMPLOY PERMIT PROCESSES FOR CONTROLLING ACCESS AND DEVELOPMENT.
STATUTORY STRINGENCY IN 16 STATES IS DETERMINED FROM THREE
CRITERIA: DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING PERMITS; STATUTE
PRECISION AND SPECIFICITY; AND THE SIZE OF PENALTIES IMPOSED
89
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FOR VIOLATING THE STATUTES. THE RANDOM PATTERN OF
STRINGENCY REFLECTS DISCRETE AND HURRIED BARGAINING IN STATE
GOVERNMENTS. OBSTACLES TO STATE ENFORCEMENT AND THE
EMERGENCE OF A FEDERAL WETLANDS PROGRAM ARE DISCUSSED.
PERMANENT LIMITATION TO DEVELOPMENT IS ACHIEVED THROUGH
RESTRICTIVE ORDER STATUTES. MASSACHUSETTS HAS ENACTED
RESTRICTIVE STATUTES TO PROTECT ITS ENDANGERED COASTAL AND INLAND
WETLANDS. THE GREATER INITIAL COSTS OF RESTRICTIVE STATUTES
ARE WEIGHED AGAINST LONG-TERM BENEFITS. (3 PHOTOS, 4 TABLES).
[ENV]
Planning
THE GREAT LAKES: SHORELINES NEW AND OLD
BORIE LOUIS
VERMONT NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL,
NATURE CONSERVANCY NEWS, JUL-AUG 85, V35, N4, P14(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT ECOSYSTEMS AND THREATENED PLANTS .AND
ANIMALS HAVE BEEN PROTECTED BY THE NATURE CONSERVANCY'S
LAND PRESERVATION PROGRAM IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION. MANY
DUNE AND WETLAND COMMUNITIES HAVE BEEN DESIGNATED AS
SANCTUARIES. THESE AREAS SERVE AS NESTING AND FEEDING GROUNDS
FOR MANY SPECIES OF FISH AND WATERFOWL. FORESTED AND BEACH
LANDS ARE ALSO BEING PRESERVED TO AVOID THE ADVERSE IMPACTS OF
INDUSTRIAL, RESIDENTIAL, AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. [ENV]
BRIGHT FUTURE FOR A DESERT REFUGIUM
SCHWARTZ ANNE
NATURE CONSERVANCY NEWS, SEP-OCT 84, V34, N5, P13(5)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
OVER 12,000 DESERT-WETLAND ACRES PURCHASED BY THE NATURE
CONSERVANCY IN THE MOJAVE DESERT WERE TURNED OVER TO FWS, WHICH
WILL MANAGE IT AS A WILDLIFE REFUGE. PROTECTION OF THIS OASIS
WILL SAVE FROM EXTINCTION NEARLY TWO DOZEN PLANT AND ANIMAL
SPECIES FOUND NOWHERE ELSE ON EARTH. THE LARGE NUMBER OF
ENDEMIC SPECIES IS DISCUSSED; PLANTS THAT ARE CANDIDATES FOR
ENDANGERED STATUS ARE IDENTIFIED. ( 5 PHOTOS, ) [ENV]
90
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DEALING WITH NATURE
SCHUELER DONALD G.
ORION, WINTER 83, V2, Nl, P20 (7)
FEATURES OF THE NATURE CONSERVANCY THAT DISTINGUISH IT FROM THE
MORE THAN 1200 NONPROFIT ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS THRIVING IN
THE U.S. ARE EXAMINED. NEARLY ALL ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS ARE
CONCERNED WITH SAVING NATURAL AREAS FROM DESTRUCTIVE
EXPLOITATION AND THEIR TACTICS USUALLY INVOLVE LOBBYING,
LAWSUITS, PUBLIC PROTESTS, OR MARSHALLING SCIENTIFIC TESTIMONY.
THE NATURE CONSERVANCY INSTEAD PROTECTS CRITICAL HABITATS BY
BUYING, SELLING, TRADING, OR LEASING LAND AND WETLANDS.
ECOLOGICAL ASSETS ARE INVENTORIED AND THEIR RELATIVE VALUE
ASSESSED BEFORE ANY OTHER STEPS ARE TAKEN. INCREASINGLY,
PROPERTIES ARE .BEING DONATED TO THE CONSERVANCY AS OUTRIGHT
GIFTS. THE FUTURE OF PRIVATE CONSERVATION IN THE U.S. IS
HIGHLIGHTED. EFFORTS OF THE HERITAGE PROGRAMS TO IDENTIFY AND
PROTECT RARE ECOLOGICAL ELEMENTS WITHIN A STATE'S BORDERS ARE
EXPLAINED. (7 PHOTOS) [ENV]
A A A
OUR NATIONAL WETLAND HERITAGE: A PROTECTION GUIDEBOOK
KUSLER JON A.
ENV LAW INST REPORT, 1983, (167)
INFORMATION IS PRESENTED FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS,
CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS, LANDOWNERS, AND OTHERS INTERESTED
IN THE PROTECTION OF WETLANDS THROUGH LOCAL ACTION. THE
COMPILATION REFLECTS A CAREFUL LITERATURE REVIEW, A SURVEY
OF LOCAL WETLAND PROTECTION PROGRAMS, AN EXAMINATION OF
ALL REPORTED WETLAND CASES, SYMPOSIUM PAPERS, AND
INTERVIEWS. WETLAND VALUES AND THE NEED FOR PROTECTING THESE
ECOSYSTEMS ARE OUTLINED. ORIGINS AND TYPES OF WETLANDS AND
VARIOUS PROTECTION TECHNIQUES ARE EXPLAINED. OTHER TOPICS
ADDRESSED INCLUDE PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS OF PROTECTION,
DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL EVALUATIONS, STATE AND FEDERAL PROTECTION
EFFORTS, ZONING AND OTHER LOCAL REGULATIONS, AND WETLAND
PROTECTION BY THE PRIVATE SECTOR. (NUMEROUS DIAGRAMS, PHOTOS,
REFERENCES, TABLES). [ENV]
A A A
Landsat's Role in State Coastal Management Programs
Prepared in Cooperation with the Council of State
Planning Agencies, Washington, D.C. Erts.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC.
Corp. Source Codes: 011249000; NC452981
Report No.: E81-10147; NASA-TM-82381
Oct 79 18p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 ___
Country of Publication: United States "~
The framework for state programs found in the Coastal Zone
Management Act and examples of state opportunities to use
LANDSAT are presented. Present activities suggest that LANDSAT
remote sensing can be an efficient, effective tool for land
use planning and coastal zone management. [NTIS]
- Comprehensive Planning -
THE PROBLEM OF PEOPLE: CRITICAL AREAS AND FLOATING ZONES
IN THE CHESAPEAKE,
KENNEY JAMES A.
BRISCOE KENNEY KAMINETZ & LACER,
VIRGINIA J NATURAL RESOURCES LAW, SPRING 85, V4, N2, P209(10)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
MARYLAND'S CHESAPEAKE BAY CRITICAL AREA ACT OF 1984 AUTHORIZES
LOCAL JURISDICTIONS TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT PROGRAMS TO CONTROL
THE USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SENSITIVE SHORELINE AREAS,
WHICH THE ACT DESIGNATES CRITICAL AREA. THE ACT ADVOCATES
CONTROLLED GROWTH AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT, AND REQUIRES LOCAL
PROGRAMS TO CONTAIN MEASURES DESIGNED TO MINIMIZE ADVERSE
IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY AND LIMIT LAND AREA DEVOTED TO
BUILDINGS AND ROADS. THE TRADITIONAL EUCLIDIAN ZONING FRAMEWORK
EMPLOYED IN THE STATE HAS BEEN DISCARDED IN FAVOR OF THE MORE
FLEXIBLE FLOATING ZONE CONCEPT. THIS CONCEPT PERMITS CERTAIN
LAND USES IN ACCORDANCE WITH AN OVERALL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR A
DESIGNATED AREA OF LAND WITHOUT REQUIRING A LEGISLATIVE
DETERMINATION OF CHANGE AT THE TIME OF A COMPREHENSIVE
REZONING. (38 REFERENCES). [ENV]
A A A
THE NEED TO MOVE FROM MITIGATION TO MULTI-OBJECTIVE PLANNING
CUTLER M. RUPERT
PRESENTED AT AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY/ET AL MITIGATION
SYM, FORT COLLINS, JUL 16-20, 79, P54 (5)
SURVEY REPORT
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A MULTIOBJECTIVE, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO PROJECT PLANNING
IS SUGGESTED AS A MEANS OF INTEGRATING CONCERN FOR WILDLIFE
WELFARE INTO INITIAL PROJECT DESIGN. THIS APPROACH CAN BE USED
TO: IDENTIFY PROJECT GOALS; EXCHANGE EXPERIENCES AND TEST
RESULTS; MONITOR CONDITIONS AND EVALUATE ACTIONS AFTER
CONSTRUCTION; AND COLLECT AND INTERPRET DATA ABOUT IMPACTS AND
VALUES IN A WAY THAT IMPROVES RATHER THAN DESTROYS WILDLIFE
HABITAT. APPLICATION OF THE MULTIOBJECTIVE APPROACH TO SEVERAL
USDA-AIDED PROGRAMS IS DESCRIBED. THE PROGRAMS WERE IMPROVED
SIGNIFICANTLY AND DEMONSTRATED FULL CONCERN FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT.
[ENV]
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