United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Information Services
and Library
Washington DC 20460
EPA/IMSD/88-014
December 1988
xvEPA Bibliographic Series
Indoor Radon
Pollution: Update
-------
INDOOR RADON POLLUTION : UPDATE
DECEMBER 1988
BY
SHEILA A. RICHARD
Headquarters Library Staff
Information Services Branch
Information Management and Services Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W. PM-211A
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 382-5822
s" <• o ?roteot J on
-------
RADON BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Radon has become an increasingly important topic in recent
years. EPA is concerned about the increased risk of lung cancer
to those who are exposed to radon in their homes and in their
work environment.
Radon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, radioactive gas
that occurs naturally in soil gas, underground water, and outdoor
air. It exists at various levels thoughout the United States.
This bibliography, which is an update of Indoor Radon Pollution.
has been compiled by Sheila Richard, Reference Librarian at the
EPA Headquarters Library. Pertinent online databases have been
searched and citations were selected for their relevance to EPA's
radon program.
The bibliography focuses on indoor radon pollution problems
and is organized according to the following major topic areas: I-
Overview (covering general areas such as law and policy, popular
press, communication and education, indoor air and books); II-
Health Effects (epidemiology, risk estimates, and dosimetry);
Ill-Exposure (house construction, geology, source, physical
properties, and radon in water); IV-Surveys (national and
international case studies); V-Mitigation; and VI-Measurement
Techniques. Section VII-Appendix, lists State Contacts.
Most recent citations are listed first in each section, with
the citations in this update covering January 1986-September
1988.
A descriptive abstract is included with each article
citation. The source of the abstract is noted by an alphabetic
code enclosed in parenthesis at the end of the entry. The
databases and codes abbreviations are listed below:
(BIO) Biosis Previews
Biosciences Information Services
2100 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
(EMB) Embase
User Education Officer
Elsevier Science Publishers/Excerpta Medica
52 Vanderbilt Avenue
New York, NY 10017
-------
(BIB)
(ENV)
(ERIC)
(GEO)
(MED)
(MI)
(NNI)
(NTIS)
(OSH)
(PAIS)
Environmental Bibliography
Environmental Studies Institute
2074 Alameda Padre Sierra
Santa Barbara, CA 93103
Enviroline
Environment Information Center, Inc.
292 Madison Ave.
New York, NY 10017
Educational Resources Information Center
U.S. Department of Education
Washington, DC 20208
Georef
American Geological Institute
One Skyline Place
5205 Leesburg Pike
Falls Church, VA 22041
Medline
Medlars Management Section
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20209
Magazine Index
Information Access Company
11 Davis Drive
Belmont, CA 94002
Newspaper Abstracts
UMI, Inc.
Ann Arbor, MI
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22041
Occupational Safety & Health
Technical Information Branch
National Institute for Occupational
and Health
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226
Safety
Public Affairs Information Service, Inc.
521 West 43rd Street
New York, NY 10036
-------
(POL) Pollution Abstracts
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
5161 River Road
Bethesda, MD 20816
(SCI) Scisearch
Online Customer Service Representative
Institute for Scientific Information
University City Science Center
3501 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(WRA) Water Resources Abstracts
Office of Water Research and Technology
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20240
(SMH) Smoking and Health
Technical Information Center
Office of Smoking and Health
Park Building, Room 1-16
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857
Those abstracts provided by the library have two alphabetic
codes, the first listing the source of the citation and the
second the provider of the abstract: either AUTH for author
abstract as obtained through examining the hard copy of the
article or HQL for abstract provided by the Headquarters Library.
The library staff wishes to thank Dr. Richard C. Cothern,
Executive Secretary for the Environmental Health Committee of the
Science Advisory Board, US EPA, for his advice and direction in
the development of this bibliography.
For additional information, you may wish to contact the EPA
Office of Radiation Programs at (202) 557-9710, or your state
radon contact (see the list of State Radon Contacts in the
Appendix) or the Headquarters Library at (202) 382-5922.To obtain
a copy of the original Indoor Radon Pollution bibliography, you
may contact the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at
(800) 336-4700 or write to them at 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA 22161. The order number for the bibliography is
PB 86-139375/AS.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Overview
A. Background Information. 1
B. Law and Policy 7
C. Popular Press 15
D. Communication and Education 19
E. Indoor Air 21
F. Books and Conference Proceedings 32
II. Health Effects
A. Epidemiology 37
B. Risk Estimates 47
C. Dosimetry 54
III. Exposure
A. House Construction 57
B. Geology/Geography 67 .
C. Source « 76-
D. Physical Properties 82
E. Radon in Water 89
IV. Surveys
A. National 101
1. U.S. Regional - West 115
2. U.S. Regional - East 118
3. U.S. Regional - South 123
B. International
1. Asia 128
2 . Europe 131
V. Mitigation 143
VI. Measurement Techniques 169
VII. Appendix
State Radon Contacts
-------
I. OVERVIEW
A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Controlling indoor air pollution.
Nero, Anthony V., Jr.
Scientific American v258 p42(7) May, 1988
CODEN: SCAMAC
illustration; photograph; chart
Airborne combustion products, toxic chemicals and
radioactivity are more concentrated indoors than outdoors.
Should indoor air be regulated? If so, how? Putting the risks
in perspective helps to answer both questions. (MAG)(HQL)
THE PENNSYLVANIA RADON STORY
GERUSKY THOMAS M.
PENNSYLVANIA DEPT ENV RESOURCES,
J ENV HEALTH, JAN-FEB 87, V49, N4, P197(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE IN DECEMBER 1984, THE PENNSYLVANIA BUREAU
OF RADIATION PROTECTION WAS NOTIFIED OF A HOME IN EASTERN
PENNSYLVANIA HAVING THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF RADON DAUGHTERS EVER
REPORTED FOR A PRIVATE RESIDENCE: 2600 PCI/L OF RADON GAS. A
DECISION WAS MADE TO RECOMMEND THAT THE OCCUPANTS VACATE THE
RESIDENCE, AND A DOOR-TO-DOOR SURVEY CAMPAIGN REVEALED ADDITIONAL
HOMES WITH ELEVATED RADON LEVELS. THE BUREAU RESPONDED WITH A
MASSIVE RADON MONITORING, EDUCATIONAL, AND REMEDIATION EFFORT.
AS OF NOVEMBER 1986, OVER 18,000 HOMES HAD BEEN SCREENED FOR
RADON DAUGHTERS, OF WHICH ABOUT 59% WERE FOUND TO HAVE LEVELS IN
EXCESS OF THE 0.020 WORKING LEVEL GUIDELINE. (5 REFERENCES, 3
TABLES) (ENV)
Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy
Coordination: Third Annual Report, July 1, 1986 to June 30,
1987
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Inc., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021305000; 4828000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORAU-87/J-78
30 Jun 87 15p
Languages: English
-------
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8810;
NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-760R00033
During its third year the Committee on Interagency Radiation
Research and Policy Coordination (CIRRPC) issued two reports of
national importance and addressed 12 issues, six of which will be
discussed in reports scheduled for issuance within the first
several months of its fourth year of operation. The two reports
are the report on the guidance for US policy on use of the
international system of units for radiation quantities and
measurements, issued in December 1986, and the report identifying
the radiation exposure issues associated with the exposure to
radon naturally occurring in houses and buildings, issued in
August 1986. A listing of the Executive Committee members,
agencies' representatives, science panel members and science and
policy panel participants are contained in section IV. A.
CIRRPC's reporting and organizational structure and Oak Ridge
Associated Universities (ORAU) technical assistance staff is
contained in section IV.B. (ERA citation 13:011639) (NTIS)
THE INDOOR RADON PROBLEM EXPLAINED FOR THE LAYMAN (ENGLISH)
HOPKE PK
UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT CIVIL ENGN/URBANA//IL/61801; UNIV
ILLINpIS, DEPT NUCL ENGN/URBANA//IL/61801; UNIV ILLINOIS,
INST ENVIRONM STUDIES/URBANA//IL/61801
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES, V331, P572-586, 1987
**See full citation in the BOOKS Section I. D.** (SCI)
Indoor radon: a residential radiation dilemma.
Brown DH
NC Med J (United States) Jan 1987 48(1) p25-7
Radon is not a new health hazard, it has existed for longer
than humankind itself. The real questions posed are: how much of
the non-smoking related lung cancer may be due to indoor radon,
and what steps can be taken to reduce its incidence rate. (MED)
(HQL)
Indoor radon called a national problem
Mose, D.
George Mason Univ., Dep. Geol., Fairfax, VA, USA
Geotimes 32: 7, 1987 9-llp.
Country of Publ.: United States
-------
ISSN: 0016-8556
CODEN: GEOTAJ
Subfile: B
Doc Type: SERIAL Bibliographic Level: ANALYTIC
Languages: English
illus.
Preliminary studies over most of the U.S. show that in some
areas radioactive radon is accumulating in homes in levels that
are much higher than anticipated. In the past year, studies done
in the Appalachian states show that indoor radon levels are
determined by the radon-emanation properties of the soil or rock
on which homes are built. Those observations and others were
reported at the day-long symposium, "Geological Factors Related
to Indoor Radon," which was held in March at the meeting of the
Southeastern Section of the Geological Society of America in
Norfolk, Va. (GEO)(HQL)
Pennsylvania: Protecting the homefront
Gerusky, T.M.
ENVIRONMENT VOL. 29, NO. 1, vp, Publ.Yr: 1987
Languages: ENGLISH
After the incident at the Limerick nuclear power plant,.
health physicists and officials notified the Pennsylvania Bureau
of Radiation Protection that they had detected 12 working levels
(WL) of radon daughters in the living room of Stanley Watras's
house in eastern Pennsylvania. Additional monitoring by the
bureau verified radon levels of 13.5 WL, greater than any level
ever reported in the literature. Thus began an effort that
apparently has no end in sight. (POL)
Committee on Interagency .Radiation Research and Policy
Coordination: Summary of CIRRPC Activities for the Period
July 1 Through September 30, 1987
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Inc., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021305000; 4828000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/OR/00033-T379
12 NOV 87 12p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8811;
NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-76OR00033
-------
This report describes the activities of the Committee on
Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination for a
three month period in 1987. The report briefly summarizes the
efforts of the Executive Committee; the Science Panel; Policy
Subpanels on Radioepidemiological Tables and Indoor Radon;
Science Subpanels on Radiation Protection Standards, High LET
Radiation, and Research Needs in the Effects of Non-Ionizing
Radiation; Radioepidemiological Tables; Predisaster Planning, and
Risk Assessment. Brief reports on special projects are included.
(ERA citation 13:011638) (NTIS)
RADON: PINPOINTING A MYSTERY
BARNES A. JAMES; GUIMOND RICHARD J.; DEBENEDICTIS NICHOLAS;
BASKIN ROBERTA; CHERN MICHAEL J.
EPA DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR,
EPA J, AUG 86, V12, N6, P2(12)
JOURNAL ARTICLE RADON MAY POSE A THREAT TO THE POPULATION
AT LARGE, AS RECENT STUDIES NOW SHOW THAT RADON CONTAMINATION MAY
BE A PROBLEM IN MANY PARTS OF THE U.S. THE INDOOR RADON PROBLEM
DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO A REGULATORY APPROACH. IT IS A NATURALLY
OCCURRING SUBSTANCE; RADON LEVELS VARY FROM REGION TO REGION,
EVEN FROM HOME TO HOME, A PATTERN THAT INHIBITS A REGULATORY
APPROACH. AN EPA RADON ACTION PROGRAM WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1985 TO
ASSIST STATES IN DEALING WITH RADON PROBLEMS IN HOMES. THE FOUR
ACTIVITIES CONTAINED IN THE PROGRAM ARE DISCUSSED: PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION AND PREVENTION, CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT,
AND PUBLIC INFORMATION. THE INDOOR RADON PROBLEM IN PENNSYLVANIA
IS REVIEWED, AND INFORMATION IS COMPILED TO HELP THE PUBLIC
UNDERSTAND THE DIMENSIONS OF THIS ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT. (ENV)
Final Report and Evaluation of the SAWORA Research Program
on Background Radiation Levels from Natural Origin in the
Netherlands.
In Dutch
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Hogeweg, B.
Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en
Milieubeheer, The Hague (Netherlands) . Directie
Stralenbescherming.
Corp. Source Codes: 087985003; 4188735
Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-23; VROM-60793/8-86
Sep 86 66p
Languages: Dutch
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
Country of Publication: Netherlands
-------
In order to study the various factors which determine the
dose resulting from background radiation, in particular for the
indoor situation, the SAMORA-programme was initiated in 1982. The
various aspects studied were: 1) a determination of the current
background radiation level, for the indoor as well as the outdoor
situation; 2) an inventory of the radioactivity of the building
materials; 3) the radioecological aspects from fly-ash and gypsum
deposits; 4) a risk estimation of lung tumour induction at low
doses and for low dose rates; 5) technical factors determining
the effective dose equivalent. In this report the connection of
the results derived in the different studies will be discussed.
From the study on radioconcentration it became clear that the
indoor concentration is strongly determined by the concentration
in the crawl space. On the basis of the results of the programme
an estimation of the lung tumour risk for the Dutch population is
presented. For the current levels it is calculated that the risk
is approximately 2.1 lung tumours per 100,000 persons. Since in
1982 the mean lung tumour death rate for the Dutch population was
56.8 per 100,000, this result demonstrates that the calculated
contribution is relatively low (4%) . Furthermore it is
calculated that the maximum increase of this contribution as a
result of the introduction of active gypsum building materials
will be of the order of 1%. (Auth.). Contains a list of
SAWORA-publications (34 refs.); 51 refs.; 4 figs.; 6 tabs.
(Atomindex citation 18:079207) (NTIS)
A CITIZENfS GUIDE TO RADON: WHAT IT IS AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT
IT
EPA REPORT OPA-86-004, AUG 86 (14)
FED GOVT REPORT
BASIC INFORMATION IS COMPILED ON THE OCCURRENCE, HEALTH
EFFECTS, AND CONTROL OF RADON. ALTHOUGH RADON HAS ALWAYS BEEN
PRESENT IN AIR, CASES OF HIGH INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN MANY HOMES
HAVE MADE THIS PROBLEM A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE. RADON SEEPS
INTO HOMES FROM SOILS OR GROUNDWATER, OR IS RELEASED FROM
MATERIALS USED IN HOME CONSTRUCTION. TOPICS COVERED INCLUDE
THE USE OF RADON DETECTORS, TEST RESULT INTERPRETATION, AND
REDUCING RISKS FROM EXPOSURE. (ENV)
Environmental Radiation and Cancer
Mossman, K.L., D.S. Thomas, and A. Dritschilo
Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C:
Environmental Carcinogenesis Reviews, Vol. 4, No. 2, pages
119-161, 65 references 1986
CODEN: JECREO
The sources of radiation exposure and population doses from
5
-------
these sources, health implications (especially cancer induction)
to exposed populations, and contemporary problems concerning
environmental radiation are reviewed. Only ionizing radiations,
including X-rays, gamma-rays, alpha particles, etc. are
included. Sources include the natural background and the man
made radiation environment, including medical applications,
technologically enhanced exposure to natural radiation, fallout
from nuclear weapons testing, occupational radiation exposure in
the United States, radiation exposure from the nuclear fuel
cycle, and radiation exposure from consumer products in the
United States. Occupational radiation exposures include
medical and dental X-rays, industrial radiography, various levels
of industry associated with the production and use of nuclear
fuels, and enhanced cosmic ray exposure in high altitude flight.
The section on radiation carcinogenesis covers evidence of
radiation carcinogenesis in human populations, principles of
radiation carcinogenesis, and risk of cancer induction at
environmental levels of radiation. Current issues include indoor
radon (10043922) (sources and characteristics), radon and lung
cancer, and reactor accidents. (OSH)
-------
I. OVERVIEW
B. LAW AND POLICY
Implementation of the Environmental Protection Agency's
radon action program
Chiles, B.L.; Rinck, R.T.; Wagner, D.C.
U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20460, USA 81. APCA Annual Meeting
& Exhibition Dallas, TX (USA) 19-24 Jun 1988 81. APCA
ANNUAL MEETING & EXHIBITION p. 107, Publ.Yr: 1988
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
This paper discusses the development and implementation of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Radon Action Program.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the needs identified by
the States and others following the discovery of highly elevated
radon levels. It also highlights activities undertaken by the
Radon Action Program to address these needs. The paper concludes
that significant progress has been made but acknowledges that
much still needs to be done. In addition, the paper takes a
detailed look at EPA's efforts to establish National guidance
levels for indoor radon and a program to ensure the accuracy and
reliability of radon measurements. (PA)
RADON ANSWERS ARE SURFACING IN THE STATES
DAVIS JOSEPH A.
GOVERNING, FEE 88, VI, N5, P54(3)
JOURNAL ARTICLE EPA REPORTED IN AUGUST 1987 THAT 21%
OF THE 11,600 HOMES TESTED IN 10 STATES HAD RADON LEVELS
EXCEEDING 4 PCI/L, THE AGENCY'S SUGGESTED DANGER LEVEL. THE
PROBLEM APPEARS TO BE ACUTE IN THE READING PRONE STATES,
AFFECTING NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA. IN THE
ABSENCE OF AN EPA-SPONSORED REMEDIAL PROGRAM, THE STATES HAVE
TAKEN ACTION ON THEIR OWN. NEW JERSEY HAS ENACTED A LAW
REQUIRING A STATEWIDE SURVEY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY. A 1986
PENNSYLVANIA LAW AUTHORIZED THE STATE HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY TO
RUN A LOW-INTEREST LOAN PROGRAM FOR RADON MITIGATION. NEW YORK
GIVES FREE RADON DETECTORS TO HOMES ENROLLED IN ITS ENERGY
CONSERVATION PROGRAM. (3 DRAWINGS) (ENV)
-------
Indoor Air Quality Act: of 1987: hearing, November 20, 1987,
on S. 1629, a bill to authorize a national program to reduce
the threat to human health posed by exposure to contaminants
in the air indoors.
United States. Senate. Com. on Environment and Public
Works. Subcom. on Environmental Protection.
•88 iii+146p
SERIES: 100th Cong., 1st sess.; S. hearing 100-387; SD cat.
no. Y 4.P 96/10:S.hrg.100-387;
Threat from radon, asbestos, volatile organic chemicals,
combustion by products, and respirable particles. (PAIS)
Pollution in the home
Dowd, R.M.
R.M. Dowd & Co., Washington, DC, USA
ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL VOL. 21, NO. 6, p. 535, Publ.Yr:
1987
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V18N6
In April EPA submitted a report to Congress, as required by
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA),
on implementing indoor air pollution and radon research programs
within the agency. This statutory provision reflects
congressional determination over the past several years to
establish such programs by restoring research funds to EPA's
budget in the face of the administration's continuing attempts to
eliminate research on indoor air pollution. (POL)
Environmental Radiation Standards and Risk Limitation
Annual meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, Houston,
TX, USA, 1 Nov 1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Kocher, D. C.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-871188-2
1987 16p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8813;
NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
8
-------
The Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory
Commission have established environmental radiation standards for
specific practices which correspond to limits on risk to the
public that vary by several orders of magnitude and often are
much less than radiation risks that are essentially unregulated,
e.g., risks from radon in homes. This paper discusses a proposed
framework for environmental radiation standards that would
improve the correspondence with limitation of risk. This
framework includes the use of limits on annual effective dose
equivalent averaged over a lifetime, rather than limits on dose
equivalent to whole body or any organ for each year of exposure,
and consideration of exposures of younger age groups as well as
adults; limits on annual effective dose equivalent averaged over
a lifetime no lower than 0.25 mSv (25 mrem) per practice;
maintenance of all exposures as low as reasonably achievable
(ALARA); and establishment of a generally applicable de minimis
dose for public exposures. Implications of the proposed
regulatory framework for the current system of standards for
limiting public exposures are discussed. 20 refs. (ERA citation
13:019565) (NTIS)
EPA guideline for indoor radon levels evokes response from
nuclear medicine.
Hanson B
J Nucl Med (UNITED STATES) Jul 1987, 28 (7) p!087-94, ISSN
0161-5505
Journal Code: JEC
Languages: ENGLISH
Experts debate cost/benefit analysis and epidemiologic
studies in this article. (MED) (HQL)
Radon gas may seep into your liability.
Treffer, Brough E.
Real Estate Appraiser and Analyst 53:21-4 Spring '87, tables
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: P
Description, testing, removal of and physiological effects
of radon; implications for appraisers; U.S. Since radon exposure
is known to increase the risk of cancer and real estate
appraisers are required to report all factors that affect
property value, appraisers may soon be subject to lawsuits for
failure to identify radon problems in an appraisal statement.
(PAIS)(HQL)
-------
RADON PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1987
SEN COMM ENV PUBLIC WORKS 100 CON 1 REPORT 214, JUN 30, 87
(21)
FED GOVT REPORT BILL S.744, THE RADON PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
ACT OF 1987, SEEKS TO ASSIST STATES IN RESPONDING TO THE THREAT
TO HUMAN HEALTH POSED BY EXPOSURE TO RADON. THE ACT WILL DIRECT
EPA TO EXPAND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO STATES ON RADON ISSUES AND
WILL PROVIDE SEED MONEY TO HELP STATES INITIATE RADON-RELATED
PROGRAMS. ANOTHER PROVISION OF THE BILL WILL EXPAND AND IMPROVE
THE RADON PROFICIENCY TESTING AND TRAINING PROGRAMS OF EPA. EPA
IS ALSO CHARGED WITH DETERMINING THE EXTENT OF RADON
CONTAMINATION IN SCHOOLS AND IN FEDERAL BUILDINGS. AN
AUTHORIZATION OF $10 MILLION PER YEAR FOR THREE YEARS IS PROVIDED
TO SUPPORT THE STATE GRANT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. (ENV)
Radon gas issues: joint: hearings, April 2, 1987, on S. 743
and S. 744, before the Subcommittees on Environmental
Protection and Superfund and Environmental Oversight.
United States. Senate. Com. on Environment and Public Works.
•87 iii+l24p, charts
SERIES: 100th Cong., 1st sess.; S. hearing 100-52; SD cat.
no. Y 4.P 96/10:3.hrg.100-52;
Problems in identifying and eradicating indoor radon in
schools; role of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
(PAIS)
RADON POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1987
HSE COMM ENERGY COMMERCE HEARINGS 100-20, APR 23, 87 (123)
HEARING TRANSCRIPT HEARINGS WERE HELD TO CONSIDER RADON
AS ONE OF THE GREATEST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS FACING THE
U.S. PUBLIC. LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS OF H.R. 1697, THE RADON
POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1987, WERE DISCUSSED. EPA HAS
DETERMINED THAT THERE IS NO SAFE LEVEL OF RADON; THE AGENCY
ESTIMATES THAT 5,000-20,000 PEOPLE DIE OF LUNG CANCER ANNUALLY AS
A RESULT OF EXPOSURE TO RADON GAS. THE ACT WOULD PROVIDE STATES
WITH FUNDS FOR RESOURCES IN ORDER TO CONDUCT SURVEYS TO FIND AND
TARGET THE PROBLEM AND FORMULATE REMEDIAL PROGRAMS. EPA'S
EFFORTS TO DOCUMENT AND ERADICATE THE RADON PROBLEM TO DATE ARE
SURVEYED. TESTIMONY WAS PRESENTED BY JAMES BARNES OF EPA; DEBORAH
STEVA OF THE OHIO DEPT OF HEALTH; AND OTHERS. ASSOCIATED
DOCUMENTS AND MEMORANDA ARE TRANSCRIBED. (ENV)
10
-------
Residential radon contamination and indoor quality research
needs: hearing,
September 17, 1986.
United States. House. Com. on Science and Tech. Subcom. on
Natural Resources, Agric. Research, and Environment.
•87 iii+333p, bibls il tables diag chart
SERIES: 99th Cong., 2d sess.; (Pubn.) no. 159; SD cat. no. Y
4.Sci 2:99/159;
Status of the radon research programs of the Department of
Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency. (PAIS)
NATIONAL CONTROL STRATEGY SOUGHT FOR RADON GAS
ANON
J AIR POLLUT CONTROL ASSOC 37 (1). 1987. 70, 72-73.
CODEN: JPCAA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Discusses studies done at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
by physicist Anthony Nero, leading expert on indoor air quality.
Studies have determined that buildings can draw large amounts of
radon out of the ground. (BIO)(HQL)
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund) (P.L. 96-510), December
1986; as amended by the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-499).
United States. Laws, statutes, etc.
•87 v+226p
SERIES: 99th Cong., 2d sess.; Com. print; S. print 99-217;
SD cat. no. Y 4.P 96/10:S.prt.99-217;
Prepared for the Committee on Environment and Public Works,
U.S. Senate.
Partial contents: Hazardous substances releases, liability,
compensation; Pollution insurance; Emergency planning and
community right-to-know; Radon gas and indoor air quality
research. (PAIS)
Radon and indoor air pollution: hearing, October 10, 1985.
United States. House. Com.'on Science and Tech. Subcom. on
Natural Resources, Agric. Research, and Environment.
•86 iii+291p, il tables diags charts map
SERIES: 99th Cong., 1st sess.; (Pubn.) no. 66;
11
-------
Dangers associated with radiation emanating from radon, a
decay product of naturally occurring radioactive substances;
control measures. (PAIS)
Radon gas: contractor liability for an indoor health hazard.
Shuko CM
Am J Law Med (UNITED STATES) 1986, 12 (2) p241-72, ISSN
0098-8588
Journal Code: SIP
Languages: ENGLISH
Many families throughout the United States have recently
detected dangerously high concentrations of radon gas inside
their homes. Radon, a carcinogenic gas produced from uranium,
has been discovered in structures overlying uranium-bearing rock.
This discovery may result in litigation to determine contractor
liability for building upon radon-releasing rock sites. This
Note examines the strengths and weaknesses of the various
theories of contractor liability and considers potential
statutory claims under the Clean Air Act. The Note suggests, as
an alternative approach to recovery, a proposed regulatory scheme
and implementation plan. (214 Refs.) (MED)
WHO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 13. INDOOR AIR QUALITY RADON AND
FORMALDEHYDE
WHO
COPENHAGEN, DEN.
WHO. WHO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 13. INDOOR AIR QUALITY: RADON
AND FORMALDEHYDE. X+40P. WHO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE:
COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
ILLUS. PAPER. 0 (0). 1986 (RECD. 1987). X+40P. CODEN:
ENVHE
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: BOOK
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
This report originated from a WHO meeting that was held
August 26-30, 1985 in Dubrovnik whose goal was to evaluate air
quality guidelines. This separate report reviews guidelines
specifically for radon and formaldehyde. Each pollutant is
described in terms of sources, levels in air, kinetics, and
routes of exposure. The health effects in human and laboratory
animals is presented as well as an evaluation of the human health
hazard. Conclusions and recommendations are presented for both
radon and formaldehyde. Tables, graphs, and references supplement
the text. (BIO)
12
-------
Radon in Dwellings. How Much Are the Procedures Allowed to
Cost. Documentation from a Symposium, Arranged by the Royal
Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
In Swedish. Conference on radon in dwellings: how much are
the procedures allowed to cost, Stockholm, Sweden, 4 Dec
1985.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Ingeniors Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm (Sweden).
Corp. Source Codes: 012777000; 9860159
Report No.: IVA-301; CONF-851283-
1986 118p
Languages: Swedish Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8707;
NSA1100
Country of Publication: Sweden
The object of this meeting was to discuss radon problems and
to elucidate the considerations on cost-benefit calculations. One
of the problems was the difference in terms and definitions as
used by technicians and economists. This inconvenience of
communication was to overcome. The lectures were concentrated on
building constructions and radon monitoring. (ERA citation
11:054678) (NTIS)
RADON AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
HSE COMM SCIENCE TECH HEARINGS 99 CON 1 66, OCT 10, 85 (295)
HEARING TRANSCRIPT HEARINGS WERE HELD TO DISCUSS THE
EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM CAUSED BY INDOOR
RADON RADIATION. EPA HAS FORMULATED A STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT
PLAN FOR ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION OF RADON EXPOSURE, AND
RECOMMENDS THAT $10.7 MILLION BE COMMITTED TO ATTACK THE RADON
PROBLEM. EMPHASIS SHOULD BE PLACED ON MITIGATION OF EXPOSURE IN
EXISTING STRUCTURES AS WELL AS ON PREVENTION OF EXPOSURE IN
FUTURE CONSTRUCTION. HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INDOOR RADON
POLLUTION ARE CITED. TESTIMONY WAS PRESENTED BY SHELDON MEYERS
OF EPA; JOHN MILLHONE OF DOE; AND OTHERS. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS
AND MEMORANDA ARE TRANSCRIBED. (ENV)
THE BPA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
THOR PHIL
US BONNEVILLE POWER ADMIN,
WASHINGTON ENERGY/OREGON STATE UNIV INDOOR AIR CONF,
BELLEVUE, WA, NOV 15-16, 84, P125(8)
13
-------
CONF PAPER THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PREPARATION
PROCESS EMPLOYED BY THE U.S. BONNEVILLE POWER ADMIN. IN ASSESSING
THE EFFECTS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN
RETROFITTED RESIDENCES IS DESCRIBED. BEFORE STARTING A
WEATHERIZATION PROGRAM, THE AGENCY LOOKS FOR POTENTIAL IMPACTS.
COMPUTER MODELING ENABLES ESTIMATION OF THE RANGE OF INHABITANT
EXPOSURE TO EACH POLLUTANT TYPE. IF, AFTER HOUSE TIGHTENING, THE
RADON LEVEL EXCEEDS A CERTAIN LEVEL, THE AGENCY OFFERS TO SHARE
THE COST OF AN AIR-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGER THAT CAN OFFSET THE
EFFECTS OF TIGHTENING. (ENV)
POLICY MAKING IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT
O'NEAL GARY
EPA, WASHINGTON ENERGY/OREGON STATE UNIV INDOOR AIR CONF,
BELLEVUE, WA, NOV 15-16, 84, P117(8)
CONF PAPER POLICY MAKING IS DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF
REGULATING INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS. FOR SOME CONTAMINANTS LIKE
RADON, ASBESTOS, AND TOBACCO SMOKE, THERE IS A REASONABLE
SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS OF SOME OF THE ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS.
HOWEVER, THE TOXICOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATABASE IS FAR
FROM COMPLETE. UNCERTAINTY ALSO EXISTS IN THE ADEQUACY AND
CONSISTENCY OF THE MONITORING TECHNIQUES USED TO GENERATE SUCH
DATA. ISSUES OF RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT ARE EXPLORED.
(ENV)
14
-------
I. OVERVIEW
C. POPULAR PRESS
Testing for radon: how dangerous radiation sneaks into our
homes and what to do about it.
Better Homes and Gardens v66 p82(2) Feb, 1988
CODEN: BHGHA
Recommends obtaining the EPA booklet "A Citizen's Guide to
Radon: What It Is and What To Do About It," and describes two
types of radon test kits: activated charcoal-type detectors and
alpha track type detectors. Procedures for lowering radon levels
are described. (MI) (HQL)
Radon: the silent killer in your home.
Smith, James V., Jr.
American Legion v!24 p20(3) Feb, 1988
CODEN: ALMGA
Describes the increased interest and concern with radon; how
it enters the home and health effects. There is a brief
discussion of some radon studies, types of detectors, and
methods for reducing levels of radon in the home. (MI) (HQL)
The unrecognized danger, (radon) (column)
Asimov, Isaac
Fantasy and Science Fiction v74 pl08(10) Feb, 1988
CODEN: FSFIBT
ARTICLE TYPE: column
Radon occurs naturally because it is constantly being
produced by uranium atoms breaking down in the soil. Whenever
uranium exists, radon is produced and subsequently percolates up
through the soil and into the atmosphere. It is suspected that
exposure to indoor concentrations of radon is the number two
cause of lung cancer in the United States. (MI)(HQL)
Radon death risk called 3 times more than believed.
Stammer, Larry B.
Los Angeles Times v!07 Section I pi Jan 6, 1988
15
-------
EDITION: Wed 027 col. in.
SIC CODE: 9511
A three-year study by the National Council reveals that the
risks of dying from lung cancer as a result of indoor exposure to
radon is much greater than previously thought and is especially
true for smokers. (NNI) (HQL)
RADIATION ESTIMATE IN U.S. ALMOST DOUBLED IN REPORT
LEARY WARREB E.
NEW YORK TIMES, NOV 20, 87, PA14(1)
NEWS ARTICLE A NEW FEDERAL REPORT HAS NEARLY DOUBLED THE
AVERAGE AMOUNT OF RADIATION A U.S. CITIZEN IS EXPOSED TO IN A
YEAR. THE NEW CALCULATIONS INCLUDE THE EFFECTS OF RADON GAS
SEEPING INTO HOMES. THE ESTIMATED EXPOSURE, WHICH WOULD BE
EQUIVALENT TO THE RADIATION OF MORE THAN 25 CHEST X-RAYS, REMAINS
FAR BELOW THE LIMITS SET BY FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS. THE REPORT
DOUBLED THE COMMONLY USED FIGURE FOR AVERAGE RADIATION EXPOSURE
TO 360 MREM FROM 170 MREM, ALTHOUGH DOSES PEOPLE RECEIVE HAVE NOT
INCREASED. MORE THAN 80% OF THE AVERAGE EXPOSURE, ABOUT 100
MREM, COMES FROM BACKGROUND SOURCES SUCH AS RADIOACTIVE ROCKS AND
NUCLEAR FALLOUT. (1 DIAGRAM) (ENV)
House bill to curb radon danger being pushed.
Lichtblau, Eric
Los Angeles Times v!06 Section I p4 Nov 6, 1987
EDITION: Fri 006 col. in.
DESCRIPTORS: Radon—physiological aspects; Radioactive
pollution—law and legislation; United States. Congress.
House—environmental policy
The House Energy and Commerce subcommittee is considering a
bill similar to one previously passed by the Senate that would
offer States technical guidance and funding to combat radon.
(NNI) (HQL)
A special report on radon.
Vara, Jon
Country Journal v!4 p!6(5) Nov, 1987
CODEN: BKCJDL
illustration; chart
CAPTIONS: (Radon entry points in various rooms in a house.)
Unlike most forms of background radiation, radon occurs in
high concentrations indoors, where it poses a severe health
16
-------
threat. The gas unerringly makes its way through cracks or
fissures in concrete foundation walls and floors and accumulates
within confined areas. In some instances radon also enters a
house through the water supply. The only way to be sure that your
home is safe is to test it. (MI)(HQL)
Radon; up to 25% of all U.S. homes may have hazardous levels
of radioactive gas. (includes related article on
do-it-yourself radon testing)
Mother Earth News p50(4) Sept-Oct, 1987
CODEN: MEAND
illustration; chart
CAPTIONS: Ventilation techniques.
The author concludes that there are a few simple-though not
necessarily easy-things you can do to reduce the risk of radon.
First, test different areas of the house: radon levels are seldom
consistent throughout a building. Try to spend most of your time
in the areas where radon concentrations are lowest. Second,
smokers should either quit or move. Recent information suggests
that radon may have a synergistic effect with cigarette smoke,
increasing the risk greatly for smokers. (MI) (HQL)
Radon revisited, (update on contamination and control)
Gilmmore, V. Elaine
Popular Science v231 p92(3) Sept, 1987
CODEN: POSCD
illustration; chart
CAPTIONS: How radon gets in - and how to get it out.
Lawrence Stanley Watras, an engineer at a nuclear power
plant in Pennsylvania, set off an alarm as he passed through a
radiation monitor in December 1984. Since then it has been
determined that: 1-Radon is the second leading cause of lung
cancer, and 2- The longer the exposure and the higher the level,
the greater the risk. Fortunately, radon levels can be brought
down to acceptable levels. (MI)(HQL)
The pollution within. (indoor air pollution from radon gas;
includes related articles on air poisons, heat recovery
ventilator, and reasons for ventilation)
Fossel, Peter V. Country Journal v!4 p44(6) Sept, 1987
CODEN: BKCJDL
illustration; chart
CAPTIONS: (How a heat-recovery ventilator works.);
(Manufacturers of heat-recovery ventilators.)
17
-------
Indoor air pollution from radon gas and other sources is
pervasive and insidious. This article addresses various ways you
can identify and correct the problem. (MI)(HQL)
Danger just downstairs. (Radon hazards; EPA survey of
houses)
Time v!30 p72(l) Aug 17, 1987
CODEN: TYMEA
illustration; photograph
The EPA announced that the health threat posed by radon may
be greater than previously thought. (MI) (HQL)
10-state survey finds peril from radon in 1 in 5 homes.
(Environmental Protection Agency)
Shabecoff, Philip
New York Times v!36 p8(N) pA14(L) Aug 5, 1987
EDITION: Wed 028 col. in.
CODEN: NYTIA
SIC CODE: 9511
The EPA announced that health-threatening levels of radon
gas have been found in one of every five homes tested in a ten
state survey. Soil permeability and home ventilation, as well as
the existence of deposits of uranium ore, granite, limestone,
shale or phosphate, influence radon levels. (NNI) (HQL)
Household hazards; how to learn if your home could be
dangerous to your health. (includes related article)
(column)
Reiger, George
Field and Stream v92 p!2(3) June, 1987
CODEN: FISTB
ARTICLE TYPE: column
The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory found cancer risks posed by
the inhalation of radon to be 100 to 1000 times greater than
those for many of the chemicals for which the EPA has already
issued cautionary guidelines. Radon in homes can be tested and
remedial action taken. (MI) (HQL)
18
-------
I. OVERVIEW
D. COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION
RADON RISK INFORMATION AND VOLUNTARY PROTECTION: EVIDENCE
FROM A NATURAL EXPERIMENT,
JOHNSON F. REED ; LUKEN RALPH A.
EPA, RISK ANALYSIS, 1987, V7, Nl, P97(ll)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE PERCEIVED RISKS
AND MITIGATING BEHAVIOR OF MAINE HOUSEHOLDS WHO RECEIVED NEW
INFORMATION ON THEIR EXPOSURES TO SIGNIFICANT HEALTH RISKS FROM
INDOOR RADON. THE OBSERVED RESPONSES OF THESE HOUSEHOLDS
ILLUSTRATE CONCEPTUAL ISSUES RELATED TO DESIGNING AN EFFECTIVE
RISK INFORMATION PROGRAM. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE RISK
INFORMATION APPROACH USED IN MAINE FAILED TO INDUCE VOLUNTARY
PROTECTION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE FORMATION OF RISK
PERCEPTIONS AND SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENTS INVOLVE COMPLEX
INTERACTIONS AMONG INFORMATIONAL, CONTEXTUAL, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES. (26 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES) (ENV)
Communicating Risk: Some basic
Sandman, P.M.
Environ. Comraun. Res. Program, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick,
NJ 08903, USA
HEALTH ENVIRON. DIG VOL. 1, NO. 11, pp. 3-4, Publ.Yr: 1987
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V19N3
Thirty percent of northern New Jersey homes have enough
radon to pose more than a 1/100 lifetime risk of lung cancer,
according to state and federal estimates. But despite
considerable media attention, only five percent of affected
homeowners have monitored their homes for radon. Even among
these, distress is modest. State officials, initially concerned
about panic, are finding apathy a bigger problem. The source of
radon in these homes is geological uranium; it's been there since
time immemorial, and no one is to blame. But three New Jersey
communities - Montclair, Glen Ridge, and West Orange - face a
different radon problem: landfill containing radioactive
industrial wastes. (POL)
19
-------
Education reduces radon scare
Spears, M.
Environ. Manage. News, P.O. Box 7573, Waco, TX 76714-7573,
USA
ENVIRON. MANAGE. NEWS VOL. 1, NO. 6, pp. 6-7, Publ.Yr:
1986
Languages: ENGLISH
Some areas of the United States, bound by particular
geographic formations, may be harboring a silent, deadly killer.
Its name is radon - an invisible gas naturally created by
decaying radium. Radon exists in many areas across the country,
although in different concentrations. Dr. Steven Schery,
associate professor of physics at the New Mexico Institute of
Mining and Technology and a member of the Atmospheric
Radioactivity Group, said the average dose received in most homes
is the equivalent of smoking one to two cigarettes per day. The
threat of radon is relative to the type of environment that
surrounds it. For example, radon is not a significant health
threat in open air because although some soils naturally give off
the gas, it quickly breaks down with other air particles. But
when radon is trapped and not allowed to diffuse in open air,
scientists have found that the gas can cause lung cancer. (POL)
20
-------
I. OVERVIEW
E. INDOOR AIR
CHEMICAL EXPOSURES INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
SPENGLER J D
BOSTON, MASS.
44TH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF
ALLERGISTS, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, USA, NOVEMBER 14-18,
1987. ANN ALLERGY 60 (2). 1988.
169. CODEN: ANAEA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
It is now apparent that elevated contaminant concentrations
are common inside some private and public buildings. Concerns
about potential public health problems due to indoor air
pollution are based on evidence that urban residents typically
spend more than 90% of their time indoors, concentrations of some
contaminants are higher indoors than outdoors, and for some
pollutants, personal exposures are not characterized adequately
by outdoor measurements. (BIO) (AUTH)
Health Effects Associated with Indoor Air Pollutants
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Ammann, H.M.; Berry, M.A.; Childs, N.E.; Mage, D.T.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680061
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/324
Oct 87 23p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
Country of Publication: United States
A state-of-information survey concerning health effects of
indoor air pollutants in the categories of formaldehyde, volatile
organics, radon, particulates, and combustion products has been
prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, RTP, N.C. Included
in each category are human effects, animal exposure experiments,
mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity information. In addition to
those health implications associated with each category of
pollutants, the problems of measuring exposure to the complex
21
-------
mixtures actually breathed by people in homes is addressed.
(NTIS)
Indoor Air Pollution. November 1986-October 1987 (Citations
from the Energy Data Base)
(Rept. for Nov 86-Oct 87)
Supersedes PB86-877362. Prepared in cooperation with
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
U.S. sales only.
NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
Oct 87 123p
Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography
NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8724
Country of Publication: United States
This bibliography contains citations concerning the types
and sources ofindoor air pollution, the impact of energy
efficient construction, and measures to relieve the problem.
Radon and radon-daughters, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide,
asbestos, formaldehyde, and particulates are discussed as
potential pollutants, and recirculated air, insulation material,
water, and natural gas are considered as potential sources of
pollution. Mechanical ventilation systems with air to air
exchangers are briefly discussed. (This updated bibliography
contains 228 citations, all of which are new entries to the
previous edition.) (NTIS)
C
UNIV.,
CAMBRIDGE,
THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF SOME ORGANIC VAPORS INDOORS A
THEORETICAL SURVEY
TANCREDE M; WILSON R; ZEISE L; CROUCH E A
ENERGY AND ENVIRON. POLICY CENT., HARV.
MASS. 02138, USA.
ATMOS ENVIRON 21 (10). 1987. 2187-2206.
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
CODEN: ATENB
This exploratory report examines the risk of selected
organic air pollutants measured in homes in the United States and
the Netherlands. After several theoretical assumptions,
estimates are made for the carcinogenic potency of each chemical;
combined with the exposure measurements these give estimates of
cancer risk. These estimates are compared with risks of these
same pollutants outdoors and in drinking water and also with
other well known indoor air pollutants: cigarette smoke, radon
gas and formaldehyde. These comparisons indicate priorities for
action. Some suggestions are made for future studies. (BIO)
22
-------
Indoor Air Pollution. November 1984-October 1986 (Citations
from the Energy Data Base)
(Rept. for Nov 84-Oct 86)
Prepared in cooperation with Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
U.S. sales only.
NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
Oct 87 196p
Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography
NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8724
Country of Publication: United States
This bibliography contains citations concerning the types
and sources of indoor air pollution, the impact of energy
efficient construction, and measures to relieve the problem.
Radon and radon-daughters, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide,
asbestos, formaldehyde, and particulates are discussed as
potential pollutants, and recirculated air, insulation material,
water, and natural gas are considered as potential sources of
pollution. Mechanical ventilation systems with air to air
exchangers are briefly discussed. (This updated bibliography
contains 386 citations, none of which are new entries to the
previous edition.) (NTIS)
INDOOR AIR QUALITY POSITION PAPER
ASHRAE REPORT, AUG 11, 87 (14)
ASSN REPORT ASHRAE'S PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE INTERESTS
IN AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY ARE OUTLINED.
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IS AN EMERGING CONCERN OF ENVIRONMENTAL
INTEREST, DUE TO POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH
CONTAMINANTS TRAPPED INSIDE OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS. ASHRAE
IS COMMITTED TO CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING DESIGN AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES TO
OPTIMIZE INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION. HEALTH
EFFECTS AND SOURCES OF CARBON MONOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES,
RESPIRABLE PARTICLES, TOBACCO SMOKE, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,
RADON, FORMALDEHYDE, ASBESTOS, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND ALLERGENS AND
PATHOGENS ARE DISCUSSED. CONTROL OPTIONS ARE RECOMMENDED, AND
IMPORTANT AREAS WARRANTING FURTHER RESEARCH ARE CITED. (ENV)
Summary of Indoor Air Quality Research Through 1984
(Final rept. Jan-Jun 86)
Supersedes PB84-206515. Sponsored by Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Air and
Energy Engineering Research Lab.
23
-------
NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01
Sickles, J. E.; Chessin, R.L.; Kashdan, E.R.; Chrume, Y.;
Ranade, M.B.
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 045968000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/9-87/020
Aug 87 214p
Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography
NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8724
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3992
The report reviews indoor air quality research from 1980
through December 1984. It is also a compilation of two documents
that review relevant literature on the subject and summarize the
efforts of leading research scientists. The first effort
involved: (1) a review of journal articles, symposium
presentations, and bibliographic reports from 1980 through 1983;
(2) a list of contacts with approximately 30 prominent
researchers in the indoor air quality field; and (3) a list of
significant articles that appeared prior to 1980. The second
effort updated the initial literature review to January 1985.
Again, articles, symposium proceedings, and reports were screened
in developing the update report. The vast majority of material
found in the two reports, 'Review of Recent Research in Indoor
Air Quality1 (EPA-600/2-84-099) and 'Update of Indoor Air Quality
Bibliography' (draft), has been retained in the document. The
report integrates the material from the two reports, following
the organization of the earlier. (NTIS)
EPA INDOOR AIR QUALITY IMPLEMENTATION PLAN: APPENDIX A.
PRELIMINARY INDOOR AIR POLLUTION INFORMATION ASSESSMENT, EPA
REPORT 600/8-87/014, JUN 87 (319)
FED GOVT REPORT INFORMATION IS AMASSED TO SERVE AS THE
SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COORDINATED EPA
RESEARCH PROGRAM FOCUSING ON RISK REDUCTION FROM INDOOR AIR
POLLUTION. KNOWN SOURCES AND HEALTH EFFECTS ARE DISCUSSED FOR
COMBUSTION GASES, PARTICULATES, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, ENVIRONMENTAL
TOBACCO SMOKE, NONCOMBUSTION PARTICLES, NONCOMBUSTION GAS-PHASE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS, RADON, AND
PESTICIDES. RESEARCH SPECIFIC TO THE INDOOR MONITORING OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, NITROGEN DIOXIDE,
WOODSMOKE, ASBESTOS, AND VIRUSES IS SURVEYED. THE BUILDING SYSTEM
IS DISCUSSED AS A SOURCE OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS, AND A
RANGE OF MITIGATIVE MEASURES IS IDENTIFIED. (1 DIAGRAM, 1 GRAPH,
99 REFERENCES, 52 TABLES) (ENV)
24
-------
Applied Science Division (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory)
Indoor Environment Program: Annual Report, FY 1986
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Cairns, E. J.; Grimsrud, D. T.
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: LBL-22153
May 87 48p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8802; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098
Separate abstracts have been prepared for papers describing
individual research programs. (ERA citation 12:043980) (NTIS)
HOW SAFE IS THE AIR INSIDE YOUR HOME?,
LIPSKE MIKE
NATL WILDLIFE, APR-MAY 87, V25, N3, P34(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, APPLIANCES, AND
CIGARETTES CAN BE OFFENSIVE IN TERMS OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION,
ESPECIALLY FOLLOWING THE INSTALLATION OF ENERGY CONSERVATION
MEASURES THAT TIGHTEN A HOME'S ENVELOPE. THE AIR BREATHED INSIDE
A HOME OR OFFICE BUILDING MAY BE JUST AS HEALTH-THREATENING AS
OUTSIDE AIR. FUMES FROM HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS, AIRBORNE
MICROORGANISMS, TOBACCO SMOKE, FORMALDEHYDE, ASBESTOS, RADON, AND
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION POLLUTE THE INDOOR ATMOSPHERE, IN SOME
CASES RENDERING IT MORE POLLUTED THAN OUTSIDE AIR. TESTING FOR
RADON IN HOMES AND IMPROVING VENTILATION RATES AND SYSTEMS ARE
SOLUTIONS THAT CAN PROVIDE BENEFITS BOTH IN TERMS OF INDOOR AIR
QUALITY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION. (1 DRAWING, 3 PHOTOS) (ENV)
Hazardous Dust Control
Presented at Symposium on Hazardous Dust and Materials,
Japan Institute of Electrostatics, Tokyo, Japan, 4-5 Jun 86.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Plaks, N.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
25
-------
Report No.: EPA/600/D-86/153
Jul 86 24p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8622
Country of Publication: United States
Hazardous particles or dusts, for purposes of the paper, are
considered to be those whose size or chemical species cause harm
to the population through deposition in the lungs and other
portions of the pulmonary tract. A small number of pollutants,
some of which are particles, have been designated under the
program from the Clean Air Act for National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP); a larger number are being
considered for NESHAP. Several R&D needs are listed including:
sensing of excess emission of hazardous dust from control
equipment; need to retrofit for improved capture of small
particles; improved collection of fine condensable aerosols; and
modeling of control technology for hazardous particles. Indoor
air particles and dusts are discussed with emphasis on
characterization, indoor air cleaners, and asbestos in
residences. Radon in the indoor environment is discussed as an
emerging problem. Finally, an indoor air/radon model is discussed
linking indoor air dusts to lung deposition. (NTIS)
THE DYNAMICS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY,
WAYNE MARY •
EPRI J, MAR 86, Vll, N2, P20(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE HOME ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES THAT
REDUCE AIR EXCHANGE RATES HAVE RAISED CONCERNS THAT HARMFUL
LEVELS OF POLLUTANTS COULD ACCUMULATE INDOORS. RADON, NITROGEN
OXIDES, FORMALDEHYDE, AND OTHER POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY APPLIANCES
AND BUILDING MATERIALS CAN BE TRAPPED INSIDE BY
WEATHERSTRIPPING AND HOUSE TIGHTENING. HOWEVER, RESEARCH
INDICATES THAT TIGHT CONSTRUCTION AND GOOD INDOOR AIR QUALITY CAN
BE COMPATIBLE GOALS. AIR-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS CAN BE INSTALLED
TO REALIZE ENERGY SAVINGS WHILE ENHANCING VENTILATION. CENTRAL
CIRCULATION FANS PROVE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING INDOOR RADON
LEVELS. (ENV)
INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION: SOME CONGRESSIONAL OPTIONS,
SIMPSON MICHAEL
US LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE REPORT
IB83074, JAN 2, 86 (18)
FED GOVT REPORT INDOOR AIR QUALITY CAN DETERIORATE DUE TO
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES. USE OF INSULATION OR NEW APPLIANCES
26
-------
CAN REDUCE AIR EXCHANGES AND VENTILATION WHILE INCREASING THE
INDOOR BUILD-UP OP VARIOUS POLLUTANTS. POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN AND
THEIR MAJOR HEALTH EFFECTS ARE DISCUSSED. RISKS OF LUNG CANCER,
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, AND EYE IRRITATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
RADON, TOBACCO SMOKE, FORMALDEHYDE, AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.
PRACTICAL REMEDIES AND POSSIBLE CONGRESSIONAL OPTIONS ARE
SUMMARIZED. (ENV)
Indoor air: The problem looms large
Anon.
ENERGY REV VOL. 13, NO. 2, p. 34, Publ.Yr: 1986
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Indoor concentrations of chemicals are often 10 times
greater than outdoor concentrations and maximum exposures can be
more than 100 times greater. People often spend 90 percent or
more of their time indoors and scientists are greatly concerned
about the hazards of indoor pollutants. Pollutants include radon,
volatile organic chemicals, indoor pesticides, combustion
products, and natural, airborne pathogens. The reduced
ventilation in most new houses and office buildings exacerbates
the problem. A political strategy to study and cope with the
problem has not evolved. More research is needed before a
comprehensive control strategy is formulated. Congress has
provided about $2 million in funding for the last few years. Many
mitigating measures are available, such as source control, using
air-to-air heat exchangers, and opening windows. Originally this
article appeared in Conservation Foundation Letter,
September-October 1985, 1-7. (POL)
Indoor Air. Volume 6. Evaluations and Conclusions for Health
Sciences and Technology. Proceedings of the International
Conference (3rd) on Indoor Air Quality and Climate Held in
Stockholm on August 20-24, 1984
See also PB85-104222. Sponsored by Commission of the
European Communities, Luxembourg, Gas Research Inst.,
Chicago, IL., Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC., and Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA.
NTIS Prices: PC E05/MF E01
Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm.
Corp. Source Codes: 060307000
Sponsor: Commission of the European Communities,
Luxembourg.; Gas Research Inst., Chicago, IL.; Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC.; Electric Power Research
Inst., Palo Alto, CA.
Report No.: 013:1986; ISBN-91-540-4582-7
1986 109p
27
-------
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC E05/MF E01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8704
Country of Publication: Sweden
Table of contents includes the following: Characterization
of indoor pollution and sources; Formaldehyde: Sources, methods
of analysis, exposure and health effects; Radon in dwellings:
Exposure and risk analysis; Air ions and electrical fields;
Fibres and particulates in the indoor environment; Passive
smoking and health effects; Microorganisms related to buildings;
The importance of indoor air pollution to personal exposures in
industrialized societies; The importance of indoor air pollution
to personal exposures in developing countries; Epidemiological
studies of health disorders related to housing; Odors and sensory
irritants: Effects on health and comfort; Allergies and other
hypersensitivity reactions to indoor pollutants; Indoor thermal
climate: Requirements for comfort, health and performance;
Ventilation criteria: Biological demands and formulation of
standards; Building performance assessment; Technical solutions
to providing adequate indoor air quality and thermal climate;
Sick buildings: Physical and psychosocial features, effects on
humans and preventive measures; Policy and regulatory issues; The
•sick' building syndrome. (NTIS)
Indoor Air Quality Measurements in 38 Pacific Northwest
Commercial Buildings
Air Pollution Control Association annual meeting and
exhibition, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 22 Jun 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Turk, B.H.; Brown, J.T.; Geisling-Sobotka, K.; Froehlich,
D.A.; Grimsrud, D. T.
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: LBL-21453; CONF-860606-21
Jun 86 26p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8710; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AI79-83BP12921; AC03-76SF00098
A Bonneville Power Administration-funded study monitored
ventilation rates and a variety of indoor air pollutants in 38
Pacific Northwest^commercial buildings. The buildings ranged in
age from 6 months to 90 years, in size from 864 to 34,280 m sup
2, and occupancy from 25 to 2500 people. Building average
formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations were below the 20 ppB
28
-------
detection limit in 48% of the buildings. Nitrogen dioxide (NO
sub 2) concentration averages ranged from 5 ppB to 43 ppB and
were lower than outdoor concentrations in 8 of 13 buildings. At
only one site, an elementary school classroom, did carbon dioxide
(CO sub 2 ) exceed 1000 ppM. Radon (Rn) levels were elevated in
one building with an average concentration of 7.4 pCiL sup -1.
Respirable particles (RSP) concentrations in smoking areas in 32
buildings had a geometric mean of 44 mu g m sup -3 and ranged up
to 308 mu g m sup -3 at one site. In non-smoking areas the
geometric mean RSP was 15 mu g m sup -3. Outside air ventilation
rates did not appear to be the single dominant parameter in
determining indoor pollutant concentrations. Measured
pollutant concentrations in 2 ''complaint'' buildings were below
accepted guidelines. The cause of the complaints was not
identified. (ERA citation 12:005180) (NTIS)
INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN COLD CLIMATES: HAZARDS AND ABATEMENT
MEASURES, SUMMARY OF AN APCA INTERNATIONAL SPECIALTY
CONFERENCE
WALKINSHAW DOUGLAS S.
APCA J, MAR 86, V36, N3, P235(7)
JOURNAL ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS OF THE 67 PRESENTATIONS TO THE
FIRST APCA SPECIALTY CONF. ON INDOOR AIR POLLUTION, HELD APRIL
29-MAY 1, 1985, IN OTTAWA, CANADA, ARE FEATURED. INDOOR AIR
QUALITY CONCERNS IN COLD CLIMATES HAVE BEEN CLOSELY LINKED TO
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES, PARTICULARLY THOSE REDUCING AIR
EXCHANGE. SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF RADON, MICROBIAL AGENTS,
PARTICULATES, NITROGEN OXIDES, ASBESTOS, TOBACCO SMOKE, AND
FORMALDEHYDE ARE REVIEWED. RELEVANT RESEARCH HAS RESULTED IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME EFFECTIVE AIR POLLUTANT ABATEMENT
MEASURES. (ENV)
Indoor Air Quality: Radon and Formaldehyde. Report on a WHO
(World Health Organization) Meeting Held at Dubrovnik
(Yugoslovia), August 26-30, 1985 (Environmental health
series)
NTIS Prices: PC E04/MF E01
World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark). Regional
Office for Europe.
Corp. Source Codes: 032694002
Report No.: EH-13
1986 52p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC E04/MF E01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8714
Country of Publication: Other
The report is of a working group held in 1985. The group
29
-------
reviewed radon and formaldehyde in relation to the ongoing indoor
air quality program of the Regional Office and also as part of
the Air Quality Guidelines being developed for Europe. The report
covers radon's sources, observed levels, conversion factors,
routes of exposure, kinetics and dose considerations, health
effects, evaluation of human health hazards, strategies of
identification and control and conclusions and recommendations.
For formaldehyde it covers sources, occurrence in air, routes of
exposure, kinetics and metabolism, health effects,
organoleptic properties, evaluation of human health hazard, and
conclusions and recommendations. (NTIS)
Overview of Trends and Problems in Indoor Air Quality
Georgia technical symposium on indoor air quality, Atlanta,
GA, USA, 23 Sep 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Gammage, R. B.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-8609248-2
1986 25p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8807;
NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
This overview covers some historical perspectives of indoor
air quality, the importance of perception and reality in some of
the adverse human health effects, and standards and guidelines.
Some possible reasons for the difficulties in identifying
causative agents are considered. 2 figs. (ERA citation 13:006412)
(NTIS)
Participant Evaluation Results for Two Indoor Air Quality
Studies 80. annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, New York, NY, USA, 1 Jun 1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Hawthorne, A.R.; Dudney, C.S.; Cohen, M.A.; Spengler, J.D.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Harvard Univ., Boston, MA. School of Public
Health.; Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
30
-------
Report No.: CONF-870695-3
1987 9p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8720;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
After two surveys for indoor air pollutants (radon and other
chemicals) the homeowners were surveyed for their reactions. The
results of these participant evaluation surveys, assuming that
the participants that responded to the survey were
representative, indicate that homeowners will accept a
significant level of monitoring activity as part of an indoor air
quality field study. Those participants completing surveys
overwhelmingly enjoyed being in the studies and would do it
again. We believe that the emphasis placed on positive homeowner
interactions and efforts made to inform participants throughout
our studies were positive factors in this result. There was no
substantial differences noted in the responses between the
70-house study, which included a homeowner compensation payment
of $100, and the 300-house study, which did not include a
compensation payment. These results provide encouragement to
conduct future complex, multipollutant indoor air quality studies
when they are scientifically sound and cost effective. (ERA
citation 12:028698) (NTIS)
Radon and Its Decay Products in Indoor Air
Willian W. Nazaroff; Anthony V. Nero, Jr.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987, 505pp.
This book examines the current state of knowledge of all
major aspects of the indoor radon problem. Divided into four
major sections, the book deals with the following topics:
generation and migration of radon in source materials and its
entry into buildings; the physical and chemical behavior of radon
and its decay products; health effects and risks of exposure; and
finally strategic and tactical aspects of controlling exposure to
radon. The appendix provides a summary of measurement techniques
and instrumentation. (HQL)
31
-------
I. OVERVIEW
F. BOOKS AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Citizen's Guide to Radon; What It Is and What To Do About It. US
EPA, US GPO. (OPA-86-004) 15 pp. 1986.
Communicating Radon Risk Effectively; A Mid-Course Evaluation.
Smith, VK; Desvousges, WH; Fisher, A; Johnson, FR. Office of
Policy Analysis, US EPA, Washington, D.C. 1987. (EPA 230/07-87-
029)
Environmental Radon. Editor, Cothern, CR; Smith, JE, Jr.
Environmental Science Research Series. Volume 35. Plenum Press.
378 pp. 1988.
Handbook of Radon in Buildings; Detection. Safety, and Control.
Conpiled by SYSCON Corporation Staff and Brookhaven National
Laboratory Staff. Hemisphere Publicatons. 1988.
Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-
Emitters; BEIR IV. National Research Council. National Academy
Press. 600 pp. 1988.
Indoor Radon and Its Hazards. Editor, Bodansky, D. University
of Washington Press. 192 pp. 1987.
Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control and Hazardous Work
Management Meeting. New York, NY. June 21-26, 1987.
Following is chapter of significance:
Hallenbeck, WH. "Risk Assessment of Exposure to Airborne
Radon", pp 2-14.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Occupational
Radiation Safety in Mining. October 14-18. 1984. Toronto.
Canada. Editor, Stocker, H. Canadian Nuclear Association,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Following are chapters of significance:
Subba, M.C., et al. "A Study of the Dose Conversion Factors
for Inhalaton Risk Assessment From Radon Daughters in Mine
Atmospheres", pp. 131-133.
Dixon, D.W., et al. " A Review All Sources of Exposure to
32
-------
Natural Radiation in UK Mines", pp. 241-247.
Steinhausler, F., et al. "Inherent dosimetric and
Epidemiological Uncertainties Associated with Lung Cancer
Risk Assessment for Mining Populations", pp. 327-333.
Muller, J., et al. "Study of Mortality of Ontario Miners",
pp. 335-343.
Chamud, J., et al. "Lung Cancer Induction by Radon
Daughters in Mining", pp 350-353.
Nair, RC., et al. "Mortality Experience Among Workers in
the Uranium Industry", pp 354-364.
Morrison, H.I., et al. "Lung Cancer Mortality and Radiation
Exposure Among the Newfoundland Fluorspar Miners", pp. 365-
368.
Stranden E. "Thoron Daughter to Radon Daughter Ratios in
Mines", pp 604-606.
Chambers, D.B., et al. "Potential Co-Carcinogens in Uranium
Mine Environment", pp 615-622.
Samet, J.M., et al. "Studies of Uranium Miners in New
Mexico", pp 623-626.
Myers, O.K., et al. "Impact of Occupational Hazards on the
Life Expectancy of Uranium Miners," pp.627-634.
Steinhausler, F. "The Radon Dilemma", pp 637-641.
Radon; A Homeowner's Guide to Detection and Control. Editor,
Cohen, B. Consumer Reports Books. 224 pp. 1987.
Radon; Index of Modern Information. Neiderhaus, LB. ABBE
Publishers Association of Washington, 150 pp. 1988.
Radon and Its Decay Products; Occurence. Properties and Health
Effects. Editor, Hopke, P.K. ACS Symposium, Series No. 331,
American Chemical Society. 609 pp. 1987.
Following are chapters of significance:
James, A.C. "A Reconsideration of Cells at Risk and other
Key Factors in Radon Daughter Dosimetry", pp 400-418.
Harley, N H., et al. "Updating Radon Daughter Bronchial
Dosimetry", pp 419-429.
33
-------
Steinhausler, F. "The validity of Risk Assessments for Lung
Cancer Induced by Radon Daughters", pp. 430-443.
Martel, E.A. "Critique of Current Dosimetry Models for
Radon Progeny Exposure", pp. 444-461.
Cohen, B.S. "Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in the Human
Tracheobronchial Tree", pp. 475-486.
Reubel, B., et al. "Biophysical Effects of Radon Exposure on
Human Lung Cells", pp. 502-512.
Radon and Its Decay Products in Indoor Air. Editors, Nazaroff
W.W. and Nero A.V., Jr., Environmental Science and Technology
Ser. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 518 pp. 1988.
Following are chapters of significance:
Steinhausler, F. "Epidemiology Evidence of Radon-Induced
Health Risks"
James, A.C. "Lung Dosimetry"
Phillips, C.R., et al. "The Nature and Determination of the
Unattached Fraction of Radon and Thoron Progeny".
Radon in the Home; Reducing the Risk. Editor, Scherer, D.J.
Reymont. 32 pp. 1987.
Radon Reduction Methods; A Homeowner's Guide. US EPA, US GPO.
(OPA-86-005) 24 pp. 1986.
191st American Chemical Society National Meeting. New York. NY.
April 13-18. 1986
Following are papers of significance:
Lowder, W.M. "Future Directions in USA Radon Research"
Kothari, B.K.; Kunz C.; Lilley, W. "Correlation Between
Indoor Radon and Soil Gas Availability"
Martell, E.A. "Critique of Current Lung Dosimetry Models
for Radon Progeny Exposure"
Porstendorfer, J.; Reineking, A.; Becker, K.H. "Free
Fractions, Attachment Rates and Plate-Out Rates of Radon
Daughters in Homes"
Sextro, R.G.; Moed, B.A.; Nazaroff, W.W.; Revzen, K.L.;
Nero, A.V. "Investigations of Soil as a Source of Indoor
Radon"
34
-------
Swedjemarl, 6.A.; Buren, A.; Majones, L. "A Comparison of
Radon Levels in Swedish Homes in the 1980's and 30 Years
Ago"
Cliff, K.D.; Wrixon, A.D.; Green, B.M.R.; Miles, J.C.H.
"Radon-222 and Its Decay Product Concentrations in UK
Dwellings"
Cliff, K.D.; Wrixon, A.D.; Miles, J.C.H.; Lomas, P.R.;
Warren, P.R. "Remedial Measures in a House With High Radon
Levels"
Stranden, E. "Radon in Norwegian Dwellings. A Pilot Study"
192nd American Chemical Society National Meeting. Anaheim. CA.
September 7-12. 1986
Following are papers of significance:
Harper, J.P.; Nagda, N.L.; Purcell, G.G. "Building
Pressurization Control as an Indoor Pollution Mitigation
Strategy in Residential Dwellings"
Hawthorne, A.R.; Dudney, C.S.; Cohen, M.A.; Spengler, J.D.
"Multipollutant Indoor Air Quality Study of 300 Homes in
Kingston-Harriman Tennessee USA Study Design"
Ford, J.S.; Johnson, G.L.; Jackson, M.D.; Messner, M.J.
"Quality Assurance Criteria for Indoor Air Data
Measurements"
194th American Chemical Society National Meeting. New Orleans. LA
August 30 September 4. 1987
Following is paper of significance:
Mose, D.G.; Mushrush, G.W. "Regional Levels of Indoor Radon
in Virginia and Maryland USA"
35
-------
II. HEALTH EFFECTS
A. EPIDEMIOLOGY
SAMPLE SIZE AND POWER FOR CASE-CONTROL STUDIES WHEN
EXPOSURES ARE CONTINUOUS
LUBIN J H; GAIL M H; ERSHOW A G
BIOSTATISTICS BRANCH, NATL. CANCER INST., 7910 WOODMONT
AVE., LANDOW BUILD., ROOM 3C09, BETHESDA, MD. 20205, USA.
STAT MED 7 (3). 1988. 363-376. CODEN: SMEDD
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
In estimating the sample size for a case-control study,
epidemiologic texts present formulae that require a binary
exposure of interest. Frequently, however, important exposures
are continuous and dichotomization may result in a 'not exposed1
category that has little practical meaning. In addition, if
risks vary monotonically with exposure, then dichotomization will
obscure risk effects and require a greater number of subjects to
detect differences in the exposure distributions among cases and
controls. Starting from the usual score statistic to detect
differences in exposure, this paper develops sample size formulae
for case-control studies with arbitrary exposure distributions;
this includes both continuous and dichotomous exposure
measurements as special cases. The score statistic is
appropriate for general differentiable models for the relative
odds, and, in particular, for the two forms commonly used in
prospective disease occurrence models: (1) the odds of disease
increase linearly with exposure; or (2) the odds increase
exponentially with exposure. Under these two models we
illustrate calculation of sample sizes for a hypothetical
case-control study of lung cancer among non-smokers who are
exposed to radon decay products at home. (BIO)
Sample size and power for case-control studies when
exposures are continuous.
Lubin JH; Gail MH; Ershow AG
Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,
Maryland 20205.
Stat Med (ENGLAND) Mar 1988, 7 (3) p363-76, ISSN
JD277-6715
Journal Code: SIM
Languages: ENGLISH
37
-------
In estimating the sample size for a case-control study,
epidemiologic texts present formulae that require a binary
exposure of interest. Frequently, however, important exposures
are continuous and dichotomization may result in a 'not exposed1
category that has little practical meaning. In addition, if
risks vary monotonically with exposure, then dichotomization will
obscure risk effects and require a greater number of subjects to
detect differences in the exposure distributions among cases and
controls. Starting from the usual score statistic to detect
differences in exposure, this paper develops sample size formulae
for case-control studies with arbitrary exposure distributions;
this includes both continuous and dichotomous exposure
measurements as special cases. The score statistic is
appropriate for general differentiable models for the relative
odds, and, in particular, for the two forms commonly used in
prospective disease occurrence models: (1) the odds of disease
increase linearly with exposure; or (2) the odds increase
exponentially with exposure. Under these two models we
illustrate calculation of sample sizes for a hypothetical
case-control study of lung cancer among non-smokers who are
exposed to radon decay products at home. (BIO)
HEALTH EFFECTS AND SOURCES OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION PART I
SAMET J M; MARBURY M C; SPENGLER J D
DEP. MEDICINE, UNIV. NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131.,
AM REV RESPIR DIS 136 (6). 1987. 1486-1508. • CODEN:
ARDSB
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Since the early 1970's, the health effects of indoor air
pollution have been investigated with increasing intensity.
Consequently, a large body of literature is now available on
diverse aspects of indoor air pollution: sources,
concentrations, health effects, engineering, and policy. This
review begins with a review of the principal pollutants found in
indoor environments and their sources. Subsequently, exposure to
indoor air pollutants and health effects are considered, with an
emphasis on those indoor air quality problems of greatest
concern at present: passive exposure to tobacco smoke, nitrogen
dioxide from gas-fueled cooking stoves, formaldehyde exposure,
radon daughter exposure, and the diverse health problems
encountered by workers in newer, sealed office builings. The
review concludes by briefly addressing assessment of indoor air
quality, control technology, research needs, and clinical
implications. (BIO)(AUTH)
38
-------
HEALTH EFFECTS AND SOURCES OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION PART II
SAMET J M; MARBURY M C; SPENGLER J D
DEP. MED., UNIV. NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. 87131.
AM REV RESPIR DIS 137 (1). 1988. 221-242. CODEN: ARDSB
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
See abstract above (BIO)
RADIATION IN DWELLINGS AND CANCER IN CHILDREN
STJERNFELDT M; SAMUELSSON L; LUDVIGSSON J
DEP. PEDIATRICS, UNIV. HOSP., LINKOPING, SWEDEN.
PEDIATR HEMATOL ONCOL 4 (1). 1987. 55-62. CODEN: PHONE
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Indoor radiation, especially radon exposure, has been in
focus in the public domain during the past several years. The
growing concern among parents of children with cancer possibly
having high radiation levels in their homes led us to study the
levels of gamma- and alpha-radiation levels in the homes of a
group of children in the county of Ostergotland. The indoor
concentration of alpha-emitting radon daughters was measured by
a high-voltage method. The gamma activity was measured with a
standard detector scintillation meter. The yearly average for
radon-daughter concentration in both cases (57 Bq/m3) and
controls (61 Bg/m3) corresponds fairly well with the national
average of 53 Bq/m3. The yearly average for gamma radiation
(cases 0.37 mGy, controls 0.36 mGy) is much lower than the
permissible upper level in dwellings (2.5 mGy/year). The values
seem to be of the same order as the subtracted cosmic radiation,
which is 0.24-0.26 mGy. No appreciable difference could thus be
found between cases and controls either from gamma radiation or
radon-daughter exposure. We cannot from our study rule out the
possibility of an effect of low-level radiation in susceptible
individuals, but it seems clear that children who get cancer do
not live in more radioactive homes than other children. (BIO)
RADIOLOGICAL RISK AVERTED WHEN RADIATION WORKERS RECEIVE
LOWER DOSES AT WORK THAN AT HOME
LEVINE S; STROM D J
DEP. RADIATION HEALTH, GRADUATE SCH. PUBLIC HEALTH, UNIV.
PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA. 15261.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987.
S5. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
39
-------
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Radiation workers are protected by NRC and OSHA regulations
which keep doses to a minimum through ALARA practices. In
contrast, there are no regulations for natural radiation sources
in the home, and until recently, little measurement and/or
concern regarding them. This paper addresses the possible
radiological risk averted by radiation workers not staying at
home. (BIO)(AUTH)
A case-control study of lung cancer relative to domestic
radon exposure.
Lees RE; Steele R; Roberts JH
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology,
Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Int J Epidemiol (ENGLAND) Mar 1987, 16 (1) p7-12, ISSN
0300-5771
Journal Code: GR6
Languages: ENGLISH
Public concern was expressed regarding the possibility of
adverse health effects with the disposal of radioactive waste in
Port Hope, Ontario. A case-control study was carried out to
estimate the relative importance of domestic radon gas exposure
in the causation of lung cancer in the town over a ten-year-
period. Twenty-seven cases met the entry criteria. Statistical
analyses of results did not provide conclusive results that
linked an increased risk of lung cancer and elevated domestic
alpha radiation levels, when all factors were considered.
However, a very strong association was demonstrated between
cigarette smoking and lung cancer. (MED)
LUNG CANCER IN MALES AND TYPE OF DWELLING AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC
PILOT STUDY
DAMBER L A; LARSSON L-G
CENTER ONCOLOGY, UNIV. HOSP. , S-901 85 UMEA, SWEDEN.
ACTA ONCOL (STOCKH) 26 (3). 1987. 211-216. CODEN: ACTOE
Language : ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
from a large case-control study of male lung cancer in
northe *n Sweden were used for a pilot study concerning possible
association between type of dwelling (indoor radon) and lung
cancer. The study illustrated the possibilities of retrospective
assessment of building type and confounding factors of importance
as smoking and occupation and can therefore have methodologic
value for further investigations. The study suggested that,
40
-------
within the region, increased indoor radon due to building
material was not an important cause of lung cancer. Leakage of
radon from the ground could, however, not be considered in the
present study and the used radon measure was very crude (years
in nonwooden houses). (BIO)
Indoor exposure to radon from the ground and bronchial
cancer in women.
Svensson C; Eklund G; Pershagen G
Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health (GERMANY, WEST) 1987, 59
(2) p!23-31, ISSN 0340-0131 Journal Code: GPN
Languages: ENGLISH
A case-referent study on the possible association between
radon emanating from the ground and bronchial cancer was carried
out on 292 female lung cancer cases and 584 matched population
referents. Both groups had lived for at least 30 years in the
city of Stockholm, Sweden. The cases were diagnosed during 1972
to 1980 with oat-cell and other types of anaplastic pulmonary
carcinomas. A sample of about 10% of the dwellings where cases
and referents had lived was selected for measurements of radon
and radon daughters. There was a relative risk of 2.2 (P =
0.01) for lung cancer associated with living in dwellings close
to the ground in areas with an increased risk of radon
emanation. Smoking habits did not appear to be a major
confounding factor for this association, although a detailed
evaluation was not possible. The measurements indicated
increased radon daughter concentrations in ground level
dwellings within radon risk areas where lung cancer cases had
lived, suggesting that this exposure was of etiologic
importance. (MED)
Effect on Peripheral Blood Chromosomes
Pohl-Ruling, J., 50 (SUPPL. l). 1986.
S58. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
A pilot study of the risks associated with exposure to
indoor radon decay products has been conducted in 40 homes in
New Mexico. The emphasis in the investigation has been on
resolving the many methodological issues associated with
developing good estimates of life-long exposures and competing
risk factors for members of the general public. Presented are
results of the study, including a report on the identification
41
-------
of a region of high indoor radon concentrations in the State.
(BIO) (AUTH)
GASTRIC CANCER IN NEW MEXICO COUNTIES WITH SIGNIFICANT
DEPOSITS OF URANIUM
WILKINSON GREGG S.
LANL,
ARCHIVES ENV HEALTH, NOV-DEC 85, V40, N6, P307(6)
RESEARCH ARTICLE SEVERAL COUNTIES IN NORTHERN NEW MEXICO
DISPLAY HIGH RATES OF MORTALITY FROM GASTRIC CANCER. SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCES IN SEX-SPECIFIC, AGE-ADJUSTED, AVERAGE ANNUAL
STOMACH CANCER MORTALITY RATES AMONG WHITES FROM 1970-79 WERE
FOUND BETWEEN COUNTIES WITH SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS OF URANIUM
COMPARED WITH THOSE WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS. FURTHER
RESEARCH NEEDS TO CONSIDER INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND
COMPETING RISK FACTORS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH GASTRIC CANCER IN
THESE COUNTIES. A WORKING HYPOTHESIS IS THAT RESIDENTS OF
COUNTIES WITH U DEPOSITS ARE EXPOSED TO HIGHER THAN AVERAGE
LEVELS OF RADIONUCLIDES OR TO TRACE ELEMENTS WHICH ARE COMMONLY
ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH DEPOSITS. (ENV)
Domestic and Personal Determinants of the Contamination of
Individuals by Household Radon Daughters
20. annual conference on trace substances in
environmental health, Columbia, MO, USA, 2 Jun 1986.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Stebbings, J.H.; Kardatzke, D.R.; Toohey, R.E.; Essling,
M.E.; Pagnamenta, A.
Argonne National Lab., IL. Biological and Medical Research
Div.
Corp. Source Codes: 001960006; 9502123
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-860626-2
1986 17p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8705; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-31-109-ENG-38
Radon daughters were counted by gamma spectroscopy from 180
adult residents of eastern Pennsylvania during the winter of
1983-84. Body radon daughter contamination is an index of
relative individual respiratory exposures to radon daughters.
These can be related to household radon levels, and to personal
risk factors such as sex and tobacco smoking. Over 75% of this
42
-------
Pennsylvania population appeared to have environmentally enhanced
radon daughter contamination; 59% had counting rates greater than
2 s.d. above background. House radon levels were the major
determinants of radon daughters contamination in the 112 subjects
for which both sets of measurements were available (p<.001).
Both sex (<.02) and cigarette smoking (p<.005) were found to
significantly modify that relationship, after nonlinear
adjustment for travel times. Using a logarithmic model, for a
given radon level body contamination by radon daughters in
females was 2-3.5x higher than in males. Nonsmokers had 2-4x
higher levels of contamination than smokers. For female
nonsmokers relative to male smokers (which in general corresponds
to the population of major concern relative to the population
from which risk estimates have been derived), the excesses
multiply. These results are for total contamination, both
internal and external. (ERA citation 11:052212) (NTIS)
Radon in Norwegian dwellings and the feasibility of
epidemiological studies.
Stranden E
Radiat Environ Biophys 1986, 25 (1) p37-42, ISSN
0301-634X
Journal Code: QML
Languages: ENGLISH
The results of a pilot- study on radon in Norwegian
dwellings are presented together with a discussion on the
feasibility of an epidemiological study on the correlation
between lung cancer and radon progeny exposure in dwellings.
There are large variations in the mean radon concentration in
Norwegian municipalities, and the population average indoor radon
concentration is high (80-100 Bq m-3). The large variations and
high absolute values, together with excellent lung cancer and
smoking habit data, make it feasible to conduct epidemiological
studies based on representative exposure data in the Norwegian
population. (MED)
Indoor radon daughter concentrations and passive smoking
Bergman, H. ; Edling, C. ; Axelson, 0.; Berglund, B.;
Berglund, U.; Lindvall, T.; Spengler, J.; Sundell, J. (eds.)
Dep. Occup. Med., University Hosp., Linkoeping, Sweden
3. International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and
Climate Stockholm (Sweden) 1984
ENVIRON. INT VOL. 12^, NO. 1-4, pp. 17-19, Publ.Yr: 1986
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V19N2
43
-------
Radon daughter exposure is a well-known cause of lung
cancer in miners. Since radon daughters are•known to attach to
aerosol particles, it was also of interest to study to what
extent radon daughters in indoor air might attach to cigarette
smoke. Experiments were undertaken, which showed that moderate
concentrations of radon daughters indoors could increase
considerably and even more than double in the presence of
cigarette smoke. The radon daughter levels obtained together
with cigarette smoke may imply a risk of lung cancer for active
and passive smokers. (POL)
INDOOR RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATIONS AND PASSIVE SMOKING
(RADON, PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING
EPIDEMIOLOGY)
BERGMAN HANS; EDLING CHRISTER; AXELSON OLAV
UNIV HOSPITAL, SWEDEN,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P79(6)
CONF PAPER RADON DAUGHTERS ARE KNOWN TO ATTACH TO AEROSOL
PARTICLES. THE EXTEND TO WHICH RADON DAUGHTERS IN INDOOR AIR
MIGHT ATTACH TO CIGARETTE SMOKE WAS RESEARCHED. EXPERIMENTS
SHOWED THAT MODERATE CONCENTRATIONS OF RADON DAUGHTERS INDOORS
COULD MORE THAN DOUBLE IN THE PRESENCE OF CIGARETTE SMOKE. THE
RADON DAUGHTER LEVELS OBTAINED WITH SMOKE MAY IMPLY A SUBSTANTIAL
RISK OF LUNG CANCER FOR BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SMOKERS. (4
GRAPHS, 14 REFERENCES) (ENV)
INDOOR HEAVY METAL EXPOSURE OF THE POPULATION AROUND A
SECONDARY LEAD SMELTER (RADON, PASSIVE SMOKING,
PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY)
SEIFERT BERND ; DREWS MARIANNE; AURAND KARL
INST FOR WATER SOIL & AIR HYGIENE, W GERMANY,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG
20-24, 84, V2, P177(6)
CONF PAPER HOUSE DUST COLLECTED WITH A PASSIVE SAMPLER
WAS USED FOR A RAPID SCREENING OF THE HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF
DUST DEPOSITED IN HOUSES LOCATED NEAR A SOURCE. ANALYZING DUST
SAMPLES FOR LEAD \ND CADMIUM ALLOWED PINPOINTING OF HIGHLY
POLLUTED SPOTS IN AN AREA SURROUNDING A SECONDARY LEAD SMELTER
IN WEST GERMANY. THL HIGHEST PB AND CD DEPOSITS WERE OBSERVED IN
HOMES LOCATED IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF THE SMELTER. (1
GRAPH, 10 REFERENCES) (ENV)
44
-------
EXPOSURE TO RADON IN DWELLINGS AND LUNG CANCER: A PILOT
STUDY (RADON, PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING
EPIDEMIOLOGY)
PERSHAGEN GORAN; DAMBER LENA; FALK ROLF
NATL INST OF ENV MEDICINE, SWEDEN,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P73(6)
CONF PAPER A CASE CONTROL TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO EXAMINE
THE RELATION BETWEEN ESTIMATED LIFETIME EXPOSURE TO RADON IN
SWEDISH DWELLINGS AND LUNG CANCER. FIFTY-THREE CASES OF LUNG
CANCER AND 53 CONTROLS WERE STUDIED. EXPOSURE ESTIMATES WERE
BASED ON DATA REGARDING HOUSE CHARACTERISTICS OF RELEVANCE FOR
INDOOR RADON LEVELS. A HIGHER EXPOSURE TO RADON WAS INDICATED
FOR THE LUNG CANCER CASES THAN FOR THE CONTROLS AMONG SMOKERS BUT
NOT AMONG NON-SMOKERS. A POSITIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN RADON AND
SMOKING MAY EXPLAIN THESE RESULTS. (9 REFERENCES, 3 TABLES)
(ENV)
PLEURAL CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH ASBESTOS EXPOSURE FOUND ON
SCREENING RADIOGRAPHS ARE NOT PREDICTIVE OF LUNG CANCER
(RADON, PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING
EPIDEMIOLOGY)
TOCKMAN MELVYN S.; WHEELER PAUL; LEVIN MORTON; FROST JOHN
K.; GREEN KENDALL; BALL WILMOT
JOHNS HOPKINS MEDICAL INST, MD,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P229(6)
CONF PAPER HIGH-RISK MALE CIGARETTE SMOKERS WERE RECRUITED
IN A STUDY OF LUNG CANCER SCREENING. INITIAL CHEST X-RAYS WERE
READ FOR CASE AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. PRE-CANCER RADIOGRAPHS OF
LUNG CANCER CASES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER FREQUENCIES OF
PARENCHYMAL ABNORMALITIES, SMALL LINEAR OPACITIES, AND DISCOID
ATELECTASIS. IN CONTRAST, THERE WAS NO CASE-CONTROL DIFFERENCE
IN PLEURAL ABNORMALITIES. THE DATA ARE INTERPRETED AS SHOWING
THAT INTERSTITIAL PARENCHYMAL CHANGES ARE PREDICTIVE OF LUNG
CANCER, WHILE PLEURAL CHANGES ARE NOT. (9 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE)
(ENV)
MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF INDOOR AIRBORNE PARTICLES COMPARED TO
OUTDOORS (RADON, PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING
EPIDEMIOLOGY)
VAN HOUDT J.J. ; BOLEIJ J.S.^
AGRICULTURAL UNIV, NETHERLANDS,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P169(8)
45
-------
CONF PAPER THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT INDOOR
PARTICULATE SAMPLES WAS STUDIED IN RELATION TO OUTDOOR SAMPLES.
PARTICLES WERE COLLECTED SIMULTANEOUSLY IN KITCHENS, LIVING
ROOMS, AND OUTDOORS. METHANOL EXTRACTS WERE TESTED IN THE
SALMONELLA/MICROSOME ASSAY. THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF INDOOR AS
WELL AS OUTDOOR SAMPLES WAS GENERALLY INCREASED IN THE PRESENCE
OF A METABOLIZING SYSTEM. INDOOR SAMPLES BEAR A HIGHER INDIRECT
MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY, ESPECIALLY IN SMOKERS' HOMES. (3 GRAPHS, 10
REFERENCES, 2 TABLES) (ENV)
MAN-MADE MINERAL FIBRES (MNMF) IN INDOOR CLIMATE (RADON,
PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY),
RINDEL ANNE
NATL BOARD OF HEALTH, DENMARK,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P221(4)
CONF PAPER HEALTH AND AIR POLLUTION HAZARDS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE INSTALLATION OF PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM MAN-MADE MINERAL
FIBERS (MMMF) IN BUILDINGS ARE CONSIDERED. FEW INVESTIGATIONS
OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MMMF FOR THE SICK BUILDING SYNDROME HAVE
BEEN PERFORMED. A RECENT STUDY IN DENMARK EXAMINED A HIGH
FREQUENCY OF HEADACHE AND EYE IRRITATION COMPLAINTS IN
INSTITUTIONS WITH CEILINGS COMPRISED OF MMMF-PLATES. GUIDELINES
FOR MEASURING .MMMF AND FORMULATING APPROPRIATE REGULATIONS ARE
SUMMARIZED. (5 REFERENCES) (ENV)
46
-------
II. HEALTH EFFECTS
B. RISK ESTIMATES
RADON IN HOMES - DETERMINING RISKS AND PREVENTING EXPOSURES
(ENGLISH)
DOEGE TC; HENDEE WR
AMER MED ASSOC, SCI & TECHNOL GRP, 535 N DEARBORN
ST/CHICAGO//IL/60610; UNIV ILLINOIS,SCH PUBL
HLTH/URBANA//IL/61801; NORTHWESTERN UNIV, SCH
MED/CHICAGO//IL/60611
SEMINARS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE , V18, Nl, P10-15, 1988
Knowledge about the effects of radon disintegration products
and their levels in the nation's homes indicates that in a small
proportion of homes these radioactive substances are increasing
the inhabitants' risks of lung cancer. Testing for the problem
and reducing its magnitude are the homeowner's responsibility.
While practical methods for testing are known, they may not be
easily available in all regions. (SCI) (AUTH)
Origin and health risks of indoor radon.
Hendee WR; Doege TC
Group on Science and Technology, American Medical
Association, Chicago, IL 60610.
Semin Nucl Med (UNITED STATES) Jan 1988, 18 (1) p3-9,
ISSN 0001-2998
Journal Code: UNY
Languages: ENGLISH
Radon has always been a component of ground and air and it
has been present in increased concentrations from the moment
humans first sought shelter inside dwellings. Recent
improvements in the energy efficiency of dwellings have led to
increased concentrations of radon and to increased risks of lung
cancer. To quantify the magnitude of this risk, well-designed
epidemiological studies, including surveys of representative
dwellings, are needed, and several are being implemented. In the
meantime, the EPA and other agencies have offered guidance on
monitoring procedures and remedial measures appropriate for the
problem on indoor radon. Recent disclosures of relatively high
concentrations of radon and radon decay products in homes in
several parts of the country have increased public concern about
the problem. More information and education are needed about
the health risks of radon, the desirability of implementing
47
-------
monitoring procedures for radon, and about remediation measures
when detected levels are above average. Educational resources
are needed in communities to address local issues when • they
arise. (26 Refs.) (MED)
The validity of risk assessments for lung cancer
induced by radon daughters
Steinhaeusler, F.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Div. Biophys., Univ. Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New
York, NY (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS
pp. 430-443, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS. 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
Available input data for the risk assessment from low level
radon daughter (Rn-d) exposure are mostly either of low quality,
partially contradicting or simply "guesstimates". Therefore at
present only the upper limit of this risk can be estimated.
Results of epidemiological studies amongst miners are associated
with large uncertainties with regard to the assessment of past
radiation exposure, lung cancer diagnostic and/or classification
and synergistic effects due to smoking and dust exposure. An
alternative approach uses dosimetric modelling for Rn-d
inhalation to obtain Rn-D exposure-dose conversion factors.
Large uncertainty is caused by individual variability due the
influence of life style, physical and biological parameters. It
is concluded that for "normal" indoor Rn-D exposure the resulting
risk is neglegible compared to other risks "accepted" by society.
(POL)
Risk Assessment of Exposure to Waterborne and Airborne
Radon-222 in Illinois (Final rept.)
Sponsored by Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural
Resources, Springfield.
Energy and Environmental Affairs Div.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Hallenbeck, W. H.
Hallenbeck (William H.), La Grange, IL.
Corp. Source Codes: 090920000
Sponsor: Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources,
Springfield.
Energy and Environmental Affairs Div.
Report No.: IL/ENR/RE/AQ-87/21
Dec 87 8Op
48
-------
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8810
Country of Publication: United States
The study analyzed epidemiological and experimental animal
studies in order to develop exposure-response relationships for
radon-induced cancer. These relationships were used to estimate
lifetime risks and annual excess cases based on the available
waterborne and airborne data for Illinois. Exceedances of the
USEPA action level of 4pCi/l occurred in 13% of 303 first floor
measurements and 43% of 1094 basement measurements. For
waterborne radon, the highest lifetime risk of cancer mortality
associated with an Illinois groundwater-based drinking water
system was estimated to be 4 x 104. The number of excess cases
of fatal cancer generated per year in Illinois was estimated to
be about six. For airborne radon, a tentative value of 0.9 pCi/1
(for first floors), derived from the limited existing data, was
used to estimate the average lifetime lung cancer mortality risk
and the number of excess cases of fatal lung cancer generated per
year. The average lifetime lung cancer mortality risk was
estimated to be 0.0048, and the annual number of excess cases of
fatal lung cancer was estimated to be 784. Due to the nature of
the underlying exposure-response relationships for radon-induced
cancer, the values presented most likely represent upper-bound
estimates. (NTIS)
ANNALS OF THE ICRP INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL
PROTECTION VOL. 17. NO. 1. LONG CANCER RISK FROM INDOOR
EXPOSURES TO RADON DAUGHTERS
SMITH H
ICRP, CLIFTON AVE., SUTTON, SURREY SM2 5PU, ENGL.
SMITH, H. (ED.). ANNALS OF THE ICRP (INTERNATIONAL
COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION), VOL. 17. NO. 1.
LUNG CANCER RISK FROM INDOOR EXPOSURES TO RADON
DAUGHTERS. VII+60P. PERGAMON PRESS: OXFORD,
ENGLAND, UK; NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA. ILLUS. PAPER. ISBN
0-08-035597-X.
1987. VII+60. CODEN: ANICD
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: BOOK
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
This volume of the series presents six sections that
deliver information on sources, levels, lung exposure, and
general findings, evaluation methods, and the risk of
radiation-induced lung cancer. Abundant^ graphs, tables,
equations, references and a appendix supplement"the text. (BIO)
49
-------
Contribution of radon and radon daughters to respiratory
cancer.
Harley N; Samet JM; Cross FT; Hess T; Muller J; Thomas D
Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University
Medical Center, NY 10016.
Environ Health Perspect (UNITED STATES) Dec 1986, 70
plV-21, ISSN 0091-6765 Journal Code: EIO
Languages: ENGLISH
This article reviews studies on the contribution of radon
and radon daughters to respiratory cancer and proposes
recommendations for further research, particularly a national
radon survey. The steady-state outdoor radon concentration
averages 200 pCi/m3, and indoor levels are about 4 times higher.
The primary source of radon in homes is the underlying soil;
entry depends on multiple variables and reduced ventilation for
energy conservation increases indoor radon levels. Occupational
exposures are expressed in units of radon daughter potential
energy concentration or working level (WL). Cumulative exposure
is the product of the working level and the time exposed. The
unit for cumulative exposure is the working level month (WLM).
The occupational standard for radon exposure is 4 WLM/year, and 2
WLM/year has been suggested as a guideline for remedial action in
homes. Epidemiologic studies show that miners with cumulative
radon daughter exposures somewhat below 100 WLM have excess lung
cancer mortality. Some 3% to 8% of miners studied have developed
lung cancer attributable to radon daughters. All of the
underground mining studies show an increased risk of lung cancer
with radon daughter exposure. All cell types of lung cancer
increased with radon exposure. If radon and smoking act in a
multiplicative manner, then the risk for smokers could be 10
times that for nonsmokers. The potential risk of lung cancer
appears to be between 1 and 2 per 10,000/WLM, which yields a
significant number of lung cancers as some 220 million persons
in the United States are exposed on average to 10 to 20
WLM/lifetime. (MED)
TESTS OF THE LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
FOR HIGH-LET RADIATION
COHEN B L
DEP. PHYSICS, UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA. 15260.
CONFERENCE ON RADIATION HORMESIS, OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA,
AUGUST 14-16, 1985. HEALTH PHYS 52 (5). 1987. 629-636.
CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
It is pointed out that induction of lung cancer by exposure
to Rn daughters, applied at high doses to miners and at low doses
50
-------
to exposures in homes, provides a very stringent and sensitive
test of the linear, no-threshold dose-response relationship for
high-LET radiation, because the relationship predicts that a
substantial fraction of lung cancer among non-smokers is due to
average Rn levels. Therefore, it predicts an easily observable
elevation of lung cancer rates in areas where Rn levels are many
times greater than the average, epecially before cigarette
smoking began to have important effects on lung cancer
statistics. (BIO) (AUTH)
Radiation doses from radon in buildings.
Swedjemark GA
National Institute of Radiation Protection, Environmental
Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.
Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother (ENGLAND) 1987, 4 (3-4)
p!39-50, ISSN 0736-0118 Journal Code: LSP
Languages: ENGLISH
Not until about 1970 was it possible to estimate the
magnitude of the correlation between additional lung cancer
frequency and radon daughter exposure in miners. In addition, it
has been realised that high levels of radon daughters in homes
may be found in all countries and therefore the interest in radon
in buildings has rapidly increased during the last 10 years.
Radon gas enters the house from underground, from building
materials and in some cases from tap water. Indoor radon
daughter concentrations vary between countries and regions.- The
absorbed dose in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium
based on an average of the population in Canada, U.S.A. and West
Germany can be estimated to be about 1 mGy a-1 (average radon
daughter concentration about 25 Bq m-3) for Great Britain about
half of that value and for the Nordic countries about double
this value. 300-3000 lung cancer cases (most probable 1100) may
occur in the future in the Swedish population of 8.4 million
from radon daughter exposure indoors today. This estimation is
made by the National Institute of Radiation Protection. A lower
estimate of 100-1000 lung cancer cases is made by the Swedish
Cancer Committee. Efforts to decrease the exposure from radon
daughters indoors have been made in some countries by
establishing limits or recommendations for the radon or radon
daughter concentration indoors. Measuring methods for finding
houses with high radon daughter concentrations and effective
building techniques in order to decrease the radon daughter
concentrations in both existing and for planned buildings are
available. (42 Refs.) (MED)
AN ESTIMATE OF THE LUNG-CANCER RISK FROM RADON AND ITS
DECAY PRODUCTS IN ALPINE DWELLINGS (ENGLISH)
BURKART W
51
-------
EIR, ABT 81/CH-5303 WURENLINGEN//SWITZERLAND/
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY , V49, N5,
P868-869, 1986
In large areas of the Swiss Alps, the high radium content of
rocks and soil may produce considerable indoor levels of radon
in dwellings with low air exchange rates. A sample of 32
conventional homes in South-eastern Switzerland was taken.
Energy conservation efforts such as weatherstripping were shown
to increase radon levels and doses further. (SCI)(HQL)
Estimated Risk from Exposure to Radon Decay Products in US
Homes Workshop on exposure modeling and monitoring,
Cambridge, HA, USA, 30 Sep 1985.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Nero, A. V.
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA. Applied Science Div.
Corp. Source Codes: 086929008; 9505804
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: LBL-21642; CONF-8509332-1
May 86 19p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098
Recent analyses now permit direct estimation of the risks
of lung cancer from radon decay products in US homes. Analysis
of data from indoor monitoring in single-family homes yields a
tentative frequency distribution of annual-average sup 222 Rn
concentrations averaging 55 Bq m sup -3 and having 2% of homes
exceeding 300 Bq m sup -3. Application of the results of
occupational epidemiological studies, either directly or using
recent advances in lung dosimetry, to indoor exposures suggests
that the average indoor concentration entails a lifetime risk of
lung cancer of 0.3% or about 10% of the total risk of lung
cancer. The risk to individuals occupying the homes with 300 Bq
m sup -3 or more for their lifetimes is estimated to exceed 2%,
with risks from the homes with thousands of Bq m sup -3
correspondingly higher, even exceeding the total risk of
premature death due to cigarette smoking. The potential for such
average and high-level risks in ordinary homes forces
development of a new perspective on environmental exposures.
(ERA citation 12:001994) (NTIS)
52
-------
Energy-related risk in the U.S.A. in the year 2020
Inhaber, H.; King, S.
Risk Concepts Inc., P.O. Box 1231, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
ANN. NUCL. ENERGY VOL. 13, NO. 4, pp. 173-184, Publ.Yr:
1986
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
The present risk to health of energy systems has been the
subject of much debate in recent years. This paper extrapolates
some present results on energy-related risk to the year 2020.
It finds that if today's trends continue, the largest sources of
risk will be due to the changeover from large to small cars,
radon buildup in better-sealed buildings and the entire coal
(and synthetic fuel) cycle. Other sources of risk, such as the
larger proportion of nuclear and solar energy three or four
decades from now, are about an order of magnitude lower than the
aforementioned three. Because of the many uncertainties in the
calculations, the results should be viewed as primarily
qualitative, although derived quantitatively. However, they can
be used as a guide by policymakers and research planners to
produce the greatest risk reduction per unit effort. (POL)
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF INDOOR RADON EXPOSURE
RADFORD EDWARD P.
UNIV OF PITTSBURGH,
ENV HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, OCT 85, V62, P281(7)
JOURNAL ARTICLE ALPHA RADIATION FROM INHALED
SHORT-LIVED DAUGHTERS OF RADON READILY IRRITATES HUMAN BRONCHEAL
EPITHELIUM. IN HOMES, RADON LEVELS ARE HIGHLY VARIABLE, SHOWING
APPROXIMATE LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS. FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR
CONCENTRATIONS INCLUDE TYPE OF BEDROCK UNDER DWELLINGS, HOUSE
FOUNDATION CHARACTERISTICS, RADON DISSOLVED IN ARTESIAN WATER,
AND VENTILATION IN LIVING SPACES. FROM APPLICATION OF RISK
ASSESSMENTS IN MINERS TO HOME CONDITIONS, IT APPEARS THAT ABOUT
25% OR MORE OF LUNG CANCERS AMONG NONSMOKERS OVER THE AGE OF 60,
AND ABOUT 5% IN SMOKERS, MAY BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXPOSURE TO
RADON DAUGHTERS IN THE HOME. (ENV)
53
-------
II. HEALTH EFFECTS
C. DOSIMETRY
A Reconsideration of Cells at Risk and Other Key Factors in
Radon Daughter Dosimetry
James, A.C.
Radon and Its Decay Products, P.K. Hopke, Editor;
Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society, pages 400-418,
41 references 1987
A model for assessing dose to lung from radon (10043922)
daughter exposure was formulated which was consistent with the
available data on bronchial dimensions, airway deposition and
clearance of radon daughters. When dose was averaged over the
whole thickness of bronchial epithelium, the calculated mean
bronchial dose was about 60 percent greater for the unattached
fraction of alpha energy and about 30 percent greater for radon
daughters attached to aerosol particles than when only the dose
to basal cells was considered. Based on recent experimental
data, the conversion factor for absorbed dose per unit exposure
was estimated to be 130 milligray (mGy) for unattached radon
daughters and 8mGy for the aerosol fraction. Under typical
exposure conditions in the home, the estimated conversion factor
to effective dose equivalent was approximately 15 millisieverts.
Breathing rate and age were shown to be minor factors in
determining dose per unit exposure. Lung dose rate was found to
be proportional to the radon gas concentration over a wide range
of conditions, which facilitated interpretation of monitoring
data. The author identifies the need for further research to
determine whether radon daughter aerosol particles grow
significantly in size at physiological humidity and to assess
nasal deposition of unattached daughters. (OSH)
LUNG CANCER AFTER IRRADIATION THE RADON PROBLEM
JACOBI W
INST. STRAHLENSCHUTZ GSF, D-8042 MUENCHEN-NEUHERBERG.
NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 73 (11). 1986. 661-668. CODEN:
NATWA '
Language: GERMAN
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
The estimation and limitation of lung cancer risk from
inhaled 222Rn-daughters in mines and in the home is one of the
54
-------
most important problems in radiation protection. The results of
epidemiological studies are summarized. The radiation-induced
increase in the age-specific lung cancer.rate can be interpreted
in terms of a proportional hazard model. On the basis of this
model, the relative fraction of total lung cancer frequency which
might be initiated by the radon-daughter exposure in homes is
estimated. (BIO)
Computerised Model for the Calculation of the Activity to
Dose Conversion Factor for Radon Daughter Inhalation in
Dwellings
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Muraleedharan, T.S.; Ramachandran, T.V.; Subba Ramu, M.C.
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay (India).
Corp. Source Codes: 004104000; 0807000
Report No.: BARC-1317
1986 3Op
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8724; NSA1200
Country of Publication: India
Occupants of dwellings are exposed to high concentrations
of airborne radon and its daughters and hence it is important to
assess the dose received by them. This report describes the
various parameters that are used to calculate the dose to the
lung. The calculations are carried out by a simple computer
model with the help of which one can get the activity to dose
conversion factor in terms of either rad or grey per working
level month. Typical calculations have been carried out to show
that the conversion factor can vary by a factor of 5 depending
on some typical input parameters. 12 references, 4 figures. (ERA
citation 12:040108) (NTIS)
Updating radon daughter bronchial dosimetry
Harley, N.H.; Cohen, B.S.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Inst. Environ. Med., New York Univ. Med. Cent., New York, NY
10016, USA
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New
York, NY (USA)
13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS
pp. 419-429, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
55
-------
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS. 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
The lung cancer risk from radon daughter exposure is known
only for occupationally exposed males. In order to determine the
risk in environmental situations it is necessary to determine
whether the bronchial alpha dose, which confers the risk, is
similar to that in mines. Particle size is a major factor which
determines the alpha dose conversion factor for radon daughters
(mGy/WLM). Data on indoor environments are emerging and indicate
that a variety of specific conditions exist. For example, a dose
factor four times that for a nominal occupational or
environmental exposure exists if kerosene heater particles
dominate the indoor aerosol and four times smaller if a
hygroscopic particle dominates. (POL)
56
-------
III. EXPOSURE
A. HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
Variation of radon levels in U.S. homes with various forms.
Cohen BL; Gromicko N
JAPCA (UNITED STATES) Feb 1988, 38 (2) p!29-34, ISSN
0894-0630
Journal Code: JCA
Languages: ENGLISH
A program combining 70,000 purchased and 3,500 random
selection-no charge measurements with extensive questionnaires is
described. (MED)
Radon in homes. Council on Scientific Affairs.
JAMA (UNITED STATES) Aug 7 1987, 258 (5) p668-72, ISSN
0098-7484
Journal Code: KFR
Languages: ENGLISH
Radon 222 and its radioactive decay products can enter
buildings and, through inhalation, expose the inhabitants'
pulmonary tissues to ionizing radiation. Studies of radon levels
in the United States indicate that variations of 100-fold or
greater exist among private dwellings. In one region, 55% of
homes had levels exceeding 4 pCi/L (0.15 Bq/L), which is the
guidance level recommended by the US Environmental Protection
Agency. Ventilation and tightness of construction are important
determinants of radon levels. In some instances, fans or heat
exchangers can reduce excessive concentrations, but in others
more elaborate remedial measures may be required. Physicians may
obtain information about radon through Environmental Protection
Agency regional offices and state radiation control programs.
The risk of radiogenic cancer is believed to increase with
exposure to ionizing radiation. According to some estimates,
concentrations of radon decay products in US homes could be
responsible for several thousand cases of lung cancer per year.
Studies of radon levels in representative buildings and
guidelines are needed to ensure safe, effective, and
cost-effective countermeasures. Architects, contractors,
designers, building ccie administrators, health physicists, and
biomedical investigators can help with solutions. (MED)
57
-------
Indoor ventilation rates for 222Rn.
Terilli TB; Harley NH
New York University Medical Center, NY 10016.
Health Phys (UNITED STATES) Jun 1987, 52 (6) p801-3,
ISSN 0017-9078 Journal Code: G2H
Contract/Grant No.: ES-00260; CA-13343
Languages: ENGLISH
For the past 3 years, indoor and outdoor 222Rn
concentrations have been measured at a single-family dwelling in
northern New Jersey. In the spring of 1985, a small experimental
room was built as an extension to the cellar. Findings are
discussed. (MED)
The Role of Building Construction and Ventilation in Indoor
Air Pollution. Review of a Recurring Problem
McCunney, R. J.
New York State Journal of Medicine, Vol. 87, No. 4, pages
203-209, 77
references April 1987 CODEN: NYSJAM
The role of building construction and ventilation in indoor
air pollution is discussed. A number of adverse health effects
can be attributed to the indoor environment. New materials,
energy efficiency measures, and inadequate ventilation have all
been associated with conditions ranging from fatal pulmonary
disease to vague symptoms such as headache and fatigue. The most
notable infection resulting from indoor air pollution is that
caused by Legionella-pneumophila (Legionnaire's disease and
Pontiac fever). Person to person spread does not appear to
occur. The only proven route of transmission is through
contaminated aerosols originating in air handling systems.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and humidifier fever are other
conditions associated with contaminated air systems. Epidemic
psychogenic illness, also known as mass hysteria, refers to a
constellation of symptoms that develops in people who are under
some type of physical or emotional stress. Concern almost
invariably focuses on an apparent toxic agent. Sources of indoor
pollution such as radon (10043922) , formaldehyde (50000) ,
asbestos (1332214), tobacco, and indoor combustion are discussed.
Procedures for investigating a suspected case of indoor pollution
are reviewed. The number of requests to NIOSH for indoor air
quality investigations has greatly increased since 1978, probably
due to a heightened awareness of hazards and to improved energy
efficiency. It is noted that the ideal approach for preventing
adverse effects of indoor pollution is through proper
ventilation. Inadequate ventilation, in the absence of other
sources of contamination, can cause systemic health effects,
especially fatigue. Preventive maintenance on air handling
systems is considered essential. (OSH)
58
-------
Indoor Air Quality Environmental Information Handbook:
Building System Characteristics
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A13
Mueller Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD.
Corp. Source Codes: 100249000; 9502678
Sponsor: Argonne National Lab., IL.; Brookhaven National
Lab., Upton, NY.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/EV/10450-H1
Jan 87 290p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A13 Journal Announcement: GRAI8801;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC01-81EV10450; AC02-76CH00016
This manual, the third in a series, focuses on residential
building system characteristics and their effects on indoor air
quality. The manual addresses: residential indoor air
pollutants by source, indoor concentrations, health effects,
source control and mitigation techniques, standards and
guidelines; building system characteristics of air exchange,
pollutant source strength, residence volume, site
characteristics, structural design, construction, and
operation, infiltration and ventilation system, building
occupancy; and monitoring methods. (ERA citation 12:039058)
(NTIS)
Indoor ventilation rates for super(222)Rn
Terilli, T.B.; Harley, N.H.
New York Univ. Med. Cent., 550 First Ave., New York, NY
10016, USA
HEALTH PHYS VOL. 52, NO. 6, pp. 801-803, Publ.Yr: 1987
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V19N3
For the past 3 y, indoor and outdoor super (222 )Rn
concentrations have been measured at a single-family dwelling in
northern New Jersey. Continuous super(222)Rn monitors (Ch81)
collect hourly data in the cellar and outdoors. In the spring of
1985, a small experimental room was built as an extension cellar.
The original cellar walls were built with poured concrete. The
experimental room has walls r ade of concrete blocks to provide a
more porous entry and to augment the response time of
super(222)Rn to different meteorological conditions. The
experimental room also has a larger surface-to-volume ratio and
thinner walls than the original cellar. (POL)
59
-------
Residential Indoor Air Pollutants
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Wilfert, G. L.; Young, J. K.; Buck, J. W.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA.
Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/BP/18690-3
Nov 86 124p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8719; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830
A growing concern about housing is the type, amount and
health effects of residential indoor air pollution. In recent
years, considerable research has been conducted in an effort to
understand the airborne pollutants present in residential indoor
air, their sources, their concentration levels, their risks to
health, and what can be done to eliminate or mitigate pollution
levels. This report focuses on the first three of these:
pollutants, sources, and concentration levels. Health risks of
key pollutants and mitigation strategies to control pollutant
levels are the topics of separate reports. The report reflects
current information available through the fall of 1985. (ERA
citation 12:023454) (NTIS)
Constancy of Air Tightness in Buildings
In Finnish.
U.S. Sales Only. Portions of this document are illegible
in microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
Metiaeinen, P.; Saarimaa, J. ; Saarnio, P.; Salomaa, H.;
Tulla, K.
Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Espoo (Finland).
Corp. Source Codes: 067526000; 6658300
Report No.: VTT-TUTK-422
Sep 86 17Op
Languages: Finnish
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8812; NSA1300
Country of Publication: Finland
In order to reduce consumption of energy, more air tight
buildings have been built. There were many doubts, that too air
tight construction can cause some harm to indoor climate and
structures. It was also unclear whether the building would remain
air tight with time. In the study, pressure measurements have
60
-------
been carried out to discover whether the air tightness of mainly
detached houses changes with time. The study consists of 34 new
buildings and 9 old improved buildings. The air tightness of the
building envelope decreased significantly in energy two buildings
during the two first years. The change occurred mainly in timber
framed buildings. In many cases it was very difficult to detect
any specified causes to reduced air tightness. In timber framed
buildings drying of wood is one notable reason. It causes small
cracks all over the building envelope and reduces thus the air
tightness evenly. The study of the inconveniences caused by too
air tight constructions was carried out by sending inquiries to
the holders of real estate. Some buildings were then thoroughly
inspected and measured. The study showed that too air tight as
well as too leaky constructions cause much harm. Draught and bad
smell of indoor air seemed to be quite common in flats. The
window pane became misty in several buildings, whereas moisture
defects inside the constructions were rare. The radon content
was measured in several buildings, and very low concentrations
were found. The problems of indoor climate were significantly
connected with poor ventilation. The main problem was the
insufficient use of mechanical ventilation devices and the
incompatibility between the ventilation system and air tightness,
in other words, the air change rate was out of control. (ERA
citation 13:014896) (NTIS)
Influence of Source Type and Air Exchange on Variations of
Indoor Radon Concentration
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Arvela, H. ; Winqvist, K.
Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, Helsinki.
Corp. Source Codes: 083143000; 9820910
Report No.: STUK-A-51
Apr 86 33p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8718; NSA1200
Country of Publication: Finland
The model relates radon concentration to source strength and
its variations, air exchange rate and meteorological factors.
Two types of sources have been studied. The pressure difference
dependent source is made up of radon transported with soil pore
air and driven by pressure difference due to the stack effect.
The constant source is made up of raion transported by diffusion
from building materials or from so.l. The air exchange rate
depends exponentially on indoor-outdoor temperature difference
and linearly on wind speed. These two inputs have been summed in
quadrature. In a house with a constant source radon
concentration decreases when the air exchange rate increases due
61
-------
to the increasing temperature difference, whereas the pressure
difference dependent source causes an increasing concentration.
This is due to the fact that the effect of the source strength
increase is stronger than the decreasing effect of air exchange
on concentration. The winter-summer concentration ratio depends
on the combination of the two types of source. A pure pressure
dependent source leads to the winter-summer ratio of 2-3.5
(winter -5 deg C, summer +15 deg C, wind speed 3 m/s). A strong
contribution of a constant source is needed to cause a summer
concentration higher than the winter concentration. The model is
in agreement with the winter-summer concentration ratios
measured. This ratio increases with the increasing winter
concentration. The measured ratio was near 1.0 for houses with
winter concentration of 200 Bq m''3 or less and near 2.0 with
concentration of 1000 Bq m''3. In a house with a constant
source, the diurnal maximum occurs in the afternoon, while in
houses with a pressure difference dependent source the time of
maximum is early in the morning. (ERA citation 12:023465)
(NTIS)
Model for the Calculation of the Radiation Dose from Natural
Radionuclides in the Netherlands
In Dutch.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Ackers, J. 6.
Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en
Milieubeheer, The Hague (Netherlands). Directie
Stralenbescherming.
Corp. Source Codes: 087985003; 4188735
Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-19; VROM-60201/3-86
Feb 86 87p
Languages: Dutch
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
Country of Publication: Netherlands
A model has been developed to calculate the radiation dose
incurred from natural radioactivity indoors and outdoors,
expressed in effective dose equivalence/year. The model is
applied on a three rooms dwelling characterized by
interconnecting air flows and on a dwelling with crawlspace. In
this model the distinct parameters are variable in order to allow
the investigation of the relative influence. The calculated
effective dose equivalent for an adult in the dwelling was
calculated to be about 1.7 mSv/year, composed of 15% from cosmic
radiation, 35% from terrestrial radioactivity, 20% from
radioactivity in the body and 30% from natural radionuclides in
building materials. The calculations show an enhancement of
about a factor of two in radon concentration in air in a room
which is ventilated by air from an adjacent room. It is also
62
-------
shown that the attachment rate of radon products to aerosols and
the plate-out effect are relatively important parameters
influencing the magnitude of the dose rate. (Auth.). 37 refs.;
12 figs.; 42 tabs. (Atomindex citation 18:079206) (NTIS)
Building Assessment Techniques for Indoor Air Quality
Evaluations
Bearg, D. W., and W. A. Turner
Indoor Air Quality in Cold Climates: Hazards and Abatement
Measures, D. S. Walkinshaw, Editor; Pittsburgh, PA, Air
Pollution Control Association, pages 276-283, 4 references
1986
Methods used to evaluate the quality of indoor air were
reviewed, with emphasis on techniques to determine effective
ventilation rates and indoor air movement pathways. Sources of
air contamination in a building and methods for their
identification were also examined. Specific topics reviewed
included the assessment of actual building ventilation rates,
determination of air movement pathways and ventilation
efficiency, assessment of building contaminants, sources within
the building (particles, combustion gases, ozone (10028156),
biological sources, organic chemicals, and fibers), sources from
outside the building (radon (10043922), parking lots, cooling
towers, and localized exhaust), and sources related to the
building mechanical system (location of air intakes, humidity
control, location of supply and exhaust registers, parameters for
localized exhausts, capture efficiency, negative pressurization,
and discharge parameters). Examples of air contamination and
source identification included a five story academic arts and
sciences building, a multistory health care facility, and a two
story office building. The authors conclude that while potential
sources of indoor and outdoor contamination can be evaluated by
observation, the actual evaluation of building ventilation
requires measurement of ventilation rates and determination of
air movement pathways, and more specific measures may be required
for determination of contaminant levels and sources. (OSH)
Energy Efficient House Research Project
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01
Robinson, D. A. ; Nelson, G. D. ; Hutchinson, M.
Minnesota Dept. of Energy and Economic Development, St.
Paul. Energy Div.
Corp. Source Codes: 079314001; 9517499
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORNL/SUB-83-47980/1
63
-------
Sep 86 206p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8707;
NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R2140
The basis for this project was a set of energy efficient
houses built in 1980 by the Energy Efficient Housing
Demonstration Program of the Minnesota Housing Finance Agency.
Under this programs, 144 detached and attached housing units were
constructed throughout the State of Minnesota by 23 different
builders. The research project utilized a simple data collection
method involving homeowners in the field and utility data reports
to establish a performance data base for the houses in the study.
Data have been provided for addition to the BECA-A (new
residential) data base on file at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
establishing a comprehensive data base for further analyses. The
112 houses for which there were good quality energy data
performed very well, but analysis of these data showed few
significant correlations between energy performance and design
features. Detailed field investigation of 25 houses revealed
many commonly practiced housing design and construction methods
that degrade the energy performance of solar and other features
of potentially energy efficient houses. Indoor air quality was
investigated in 12 energy efficient houses and in an equal number
of control houses. Air quality in the energy efficient houses
was found to be as good as in houses of conventional
construction. Radon mitigation using subfloor ventilation was
investigated and found to be successful in reducing the
concentration of this indoor air contaminate. Attempts to seal
out radon in two control houses were not successful. (ERA
citation 11:051073) (NTIS)
Ventilation- and Infiltration Measurements in a Dwelling in
View of the Problems with Radon
In Dutch.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Gids, W. F. ; Phaff, J. C.
Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en
Milieubeheer, The Hague (Netherlands). Directie
Stralenbescherming.
Corp. Source Codes: 087985003; 4188735
Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-22; VROM-60522/6-86
Jun 86 87p
Languages: Dutch
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
Country of Publication: Netherlands
64
-------
This report describes the results of continuous ventilation
measurements, with N/sub 2/0 as tracer gas, of infiltration
streams in seven spaces in a dwelling. The results are compared
with ventilation model calculations; good agreement was obtained.
(Auth.). 24 figs.; 1 table. (Atomindex citation 18:079246)
(NTIS)
RADON AND LONG-CANCER - INCREMENTAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH
RESIDENTIAL WEATHERIZATION (ENGLISH)
BRAMBLEY MR; GORFIEN M
WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT ENGN & POLICY/ST LOUIS//MO/63130
ENERGY, Vll, N6, P589-605, 1986
Energy conservation measures for residences that decrease
air-exchange rates between the indoors and outdoors are shown, in
the absence of substantial pressure-driven sources of radon, to
increase substantially the concentrations of short-lived
radionuclides in indoor air that are produced by the decay of
naturally occurring radon. The associated incremental risk of
lung cancer, although small compared to the risk attributable to
tobacco smoking, is probably large enough to concern a
substantial fraction of the population. (SCI)(AUTH)
POLLUTION BEGINS AT HOME
MATTHEWS ROBERT
NEW SCIENTIST, DEC 5, 85, V108, N1485, P34(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE INSULATED AND WEATHERPROOFED HOMES
CONSERVE ENERGY WHILE TRAPPING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS. REDUCED
VENTILATION AND THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE INSULATION ARE THE
CULPRITS OF INCREASED INDOOR LEVELS OF FORMALDEHYDE AND
CONDENSATION. GAS APPLIANCES PRODUCE SEVERAL POTENTIALLY HARMFUL
WASTE GASES, SUCH AS NITROGEN DIOXIDE. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE
MOST OBVIOUS SOURCE OF POLLUTION FROM COMBUSTION. RADON CAN SEEP
OUT OF SOIL AND MASONRY INTO BUILDINGS, WHERE IT CAN ACCUMULATE
TO LEVELS AT LEAST 10 TIMES HIGHER THAN THOSE OUTSIDE IN THE OPEN
AIR. SCRUBBERS AND OTHER DEVICES FOR PURIFYING INDOOR AIR ARE
DISCUSSED, BUT INCREASING VENTILATION
APPEARS TO BE THE BEST APPROACH. (ENV)
INDOOR AIR QUALITY, INFILTRATION AND \ENTILATION IN
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
NITSCHKE IAN A. ; TRAYNOR GREGORY W. ; WADACH JOHN B. ;
CLARKIN MICHAEL E.; CLARKE WAYNE A.
W. S. FLEMING & ASSOC, NY,
NEW YORK STATE ENERGY R&D AUTHORITY REPORT 85-10, MAR 85
(265)
65
-------
STATE/LOCAL GOVT REPORT SIXTY HOUSES BUILT WITH DIFFERENT
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES IN UPSTATE NEW YORK WERE MONITORED FOR
AIRTIGHTNESS AND RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN INDOOR AIR, HOUSEHOLD
WATER, AND SOIL SURROUNDING THE HOUSE. THIRTY OF THE HOUSES WERE
ALSO MONITORED FOR AIR EXCHANGE RATES, COMBUSTION POLLUTANTS, AND
FORMALDEHYDE. UNVENTED KEROSENE HEATERS WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR
HIGH INDOOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE LEVELS; SMOKERS AND SOME WOOD STOVES
WERE SOURCES OF INDOOR RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES. NEW PANELLING AND
HIGH HUMIDITY LEVELS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH FORMALDEHYDE
LEVELS IN ONE HOUSE. THE MOST EFFECTIVE GENERAL CONTROL
TECHNIQUE WAS THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND
THE REMOVAL AND/OR THE ISOLATION OF THE SOURCES FROM THE INDOOR
ENVIRONMENT. (ENV)
EXPOSURE TO ENHANCED NATURAL RADIATION AND ITS REGULATORY
IMPLICATIONS: PROCEEDINGS OF A SEMINAR HELD IN MAASTRICHT,
THE NETHERLANDS, 25-27 MARCH 1985,
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENV, OCT 85, V45 (699)
CONF PROCEEDINGS PROCEEDINGS OF A EUROPEAN SEMINAR
ENTITLED ""EXPOSURE TO ENHANCED NATURAL RADIATION AND ITS
REGULATORY IMPLICATIONS11 ARE PRESENTED. THE USE OF NEW
CONSTITUENTS IN BUILDING MATERIALS, REDUCTION OF VENTILATION IN
HOUSES TO CONSERVE ENERGY, PRODUCTION AND USE OF PHOSPHATE
FERTILIZERS, INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES INVOLVING RELEASE OF NATURALLY
OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES INTO THE ENVIRONMENT, AND REUSE OF LARGE
AMOUNTS OF WASTE MATERIAL ARE EXAMPLES OF SITUATIONS WHICH MODIFY
DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT. (ENV)
RADON TRANSPORT INTO A DETACHED ONE-STORY HOUSE WITH A
BASEMENT
NAZAROFF W.W.; FEUSTEL H.; NERO A.V.; REVZAN K.L.;
GRIMSRUD D.T.; ESSLING M.A.; TOOHEY R.E.
LBNL, ATMOSPHERIC ENV, 1985, V19, Nl, P31(16) RESEARCH
ARTICLE
RESULTS OF A FIVE-MONTH STUDY DURING WHICH RADON (RN 222)
CONCENTRATION, AIR-EXCHANGE (VENTILATION) RATE, AND WEATHER AND
RADON SOURCE PARAMETERS WERE CONTINUOUSLY MONITORED IN A HOUSE
NEAR CHICAGO ARE DESCRIBED, PARTICULAR FOCUS ON RADON ENTRY RATE.
RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE BASEMENT SUMP PUMP AND PERIMETER
DRAIN-TILE SYSTEM PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INFLUENCING RADON
ENTRY RATE AND THAT PRESSURE-DRIVEN FLOW WAS MORE IMPORTANT THAN
DIFFUSION AS A MECHANISM FOR RADON ENTRY. FIREPLACE OPERATION
SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED THE AIR-EXCHANGE RATE BUT HAD ONLY A
SMALL EFFECT ON INDOOR RADON CONNECTION, PROVIDING CORROBORATIVE
EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF PRESSURE-DRIVEN FLOW. (2 DIAGRAMS, 6
GRAPHS, 30 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES) (ENV)
66
-------
III. EXPOSURE
B. GEOLOGY
Predictive Model for Indoor Radon Occurrences — A First
Approximat ion
LeGrand, H. E.
IN: Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne
Contamination. Proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April
7-9, 1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 1987. p 477-487, 1 fig, 7
ref.,
Efforts to develop a model that can allow one to predict the
degree of health risks from radon gas emanations in buildings
must face intangible factors. Yet, a useful predictive model is
needed because: (1) measurements of Rn in millions of buildings
are not feasible; (2) variable concentrations of Rn may exist
within space and time conditions in a room; and (3) questions of
reliability of sampling and analytical procedures arise in many
cases. A first approximation toward a predictive model is
proposed that applies to the crystalline rock terrane of eastern
North America, based on fundamental hydrogeologic factors rather
than solely on 'hot-spot1 uranium areas. The preliminary model
proposed here represents an early approximation of some future
improved model that could be more acceptable. This model is
based on estimating values (on a 10-point numerical scale) of
four factors, as follows: (1) Rock type — uranium content; (2)
Topographic slope and vertical emplacement of building; (3)
Hydrogeologic setting and average water-table position; and (4)
Water-table behavior and characteristics. The values on compiled
and then adjusted more specifically to conditions of indoor
construction and ventilation. The final total value is directed
to a rating scale that indicates a relative degree of
seriousness. Each rated situation is classified as: 'almost
certain', 'very likely', 'questionable', 'not likely', or 'very
unlikely'. (See also W88-04980) (Lantz-PTT) (WRA)
A COMPARISON OF RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL GAS WITH INDOOR
RADON LEVELS IN THE SALT LAKE VALLEY UTAH USA
BOLLENBACHER M K; NIELSON K K; SMITH W J II; ROGERS V C
ROGERS ASSOCIATES ENG. CORP., P.O. BOX 330, SALT LAKE CITY,
UTAH 84110-0330.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987. S40. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
67
-------
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Radon concentrations in homes, and in soils near the homes
were measured at 30 locations in the Salt Lake Valley. These
measurements indicated that the indoor radon concentrations in
the Salt Lake Valley follow a log normal distribution. Indoor
radon levels in roughly 47 percent of the homes in the Salt Lake
Valley exceeded the EPA's radon concentration guideline of 4
pCi/1. Soil gas radon concentrations around the homes have also
been obtained and follow a log normal distribution. They will be
compared to indoor radon levels. The influence of near surface
geology, soil gas permeability, and major structural
characteristics of the homes on indoor radon levels will be
discussed. (BIO)(AUTH)
Association of lung cancer mortality with precambrian
granite.
Archer VE
Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental
Health, Department of Family and Community Medicine,
University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.
Arch Environ Health (UNITED STATES) Mar-Apr 1987, 42 (2)
P87-91,
ISSN 0003-9896 , Journal Code: 6YO
Languages: ENGLISH
Sixteen counties in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey
that are associated with the Reading Prong granite deposits have
significantly higher age-adjusted lung cancer rates among whites
of both sexes (1950-1979) than do 17 nearby control counties.
Elevated radon daughter concentrations have been found in homes
near the Reading Prong granites. Fraction of populations living
in cities with over 5,000 persons, industrial centers, cities
with populations above 20,000, and median incomes did not differ
significantly for three county groups (those which include the
granite, fringe area, and control areas). Weaknesses were
inadequate home measurements of radon and lack of smoking
information. Findings are consistent with several other studies
relating radon in homes to lung cancer. (MED)
RADON: REPORTS FROM THE STATES: NEW JERSEY: INVOLVING THE
COMMERCIAL SECTOR; FLORIDA: WORKING WITH THE PHOSPHATE
FACTOR
NICHOLLS GERALD P.; DEIESO DONALD A.; NASH J. D.
NEW JERSEY DEPT ENV PROTECTION,
ENVIRONMENT, MAR 87, V29, N2, P12(9)
JOURNAL ARTICLE ASSESSMENT OF THE INDOOR RADON PROBLEM
BY THE NEW JERSEY DEPT. OF ENV. PROTECTION INDICATED THAT 1.6
68
-------
MILLION HOMES MIGHT HAVE TO BE INDIVIDUALLY SCREENED TO DETERMINE
WHETHER THEY HAD UNACCEPTABLE RADON LEVELS. A FOUR COMPONENT
PROGRAM WAS LAUNCHED TO IDENTIFY HOMES AT HIGH RISK, COLLECT
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA FROM RESIDENTS, TO CONFIRM RADON LEVELS IN
HOMES PREVIOUSLY MONITORED BY COMMERCIAL TESTING CONCERNS, AND TO
PROVIDE PUBLIC INFORMATION. REMEDIATION RESEARCH IS UNDERWAY BY
THE STATE AGENCY IN COOPERATION WITH EPA. OFFICIALS IN FLORIDA
ARE ALSO CONCERNED ABOUT THE RADON ISSUE, AS LARGE AREAS OF THE
STATE ARE COMPOSED OF PHOSPHATE ROCK, A MAJOR SOURCE OF RADON
PROGENCY. NEW STATE REGULATIONS SPECIFY CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
AND PROVIDE FOR TESTING OF RADON IN NEW HOMES AND SCHOOLS BUILT
ON RECLAIMED PHOSPHATE MINING LANDS. HOMES IN HIGH RISK AREAS
ARE BEING TESTED TO DETERMINE WHERE THE RADON RULE SHOULD BE
APPLIED. 2 S, (2 PHOTOS) (ENV)
CORRELATION BETWEEN RADIUM-226 IN SOIL RADON-222 IN SOIL GAS
AND RADON-222 INSIDE ADJACENT HOUSES
NASON R; COHEN B L
DEP. PHYS., UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA 15260.
HEALTH PHYS 52 (1). 1987. 73-78. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
It is now widely agreed that the principal source of 222Rn
in houses is the soil gas in the soil surrounding it and it seems
almost obvious that the source of 222Rn in the soil gas is the
226Ra in the soil. One would therefore expect a strong
correlation between these quantities in making measurements on a
wide variety of houses. It was therefore decided to study the
correlations between these three quantities in a number of
houses. (BIO) (AUTH)
UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGIN OF RADON INDOORS - BUILDING A
PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY (ENGLISH)
SEXTRO RG
UNIV CALIF BERKELEY LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB,BLDG VENTILAT &
INDOOR AIR QUAL PROGRAM/BERKELEY//CA/94720
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, V21, N2, P431-438, 1987
Because a significant number of dwellings are expected to
have indoor radon concentrations above guideline levels, a
predictive capability is needed that would help identify
geographical areas having the potential for high indoor
concentrations. This paper reviews the preliminary work that has
been done to identify important soil and building characteristics
that influence the migration of radon and outlines the areas of
further research necessary for development of a predictive
method. (SCI) (AUTH)
69
-------
RADON-222 CONCENTRATIONS IN HONES BUILT ABOVE GRANITE
FORMATIONS AND PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS IN NORTH CAROLINA USA
MABRY A M
DEP. ENVIRON. SCI. ENG., SCH. PUBLIC HEALTH, UNIV. N.C.,
CHAPEL HILL, N.C. 27514.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987. S2. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Thirty homes in three regions of North Carolina were
monitored for Rn-222 concentrations using Track Etch R time
integrating detectors. Each home was monitored for one year in
intervals of approximately three to six months. The results of
measurements in homes above granite formations indicated that
indoor radon concentrations in these areas were somewhat higher
than the estimated U.S. average but most were less than the 4
pCi/1 action guide recommended by the EPA. (BIO) (HQL)
Radon and Radium Emanations from Fractured Crystalline Rocks
- A Conceptual Hydrogeological Model
LeGrand, H. E.
Ground Water GRWAAP, Vol. 25, No. 1, p 59-69,
January-February 1987. 6 fig, 25 ref.,
Journal Announcement: SWRA2006
Subsurface air is a refuge for radon gas escaping from rock
and soil surfaces, as well as from subsurface water. The
crystalline rocks of eastern United States contain granites and
associated rocks that have moderate to low amounts of uranium
source material; the amounts are sufficient for radon to emanate
significantly from both the soil-saprolite zone and the part of
the underlying fractured rock above the water table. The
pressure increases in the air systems chiefly as infiltrated
water moves downward and as the water table rises. The
radon-laden air moves toward two types of low-pressure chambers.
One type of chamber is a house on sloping topography niched into
the soil-saprolite zone and perhaps into bedrock fractures. The
other type is the unwatered fracture zone of a pumping cone of
depression where overlying clays are less permeable. These two
types of low-pressure chambers have characteristics of vacuum
cleaners, sucking in radon-laden air. Conditions leading to high
indoor radon concentrations are: (1) granites and associated
rocks with normal or above normal amounts of uranium, (2) normal
inter connecting fracture pattern, (3) a thin mantle of
relatively impermeable clay soil, (4) repeated cycles of recharge
and of fluctuating water table in the fracture zone or in the
overlying regolith, (5) indentation of buildings into soil and
rock materials, and (6) building construction allowing relatively
easy inflow of air from the subsoil and rock. (WRA)
70
-------
Preliminary Assessment of Factors Affecting Radon Levels in
Idaho
Ogden, A.E.; Welling, W.B.; Funderburg, R.D.; Boschult, L.C.
Tennessee Technological Univ., Cookeville. Water Resources
Center.
IN: Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne
Contamination. Proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April
7-9, 1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 1987. p 83-96, 7 fig, 5
tab, 8 ref.
Journal Announcement: SWRA2106
Much of Idaho is underlain by granitic and related rocks
associated with the Idaho Batholith. Since granitic-type rocks
commonly have higher concentrations of radium which decays to
radon, the Idaho Division of Environment obtained a grant from
the Idaho Cancer Coordinating Committee to survey radon levels
throughout the state. The results of the first phase of this
state-wide survey are presented along with an examination of the
possible factors affecting these levels in two Idaho counties.
The results indicate that earth covered homes have the highest
radon levels, but the presence or absence of a basement or crawl
space does not appear to significantly affect radon levels.
Also, there was no significant difference between homes that are
weatherized versus those that are not. The type of heating in
the homes and presence or absence of an air cleaning system also
seem to have little influence on the radon levels. A more
detailed look at radon levels in Ada and Kootenai counties
suggests that levels are higher if the home is near a fault and
also where the water tables is deeper. The greater the granitic
composition of the alluvium and outwash on which homes are built,
the greater the possibility of higher radon levels. (See also
W88-04980) (LantZ-PTT) (WRA)
Understanding the Origin of Radon Indoors—Building a
Predictive Capability
Sextro, R. G.
California Univ., Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
Atmospheric Environment ATENBP, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 431-438,
February 1987. 4 fig, 31 ref. EPA/DOE Interagency
Agreement DW89930801- 01- 0 and DOE Contract
DE-AC03-76SF00098.
Journal Announcement: SWRA2011
The preliminary work that has been done to identify
important soil and building characteristics that influence the
migration of radon into buildings are reviewed. Soil is the
major source of radon in houses with higher-than-average indoor
concentrations. Identifying the estimated 1 to 2 million homes
with indoor concentrations exceeding 300 Bq/cu m is a difficult
task. Factors that are likely to affect the source strength of
71
-------
radon from soil include the soil radium concentration, the
emanating fraction, and soil type and moisture content. A
geographically-based predictive method would, ideally, locate
areas with the potential for having high indoor radon levels;
such areas would then be investigated in more detail. The
efficacy of such an approach would depend upon the availability
and quality of data for the characterization of soils in terms of
both radon availability and radon transport. Although
exploration of existing data bases with wide geographic coverage
has begun, further research in needed to investigate the validity
of the approach and to define a suitable mathematical
relationship among the important parameters. (Author's abstract)
(WRA)
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY AND INDOOR RADON - STUDIES IN NEW-YORK
STATE (ENGLISH)
KUNZ C; KOTHARI B; LILLEY W
NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH, WADSWORTH CTR LABS &
RES/ALBANY//NY/12201; NEW YORK STATE DEPT LABOR,RADIOL HLTH
UNIT/BROOKLYN//NY/11-2 01
HEALTH PHYSICS , V52, SI, PS 70, 1987
Several areas in New York State have been studied to
investigate correlations between the surficial soil-bedrock
geology and indoor radon. The soils and surficial bedrock were
measured for radium concentration, emanating fraction, soil-gas
radon concentration and soil permeability for gas flow. In
addition, the geology of the areas were characterized regarding
soil and rock type, depth of soil to bedrock and water table
depth. (SCI) (AUTH)
EXPERIMENTS ON POLLUTANT TRANSPORT FROM SOIL INTO
RESIDENTIAL BASEMENTS BY PRESSURE-DRIVEN AIRFLOW
NAZAROFF W W; LEWIS S R; DOYLE S M; MOED B A; NERO A V
ENVIRON. ENG. SCI., CALIF. INST. TECHNOL., PASADENA, CALIF.
91125.
ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL 21 (5). 1987. 459-466. CODEN: ESTHA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
At two residences in Portland, OR [USA], we have
investigated (1) the coupling between residential basements and
the air in nearby soil and (2) the influence of basement
depressurization on the migration of air in soil. With the
basements depressurized 25-50 Pa relative to outdoor air,
underpressures as great as 20-40% of those in the basement were
observed at sampling points in the soil. Sulfur hexafluoride was
injected into the soil near the houses and its concentration
72
-------
monitored in soil air and in the house over time, but with and
without basement depressurization. Depressurization was seen to
have substantial effect on the migration of the tracer within the
soil. For basement depressurization of 25-50 Pa, effective
transport velocities through the soil and into the houses were
observed to exceed 1 m h-1. Airborne 222Rn concentration was
monitored in the basemnet of one house during the 6-day
investigation and was seen to increase substantially on each of
the seven occasions that the house was depressurized. The
techniques employed are applicable to the study of problems of
excessive radon entry into buildings and the migration of toxic
vapors from waste dumps and landfills. (BIO)
GEOLOGICAL VARIATION OF RADON SOURCES AND INDOOR RADON
CONCENTRATIONS ALONG THE SOUTHWESTERN EDGE OF THE CANADIAN
SHIELD USA
STECK D J
PHYS. DEP., ST. JOHN'S UNIV., COLLEGEVILLE, MINN. 56321.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987. S40. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
This work compares radon source strenghths and indoor radon
concentrations with surface geological features in a large,
glacially-sculptured region lying along the southwestern edge of
the Canadian shield. Over 200 houses, located in Minnesota and
the northern parts of Wisconsin and Michigan, are being studied.
The complete data set and correlations between indoor radon
concentrations, source strengths, local geological features, and
housing characterestics will be presented. (BIO)(AUTH)
Correlation between super(236)Ra in soil, super(222)Rn in
soil gas, and super(222)Rn inside adjacent houses
Nason, R.; Cohen, B.L.
Dep. Phys., Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
HEALTH PHYS VOL. 52, NO. 1, pp. 73-77, Publ.Yr: 1987
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V18N6
Three surveys were made with the cooperation of physics
department faculty members in various universities throughout the
United States. These were: (A) Twenty-four houses in 16 states,
with the soil gas measured during the winter of 1983-84. (B)
Seventeen houses in 12 states (including six states not
represented in A) , with the soil gas measured during summer-fall
of 1984. (C) Seven houses in the Pittsburgh area (no two close
together), which were known to have high indoor super(222)Rn
73
-------
levels from surveys done previously (Co85). In addition,
measurements only on soil gas and super(226)Ra concentrations
were made at four other locations in the area (they averaged 10%
higher super(226)Ra and 80% higher super(222)Rn in soil gas than
the Pittsburgh houses). (POL)
Indoor radon and its sources in the ground
Tanner, A. B.
U. S. Geol. Surv., USA
Open-File Report (United States Geological Survey. 1978)
1986 5p.
Report No.: OF 86-0222
Country of Publ.: United States
ISSN: 0196-1497
CODEN: XGROAG 6 REFS.
Subfile: B
Doc Type: SERIAL; REPORT Bibliographic Level: MONOGRAPHIC
Languages: English
Availability: U. S. Geol. Surv., Denver, CO, United States
This Open-File Report contains a fact sheet about radon.
(GEO) (HQL)
Geological factors that influence radon availability
Tanner, A. B.
U. S. Geol. Surv., Reston, VA, USA
Indoor radon
Anonymous
Air Pollution Control Association specialty conference,
Philadelphia, PA, United States, Feb. 1986
Publ: Air Pollut. Control Assoc.
1986 l-12p.
Country of Publ.: United States
15 REFS.
Subfile: B
Doc Type: BOOK; CONFERENCE PUBLICATION Bibliographic
Level: ANALYTIC
Languages: English
illus.
This paper discusses principles relevant to the production
and movement of radon in the ground; methods of identifying areas
likely to have indoor radon problems; geological correlations
with indoor radon surveys that have been noted to date; and
speculation on the radon potential of certain rock and soil types
and land forms. (GEO) (HQL)
74
-------
Indoor radon is a geologic hazard
Lilley, W. D.
U. S. Nucl. Reg. Comm. , Washington, DC, USA
1986 5p.
United States
Geotimes 31: 4,
Country of Publ .
ISSN: 0016-8556
CODEN: GEOTAJ
Subfile: B
Doc Type: SERIAL
Languages : Engl i sh
illus. , 1 table
Bibliographic Level: ANALYTIC
Naturally occurring radioactive radon gas, which exceeded
safe mine standards by 40 times, was found recently in a house
in Pennsylvania. The high levels of indoor radon such as those
found in Pennsylvania recently were not expected. (GEO) (HQL)
75
-------
III. EXPOSURE
C. SOURCE
INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS OF RADON-220 AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS
KATASE A; MATSUMOTO Y; SAKAE T; ISHIBASHI K
DEP. NUCLEAR ENG., KYUSHU UNIV., FUKUOKA, 812 JPN.
HEALTH PHYS 54 (3). 1988. 283-286. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
The distribution of 220Rn atoms in a room was derived from
the diffusion equation. The activity concentrations of 212Pb and
212Bi were obtained in relation to 220Rn exhalation rate from a
concrete wall. Near the surface of the concrete wall, the
radiation exposure due to inhalation of 220Rn decay products may
be significant in some cases. (BIO)
RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH IN
CONCRETE FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND THE PARAMETERS
AFFECTING RADON-222 EMANATION FROM FLY ASH CONCRETE
HWANG J; ZIEMER P L; SCHOLER C F
SCH. HEALTH SCI. SCH. CIVIL ENG., PURDUE UNIV., WEST
LAFAYETTE, IN 47907, USA.
THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
PITTSBURGH, PA., USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3, 1986. HEALTH PHYS 50
(SUPPL. 1). 1986.
Sll. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
The Rn222 area exhalation rates and the maximum area
exhalation from concrete containing fly ash were measured. Fly
ash originating from two different power plants was used to
replace 30% of the cement in fabricating concrete test samples.
For another set of test samples, three concentrations of Ra226
water solution were used with fly ash in fabricating concrete. A
newly designed emanation chamber, which consists of two
consecutive chambers with the cylindrical concrete specimen
located between them, was used in this study. Air samples were
assayed at various elapsed times by using the scintillation cell
technique. (BIO) (AUTH)
76
-------
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS
TAMEZ E; OLGUIN M T; SEGOVIA N; BULBULIAN S; ABASCAL F
INST. NAC. INVESTIGACIONES NUCLEARES, AGRICULTURA N. 21,
COL. ESCANDON, C.P. 11800, MEXICO D.F., MEX.
J RADIOANAL NUCL CHEM 103 (4). 1986. 231-240. CODEN:
JRNCD
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Experiments were designed to measure trace uranium
concentration and the rate of radon exhalation from masonry
structural materials, both bare and surface finished and coated.
LR115 cellulose nitrate track detectors were used to record the
alpha emission from structural material surface. Fission track,
neutron activation and fluorometric analysis methods were used to
determine the uranium content. Most types of paints studied will
reduce alpha contribution and radon emanation from building
materials. (BIO)
Radionuclide content of and 222Rn emanation from building
materials made from phosphate industry waste products.
Paredes CH; Kessler WV; Landolt RR; Ziemer PL; Paustenbach
DJ
School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907.
Health Phys (UNITED STATES) Jul 1987, 53 (1) p23-9, ISSN
0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: ENGLISH
The radionuclide content and 222Rn emanation coefficients of
selected construction materials were determined. The materials
were analyzed for 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K by gamma-ray spectrometry.
Mineral wool insulation, which is made from Tennessee phosphate
slag, and commonly used insulation, which is made from blast
furnace slag, had similar concentrations of these radionuclides.
Concrete blocks made with phosphate slag had enhanced 226Ra and
228Ra contents when compared to ordinary concrete block. The
mineral wool insulation materials which were examined had
emanation coefficients that were a few (2-6) times 10(-3). All
other materials had emanation coefficients that ranged from 6 X
10(-4) to 4 X 10(-2). (MED)
Discussing possible standards of natural radioactivity in
building materials.
Keller G; Folkerts KH; Muth H
Universitat des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Federal Republic
of Germany.
Radiat Environ Biophys (GERMANY, WEST) 1987, 26 (2)
P143-50, ISSN
77
-------
0301-634X Journal Code: QML
Languages: ENGLISH
This paper discusses different possibilities of deriving
reference values for the natural radioactivity concentrations in
building materials to estimate possible additional radiation
exposure for the population. Based on comprehensive experimental
and theoretical investigations the consequences of the resulting
hypothetical reference activity concentrations in building
materials, applying different dose limits, were examined. The
calculation of the activity concentration standards was performed
for standard conditions obtained by" earlier studies on exhalation
of Radon-222 and Radon-220 from building materials. (MED)
MEASUREMENT OF THE FREE EXHALATION RATE OF RADON-222 FROM
SOLID SAMPLES VIA AN ACCUMULATION METHOD
QUINDOS L S; SOTO J; FERNANDEZ P L
DEP. MED. PHYS., FAC. MED., SANTANDER, SPAIN.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987.
S41. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Experimental values of the free exhalation rate for samples
from different places of Spain including typical Spanish building
materials were measured. Also, equations showing the increase of
radon concentration in time inside the container have been tested
for several sizes of samples in order to explain the experimental
results obtained. (BIO) (AUTH)
Characterization of Indoor Sources of Air Contaminants:
Report on a Technical Conference
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Leaderer, B. P.
John B. Pierce Foundation Lab., New Haven, CT.
Corp. Source Codes: 064032000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/9-87/014
Jul 87 67p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8721
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-R-812489
78
-------
The report describes a technical conference,
•Characterization of Contaminant Emissions from Indoor Sources,'
held in Chapel Hill, NC, May 13-15, 1985, to assess the status of
methodological issues in the laboratory and field evaluation of
air contaminants from indoor sources. A total of 29 invited
papers were presented in five technical sessions during the 3-day
conference. A sixth session was a panel discussion summarizing
the conference findings, led by the conference chairman and the
five session chairmen. The papers presented at the conference
and the session summaries, written by the session chairmen, have
been published in Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 21, No. 2,
February 1987. The report contains a description of the purpose
of the conference, a conference program, abstracts of the papers
presented, a list of attendees, and a conference review. (NTIS)
APPORTIONMENT OF SOURCES OF INDOOR RADON
HARLEY N H; TERILLI T B
N.Y. UNIV. MED. CENT., DEP. ENVIRON. MED., 550 FIRST AVE. ,
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016, USA.
THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
PITTSBURGH, PA., USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3, 1986. HEALTH PHYS 50
(SUPPL. 1). 1986.
S60 CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Various factors other than the radium content of underlying
soil influence the indoor concentration of radon in dwellings.
These include the properties of the soil and the dwelling.
Hourly data have been obtained over three years in single family
dwellings and it is possible by analysis of radon excursions from
the baseline data to apportion the source of radon to the various
pressure driven and diffusional processes. (BIO) (AUTH)
EMANATION OF RADON BY BUILDING-MATERIALS (ENGLISH)
MEDORA R; TREFLER M
UNIV MIAMI/MIAMI//FL/33101
MEDICAL PHYSICS , V13, N4, P608-608, 1986
"Of all radioactive isotopes released by the nuclear
industry, the one expected to cause the most harm to human health
is not 1-131.... Far more important than all of these combined is
radon-222." In many parts of the world, levels of airborne radon
enhanced by the advent of energy conservation methods have been
receiving considerable attention. In Florida, the prospective
use of waste byproducts of the phosphate industry for building
material has caused similar concern due to this material's
elevated radium content. This paper investigates the effects of
environmental parameters on this emanation. (SCI)(AUTH)
79
-------
DISCUSSING POSSIBLE STANDARDS OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN
BUILDING MATERIALS
KELLER G; FOLKERTS K H; MUTH H
FACHRICHTUNG 3.6 BIOPHYSIK UNO PHYSIKALISCHE GRUNDLAGEN DER
MEDIZIN, UNIVERSITAET DBS SAARLANDES, D-6650 HOMBURG/SAAR,
W. GERMANY.
RADIAT ENVIRON BIOPHYS 26 (2). 1987. 143-150. CODEN:
REBPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
This paper discusses different possibilities of deriving
reference values for the natural radioactivity concentrations in
building materials to estimate possible additional radiation
exposure for the population. Based on comprehensive experimental
and theoretical investigations the consequences of the resulting
hypothetical reference activity concentrations in building
materials, applying different dose limits, were examined. The
calculations of the activity concentration standards was
performed for standard conditions obtained by earlier studies on
exhalation of Radon-22 and Radon-220 from building materials.
(BIO)
EXTERNAL GAMMA-RAY DOSE RATES FROM RADON-222 PROGENY INDOORS
MILLER K M; GEORGE A C
ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS LAB., U.S. DEP. ENERGY, NEW YORK,
N.Y. 10014.
HEALTH PHYS 54 (2). 1988. 203-206. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
In terms of radiation exposure to humans, the assumed
critical pathway for 222Rn in the indoor environment is internal,
resulting from the dose delivered to the lung from inhaled alpha-
emitting 222Rn progeny. Basic calculations and measurements are
addressed. The results are presented here in a form that allows
the rough estimation of the dose rate in air per unit
concentration of 222Rn progeny for typical houses. Effective
dose equivalents for the internal versus the external pathways
are compared. (BIO) (HQL)
Radon Daughters and Work at Display Devices. Results from a
Prestudy In Swedish.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Falk, R. ; Nyblom, L.
Statens Straalskyddsinstitut, Stockholm (Sweden).
Corp. Source Codes: 100859000; 9860158
Report No.: SSI-86-02
4 Feb 86 15p
80
-------
Languages: Swedish
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
GRAI8707; NSA1100
Country of Publication: Sweden
Journal Announcement:
It has been shown that ions and electrically charged
particles in the air can be transported in the electrostatic
field between a face and a display device to either the face or
the screen. Radon daughters can occur as ions, or sitting on
charged particles. This prestudy shows that radon daughters were
manifold concentrated on the face of a doll placed in front of a
display device, or in a electrostatic field of the kind typical
for displaying devices. The radiation dose, in the skin from the
radon daughters in an ordinary office environment plus the
addition caused by work at a display device, is not strong enough
to cause skin damages alone. 7 refs. (ERA citation 11:054853)
(NTIS)
81
-------
III. EXPOSURE
D. PHYSICAL PROPERTY
Surface radioactivity resulting from the deposition of
super(222)Rn daughter products
Lively, R.S.; Ney, E.P.
Minnesota Geol. Surv., 2642 University Ave., St. Paul, MN
55114, USA
HEALTH PHYS VOL. 52, NO. 4, pp. 411-415, Publ.Yr: 1987
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V18N5
Studies of indoor radiation environments typically involve
measurements of super (222) Rn, airborne super (222 )Rn decay
products, and the degree of radioactive equilibrium. This paper
describes the relationship between the super(222)Rn in air,- and
the level of surface radioactivity that results from the build-up
and decay of the daughter isotope, super(210)Pb. Samples of
super(222)Rn were collected from Mystery Cave, which is located
in southeastern Minnesota and from the basement of a house in
Minneapolis, MN. Lead-210 was measured on surfaces within the
cave, on a rock removed from the cave, and on basement window.
Surface alpha activities were measured on the rock sample and on
the window. Radon-222 concentrations in the cave air ranged from
3 to 13 kBq m super(-3). In the basement, super(222)Rn levels
were between 0.2 and 0.4 kBq m super(-3). (POL)
EFFECT OF RADON ON SOME ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF INDOOR
AIR (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
WILKENING MARVIN
NEW MEXICO INST OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY,
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P252(12)
ASSN REPORT RADON ISOTOPES ARE IMPORTANT TO THE STUDY
OF THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT FOR THEIR EFFECTS ON THE ELECTRICAL
NATURE OF INDOOR AIR AS WELL AS FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE
INTERNAL DOSE. IONS OF INTEREST ARE THOSE FORMED AFTER THE DECAY
OF RADON OR A DAUGHTER ATOM. THESE HAVE A MASS AND ELECTRICAL
MOBILITY COMPARABLE TO ORDINARY ATMOSPHERIC SMALL IONS. AN
IONIZATION RATE OF 25 MILLION ION PAIRS/CU M/SECOND CAN BE
EXPECTED FOR TYPICAL INDOOR RADON LEVELS. THE RESULTING POSITIVE
IONS IN INDOOR AIR OUTNUMBER THE RADON DAUGHTER POSITIVE IONS BY
A FACTOR OF 1 MILLION. MEASUREMENTS IN A ROOM WHERE THE RADON
CONCENTRATION AVERAGED 23 BQ/CU M YIELDED A POTENTIAL ALPHA
ENERGY CONCENTRATION (PAEC) OF 0.003 WORKING LEVEL UNITS. THE
82
-------
PAEC DUE TO THE POSITIVELY CHARGED DAUGHTER IONS WAS ONLY ABOUT
3% OF THAT DUE TO THE ATTACHED DAUGHTERS. (1 GRAPH, 34
REFERENCES, 1 TABLE) (ENV)
Physical Processes Affecting Levels of Radon, Thoron, and
Their Decay Products in an Indoor Environment. Final
Technical Report
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Wilkening, M.; Schery, S.D.
New Mexico Inst. of Mining and Technology, Socorro. Dept. of
Physics.
Corp. Source Codes: 012640011; 9513999
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/ER-60216
Feb 86 8p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8614; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AS04-84ER60216
The objective was to understand the physical processes
affecting radon, thoron, and their daughter products in the
indoor environment. Specific areas of research were: (1) the
importance of thoron and thoron daughters as contributors to
indoor radiation dose; (2) transport modeling for radon and
thoron; (3) radon and thoron daughter ion-aerosol interactions;
(4) indoor-outdoor radon levels and their relation to air
exchange processes; and (5) publication and synthesis of research
from earlier investigations. (ERA citation 11:020921) (NTIS)
Free fractions, attachment rates, and plate-out rates of
radon daughters in houses
Porstendoerfer, J.; Reineking, A.; Becker, K.H.; Hopke, P.K.
(ed.)
Isotopenlab. Biol. und. Med., Georg-August-Univ.,
Burckhardtweg 2, D-3400 Geottingen, FRG
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New
York, NY (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS
pp. 285-300, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
The paper summarizes the experimental data on the
equilibrium factor, F, the free fraction, f sub(p) , the
attachment rate to the room air aerosol, X@)u-, the recoil
factor, r sub(l), and the plateout rates of the free, q super(f),
83
-------
and the attached, radon daughters, determined in eight rooms of
different houses. In each room several measurements were carried
out at different times, with different aerosol sources (cigarette
smoke, stove heating etc.) and under low (v < 0.3 h super(-1))
and moderate (0.3 < v < 1 h super(-l)) ventilations. (POL)
Comparison of Working Level Ratios in Houses Occupied by
Smokers and Non-Smokers
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Lyon, R.J. ; Au, F.; Hans, J.M.
Office of Radiation Programs-Las Vegas Facility, NV.
Corp. Source Codes: 073120000
Report No.: EPA/520/6-86/006
Apr 86 27p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8615
Country of Publication: United States
The equilibrium ratios of measured radon concentrations and
working levels in sixty-eight homes in Butte, Montana, were
cataloged according to smokers and non-smokers in each home. The
ratios were statistically evaluated to determine if there were
differences in the average of the ratios depending on the number
of smokers in the homes. The equilibrium ratio was higher in
homes with smokers compared to homes with no smokers. This ratio
was independent of the number of people smoking within the home.
(NTIS)
THE BEHAVIOR OF RADON DAUGHTERS IN THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT:
EFFECT ON THE EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT (RADON AND ITS DECAY
PRODUCTS),
VANMARCKE H. ; JANSSENS A.; RAES F. ; POFFIJN A.; BERKVENS
P.; VAN DINGENEN R.
STATE UNIV OF GENT, BELGIUM,
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P301(23)
ASSN REPORT SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE IN FOUR
DWELLING ROOMS OF THE RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATIONS, VENTILATION
RATES, AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF THE INACTIVE AEROSOL. MEASURED
RADON DAUGHTER LEVELS WERE FITTED BY A ROOM MODEL TO OPTIMIZE
UNATTACHED DAUGHTER DEPOSITION RATES. THE MEAN VALUE WAS 18/HOUR
IN THE TWO BEDROOMS AND LIVING ROOM AND 8/HOUR IN THE CELLAR.
THE UNATTACHED FRACTION WAS CALCULATED TO 0.05-0.15 WITHOUT
AEROSOL SOURCES IN THE ROOM AND 0.05 IN THE PRESENCE OF AEROSOL
SOURCES. THE EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT WAS MORE RELATED TO THE
RADON CONCENTRATION THAN TO THE EQUILIBRIUM EQUIVALENT RADON
CONCENTRATION. (11 GRAPHS, 34 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES) (ENV)
84
-------
Atmospheric Chemistry of Po-218: Technical Report for the
Period March 1, 1987 to August 31, 1987
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Hopke, P. K.
Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign. Inst. for Environmental
Studies.
Corp. Source Codes: 034597086; 9507244
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/ER/60546-2
1987 27p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8804; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United states
Contract No.: FG02-87ER60546
The chemical and physical properties of sup 218 Po
immediately following its formation from sup 222 Rn decay are
important in determining its behavior in indoor atmospheres and
plays a major part in determining its potential health effects.
In 88% of the decays, a singly charged, positive ion of sup 218
Po is obtained at the end of its recoil path. The modes of
neutralization, small ion recombination, electron transfer, and
electron scavenging are reviewed. In typical indoor air, the ion
will be rapidly neutralized by transfer of electrons from lower
ionization potential gases such as NO sub 2. The neutral
molecule can then become incorporated in ultrafine particles
formed by the radiolytic processes in the recoil path. The
evidence for these particles is presented. (ERA citation
12:048380) (NTIS)
SOME MEASUREMENTS OF THE EQUILIBRIUM FACTOR FOR RADON-222
DAUGHTERS IN HOUSES
TOOHEY R E; ESSLING M A; RUNDO J; HENGDE W
BIOLOGICAL MED. RES. DIV., ARGONNE NATL. LAB., ARGONNE, ILL.
60439.
HEALTH PHYS 53 (1). 1987. 89-92. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Because the radiation dose to the lung from environmental
222Rn is due almost entirely to the inhalation of the short-
lived daughter products, measurements of 222Rn levels alone are
not sufficient to determine the dose. In order to predict the
equilibrium factor, or the value of F, one must measure 222Rn
concentrations and working levels in houses under a variety of
conditions, while simultaneously monitoring parameters, such as
aerosol concentration and ventilation rate, which may be expected
to affect the value of F. (BIO) (HQL)
85
-------
A model for size distributions of radon decay products in
realistic environments
Raes, F.; Janssens, A.; Vanmarcke, H.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Nucl. Phys. Lab., State Univ. Gent, Proeftunist. 86, B-9000
Gent, Belgium
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New
York, NY (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS pp. 324-339, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS. 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
A model has been developed to calculate the size
distribution of the short lived decay products of radon in the
indoor environment. In addition to the classical processes
like attachment, plate out and ventilation, clustering of
condensable species around the radioactive ions, and the
neutralization of these ions by recombination and charge
transfer are also taken into account. Some examples are
presented showing that the latter processes may affect
considerably the appearance and amount of the so called
unattached fraction, as well as the equilibrium factor. (POL)
THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON OTHER AIR POLLUTANTS
KNIGHTS RICHARD
BLUE SKY TESTING LAB, WA,
WASHINGTON ENERGY/OREGON STATE UNIV INDOOR AIR CONF,
BELLEVUE, WA, NOV 15-16, 84, P71(5)
CONF PAPER THE EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY ON INDOOR AIR.
POLLUTANTS ARE EXAMINED. THE BASIC EFFECT OF WATER IN
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE IS THAT IT BREAKS THE BOND BETWEEN THE UREA
AND THE FORMALDEHYDE AND GIVES OFF FORMALDEHYDE GAS. • AMBIENT
WATER MOLECULES CLUSTER AROUND RADON PARTICLES; HUMAN LUNGS CAN
THEN TRAP MORE OF THESE LARGER, HEAVIER MASS PARTICLES. THE
INTERACTIONS OF HUMIDITY AND AEROSOL PARTICLES, MINERALS FROM
CONCRETE, OZONE, AND MICROBES ARE ALSO EXPLAINED. (ENV)
DAILY EVOLUTION OF THE INDOOR AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION,
QUINDOS L.S.; WILKENING M.; SOTO J.; FERNANDEZ P.L.
LOVELACE INHALATION TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH INST, NM,
AMER ASSN AEROSOL RESEARCH/ET AL 2ND INTL AEROSOL CONF,
W BERLIN, SEP 22-26, 86, P33(4)
CONF PAPER THE EVOLUTION OF A RADON PARTICLE WAS
MEASURED HOURLY IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS OVER A ONE-WEEK PERIOD.
A TYPICAL EVOLUTION IS SEEN WITH MAXIMUM VALUES IN THE MORNING
AND A DAILY AVERAGE OF 0.9 PCI/L. AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
86
-------
BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES AND THE MEAN DIAMETER WAS
DETECTED DURING THE DAY FOR NATURAL VENTILATION WITH A SMALL
INCREASE OF THE NUMBER CONCENTRATION DURING MORNING HOURS. WHEN
SMOKE WAS INTRODUCED INDOORS, BOTH THE PARTICLE NUMBER AND THE
MEAN DIAMETER INCREASED RAPIDLY. (4 GRAPHS, 3 REFERENCES)
(ENV)
Aerosol Formation Caused by Electrostatic Precipitator
Keskinen, J., K. Janka, M. Lehtimaki, G. Graeffe, and V.
Kulmala
Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 17, No. 3, pages 647-649, 5
references
June 1986 CODEN: JALSB7
The factors influencing the formation of aerosol particles
by an electrostatic precipitator were studied in order to
investigate the effect of the ozone produced on radon decay
products. An electrical aerosol analyzer and a modified
electrical aerosol detector were used to monitor aerosol
particles in a test chamber in which an indoor environment could
be simulated. Measurements were made first in particle free
chamber air and then after several hours of being connected to
the electrostatic precipitator. The corona current was found to
have an approximately linear effect on the ozone production. The
air flow rate used was much higher than would be found in home
or office use of. the precipitator and this limited the growth of
particles. Disconnecting the precipitator resulted in an
increase in the relative number of larger particles, and this
growth of particles was related to the relative humidity within
the test chamber. The insertion of a charcoal filter into the
precipitator behind the collecting plates resulted in a decrease
in the production of condensation nuclei. The authors conclude
that use of an electrostatic precipitator can result in
condensation nuclei formation, which may in some cases influence
behavior of radon decay products; the use of a charcoal filter
and correct adjustment of corona current can reduce this
condensation nuclei formation. (OSH)
A MODEL FOR SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF RADON DECAY PRODUCTS IN
REALISTIC ENVIRONMENTS (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
RAES F.; JANSSENS A.; VANMARCKE H.
STATE UNIV OF GENT, BELGIUM,
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P324(16)
ASSN REPORT THE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE SHORT-LIVED
DECAY PRODUCTS OF RADON IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT ARE COMPUTED
WITH A NEWLY DEVELOPED MODEL. ALONG WITH THE CLASSICAL PROCESSES
OF ATTACHMENT, PLATE-OUT, AND VENTILATION, CLUSTERING OF
CONDENSABLE SPECIES AROUND THE RADIOACTIVE IONS, AND THE
NEUTRALIZATION OF THESE IONS BY RECOMBINATION AND CHARGE TRANSFER
87
-------
ARE ALSO CONSIDERED. EXAMPLES DEMONSTRATE THAT THESE PROCESSES
MAY CONSIDERABLY AFFECT THE APPEARANCE AND AMOUNT OF THE
UNATTACHED FRAQTION, AS WELL AS THE EQUILIBRIUM FACTOR. (5
GRAPHS, 12 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES) (ENV)
88
-------
III. EXPOSURE
E. RADON IN WATER
RADIUM AND RADON IN WATER SUPPLIES FROM THE TEXAS GULF
COASTAL AQUIFER USA
CECH I; LEMMA M; KREITLER C W; PRICHARD H M
THE UNIV. TEX. HEALTH SCI. CENT. AT HOUSTON, SCH. PUBLIC
HEALTH, P.O. BOX 20186, HOUSTON, TEX. 77225, USA.
WATER RES 22 (1). 1988. 109-122. CODEN: WATRA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
A sampling of the domestic water for two isotopes of the
uranium (U)-238 series, radium (Ra)-226 and radon (Rn)-222, was
conducted in parts of the Texas Gulf Coast (in and around Greater
Houston and Harris County) to better understand the distribution
patterms of these radioisotopes in residential and commerical
water supplies. Samples were obtained from consumer's taps, as
well as at well heads to evaluate variation due to location and
depth of water sources. Analyses were conducted at the
University of Texas, School of Public Health (UTSPH) in Houston.
Computer mapping and statistical analyses were used to depict
patterns of Ra and Rn distribution. The concentrations varied
depending on water source. No measurable Ra or Rn were found in
surface water supplies, whereas up to 23 pCi 1-1 of Ra and 3300
pCi 1-1 of Rn were observed in some of the wells in northwest and
southwest Harris County. The Rn concentration were observed to
' increase wth depth, but for Ra peak concentrations were found
between 180 and 320 m below the surface (at depths roughly
corresponding to the top of the Evangeline aquifer). High
concentrations of Ra and Rn were associated with wells developed
on the flanks of piercement-type salt domes,, along faults, and
near streams. This study documents high Ra in Tertiary clastic
coastal aquifers and suggests that it may be external sources,
e.g. salt domes, uranium, or leaky faults, and not the bulk
mineralogy of the aquifer which cause elevated concentrations.
This is an important consideration when decisions are made about
sites for drilling water wells. (BIO)
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN HOUSEHOLD
TAP WATER: THE INDOOR INHALATION PATHWAY
MCKONE THOMAS E.
LLNL,
ENV SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DEC 87, V21, N12, P1194(8)
89
-------
JOURNAL ARTICLE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS CAN RESULT FROM MASS TRANSFER FROM TAP WATER TO INDOOR
AIR. A THREE-COMPARTMENT MODEL IS USED TO SIMULATE THE 24-HOUR
CONCENTRATION PROFILE WITHIN THE SHOWER, BATHROOM, AND REMAINING
HOUSEHOLD VOLUMES OF A RESIDENCE. MASS TRANSFERS FROM WATER TO
AIR ARE DERIVED FROM MEASURED DATA FOR RADON AND ADJUSTED TO
ACCOUNT FOR THE DIFFERENCE IN MASS-TRANSFER PROPERTIES FOR
VOLATILE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. A PRELIMINARY DATABASE FOR
HOUSEHOLD PARAMETERS IS USED TO COMPUTE A RANGE OF
CONCENTRATIONS AND HUMAN EXPOSURES IN U.S. HOMES. THE MODEL
ESTIMATES EXPOSURE FACTORS FOR CHLOROFORM, ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE,
DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE, METHYLCHLOROFORM, PERCHLOROETHYLENE,
TRICHLOROETHYLEN E, AND CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. PATHWAY DOSE
FACTORS OF 0.008-0.04 MG/KG/DAY PER MG/L FOR CHLOROFORM ARE
DETERMINED. (1 DIAGRAM, 2 GRAPHS, 21 REFERENCES, 8 TABLES)
(ENV)
Extreme Levels of 222-Rn and U in a Private Water Supply
Lowry, J. D.; Hoxie, D. C.; Moreau, E.
Maine Univ., Orono. Dept. of Civil Engineering.
IN: Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne
Contamination. Proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April
7-9, 1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 1987.
p 363-375, 7 fig, 1 tab, 24.ref. EPA Grant No. R8108290.,
Journal Announcement:, SWRA2106
There are legitimate health concerns associated with
internal organ cancers for waterborne 222-Rn and with U toxicity
at the extreme levels existing in water supplies. In addition,
the elevated indoor air 222-Rn levels that result from waterborne
222-Rn via water use are a significant health concern in terms of
lung cancer. Information is presented that updates previous
studies about a private water supply in Leeds, Maine,
particularly the ramifications on treatment alternatives
associated with the presence of both 222-Rn and U in a water
supply. It is demonstrated that it is possible to effectively
reduce elevated 222-Rn levels in indoor air through the removal
of 222-Rn from the water supply. In situations where there are
other significant contributors of 222-Rn, water treatment will
only reduce the airborne 222-Rn in proportion to its contribution
to the water supply. Based upon the results of this study, the
following conclusions are made: (1) A water supply, with an
extremely high 222-Rn level averaging 41,590 bq/1 (1,124,000
pCi/1) was found to be contributing nearly 100% of the elevated
222-Rn measured in the indoor air; (2) A properly designed water
treatment system is capable of bringing airborne 222-Rn levels
down to normal background levels; (3) The granluated activated
carbon (GAG) adsorption/decay steady state 222-Rn removal
efficiency has ranged between 99.99% and 97.5%; (4) GAG has a
significant capacity to adsorb U and removals in this application
were nearly 100% for 100 to 200 days (1200 to 2400 bed volumes);
90
-------
(5) A saturation of the GAG with adsorbed U appeared to slightly
reduce the efficiency of steady state 222-Rn removal, but does
not appear to present a- significant problem; and (6) A strong
positive correlation between 222-Rn and gross alpha (U) was found
for the influent concentrations. (See also W88-04980) (Lantz-PTT)
(WRA)
Development: of Regulations for Radionuclides in Drinking
Water
Cothern, C.R.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office
of Drinking Water.
IN: Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne
Contamination. Proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April
7-9, 1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 1987. p 1-11, 4 tab.
Journal Announcement: SWRA2106
The Office of Drinking Water in the U.S. EPA is currently
reexamining existing regulations for radionuclides in drinking
water and is considering the possibility of adding maximum
contaminant levels (MCLs) for uranium and radon. Background
analyses to support this activity include evaluations of
occurrence, exposure, health effects, monitoring analytical
methodology and treatment techniques. The occurrence of
radium-226, radium-228, natural radium, and radon in drinking
water supplies is discussed, along with possible sources of the
contamination and risk estimates. (See also (WRA)
Age-dependent lung doses from ingested 222Rn in drinking
water.
Crawford-Brown DJ
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School
of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
27514.
Health Phys (UNITED STATES) Feb 1987, 52 (2) p!49-56,
ISSN 0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: ENGLISH
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency currently is
considering regulatory standards limiting the concentration of
222Rn in public drinking water supplies. As part of this effort,
a criteria document has been prepared detailing the health risks
expected to occur from the presence of 222Rn in water used in
homes. The present report examines the ,dose equivalent delivered
to lung tissue following direct ingestion of 222Rn in water.
Irradiation from both in-situ decay of 222Rn in lung tissue and
the decay of 222Rn in lung air passages following exhalation are
examined and results presented for ages from neonate through
91
-------
adult. These results indicate that the risk of lung cancer from
inhalation of airborne progeny following emanation of 222Rn from
water into home • air is significantly greater than the risk from
both irradiation pathways considered in ingestion at all ages.
(MED)
A Bayesian analysis or scientific judgment of uncertainties
in estimating risk due to super (222 )Rn in U.S. public
drinking water supplies
Crawford-Brown, D.J.; Cothern, C.R.
Dep. Environ. Sci. and Eng., Sch. Public Health, Univ. North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
HEALTH PHYS VOL. 53, NO. 1, pp. 11-21, Publ.Yr: 1987
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V19N1
The elements which contribute to the range of values or
uncertainties for the lifetime risk and dose equivalent due to
super(222)Rn in U.S. public drinking water supplies are estimated
and discussed here. From imperfect scientific knowledge,
reasonable upper and lower bounds are placed on these estimates
through the use of a semiquantitative Bayesian approach to
uncertainty analysis. The factors considered are: occurrence of
super(222)Rn in drinking water, indoor air super(222)Rn
concentrations as a function of drinking water concentration,
equilibrium state of the progeny, fraction of daughter products
attached to aerosol particles, anatomical and dosimetric
variables, epidemiological studies and choice of latency period,
plateau period and effects of age. For Rn in U.S. public
drinking water supplies, it is estimated that the estimate for
the lifetime lung cancer risk factor is 5 x 10 super(-9) excess
cases of lung cancer per becquerel of Rn per m super(3) of water,
with an estimated range between 2 x 10 super (-9) and 2 x 10
super(-8) excess cases per becquerel of Rn per m super(3) of
water. The best estimate of the lifetime population risk due to
super(222)Rn in U.S. public drinking water supplies is estimated
to be 6,000 excess lung cancers, with a reasonable range of 1,000
to 30,000. (POL)
POTABLE WATER AS A SOURCE OF AIRBORNE RADON-222 IN USA
DWELLINGS A REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT
NAZAROFF W W; DOYLE S M; NERO A V; SEXTRO R G
ENVIRON. ENG. SCI., CALIF. INST. TECHNOL., PASADENA, CALIF.
91125.
HEALTH PHYS 52 (3). 1987. 281-296. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Using a long-term-average, single-cell model and available
92
-------
data for U.S. housing, the concentration of 222Rn in indoor air
due to the use of potable water is assessed. The ratio of the
airborne 222Rn concentration to the concentration in water is
represented by a lognormal distribution with geometric mean and
geometric standard deviation of 0.65 .times. 10-4 and 2.88,
respectively, in fair agreement with the previously reported
results of direct measurements of the ratio in 13 houses. By
combining this result with data on 222Rn concentrations in U.S.
water supplies, potable water is estimated to contribute an
average of 24, 1.3, and 0.1 Bq m-3 to the airborne 222Rn
concentration in residences served by private wells, public gound
water, and surface water supplies, respectively. (POL)
RADON FROM DRINKING-WATER - EVALUATION OF WATER-BORNE
TRANSFER INTO HOUSE AIR (ENGLISH)
HESS CT; VIETTI MA; MAGE DT
UNIV MAINE,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON/ORONO//ME/04469
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH , V9, N3-4, P68-73,
1987
To determine the transfer of 222Rn from domestic water onto
air, nine houses were measured for 222Rn, house volume, water use
and air exchange by SF6 and radon. Measurements were done in
Maine during April and May 1986 when sealed up for the winter.
Radon in water concentration ranged from 35,000 to 1,250,000
pCi/1. Air peaks of 222Rn ranged from 13 to 200 pCi/1 due to a
water use burst experiment. Use of water filters was also
examined by repeats with filters on and off. Water ranged from
200 to 1922 litres/day. House volumes ranged from 380 to 999 m3.
Air exchange rates measured by SF6 was twice as large as air
exchange rate measured by 222Rn. (SCI) (AUTH)
THE TRANSFER OF RADON FROM DOMESTIC WATER TO INDOOR AIR
PRICHARD H M
UNIV. TEX., SCH. PUBLIC HEALTH, P.O. BOX 20186, HOUSTON,
TEX. 77225.
AM WATER WORKS ASSOC J 79 (4). 1987. 159-161. CODEN:
JAWWA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Theoretical and experimental literature dealing with the
release of radon from water to air is reviewed and synthesized.
Primary emphasis is placed on releases from domestic water
supplies to indoor air within the context of a general indoor
radon problem. The widely used assumption of 1 pCi/L increment
in indoor air per 10,000 pCi/L in the water supply is valid, but
regional and individual variations are important. (BIO)
93
-------
RADON IN HOUSES DUE TO RADON IN POTABLE WATER (RADON AND ITS
DECAY PRODUCTS)
HESS C.T.; KORSAH J.K. ; EINLOTH C.J.
UNIV OF MAINE,
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P30(12)
ASSN REPORT ATMOSPHERIC RADON LEVELS IN 10 HOUSES WERE
MEASURED AS A FUNCTION OF WATER USE AND METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
SUCH AS BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, WIND VELOCITY, AND TEMPERATURE.
SEASONAL CALIBRATIONS AND DATA ANALYSES ARE REPORTED FOR SELECTED
DWELLINGS. AVERAGE RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR WERE IN THE
0.8-77 PCI/L RANGE; WATER USE AVERAGED 70-240 GPD. AVERAGE
POTENTIAL ALPHA ENERGY CONCENTRATIONS IN THESE HOUSES WERE
0.01-2.6 WORKING LEVELS. THE RADON LEVEL ASSOCIATED WITH WATER
USE WAS IN THE 0-36% RANGE OF THE HOUSE RADON FROM SOIL AND WATER
COMBINED. THE RADON LEVEL CHANGE DUE TO USE OF A WATER SUPPLY
FILTER SHOWED A 60% REDUCTION IN INDOOR RADON. (1 DIAGRAM, 4
GRAPHS, 11 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES) (ENV)
POINT-OF-ENTRY REMOVAL OF RADON FROM DRINKING WATER
LOWRY J D; BRUTSAERT W F; MCENERNEY T; MOLK C
UNIV. MAINE, ORONO, MAINE 04469.
AM WATER WORKS ASSOC J 79 (4). 1987. 162-169. CODEN:
JAWWA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile:. BA (Biological Abstracts)
Two processes were investigated in the laboratory to
determine their efficiency for removing radon from household
water supplied. Granular activated carbon (GAG) adsorption was
found to be extremely effective as a result of an
adsorption-decay steady state that is established quickly and
continues for years. Because bed replacement is not a factor for
practical purposes, GAG is the most cost-effective process for
radon removal. The GAC bed, however, adsorbs radon progeny as
the radon decays, and it becomes a source of gamma radiation.
This problem is believed to be manageable for the vast majority
of potential applications. Diffused bubble aeration was found to
be as effective as GAC, with removals of greater than 99 percent
being practical. Although more costly than GAC, aeration does
not have the problem of gamma activity buildup. (BIO)
Radium-226 and Radon-222 in Domestic Water of
Houston-Harris County, Texas
Cech, I.; Lemma, M.; Prichard, H. M.; Kreitler, C. W.
Texas Univ. Health Science Center at San Antonio.
IN: Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne
Contamination. Proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April
94
-------
7-9, 1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 1987.
p 377-402, 12 fig, 3 tab, 41 ref.,
Journal Announcement: SWRA2106
Anomalous concentrations of 226-Ra and 222-Rn are shown to
exist in the Greater Houston-Harris County area (Texas Gulf
Coast). The findings summarized in this paper present an
encouraging picture for predicting depths and locations in the
Gulf Coast where elevated Ra and Rn concentrations may be
encountered. Two to four key variables accounted for the
statistically significant variation (from 38-74%) in
concentrations observed under field conditions. The proximity of
salt domes was a strong predictor of the presence of Ra and Rn in
well water, particularly in combination with a certain range of
pumping depths. The authors advise against developing domestic
wells near salt domes, especially wells 180 m and deeper. (See
also W88-04980) (Lantz-PTT) (WRA)
Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
Hydrogeologic Impact: and Application to Indoor Airborne
Contamination
National Water Well Association, Worthington, OH.
Proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April 7-9, 1987,
Somerset, New Jersey. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.
1987. 546 p. Edited by Barbara Graves.,
Journal Announcement: SWRA2106
The dangers associated with the inhalation of short-lived
radon decay products have been well documented. The U.S. EPA
estimates that radon contaminates one in eight U.S. homes and
causes thousands of lung cancer deaths each year. The fact that
groundwater is one of the many sources of radon contamination is
cause for concern, considering the growing number of persons who
rely on this resource. This concern prompted the Association of
Ground Water Scientists and Engineers and the U.S. EPA to host
this conference on radon, radium, and other radioactivity in
groundwater in Somerset, New Jersey, on April 7-9, 1987. The
conference sessions focused on the following topics: geologic
and hydrogeologic controls influencing radon occurrence;
monitoring radon, radium, and other radioactivity from geologic
and hydrogeologic sources; mining impacts on the occurrence of
radon, radium, and other radioactivity in groundwater; sampling
and analysis of radon, radium, and other radioactivity in
groundwater; radon and radium in water supply wells; predictive
models for the occurrence of radon, radium, and other
radioactivity; and remedial action for radon, radium, and other
radioactivity. (See W88-04981 thru W88-05012) (Lantz-PTT) (WRA)
RADON IN GROUND WATER RADON RADIUM AND OTHER RADIOACTIVITY
IN GROUND WATER HYDROGEOLOGY IMPACT AND APPLICATION TO
95
-------
INDOOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION PROCEEDINGS OF THE NWWA
NATIONAL WATER WELL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE SOMERSET NEW
JERSEY USA APRIL 7-9 1987
GRAVES, B. (ED.)- RADON IN GROUND WATER. RADON, RADIUM AND
OTHER RADIOACTIVITY IN GROUND WATER: HYDROGEOLOGIE IMPACT
AND APPLICATION TO INDOOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION;
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NWWA (NATIONAL WATER WELL ASSOCATION)
CONFERENCE, SOMERSET, NEW JERSEY, USA, APRIL 7-9, 1987.
XIII+546P. LEWIS PUBLISHERS, INC.: CHELSEA, MICHIGAN, USA.
ILLUS. MAPS. ISBN 0-87371-117-3. 0 (0). 1987. XIII+546P.
CODEN: 27081
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: BOOK; CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
The EPA estimates that radon contaminates one in eight U.S.
homes and causes thousands of lung cancer deaths every year. The
fact' that ground water is one of the many soureces of radon
contamination is cause for concern as an increasing number of
people rely on this resource. A result of this concern was the
holding of the first conference on radon, radium, and other
radioactivity in ground water, sponsored jointly by the
Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers and the EPA.
A wide spectrum of relevant topics were covered including
geologic and hydrogeologic influence, monitoring, mining impacts,
sampling and analysis, occurence in wate supply wells and
remedial actions. (BIO) (HQL)
Radon in Groundwater of the Long Valley Caldera, California
Conference on radon, radium, and other radioactivity in
ground water: hydrogeologic impact and application to
indoor airborne contamination, Somerset, NJ, USA, 7 Apr
1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Flexser, S. ; Wollenberg, H. A. ; Smith, A. R.
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: LBL-23301; CONF-8704123-1
Apr 87 32p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8723; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098
In the Long Valley caldera, an area of recently (approx.550
y) active volcanism and current seismic activity, sup 222 Rn
concentrations in hot, warm, and cold spring waters have been
measured since 1982. Rn contents of the waters correlate
96
-------
inversely with temperature and specific conductance, with high
concentrations (1500 to 2500 pCi/1) occurring in dilute cold
springs on the margins of the caldera, and low concentrations (12
to 25 pCi/1) in hot to boiling springs. Rn correlates only
slightly with the uranium contents of the wide range of rocks
which host the hydrological system feeding the springs. These
environmental effects on the radon record may mask responses to
small or distant seismic, volcanic, or crustal deformation
events. To date, anomalous changes in water-borne Rn have been
observed in connection with at least one earthquake, which
occurred close to the monitoring site. This continuing study
points out that an understanding of the geological setting, its
associated hydrological system, and environmental influences is
necessary to properly evaluate concentrations and changes in
groundwater radioactivity. (ERA citation 12:033752) (NTIS)
Natural Radioactivity in Some Groundwaters of the Canadian
Shield
Lemire, A. E.; Gascoyne, M.
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Pinawa (Manitoba).
IN: Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne
Contamination. Proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April
7-9, 1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 19*87. p 97-110, 3 fig,
6tab, 14 ref.,
Journal Announcement: SWRA2106
High levels of uranium and radon were found in some
individual wells in the Lac du Bonnet region of Manitoba.
Considerable variation in concentration was observed between
individual wells located within a small geographic area. The
cause of the individual high concentrations is thought to be a
combination of localized enrichment in overburden and granitic
bedrock and of the high bicarbonate oxygenated groundwater of the
region. A similar survey was carried out in the Atikokan region
of northwestern Ontario. Uranium concentrations were low, but
high radon levels were observed in some drill holes. At the
Atikokan site, the presence of significant excess radon
correlated with proximity to fault zones in the granitic bedrock.
As a remedial measure, a uranium and radium removal system for
individual household use was designed and tested and is now
available commercially. (See also W88-04980) (Lantz-PTT) (WRA)
Connecticut Radon Study- Using Limited Water Sampling and a
Statewide Ground-Based Gamma Survey to Help Guide an Indoor
Air Testing Program. A Progress Report.
Thomas, M. A.
Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection, Hartford.
Natural Resources Center.
IN: Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
97
-------
Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne
Contamination. Proceedings of the NWWA Conference, April
7-9, 1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 1987.
p 347-362, 4 fig, 36 ref.,
Journal Announcement: SWRA2106
The Connecticut Geological Survey within the State
Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) is working with the
State Department of Health Services (DOHS) investigating the
occurrence of radon in Connecticut. In 1985 and 1986,
approximately 300 private and public water supply wells from 20
geological areas were tested for radon by the Toxic Hazards and
Public Water Supply Sections of DOHS. Highest groundwater radon
was 130,241 pCi/1 from the Nonewaug Granite, a two-mica granite
(range 10,720-130,240 pCi/1). Elevated radon was found in wells
within several granitic gneisses: the Glastonbury Gneiss
(3070-80,900 pCi/1 from the Nonewaug Granite, a two-mica granite
(range 10,720-130,240 pCi/1). Elevated radon was found in wells
within several granitic gneisses: the Glastonbury Gneiss
(3070-80,900 pCi/1), the Canterbury Gneiss (10,010-64,510 pCi/1),
and the Hope Valley Alaskite Gneiss (4060-59,180 pCi/1). These
Paleozoic and PreCambrian age rocks underlie about 5% of the
state. Intermediate radon levels were found in water from
PreCambrian and Paleozoic age stratified metamorphic rocks where
radon levels > 10,000 pCi/1 were widely scattered in these
surveys. Relatively low groundwater radon values were found in
central Connecticut Mesozoic age sedimentary rock wells (390-8490-.
pCi/1) and in Paleozoic age carbonate rock wells (200-4130
pCi/1). Preliminary results from the ground (automobile-borne)
gamma radiation survey generally show a positive correlation with
radon water analyses, enabling characterization of geological
areas in Connecticut as radiation sources. DOHS is currently
conducting 2,200 air tests in homes located in geologic areas
selected from water analyses and the ground survey. All data is
compiled on 1:24,000 maps to be included in multiple natural
resource spatial analyses using an automated Geographic
Information System. The analyses will explore relations between
the distribution of radon levels and earth materials to better
define the geologic areas and possible origins of radon in
groundwater and in indoor air. (See also W88-04980) (Author's
abstract) (WRA)
Fiscal Year 1985 Program Report (Vermont Water Resources
Research Center)
Clausen, J. C.
Vermont Water Resources Research Center, Burlington.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161, as PB86-162343/AS. Price codes:
A02 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Program Report
G1048-01. November 1986. 18 p.
Contract No. 14-08-0001-G1048. Project No. USGS G1048-01.,
Journal Announcement: SWRA2104
98
-------
The high priority water resource problems and issues of
Vermont such as wastewater disposal and lake and wetland
resources are discussed. Five research projects and two
information transfer activities were funded by the Vermont Water
Resources Research Center. Two research projects focused on
wastewater treatment using attached microbes (periphyton) and
investigations of the variability in sludge settling. Two
projects addressed lake and wetland resources. One of these
efforts established a Lake Champlain water quality data base and
began examination of techniques for trend detection and the
associated monitoring needs. The second project investigated
public perceptions in the value of Vermont's wetlands. Another
research project identified institutional devises for allocating
wastewater capacity problems. The information transfer program
co-sponsored a forest water quality and erosion control workshop
and a groundwater workshop. Also, the use of a geographic
information system was demonstrated on potential groundwater
pollution sources, land suitable for wastewater application,
analysis of hydrogeologic units for development of new
groundwater supplies, and identification of potential radon
contamination for one geologic formation. A pamphlet was
prepared on household hazardous materials. (Clausen-U Vt) (WRA)
99
-------
IV. SURVEYS
A. NATIONAL
NATIONAL SURVEY OF RADON IN DWELLINGS WITH PASSIVE DOSIMETER
(ENGLISH)
KOBAYASHI S; IWASAKI T; UCHIYAMA M; KANKURA T; ICHIKAWA M;
SATO F; KANOUE M; AOYAMA T; TAKEDA A; SAWADA S; TSUCHYA T;
SAKAI H
ATL INST RADIOL SCI/CHIBA 260//JAPAN/; HOKKAIDO
UNIV/SAPPORO/HOKKAIDO
6O/JAPAN/; KANAZAWA UNIV/KANAZAWA/ISHIKAWA 92O/JAPAN/; SHIGA
NIV MED SCI/OTSU/SHIGA 5202I/JAPAN/; RADIAT CTR/OSAKA/
/JAPAN/; HIROSHIMA UNIV/HIROSHIMA 73O//JAPAN/; UNIV OCCUPAT
& ENVIRONM HLTH/KITAKYUSHU/FUKUOKA 807/JAPAN/; AIZU
WAKAMATSU HLTH CTR/AIZUWAKAMATSU//JAPAN/
JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH , V29, Nl, P27-27, 1988
Exposure from inhaled 222Rn and 220Rn daughters contribute
the largest fraction of natural radiation dose to general
population and is associated with the'possible lung cancer risk.
Therefore, a national survey to assess the indoor radon exposure
of the Japanese population is being carried out by NIRS with a
support from the Science and Technology Agency. About 6,000
homes of high school teacher (Tokyo, Hikkaido and 16 prefectures
in 1986 and 19 prefectures in 1987) are now being measured for a
year using passive dosimeters (Makrofor, made in West Germany).
This number corresponds to 0.016% of the total houses in Japan.
The survey was carried out by post. Each householder completed a
questionnaire on the type of dwelling and its characteristecs.
These data will be used in the assessment of the factors
affecting indoor Rn exposure. (SCI)(AUTH)
Variation of radon levels in U.S. homes with various factors
Cohen, B.L.; Gromicko, N.
Dep. Phys., Univ. Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
J. AIR POLLUT. CONTROL ASSOC VOL. 38, NO. 2, pp. 129-134,
Publ.Yr: 1988
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V19N3
A program combining 70,000 purchased and 3,500 random
selection-no charge measurements with extensive questionnaires is
101
-------
described. Methods for reducing biases in purchased measurements
have been reasonably successful. Distributions are roughly
lognormal with sigma sub(g) approximately equals 3.0 but with an
excess of very high measurements. Winter and spring-fall
measurements average about 60 percent and 40 percent,
respectively, higher than summer measurements. Basements average
2.5 times higher radon levels than upper floors. Tightening of
homes since 1974 has increased radon levels by less than 10
percent, but well-weatherized houses have similar to 40 percent
higher levels than poorly weatherized houses. Open windows
reduce levels by a factor of about 2.5. Low-cost newer houses
have much lower levels than more expensive newer houses, but
among older houses this is reversed. Low income families have
substantially lower radon levels than average. There is little
variation with education level. (POL)
EPA's radon study results
Dowd, R.M.
R.M. Dowd and Co., Washington, DC, USA
ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL VOL. 22, NO. 1, p. 28, Publ.Yr:
1988
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V19N3
Last winter, in cooperation with agencies in 10 states and
two metropolitan area counties, EPA measured the indoor air
radon concentrations of 14,000 houses, some chosen statistically
at random and some by request of the homeowner. Passive
measurement methodologies were used, such as exposing a charcoal
canister to the air for a few days and allowing the air to
migrate into the charcoal naturally. To reduce dilution of radon
by the outside air, the protocol required that the house be shut
up; therefore, the study was conducted during winter. The
measuring device was placed in the lowest livable area (usually
the basement) of each house to maximize potential concentration.
(POL)
SURVEYS OF RADON LEVELS IN HOMES IN THE UNITED STATES: A
TEST OF THE LINEAR-NO-THRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
FOR RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
COHEN BERNARD L. UNIV OF PITTSBURGH,
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P462(13)
ASSN REPORT THE UNIV. OF PITTSBURGH RADON PROJECT FOR
LARGE-SCALE MEASUREMENTS OF RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN HOMES SEEKS
TO TEST THE LINEAR-NO-THRESHOLD RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP FOR
RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS. AVERAGE RADON LEVELS ARE BEING
DETERMINED IN THE 25 U.S. COUNTIES WITH HIGHEST AND LOWEST LUNG
102
-------
CANCER RATES. THE THEORY PREDICTS THAT THE FORMER SHOULD HAVE
ABOUT THREE TIMES HIGHER AVERAGE RADON LEVELS THAN THE LATTER,
UNDER THE ASSUMPTION THAT ANY CORRELATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO
RADON AND EXPOSURE TO OTHER CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER IS WEAK. THE
VALIDITY OF THIS ASSUMPTION IS TESTED WITH DATA ON AVERAGE RADON
LEVEL VS. REPLIES TO QUESTIONNAIRES. LITTLE CORRELATION IS FOUND
BETWEEN RADON LEVELS IN HOMES AND SMOKING HABITS, EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT, OR ECONOMIC STATUS OF OCCUPANTS. (1 GRAPH, 4
REFERENCES, 4 TABLES) (ENV)
Radon Detection and Measurement. January 1970-August 1987
(Citations from the Engineering Index Database)
(Rept. for Jan 70-Aug 87)
Supersedes PB86-874740.
NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
Aug 87 76p
Languages: English Document Type: Bibliography
NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8720
Country of Publication: United States
This bibliography contains citations concerning the
measurement of radon and radon daughter isotopes in various
environments. Radon measurement in homes and buildings, mines,
rainwater, groundwater, soils, in the Arctic and other
atmospheres, and in exhaled air is discussed. Radon exhalation
rates of building materials and mine tailings are noted.
Analytic methods and equipment used to measure radon and radon
isotopes are described. Radon detection as an earthquake
prediction tool is briefly presented. (This updated bibliography
contains 185 citations, 29 of which are new entries to the
previous edition.) (NTIS)
Radon Monitoring Results from BPA'S Residential
Weatherization Program
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
Original copy available until stock is exhausted. NTIS
Prices: PC A02
Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR.
Corp. Source Codes: 025155000; 0849300
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/BP-813
Mar 87 25p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02 Journal Announcement: GRAI8719;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
103
-------
The accumulated results of the Bonneville Power
Administration regionwide Residential Weatherization Program
radon monitoring data represent only those readings within the
service areas of utilities who participate in the Residential
Weatherization Program. Several areas in the Pacific Northwest
are excluded in this evaluation. In addition, the amount of
results received is heavily weighted by the high number of homes
weatherized and monitored through large utility Weatherization
programs located in western Oregon and Washington. Due to these
limitations, we do not recommend that any conclusions be made on
a statewide or regionwide basis. We have provided this regional
and statewide data for illustrative purposes only. This report
provides a summary of all the data collected for the states of
Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana. Specific data is listed
by US Geological Survey designated range and township locations.
The specific data listed by range and township includes only
those townships with a minimum of five radon readings. This has
been done to protect the privacy of those residences
participating in the program. The radon measurement results
contained in this report were conducted by passive alpha-track
radon detectors. The Residential Weatherization Program requires
that the detectors be placed in residences for a minimum of three
winter months, up to one year in length. Due to the variations
in the length of measurements, we have added a section to this
report which lists the average radon values for given exposure
periods. (ERA citation 12:027409) (NTIS)
COMPARISON OF PURCHASED MEASUREMENTS WITH MEASUREMENTS IN
RANDOMLY SELECTED HOUSES AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON
RADON-222 LEVELS IN HOUSES
COHEN B L; PONDY P
UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA. 15260.
HEALTH PHYS 53 (4). 1987. 409-416. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
The most direct way to find valid evidence on the
statistical distribution of 222Rn concentrations in houses is to
collect data on randomly selected houses. The problem here is
that the sample is biased: mesurements are more likely to be
purchased by the rich than by the poor, by the educated than by
the uneducated, and by those who have reason to believe that
their house may have high levels of 222 Rn. (BIO)(HQL)
104
-------
EPA REPORTS ON RADON IN HOUSING (ENGLISH)
COX JE
ASHRAE JOURNAL-AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING REFRIGERATING
AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, V29, N10, P20-20, 1987
The results of a 10-state survey of radon levels in houses
estimate that 8-12 percent exceed the accepted EPA action level.
(SCI) (AUTH)
EPA COMPILING DATA ON EXTENT OF INDOOR RADON HAZARD
(ENGLISH)
EMBER L
CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS , V65, N33, P22-24, 1987
Surveys of gas concentration in homes in 17 states, data
collected by states,, and epidemiological studies will form a
comprehensive database. (SCI) (AUTH)
THE INDOOR CONCENTRATION OF RADON AND ITS DAUGHTERS IN A
MULTISTOREY BUILDING
KHAN A J; VARSHNEY A K; PRASAD R; TYAGI R K
PHYSICS SECT., Z.H. COLL. ENG. TECHNOL., ALIGARH MUSLIM
. UNIV., ALIGARH, UP-202 001, INDIA.
NUCL TRACKS RADIAT MEAS 13 (1). 1987. 77-80.
CODEN: NTRMD
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Long-term measurements of radon and its daughters in
nineteen different rooms of a multistorey building in Aligarh
having different types of environmental conditions have been
performed. CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors were used
to measure the radon concentration. Variations of radon
concentration due to height from ground level, ventilation
conditions, convection air currents and materials placed inside
were investigated. The highest value of radon has been found in
the basement and the ground floor rooms which indicates the
influence of subsoil emanation. No appreciable effect was
observed with height above ground. Our study also reveals that
ventilation conditions, convection air currents, housed materials
such as books, papers, etc., affect the radon concentration.
(BIO)
MEASUREMENTS OF RADON LEVELS IN UNITED-STATES HOMES
(ENGLISH)
COHEN BL; GROMICKO N
105
-------
UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT PHYS/PITTSBURGH//PA/15260
HEALTH PHYSICS , V52, SI, PS 70, 1987
The data on radon measurements in U.S. homes collected by
the University of Pittsburgh Radon Project wil be reviewed. Mean
radon levels will be given as a function of geographic area,
month of year, age of house , house characteristics,
socioeconomic status of the householders, etc. Studies of the
effectiveness of 15-20 different types of charcoal for adsorbing
radon will be presented. No one type is much superior to several
others, but some are much inferior.(SCI)(HQL)
RADON DISTRIBUTION BY WEEK SEASON AND YEAR IN SINGLE FAMILY
DWELLINGS
HARLEY N H; TERILLI T B
N.Y. UNIV. MED. CENT., 550 FIRST AVE., NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987.
HEALTH PHYS 52 (SUPPL. 1). 1987. S72-S73. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Hourly radon measurements have been made in the basement of
a single family dwelling in northern NJ since 1982. This
dwelling is wood frame, has a full poured concrete basement, is
70 years old and is typical of older construction. In 1985, a
small experimental room was added onto the main basement with
walls of thinner concrete block to better observe the radon
surges which occur frequently with various weather phenomena.
Radon levels in this home are about average (37 Bq/m3) for the
U.S. In 1986, hourly measurements were initiated in a newer home
in eastern PA which has radon concentrations about 5 times
higher. (BIO) (AUTH)
NATIONWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF INDOOR RADON MEASUREMENTS A
PRELIMINARY DATA BASE
ALTER H W; OSWALD R A
TERRADEX CORP., 460 N. WIGET LANE, WALNUT CREEK, CALIF.
94598.
JAPCA (J AIR POLLUT CONTROL ASSOC) 37 (3). 1987. 227-231.
CODEN: JIJME
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
A rapidly growing data base consisting of over 60,000
indoor radon concentrations measured with passive integrating
Track Etch detectors is described. The data base is subdivided
106
-------
by state and a variety of statistical parameters summarizing the
contents of the data base are presented for each state. Certain
states are better characterized than others in terms of having a
variety of radon surveys done all over the state so that the
statistical parameters given may be fairly representative of the
state. The primary conclusions that can be drawn are that there
are some homes with unacceptably high radon levels in nearly
every state and that there exist regions where a significant
fraction of homes have unacceptably high radon levels. (BIO)
Energy and Indoor Air Quality Measurements from Five Energy
Conserving Manufactured Homes: Final Report, 1987
Microfiche only, copy does not permit paper copy
reproduction. Original copy available until stock is
exhausted.
NTIS Prices: MF A01
Lee, A.D.; Taylor, Z.T.; Parker, G.B.; Wilfert, G.L.;
Callaway, J.W.
Battelle Pacific Northwest-Labs., Richland, WA.
Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/BP-803
Feb 87 106p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI87i7;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830
The objectives of this study are to (1) determine whether
manufactured homes built to the Pacific Northwest Model
Conservation Standards (MCS) perform according to the energy
requirements of the standards, (2) determine air exchange rates
in these homes, (3) determine whether indoor air pollutants
exceed specified levels in these homes, and (4) provide
information useful in future efforts to encourage the production
of energy efficient manufactured homes in the Pacific Northwest.
The study has been conducted by Pacific Northwest Laboratory
(PNL) for the Office of Conservation, Bonneville Power
Administration (BPA). The project constitutes one case study
conducted in conjunction with the BPA-sponsored End-Use Load and
Conservation Assessment Program. (ERA citation 12:022707) (NTIS)
Assessing exposure to radon in the United States:
Perspective of the Environmental Protection Agency
Magno, P.J.; Guimond, R.J.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Off. Radiat. Programs, US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, USA
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New York, NY
107
-------
(USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS pp. 63-69, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS. 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
Exposure to radon and its decay products inside homes is
now recognized as a significant public health problem. To better
define the scope and magnitude of this problem, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a national
radon exposure assessment program. This program consists of a
national radon survey to determine the national frequency
distribution of radon levels in residential structures, a States
Assistance Program to identify high risk radon areas, and a Data
Quality Program to assure reliable and consistent radon and radon
decay product measurement results for both individual and
governmental agencies. (POL)
Measurement of sup 222 Rn and Its Relationship to
Environmental Variables: Factors Controlling Indoor Radon:
Final Report for the Contract Period June 1, 1982 to August
31, 1986
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Harley, N. H.
New York Univ., NY. School of Medicine.
Corp. Source Codes: 008702065; 4670000 .
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/EV/10374-6
1986 lip
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8719;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC02-80EV10374
The report summarizes a project in which a new detector for
measuring ''radon only11 was designed and built. The units built
were then used to measure hourly data indoors and outdoors in two
locations to investigate the apportionment of the indoor radon
source term. (ERA citation 12:025830) (NTIS)
Preliminary Radon Testing Results for the Residential
Standards Demonstration Program. Program Results No. 3
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is
exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
108
-------
Reiland, P. ; McKinstry, M. ; Thor, P.
Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR. Office of
Conservation.
Corp. Source Codes: 025155009; 9518455
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/BP-582
Jan 86 38p
Languages: English NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal
Announcement: GRAI8618; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
This paper reports measurements for heating season radon
concentrations in indoor air for 289 homes in the Pacific
Northwest. The homes are part of the Bonneville Power
Administration (BPA) Residential Standards Demonstration
Program, and include 143 dwellings constructed to the Model
Conservation Standards proposed by the Northwest Power Planning
Council (MCS homes) and 146 control dwellings built over the last
several years to current building codes (control homes). These
results indicate that the location of the dwelling was a more
important determinant of indoor radon concentration than was use
or non-use of the MCS. Previous studies have shown that radon
levels in dwellings are only weakly correlated with air exchange
rates, and that control of radon sources is a more practical and
effective method of reducing indoor concentrations. (ERA
citation 11:029905) (NTIS)
Studies of Radon in Buildings. Progress Report, July 1,
1981 - June 30, 1986
Cohen, B.L.
Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 152600, USA
Publ.Yr: 1986
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; NTIS Order No: DE86015477/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V18N5
Research reviewed includes scintillation cell development,
radon levels in public and commercial buildings, development of
diffusion barrier charcoal adsorption collectors, development of
a low cost radon chamber, small scale radon surveys in
Pittsburgh, Cumberland County, PA, and in the houses of national
physics professors, development of methodology for large-scale
surveys, radon carcinogenesis epidemiology, ventilation rate
studies, studies of radon in soil, diffusion constants of radon
through soils, test house studies, pressure differential studies,
air cleaning studies, tests of the linear-no threshold theory,
and large scale surveys. (NTIS)
109
-------
A NATIONAL SURVEY OF RADON-222 IN USA HOMES AND CORRELATING
FACTORS
COHEN B L
UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA 15260.
HEALTH PHYS 51 (2). 1986. 175-184. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
A survey of 222Rn levels in 453 houses of physics
professors from 101 universities in 42 states (plus the District
of Columbia) was carried out with 1-y exposures of nuclear track
detectors, accompanied by an extensive questionnaire. The
geometric mean concentration was 38 Bq/m3 (1.03 pCi/1),the
standard deviation was .**GRAPHIC**. and the arithmetic average
was 54 Bq/m3 (1.47 pCi/1). Correlations were studied with age of
the house, environs, location of the detector in the house,
number of floors in the house, what is beneath the house,
integrity of the barrier between the house and the ground, wind
conditions, draftiness, construction materials, ventilation, use
of gas, and source of water. In general, these correlations were
found to be much weaker than expected, indicating that
geographical variations are the dominating effect. (BIO)
High-radon homes may be widespread.
Raloff, Janet
Science News v!30 p325(l) Nov 22, 1986
According to a study at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in
Berkeley, CA, residents of an estimated 1 million homes with high
indoor radon levels may be receiving radiation exposures that
meet or exceed those received by the average uranium miner.
(Ml)(HQL)
Distribution of airborne radon-222 concentrations in U.S.
homes.
Nero, A.V.; Schwehr, M.B.; Nazaroff, W.W.; Revzan, K.L.
Science v234 p992(6) Nov 21, 1986
Apparently large exposures of the general public to the
radioactive decay products of radon-222 present in indoor air
have led to asystematic appraisal of monitoring data from U.S.
single-family homes; several ways of aggregating data were used
that take into account differences in sample selection and season
of measurements. (MI) (AUTH)
110
-------
Residential Indoor Air Quality Field Studies
Georgia technical symposium on indoor air quality, Atlanta,
GA, USA, 23 Sep 1986.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Hawthorne, A. R.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report NO.: CONF-8609248-1
Sep 86 17p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8715;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
Our best estimate of population exposure to indoor air
pollutants is provided by results of indoor air quality field
studies. Field studies are conducted to answer a variety of
objectives. Frequently, secondary objectives, compatible with
the primary objective, are addressed in a cost-effective manner
to allow a larger indoor air quality data base. Careful design
of field studies is required. Factors that must be considered
include participant selection, logistics, sampling frequency and
duration, and questionnaire preparation. Selection of
appropriate monitoring equipment is necessary to balance cost,
ease of use, sensitivity, and selectivity. Passive samplers are
frequently the preferred choice for large-scale field studies.
As more results become available from various residential field
studies, we will gain a better estimate of the quality of indoor
air - both how it varies among homes and how it compares with
ambient and occupational air quality. 8 refs. (ERA citation
12:019034) (NTIS)
A national survey of 222Rn in U.S. homes and correlating
factors.
Cohen BL
Health Phys Aug 1986, 51 (2) p!75-83, ISSN 0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: ENGLISH
A survey of 222Rn levels in 453 houses of physics
professors from 101 universities in 42 states (plus the District
of Columbia) was carried out with 1-y exposures of nuclear track
detectors, accompanied by an extensive questionnaire. The
geometric mean concentration was 38 Bq/m3 (1.03 pCi/1), the
standard deviation was times divided by 2.36, and the arithmetic
average was 54 Bq/m3 (1.47 pCi/1). Correlations were studied
with age of the house, environs, location of the detector in the
house, number of floors in the house, what is beneath the house,
111
-------
integrity of the barrier between the house and the ground, wind
conditions, draftiness, construction materials, ventilation, use
of gas, and source of water. In general, these correlations were
found to be much weaker than expected, indicating that
geographical variations are the dominating effect. (MED)
Interim Results of the Prompt alpha-Track Radon Detector
Study
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
George, J. L. ; Langner, G. H.
Bendix Field Engineering Corp., Grand Junction, CO.
Corp. Source Codes: 056119000; 9502148
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: GJ/TMC-28
Jul 86 39p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8626;
NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC07-76GJ01664
The Technical Measurements Center is evaluating the
reliability of using short-term exposures of alpha-track radon
detectors to estimate annual average radon-daughter
concentrations (RDC) in Residences in the Grand Junction,
Colorado, area. This Prompt Alpha-Track Study was initiated in
the summer of 1985 and will be completed in the summer of 1986.
Two sets of data are being collected, each consisting of two-,
three-, four-, five-, and six-month-long exposures of
alpha-track radon detectors. October 2 was selected as the
midpoint of the Fall set of exposures and April 2 as the midpoint
of the Spring set of exposures. These dates were selected after
analyzing the RDC data collected by the Colorado Department of
Health during the Grand Junction Remedial Action Program. This
interim report on the Prompt Alpha-Track Study discusses the
preliminary results of the Fall measurements. Terradex Type SF
Track Etch detectors were exposed at 50 stations in 34 structures
where previous annual average RDC and/or radon data have been
collected. Two detectors were deployed at each station for each
short-term exposure. Three additional annual detectors were
deployed at each station concurrently with the six-month Fall
detectors. The detectors were processed at a sensitivity level
of 0.2 picocurie-month per liter. Preliminary results indicate
that all of the short-term Fall measurements using October 2 as
the midpoint of the exposure can reliably estimate the annual
average indoor radon concentration in structures. The precision
of both the short-term measurements and the methods is
acceptable at 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/1). Results of a
paired t-test indicate no difference in the measured radon
concentration between a short-term measurement and an annual
112
-------
measurement, at the 0.01 level of significance. These
conclusions are provisional since only the Fall data have been
analyzed. A final report will integrate the Fall, Spring, and
annual data. (ERA citation 11:005404) (NTIS)
RADON ASSAYS IN CAMPUS AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
BRUCE A K; HUFF R D
BIOL. DEP., STATE UNIV. N.Y. BUFFALO, BUFFALO, N.Y. 14260,
USA.
THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
PITTSBURGH, PA., USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3, 1986. HEALTH PHYS 50
(SUPPL. 1). 1986. S35.
CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Radon analysis was performed in 10 campus buildings and in
3residences. Samples were collected for 30 minutes at 40 1pm on
glass fiber filters and counted at intervals for up to one hour
using a 4-pi GM detector. Radon concentrations were calculated
assuming product equilibrium. The use of steel mill slag from
ore originating in Greenland as a fill during construction is
suspected to be the source of the excess radon levels. A
residence built of granite yielded 0.88 pCi/1 whereas a frame
house gave 0.20 pCi/1. (BIO)(HQL)
CONCERN OVER RADON IN HOMES TRIGGERS PLAN FOR NATIONAL
SURVEY
CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS, APR 28, 86, V64, N17, P19(2)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE POSSIBILITY OF WIDESPREAD HUMAN
EXPOSURE TO RADON GAS IS A FOCUS OF ATTENTION BECAUSE OF REPORTS
OF EXTREMELY HIGH RADON LEVELS IN HOMES. RADON IS A PROBLEM
BECAUSE ITS RADIOACTIVE DECAY PRODUCTS ARE SHORT-LIVED NUCLIDES
THAT CAN BECOME DEPOSITED IN THE LUNGS AND LEAD TO LUNG CANCER.
THE EPA OFFICE OF RADIATION PROGRAMS IS PLANNING A NATIONAL
SURVEY OF RESIDENCES TO DEFINE THE SCOPE AND MAGNITUDE OF RADON
EXPOSURE. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE IS TO DETERMINE WHAT THE AVERAGE
LEVELS OF RADON ARE IN HOMES ON A NATIONAL BASIS. A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION OF THESE LEVELS WILL BE DEVELOPED SO THE AGENCY CAN
BETTER SELECT REMEDIAL MEASURES. (ENV)
Distribution of airborne radon-222 concentrations in U.S.
homes
Nero, A.V.; Schwehr, M.B.; Nazaroff, W.W.; Revzan, K.L.
113
-------
California Air Resour. Board, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
SCIENCE (WASH. VOL. 234, NO. 4779, pp. 992-997, Publ.Yr:
1986
Languages: ENGLISH
Apparently large exposures of the general public to the
radioactive decay products of radon-222 present in indoor air
have led to systematical appraisal of monitoring data from U.S.
single-family homes; several ways of aggregating data were used
that take into account differences in sample selection and
season of measurements. The resulting distribution of
annual-average radon-222 concentrations can be characterized by
an arithmetic mean of 1.5 picocurie per liter (55 becquerels per
cubic meter) and a long tail with 1 to 3% of homes exceeding 8
picocuries per liter, or by a geometric mean of 0.9 picocurie per
liter and a geometric standard deviation of about 2.8. Available
dose-response data suggest that an average of 1.5 picocuries per
liter contributes about 0.3% lifetime risk of lung cancer and
that, in the million homes with the highest concentrations,
long-term occupants suffer an added lifetime risk of at least 2%,
reaching extraordinary values at the highest concentrations
observed. (POL)
Measurements and Interpretation of Indoor Aerosol
Radioactivity by a Microcomputer System
Raunemaa, T., M. Olin, M. Hannikainen, M. Kulmala, and A.
Hautojarvi
Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 17, No. 3, pages 268-270, 4
references
June 1986 CODEN: JALSB7
A microcomputer system was used to measure radioactivity
variations indoors, which were interpreted on the basis of
particle concentration measurements and radon daughter attachment
modelling. Levels of both polonium-218 (15422749) and
polonium-214 (15735678), and of polonium-214 alone were monitored
indoors over several days. The levels increased ten fold (from 5
Bequerels/cubic meter to 50 Bequerels/cubic meter) at night when
ventilation was turned off. The activity ratio of polonium-218
to polonium-214 was 1:1.25. For night/day relative
radioactivity, a theoretical factor of 2.5 to 5 was estimated,
and the actual experimental values ranged from 5 to 8. During
weekends, when ventilation was off, radioactivity levels
correlated with relative humidity outdoors but were unrelated to
outdoor temperature or atmospheric pressure. Introducing pump
oil aerosol into the study volume increased the aerosol
radioactivity by a factor of ten. Aerosol radioactivity was
lowered by a small fresh air vent. The authors conclude that
this system provides a reliable and low cost analytical method
for continuous detection of radioactivity. (OSH)
114
-------
IV. SURVEYS
A. NATIONAL
1 U.S. REGIONAL WEST
Radon Monitoring Results from BPA'S Residential
Weatherization Program: Report No. 6
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR.
Corp. Source Codes: 025155000; 9512400
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/BP-900
Oct 87 26p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8813;
NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States
This report provides a summary of all the data collected
for the States of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana.
Specific data is listed by US Geological Survey designated range
and township locations. The specific data listed by range and
township includes only those townships with a minimum of five
radon readings. The radon measurement results contained in this
report were conducted by passive alpha-track detectors. The
Residential Weatherization Program requires that the detectors be
placed is residence for a minimum of' 3 winter months, up to 1
year in length. Due to the variations in the length of
measurements, we have added a section to this report which lists
the average radon values for given exposure periods. 6 figs.
(ERA citation 13:016161) (NTIS)
A SUMMARY OF KANSAS USA INDOOR RADON SCREENING RESULTS
GUINN L A
1902A KENTUCKY ST., LAWRENCE, KANS. 66044.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987.
CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
115
-------
A summary of results for indoor radon done by the State of
Kansas and private radon monitoring companies has been compiled.
The results are compared to major population centers and the
EPA's map of projected areas of high radon concentrations.
Although not a statistically significant sampling, the results do
indicate that Kansas has homes with indoor radon concentrations
above the recommended guidelines, but not in the unusually high
range. (BIO)(AUTH)
Seasonal variation of indoor Rn at a location in the
southwestern United States [published erratum appears in
Health Phys 1987 Aug;53(2):201]
Wilkening M; Wicke A
Health Phys Oct 1986, 51 (4) p427-36, ISSN 0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: English
Radon-222 concentrations have been measured in 12 homes
typical of a small town in the southwestern United States. Nine
of the houses, in which both summer and winter data are
available, have an annual mean of 63 +/- 18 Bq m-3 (1.7 +/- 0.5
pCi L-l) and a range of 41 to 96 Bq m-3 (1.1 to 2.6 pCi L-l) .
These results were obtained with passive Rn dosimeters using
polycarbonate nuclear track detector foils. The overal'l results
fall slightly above the middle of the range of values obtained in
other studies in the United States. Winter levels clearly exceed
summer by a factor of from two to three. This result is
attributed primarily to wide use of evaporative air conditioners
for daytime cooling in the summer together with the fact that
doors and windows are left open frequently during evening and
nighttime hours. Both practices enhance the exchange of outdoor
air with indoor air contributing to a decrease in the indoor Rn
levels during the summer season. Room-to-room differences were
evident during the winter season only. Bedrooms and bathrooms
were generally higher in Rn than kitchens and living rooms but by.
only about 25%. The two adobe houses in the group showed higher
Rn concentrations during the winter season than did those of
frame-stucco, concrete, or cinder block construction.' Dose
equivalent calculations yielded a mean figure of 0.29 WLM y-1 for
typical occupancy patterns in these New Mexico houses. (MED)
INDOOR AND SOIL RADON MEASUREMENTS IN THE ALBUQUERQUE
NEW-MEXICO USA AREA
BROOKINS D G
DEP. GEOLOGY, UNIV. NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131.
HEALTH PHYS 51 (4). 1986. 529-533. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
116
-------
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
A study was undertaken in the winter of 1983-84 to gather
data for Rn gas in soils and inside dwellings in the Albequrque,
NM, area. Yhe study was restricted to 15 dwellings with one to
two Rn determinations inside each dwelling and two soil Rn
determinations per dwelling yard. (BIO) (AUTH)
117
-------
IV. SURVEYS
A. NATIONAL
2 U.S. REGIONAL EAST
Niagara Falls Storage Site, Annual Site Environmental
Report, Lewiston, New York, Calendar Year 1986: Surplus
Facilities Management Program (SFMP)
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Bechtel National, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 076493000; 9514952
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/OR/20722-150
Jun 87 79p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8722;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-810R20722
During 1986, the environmental monitoring program was
continued at the Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS), a US
Department of Energy (DOE) surplus facility located in Niagara
County, New York, presently used for the interim storage of
radioactive residues and contaminated soils and rubble. The
monitoring program is being conducted by Bechtel National, Inc.
The monitoring program at the NFSS measures radon gas
concentrations in air; external gamma radiation levels; and
uranium and radium concentrations in surface water, groundwater,
and sediment. To verify that the site is in compliance with the
DOE radiation protection standard and to assess its potential
effect on public health, the radiation dose was calculated for
the maximally exposed individual. Based on the conservative
scenario described in the report, this individual would receive
an annual external exposure approximately equivalent to 6% of the
DOE radiation protection standard of 100 mrem/yr. By comparison,
the incremental dose received from living in a brick house versus
a wooden house is 10 mrem/yr above background. The cumulative
dose to the population within an 80-km (50-mi) radius of the NFSS
that would result from radioactive materials present at the site
would be indistinguishable from the dose that the same population
would receive from naturally occurring radioactive sources.
Results of the 1986 monitoring show that the NFSS is in
compliance with the DOE radiation protection standard. 14 refs.,
11 figs., 14 tabs. (ERA citation 12:032532) (NTIS)
118
-------
Monitoring Radon Reduction in Clinton, New Jersey Houses
Prepared in cooperation with Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Osborne, M.C.; Brennan, T.; Michaels, L.D.
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 045968000
Sponsor: Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/162
May 87 15p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8717
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3992
The paper discusses EPA experience in monitoring radon
reduction in Clinton, NJ, houses. Both the temperature-driven
stack effect and typical household appliances (e.g., furnaces,
whole-house fans, clothes dryers, and bathroom fans) were
observed to reduce indoor pressure and potentially increase radon
levels. Radon measurements obtained during cold weather, after
residential heating systems were back in full operation, showed
that the radon reduction techniques that were applied had been
effective and that radon concentrations were significantly
reduced. Although both grab sample and continuous monitor
measurements were helpful in assessing radon* entry sites and
hour-to-hour fluctuations, respectively, only charcoal canister.
data collected under near-winter conditions could be used as a
valid comparison with earlier March/April 1986 generated
pre-radon reduction data. (NTIS)
GAMMA-RAY EXPOSURE LEVELS IN READING PRONG PENNSYLVANIA USA
BASEMENTS BY HOUSE CHARACTERISTICS
ANAST G A; GOUN B D; GERUSKY T M; REILLY M A; STEBBINGS J H;
DIGNAM J J
DIV. BIOLOGICAL MED. RES., ARGONNE NATL. LAB., ARGONNE, ILL.
60439.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987.
S71-S72. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Gamma-ray measurement (uR/h) in basements of 1654 Reading
Prong residences were correlated with house characteristics to
determine whether gamma-ray exposures can be significant
confounders in studies of the carcinogenic effects of radon
daughter exposure. (BIO)(AUTH)
119
-------
INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA USA
COHEN B L; NASON R
UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15260, USA.
ENVIRON INT 13 (3). 1987. 293-298. CODEN: ENVID
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Measurements were made of radon levels in 165 randomly
selected homes in Cumberland County, PA during Winter 1984-1985.
The average and mean levels were found to be 9.1 .H—0.7 pCi/L and
6.3 .+-. 0.5 pCi/L, respectively, many times normally encountered
levels. Average and mean radon levels are reported vs. various
house characteristics. (BIO)(AUTH)
Measurements of radon concentrations in residential
buildings in the eastern United States
George, A.C.; Hinchliffe, L.E.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Environ. Meas. Lab., US DOE, New York, NY 10014, USA
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New York, NY
(USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS
pp. 42-62, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
As part of a program to develop and test radon survey
techniques, passive activated carbon . samplers were used to
measure radon concentrations in 380 buildings in six states in
the eastern United States. Measurements were made in the
basement and living areas of each residential building, and in
some work locations of several plant buildings during summer and
winter. The activated carbon samplers performed well in these
tests, and the logistics via U.S. mail were satisfactory. The
lowest concentrations of radon were found in: Long Island, NY,
Luzerne County, PA, and South Carolina. (POL)
Review of Radiological Surveys of the General Services
Administration's Raritan Depot in Edison, New Jersey
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Herzenberg, C. L. ; Winter, R. C.
Argonne National Lab., IL.
Corp. Source Codes: 001960000; 0448000
120
-------
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ANL/EES-TM-331
Oct 86 14p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8723;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: W-31109-ENG-38
This report reviews two recent radiological surveys of the
General Services Administration (GSA) Raritan Depot in Edison,
New Jersey, that were conducted after somewhat elevated levels of
radiation were detected within a depot building. The first survey
indicated gamma radiation levels were higher than natural
background levels in some buildings and identified the probable
source of the radiation as gypsum-like building tiles that
contained natural uranium-chain radionuclides at a level 20 times
higher than other materials. Elevated levels of radon and radon
decay products also were detected in some buildings. A follow-on
survey was conducted to confirm the January measurements and to
measure radiation levels at other locations: additional buildings
at the depot, buildings on the Middlesex County College campus,
and a possible outdoor disposal site. EPA measurements
established that ceiling material is the primary source of the
radiation. Radioisotope analysis of the ceiling .tile material
from buildings with elevated radiation levels showed the presence
of radium-226 at levels of approximately 25 picocuries per gram
(pCi/g); this material would thus have to be treated as hazardous
waste, should it be removed. This report critiques the
methodology and results of the two surveys and recommends further
action. (ERA citation 12:033665) (NTIS)
Aerial Survey Efforts in the Search for Radon Contaminated
Houses in the Reading Prong Area Near Boyertown, PA
American Nuclear Society annual meeting, Bethesda, MD, USA,
15 Sep 1986.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Hoover, R.A.; Mateik, D.E.
EG and G Energy Measurements, Inc., Suitland, MD.
Washington Aerial
Measurements Dept.
Corp. Source Codes: 088128001; 9521513
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: EGG-10282-1127; CONF-8609147-11
15 Sep 86 7p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8712;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC08-83NV10Z82
121
-------
At the request of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the
Department of Energy requested EG and G Energy Measurements to
fly an aerial radiological survey over a portion of the Reading
Prong near Boyertown, Pennsylvania. The survey goal was to help
locate regions where buildings contained elevated levels of radon
gas. A 250 km2 area was surveyed. A number of sites were
located. These sites correlated fairly well with known geologic
faults in the area. 4 refs., 1 fig. (ERA citation 12:010112)
(POL)
A COMPARISON OF RADON LEVELS IN CHICAGO AND PENNSYLVANIA
HOUSES (ENGLISH)
TOOHEY RE; ESSLING MA; MARKUN F
ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV BIOL & MED RES/ARGONNE//IL/60439
HEALTH PHYSICS, V50, SI, PS 59, 1986
Indoor levels of 222Rn have been measured in 144 single-
family houses in the Chicago area and in 160 houses in eastern
Pennsylvania, located in the vicinity of Bloomsburg (not on the
Reading Prong). In Chicago, grab samples of air were collected
in evacuated aerosol cans and then transferred to Lucas flasks
for counting. The Pennsylvania radon levels were measured
primarily with commercial "Track-Etch" detectors; a few .grab
samples were also taken. (SCI) (AUTH)
INDOOR RADON IN THE READING PRONG IN PENNSYLVANIA USA
ANON
THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
PITTSBURGH, PA., USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3, 1986. HEALTH PHYS 50
(SUPPL. 1). 1986. S91.
CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Since late December 1984, the Pennsylvania Department of
Environ-mental Resources, Bureau of Radiation Protection has been
engaged in an intense effort to find those houses in the Reading
Prong which present increased health risk due to indoor radon.
The Reading Prong is a physiographic province underlying
portions of Berks, Bucks, Lehigh and Northampton counties.
(BIO)(AUTH)
122
-------
IV. SURVEYS
A. NATIONAL
3 U.S. REGIONAL SOUTH
LEVELS OF RADON-222 AND ITS SHORT-LIVED PROGENY IN ALABAMA
USA HOUSES
DUDNEY C S; HAWTHORNE A R; WALLACE R G; REED R P
HEALTH AND SAFETY RES. DIV., OAK RIDGE NATL. LAB., OAK
RIDGE, TENN. 37831.
HEALTH PHYS 54 (1). 1988. 89-92. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Preliminary results from an ongoing indoor air quality study
of 70 houses in four southeastern states have revealed elevated
indoor levels of Rn** and its short-lived progeny in some houses
in Alabama. Reported here are Rn and Rn progeny results from
summer and fall measurements made in 34 houses in Alabama. (BIO)
(AUTH)
SURVEY OF RADON IN NORTH-CAROLINA HOMES (ENGLISH)
WATSON JE; ADAMS WC; FONG SW; NEWMAN HJ
UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN/CHAPEL
HILL//NG/27514; DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES,RADIAT PROTECT
SECT/RALEIGH//NC/27603
HEALTH PHYSICS , V52, SI, PS 70, 1987 •
A state-wide survey of radon in North Carolina homes was
conducted using charcoal canisters to measure radon
concentrations. Each charcoal canister consisted of a 10cm
diameter tin canister, 2.9 cm deep, filled with 70 g of activated
charcoal. A perforated brass screen and retainer ring hold the
charcoal in place. For calibration, canisters were exposed to
known radon concentrations at the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility. (SCI) (AUTH)
Indoor Air Quality in 300 Homes in Kingston/Harriman,
Tennessee: Winter Phase Status Report
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
123
-------
Hawthorne, A.R.; Uziel, M.; Vo-Dinh, T.; Cohen, M.A. ;
Orebaugh, C.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORNL/TM-10104
Oct 86 14Ip
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8709;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
This report summarizes the status of the 300-Home
Kingston/Harriman Indoor Air Quality Study at the end of the
winter phase of monitoring. Plans for the summer monitoring
phase are also presented. The report is organized by the major
pollutants monitored. Reporting focuses on study protocols and
summaries of winter monitoring activities. A minimum of results
are presented since, for many pollutants, laboratory analyses are
not yet complete. (ERA citation 12:001640) (NTIS)
Indoor pollutants in 70 houses in the Tennessee Valley area:
Study design and measurement methods
Dudney, C.S.; Matthews, T.G.; Dreibelbis, W.G.; Hawthorne,
A.R.; Thompson, C.V.
Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Symposium on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants Raleigh,
NC (USA) 27 Apr 1986
Publ.Yr: 1986
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
'SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; DE86009506/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
Levels of nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, vapor-phase
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, respirable particles,
radon and other parameters related to indoor air quality are
being measured with passive monitors in a year-long study of
indoor air quality in 70 houses in the Tennessee Valley area.
Criteria for house selection included presence of a lower level
with cement floor and one or more block walls in contact with the
soil and proximity to one of four cities in the region. By
design, most of the houses in the study are in the same
neighborhood as at least one other house in the study. Houses
range in age from newly constructed to about forty years old,
typically have more than 2000 square feet of finished floor
space, and encompass a garage in the lower level in most cases.
(POL)
124
-------
Experimental Protocol and Preliminary Results of Air
Infiltration Rate Measurements in Tennessee Valley Homes
Air Pollution Control Association annual meeting and
exhibition, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 22 Jun 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Hawthorne, A.R.; Dudney, C.S.; Matthews, T.G.; Monar, K.P.;
Quillen, J.L.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Tennessee Univ., Knoxville.; Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-860606-1
1986 12p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8619;
NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
The principal objective of this multipollutant indoor air
quality study focuses on measurement of radon and radon progeny.
Details of the radon monitoring component and the chemical
pollutant monitoring aspects of the •study and associated
experimental methods have been recently described. Seventy
houses throughout the Tennessee Valley area are. included in the
study. Six houses are in Oak Ridge, Tennessee; nine houses are
in Chattanooga, Tennessee; five houses are in Rossville, Georgia
(near Chattanooga); four houses are near Tupelo,- Mississippi;
eight houses are near Florence, Alabama; eight houses are in
Huntsville, Alabama; and thirty houses are in the Birmingham,
Alabama/ area. Ten of the thirty houses in Birmingham are
11 energy efficient11 houses as defined by the local utility
conservation program. With the exception of some of the energy
efficient houses in Birmingham, all other houses have a basement
level and a living space above this level. Some houses have this
lower level as a conditioned living space; others do not. Only
houses with basement levels were included in the main component
of the study due to design objectives related to radon
monitoring. Ten '•energy efficient11 houses were added to the
originally selected 60 houses to allow comparison between these
homes and more typical houses in the study. (ERA citation
11:032709) (NTIS)
Radon and Radon Progeny in 70 Houses in the Tennessee
Valley Area: Study Design and Measurement Methods
APCA specialty conference on indoor radon, Philadelphia,
PA, USA, 24 Feb 1986.
125
-------
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Dudney, C.S.; Hawthorne, A.R. ; Monar, K.P.; Quillen, J.L. ;
Clark, C.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC;
Report No.: CONF-860277-1
1986 lOp
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8617;
NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
Levels of radon and its short-lived airborne progeny are
being measured in a year-long study of 70 houses in four states
in the Tennessee Valley. Various methods were used to solicit
volunteers with differing degrees of success. Criteria for
selection of houses in the study included presence of a lower
level with cement floor and one or more block walls in contact
with the soil, absence of obvious indications of technologically
enhanced sources of radium, and proximity to one of four cities
(Knoxville, Chattanooga, Birmingham, or Florence). By design,
most hcJuses in the study .are in the same neighborhood as at least
one other house in the study. Houses range in age from newly
constructed to about 40 years old. Most of the houses have more
than 2000 square feet of finished floor space. The lower level
encompasses a garage in most cases. More complete information
pertaining to house characteristics will be gathered in the
course of the study. 19 refs., 1 fig. (ERA citation 11:023909)
(NTIS)
An indoor air quality study of 40 east Tennessee homes
Hawthorne, A.R.; Gammage, R.B.; Dudney, C.S.; Berglund, B.;
Berglund, U.; Lindvall, T.; Spengler, J.; Sundell, J.
(eds.)
Health and Saf. Res. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge,
TN, USA
3. International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and
Climate Stockholm (Sweden) 1984
ENVIRON. INT VOL. 12, NO. 1-4, pp. 221-239, Publ.Yr: 1986
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V19N2
Over a 1-yr period, measurements of indoor air pollutants
(CO sub(x), NO sub(x), formaldehyde, volatile organics,
particulate matter, and radon) were made in 40 homes in east
126
-------
Tennessee. The houses were of various ages with different types
of insulation and heating. Sixty percent of the houses exceeded
100 nL/L of formaldehyde on at least one occasion. Over the
duration of the study, houses older than 5 yr averaged 40 nL/L of
formaldehyde while houses less than 5 yr old averaged 80 nL/L.
The highest concentration of formaldehyde was 400 nL/L, measured
in a new home. The highest levels of formaldehyde were usually
recorded during summer months. The concentration of various
organics in indoor air was at least tenfold higher than in
outdoor air. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides were usually <
2 mu L/L and < 20 nL/L, respectively, except when gas stoves or
kerosene space heaters were operating, or when a car was running
in the garage. (ENV)
127
-------
IV. SURVEYS
B. INTERNATIONAL
1 ASIA
Indoor concentrations of 220Rn and its decay products.
Katase A; Matsumoto Y; Sakae T; Ishibashi K
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan.
Health Phys (UNITED STATES) Mar 1988, 54 (3) p283-6, ISSN
0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: ENGLISH
The distribution of 220Rn atoms in a room was derived from
the diffusion equation. The activity concentrations of 212Pb and
212Bi were obtained in relation to 220Rn exhalation rate from a
concrete wall. Near the surface of the concrete wall, the
radiation exposure due to inhalation of 220Rn decay products may
be significant in some cases. -(MED)
RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN JAPANESE HOUSES AND CORRELATING
FACTORS (ENGLISH)
YONEHARA H; AOYAMA T; MIFUNE M; KATO H; SAKANOUE M
RADIAT EFFECTS RES FDN/HIROSHIMA 73O//JAPAN/; SHIGA
UNIV MED
SCI/OTSU/SHIGA 52021/JAPAN/; OKAYAMA UNIV,MISASA BRANCH
HOSP/MISAS A/TOTTORI 682 02/JAPAN/ ; KANAZAWA
UNIV,LLRL/TATSUNOKUCHI/ISHIKAWA 92312/JAPAN/
JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH , V29, Nl, P26-26, 1988
Correlations between the concentration and various factors
were analyzed. The factors analyzed were regional differences,
construction materials, purpose of the room, age of the house,
ventilation in the room, use of air conditioners or heaters,
number of floors etc. From the results of the studies, the
factors related to regional differences and construction
materials were found to have the obvious correlations.
(SCI)(AUTH)
128
-------
INDOOR RADON-222 MEASUREMENTS IN THE REGION OF BEIJING CHINA
REN T; LIN L; CHEN Z; LI G; CHEN A
LAB. IND. HYGIENE, MPH, 2 XINKANG ST., DESHENGMENWAI,
BEIJING, ROC.
HEALTH PHYS 53 (3). 1987. 219-226. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Passive integrating activated C detectors were used to study
the regional distribution and temporal variation of 222Rn in
indoor air in dwellings in the Beijing region. Measurements were
made in 537 dwellings, which were either detached houses or
multi-family apartments. The city-wide study was completed in
1985. The distributions are approximately log-normal with 90% of
the dwellings having 222Rn levels less than 60 Bq m-3. The
weighted average 222Rn concentration has been found to be 22.4
Bq m-3. Averages for detached houses and multi-family dwellings
are 25.9 and 15.2 Bq m-3, respectively. Assuming an equilibrium
factor of 0.5 and an occupancy factor of 0.8, the average
equilibrium equivalent concentration of 222Rn progeny is 11.2 Bq
m-3 and the annual average effective dose equivalent is 1.1 mSv.
(BIO)
MEASUREMENT OF INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN KUWAIT
MUSTAFA A A; VASISHT C M; SABOL J
DEP. RADIOLOGY, FAC. MED., KUWAIT UNIV., P.O. BOX 24923,
SAFAT, POST CODE 13110, KUWAIT.
ENVIRON INT 13 (4-5). 1987. 323-330. CODEN: ENVID
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Values of indoor radon concentrations averaged over one
year has been determined in 60 dwellings mainly located in the
coastal part of Kuwait. All dwellings were monitored using the
track-etch method. The monitors used were replaced every 3
months to detect seasonal variations. Mean values of 41, 43.5,
42.5 and 41.3 Bq/m3 were measured during autumn, winter, spring,
and summer, respectively. The highest concentration in the
survey, 103 Bq/m3 was repeatedly measured during winter and
spring, indicating lower ventilation rates. Separate data
distributions for different floor levels shows mean Rn
concentrations of 54.4, 48.4, 44, 41 and 31.3 Bq/m3 in the
basement and on the ground, first, second and third floors,
respectively. The overall mean Rn concentration from the whole
study was 41.3 Bq/m3, which is equivalent to 5.58 mWL. Assuming
an equilibrium factor of 0.5, and an occupancy factor of 0.8, the
average exposure to the short-lived daughters of radon-222 of a
member of Kuwait population is 0.228 WLM/yr. This is equal to an
effective dose equivalent of 2.28 mSv, which is very close to the
effective dose equivalent from natural radiation amounting to 2
129
-------
mSv/yr. It is expected that further reduction in indoor
ventilation, for the purpose of energy saving, will cause an
increase in population radiation doses. (BIO)
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR RADON-222 AND RADON-220 DAUGHTERS IN HONG
KONG
TSO M-Y W; LI OC
RADIOISOTOPE UNIT, UNIV. HONG KONG, POKFULAM RD., HONG KONG.
HEALTH PHYS 53 (2). 1987. 175-180. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
In Hong Kong most people live and work in high-rise
buildings,unlike other less densely populated places where
relatively more people work and live in houses resting directly
on the Earth's crust. However, because of its hot and humid
weather, closed air conditioning is not uncommon now in Hong
Kong. Under these unique conditions, it was of general interest
to measure the indoor 222Rn and 220Rn levels. A small-scale
survey was undertaken on the University of Hong Kong campus.
(BIO) (AUTH)
INDOOR RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATION IN CHIBA AREA - RESULT
OF PRELIMINARY WINTER SURVEY BY ACTIVE GRAB-SAMPLING
MEASUREMENT (ENGLISH)
KOBAYASHI S; IWASAKI T; ICHIKAWA M; FUJIMOTO K
NATL INST RADIOL SCI/CHIBA 260//JAPAN/ JOURNAL OF RADIATION
RESEARCH , V27, Nl, P60-60, 1986
Indoor radon daughter concentration was measured in various
types of houses and homes within Chiba area by means of grab-
sampling active measurement according to the method of Thomas. A
linear relationship was observed between equilibrium equivalent
radon concentration and cumulative percentage of houses on log-
normal pobit scale. (SCI)(AUTH)
RADON IN SAUDI HOUSES (ENGLISH)
ABUJARAD F; ALJARALLAH MI
UNIV PETR & MINERALS,DEPT PHYS/DHAHRAN 31261//SAUDI ARABIA/
RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY , V14, N3, P243-249, 1986
A total of 637 passive radon dosemeters (CR-39 nuclear track
detectors in a closed chamber) were used in a survey in 400
houses in Saudi Arabia. This survey is the first in Saudi Arabia
(a hot climate) and can usefully be compared with similar surveys
in countries with cold climates. (SCI)
130
-------
IV. SURVEYS
B. INTERNATIONAL
2 EUROPE
Indoor 222Rn measurements in Sweden with the solid-state
nuclear track detector technique.
Jonsson G
Department of Physics, University of Lund, Sweden.
Health Phys (UNITED STATES) Mar 1988, 54 (3) p271-81, ISSN
0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: ENGLISH
Measurements of the indoor radon and radon daughter
concentrations were performed in several thousand Swedish houses
during the years 1979-1984 with the solid state nuclear track
detector technique (SSNTD technique). The investigation focused
on structures containing building materials of light-weight
concrete with enhanced amounts of U. The detectors used nuclear
track films exposed for 1 mo. The film basically measures total
airborne alpha activity but may be calibrated in units of EER in
an environment with known 222Rn and daughter concentrations. (EER
is here the equilibrium equivalent concentration of Rn with the
equilibrium factor F = 0.5.) The investigation was performed in
various municipalities in collaboration with the local public
health and environmental authorities. The investigation
included 6700 individual measurements in detached (single-family)
houses as well as in apartment houses. A small percentage of the
dwellings exhibited Rn daughter concentrations (EER) exceeding
400 Bq m-3. It was found in detached houses that the
concentrations were higher in the basement floor than in the
entrance floor of a house. The Rn daughter values in the
bedrooms were similar to values in any other room (mainly on the
same floor) of the structure. The Rn daughter levels in
apartment houses were lower than in single-family houses. The
seasonal variations of the Rn daughter levels are presented and
show that the levels in summertime are approximately equal to the
levels in the winter. (MED)
131
-------
INDOOR RADON-222 MEASUREMENTS IN SWEDEN WITH THE SOLID-STATE
NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR TECHNIQUE
JONSSON G
DEP. PHYSICS, UNIV. LUND, SOLVEGATAN 14, S-223 62 LUND,
SWEDEN.
HEALTH PHYS 54 (3). 1988. 271-282. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Measurements of the indoor radon and radon daughter
concentrations were performed in several thousand Swedish houses
during the years 1979-1984 with the solid state nuclear track
detector technique (SSNTD technique). The investigation focused
on structures containing building materials of light-weight
concrete with enhanced amounts of U. The detectors used nuclear
track films exposed for 1 mo. The film basically measures total
airborne .alpha. activity but may be calibrated in units of EER
in an environment with known 222Rn and daughter concentrations.
(EER is here the equilibrium equivalent concentration of Rn with
the equilibrium factor F = 0.5). The investigation was
performed in various municipalities in collaboration with the
local public health and environmental authorities. The
investigation included 6700 individual measurements in detached
(single-family) houses as well as in apartment houses. A small
percentage of the dwellings exhibited Rn daughter concentrations
(EER) exceeding 400 Bq m-3. It was found in detached houses that
the concentrations were higher in the basement floor than in the
entrance floor of a house. The Rn daughter values in the
bedrooms were similar to values in any other room (mainly on the
same floor) of the structure. The Rn daughter levels in
apartment houses were lower than in single-family houses. The
seasonal variations of the Rn daughter levels are presented and
show that the levels in summertime are approximately equal to the
levels in the winter. (BIO)
Radon on Mors Island. An Investigation of Virtual
Relationship Between Radon Concentration in Indoor Air and
the Local Geology in a Selected Area on Mors
In Danish.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Damkjaer, A.; Korsbech, U.
Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby. Afdelingen for
Elektrofysik.
Corp. Source Codes: 014560023; 9800028
Report No.: NEI-DK-34
Mar 87 55p
Languages: Danish
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: Denmark
132
-------
The indoor /sup 222/Rn-concentration has been measured in 50
dwellings in a rural district on the Danish island Mors. In
addition the radon-exhalation from the ground was measured in
close vicinity of the houses. Also, samples of the surface soil
has been analyzed for the radium and thorium content and for
radon/emanation. The aim of the work has been to search for a
possible correlation between the local geology and the indoor
radon-concentration. Specifically a correlation was expected
between the local deposits of a radium-rich paleocene clay and
the indoor radon-concentration. As a result, no correlation has
been found neither between the deposits of the radium-rich clay
and the indoor radon-concentration, nor between any pair of the
measured parameters. However, the southern part of the district
shows a significant higher indoor radon-concentration compared to
the northern part. This correlates with the limestone deposits
which in the southern part of the district come close to the
surface. Hence an indication has been found that the limestone
deposits act as a transport channel for radon or as a source for
enchanced radon-levels in the dwellings. (ERA citation
12:050239) (NTIS)
Radon-222 in Nprwegian dwellings
Stranden, E.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Natl. Inst. Radiat. Hyg., P.O.' Box 55, N-1345 Oesteraas,
Norway 191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New
York, NY (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS
pp. 70-83, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
Results of Rn-222 measurements in 1500 dwellings in 75
municipalities in Norway are reported. The study was conducted
to assess geographical variations in Rn-222 concentrations and to
assess the relative importance of the different sources. The
population average indoor Rn-222 concentration is assessed to be
80-100 Bq super(-3). The equilibrium factor was studied in 58
dwellings and a factor of 0.5 was found to be representative for
Norwegian dwellings. About 1% of Norwegian dwellings are
expected to have Rn-222 concentrations exceeding 800 Bqm
super(-3) (4000 Bqm super(-3) Rn-222 progeny). The highest
values occur in alum shale and granite areas, and bedrock and
subsoil are the dominating radon sources. In a pilot
investigation, the radon exposure in dwellings was correlated
against lung cancer incidence and smoking habits data from the
Norwegian Cancer Registry. (POL)
133
-------
Radon levels in Swedish homes: A comparison of the 1980s
with the 1950s
Swedjemark, G.A.; Buren, A.; Mjoenes, L.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Natl. Inst. Radiat. Prot., Box 60204, S-104 01 Stockholm,
Sweden
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New York, NY
(USA)
13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS pp. 84-96, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
In 1980-82 a study was carried out on Swedish homes built
before 1976. The aim was to provide averages and distributions
for the radon exposure of the Swedish population. Correlations
with parameters such as building materials and building periods
were also investigated. (POL)
Population doses in Ireland
McLaughlin, J.P.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Phys.,Dep., Univ. Coll. Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Eire
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New York, NY
(USA)
13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS
pp. 113-123, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY. LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Indoor air radon concentrations measured in a randomly
selected sample of 220 Irish houses have been found to range from
about 20 Bq/m super(3) to as high as 1740 Bq/m super(3) with a
median value of 61 Bq/m super(3). Using current dose estimation
methods the estimated effective dose equivalents due to radon
daughter inhalation in these houses are 1.6 mSv/year (median
value) and 46 mSv/year (maxium value). Integrating alpha track
based passive detectors, which yield both a measurement of the
mean radon concentration and of the radon daughter equilibrium
(F) in each house, are being used in this national survey. (POL)
Indoor radon measurements in Finland: A status report
Castren, O. ; Maekelaeinen, I.; Winqvist, K. ; Voutilainen,
A.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Finnish Cent. Radiat. and Nucl. Saf., P.O. Box 268,
134
-------
SF-00101 Helsinki, Finland
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New York, NY
(USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS
pp. 97-103, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
Large-scale surveys indicate that the mean indoor radon
concentration in Finnish dwellings is about 90 Bq/m super(3).
The percentages of concentrations exceeding 200, 400, 800 and
2,000 Bq/m super (3) are 11, 3.9, 1.4 and 0.5 per cent,
respectively. An updated version of the geographical
distribution is presented. Sampling and data processing methods
as well as the reason for high concentrations are discussed.
(POL)
Concentrations in dwellings in the United Kingdom
Cliff, K.D.; Wrixon, A.D.; Green, B.M.R.; Miles, J.C.H.;
Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Natl. Radiol. Prot. Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire 0X11
ORQ, UK
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New York, NY
(USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS
pp. 104-112, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS. 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
A survey of the radon concentrations in a representative
sample of more than 2000 dwellings in the UK has been completed
and provisional results are now available. On average,
concentrations are 29% lower in bedrooms than in living areas.
The mean radon concentration weighted for room occupancy is 22 Bq
m super(-3). Assuming an equilibrium factor of 0.35 and a mean
occupancy of 75%, the mean annual exposure in UK homes is
assessed as 0.08 Working Level Months (WLM) and the mean annual
effective dose equivalent as 0.43 mSv. Special surveys have been
made in small areas where geological conditions indicated high
indoor radon concentrations. These suggest that there is a small
number of dwellings in the UK in which the average radon
concentration may exceed 1250 Bq m super(-3), corresponding to an
annual dose of 25 mSv. (POL)
135
-------
Measurements of Parameters for Determining the Radon Load in
the Framework of the Dutch National Research Program SAWORA
In Dutch.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Groen, G.C.H.; Groot, T.J.H.; Nyqvist, R.G.; Keverling
Buisman, A.S.; Stoute, J.R.D.
Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en
Milieubeheer, The Hague (Netherlands). Directie
Stralenbescherming.
Corp. Source Codes: 087985003; 4188735
Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-20; VROM-60519/6-86
Jun 86 88p
Languages: Dutch
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
Country of Publication: Netherlands
This report describes a series of measurements related to
the indoor exposure to daughters of radon and thoron. Important
parameters are the Potential Alpha Energy Concentration (PAEC)
and the Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter (AMAD). The
results for indoor atmosphere are presented leading to an order
of magnitude estimate of the effective dose-equivalent rate of
500 mu Sv/y. The thoron daughter concentrations are relatively
high with respect, to those of radon daughters. (Auth.). 18
refs.; 24 figs.; 12 tabs. (Atomindex citation 18:076059.) (NTIS)
Radon Concentration in the Netherlands
In Dutch.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Meijer, R. J. ; Put, L. W. ; Veldhuizen, A.
Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en
Milieubeheer, The Hague (Netherlands).
Corp. Source Codes: 087985000; 4188742
Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-14; VROM-60197/3-86
Feb 86 116p
Languages: Dutch
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
Country of Publication: Netherlands
In 1000 dwellings, which can be assumed to be an
reasonable representation of the average Dutch dwellings, time
averaged radon concentrations, radon daughter concentrations and
gamma-exposure tempi are determined during a year with passive
dosemeters. They are also determined outdoor at circa 200 measure
points. (Auth.). Includes English summary; 58 refs.; 32 figs.;
24 tabs. (Atomindex citation 18:079204) (NTIS)
136
-------
Activity Measurements in a Group of Twenty Houses in
Bemisse (Netherlands) and in an Experimental Room
In Dutch.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Hogeweg, B.
Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en
Milieubeheer, The Hague (Netherlands). Directie
Stralenbescherming.
Corp. Source Codes: 087985003; 4188735
Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-16; VROM-60199/3-86
Feb 86 39p
Languages: Dutch
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
Country of Publication: Netherlands
Twenty dwellings are selected on the base of construction
features and building materials used, for radiation dosimetry.
The concentration of radon and daughterproducts in these
dwellings is determined by a large number of factors. To study
the relation between concentration and activity of the materials
a number of measurements have been carried out with low-level as
well as high-level radioactive materials. Also a series of
measurements have been carried out in a test room under
conditional circumstances. (Auth.). Includes, English summary; 9
figs.; 14 tabs. (Atomindex citation 18:079205) (NTIS)
Radon exposure of the United Kingdom population
Brown, L.; Green, B.M.R.; Miles, J.C.H.; Wrixon, A.D.;
Berglund, B.; Bergl-und, U.; Lindvall, T. ; Spengler, J. ;
Sundell, J. (eds.)
Natl. Radiol. Prot. Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon 0X11 ORQ,
UK
3. International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and
Climate Stockholm (Sweden) 1984
ENVIRON. INT VOL. 12, NO. 1-4, pp. 45-48, Publ.Yr: 1986
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V19N2
The National Radiological Protection Board is carrying out a
survey of the radon concentrations in dwelling throughout the
United Kingdom and is also surveying factors that affect radon
concentrations, such as the construction of the dwellings and the
window and door-opening habits of the occupants. Initial results
of measurements of radon concentrations indicate an average
effective dose equivalent to the population of 570 mu Sv/yr.
(POL)
137
-------
Radon in Buildings in Hedmark County
In Norwegian.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Stranden, E.; Kolstad, A.K.; Lind, B.
Statens Inst. for Straalehygiene, Oslo (Norway).
Corp. Source Codes: 072040000; 5962300
Report No.: SIS-1986:?
1986 22p
Languages: Norwegian
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8718;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: Norway
Alum shale is known to contain enhanced levels of radium,
and it may thus be a source of enhanced indoor radon
concentrations. In this report studies of the radiological
impact of the alum shale in an area in southern Norway rich in
alum shale is summarized. Measurements of the activity
concentration of soil and shale radon exhalation from the ground
and from geological samples are reported together with
measurements of indoor radon concentrations in 165 house. In 48
of the houses the radon concentration exceeded 400 Bq/m/sup 3/,
and the highest concentartion (mean value for a house) was 5300
Bq/m/sup 3/. Radon exhalation measurements from the ground
suggest that alum shale areas generally should be classified as
high radon risk areas. (ERA citation 12:023464) (NTIS)
RESULTS OF NATURAL RADON DAUGHTER EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS BY
USING ALPHA DOSEMETERS IN WESTERN INDIVIDUAL HOUSES OF
FRANCE
TYMEN G; MOUDEN A; RANNOU A; MADELMONT C; PARMENTIER N
LAB. PHYSIQUE AEROSOLS RADIOACTIVITE ATMOSPHERIQUE, FAC.
SCI., AV. LE GORGEU, 29287 BREST-CEDEX, FR.
13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK
DETECTORS, PALAZZO BARBERINI, ROME, SEPTEMBER 23-27, 1985.
NUCL TRACKS RADIAT
MEAS 12 (1-6). 1986. 751-754. CODEN: NTRMD
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
A campaign of measurements using passive and active
dosemeters was intended for evaluating indoor radon daughter
exposure in individual homeslocated in western France. Influence
of the subsoil and building materials on the potential alpha-
energy was studied. Then an estimation of annualequivalent dose
was calculated from the results. (BIO)
138
-------
Indoor Air Quality in New Single Family Houses at Helsinki
and Kuopio Regions
In Finnish. The Indoor Climate Project.
U.S. Sales Only. Portions of this document are illegible in
microfiche products.
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
Raunemaa, T.; Ruokolainen, T.
Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo (Finland). Lab. of
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
Corp. Source Codes: 057176024; 9831080
Report No.: TKK-KO/LVI-C21
1986 122p
Languages: Finnish
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8724;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: Finland
The aim of this study was to investigate indoor air quality
in single-family houses. The study includes formaldehyde, fungi,
bacteria, radon and particle concentration as well as temperature
and relative humidity. To find possible regional differencies
the study houses were situated at two regions, Kuopio and
Helsinki. The indoor air temperature varied between 20-28 deg C
and relative humidity between 15-64%. Formaldehyde
concentrations, which were clearly affected by relative
humidity, ranged from <0.05 to 0.24 mg/m''3, being on an average
0.09 rag/n^'S. Maximum acceptable formaldehyde level was exceeded
in one of the study houses in summer. Bacterial and fungal spore
counts were mainly below 2000 cfu/m''3, which can be regarded as
the upper limit of normal concentration. Indoor fungal spore
concentration depended on outdoor concentration and the bacterial
concentration correlated with particle concentration. The levels
of total suspended particles were mainly below 100 ug/m''3 with
almost equal amounts for fine and coarse particles. The indoor
concentrations followed the outdoor concentrations. The radon
concentrations were below the recommended value in 11 but one
study house. The characteristics in the houses in Helsinki were
found to differe from those in Kuopio in relative humidity
values and in bacterial, particle and radon concentrations. All
the measured parameters, except particles and radon, were higher
in summer than in winter. Between full brick and full wood
houses there were slight differencies in temperature, in
bacterial and in fungal spore counts. (ERA citation 12:037086)
(NTIS)
RADON MEASUREMENTS IN SWEDEN: SOME RESULTS (RADON, PASSIVE
SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY)
JONSSON GILBERT
UNIV OF LUND, SWEDEN,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P155(5)
139
-------
CONF PAPER A PLASTIC FILM TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO MEASURE
RADON LEVELS INSIDE DWELLINGS IN SWEDEN. SEASONAL MEASUREMENTS
INDICATE A HIGHER RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATION IN THE SUMMER THAN
IN WINTER FOR CONCENTRATIONS IN THE INTERVAL 200-400 BQ/CU M.
BASEMENTS HAD HIGHER DAUGHTER LEVELS THAN DID THE FIRST STOREYS
OF SINGLE-UNIT HOUSES. (2 GRAPHS, 1 PHOTO, 3 REFERENCES) (ENV)
RADON EXPOSURE OF THE UK POPULATION (RADON, PASSIVE SMOKING,
PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY)
BROWN L.; GREEN B.M.; WRIXON A.D.; MILES J.C.
NATL RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION BOARD, UK,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P61(6)
CONF PAPER RADON DECAY PRODUCTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ABOUT A
THIRD OF THE TOTAL DOSE THAT PERSONS RECEIVE FROM ALL RADIATION
SOURCES IN THE U.K. RESULTS FROM PASSIVE RADON DOSIMETERS IN A
NATIONAL SURVEY FOR 367 DWELLINGS ARE ANALYZED. THE MEAN OF THE
RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN THE MAIN BEDROOM IS 71% OF THAT FOR THE
LIVING AREA. THE MEAN EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT TO THE U.K.
POPULATION FROM RADON DECAY PRODUCTS IN DWELLINGS IS
PROVISIONALLY CALCULATED TO BE 570 MSV/YEAR. ( 1 GRAPH, 6
REFERENCES, 2 TABLES) (ENV)
EXPOSURE OF THE SWEDISH POPULATION TO RADON DAUGHTERS
(RADON, PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING
EPIDEMIOLOGY)
SWEDJEMARK GUN A. ; MJONES LARS
NATL INST RADIATION PROTECTION, SWEDEN,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P37(7)
CONF PAPER THE RESULTS OF THREE DIFFERENT INVESTIGATIONS OF
RADON IN SWEDISH DWELLINGS ARE SURVEYED. A NATIONWIDE STUDY WAS
CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE COLLECTIVE DOSE TO THE POPULATION FROM
EXPOSURE TO RADON AND ITS DAUGHTERS. A SUPPLEMENTARY STUDY
FOCUSED ON NEWLY BUILT DETACHED HOUSES. MEASUREMENTS MADE BY
LOCAL AUTHORITIES TO FIND HOUSES WITH RADON DAUGHTER LEVELS ABOVE
NORMS ARE ALSO REPORTED. THE LATTER FOUND THAT 3346 DWELLINGS
HAD RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDING 400 BQ/CU M; THE
MAJORITY OF HOMES IN THE NATIONWIDE STUDY HAD RADON LEVELS BELOW
100 BQ/CU M. (4 GRAPHS, 2 REFERENCES, 2 TABLES ) (ENV)
140
-------
SURVEY OF RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN DUTCH DWELLINGS (RADON,
PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY)
PUT L.W.; DE MEIJER R.J.
UNIV OF GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS,
WHO/ET AL 3RD INTL INDOOR AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P49(6)
CONF PAPER RADON LEVELS WERE MEASURED IN ABOUT 1000 DUTCH
DWELLINGS AND AT 200 OUTSIDE LOCATIONS USING PASSIVE MONITORS. A
MEDIAN CONCENTRATION OF 24 BQ/CU M WAS FOUND FOR THE DWELLINGS
WITH A HIGHEST VALUE OF 190 BQ/CU M. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MEDIAN
RADON LEVELS AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS WERE OBSERVED. OUTSIDE
CONCENTRATIONS SHOW AN UNEXPECTED DEPENDENCE ON LOCATION. ( 2
GRAPHS, 4 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE) (ENV)
141
-------
V. MITIGATION
Status of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Radon
Mitigation
Demonstration Program
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Craig, A.B.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/037
Feb 88 lip
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8812
Country of Publication: United States
The paper discusses the portion of EPA's radon reduction
technology development/demonstration program dealing with the
study of reduction methods for existing and new construction
houses. The EPA program has as its objective the development and
demonstration of cost-effective radon reduction techniques
applicable to existing and new construction houses, all housing
substructure types, a wide range of house design and construction
features, a range of initial radon concentrations, a variety of
radon mitigation approaches, and a scope that is national. The
program, which started on a small scale in 1984, is divided into
four major areas: methods for radon entry diagnosis and
reduction performance testing, reduction methods for existing
houses, reduction methods for new houses, and program support and
information transfer. After 1 year of study, a matrix was
developed to try to systematize a very complex problem. As a
result of the development of the matrix, it appears that at least
600 houses will need to be studied to cover all the variables to
a satisfactory degree, making the mitigation of essentially any
housing type possible. The number will be studied over a period
of 5-8 years. (NTIS)
Installation and Testing of Indoor Radon Reduction
Techniques in 40 Eastern Pennsylvania Houses (Final rept.
Oct 84-Jun 87)
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
NTIS Prices: PC A17/MF A01
Scott, A.G.; Robertson, A.; Findlay, W.O.
143
-------
American ATCON, Inc., Wilmington, DE.
Corp. Source Codes: 085675000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/8-88/002
Jan 88 399p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A17/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8806
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4203
The report discusses the installation and testing of indoor
radon reduction techniques in 40 houses in eastern Pennsylvania.
Early in 1985, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources (PDER) started a large radon survey in communities in
the Reading Prong (a granite formation) in eastern Pennsylvania,
following the discovery of a house with extremely high radon
concentrations, greater than 1.2 MBq/cu m. Candidate houses for
the program, with radon concentrations in excess of 750 Bq/cu m,
were selected from this survey. A total of 40 houses with
representative substructure types were chosen from this group,
and mitigation methods were selected and installed from June 1985
to June 1987. Initial soil ventilation installations achieved
large reductions in radon concentrations at low cost, but these
reductions were not always sustained in colder weather, and
several systems were modified during the project to improve their
performance. Major reductions in radon concentration were
realized in all the houses worked on, with most houses with
active soil ventilation systems achieving less than 150 Bq/cu m
(4 pCi/L) on an annual average basis in the living areas. (NTIS)
Radon Reduction Strategies and Approaches
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Cook, J.E.; Egan, D.J.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/022
Jan 88 42p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8810
Country of Publication: United States
The chapter is for inclusion in a textbook, Environmental
Radon, for graduate students. It gives a flavor of what radon
mitigation entails, rather than being a detailed handbook
treatment of the subject. It emphasizes the removal or reduction
of soil-gas-borne radon (the major source of radon in most
houses) and briefly describes the following methods of
reducing/removing indoor radon: natural ventilation; forced air
144
-------
ventilation; forced air ventilation with heat recovery; reducing
entry points (sealing); venting radon from the soil surrounding a
house by drain-tile soil ventilation, sub-slab ventilation, or
wall ventilation; reducing pressure differentials; removing radon
from water; and air cleaning. It gives background information on
house construction types, the significance of weather phenomena,
and the significance of the stack effect in elevating indoor
radon levels. (NTIS)
Radon Mitigation Choices in the United States: A Comparison
of Private and Public Sector Developments
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Witter, K.A.; Sanchez, D.C.; Craig, A.B.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/011
Jan 88 14p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8810
Country of Publication: United States
The paper compares private and public sector developments
relating to radon mitigation in the U.S. In response to elevated
radon levels in many U.S. houses, the Federal and State
governments and the private sector have undertaken many varied
mitigation and public information efforts resulting in a range of
radon reduction installations in the U.S. Government-sponsored
research and development of radon mitigation techniques in
single-family detached houses is compared with radon mitigation
approaches undertaken by the private sector. An attempt is also
made to compare premitigation diagnostics, the application of
mitigation techniques to various substructure types, the
performance of mitigation installations, and the cost of the
installations. The information collected indicates that subslab
ventilation is the most common technique in both public and
private sector radon mitigation; however, air-to-air heat
exchangers and sealing are employed more frequently in the
private sector than in government-sponsored mitigation. (NTIS)
Radon in homes: determining risks and preventing exposures.
Doege TC; Hendee WR
Group on Science and Technology, American Medical
Association, Chicago, IL 60610.
Semin Nucl Med (UNITED STATES) Jan 1988, 18 (1) plO-5, ISSN
0001-2998
Journal Code: UNY
Languages: ENGLISH
145
-------
Knowledge about the effects of radon disintegration products
and their levels in the nation's homes indicates that in a small
proportion" of homes these radioactive substances are increasing
the inhabitants' risks of lung cancer. Testing for the problem
and reducing its magnitude are the homeowner's responsibility.
While practical methods for testing are known, they may not be
easily available in all regions. Present understanding of the
techniques of prevention and remediation is less satisfactory.
(17 Refs.) (MED)
Modeling Point-of-Entry Radon Removal by GAG
Lowry and, J.D.; Lowry, S.B.
Maine Univ. at Orono. Dept. of Civil Engineering.
Journal of the American Water Works Association JAWWA5, Vol.
79, No. 10, p 85-88, October 1987. 7 fig, 3 tab, 28 ref.
Journal Announcement: SWRA2106
A design model for point-of-entry granular activated carbon
(GAG) removal of 222Rn from drinking water was developed and GAG
technology was installed and monitored in more than 100 homes
across the United States. More than 85% of the units employ
carbon D and 10% use carbon C. Eighty percent of all units are
in the 1.7-cu ft category, with the rest in the 1-3 cu ft range.
Three units malfunctioned, probably due to shifting of support
gravel in transit leading to GAG channeling. Removal of the
results from these units from the data base leads to an average
222Rn removal figure of 98.9%. A number of factors have
prevented aeration from becoming as popular as GAG in
point-of-entry 222Rn removal. These include: the requirement to
repressurize the water supply, an installed cost more than three
times that of GAG, limited removal capabilities of some aeration
methods, and a significant maintenance requirement, which
increases the cost differential with time. (Rochester-PTT) (WRA)
Review of Selected State-of-the-Art. Applications of
Diagnostic Measurements for Radon Mitigation Planning
(Rept. for Apr 86-Jun 87)
Prepared in cooperation with Princeton Univ., NJ. Center
for Energy and Environmental Studies, and Lawrence Berkeley
Lab., CA.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Hubbard, L.M.; Harrje, D.T.; Gadsby, K.J.; Sanchez, D.C.;
Turk, B.H.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Sponsor: Princeton Univ., NJ. Center for Energy and
146
-------
Environmental Studies.; Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/245
Sep 87 lOp
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8801
Country of Publication: United States
Since late-1984, EPA's AEERL has supported a program to
develop and demonstrate radon mitigation techniques for
single-family detached dwellings. As part of the program,
projects have been started directed at developing and
demonstrating the use of diagnostic measurements in all phases of
the radon mitigation process. Diagnostic measurements are used
to assess: (1) the radon sources' strengths, variability, and
locations; and, (2) radon transport to the house and its entry
and distribution in the house as influenced by environmental,
house characteristics, and occupancy factors. The diagnostic
measurements reported include: (1) soil-gas grab sampling; (2)
communication (air flow or pressure field extension) tests; (3)
whole house infiltration; (4) differential pressure, (5) gamma
radiation; and, (6) radon flux. The paper concludes that the
above selected diagnostic measurements have been found especially
useful in characterizing houses which have indoor radon problems
attributable to soil-gas-borne radon which may be amenable to
mitigation through the use of subslab ventilation. (NTIS)
Construction and Testing of a Blower-Door Assembly for
Regulation of Air Pressure within Structures
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A03
Steele, W.D.
UNC Geotech, Grand Junction, CO.
Corp. Source Codes: 089787000; 9522464
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/ID/12584-4; UNC/GJ-35-TMC
Sep 87 45p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03 Journal Announcement: GRAI8806;
NSA1300
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC07-86ID12584
The Technical Measurements Center is evaluating several
methods to decrease the time required to determine an annual
average radon-daughter concentration in structures. One method
involves stabilizing the air pressure within the structure at a
constant pressure with reference to external atmospheric or
soil-gas pressure. This report describes the construction and
preliminary testing of a blower-door system to maintain a
147
-------
constant differential air pressure within a structure. The
blower-door assembly includes a collapsible frame and a large fan
to occlude a doorway, a damper with an actuator to control air
flow, a controller to drive the damper actuator, and a pressure
transducer to measure the differential pressure. Preliminary
testing of the system indicates that pressure within the
structure in the range of 1 to 20 Pascals can be held to within
approximately +-1 Pa of the set point. Further testing of the
blower-door system is planned to provide data on the
applicability of this method to short-duration tests for annual
average radon-daughter concentration estimates. 13 figs., 1 tab.
(ERA citation 13:000395) (NTIS)
Two Studies on the Effects of Small Exhaust Fans on Indoor
Air Quality: Field Study of Exhaust Fans for Mitigating
Indoor Air Quality Problems; Indoor Air Quality, Exhaust Fan
Mitigation
Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A10
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
Sponsor: Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, MN. Technology
Strategy Center.; Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/BP/13655-1
Jul 87 220p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A10 Journal Announcement: GRAI8802;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC79-83BP13655
Overall, the findings show that exhaust fans basically
provide small amounts of ventilation compensation. By monitoring
the common indoor air pollutants (radon, formaldehyde, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor), it was found that
the quality of the indoor air was not adversely affected by the
use of exhaust fans. Nor did their use provide any measurable or
significant benefits since no improvement in air quality was
ascertained. While exhaust fans of this small size did not
increase radon, which is the contaminant of most concern, the
researchers caution that operation of a larger fan or
installation in a very tight home could result in higher levels
because depressurization is greater. The daily energy
consumption for use of these appliances during the heating season
was calculated to be 1.5 kilowatt hours or approximately 3% of
the energy consumption in the study homes. The information
collected in this collaborative field study indicates that the
use of these particular ventilation systems has no significant
effect on indoor air quality. (ERA citation 12:043973) (NTIS)
148
-------
Development and Demonstration of Indoor Radon Reduction
Measures for 10 Homes in Clinton, New Jersey
(Final rept. Apr 86-Jan 87)
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01
Michaels, L.D.; Brennan, T.; Viner, A.S.; Mattes, A.;
Turner, W.
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 045968000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: REPT-471U-3065-52; EPA/600/8-87/027
Jul 87 176p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A09/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8721
Country of Publication: United states
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3992
The report discusses the development and demonstration of
indoor radon reduction methods for 10 houses in Clinton, New
Jersey, where (in the spring of 1986) the New Jersey Department
of Environmental Protection (DEP) -located a cluster of houses
with extremely high radon levels. The work was to be completed
before the 1986-87 winter heating season began. The
demonstration houses were selected from 56 in the Clinton Knolls
subdivision. All of these houses had shown radon concentrations
in excess of 64 pCi/1 when monitored in the spring of 1986. Each
house was inspected, and 10 representative houses were selected
for the radon reduction demonstration project. Following
intensive diagnostic work and monitoring in each house,
house-specific radon reduction plans were developed. With the
agreement of the homeowners, radon reduction systems were
installed during the summer of 1986. All 10 of the houses had
radon concentrations reduced significantly by the fall of 1986.
The average cost of radon reduction was $3,127. (NTIS)
Use of Diagnostic Measurements to Enhance the Selection and
Effectiveness of Radon Mitigation for Detached Dwellings
(Technical rept. (Final)
Prepared in cooperation with Princeton Univ., NJ.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Sanchez, D.C.; Hubbard, L.M.; Harrje, D.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
149
-------
Sponsor: Princeton Univ., NJ.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/168
Jun 87 lOp
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8718
Country of Publication: United States
The paper discusses the use of diagnostic measurements to
enhance the selection and effectiveness of radon mitigation for
detached dwellings. The development of appropriate and cost
effective radon mitigation for a specific house is ultimately
tied to the degree to which the authors understand the source of
the indoor radon problem, how house characteristics affect radon
entry rates, and how candidate mitigation systems influence radon
entry processes. Diagnostic measurements and procedures allow
for gualitative and quantitative assessments of water, materials,
and soil as sources of radon and the assessment of soil-gas-borne
radon flow potentials related to indoor/outdoor differential
pressure driving forces and soil-air permeability. The.discussed
diagnostics are being developed and tested as part of an
intensive State and Federal government study of radon entry and
mitigation processes in 14 Piedmont New Jersey houses.
(NTIS)
Review of the Canadian and Swedish Experience for the
Control of Indoor Radon »
(Published paper)
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Sanchez, D.C.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/181
Jun 87 19p
Languages: English Document Type: Journal article
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8718
Country of Publication: United States
The paper reviews Canadian and Swedish experience in
controlling indoor radon. Interest in and concern about elevated
levels of radon (Rn) and radon daughters (RnD) in the indoor
environment have been growing steadily during the last 10 years.
During this period the federal governments of Canada and Sweden,
in conjunction with provincial authorities, have developed a
coordinated response or program for reducing the national health
risk of indoor Rn/RnD exposure. The focus of these programs is
on characterizing and/or locating the problem areas or dwellings,
and providing demonstrated control approaches to deal with the
indoor Rn/RnD problem. The investigations by Canada and Sweden
have identified numerous control approaches that are effective
150
-------
when they are applied appropriately and carefully. Among these
control technqiues are the use of subfloor (depressurization)
ventilation, crawlspace ventilation, house ventilation, and new
construction practices such as monolithic pours with floor/wall
joint sealing. (NTIS)
Testing of Indoor Radon Reduction Techniques in Eastern
Pennsylvania: An Update
(Published paper May 85-Mar 87)
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Henschel, D.B.; Scott, A.G.
American ATCON, Inc., Wilmington, DE.
Corp. Source Codes: 085675000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/156
May 87 21p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8717
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4203
The paper updates information from EPA tests of indoor radon
reduction techniques on 38 houses in the Reading Prong area of
eastern Pennsylvania. All were basement houses with hollow-block
or poured-concrete foundation walls. The reduction- approaches
tested in most houses involved active soil ventilation,
including: suction on the footing drain tile system; suction
under the concrete slabs, using pipes inserted through the slabs
from inside the houses; and ventilation of the void network
inside hollow-block foundation walls. Heat recovery ventilators
(HRVs) were tested in three houses. Current results confirm
that, for the houses tested, drain tile suction appears
consistently able to provide high radon reductions when a
complete loop of drain tile exists, often reducing
high-radon-level houses to 4 pCi/1 (148 Bq/cu m) and less.
Sub-slab suction (with pipes through the slab) can also provide
high reductions if enough suction pipes are located properly.
Placing one or more sub-slab suction pipes near each perimeter
wall appears to aid in treating the major soil gas entry routes,
although fewer pipes can sometimes give high reductions if
conditions are favorable. Ventilation of block wall voids can be
effective if major wall openings can be adequately closed, and if
there are no major slab-related entry routes remote from the
walls. (NTIS)
151
-------
Radon Mitigation in 10 Clinton, New Jersey Houses: A Case
History
Prepared in cooperation with Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Osborne, M.C.; Brennan, T.; Michaels, L.D.
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 045968000
Sponsor: Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.; Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Air and
Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/164
May 87 16p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8717
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3992
The paper discusses an EPA radon mitigation demonstration
project in Clinton, NJ, which included testing radon reduction
techniques in 10 houses. The 10 houses were selected from a
group of 56 volunteers in the Clinton Knolls subdivision. Each
of the 10 selected houses received an intensive radon diagnostic
evaluation before a house-specific radon reduction plan was
developed. Before and after the plans were implemented, radon
concentrations f were determined by charcoal canisters and
continuous radon monitors. A variety of sealing and sub-slab
depressurization techniques were applied to the 10 houses. Radon
concentrations were reduced by over 95% in all 10 houses.
Three-month alpha track radon measurements will continue in the
radon reduction demonstration houses for the next 2 years.
(NTIS)
Practical Problems Reducing Radon in Houses
Prepared in cooperation with Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Osborne, M.C.; Brennan, T.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Sponsor: Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/161
May 87 lip
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8717
Country of Publication: United States
152
-------
The paper discusses practical problems encountered during
efforts to reduce radon concentrations in houses. The 10
problems identified represent only a few of the many daily
problems encountered by diagnosticians and mitigators.
Nonetheless, they are some of the current common problems that
need to be considered and hopefully resolved in the near future.
The 10 problems are: inconsistent sub-slab aggregate, hidden
pathways to chimneys, variations in porosity of concrete/cinder
block and block coatings, access to radon entry surfaces,
diurnal/seasonal variation in radon concentrations, impact of
radon-in-water on radon-in-air, sealing the top row of concrete
blocks, insulating half-basements, sealing large thermal
by-passes, and coping with direct rock exposure. (NTIS)
Radon Part II - reducing radon in the home. (energy
answers)
Gould, Bob
Workbench v43 p72(3) 'March-April, 1987 CODEN: WRBNA
illustration; chart
CAPTIONS: Energy answers: radon reduction methods.
Some of the methods that can be used to reduce radon levels
in the home are discussed. (MMI) (HQL)
Statistical Aspects of Autoregressive Models in the
Assessment of Radon Mitigation
Prepared in cooperation with Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Dunn, J.E.; Henschel, D.B.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Sponsor: Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/085
Mar 87 13p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8715
Country of Publication: United States
The paper discusses statistical aspects of autoregressive
models in the assessment of radon mitigation. Radon values, as
reflected by hourly scintillation counts, seem dominated by
major, pseudo-periodic, random fluctuations. The methodological
paper reports a moderate degree of success in modeling these data
using relatively simple autoregressive-moving average models in
order to assess the effectiveness of radon mitigation techniques
in existing housing. While accounting for the natural
correlation of successive observations, familiar summary
153
-------
statistics such as steady state estimates, standard errors,
confidence limits, and tests of hypothesis are produced. The
Box-Jenkins approach is used throughout. In particular,
intervention analysis provides an objective means of assessing
the effectiveness of an active mitigation measure, such as fan
off/on cycle. Occasionally, failure to declare a significant
intervention has suggested a diagnosis of the data collection
procedure. (NTIS)
Some Results from the Demonstration of Indoor Radon
Reduction Measures in Block Basement Houses
(Rept. for Jun 85-Feb 87)
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Henschel, D.B.; Scott, A.G.
American ATCONj Inc., Wilmington, DE.
Corp. Source Codes: 085675000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/089
Mar 87 lip
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:. GRAI8715
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-4203
The paper gives results of tests of active soil ventilation
techniques in 24 block-wall basement houses in eastern
Pennsylvania having significantly elevated indoor radon
concentrations, generally above 740 Bq/cu m. The results
indicate that radon levels can be reduced substantially (often
below the U.S. EPA guideline of 148 Bq/cu m) if effective
suction can be drawn on the soil underneath the concrete slabs of
these houses. Such effective suction appears achievable when
either: (a) the house has a complete loop of drain tile around
its footings for water drainage purposes, and suction is drawn on
that loop; or (b) a sufficient number of suction pipes can be
inserted at the proper locations into the crushed rock or soil
underneath the slab. (NTIS)
154
-------
Radon risk information and voluntary protection: evidence
from a natural experiment.
Johnson FR; Luken RA
Economics Department, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis,
Maryland 21402.
Risk Anal (UNITED STATES) Mar 1987, 7 (1) p97-107, ISSN
0272-4332
Journal Code: RIA
Languages: ENGLISH
This study examines the perceived risks and mitigating
behavior of Maine households who received new information on
their exposures to significant health risks from indoor radon.
The observed responses of these households illustrate conceptual
issues related to designing an effective risk information
program. Despite the involvement of generally well-motivated
homeowners and well-intentioned researchers and government
officials, we conclude that the risk information approach used in
Maine failed to induce appropriate, cost-effective voluntary
protection. The results indicate that, after receiving radon
test results, information on associated health risks, and
suggestions on how to reduce exposures: perceived risks tended
to understate objective risks by orders of magnitude, and there
was no statistically significant relationship between mitigating
behavior and objective risks. These results suggest that the
formation of risk . perceptions and subsequent behavioral
adjustments involve complex interactions among information,
contextual, socioeconomic, and psychological variables.
Therefore, government programs that seek to reduce health and
safety risks with information programs, instead of using more
conventional enforced standards, must be crafted very carefully
to accommodate this complex process. (NTIS)
Monitoring Before and After Radon Mitigation
Prepared in cooperation with Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Brennan, T.; Osborne, M. C.
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 045968000
Sponsor: Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.; Environmental
Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering
Research Lab.
Report NO.: EPA/600/D-87/094
Mar 87 14p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8715
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3992
155
-------
The paper discusses a radon reduction demonstration project
in 1986 on 10 houses in Clinton, NJ. As. part of this effort,
radon was measured before and after radon reduction techniques
were applied. The purpose of the measurements was to ascertain
the effectiveness of the radon control methods being used. Since
radon concentrations are normally highest in a depressurized
house (commonly observed during cold winter months), efforts were
made to emulate winter depressurization. Before radon reduction
techniques were applied, four houses were tested using a common
window fan to induce 7 Pa of negative pressure. Results of these
tests showed that fan-induced negative pressure has a dramatic
impact on radon concentrations. For some houses, this technique
was shown to adequately emulate winter-time radon entry rates
during warm summer months. Potential problems which may cause
this technique to fail in some houses were identified. (NTIS)
Resolving the Radon Problem in Clinton, New Jersey, Houses
(Published paper Apr-Dec 86)
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Osborne, M.C.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes:- 034680076
Report No.:* EPA/600/D-87/093
Mar 87 9p
Languages: English
NTIS'Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8715
Country of Publication: United States
The paper discusses the resolution of a radon problem in
Clinton, New Jersey, where significantly elevated radon
concentrations were found in several adjacent houses. The U.S.
EPA screened 56 of the houses and selected 10 for demonstration
of radon reduction techniques. Each of the 10 houses received an
intensive radon diagnostic evaluation before a house-specific
radon reduction plan was developed. Before and after the plans
were implemented, radon concentrations were determined by
charcoal canisters and continuous radon monitors. A variety of
sealing and sub-slab depressurization techniques were applied to
the 10 houses. Radon concentrations were reduced by over 95% in
all 10 houses. Five meetings were held to explain to homeowners
the radion reduction techniques being implemented and to answer
questions of homeowners interested in applying similar radon
reduction efforts to their houses. (NTIS)
156
-------
Draft Environmental Impact Statement on Mew Energy-Efficient
Homes Programs: Assessing Indoor Air Quality Options:
Summary
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR.
Corp. Source Codes: 025155000; 9512400
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/EIS-0127
Feb 87 20p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8720;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
The primary environmental issue confronting new
energy-efficient homes is the effect that reduced levels of
ventilation may have on indoor air quality (IAQ) . BPA has
avoided or minimized this potential effect in most new
energy-efficient homes built under its programs by either using
air-to-air heat exchangers to maintain ventilation rates at
levels found in current practice homes, or monitoring and
ensuring that formaldehyde and radon levels do not exceed 0.1
parts per million (ppM) or 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L),
respectively. Other approaches were considered in light of how
they would maintain energy savings and protect indoor air quality
•while giving builders 'and consumers flexibility in how they
address IAQ in energy-efficient homes. Different techniques are
analyzed for maintaining IAQ comparable to that found in homes
built using current practices. The techniques assessed include
devices such as dehumidifiers and air cleaners, pollutant source
control techniques, and mechanical ventilation with various
control options. (ERA citation 12:027418) (NTIS)
Impacts of Balanced and Exhaust Mechanical Ventilation on
Indoor Radon INDOOR AIR '87: 4th international conference
on indoor air quality and climate Berlin, F.R. Germany, 17
Aug 1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Fisk, W.J.; Mowris, R.J.
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: LBL-23136; CONF-870853-4
Feb 87 13p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
157
-------
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8724;
NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098
Models for estimating radon entry rates, indoor radon
concentrations, and ventilation rates in houses with a basement
or a vented crawl-space and ventilated by natural infiltration,
mechanical exhaust ventilation, or balanced mechanical
ventilation are described. Simulations are performed for a range
of soil and housing characteristics using hourly weather data for
the heating season in Spokane, WA. For a house with a basement,
we show that any ventilation technique should be acceptable when
the soil permeability is less than approximately 10 sup -12 m sup
2 . However, exhaust ventilation leads to substantially higher
indoor radon concentrations than infiltration or balanced
ventilation with the same average air exchange rate when the soil
permeability is 10 sup -10 m sup 2 or greater. For houses with a
crawl-space, indoor radon concentrations are lowest with balanced
ventilation, intermediate with exhaust ventilation, and highest
with infiltration. (ERA citation 12:037712) (NTIS)
EFFECTIVE REMOVAL OF AIRBORNE RADON-222 DECAY PRODUCTS
INSIDE BUILDINGS
MAKER E F; RUDNICK S N; MOELLER D W
u.s. A^R FORCE OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRON. -HEALTH LAB.,
RADIOANALYTICAL SERV.
BRANCH, BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEX. 78235.
HEALTH PHYS 53 (4). 1987. 351-356. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
Comparisons were made of the effectiveness of various indoor
air treatment methods in reducing the lung dose to inhalation of
222Rn decay products. The comparisons were based upon
measurements of the total steady-state concentrations of 218Po,
214Pb and 214Bi, and the concentrations of these nuclides not
attached to the particles. These measurements, which were made
inside a 78-m3 room before and after air treatment, were used
along with a state-of-the art lung dose model to predict
reductions in the dose to the radiosensitive bronchial tissues.
Results suggest that flow-through air-cleaning methods, such as
filtration and electrostatic precipitation, although effective in
reducing total potential .alpha. energy concentration, cause a
greater quantity of airborne potential .alpha. energy to be
unattached to particles. This may result in a substantial
increase in the dose to bronchial tissues. The form of air
treatment appears to be a combination of nonuniform positive
space charge generated by an ion greater and enhanced convection
from a fan. This combination of air treatment gave reductions in
the mean dose to the bronchial tissues of up to 87%. (BIO)
158
-------
FOUR COMMON DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS THAT INHIBIT RADON
MITIGATION
OSBORNE M C
INDOOR AIR BRANCH, EPA'S AIR ENERGY ENG. RES. LAB., RESEARCH
TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711, USA.
JAPCA (J AIR POLLUT CONTROL ASSOC) 37 (5). 1987. 604-606.
CODEN: JIJME
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Along with the national emphasis on resolving the
homeowner's radon problem has come an awareness of many
difficulties that make the task of mitigation more complicated
than one might imagine. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
is currently funding several projects aimed at both diagnosing
and resolving some of of these problems. The ultimate goal of
these projects is to simplify the job and enhance the
ef f fectiveness of the radon diagnostician and mitigator.
Homeowners can then reduce their radon levels at a lower cost.
(BIO)(AUTH)
MODIFIED DESIGN IN NEW CONSTRUCTION PREVENTS INFILTRATION OF
SOIL GAS THAT CARRIES RADON (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
ERICSON SVEN-OLOV; SCHMIED HANNES
(RADON CONSULTANTS, SWEDEN) AND; (AIB CONSULTING ENGINEERS,
SWEDEN),
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P526(10)
ASSN REPORT INFILTRATING SOIL GAS CARRYING RADON FROM THE
GROUND INTO THE BUILDING CONTRIBUTE TO INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN
DWELLINGS LOCATED ON PERMEABLE SOILS. ONE HUNDRED HOUSES WERE
BUILT ON SITES IN SWEDEN KNOWN TO HAVE ELEVATED SOIL-RADON
LEVELS. THE STRUCTURES FEATURE DIFFERENT VARIATIONS IN DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION FOR PREVENTING INFILTRATION OF RADON. THE
FEASIBILITY OF EMPLOYING TIGHT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES,
VENTILATED CRAWL SPACES, VENTILATION/DEPRESSURIZATION OF THE
CAPILLARY BREAKING LAYER, AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION WITH HEAT
RECOVERY WAS TESTED. THESE DESIGN FEATURES HAVE BEEN PROVEN TO
EFFECTIVELY PROTECT THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT FROM RADON ENTRY AT AN
ADDED COST OF 0-4% OF THE TOTAL BUILDING COSTS. (5 DIAGRAMS, 2
REFERENCES, 4 TABLES) (ENV)
159
-------
REMEDIAL MEASURES TO REDUCE RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN A HOUSE
WITH HIGH RADON LEVELS (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
CLIFF K.D.; WRIXON A.D.; MILES J.C.; LOMAS P.R.
UK NATL RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION BOARD,
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P536(24)
ASSN REPORT MEASURES TO REDUCE INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATIONS
WERE EVALUATED IN AN OLD HOUSE IN THE U.K. IN WHICH THE RADON
DECAY PRODUCT CONCENTRATION INITIALLY EXCEEDED 0.3 WORKING LEVEL
(WL) . INSTALLATION OF A CONCRETE FLOOR, DESIGNED TO PREVENT
ENTRY OF RADON IN SOIL GAS, REDUCED THE RADON DECAY PRODUCT LEVEL
TO BELOW 0.1 WL. HOWEVER, RADON CONTINUED TO ENTER THE HOUSE
THROUGH PORES IN AN INTERNAL WALL OF PRIMITIVE CONSTRUCTION THAT
DESCENDED TO THE FOUNDATIONS. RADON FLOW WAS DRIVEN BY THE SMALL
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN INDOOR AIR AND SOIL GAS. AN
UNDERFLOOR SUCTION SYSTEM EFFECTED A SATISFACTORY REMEDY AND
MAINTAINED THE CONCENTRATIONS TO BELOW 0.03 WL. (4 DIAGRAMS, 7
GRAPHS, 13 REFERENCES, 2 TABLES) (ENV)
THE EFFECT OF FILTRATION AND EXPOSURE TO ELECTRIC FIELDS ON
AIRBORNE RADON PROGENY (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS),
JONASSEN NIELS
TECHNICAL UNIV OF DENMARK, DENMARK,
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P264(8)
ASSN REPORT REMOVAL PROCESSES SUCH AS VENTILATION AND
FILTRATION, BOTH PASSIVELY- AND ELECTRIC FIELD-INDUCED, DETERMINE
THE LEVEL OF AIRBORNE SHORT-LIVED RADON 222 DECAY PRODUCTS IN
INDOOR AIR. VARIOUS TYPES OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL FILTERS
WERE OPERATED IN ROOMS WITH RADON LEVELS IN THE 100-5000 BQ/CU M
RANGE. BY USING FILTRATIONS RATES OF UP TO THREE TO FOUR PER
HOUR, THE POTENTIAL ALPHA ENERGY CONCENTRATION CAN BE LOWERED BY
A FACTOR OF FIVE TO SIX. THE RADIOLOGICAL DOSES TO A CERTAIN
PART OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT WILL ONLY BE REDUCED TO ABOUT 50%
OF THE VALUE APPLICABLE TO THE AIR IN THE UNTREATED STATE. (1
GRAPH, 15 REFERENCES) (ENV)
Swedish limitation schemes to decrease Rn daughters in
indoor air.
Swedjemark GA
National Institute of Radiation Protection, Stockholm,
Sweden.
Health Phys (UNITED STATES) NOV 1986, 51 (5) p569-78,
ISSN 0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: ENGLISH
160
-------
The limitation schemes to decrease Rn daughter
concentrations in Swedish homes are described. The application
of the Swedish provisional limitation scheme in use since 1980 is
also reported and compared with international and national
recommendations in other countries. (MED)
Research Review: Indoor Air Quality Control Techniques
Managing indoor air for health and energy conservation,
Atlanta, GA, USA, 20 Apr 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Fisk, W. J.
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: LBL-21557; CONF-860446-2
Oct 86 37p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8718; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098
Techniques for controlling the concentration of radon,
formaldehyde, and combustion products in the indoor air" are
reviewed. The most effective techniques, which are generally
based on limiting or reducing indoor pollutant source strengths,
can decrease indoor pollutant concentrations by a factor of 3 to
10. Unless the initial ventilation rate is unusually low, it is
difficult to reduce indoor pollutant concentrations more than
approximately 50% by increasing the ventilation rate of an entire
building. However, the efficiency of indoor pollutant control by
ventilation can be enhanced through the use of local exhaust
ventilation near concentrated sources of pollutants, by
minimizing short circuiting of air from supply to exhaust when
pollutant sources are dispersed and, in some situations, by
promoting a displacement flow of air and pollutants toward the
exhaust. Active air cleaning is also examined briefly.
Filtration and electrostatic air cleaning for removal of
particles from the indoor air are the most practical and
effective currently available techniques of air cleaning. 49
refs., 7 figs. (ERA citation 12:025832) (NTIS)
161
-------
How to rid your home of radon gas.
Consumers' Research Magazine v69 p26(6) Oct, 1986
CODEN: CBBPBE
illustration; chart
CAPTIONS: (Diagrams of ventilation systems to rid the house
of radon gas.)
Radon gas, according to a recent report from the
Environmental Protection Agency, contaminates one out of every
eight U.S. homes and exposes residents to at least as much of a
cancer risk as smoking half a pack of cigarettes a day. Radon
gas is caused by the natural radioactive decay of uranium in
virtually all rocks and soils. The gas dissipates in the open,
but in closed environments, particularly well-insulated homes,
radon clings to smoke and dust particles. It can enter through
sump pumps, ventilation systems and defects in foundations,
especially foundations built on porous soil. If enough of it is
inhaled, radon can cause lung cancer-up to 20,000 lung cancer
deaths a year, according to some scientists. The EPA this summer
set a safety standard of four picocuries per liter of air-the
first time the federal government has quantified the radon
threat. (MAG)(AUTH)
RADON REDUCTION METHODS: A HOMEOWNER'S GUIDE
EPA REPORT-OPA-86-OQ5, AUG 86 (24)
' FED GOVT REPORT INFORMATION IS COMPILED . TO AID THE
HOMEOWNER IN DETECTING AND CONTROLLING RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN
THE HOME. PROCEDURES FOR IMPLEMENTING CONTROL METHODS, AND
ASSOCIATED COSTS, LIMITATIONS, AND EXPECTED RADON REDUCTIONS, ARE
DELINEATED. NATURAL VENTILATION TECHNIQUES ARE EXPLAINED FOR
REPLACING RADON-LADEN INDOOR AIR WITH OUTDOOR AIR. FORCED
VENTILATION ACCOMPLISHES THE SAME THING BY USING FANS TO MAINTAIN
A DESIRED AIR-EXCHANGE RATE. PROVIDING APPLIANCES WITH SEPARATE
SOURCES OF EXTERNAL AIR CAN REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF RADON ENTERING
THE HOUSE. OTHER METHODS OUTLINED INCLUDE COVERING EXPOSED
EARTH, SEALING CRACKS AND OPENINGS, DRAIN-TILE SUCTION, AND
BLOCK-WALL VENTILATION. (ENV)
Analytical and Numerical Models for Estimating the Effect of
Exhaust Ventilation on Radon Entry in Houses with Basements
or Crawl Spaces
(Thesis)
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
Mowris, R. J.
California Univ., Berkeley.
162
-------
Corp. Source Codes: 005029000; 1092000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: LBL-22067
Aug 86 134p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8709; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098
Mechanical exhaust ventilation systems are being installed
in newer, energy-efficient houses and their operation can
increase the indoor-outdoor pressure differences that drive soil
gas and thus radon entry. This thesis presents simplified models
for estimating the pressure driven flow of radon into houses with
basements or crawl spaces, due to underpressures induced by
indoor-outdoor temperature differences, wind, or exhaust
ventilation. A two-dimensional finite difference model is
presented and used to calculate the pressure field and soil gas
flow rate into a basement situated in soil of uniform
permeability. A simplified analytical model is compared to the
finite difference model with generally very good agreement.
Another simplified model is presented for houses with a crawl
space. Literature on radon research is also reviewed to show why
pressure driven flow of soil gas is considered to be the major
source of radon entry in houses with higher-than-average indoor
radon concentrations. Comparisons of measured vs. calculated
indoor radon concentrations for a house with a basement showed
the simplified basement model underpredicting on average by 25%.
For a house with a crawl space the simplified crawl space model
overpredicted by 23% when the crawl space vents are open and 48%
when the crawl space vents are sealed. (ERA citation 12:001639)
(NTIS)
SOME RESIDENTIAL ANSWERS
HARRJE DAVID T.; GADSBY KENNETH J.
PRINCETON UNIV,
ASHRAE J, JUL 86, V28, N7, P32(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE MAJOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ACTIONS CAN
BE TAKEN IN RESIDENCES TO LIMIT CONDUCTION LOSSES, INCREASE
HEATING PERFORMANCE, REDUCE ENERGY LOSSES THROUGH WINDOWS, AND
PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTILATION AIR. THESE ACTIONS ARE HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION AND OFTEN CAN BE APPLIED AS
RETROFITS TO EXISTING HOUSES. OPTIONS DISCUSSED INCLUDE THE
INSTALLATION OF SUPERINSULATION, HIGH PERFORMANCE FURNACE/BOILER,
WINDOW SYSTEMS, AND CONTROLLED VENTILATION. REMOVAL OF INDOOR
AIR POLLUTANTS FROM VARIOUS ZONES OF A HOUSE CAN BE AIDED BY
NATURAL STACK FLOW. FROM THE INITIAL DESIGN PHASE OF A NEW HOME,
CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO CONSIDER REDUCING ALL PATHWAYS OF
163
-------
POLLUTANTS INTO THE LIVING SPACE. WITH RADON SOIL GAS THIS MEANS
EMPHASIS ON SUITABLE BASEMENT/CRAWLSPACE DESIGNS THAT PREVENT
RADON ENTRY AND AT THE SAME TIME LIMIT ENERGY USE. (5 DIAGRAMS,
1 GRAPH, 15 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE) (ENV)
Overview of Indoor Radon Mitigation Alternatives and a
Summary of Recent EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
Mitigation Test Results
Presented at the National Convention of the American
Institute of Architects, San Antonio, TX, 9 Jun 86.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Henschel, D.B.; Craig, A.B.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Report No.: EPA/600/D-86/148
Jul 86 40p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8622
Country of Publication: United States
The discussion is specific to single-family homes (detached
houses), as opposed to apartment buildings, other multiple family
dwellings, or office and other public use buildings.
Introductory information covers indoor radon sources, health
effects of radon exposure, radon level monitoring methods, and a
discussion on how radon enters and builds up in house air.
Covered are nine methods for reducing indoor radon in detached
houses: natural and forced-air ventilation, forced-air
ventilation with heat recovery, active avoidance of house
depressurization, sealing major radon sources, sealing radon
entry routes, drain-tile soil ventilation, active ventilation of
hollow-block basement walls, and sub-slab ventilation. For each
method, information is presented on principles of operation,
applicability, how much confidence one can have that the method
can achieve radon reduction, and an estimate of installation
costs. Where appropriate, drawings depict the details of method
installation using terminology familiar to the building trades.
(NTIS)
Getting rid of radon: ventilation is freeing some homes of
the cancer-causing gas.
Gilbert, Susan
Science Digest v94 p!9(l) June, 1986
CODEN: SCDIBG
SIC CODE: 9511
DESCRIPTORS: Radon--Isotopes; United States.
164
-------
Environmental Protection Agency--research;
Ventilation—innovations; Lungs—Cancer
The EPA has been testing antiradon ventilation systems in 18
Pennsylvania homes. The systems reverse the pressure difference
between the basement and the outdoors, sucking up to 90% of the
radon out of the foundation walls. (MAG) (AUTH)
Modified designin new construction prevents infiltration of
soil gas that carries radon
Ericson, S.O.; Schnied, H.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
Radon Consult., Edsviksvaegen 33, S-182 33 Danderyd, Sweden
191. Meeting of the American Chemical Society New York, NY
(USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS. OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES AND
HEALTH EFFECTS pp. 526-535, Publ.Yr: 1987
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS. 331.
Languages: ENGLISH
Dwellings located on permeable soil with strong exhalation
of radon often get a contribution to indoor radon from
infiltrating soils gas carrying radon from the ground into the
building. 100 dwellings have been built on radon dangerous land
with different modifications in design and construction in order
to prevent infiltration of radon. " Tight construction, ventilated
crawl space, ventilation/depressurization of the capillary
breaking layer (crushed stone), and mechanical ventilation with
heat recovery by air to air heat exchangers or heat pumps have
been tested. Added building costs and measured concentration of
radon after construction and 3-5 years later are reported. It is
concluded that it is possible to build radon protective and radon
safe dwellings on any land. The added costs have ranged from
zero to 4% of total building costs. (POL)
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Program to Demonstrate
Mitigation Measures for Indoor Radon: Initial Results
(Published paper Sep 84-Feb 85)
Prepared in cooperation with American ATCON, Inc.,
WiImington, DE.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Henschel, D.B.; Scott, A.G.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Sponsor: American ATCON, Inc., Wilmington, DE.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-86/060
Apr 86 16p
Languages: English
165
-------
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8612
Country of Publication: United States
The paper gives initial results of an EPA program to
demonstrate mitigation measures for indoor radon. EPA has
installed radon mitigation techniques in 18 concrete block
basement homes in the Reading Prong area of eastern Pennsylvania,
all designed to demonstrate techniques which would have low to
moderate installation and operating costs. Where major openings
in the block walls can be closed effectively, suction on the wall
voids has proved to be extremely effective. However, where major
openings within the walls are inaccessible, it is more difficult
and/or more expensive to develop adequate suction on the void
network, and performance is reduced. Testing is continuing to
demonstrate how to achieve high performance with wall suction in
homes with such difficult-to-close walls. (NTIS)
Reduction of Radon Progeny in Indoor Air
(Master's thesis)
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Weidner, John A.
Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. School
of Engineering. . .
Corp. Source Codes: 000805002; 012225
Report No.: AFIT/GNE/ENP/86M-13
Mar 86 83p .
Languages: English Document Type: Thesis
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8702
Country of Publication: United States
The effectiveness of using three different types of air
treatment methods to reduce the concentrations of radon progeny
in a residence was evaluated. The air treatment devices were two
types of electrostatic precipitators that were designed for use
with a whole house heating and cooling system and an ionization
air cleaner that was designed for table-top use in a single room.
The air treatment devices were tested in a 100 cubic meter
chamber at typical radon gas concentrations of 12.5 to 20.5
picocuries per liter. The modified Tsivoglou method was used to
determine radon progeny concentrations and a continuous monitor
for radon concentration was in operation, allowing calculation of
the equilibrium factor under non-constant radon conditions.
Reduction in average working level measurements and reduction in
equilibrium factor were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the
air treatments. Radon progeny reductions of greater than 50
percent were observed for all three devices tested at air
treatment rates that were comparable to those that would be used
in a residence. (NTIS)
166
-------
Radon and Remedial Action in Spokane River Valley
Residences: An Interim Report
Air Pollution Control Association annual meeting and
exhibition, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 22 Jun 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Turk, B.H.; Prill, R.J.; Fisk, W.J.; Grimsrud, D.T.; Moed,
B.A.
California Univ., Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 005029222; 9513034
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: LBL-21399; CONF-860606-13
Mar 86 28p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8702; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098
Fifty-six percent of 46 residences monitored in the Spokane
River Valley in eastern Washington/northern Idaho have indoor
radon concentrations above the National Council for Radiation
Protection (NCRP) guidelines of 8 pCi/1. Indoor levels were over
20 pCi/1 in eight homes, and ranged up to 132 pCi/1 in one house.
Radon concentrations declined by factors of 4 to 38 during summer
months. Measurements of soil emanation rates, domestic water
supply concentrations, and building material flux rates indicate
that diffusion of radon does not significantly contribute to the
high concentrations observed. Rather, radon entry is dominated
by pressure-driven bulk soil gas transport, aggravated by the
local subsurface soil composition and structure. A variety of
radon control strategies are being evaluated in 14 of these
homes. Sub-surface ventilation by depressurization and
overpressurization, basement overpressurization, and crawlspace
ventilation are capable of successfully reducing radon levels
below 5 pCi/1 in these homes. House ventilation is appropriate
in buildings with low-moderate concentrations, while sealing of
cracks has been relatively ineffective. (ERA citation 11:005517)
(NTIS)
Limitation Schemes to Decrease the Radon Daughters in Indoor
Air
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Swedj emark, G.A.
Statens Straalskyddsinstitut, Stockholm (Sweden).
167
-------
Corp. Source Codes: 100859000; 9860158
Report No.: SSI-86-01
4 Feb 86 33p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8711; NSA1100
Country of Publication: Sweden
The limitation schemes to decrease the radon daughter
concentrations in Swedish homes are described. The application
of the Swedish provisional limitation system in use since 1980 is
also reported. As a background the radon source and the
international and national recommedations in other countries are
reviewed. (author). With 54 refs. (ERA citation 11:054823)
(NTIS)
INDOOR IONIZING RADIATION: TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS AND REMEDIAL
STRATEGY
ERICSON SVEN-OLOV; LINDVALL THOMAS; MANSSON LARS-GORAN
SWEDISH COUNCIL FOR BUILDING RESEARCH REPORT D7, 1986 (51)
ABSTRACT ONLY IN SWEDEN RADON IN DWELLINGS IS THE SINGLE
MOST IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO RADIATION DOSE BURDEN.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HEALTH EFFECTS' OF SUCH RADIATION EXPOSURE
ARE SUMMARIZED. SOURCES OF INDOOR RADON' ARE IDENTIFIED AS SOIL,
BUILDING MATERIALS, AND DRINKING WATER. THE MEAN INDOOR
EQUILIBRIUM EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATION OF RADON IS ESTIMATED TO BE
15 BQ/CU M IN THE TEMPERATE REGIONS OF THE WORLD. IN SWEDEN, THE
COMBINATION OF RADON INFILTRATION FROM SOIL AND THE USE OF
AERATED CONCRETE BASED ON ALUM SHALE HAS RESULTED IN A MEAN
INDOOR CONCENTRATION OF RADON DAUGHTERS ESTIMATED TO BE 53 +- 16
BQ/CU M. REMEDIAL ACTIONS FOR PREVENTING OR MITIGATING INDOOR
EXPOSURE TO RADON ARE OUTLINED, AND COST-EFFICIENCY IN RADON
PROTECTION IS CONSIDERED. (2 DIAGRAMS, 10 REFERENCES, 3 TABLES)
(ENV)
168
-------
VI. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
Adequacy of time averaging with diffusion barrier charcoal
adorption collectors for 222Rn measurements in homes.
Cohen BL; Gromicko N
Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
Health Phys (UNITED STATES) Feb 1988, 54 (2) p!95-202,
ISSN 0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: ENGLISH
Radon-222 levels in homes are known to undergo short-term
fluctuations over times ranging from less than an hour to a few
days, as well as long-term seasonal variations. The author
concludes that little practical advantage is achieved in use of
long-term averaging devices, such as nuclear track detectors,
over DBCA that would justify their greater cost ($25 versus $12)
and time delays (1 mo versus 1 wk) unless the former measurements
are extended long enough to average seasonal variations.
(MED) (HQL)
AN ELECTRET PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RADON-222 MONITOR BASED ON
IONIZATION MEASUREMENT
KOTRAPPA P; DEMPSEY J C; HICKEY J R; STIEFF L R
RAD-ELEC. INC., P.O. 310, GERMANTOWN, MD. 20874.
HEALTH PHYS 54 (1). 1988. 47-56. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
The electret passive environmental 222Rn monitor** (E-PERM)
is an extension of electret dosimeters used for measurement of x
and .gamma, radiation. An E-PERM consists of a small cup or
canister, having an electret at the bottom, and a filtered inlet
at the top. The 222Rn gas entering through the filter and the
decay products formed inside the cup generate ions which are
collected by the electret. The reduction of charge (or surface
potential) on the electret is a measure of time integrated 222Rn
exposure. An E-PERM of 220-mL volume with an electret of 0.23 cm
thickness gave a surface potential drop of 2.5 V for 37 Bg m-3 d
(1 pCi L-l d) . The electret voltage was measured with a
specially built surface potential voltmeter. This sensitivity
was found adequate for a 1-wk measurement of 222Rn in homes. For
longer term measurements, an E-PERM of 40-mL volume and an
electret of 51-.mu.m thickness was developed which gave a surface
potential drop of 2.6 V for 37 Bq m-3 y (1 pCi L-l y) . Other
combinations of chamber volume and electret thicknesses gave
169
-------
responses between these two values. The surface potential of
electrets made from Teflon FEP.dag. were shown to stay stable
even under extreme conditions of relative humidity. The ion
collection process in E-PERMs was also shown to be independent of
humidity down to an electret surface potential of 100 V. (BIO)
AN ELECTROSTATIC INTEGRATING RADON-222 MONITOR WITH
CELLULOSE NITRATE FILM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
IIDA T; IKEBE Y; HATTORI T; YAMANISHI H; ABE S; OCHIFUJI K;
YOKOYAMA S
DEP. NUCLEAR ENG., FAC. ENG., NAGOYA UNIV., NAGOYA, JPN.
HEALTH PHYS 54 (2). 1988. 139-148. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
This paper describes a new type of .electrostatic integrating
222Rn monitor designed for the environmental 222Rn monitoring.
The window area of the monitor was selected to make the exchange
rat optimal. The collecting electrode was positioned on the
basis of calculating the internal electric field. A drying
agent, P205, was placed in the bottom of the monitor, since the
collection efficiency of 218Po+ atoms depends on the humidity of
the air. The monitors have been calibrated against known 222Rn
exposures. The detection limit is 1.2 Bq m-3 for an exposure
time of 2 mo. In a small survey, annual mean 222Rn concentrations
between 3.7 and 9.5 Bq m-3 in outdoor air and between 6.4 and
11.9 Bq m-3 in indoor air were measured. (BIO)
EGARD: an environmental gamma-ray and 222Rn detector.
Maiello ML; Harley NH
New York University Medical Center, New York 10016.
Health Phys (UNITED STATES) Sep 1987, 53 (3) p301-5,
ISSN 0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Contract/Grant No.: ES-00260; CA13343
Languages: ENGLISH
EGARD, an environmental x-ray and radon detector consists of a
thermo-luminescent dosimeter (TLD) based system. (MED) (HQL)
Validation of the Prompt alpha-Track Method
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
George, J.L.; Langner, G.H.
UNC Geotech, Grand Junction, CO.
170
-------
Corp. Source Codes: 089787000; 9522464
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/ID/12584-6; UNC/GJ-33(TMC)
Aug 87 67p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8803; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States ,
Contract No.: AC07-86ID12584
The Technical Measurements Center has evaluated the
reliability of using short-term exposures of alpha-track radon
detectors to estimate annual-average radon-daughter
concentrations (RDC) in structures in the Grand Junction,
Colorado, area. Two sets of data were collected, each consisting
of two-, three-, four-, five-, and six-month-long exposures of
radon detectors manufactured by Terradex Corporation. Terradex
Type SF Track Etch detectors were exposed at 50 stations in 34
structures where previous annual average radon and/or
radon-daughter-concentration data were collected. Two detectors
were deployed at each station for each short-term exposure.
Three additional annual detectors were deployed at each station
concurrently with the six-month Fall detectors. The Track Etch
detectors were processed at a sensitivity level of 0.2 picocurie.
month per liter. All of the short-term Track Etch measurements
can reliably estimate the annual average indoor radon
concentration . in structures in the Grand Junction, Colorado,
area. The precision of both the short-term measurements and the
prompt alpha-track method of using these measurements is
acceptable at 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) . Glenwood
Laboratories began marketing Radtrak radon detectors in February
1986. To conduct a preliminary field evaluation of these
devices, two Radtrak detectors were deployed at each station in
addition to the Track Etch detectors for the two-month and
three-month Spring exposures of this study. Based on this limited
data set, short-term Radtrak exposures estimate the annual
average radon concentration at 4 pCi/1 as reliably as short-term
Track Etch exposures. The use of Radtrak detectors deserves
further investigation. 8 refs., 18 figs., 10 tabs. (ERA
citation 12:046186) (NTIS)
THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGING EXPOSURE CONDITIONS ON
MEASUREMENTS OF RADON CONCENTRATIONS WITH THE CHARCOAL
ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE
RONCA-BATTISTA M; GRAY D
ENVIRON. PROT. AGENCY, 401 M ST. S.W., WASHINGTON, D.C.
20460.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987.
171
-------
S30-S31. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
The conclusions of these investigations led to a change in
exposure time from 96 hours to 48 hours in the EPA charcoal
canister measurement exposure program, and an improved
understanding of the limitations and capabilities of the charcoal
adsorption technique. (BIO)(HQL)
EERF (Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility) Standard
Operating Procedures for Radon-222 Measurement Using
Charcoal Canisters
(Final rept.)
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Gray, D.J.; Windham, S.T.
Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, Montgomery, AL.
Corp. Source Codes: 062831000
Report No.: EPA/520/1-87/005
Jun 87 36p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8722
Country of Publication: United States
The report describes in detail EPA's office of Radiation
Programs Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility's standard
operating procedures for radon-222 measurement using charcoal
canisters. It lists the materials and equipment that are used
and explains their laboratory and survey methods. (NTIS)
Radon detectors: how to find out if your house has a radon
problem. (includes relate articles on hazards of radon
exposure, ways to) (directory)
Consumer Reports v52 p440(8) July, 1987
CODEN: CONRA
illustration; chart; graph
ARTICLE TYPE: directory
Radon: how big a risk?; Ways to make your house safer.
This article contains a discussion of radon detection
methods, how to estimate the hazards, and ways for making a home
safer from radon. A list of manufacturers of radon detectors is
provided. (MAG) (HQL)
172
-------
Validation of the Abbreviated Radon Progeny Integrating
Sampling Unit (RPISU) Method for Mesa County, Colorado
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
Langner, G.H.
UNC Geotech, Grand Junction, CO.
Corp. Source Codes: 089787000; 9522464
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DOE/ID/12584-5; UNC/GJ-34-TMC
Jun 87 76p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8724; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC07-86ID12584
The US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Remedial Action
and Waste Technology established the Technical Measurements
Center at the DOE Grand Junction, Colorado, Projects Office to
standardize, calibrate, and compare measurements made in support
of DOE remedial action programs. Indoor radon-daughter
concentration measurements are made to determine whether a
structure is in need of remedial action. The Technical
Measurements Center conducted this study to validate an
abbreviated Radon Progeny Integrated Sampling Unit (RPISU) method
of making indoor radon-daughter measurements to determine whether
a structure has a radon-daughter concentration (RDC) below the
levels specified in various program standards. The Technical
Measurements Center established a criterion against which RDC
measurements made using the RPISU sampling method are evaluated
to determine if sampling can be terminated or whether further
measurements are required. This abbreviated RPISU criterion was
tested against 317 actual sets of RPISU data from measurements
made over an eight-year period in Mesa County, Colorado. The
data from each location were tested against a standard that was
assumed to be the same as the actual annual average RDC from that
location. At only two locations was the criterion found to fail.
Using the abbreviated RPISU method, only 0.6% of locations
sampled can be expected to be falsely indicated as having annual
average RDC levels below a given standard. (ERA citation
12:037820) (NTIS)
Buyer beware: evaluating radon tests.
Kahn, Miles.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) J 13:9-10 Ap '87, il
LANGUAGE: Engl
DOC TYPE: P
Incidence of radon measurement scams; pitfalls in selecting
173
-------
competent contractors for radon mitigation; U.S. Efforts by New
Jersey and other states to regulate these services. (PAIS)
APPLICATIONS OF THE DOE-GJPO RADON-RADON-DAUGHTER
ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER
PEARSON M D
UNC TECHNICAL SERV. INC., P.O. BOX 14000, GRAND JUNCTION,
COLO. 81502-5504.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987.
S40-S41. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
. Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
The Department of Energy's (DOE) Technical Measurements
Center operates a Radon/Radon-Daughter Environmental Chamber at
the DOE in Grand Junction, Colorado for the purpose of
calibrating, testing, and evaluating radon and radon daughter
measuring instruments. The 25,000-liter chamber is an environ-
mentally controlled stainless-steel vessel capable of airflow
rates from 0 to 4000 liters per minute, radon concentrations
ranging from 1 to 1000 pCi/1, temperatures form 0 to 45 degrees
C, dew points from -10 degrees C to saturated, and condensation
nuclei concentrations ranging from 10 to 106 paticles per cm3.
Radon and radon-daughter samples are drawn out of the chamber
through one of 24 sampling ports. (BIO)(AUTH)
INDOOR RADON GAS AND ITS DETECTION WITH KODAK PLASTIC FILM
(ENGLISH)
JONSSON G
UNIV LUND,DEPT PHYS,SOLVEGATAN 14/S-22362 LUND//SWEDEN/
NUCLEAR TRACKS AND RADIATION MEASUREMENTS-INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION PART
D, V13, Nl, P85-91, 1987
The indoor radon problem is reported from the Swedish
standpoint. The radon sources, problems with the radon
daughters, the radon detector Kodak LR115-II and some
experimental results are discussed from a teaching point of view
of the subject. (SCI)(AUTH)
A NEW PORTABLE WORKING LEVEL METER FOR INDOOR RADON
(ENGLISH)
THOMSON I; NIELSEN TK
174
-------
THOMSON & NIELSEN ELECTR LTD/KANATA K2K 2A3/ONTARIO/CANADA/
HEALTH PHYSICS, V52, SI, PS 42, 1987
A new radon working level meter has been developed
specifically for indoor radon measurements in buildings. The
instrument consists of an air sampling pump, radon daughter
collection system and a gross alpha particle counting system.
The operation of the system is similar to that described at last
year's HPS meeting. (SCI)(AUTH)
INTERCOMPARISON OF DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS THAT MEASURE RADON
CONCENTRATION IN AIR (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS),
SHIMO MICHIKUNI; IIDA TAKAO ; IKEBE YUKIMASA
NAGOYA UNIV, JAPAN,
ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P160(12)
ASSN REPORT THE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS FOR
THE MEASUREMENT OF RADON IN AIR WAS CONTRASTED.- DEVICES TESTED
INCLUDE AN IONIZATION CHAMBER, THE CHARCOAL-TRAP TECHNIQUE, A
PULSE-COUNTING TECHNIQUE, A TWO-FILTER METHOD, AN ELECTROSTATIC
COLLECTION SYSTEM, AND A PASSIVE INTEGRATING RADON MONITOR.
MEASUREMENTS WERE PERFORMED OVER A CONCENTRATION RANGE FROM ABOUT
3.5 BQ/CU M IN OUTDOOR AIR TO 110 BQ/CU M IN INDOOR AIR. RESULTS
OBTAINED FROM ALL TECHNIQUES EXCLUDING THE TWO-FILTER TECHNIQUE
ARE COMPARABLE. RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATION MEASURED USING A
FILTER-SAMPLING APPROACH WAS ABOUT 52% OF RADON CONCENTRATION. (1
DIAGRAM, 2 GRAPHS, 23 REFERENCES, 2 TABLES) {ENV)
MONITORING OF INDOOR RADON LEVEL BY PASSIVE
ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL TOGETHER WITH EMBEDDED TLD (ENGLISH)
IWATA E; MA JZ; SAKAOUE M
KANAZAWA UNIV,LLRL/ISHIKAWA 92312//JAPAN/; MINIST NUCL
IND CHINA,INST RADIAT PROTECT/TAIYUAN//PEOPLES R CHINA/
JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH , V28, Nl, P74-74, 1987
A very convenient and cheap method of measuring indoor Rn
level with activated charcoal is discussed. (SCI) (HQL)
A PASSIVE INTEGRATING INDOOR RADON DETECTOR WITH ACTIVATED
CARBON
REN T; LIN L
MINIST PUBL HLTH,IND HYG LAB,POB 8018/BEIJING//PEOPLES R
CHINA/
RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY , V19, N2, P121-124, 1987
175
-------
A passive method of determining radon concentration has been
developed. The detector is a plastic canister containing 85g of
activated carbon. The radon adsorbed in the canister is measured
by a gamma ray spectrometer. The detector's performance has been
tested with respect to response, air-tightness, reproducibility
and the effects of temperature, humidity, exposure time, etc.
Its advantages have been demonstrated in an investigation of
indoor radon levels in Beijing. (SCI) (HQL)
THE USE OF A COLOR TELEVISION SCREEN AS A MEANS FOR
PREDICTING INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATIONS
COHN G R
419 6TH ST. NO. 7, ATLANTA, GA. 30308.
THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS 52
(SUPPL. 1). 1987.
S2.
CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
This paper describes the techniques used to verify the
collective properties of a color television screen to radon
progeny. The test data in this paper imply that the measurement
of progeny accumulated on a color television screen can predict
the immediate concentration of radon daughters in a home.
(BIO)(AUTH)
Method to Automate the Radiological Survey Process Annual
meeting of the Southeastern Regional Health Physics Society
chapters, Williamsburg, VA, USA, 7 May 1987.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Berven, B.A.; Blair, M.S.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-8705132-1
1987 9p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8724; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
176
-------
This document describes the USRAD system, a
hardware/software ranging and data transmission system, that
provides real-time position data and combines it with other
portable instrument measurements. Live display of position data
and onsite data reduction, presentation, and formatting for
reports and automatic transfer into databases are among the
unusual attributes of USRADS. Approximately 25% of any
survey-to-survey report process is dedicated to data recording
and formatting, which is eliminated by USRADS. Cost savings are
realized by the elimination of manual transcription of instrument
readout in the field and clerical formatting of data in the
office. Increased data reliability is realized by ensuring
complete survey coverage of an area in the field, by elimination
of mathematical errors in conversion of instrument readout to
unit concentration, and by elimination of errors associated with
transcribing data from the field into report format. The USRAD
system can be adapted to measure other types of pollutants or
physical/chemical/geological/biological conditions in which
portable instrumentation exists. 2 refs., 2 figs. (NTIS)
Use of Vehicle-Mounted Radiological Equipment in the
Diagnosis of Houses with Elevated Levels of Radon and Its
Short-Lived Progeny
Radon diagnostic workshop, Princeton, NY, USA, 10-Apr 1987.
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
Dudney, C.S.; Berven, B.A.; Matthews, T.G.; Hawthorne, A.R.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: CONF-8704119-1
1987 7p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8722; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
Vehicle-mounted radiological equipment can be used in a
variety of ways to identify and diagnose houses with radon
problems. Some of the capabilities can be duplicated using
modern portable electronic devices, but not all. In some cases
the presence of a vehicle is needed due to the weight of
shielding required or the presence of generators, computers, and
other equipment for more sophisticated analyses. (ERA citation
12:031689) (NTIS)
177
-------
High-Volume Screen Diffusion Batteries and
alpha-Spectroscopy for Measurement of the Radon Daughter
Activity Size Distributions in the Environment
Reineking, A., and J. Porstendorfer
Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 17, No. 5, pages 873-879,
17 references
October 1986 CODEN: JALSB7
An experimental device of high volume screen diffusion
batteries was developed for the measurement of radon (10043922)
(Ra) daughter activity size distribution in the 0.5 to 2000
nanometer particle size diameter in connection with alpha
spectroscopy. The entire system was used to measure the separate
activities of polonium-218 (15422749) (Po-218), polonium-214
(15735678) (Po-214), and lead-214 (15067284) (Pb-214), being
sensitive to particle size distribution of these products at
activity levels as low as 1 Becquerel per cubic meter (Bq/m3).
The system consisted of a set of batteries with different screen
numbers which was set up for a volumetric flow rate of
approximately 2 cubic meters/hour. Measurements performed in
enclosed buildings demonstrated bimodal activity size
distributions for Po-218 and unimodal distribution patterns for
the ratio of Pb-214 to Po-214; in the presence of additional
aerosols, occasional trimodal or bimodal size distributions were
recorded. The activities were collected on membrane filters
before and after each screen diffusion battery, and surface
barrier detectors were used to measure the alpha activities
during and after sampling. The size distributions were
determined by comparing the measured values with simulated
penetration values, using a nonlinear optimization method and a
least square fit. The device was also found to be effective for
determining the properties of thoron (22481487) daughters,
bismuth-212 (14913496) and polonium-212 (15389341), with a
sampling time of several hours. (OSH)
THE USE OF THE TIME-AVERAGED WL SURVEY METER FOR INDOOR
RADON MEASUREMENT
PAI H L
SERV. INSTRUMENTS LTD., 50 SILVER STAR BLVD., UNIT 208,
SCARBOROUGH, ONT. M1V 3L3, CAN.
THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
PITTSBURGH, PA., USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3, 1986. HEALTH PHYS
50 (SUPPL. 1). 1986.
CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
In 1980, we had reported the develoment of a time-averaged
WL survey meter for indoor measurement of radon. Latest
178
-------
developments in radon dosimetry had necessitated modification in
our design. Currently, there is an urgent need to provide
economical short term measurements to facilitate the locating of
seriously radon-contaminated houses and estimation of the
relative risk to the exposed public. Both of these applications
require the estimation of daily and annual averages. To
accomodate this, we have modified our instrument. In the light
of the current knowledge of diurnal and seasonal variation, it is
now capable of being used for both "screening" and risk
estimation without resorting to the extended sampling times. As
a result, surveys performed with this instrument can be both
simple and inexpensive. (BIO) (AUTH)
ESTIMATING ANNUAL AVERAGE RADON CONCENTRATIONS FROM
SHORT-TERM TRACK ETCH EXPOSURES
GEORGE J L; LANGNER G H JR
BENDIX FIELD ENG. CORP., P.O. BOX 1569, GRAND JUNCTION, CO
81502, USA.
THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
PITTSBURGH, PA., USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3, 1986. HEALTH PHYS 50
(SUPPL. 1). 1986.
S60. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type:- CONFERENCE PAPER
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
The Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Program currently
estimates the annual average radon-daughter concentrations(RDC)
within structures from year-long measurements of radon or radon
daughters. Reliable RDC estimates made from shorter-term
measurements would be extremely useful, but short-term methods
with currently investigating short-term exposure of Terradex
Track Etchr radon detectors in residences in the Grand Junction,
Colorado, area. (BIO) (AUTH)
Protocol for the Estimation of Average Indoor Radon-Daughter
Concentrat ions
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Langner, G.H.; Pacer, J.C.
Bendix Field Engineering Corp., Grand Junction, CO.
Corp. Source Codes: 056119000; 9502148
Sponsor: Pennsylvania Power and Light Co., Allentown.;
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: GJ/TMC-09
Jun 86 45p
Languages: English
179
-------
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8705; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC07-76GJ01664
The US Department of Energy Office of Remedial Action and
Waste Technology established the Technical Measurements Center
(TMC) in 1982 at the Grand Junction, Colorado, Projects Office.
The TMC mission is to provide standardization, calibration,
comparability, verification of data, quality assurance, and
cost-effectiveness for the environmental measurement requirements
of DOE remedial action programs. One measurement requirement is
the measurement of radon-daughter concentration within
structures. The Technical Measurements Center has developed a
protocol which specifies the procedures to be used for
determining indoor radon-daughter concentrations in support of
Department of Energy remedial action programs. This document is
the central part of the protocol and is to be used in conjunction
with the individual procedure manuals. The manuals contain the
information and procedures required to implement the proven
methods for estimating average indoor radon-daughter
concentration. Proven in this case means that these methods have
been determined to provide reasonable assurance that the average
radon-daughter concentration within a structure is either above,
at, or below the standards established for remedial action
programs.• This document contains description of the generic
aspects of methods used for estimating radon-daughter
concentration and provides guidance with respect to method
selection for a given situation. The methods discussed are:
Kodak-Pathe alpha-track film method; radon progeny integrating
sampling unit (RPISU) unit; and radon grab method. (ERA citation
11:050175) (NTIS)
A diffusion barrier charcoal adsorption collector for
measuring Rn concentrations in indoor air.
Cohen BL; Nason R
Health Phys Apr 1986, 50 (4) p457-63, ISSN 0017-9078
Journal Code: G2H
Languages: ENGLISH
Development of a practical detector for collecting Rn by
adsorption in charcoal with a time integration of 2 d or more,
achieved by use of a diffusion barrier through which Rn enters,
is described. The sensitivity is adequate for monitoring Rn
levels in houses. It is easily sent and returned by mail, and
instructions for use are simple enough for any householder to
follow. The cost per measurement is apparently well below that
for competitive techniques. (MED)
180
-------
Application of Passive and Active Measuring Methods to
Quantify Radon Sources and Radon Behaviour in Swiss
Dwelling-Houses: First Results
In German.
U.S. Sales Only.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Pensko, J.; Burkart, W.
Eidgenoessisches Inst. fuer Reaktorforschung, Wuerenlingen
(Switzerland).
Corp. Source Codes: 010503000; 2314000
Report No.: EIR-587
Feb 86 31p
Languages: German
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8701
Country of Publication: Switzerland
Sources of radon and pathways in which radon can reach
dwelling-rooms are discussed and the most important impacts of
environment and climate are defined. Some proposals for further
studies of radon behaviour indoors are formulated. In
continuation of the previous measurements of radon in Swiss
dwellings the complementary passive method for radon
concentration measurements in the room atmosphere and for radon
exhalation rate measurements from walls and soil surfaces are
introduced. An example of the application of these methods for
measuring radon and decay products concentration, equilibrium
factor and radon exhalation rate estimation in two
dwelling-houses as well as some application of these data for
radon behaviour examination indoors are discussed. (Atomindex
citation 17:035658) (NTIS)
COMPARISON OF NUCLEAR TRACK AND DIFFUSION BARRIER CHARCOAL
ADSORPTION METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF RADON-222 LEVELS IN
INDOOR AIR
COHEN B L
DEP. PHYS., UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA. 15260.
HEALTH PHYS 50 (6). 1986. 828-829. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
The nuclear track method of measuring 222Rn levels in indoor
air has developed into a commercial service and is in widespread
use throughout the world. Another method suitable for large-
scale surveys, using diffusion barrier charcoal adsorption
collectors (DCBA), has been developed recently, and has been used
in many thousands of measurements. This article compares the
advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. (BIO) (AUTH)
181
-------
Procedure Manual for the Estimation of Average Indoor
Radon-Daughter Concentrations Using the Radon Grab-Sampling
Method
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
George, J.L.
Bendix Field Engineering Corp., Grand Junction, CO.
Corp. Source Codes: 056119000; 9502148
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: GJ/TMC-11
Apr 86 47p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8622; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC07-76GJ01664
The US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Remedial Action
and Waste Technology established the Technical Measurements
Center to provide standardization, calibration, comparability,
verification of data, quality assurance, and cost-effectiveness
for the measurement requirements of DOE remedial action programs.
One of the remedial-action measurement needs is the estimation of
average indoor radon-daughter concentration. One method for
accomplishing such estimations in support of DOE remedial action
programs 'is the radon grab-sampling method. This manual
describes procedures for radon grab sampling, with the
application specifically directed to the estimation of average
indoor radon-daughter concentration (RDC) in highly ventilated
structures. This particular application of the measurement
method is for cases where RDC estimates derived from long-term
integrated measurements under occupied conditions are below the
standard and where the structure being evaluated is considered to
be highly ventilated. The radon grab-sampling method requires
that sampling be conducted under standard maximized conditions.
Briefly, the procedure for radon grab sampling involves the
following steps: selection of sampling and counting equipment;
sample acquisition and processing, including data reduction;
calibration of equipment, including provisions to correct for
pressure effects when sampling at various elevations; and
incorporation of quality-control and assurance measures. This
manual describes each of the above steps in detail and presents
an example of a step-by-step radon grab-sampling procedure using
a scintillation cell. (ERA citation 11:037651) (NTIS)
MEASUREMENT OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN DWELLINGS BY USING
SIMPLE METHOD WITH ACTIVE CHARCOAL (ENGLISH)
IWATA E; SAKANOUE M
KANAZAWA UNIV,LOW LEVEL RADIOACT LAB/TATSUNOKUCHI T/ISHIKAWA
182
-------
92312/JAPAN/
JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH , V27, Nl, P60-60, 1986
The simple method to measure radon concentration in
dwellings was examined by using active charcoal for adsorption of
radon. Since this method may be liable to be influenced by
humidity, its adsorption and retention characteristics for radon
were investigated on the different settings of charcoal in
connection with humidity. From these results, the canisters
containing lOOg of active charcial were used to know the
concentration levels of radon in 89 dwellings (total measurements
were 116, including 7 outdoors experiments) at Hiroshima,
Kanazawa and Mihama in Fufui Pref. from Dec. 1984-Aug. 1985.
(SCI) (AUTH)
MEASUREMENTS OF RADON IN DWELLINGS WITH CR-39 TRACK
DETECTORS (ENGLISH)
MAJBORN B
RISO NATL LAB/DK-4000 ROSKILDE//DENMARK/
NUCLEAR TRACKS AND RADIATION MEASUREMENTS-INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION PART
D, V12, Nl-6, P763-766, 1986
A passive integrating dosemeter has been designed for
measuring natural radiation in dwellings. The dosemeter'contains
one or two CR-39 track detectors to measure radon and three
thermoluminescence dosemeters to measure external radiation. The
dosemeter was investigated in a pilot study in 1983/84, and it is
now used in a nation-wide survey of natural radiation in Danish
dwellings. The characteristics of the dosemeter with respect to
radon measuremnts are presented, and the radon monitoring results
obtained in the polot study are summarized. (SCI) (AUTH)
A RADON-222 MONITOR USING ALPHA-SPECTROSCOPY
WATNICK S; LATNER N; GRAVESON R T
ENVIRON. MEASUREMENTS LAB., U.S. DEP. ENERGY, NEW YORK, N.Y.
10014.
HEALTH PHYS 50 (5). 1986. 645-646. CODEN: HLTPA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
A newly developed monitor which has been installed at the
Environmental Measurements Laboratory's calibration facility is
described. (BIO) (HQL)
183
-------
Radon Measurement Methods: An Overview
Health Physics Society meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 30 Jun
1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Jenkins, P.H.
Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH. Mound.
Corp. Source Codes: 018512003; 9515000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: MLM-3371(OP); CONF-8606139-5
1986 38p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8626; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC04-76DP00053
The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of
methods used for measuring radon and radon progeny to persons
familiar with radiation measurement techniques, but who have
little or no experience with measuring radon or radon progeny.
There are numerous approaches that can be used to measure radon
and radon progeny, and all of them have probably been used at one
time or another. Therefore,- a large variety 9f instruments and
methods have evolved and are in use today. It is the intention
that this paper be a comprehensive overview; but, with so many
different techniques in existence, inevitably some will be
omitted. (ERA citation 11:005518) (NTIS)
USE OF CELLULOSE NITRATE AS RADON AND RADON DAUGHTERS
DETECTORS FOR INDOOR MEASUREMENTS (ENGLISH)
RANNOU A; JEANMAIRE L; TYMEN G; MOUDEN A; NAOUR E;
PARMENTIER N; RENOUARD H
CEA,INST PROTECT & SURETE NUCL,DEPT -PROTECT
SANITAIRE,SEAPS,BP 6/F-92265
FONTENAY ROSES//FRANCE/; FAC SCI BREST,PHYS
AEROSOLS LAB/F-29200
BREST//FRANCE/; COSTIC/F-78470 ST REMY CHEVREUSE//FRANCE/
NUCLEAR TRACKS AND RADIATION MEASUREMENTS-INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION PART
D, V12, Nl-6, P747-750, 1986
A passive dosemeter based on LR 115 track detector has been
developed. A series of experiments has been performed to
determine the alpha track registration properties of the Kodak
film, the reliability of automatic spark counting and the
suitability of the passive method for indoor measurements.
Comparison between passive and active dosemeters has also been
investigated. (SCI) (AUTH)
184
-------
THE USE OF OPEN TRACK FILMS FOR RADON-222 MEASUREMENTS IN
DWELLINGS
HERTZMAN S; SAMUELSSON C
DEP. RADIATION PHYSICS, SAHLGREN HOSP., S-413 45 GOTHENBURG.
13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK
DETECTORS, PALAZZO BARBERINI, ROME, SEPTEMBER 23-27, 1985.
NUCL TRACKS RADIAT MEAS 12 (1-6). 1986. 755-758. CODEN:
NTRMD
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Numerous epidemiological investigations during the last
years to study the possible health effects of an exposure to
radon and its daughter products have shown the need for a cheap
and reliable large scale indoor radon daughter detector. The
alpha sensitive track film could be a very useful tool to
calculate a yearly average value of the exposure to radon
daughters in an individual dwelling. (BIO) (AUTH)
Interlaboratory Radon-Daughter Measurement Comparison
Workshop
Interlaboratory radon-daughter measurement comparison
workshop, Grand Junction, CO, USA, 9 Sep 1985.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Pearson, M.
Bendix Field Engineering Corp., Grand Junction, CO.
Corp. Source Codes: 056119000; 9502148
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: GJ/TMC-25; CONF-8509306-SUM.
Jun 86 47p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8702; NSA1100
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC07-76GJ01664
The US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Remedial Action
and Waste Technology established the Technical Measurements
Center to provide standardization, calibration, comparability,
verification of data, quality assurance, and cost-effectiveness
for the measurement requirements of DOE remedial action programs.
One of the remedial-action measurement needs is the estimation of
average indoor radon-daughter concentration (RDC). The Technical
Measurements Center sponsored an interlaboratory workshop during
the period 9-12 September 1985 for the purpose of providing an
opportunity for comparison of radon-daughter measurements, in the
absence of an absolute calibration standard for such
radon-daughter measurements. The Radon-Radon-Daughter
185
-------
Environmental Chamber at the DOE Grand Junction Projects Office
was used for the workshop. Primary consideration was given to
radon-daughter grab-sampling methods, but Radon Progeny
Integrating Sampling Unit (RPISU) measurements and radon-flux
measurements were also investigated. Results from the workshop
indicate that comparable results for radon-daughter measurements
can be obtained by a variety of instruments and technicians all
employing the same method. Special attention must be given to
the accuracy of air volume sampled, but with appropriate care any
of a number of instruments can provide a reliable radon-daughter
concentration value. The radon-daughter grab-sampling results
also verify the comparability of two different methods for making
such measurements, alpha spectroscopy and the Thomas-modified
Tsivoglou method. The two additional facets of the workshop,
RPISU and radon-flux measurements, demonstrate that reliable
measurements with RPISUs and charcoal canisters can be made with
appropriately calibrated instruments from widely dispersed
laboratories. (ERA citation 11:041122) (NTIS)
Interim Indoor Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurement
Protocols
(M. /Ronca-Battista;P. /Magno ;S. /Windham;E. /Sensintaffa)
.NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Office of Radiation Programs, Washington, DC.
Corp. Source Codes: 038529000
Report No.: EPA/520/1-86/04
Apr 86 65p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8620 Country of Publication: United States
The report provides EPA's procedures for measuring radon
concentrations in houses with continuous radon monitors, charcoal
canisters, alpha-track detectors, and grab radon techniques. It
also provides procedures for measuring radon decay product
concentrations with a continuous working level monitor, a radon
progeny integrating sampling unit (RPISU), and grab radon decay
product methods. Specifications for the location of the
measurement, the house conditions during the measurement, and
minimum requirements for quality control are included in each
procedure. (NTIS)
Affordable new radon detection technology
Anon.
EMERG. PLANN. DIG VOL. 13, NO. 4, pp. 29-30, Publ.Yr:
1986
Languages: ENGLISH
186
-------
Radon gas, which is produced by the decay of radioactive
materials in many geological formations in Canada and the United
States, is becoming a major concern. It can seep into the
basements of homes in vulnerable areas and prolonged breathing of
it can cause lung cancer. The gas is colourless and odourless,
and can be detected only using a monitor to sample the air over a
period. To date, such radio monitors have relied upon computer
technology to analyse the result of samples, which requires a
user to send samples away and await results. (POL)
MONITORING RADON IN INDOOR AIR
ANON
ANAL CHEM 58 (1). 1986. 44A, 46A-47A. CODEN: ANCHA
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)
Several simple and inexpensive methods of monitoring radon
in homes and other buildings have been developed. These include
a plastic detector that is sensitive to the alpha paricles
emitted by radon and a canister containing mesh activatid carbon
which absorbs radon. (BIO) (HQL)
Ultra-Clean Underground Counting Facility for Low-Level
Environmental Samples
Symposium on environmental radiochemical analysis, Harwell,
UK, 1 Oct 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Winn, W.G.; Bowman, W.W.; Boni, A.L.
Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River
Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 009966002; 2204000
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: DP-MS-85-157; CONF-8610174-1
1986 49p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:
GRAI8713; NSA1200
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC09-76SR00001
An underground counting facility with cleanroom environment
has been designed and constructed to improve detection of
low-level radioisotopes in the environment. The 3.0mx4.3mx
2.4 m counting chamber is placed 14.3 m below ground, has 10.2-cm
thick walls of pre-WWII naval armor plate, and is further
shielded by a minimum of 1.2 m of specular hematite. The total
187
-------
overburden of shielding is equivalent to 31.7 m of water.
Careful selection of building materials and a special air
filtering system maintain a cleanroom environment with minimum
contamination potential. Background improvements are noted
relative to an earlier ground-level counting chamber with
30.5-cm-thick walls of pre-WWII naval armor plate. The gamma
background continuum is reduced by a factor of 3 to 4 in the
region of 0 to 10 MeV. A minimum of .10.2 cm of low-background
lead around the detector optimizes this factor at 4 to 6.
Discrete gammas from airborne natural radon daughters are
eliminated by controlling the air near the detectors. Detectors
constructed with low-level materials will further realize the
improvements in background. A constant background is required
for long counts of low-level samples, and the underground
detectors are well shielded against surface operations.
Performance appraisals of facility detectors include a large dual
Nal(Tl) coincidence system, three smaller Nal(Tl) detectors, an
HPGe well detector, and gas proportional and geiger counters.
Major electronics for the detectors are located at a ground level
control center to eliminate any associated backgrounds. Because
an individual sample may be counted several days, uninterruptable
power is used. An IBM PC/XT computer processes spectra from
multichannel analyzers using custom-developed software. (ERA
citation 12:012301) (NTIS)
A SURVEY OF INDOOR AIR MONITORING SERVICES: IS THERE A
PRIVATE DEMAND FOR HEALTHFUL INDOOR AIR QUALITY?
SEXTON KEN
CALIFORNIA DEPT HEALTH SERVICES, BERKELEY,
APCA J, JUN 85, V35, N6, P626(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE - NATIONAL SURVEY RESULTS ON FEE-FOR-SERVICE
COMPANIES THAT MAKE INDOOR AIR MEASUREMENTS IN NONINDUSTRIAL
SETTINGS ARE EXAMINED. MAKEUP OF THE FIRMS, TYPES AND NUMBERS OF
BUILDINGS, TYPICAL CONTAMINANT MEASUREMENTS, AND ASSOCIATED COSTS
ARE DESCRIBED. RESULTS INDICATE THAT A SUBSTANTIAL PRIVATE DEMAND
EXISTS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES WHICH AID BUILDING OCCUPANTS IN
EVALUATING AND IMPROVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY. COSTS TO HOMEOWNERS
FOR MEASURMENTS OF FORMALDEHYDE, ASBESTOS, VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS, RADON, AND AIR-EXCHANGE RATE ARE LIKELY TO BE GREATER
THAN $100 FOR EACH PARAMETER MONITORED. (6 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES)
(ENV)
CONTINUOUS RADIATION WORKING-LEVEL DETECTORS
DROULLARD R.F.; HOLUB R.F.
USBM, CO,
USBM REPORT 1C 9029, 1985 (24)
188
-------
FED GOVT REPORT IMPROVED DESIGNS FOR CONTINUOUS
WORKING-LEVEL DETECTORS FOR MONITORING RADIATION WORKING LEVELS
AND RADON DAUGHTER PRODUCTS IN MINES AND DWELLINGS ARE DESCRIBED.
DEVICES FOR FILTER SURFACE AND AMBIENT AIR COUNTING ARE
ADDRESSED. FACTORS AFFECTING ACCURACY ARE IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING
VOLUMETRIC AIRFLOW VARIATIONS AND RADON DAUGHTER MIXTURE
VARIATIONS. (2 DIAGRAMS, 8 GRAPHS, 13 PHOTOS, 21 REFERENCES, 1
TABLE) (ENV)
Analytical Capability of the Environmental Radiation
Ambient Monitoring System
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Broadway, J.A.; Mardis, M.
Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, Montgomery, AL.
Corp. Source Codes: 062831000
Report No.: EPA-520/5-83-024
Sep 83 74p
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8412
Country of Publication: United States
The ERAMS program is composed of a network of sampling
stations throughout the United States plus an associated
radioanalystical and assessment -support group. These components
provide a capability to evaluate environmental consequences from
both normal ambient concentrations of radiation and time
dependent changes as measured by the samples. The program is
structured to measure concentrations of radionuclides in air,
milk, surface water, and drinking water and to estimate dose and
health impact. Several examples of short-term and long-term
assessments of dose and health effect calculations from the ERAMS
data base have been presented in this report. (NTIS)
189
-------
VII. APPENDIX
-------
STATE RADON CONTACTS
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
California
James McNees
Radiological Health Branch
Alabama Department of Public Health
State Office Building
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 261-5313
Sidney Heidersdorf
Alaska Department of Health
and Social Services
P.O. Box H-06F
Juneau, AK 99811-0613
Paul Weeden/John Oneil
Arizona Radiation Regulatory Agency
4814 South 40th Street
Phoenix, AZ 85040
.(602) 255-4845
Greta Dicus/Bernard Bevill
Division of Radiation Control
and Emergency Management
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 W. Markham Street
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
(501) 661-2301
Steve Hayward
California Department of
of Laboratories
2151 Berkeley Way
Berkeley, CA 94704
(415) 540-2469
John Hickman
Department of Health Services
Environmental Radiation Surveillance
714/744 P Street
P.O. Box 942732
Sacramento, CA 94234-7320
(916) 445-0498
-------
California
A. Ferguson
Radiation Management
County of Los Angeles
Department of Health Services
2615 S. Grand Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90007
(213) 744-3244
Colorado
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Richard Gamewell
Radiation Control Division
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
(303) 331-8480
(303) 331-4812
Mark Davis
Colorado Geological Survey
1313 Sherman Street
Room 7515
Denver, CO 80203
(303) 866-2611
Laurie Grokey
Connecticut Department of
Health Services
Toxic Hazards Section
150 Washington Street
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-8167
(203) 566-2275
John Hedden
Division of Public Health
Delaware Bureau of Environmental Health
P.O. Box 637
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 736-4731
Veronica Singh
DC Department of Consumer
and Regulatory Affairs
614 H Street, NW, Room 1014
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 727-7728
-------
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Harlan Keaton
Florida Office of Radiation Control
Building 18, Sunland Center
P.O. Box 15490
Orlando, FL 32858
(305) 297-2095
(305) 326-2095
James Hardeman
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
205 Butler Street, SE
Floyd Towers East, Suite 1166
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 656-6905
(800) 334-2373
Thomas Anamizu
Environmental Protection and Health
Services Division
Hawaii Department of Health
591 Ala Moana Boulevard
Honolulu, HI 96813
(808) 548-4383
Ernie Ranieri
Radiation Control Section
Idaho Dept. of Health and Welfare
Statehouse Mail
Boise, ID 83720
(208) 334-5879
Melanie Hamel
Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety
Office of Environmental Safety
1035 Outer Park Drive
Springfield, IL 62704
(217) 546-8100 or
(800) 225-1245 (in State)
David Nauth
Division of Industrial Hygiene and
Radiological Health
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 W. Michigan Street, P.O. Box 1964
(317) 633-0153
-------
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Richard Welke
Bureau of Environmental Health Section
Iowa Department of Public Health
Lucas State Office Building
Des Moines, IA 50319-0075
(515) 281-7781
Craig Schwartz
Kansas Department of Health
and Environment
Forbes Field, Building 321
Topeka, KS 66620-0110
(913) 296-1567
Donald R. Hughes
Radiation Control Branch
Cabinet for Human Resources
275 East Main Street
Frankfort, KY 40621
(502) 564-3700
Jay Mason
Louisiana Nuclear Energy Division
P.O. Box 14690
Baton Rouge, LA 70898-4690
(504) 925-4518
Gene Moreau
Division of Health Engineering
Maine Department of Human Services
State House Station 10
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-3826
Leon Rachuba
Division of Radiation Control
Maryland Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene
201 W. Preston Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
(301) 631-3300
(800) 872-3666
-------
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Bill Bell
Radiation Control Program
Massachusetts Department
of Public Health
23 Service Center
North Hampton, MA 01060
(413) 586-7525 or
In Boston, Robert Hallisey
(617) 727-6214
Robert DeHaan
Michigan Department of Public Health
Division of Radiological Health
3500 North Logan, P.O. Box 30035
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-8190
(517) 335-8193
Bruce Denney
Section of Radiation Control
Minnesota Department of Health
P.O. Box 9441
717 SE Delaware Street
Minneapolis, MN 55440
(612) 623-5348
(800) 652-9747
Renee Echols
Division of Radiological Health
Mississippi Department of Health
P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, MS 392215-1700
(601) 354-6657
Kenneth V. Miller
Bureau of Radiological Health
Missouri Department of Health
1730 E. Elm
P.O. BOX 570
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-6083
Adrian Howe
Occupational Health Bureau
Montana Department of Health
and Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building A113
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-3671
-------
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
Harold R. Borchert/Ellis H. Simmons
Division of Radiological Health
Nebraska Department of Health
301 Centennial Mall South
P.O. Box 95007
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402) 471-2168
Stan Marshall
Radiological Health Section
Health Division
Nevada Department of Human Resources
505 East King Street, Room 202
Carson City, NV 89710
(702) 885-5394
Belva Mohle
New Hampshire Radiological
Health Program
Health and Welfare Building
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6527
(603) 271-4674
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
380 Scotch Road, CN-411
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 530-4000/4001 or,
(800) 648-0394 (in State) or,
(201) 879-2062 (N. NJ Radon
Field Office)
J. Margo Keele
Surveillance Monitoring Section
New Mexico Radiation Protection Bureau
P.O. Box 968
Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968
(505) 827-2957
Laurence Keefe
Bureau of Environmental
Radiation Protection
New York State Health Department
Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower
Albany, NY 12237
(518) 458-6451
(800) 458-1158 (in State) or
(800) 342-3722 (NY Energy Research &
Development Authority)
-------
N. Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
Jeff Burgess
North Dakota Dept. of Health
Missouri Office Building
1200 Missouri Avenue, Room 304
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
(701) 224-2348
Debby Steva
Radiological Health Program
Ohio Department of Health
1224 Kinnear Road
Columbus, OH 43212
(614) 644-2727
(800) 523-4439 (in Ohio only)
Paul Brown
Radiation and Special Hazards Service
Oklahoma State Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405) 271-5221
Ray Paris
Oregon State Health Department
1400 S. W. 5th Avenue
Portland, OR 97201
(503) 229-5797
Tim Hartman
Radon Monitoring Program Office
PA-DER, Bureau of Radiation Protection
1100 Grosser Road
Gilbertsville, PA 19525
(215) 369-3590
David Saldana
Puerto Rico Radiological Health Div.
G.P.O. Call Box 70184
Rio Piedras, PR 00936
(809) 767-3563
James Hickey/Roger Marinelli
Division of Occupational Health
and Radiological Control
Rhode Island Department of Health
206 Cannon Bldg., 75 Davis Street
Providence, RI 02908
(401) 277-2438
-------
Virginia
Washington
W. Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Carolyn Schrider
Bureau of Radiological Health
Department of Health
109 Governor Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-5932 or,
(800-468-0138 (in State)
Bruce Pickett/Robert Mooney
Environmental Protection Section
Washington Office of Radiation Protection
Thurston AirDustrial Center
Building 5, LE-13
Olympia, WA 98504
(206) 753-5962
Bill Aaroe
Industrial Hygiene Division
West Virginia Department of Health
151 llth Avenue
South Charleston, WV 25303
(304) 348-3526/3427
John Micka
Division of Health
Section of Radiation Protection
Wisconsin Dept. of Health
and Social Services
5708 Odana Road
Madison, WI 53719
(608) 273-5180
Radiological Health Services
Wyoming Department of Health
and Social Services
Hathway Building, 4th Floor
Cheyenne, WY 82002-0710
(307) 777-7956
-------
S. Carolina
S. Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Nolan Bivens
Bureau of Radiological Health
South Carolina Dept. of Health
and Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 734-4700/4631
Ellen Scott
Office of Air Quality and Solid Waste
South Dakota Dept. of Water & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building, Room 217
523 E. Capital
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
(605) 773-3153
Jackie Waynick
Division of Air Pollution Control
Custom House
701 Broadway
Nashville, TN 37219-5403
(615) 741-4634
Gary Smith
Bureau of Radiation Control
Texas Department of Health
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, TX 78756-3189
(512) 835-7000
Larry Anderson
Bureau of Radiation Control
Utah State Department of Health
State Health Department Building
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0690
(801) 538-6734
Paul demons
Division of Occupational and
Radiological Health
Vermont Department of Health
Administration Building
10 Baldwin Street
Montpelier, VT 057602
(802) 828-2886
------- |