United States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
Information Services
and Library
Washington DC 20460
EPA/IMSD/88-014
December 1988
xvEPA     Bibliographic Series

            Indoor Radon
            Pollution:  Update

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       INDOOR RADON  POLLUTION :  UPDATE
                DECEMBER 1988
                     BY

              SHEILA A.  RICHARD
         Headquarters Library Staff
         Information Services Branch
Information Management and Services Division
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
         401  M Street,  S.W.   PM-211A
           Washington,  D.C.   20460
               (202) 382-5822
                                     s" <• o ?roteot J on

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                       RADON BIBLIOGRAPHY

                           INTRODUCTION
     Radon has  become  an increasingly important  topic in recent
years. EPA  is  concerned about the  increased  risk of lung cancer
to those  who are exposed  to radon in  their homes  and  in their
work environment.

     Radon  is  a colorless, odorless, tasteless,  radioactive gas
that occurs naturally in soil gas, underground water, and outdoor
air.   It exists at  various levels thoughout  the United States.
This bibliography,  which is an update of Indoor Radon Pollution.
has been  compiled  by Sheila Richard, Reference Librarian at the
EPA Headquarters Library.   Pertinent  online databases  have been
searched and citations were selected for their relevance to EPA's
radon program.

     The bibliography  focuses  on indoor radon pollution problems
and is organized according to the following major topic areas: I-
Overview  (covering general  areas such as law and policy, popular
press, communication and education,  indoor air  and books); II-
Health  Effects  (epidemiology,  risk  estimates,  and dosimetry);
Ill-Exposure   (house  construction,   geology,   source,  physical
properties,  and  radon  in  water);   IV-Surveys  (national  and
international  case  studies);  V-Mitigation;   and VI-Measurement
Techniques.  Section VII-Appendix, lists State Contacts.

     Most recent citations are listed first in each section, with
the  citations   in  this  update  covering January 1986-September
1988.

     A  descriptive  abstract  is  included  with  each  article
citation. The  source of the  abstract is noted by an alphabetic
code  enclosed  in  parenthesis  at  the  end  of  the  entry.  The
databases and codes abbreviations are listed below:
          (BIO)     Biosis Previews
                    Biosciences Information Services
                    2100 Arch Street
                    Philadelphia, PA 19103

          (EMB)     Embase
                    User Education Officer
                    Elsevier Science Publishers/Excerpta Medica
                    52 Vanderbilt Avenue
                    New York, NY  10017

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(BIB)
(ENV)
(ERIC)
(GEO)
(MED)
(MI)
(NNI)
(NTIS)
(OSH)
(PAIS)
Environmental Bibliography
Environmental Studies Institute
2074 Alameda Padre Sierra
Santa Barbara, CA 93103

Enviroline
Environment Information Center, Inc.
292 Madison Ave.
New York, NY 10017

Educational Resources Information Center
U.S. Department of Education
Washington, DC 20208

Georef
American Geological Institute
One Skyline Place
5205 Leesburg Pike
Falls Church, VA  22041

Medline
Medlars Management Section
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD  20209

Magazine Index
Information Access Company
11 Davis Drive
Belmont, CA 94002

Newspaper Abstracts
UMI, Inc.
Ann Arbor, MI

National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22041
Occupational Safety & Health
Technical Information Branch
National  Institute  for Occupational
     and Health
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226
                                                 Safety
Public Affairs Information Service, Inc.
521 West 43rd Street
New York, NY  10036

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          (POL)     Pollution Abstracts
                    Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
                    5161 River Road
                    Bethesda, MD 20816

          (SCI)     Scisearch
                    Online Customer Service Representative
                    Institute for Scientific Information
                    University City Science Center
                    3501 Market Street
                    Philadelphia, PA 19104

          (WRA)     Water Resources Abstracts
                    Office of Water Research and Technology
                    U.S. Department of the Interior
                    Washington, D.C. 20240

          (SMH)     Smoking and Health
                    Technical Information Center
                    Office of Smoking and Health
                    Park Building, Room 1-16
                    5600 Fishers Lane
                    Rockville, MD  20857


     Those abstracts provided  by the library have two alphabetic
codes,  the  first  listing  the source  of the  citation  and  the
second  the  provider  of  the  abstract:  either  AUTH for author
abstract  as  obtained  through  examining the  hard  copy of  the
article or HQL for abstract provided by the Headquarters Library.

     The  library  staff wishes to  thank Dr. Richard  C.  Cothern,
Executive Secretary for the Environmental Health Committee of the
Science Advisory  Board,  US EPA, for his  advice  and direction in
the development of this bibliography.

     For  additional information,  you may wish to contact the EPA
Office  of Radiation Programs  at  (202)  557-9710,  or your  state
radon  contact   (see  the  list  of  State  Radon  Contacts in  the
Appendix)  or the Headquarters Library at  (202) 382-5922.To obtain
a copy  of the  original Indoor Radon Pollution bibliography,  you
may contact the National  Technical Information Service  (NTIS) at
(800)   336-4700  or write  to  them at  5285  Port  Royal  Road,
Springfield,  VA 22161.  The order number for the bibliography is
PB 86-139375/AS.

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.   Overview

      A. Background Information.	1
      B. Law and Policy	7
      C. Popular Press	15
      D. Communication and Education	19
      E. Indoor Air	21
      F. Books and Conference Proceedings	32

II.  Health Effects

      A. Epidemiology	37
      B. Risk Estimates	47
      C. Dosimetry	54

III. Exposure

      A. House Construction	57
      B. Geology/Geography	67 .
      C. Source	«	76-
      D. Physical Properties	82
      E. Radon in Water	89

IV.  Surveys

      A. National	101

          1. U.S. Regional - West	115
          2. U.S. Regional - East	118
          3. U.S. Regional - South	123

      B. International

          1. Asia	128
          2 . Europe	131

V.   Mitigation	143

VI.  Measurement Techniques	169

VII. Appendix

       State Radon Contacts

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I. OVERVIEW

          A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
     Controlling indoor air pollution.
     Nero, Anthony V., Jr.
     Scientific American v258 p42(7) May, 1988
     CODEN: SCAMAC
     illustration; photograph; chart

     Airborne   combustion  products,   toxic   chemicals   and
radioactivity  are  more   concentrated   indoors   than  outdoors.
Should indoor air be  regulated?   If so, how?  Putting the risks
in perspective helps to answer both questions.   (MAG)(HQL)
     THE PENNSYLVANIA RADON STORY
     GERUSKY THOMAS M.
     PENNSYLVANIA DEPT ENV RESOURCES,
     J ENV HEALTH, JAN-FEB 87, V49, N4,  P197(4)

     JOURNAL ARTICLE    IN DECEMBER 1984,  THE PENNSYLVANIA BUREAU
OF  RADIATION  PROTECTION  WAS  NOTIFIED  OF  A HOME  IN  EASTERN
PENNSYLVANIA HAVING  THE  HIGHEST  LEVEL OF  RADON  DAUGHTERS  EVER
REPORTED FOR A PRIVATE RESIDENCE:   2600  PCI/L OF RADON  GAS.   A
DECISION WAS  MADE  TO RECOMMEND  THAT  THE  OCCUPANTS VACATE  THE
RESIDENCE,  AND A DOOR-TO-DOOR SURVEY CAMPAIGN REVEALED ADDITIONAL
HOMES WITH  ELEVATED RADON LEVELS.   THE BUREAU RESPONDED WITH A
MASSIVE  RADON  MONITORING, EDUCATIONAL,  AND REMEDIATION  EFFORT.
AS  OF  NOVEMBER  1986,  OVER  18,000 HOMES HAD  BEEN SCREENED  FOR
RADON DAUGHTERS, OF WHICH ABOUT 59%  WERE  FOUND TO HAVE LEVELS IN
EXCESS  OF  THE  0.020  WORKING LEVEL  GUIDELINE. (5 REFERENCES,  3
TABLES)    (ENV)
     Committee  on  Interagency  Radiation  Research  and  Policy
     Coordination:  Third Annual Report, July 1, 1986 to June 30,
     1987
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Inc., TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 021305000; 4828000
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
     Report No.: ORAU-87/J-78
     30 Jun 87  15p
     Languages: English

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     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF  A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8810;
     NSA1300
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: AC05-760R00033

     During its third year the Committee on Interagency Radiation
Research and  Policy  Coordination (CIRRPC) issued  two  reports of
national importance and addressed 12 issues,  six of which will be
discussed  in reports  scheduled  for issuance  within the  first
several months of its  fourth year of operation.   The two reports
are  the report  on  the  guidance for US  policy  on  use of  the
international  system  of  units  for  radiation  quantities  and
measurements, issued in December 1986, and the report identifying
the  radiation exposure  issues  associated with  the exposure to
radon  naturally  occurring   in  houses and  buildings,  issued in
August  1986.    A  listing of the  Executive Committee  members,
agencies' representatives, science  panel members and science and
policy  panel  participants are   contained  in  section  IV. A.
CIRRPC's  reporting  and  organizational  structure  and Oak  Ridge
Associated  Universities  (ORAU)  technical   assistance staff is
contained in section IV.B.   (ERA citation 13:011639)   (NTIS)
     THE INDOOR RADON PROBLEM EXPLAINED FOR THE LAYMAN   (ENGLISH)
     HOPKE PK
     UNIV   ILLINOIS,   DEPT  CIVIL  ENGN/URBANA//IL/61801;  UNIV
     ILLINpIS, DEPT  NUCL   ENGN/URBANA//IL/61801;  UNIV  ILLINOIS,
     INST ENVIRONM STUDIES/URBANA//IL/61801
     ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES, V331, P572-586, 1987

     **See full citation in the BOOKS Section I. D.**   (SCI)
     Indoor radon: a residential radiation dilemma.
     Brown DH
     NC Med J  (United States) Jan 1987 48(1) p25-7

     Radon is  not  a  new health hazard,  it has existed for longer
than humankind itself.  The real questions posed are: how much of
the non-smoking  related lung cancer may  be  due to indoor radon,
and what  steps can be taken to  reduce  its incidence rate.  (MED)
(HQL)
     Indoor radon called a national problem
     Mose, D.
     George Mason Univ., Dep. Geol., Fairfax, VA, USA
     Geotimes   32: 7,   1987  9-llp.
     Country of Publ.: United States

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     ISSN: 0016-8556
     CODEN: GEOTAJ
     Subfile: B
     Doc Type: SERIAL   Bibliographic Level: ANALYTIC
     Languages: English
     illus.

     Preliminary studies over most  of  the  U.S.  show that in some
areas radioactive  radon  is accumulating in  homes  in levels that
are much higher than anticipated.  In the past year, studies done
in  the  Appalachian  states  show that  indoor  radon levels  are
determined by the  radon-emanation properties of the soil or rock
on  which  homes are  built.   Those  observations and others were
reported  at  the day-long symposium, "Geological Factors Related
to  Indoor  Radon,"  which  was held in March at the  meeting of the
Southeastern  Section of  the  Geological  Society  of America  in
Norfolk, Va.     (GEO)(HQL)
     Pennsylvania: Protecting the homefront
     Gerusky, T.M.
     ENVIRONMENT  VOL. 29, NO. 1,  vp,  Publ.Yr: 1987
     Languages: ENGLISH

     After  the incident  at  the Limerick  nuclear  power  plant,.
health physicists and  officials  notified the Pennsylvania Bureau
of Radiation Protection that  they had detected 12 working levels
(WL)  of  radon  daughters  in the  living room  of Stanley Watras's
house  in eastern  Pennsylvania.    Additional  monitoring  by  the
bureau verified radon  levels  of 13.5 WL, greater than any level
ever  reported   in  the  literature.    Thus began  an  effort  that
apparently has no end in sight.    (POL)
     Committee  on  Interagency  .Radiation  Research  and  Policy
     Coordination:  Summary of CIRRPC  Activities for  the Period
     July 1 Through September 30, 1987
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Inc.,  TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 021305000; 4828000
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: DOE/OR/00033-T379
     12 NOV 87  12p
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01   Journal Announcement: GRAI8811;
     NSA1300
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AC05-76OR00033

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     This  report  describes the  activities of  the Committee  on
Interagency  Radiation Research  and  Policy  Coordination for  a
three month  period in 1987.   The report briefly  summarizes the
efforts  of the Executive  Committee; the  Science Panel;  Policy
Subpanels  on  Radioepidemiological  Tables   and  Indoor  Radon;
Science  Subpanels  on  Radiation  Protection  Standards,   High LET
Radiation,  and Research  Needs  in the  Effects of  Non-Ionizing
Radiation; Radioepidemiological Tables;  Predisaster Planning, and
Risk Assessment.  Brief reports on special projects are included.
(ERA citation 13:011638)    (NTIS)
     RADON: PINPOINTING A MYSTERY
     BARNES A. JAMES; GUIMOND  RICHARD J.;  DEBENEDICTIS NICHOLAS;
     BASKIN ROBERTA; CHERN MICHAEL J.
     EPA DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR,
     EPA J, AUG 86, V12, N6, P2(12)

     JOURNAL  ARTICLE   RADON MAY POSE A THREAT TO THE POPULATION
AT LARGE, AS RECENT STUDIES NOW SHOW THAT RADON CONTAMINATION MAY
BE A PROBLEM IN MANY PARTS  OF  THE  U.S.   THE INDOOR RADON PROBLEM
DOES NOT LEND ITSELF TO A REGULATORY APPROACH.  IT IS A NATURALLY
OCCURRING  SUBSTANCE;  RADON  LEVELS VARY FROM REGION  TO  REGION,
EVEN FROM HOME TO HOME, A PATTERN  THAT  INHIBITS  A REGULATORY
APPROACH.  AN EPA RADON ACTION PROGRAM WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1985 TO
ASSIST STATES IN DEALING WITH  RADON PROBLEMS  IN HOMES.  THE FOUR
ACTIVITIES  CONTAINED  IN  THE  PROGRAM  ARE  DISCUSSED:  PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT,  MITIGATION  AND  PREVENTION, CAPABILITY  DEVELOPMENT,
AND PUBLIC INFORMATION.   THE INDOOR RADON PROBLEM IN PENNSYLVANIA
IS  REVIEWED,  AND  INFORMATION  IS   COMPILED  TO  HELP  THE  PUBLIC
UNDERSTAND THE DIMENSIONS OF THIS ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT.   (ENV)
     Final Report  and Evaluation of the  SAWORA Research Program
     on  Background Radiation Levels  from Natural Origin  in the
     Netherlands.
     In Dutch
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
     Hogeweg, B.
     Ministerie  van  Volkshuisvesting,  Ruimtelijke  Ordening  en
     Milieubeheer,   The  Hague   (Netherlands) .      Directie
     Stralenbescherming.
     Corp. Source Codes: 087985003; 4188735
     Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-23; VROM-60793/8-86
     Sep 86  66p
     Languages: Dutch
     NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
     Country of Publication: Netherlands

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     In order  to study the  various factors which  determine the
dose resulting  from background radiation, in  particular for the
indoor situation, the SAMORA-programme was initiated in 1982. The
various aspects  studied were:   1)  a determination of the current
background radiation level, for the indoor as well as the outdoor
situation; 2)  an inventory of the  radioactivity of the building
materials; 3) the radioecological aspects from fly-ash and gypsum
deposits; 4)  a risk estimation  of lung tumour  induction at low
doses and  for low  dose  rates; 5)  technical  factors determining
the effective dose  equivalent.   In this report the connection of
the results  derived in the different  studies  will  be discussed.
From the  study  on  radioconcentration  it  became clear  that the
indoor concentration is  strongly determined by the concentration
in the crawl space.   On the basis of the results of the programme
an estimation of the lung tumour risk for the Dutch population is
presented.  For the current levels it is calculated that the risk
is approximately 2.1 lung  tumours per 100,000  persons.   Since in
1982 the mean lung tumour death rate for the Dutch population was
56.8 per  100,000,   this  result demonstrates that the calculated
contribution  is  relatively  low   (4%) .     Furthermore  it  is
calculated that  the maximum increase  of this contribution  as a
result of  the introduction  of active  gypsum  building materials
will  be   of  the  order  of  1%.   (Auth.).    Contains  a   list  of
SAWORA-publications  (34  refs.);  51  refs.;   4  figs.;   6  tabs.
(Atomindex citation 18:079207)     (NTIS)
     A CITIZENfS GUIDE TO RADON: WHAT IT IS AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT
     IT
     EPA REPORT OPA-86-004, AUG 86 (14)
     FED GOVT REPORT

     BASIC  INFORMATION  IS  COMPILED  ON  THE OCCURRENCE,  HEALTH
EFFECTS, AND  CONTROL OF RADON.   ALTHOUGH  RADON  HAS ALWAYS BEEN
PRESENT IN  AIR,  CASES OF HIGH INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN MANY HOMES
HAVE MADE THIS PROBLEM A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE.  RADON SEEPS
INTO  HOMES  FROM  SOILS  OR  GROUNDWATER,   OR  IS  RELEASED  FROM
MATERIALS USED  IN HOME  CONSTRUCTION.   TOPICS   COVERED  INCLUDE
THE   USE  OF RADON  DETECTORS,  TEST  RESULT  INTERPRETATION,  AND
REDUCING RISKS FROM EXPOSURE.    (ENV)
     Environmental Radiation and Cancer
     Mossman, K.L., D.S. Thomas, and A. Dritschilo
     Journal  of  Environmental  Science  and  Health.    Part  C:
     Environmental Carcinogenesis  Reviews,  Vol. 4,  No.  2, pages
     119-161, 65 references  1986
     CODEN: JECREO

     The sources of  radiation  exposure and population doses from

                                5

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these sources, health  implications  (especially cancer induction)
to  exposed  populations,   and  contemporary  problems  concerning
environmental radiation are  reviewed.   Only ionizing radiations,
including  X-rays,  gamma-rays,  alpha     particles,   etc.  are
included.   Sources include  the  natural  background and  the  man
made  radiation   environment,   including  medical  applications,
technologically enhanced  exposure to natural  radiation, fallout
from nuclear weapons testing,  occupational radiation exposure in
the  United  States,  radiation  exposure  from  the  nuclear fuel
cycle,  and radiation  exposure   from consumer products  in the
United  States.    Occupational  radiation   exposures    include
medical and dental X-rays, industrial radiography, various  levels
of  industry associated with the production  and use  of nuclear
fuels, and  enhanced cosmic ray exposure  in high altitude flight.
The  section  on  radiation  carcinogenesis  covers  evidence  of
radiation  carcinogenesis  in  human populations,  principles  of
radiation   carcinogenesis,   and   risk   of  cancer  induction  at
environmental levels of radiation.  Current issues include  indoor
radon  (10043922)   (sources  and  characteristics), radon  and lung
cancer, and reactor accidents.    (OSH)

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I. OVERVIEW

          B. LAW AND POLICY
     Implementation  of  the  Environmental  Protection  Agency's
     radon action program
     Chiles, B.L.; Rinck, R.T.; Wagner, D.C.
     U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 20460, USA  81. APCA Annual Meeting
     & Exhibition   Dallas, TX  (USA)    19-24 Jun 1988   81. APCA
     ANNUAL  MEETING &  EXHIBITION   p.  107,     Publ.Yr:  1988
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH

     This paper  discusses the development  and implementation  of
the U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency's Radon Action Program.
The purpose  of this paper is to  examine  the needs identified  by
the States  and others  following  the discovery of highly elevated
radon levels.   It  also highlights activities undertaken by the
Radon Action Program to address these needs.  The paper concludes
that  significant progress has  been made but acknowledges that
much  still  needs  to be  done.   In addition,  the paper  takes a
detailed look at  EPA's efforts  to establish National  guidance
levels for  indoor  radon and a program  to ensure  the accuracy and
reliability of radon measurements.  (PA)
     RADON ANSWERS ARE SURFACING IN THE STATES
     DAVIS JOSEPH A.
     GOVERNING, FEE 88, VI, N5, P54(3)

     JOURNAL   ARTICLE      EPA  REPORTED  IN AUGUST 1987 THAT 21%
OF  THE  11,600  HOMES  TESTED  IN  10 STATES   HAD RADON  LEVELS
EXCEEDING  4  PCI/L,  THE AGENCY'S  SUGGESTED  DANGER LEVEL.   THE
PROBLEM  APPEARS  TO  BE  ACUTE  IN  THE  READING  PRONE  STATES,
AFFECTING  NEW  YORK,  NEW  JERSEY,   AND   PENNSYLVANIA.    IN  THE
ABSENCE  OF AN  EPA-SPONSORED REMEDIAL PROGRAM, THE  STATES  HAVE
TAKEN  ACTION  ON  THEIR OWN.    NEW  JERSEY  HAS  ENACTED A  LAW
REQUIRING A  STATEWIDE  SURVEY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL  STUDY.   A 1986
PENNSYLVANIA LAW  AUTHORIZED THE STATE HOUSING  FINANCE  AGENCY TO
RUN A  LOW-INTEREST LOAN PROGRAM FOR  RADON  MITIGATION.   NEW YORK
GIVES  FREE  RADON  DETECTORS TO  HOMES  ENROLLED  IN ITS  ENERGY
CONSERVATION PROGRAM.   (3 DRAWINGS)   (ENV)

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     Indoor Air Quality Act: of 1987:   hearing,  November 20, 1987,
     on S. 1629, a bill to authorize a national program to reduce
     the threat to human health posed by exposure to contaminants
     in the air indoors.
     United States.    Senate.    Com.  on  Environment and  Public
     Works. Subcom. on Environmental Protection.
     •88 iii+146p
     SERIES: 100th Cong.,  1st  sess.;  S. hearing 100-387;  SD cat.
     no. Y 4.P 96/10:S.hrg.100-387;

     Threat from radon,  asbestos, volatile  organic  chemicals,
combustion by products, and respirable particles.    (PAIS)
     Pollution in the home
     Dowd, R.M.
     R.M. Dowd & Co., Washington,  DC,  USA
     ENVIRON.  SCI.  TECHNOL VOL.  21,  NO. 6,   p.  535,   Publ.Yr:
     1987
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V18N6

     In April  EPA submitted a  report  to  Congress,  as required by
the Superfund  Amendments  and Reauthorization  Act  of 1986 (SARA),
on implementing indoor air pollution  and radon research programs
within  the  agency.   This   statutory  provision   reflects
congressional  determination  over  the  past  several  years  to
establish  such programs  by restoring research  funds  to  EPA's
budget in the  face of the administration's continuing attempts to
eliminate research on indoor air pollution.    (POL)
     Environmental Radiation Standards and Risk Limitation
     Annual meeting  of the  Society for Risk  Analysis,  Houston,
     TX, USA, 1 Nov 1987.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Kocher, D. C.
     Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: CONF-871188-2
     1987  16p
     Languages: English  Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices: PC  A03/MF  A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8813;
     NSA1300
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400
                                8

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     The Environmental  Protection Agency and  Nuclear Regulatory
Commission have established environmental radiation standards for
specific practices which  correspond to  limits  on risk  to the
public that  vary by  several orders  of  magnitude  and  often are
much less than  radiation  risks that are essentially unregulated,
e.g., risks from radon in homes.  This paper discusses a proposed
framework  for  environmental   radiation   standards  that  would
improve  the  correspondence  with   limitation  of  risk.  This
framework includes the use  of limits  on annual  effective dose
equivalent averaged over  a lifetime, rather than limits on dose
equivalent to whole body  or  any organ for each year of exposure,
and consideration  of  exposures of younger age  groups as well as
adults; limits on  annual  effective dose equivalent averaged over
a  lifetime  no  lower than  0.25  mSv  (25 mrem)   per  practice;
maintenance  of all  exposures  as low  as reasonably achievable
(ALARA); and  establishment of a generally applicable de minimis
dose   for  public  exposures.     Implications   of  the  proposed
regulatory  framework  for the  current system  of  standards for
limiting public  exposures are discussed.  20 refs.  (ERA citation
13:019565)     (NTIS)
     EPA guideline  for indoor radon levels  evokes response from
     nuclear medicine.
     Hanson B
     J Nucl Med  (UNITED STATES)  Jul  1987,  28 (7)  p!087-94, ISSN
     0161-5505
     Journal Code: JEC
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Experts   debate   cost/benefit  analysis  and  epidemiologic
studies in this article.   (MED) (HQL)
     Radon gas may seep into your liability.
     Treffer, Brough E.
     Real Estate Appraiser and Analyst 53:21-4 Spring '87, tables

     LANGUAGE: Engl
     DOC TYPE: P

     Description, testing,  removal  of and  physiological effects
of radon; implications for appraisers; U.S.   Since radon exposure
is  known  to  increase  the  risk  of  cancer  and  real  estate
appraisers  are  required  to  report  all  factors  that  affect
property value,  appraisers may soon  be  subject to  lawsuits for
failure to  identify radon problems  in an  appraisal  statement.
(PAIS)(HQL)

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     RADON PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1987
     SEN COMM ENV  PUBLIC  WORKS 100 CON 1 REPORT  214,  JUN 30, 87
     (21)

     FED GOVT REPORT    BILL S.744,  THE RADON PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
ACT OF  1987,  SEEKS TO ASSIST STATES IN RESPONDING TO THE THREAT
TO HUMAN HEALTH POSED BY  EXPOSURE TO RADON.   THE ACT WILL DIRECT
EPA TO  EXPAND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE  TO  STATES ON RADON ISSUES AND
WILL PROVIDE  SEED  MONEY  TO  HELP  STATES INITIATE RADON-RELATED
PROGRAMS.  ANOTHER PROVISION OF THE BILL WILL EXPAND AND IMPROVE
THE RADON  PROFICIENCY TESTING AND TRAINING  PROGRAMS OF EPA. EPA
IS  ALSO  CHARGED  WITH  DETERMINING  THE  EXTENT   OF  RADON
CONTAMINATION  IN  SCHOOLS   AND   IN  FEDERAL  BUILDINGS.  AN
AUTHORIZATION OF $10 MILLION PER YEAR FOR THREE YEARS IS PROVIDED
TO SUPPORT THE STATE GRANT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM.    (ENV)
     Radon gas  issues:   joint: hearings,  April 2, 1987, on S. 743
     and  S.  744,  before  the  Subcommittees  on  Environmental
     Protection and Superfund and Environmental Oversight.
     United States. Senate. Com. on Environment and Public Works.
     •87 iii+l24p, charts
     SERIES:  100th  Cong.,  1st sess.; S.  hearing 100-52; SD cat.
     no. Y 4.P 96/10:3.hrg.100-52;

     Problems  in  identifying and  eradicating  indoor  radon  in
schools;  role  of  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency.
(PAIS)
     RADON POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1987
     HSE COMM ENERGY COMMERCE HEARINGS 100-20, APR 23, 87  (123)

     HEARING   TRANSCRIPT   HEARINGS  WERE  HELD TO CONSIDER RADON
AS  ONE OF THE  GREATEST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH  HAZARDS FACING THE
U.S.  PUBLIC.    LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS  OF  H.R.   1697,  THE RADON
POLLUTION  CONTROL ACT  OF  1987,   WERE  DISCUSSED.    EPA  HAS
DETERMINED  THAT  THERE IS  NO SAFE  LEVEL  OF  RADON;  THE AGENCY
ESTIMATES THAT  5,000-20,000 PEOPLE DIE OF LUNG CANCER ANNUALLY AS
A RESULT OF EXPOSURE TO RADON GAS.   THE ACT WOULD PROVIDE STATES
WITH FUNDS FOR RESOURCES IN ORDER TO CONDUCT SURVEYS TO FIND AND
TARGET  THE  PROBLEM  AND  FORMULATE  REMEDIAL  PROGRAMS.    EPA'S
EFFORTS TO  DOCUMENT AND ERADICATE THE  RADON PROBLEM TO DATE ARE
SURVEYED. TESTIMONY WAS PRESENTED BY  JAMES  BARNES OF  EPA;  DEBORAH
STEVA  OF  THE  OHIO DEPT  OF HEALTH;  AND  OTHERS.    ASSOCIATED
DOCUMENTS AND MEMORANDA ARE TRANSCRIBED.      (ENV)
                                10

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     Residential radon contamination and  indoor quality research
     needs: hearing,
     September 17,  1986.
     United States. House.  Com.  on Science and Tech.  Subcom.  on
     Natural Resources,  Agric. Research, and Environment.
     •87 iii+333p,  bibls il tables diag chart
     SERIES: 99th Cong.,  2d sess.; (Pubn.) no. 159; SD cat. no. Y
     4.Sci  2:99/159;

     Status of  the  radon research programs of  the Department  of
Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency.     (PAIS)
     NATIONAL CONTROL STRATEGY SOUGHT FOR RADON GAS
     ANON
     J  AIR POLLUT  CONTROL  ASSOC   37  (1).  1987.  70,  72-73.
     CODEN: JPCAA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Discusses studies  done at the  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
by physicist Anthony  Nero,  leading  expert on indoor air quality.
Studies have determined that buildings  can draw large amounts of
radon out of the ground.   (BIO)(HQL)
     The Comprehensive Environmental  Response,  Compensation,  and
     Liability Act  of 1980  (Superfund)  (P.L.  96-510),  December
     1986;   as  amended  by  the   Superfund   Amendments   and
     Reauthorization Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-499).
     United States.  Laws, statutes,  etc.
     •87  v+226p
     SERIES: 99th Cong.,  2d sess.;   Com.  print;   S. print 99-217;
     SD cat. no.  Y  4.P 96/10:S.prt.99-217;
     Prepared for the Committee  on  Environment  and Public Works,
     U.S. Senate.

     Partial contents:  Hazardous substances releases, liability,
compensation;  Pollution  insurance;   Emergency  planning   and
community  right-to-know;  Radon  gas and   indoor  air  quality
research.   (PAIS)
     Radon and indoor air pollution:  hearing, October 10, 1985.
     United States.  House. Com.'on Science and Tech.  Subcom. on
     Natural Resources, Agric. Research, and Environment.
     •86  iii+291p, il tables diags charts map
     SERIES: 99th Cong., 1st sess.;  (Pubn.) no. 66;
                                11

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     Dangers  associated  with radiation  emanating from  radon,  a
decay  product  of naturally  occurring  radioactive  substances;
control measures.   (PAIS)
     Radon gas: contractor liability for an indoor health hazard.
     Shuko CM
     Am J  Law Med  (UNITED STATES)   1986,  12  (2)  p241-72,  ISSN
     0098-8588
     Journal Code: SIP
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Many  families  throughout  the United  States  have recently
detected  dangerously  high concentrations  of  radon gas  inside
their homes.   Radon,  a  carcinogenic  gas produced  from uranium,
has been discovered in structures overlying uranium-bearing rock.
This discovery may  result in litigation  to  determine contractor
liability  for building  upon  radon-releasing  rock  sites.   This
Note  examines  the  strengths  and  weaknesses  of  the  various
theories   of  contractor  liability  and   considers  potential
statutory claims  under the Clean Air Act. The Note suggests, as
an alternative approach to recovery, a proposed regulatory scheme
and implementation plan. (214 Refs.)      (MED)
     WHO  ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 13.  INDOOR AIR QUALITY  RADON AND
     FORMALDEHYDE
     WHO
     COPENHAGEN, DEN.
     WHO. WHO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 13. INDOOR AIR QUALITY: RADON
     AND  FORMALDEHYDE. X+40P.  WHO REGIONAL  OFFICE  FOR EUROPE:
     COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
     ILLUS.  PAPER.    0 (0).  1986   (RECD.  1987).  X+40P.   CODEN:
     ENVHE
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: BOOK
     Subfile: BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     This  report originated  from  a  WHO  meeting that  was held
August  26-30,  1985 in  Dubrovnik  whose goal was  to evaluate air
quality  guidelines.    This  separate  report reviews guidelines
specifically  for  radon and  formaldehyde.   Each pollutant  is
described  in terms of  sources,   levels   in  air,  kinetics,  and
routes  of exposure. The health  effects in human and laboratory
animals is presented as well as an evaluation of the human health
hazard.   Conclusions and recommendations  are presented for both
radon and formaldehyde. Tables, graphs, and references supplement
the text.    (BIO)
                                12

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     Radon in Dwellings.   How Much Are the Procedures Allowed to
     Cost.  Documentation from a Symposium, Arranged by the Royal
     Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
     In Swedish.  Conference  on radon  in  dwellings:  how much are
     the  procedures  allowed  to  cost,  Stockholm,  Sweden,  4  Dec
     1985.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
     Ingeniors Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm (Sweden).
     Corp. Source Codes: 012777000; 9860159
     Report No.: IVA-301; CONF-851283-
     1986  118p
     Languages: Swedish  Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF  A01   Journal Announcement: GRAI8707;
     NSA1100
     Country of Publication:  Sweden

     The object of this meeting was to discuss radon problems and
to elucidate the considerations on cost-benefit calculations. One
of the  problems was the  difference in terms  and  definitions as
used  by  technicians  and economists.    This inconvenience  of
communication was to overcome. The lectures were concentrated on
building  constructions  and   radon monitoring.     (ERA  citation
11:054678)      (NTIS)
     RADON AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
     HSE COMM SCIENCE TECH HEARINGS 99 CON 1 66, OCT 10, 85  (295)

     HEARING   TRANSCRIPT     HEARINGS  WERE HELD TO  DISCUSS THE
EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM CAUSED BY INDOOR
RADON RADIATION.   EPA HAS  FORMULATED A STRATEGY  AND MANAGEMENT
PLAN  FOR  ASSESSMENT  AND  MITIGATION  OF  RADON  EXPOSURE,  AND
RECOMMENDS THAT  $10.7  MILLION BE  COMMITTED TO ATTACK  THE RADON
PROBLEM.  EMPHASIS SHOULD BE  PLACED ON MITIGATION OF EXPOSURE IN
EXISTING  STRUCTURES  AS  WELL AS ON  PREVENTION  OF EXPOSURE  IN
FUTURE CONSTRUCTION.   HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH INDOOR RADON
POLLUTION ARE  CITED.   TESTIMONY WAS  PRESENTED BY SHELDON MEYERS
OF EPA;  JOHN MILLHONE OF  DOE;  AND OTHERS.  ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS
AND MEMORANDA ARE TRANSCRIBED.    (ENV)
     THE BPA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
     THOR PHIL
     US BONNEVILLE POWER ADMIN,
     WASHINGTON  ENERGY/OREGON  STATE   UNIV  INDOOR  AIR  CONF,
     BELLEVUE, WA, NOV 15-16, 84, P125(8)
                                13

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     CONF PAPER   THE  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PREPARATION
PROCESS EMPLOYED BY THE U.S. BONNEVILLE POWER ADMIN. IN ASSESSING
THE  EFFECTS OF  ENERGY  CONSERVATION ON  INDOOR  AIR QUALITY  IN
RETROFITTED  RESIDENCES  IS  DESCRIBED.     BEFORE  STARTING  A
WEATHERIZATION PROGRAM,  THE AGENCY LOOKS  FOR POTENTIAL IMPACTS.
COMPUTER MODELING  ENABLES  ESTIMATION OF THE  RANGE OF INHABITANT
EXPOSURE TO EACH POLLUTANT TYPE.  IF,  AFTER HOUSE TIGHTENING, THE
RADON LEVEL EXCEEDS  A CERTAIN LEVEL, THE  AGENCY OFFERS TO SHARE
THE  COST  OF AN  AIR-TO-AIR  HEAT  EXCHANGER THAT CAN OFFSET THE
EFFECTS OF TIGHTENING.   (ENV)
     POLICY MAKING IN AN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENT
     O'NEAL GARY
     EPA,  WASHINGTON ENERGY/OREGON STATE  UNIV INDOOR  AIR CONF,
     BELLEVUE, WA, NOV 15-16, 84, P117(8)

     CONF  PAPER     POLICY MAKING IS  DISCUSSED  IN THE CONTEXT OF
REGULATING  INDOOR AIR  POLLUTANTS.    FOR SOME  CONTAMINANTS LIKE
RADON,  ASBESTOS,  AND  TOBACCO  SMOKE,  THERE  IS  A  REASONABLE
SCIENTIFIC  CONSENSUS OF  SOME  OF THE  ASSOCIATED  HEALTH RISKS.
HOWEVER,  THE TOXICOLOGICAL  AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL  DATABASE IS FAR
FROM  COMPLETE.  UNCERTAINTY  ALSO  EXISTS  IN  THE ADEQUACY  AND
CONSISTENCY  OF THE  MONITORING  TECHNIQUES USED TO GENERATE SUCH
DATA. ISSUES OF RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT ARE EXPLORED.
  (ENV)
                                14

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I. OVERVIEW

     C. POPULAR PRESS
     Testing for radon:   how dangerous radiation sneaks into our
     homes and what to do about it.
     Better Homes and Gardens v66 p82(2) Feb, 1988
     CODEN: BHGHA

     Recommends obtaining  the EPA booklet "A  Citizen's Guide to
Radon: What  It Is and  What To Do  About It,"  and  describes two
types of radon  test  kits:   activated charcoal-type detectors and
alpha track type detectors.  Procedures for lowering radon levels
are described.  (MI)  (HQL)
     Radon:  the silent killer in your home.
     Smith, James V., Jr.
     American Legion v!24 p20(3) Feb, 1988
     CODEN: ALMGA

     Describes the increased interest and concern with radon; how
it  enters  the  home and  health  effects.    There  is  a  brief
discussion    of  some  radon  studies,  types  of detectors,  and
methods for reducing levels of radon in the home. (MI) (HQL)
     The unrecognized danger, (radon) (column)
     Asimov, Isaac
     Fantasy and Science Fiction v74 pl08(10) Feb, 1988
     CODEN: FSFIBT
     ARTICLE TYPE: column

     Radon  occurs  naturally  because  it  is  constantly  being
produced by   uranium atoms breaking down  in  the  soil.   Whenever
uranium exists,  radon is produced and subsequently percolates up
through the soil  and  into  the  atmosphere.   It is suspected that
exposure to  indoor   concentrations of  radon is the  number two
cause of lung cancer in  the United States.   (MI)(HQL)
     Radon death risk called 3 times more than believed.
     Stammer, Larry B.
     Los Angeles Times  v!07 Section I pi Jan 6, 1988

                                15

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     EDITION: Wed 027 col. in.
     SIC CODE: 9511

     A three-year study by the  National  Council reveals that the
risks of dying from lung cancer as a result of indoor exposure to
radon is much greater than previously thought  and is especially
true for smokers.   (NNI)  (HQL)
     RADIATION ESTIMATE IN U.S. ALMOST DOUBLED IN REPORT
     LEARY WARREB E.
     NEW YORK TIMES, NOV 20, 87, PA14(1)

     NEWS ARTICLE    A NEW FEDERAL REPORT  HAS  NEARLY DOUBLED THE
AVERAGE AMOUNT  OF RADIATION  A U.S.  CITIZEN  IS EXPOSED  TO  IN A
YEAR.   THE  NEW CALCULATIONS  INCLUDE  THE  EFFECTS  OF  RADON GAS
SEEPING  INTO HOMES.    THE ESTIMATED  EXPOSURE,  WHICH WOULD BE
EQUIVALENT TO THE RADIATION OF MORE THAN 25 CHEST X-RAYS, REMAINS
FAR BELOW THE LIMITS  SET  BY FEDERAL  SAFETY STANDARDS. THE REPORT
DOUBLED THE  COMMONLY  USED FIGURE FOR  AVERAGE  RADIATION EXPOSURE
TO 360 MREM FROM 170 MREM, ALTHOUGH DOSES PEOPLE RECEIVE HAVE NOT
INCREASED.   MORE  THAN 80%  OF THE  AVERAGE EXPOSURE,  ABOUT 100
MREM, COMES FROM BACKGROUND SOURCES SUCH AS RADIOACTIVE ROCKS AND
NUCLEAR FALLOUT. (1 DIAGRAM)   (ENV)
     House bill to curb radon danger being pushed.
     Lichtblau, Eric
     Los Angeles Times v!06 Section I p4 Nov 6, 1987
     EDITION: Fri 006 col. in.
     DESCRIPTORS:     Radon—physiological  aspects;  Radioactive
     pollution—law  and  legislation;   United States.  Congress.
     House—environmental policy

     The House  Energy and Commerce subcommittee is considering a
bill similar  to one  previously  passed by the  Senate that would
offer  States  technical guidance  and  funding to combat  radon.
(NNI)  (HQL)
     A special report on radon.
     Vara, Jon
     Country Journal v!4 p!6(5) Nov, 1987
     CODEN: BKCJDL
     illustration; chart
     CAPTIONS: (Radon entry points in various rooms in a house.)

     Unlike most  forms of background radiation,  radon occurs  in
high  concentrations  indoors,  where  it  poses  a  severe  health

                                16

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threat.  The  gas unerringly  makes  its  way  through  cracks  or
fissures in concrete  foundation walls  and floors and accumulates
within confined  areas.    In some instances  radon also  enters a
house through the water supply.  The only way to be sure that your
home is safe is to test it.  (MI)(HQL)
     Radon; up to 25% of all U.S. homes may have hazardous levels
     of   radioactive   gas.  (includes  related  article  on
     do-it-yourself radon testing)
     Mother Earth News p50(4) Sept-Oct, 1987
     CODEN: MEAND
     illustration; chart
     CAPTIONS: Ventilation techniques.

     The author concludes that there  are a few simple-though not
necessarily easy-things  you  can  do to reduce  the  risk of radon.
First, test different areas of the house: radon levels are seldom
consistent throughout a building.  Try to spend most of your time
in  the areas  where radon  concentrations  are lowest.   Second,
smokers should either quit or move.   Recent information suggests
that  radon  may have a  synergistic effect with  cigarette smoke,
increasing the risk greatly for smokers.    (MI) (HQL)
     Radon revisited, (update on contamination and control)
     Gilmmore, V. Elaine
     Popular Science  v231 p92(3)  Sept, 1987
     CODEN: POSCD
     illustration; chart
     CAPTIONS: How radon gets in - and how to get it out.

     Lawrence  Stanley Watras,  an  engineer at  a nuclear  power
plant  in  Pennsylvania,  set off an  alarm as he passed  through a
radiation  monitor  in December  1984.  Since  then  it  has  been
determined that:   1-Radon  is the  second  leading cause  of lung
cancer, and 2- The longer the exposure and the higher the level,
the greater the  risk.  Fortunately, radon  levels  can be brought
down to acceptable levels.     (MI)(HQL)
     The pollution within.  (indoor air pollution from radon gas;
     includes  related articles  on  air  poisons,  heat  recovery
     ventilator, and reasons for ventilation)
     Fossel, Peter V. Country Journal  v!4 p44(6)  Sept, 1987
     CODEN: BKCJDL
     illustration; chart
     CAPTIONS:     (How   a   heat-recovery ventilator  works.);
     (Manufacturers of heat-recovery ventilators.)

                               17

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     Indoor  air pollution  from radon gas  and other  sources is
pervasive and insidious.  This article addresses various ways you
can identify and correct the problem.  (MI)(HQL)
     Danger  just  downstairs.  (Radon  hazards;  EPA  survey  of
     houses)
     Time  v!30 p72(l) Aug 17, 1987
     CODEN: TYMEA
     illustration; photograph

     The EPA announced that  the health threat posed by radon may
be greater than previously thought. (MI) (HQL)
     10-state  survey finds  peril  from  radon in  1 in  5 homes.
     (Environmental Protection Agency)
     Shabecoff, Philip
     New York Times v!36 p8(N) pA14(L) Aug 5, 1987
     EDITION: Wed 028 col. in.
     CODEN: NYTIA
     SIC CODE: 9511

     The  EPA announced that health-threatening levels  of radon
gas have  been found in one  of  every five homes tested in a ten
state survey.  Soil permeability and home ventilation, as well as
the existence of  deposits of  uranium  ore,  granite,  limestone,
shale or phosphate, influence radon levels.  (NNI)  (HQL)
     Household  hazards;   how  to learn  if your  home  could be
     dangerous  to  your  health.   (includes  related  article)
     (column)
     Reiger, George
     Field and Stream v92 p!2(3) June, 1987
     CODEN: FISTB
     ARTICLE TYPE: column

     The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory found cancer risks posed by
the  inhalation of  radon to  be 100  to  1000 times  greater than
those  for  many of  the chemicals  for which the EPA has already
issued  cautionary  guidelines.   Radon in  homes  can be tested and
remedial action taken.   (MI)  (HQL)
                                18

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I. OVERVIEW

          D. COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION
     RADON  RISK INFORMATION AND VOLUNTARY  PROTECTION:  EVIDENCE
     FROM A NATURAL EXPERIMENT,
     JOHNSON F. REED ; LUKEN RALPH A.
     EPA,  RISK ANALYSIS, 1987, V7, Nl, P97(ll)

     JOURNAL ARTICLE     THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE  PERCEIVED RISKS
AND  MITIGATING BEHAVIOR OF MAINE HOUSEHOLDS  WHO RECEIVED  NEW
INFORMATION ON  THEIR  EXPOSURES TO SIGNIFICANT  HEALTH  RISKS FROM
INDOOR   RADON.  THE  OBSERVED   RESPONSES   OF   THESE  HOUSEHOLDS
ILLUSTRATE  CONCEPTUAL ISSUES RELATED  TO DESIGNING AN EFFECTIVE
RISK  INFORMATION  PROGRAM.  IT   IS   CONCLUDED  THAT   THE  RISK
INFORMATION APPROACH  USED  IN  MAINE FAILED TO INDUCE VOLUNTARY
PROTECTION.   THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT  THE  FORMATION  OF RISK
PERCEPTIONS AND SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENTS INVOLVE COMPLEX
INTERACTIONS AMONG  INFORMATIONAL,  CONTEXTUAL,  SOCIOECONOMIC,  AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES. (26 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES)  (ENV)
     Communicating Risk: Some basic
     Sandman, P.M.
     Environ. Comraun. Res. Program, Rutgers Univ.,  New Brunswick,
     NJ 08903,      USA
     HEALTH ENVIRON. DIG VOL. 1, NO. 11,  pp. 3-4,   Publ.Yr: 1987

     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V19N3

     Thirty  percent of  northern  New Jersey  homes have  enough
radon  to  pose more  than a  1/100  lifetime risk of  lung cancer,
according  to  state   and  federal   estimates.     But  despite
considerable  media  attention,   only  five percent  of  affected
homeowners  have  monitored  their  homes  for radon.    Even  among
these, distress  is modest.  State  officials,  initially concerned
about  panic,  are  finding apathy a bigger  problem.  The source of
radon  in these homes is geological uranium; it's been there since
time  immemorial,  and no  one is to  blame. But three  New  Jersey
communities  - Montclair, Glen  Ridge,  and West  Orange  -  face a
different  radon   problem:  landfill  containing  radioactive
industrial wastes.   (POL)
                                19

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     Education reduces radon scare
     Spears, M.
     Environ. Manage. News,  P.O.  Box 7573, Waco, TX  76714-7573,
     USA
     ENVIRON. MANAGE.  NEWS VOL.  1,  NO.  6,   pp.  6-7,   Publ.Yr:
     1986
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Some  areas  of  the  United  States,   bound  by  particular
geographic formations, may be harboring  a  silent,  deadly killer.
Its  name  is  radon  -  an  invisible  gas  naturally  created  by
decaying radium.  Radon exists  in many areas  across the country,
although  in  different  concentrations.    Dr.  Steven    Schery,
associate  professor  of physics  at the  New  Mexico Institute  of
Mining   and  Technology  and  a  member  of  the  Atmospheric
Radioactivity Group,  said the average dose received in most homes
is the equivalent of smoking one  to two  cigarettes  per day.   The
threat  of radon  is relative  to  the type  of environment  that
surrounds  it.   For  example,  radon is not a  significant health
threat in open air because although some  soils naturally give off
the  gas,  it quickly  breaks  down  with other air particles.  But
when  radon is trapped  and not allowed  to diffuse in  open  air,
scientists have found that the gas can cause lung cancer.  (POL)
                                20

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I. OVERVIEW

          E. INDOOR AIR
     CHEMICAL EXPOSURES INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
     SPENGLER J D
     BOSTON, MASS.
     44TH   ANNUAL  CONVENTION  OF  THE   AMERICAN   COLLEGE  OF
     ALLERGISTS,  BOSTON,   MASSACHUSETTS,   USA,   NOVEMBER  14-18,
     1987. ANN ALLERGY  60 (2). 1988.
     169. CODEN: ANAEA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     It is  now  apparent that  elevated  contaminant concentrations
are  common  inside  some  private and  public buildings.  Concerns
about  potential  public  health   problems  due  to   indoor  air
pollution are  based on evidence  that urban residents  typically
spend more than 90% of their time indoors,  concentrations of some
contaminants  are  higher  indoors  than outdoors,  and  for  some
pollutants,  personal  exposures are not characterized adequately
by outdoor measurements.    (BIO) (AUTH)
     Health Effects Associated with Indoor Air Pollutants
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Ammann, H.M.; Berry,  M.A.; Childs,  N.E.; Mage,  D.T.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Research Triangle Park,  NC
     Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office.
     Corp. Source Codes: 034680061
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/324
     Oct 87  23p
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01   Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
     Country of Publication: United States

     A state-of-information  survey concerning health  effects  of
indoor air pollutants in the categories  of formaldehyde, volatile
organics, radon,  particulates,  and combustion products has  been
prepared  by  the   U.S.   Environmental  Protection  Agency's
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, RTP,  N.C.  Included
in each  category  are  human effects,  animal exposure experiments,
mutagenicity,  and carcinogenicity  information.  In addition  to
those  health  implications  associated   with  each  category  of
pollutants,   the  problems  of  measuring  exposure  to the  complex

                                21

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mixtures  actually  breathed  by  people  in homes  is  addressed.
(NTIS)
     Indoor Air Pollution. November 1986-October 1987 (Citations
     from the Energy Data Base)
     (Rept. for Nov 86-Oct 87)
     Supersedes  PB86-877362.     Prepared   in  cooperation  with
     Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     U.S. sales only.
     NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01
     National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
     Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
     Oct 87  123p
     Languages: English  Document Type: Bibliography
     NTIS Prices:  PC N01/MF N01  Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8724
     Country of Publication: United States

     This  bibliography contains  citations concerning the types
and  sources   ofindoor  air   pollution,  the  impact  of  energy
efficient  construction,  and measures  to  relieve the  problem.
Radon  and  radon-daughters,  nitrogen  oxide,  carbon  monoxide,
asbestos,  formaldehyde,  and   particulates  are  discussed  as
potential pollutants,  and  recirculated air, insulation material,
water,  and natural  gas are  considered  as potential  sources of
pollution.  Mechanical  ventilation  systems  with  air  to  air
exchangers  are  briefly  discussed.  (This updated  bibliography
contains  228  citations,  all  of which  are  new  entries  to the
previous edition.)    (NTIS)
                                               C
                                                UNIV.,
CAMBRIDGE,
THE  CARCINOGENIC RISK OF  SOME  ORGANIC VAPORS  INDOORS  A
THEORETICAL SURVEY
TANCREDE M; WILSON R; ZEISE L; CROUCH E A
ENERGY  AND ENVIRON. POLICY  CENT.,  HARV.
MASS. 02138, USA.
ATMOS ENVIRON  21 (10). 1987. 2187-2206.
Language: ENGLISH
Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)
                                               CODEN: ATENB
     This  exploratory  report  examines  the  risk  of  selected
organic air pollutants measured in homes in the United States and
the   Netherlands.     After   several  theoretical  assumptions,
estimates are made for the carcinogenic potency of each chemical;
combined with  the exposure measurements these  give estimates of
cancer  risk.   These  estimates are compared with  risks of these
same  pollutants  outdoors  and  in drinking  water and  also with
other  well  known  indoor  air pollutants:  cigarette smoke, radon
gas and formaldehyde.   These comparisons indicate priorities for
action.  Some suggestions are made for future studies.   (BIO)

                                22

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     Indoor Air Pollution.  November 1984-October 1986 (Citations
     from the Energy Data Base)
     (Rept. for Nov 84-Oct 86)
     Prepared  in  cooperation  with  Department   of  Energy,
     Washington, DC.
     U.S. sales only.
     NTIS Prices:  PC N01/MF N01
     National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
     Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
     Oct 87  196p
     Languages: English  Document Type: Bibliography
     NTIS Prices:  PC N01/MF N01  Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8724
     Country of Publication: United States

     This  bibliography  contains  citations concerning the  types
and  sources  of  indoor  air  pollution,   the  impact  of  energy
efficient  construction,  and measures  to  relieve the  problem.
Radon  and  radon-daughters,  nitrogen  oxide,   carbon  monoxide,
asbestos,   formaldehyde,   and  particulates   are  discussed  as
potential pollutants, and  recirculated air,  insulation material,
water,   and natural  gas are  considered  as potential  sources of
pollution.    Mechanical  ventilation  systems  with  air  to  air
exchangers  are briefly  discussed.    (This updated  bibliography
contains  386  citations,  none of which are new entries to the
previous edition.)   (NTIS)
     INDOOR AIR QUALITY POSITION PAPER
     ASHRAE REPORT, AUG 11, 87 (14)

     ASSN REPORT     ASHRAE'S  PAST,  PRESENT,  AND FUTURE INTERESTS
IN  AND RESPONSIBILITIES  FOR  INDOOR AIR  QUALITY ARE  OUTLINED.
INDOOR  AIR POLLUTION  IS  AN  EMERGING  CONCERN OF  ENVIRONMENTAL
INTEREST,   DUE  TO  POSSIBLE  HEALTH   EFFECTS  ASSOCIATED  WITH
CONTAMINANTS TRAPPED INSIDE OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS. ASHRAE
IS   COMMITTED  TO   CONTRIBUTING  TO  THE   DEVELOPMENT   AND
IMPLEMENTATION  OF  BUILDING  DESIGN  AND  CONTROL  TECHNIQUES  TO
OPTIMIZE  INDOOR AIR QUALITY  AND ENERGY  CONSERVATION.    HEALTH
EFFECTS  AND  SOURCES  OF  CARBON   MONOXIDE,   NITROGEN  OXIDES,
RESPIRABLE PARTICLES, TOBACCO  SMOKE, VOLATILE  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,
RADON,  FORMALDEHYDE, ASBESTOS, CARBON  DIOXIDE,  AND ALLERGENS AND
PATHOGENS ARE  DISCUSSED.    CONTROL OPTIONS ARE  RECOMMENDED,  AND
IMPORTANT AREAS WARRANTING FURTHER RESEARCH ARE CITED.   (ENV)
     Summary of Indoor Air Quality Research Through 1984
     (Final rept. Jan-Jun 86)
     Supersedes  PB84-206515.    Sponsored  by   Environmental
     Protection  Agency,   Research Triangle Park,  NC.  Air  and
     Energy Engineering Research Lab.

                                23

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     NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01
     Sickles, J.  E.; Chessin,  R.L.;  Kashdan, E.R.;  Chrume,  Y.;
     Ranade, M.B.
     Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Corp. Source Codes: 045968000
     Sponsor: Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Research Triangle
     Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Report No.: EPA/600/9-87/020
     Aug 87  214p
     Languages: English  Document Type:  Bibliography
     NTIS Prices:  PC A10/MF A01  Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8724
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3992

     The  report reviews  indoor air  quality  research  from 1980
through December 1984.  It is also a compilation of two documents
that review  relevant literature on  the  subject and summarize the
efforts   of  leading   research  scientists.   The  first  effort
involved:   (1)   a  review  of  journal   articles,     symposium
presentations,  and bibliographic  reports  from 1980 through 1983;
(2)  a   list   of  contacts  with   approximately  30  prominent
researchers  in  the  indoor air  quality  field; and (3)  a list of
significant  articles that  appeared  prior to  1980.  The  second
effort updated the  initial  literature review to January 1985.
Again,  articles, symposium proceedings,  and reports were screened
in developing the update report. The vast majority of material
found in  the two  reports,  'Review  of Recent  Research in Indoor
Air Quality1  (EPA-600/2-84-099) and 'Update of Indoor Air Quality
Bibliography'  (draft),  has  been retained  in the document.  The
report integrates the  material from the  two  reports, following
the organization of  the earlier.   (NTIS)
     EPA  INDOOR  AIR QUALITY  IMPLEMENTATION  PLAN:  APPENDIX A.
     PRELIMINARY INDOOR AIR POLLUTION INFORMATION ASSESSMENT, EPA
     REPORT 600/8-87/014, JUN 87 (319)

     FED  GOVT REPORT   INFORMATION  IS  AMASSED  TO  SERVE  AS THE
SCIENTIFIC  BASIS  FOR  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  A  COORDINATED  EPA
RESEARCH  PROGRAM  FOCUSING ON  RISK  REDUCTION  FROM INDOOR AIR
POLLUTION.  KNOWN SOURCES  AND  HEALTH EFFECTS  ARE DISCUSSED FOR
COMBUSTION  GASES,  PARTICULATES,  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,  ENVIRONMENTAL
TOBACCO  SMOKE,  NONCOMBUSTION PARTICLES,  NONCOMBUSTION GAS-PHASE
ORGANIC    COMPOUNDS,   BIOLOGICAL    CONTAMINANTS,    RADON,  AND
PESTICIDES. RESEARCH SPECIFIC TO THE INDOOR MONITORING OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE,  POLYCYCLIC  AROMATIC  HYDROCARBONS,  NITROGEN  DIOXIDE,
WOODSMOKE, ASBESTOS, AND VIRUSES IS SURVEYED. THE BUILDING SYSTEM
IS  DISCUSSED  AS A SOURCE  OF INDOOR AIR  QUALITY PROBLEMS,  AND A
RANGE OF  MITIGATIVE  MEASURES IS IDENTIFIED. (1 DIAGRAM, 1 GRAPH,
99 REFERENCES, 52 TABLES)    (ENV)



                                24

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     Applied  Science  Division  (Lawrence  Berkeley  Laboratory)
     Indoor Environment Program:  Annual Report, FY 1986
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.  Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Cairns, E. J.; Grimsrud, D. T.
     Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
     Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: LBL-22153
     May 87   48p
     Languages: English
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A03/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8802; NSA1200
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098

     Separate abstracts have  been  prepared for papers describing
individual research programs. (ERA citation 12:043980)    (NTIS)
     HOW SAFE IS THE AIR INSIDE YOUR HOME?,
     LIPSKE MIKE
     NATL WILDLIFE, APR-MAY 87, V25, N3, P34(6)

     JOURNAL  ARTICLE     CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS,  APPLIANCES,  AND
CIGARETTES  CAN  BE  OFFENSIVE  IN TERMS  OF INDOOR  AIR POLLUTION,
ESPECIALLY  FOLLOWING  THE  INSTALLATION   OF  ENERGY CONSERVATION
MEASURES THAT TIGHTEN A HOME'S ENVELOPE.  THE AIR BREATHED INSIDE
A HOME  OR OFFICE  BUILDING  MAY BE JUST  AS HEALTH-THREATENING AS
OUTSIDE  AIR.   FUMES  FROM  HOUSEHOLD   PRODUCTS,   AIRBORNE
MICROORGANISMS,  TOBACCO SMOKE, FORMALDEHYDE, ASBESTOS, RADON, AND
PRODUCTS  OF COMBUSTION  POLLUTE  THE  INDOOR ATMOSPHERE,  IN  SOME
CASES RENDERING  IT MORE POLLUTED  THAN OUTSIDE AIR.  TESTING FOR
RADON IN  HOMES  AND IMPROVING VENTILATION RATES AND  SYSTEMS ARE
SOLUTIONS THAT CAN PROVIDE BENEFITS BOTH  IN TERMS OF INDOOR AIR
QUALITY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION.  (1 DRAWING, 3 PHOTOS)    (ENV)
     Hazardous Dust Control
     Presented   at  Symposium on  Hazardous  Dust  and Materials,
     Japan Institute of Electrostatics, Tokyo, Japan, 4-5 Jun 86.

     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Plaks, N.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp. Source Codes: 034680076

                                25

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     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-86/153
     Jul 86  24p
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC  A02/MF A01  Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8622
     Country of Publication: United States

     Hazardous particles or dusts,  for purposes of the paper, are
considered to  be those whose  size or chemical  species cause harm
to  the population  through deposition in  the  lungs and  other
portions of  the  pulmonary tract. A small number  of pollutants,
some  of which are particles,  have  been designated under  the
program from  the Clean Air Act for National  Emission Standards
for Hazardous  Air Pollutants  (NESHAP);  a  larger number are being
considered for NESHAP.  Several  R&D needs are  listed including:
sensing  of  excess  emission  of  hazardous  dust  from  control
equipment;  need  to  retrofit   for  improved   capture of  small
particles; improved collection  of fine condensable aerosols; and
modeling of  control technology for hazardous  particles.   Indoor
air   particles  and   dusts  are   discussed   with  emphasis  on
characterization,  indoor   air cleaners,   and  asbestos  in
residences. Radon  in  the  indoor environment  is discussed  as an
emerging problem. Finally, an indoor air/radon model is discussed
linking indoor air dusts to lung deposition.     (NTIS)
     THE DYNAMICS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY,
     WAYNE MARY •
     EPRI J, MAR 86, Vll, N2, P20(6)

     JOURNAL   ARTICLE    HOME ENERGY CONSERVATION  MEASURES THAT
REDUCE  AIR  EXCHANGE  RATES  HAVE  RAISED  CONCERNS  THAT  HARMFUL
LEVELS OF  POLLUTANTS  COULD ACCUMULATE   INDOORS.  RADON,  NITROGEN
OXIDES, FORMALDEHYDE, AND OTHER POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY APPLIANCES
AND   BUILDING  MATERIALS  CAN  BE   TRAPPED   INSIDE     BY
WEATHERSTRIPPING  AND   HOUSE   TIGHTENING.     HOWEVER,   RESEARCH
INDICATES THAT TIGHT CONSTRUCTION AND GOOD INDOOR AIR QUALITY CAN
BE COMPATIBLE GOALS.  AIR-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS CAN BE INSTALLED
TO REALIZE ENERGY  SAVINGS WHILE ENHANCING  VENTILATION.  CENTRAL
CIRCULATION FANS PROVE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING INDOOR RADON
LEVELS.  (ENV)
     INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY  AND   HEALTH  IMPACTS  OF   ENERGY
     CONSERVATION: SOME CONGRESSIONAL OPTIONS,
     SIMPSON MICHAEL
     US LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE REPORT
     IB83074, JAN 2, 86 (18)

     FED GOVT REPORT    INDOOR AIR QUALITY CAN DETERIORATE DUE TO
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES. USE OF INSULATION OR NEW APPLIANCES

                                26

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CAN REDUCE  AIR EXCHANGES  AND VENTILATION  WHILE INCREASING  THE
INDOOR BUILD-UP OP VARIOUS POLLUTANTS.   POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN AND
THEIR MAJOR HEALTH  EFFECTS ARE DISCUSSED. RISKS  OF  LUNG  CANCER,
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS,  AND  EYE  IRRITATION ARE ASSOCIATED  WITH
RADON,  TOBACCO SMOKE,  FORMALDEHYDE,  AND  COMBUSTION  PRODUCTS.
PRACTICAL    REMEDIES  AND  POSSIBLE  CONGRESSIONAL  OPTIONS   ARE
SUMMARIZED.   (ENV)
     Indoor air: The problem looms large
     Anon.
     ENERGY REV VOL. 13,  NO. 2,   p.  34,   Publ.Yr:  1986
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     Indoor  concentrations  of  chemicals  are  often  10  times
greater than outdoor concentrations and  maximum  exposures can be
more than  100  times greater.   People  often spend 90 percent or
more of their time indoors and scientists  are greatly  concerned
about the hazards of indoor pollutants.  Pollutants include radon,
volatile   organic  chemicals,   indoor   pesticides,  combustion
products,     and    natural,  airborne   pathogens.  The  reduced
ventilation in  most new  houses and office  buildings  exacerbates
the problem.   A  political strategy to  study  and cope with  the
problem  has  not  evolved.  More  research  is  needed  before  a
comprehensive  control  strategy  is  formulated.  Congress  has
provided about $2 million in funding for the last few  years. Many
mitigating measures are available,  such  as  source control,  using
air-to-air heat exchangers,  and opening  windows.  Originally this
article   appeared  in   Conservation  Foundation   Letter,
September-October 1985, 1-7.   (POL)
     Indoor Air. Volume 6. Evaluations and Conclusions for Health
     Sciences and  Technology.  Proceedings  of the  International
     Conference (3rd) on  Indoor  Air  Quality  and  Climate  Held in
     Stockholm on August 20-24,  1984
     See   also   PB85-104222.    Sponsored by  Commission  of  the
     European   Communities,  Luxembourg,  Gas  Research   Inst.,
     Chicago, IL.,  Environmental Protection  Agency,  Washington,
     DC., and Electric Power Research  Inst.,  Palo  Alto,  CA.
     NTIS Prices:  PC E05/MF E01
     Swedish Council for Building Research,  Stockholm.
     Corp. Source Codes: 060307000
     Sponsor:     Commission  of   the  European  Communities,
     Luxembourg.;  Gas Research  Inst.,  Chicago, IL.;  Environmental
     Protection Agency, Washington, DC.; Electric Power Research
     Inst., Palo Alto, CA.
     Report No.: 013:1986; ISBN-91-540-4582-7
     1986  109p

                               27

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     Languages: English  Document Type:  Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices: PC  E05/MF E01  Journal Announcement:  GRAI8704
     Country of Publication: Sweden

     Table of  contents includes the  following:  Characterization
of indoor pollution and sources; Formaldehyde:  Sources,  methods
of analysis,  exposure and  health effects;  Radon in  dwellings:
Exposure and  risk analysis;  Air  ions   and  electrical  fields;
Fibres  and  particulates  in  the  indoor  environment;  Passive
smoking and health  effects;  Microorganisms  related to buildings;
The importance  of indoor air pollution to  personal  exposures in
industrialized societies; The importance  of indoor air pollution
to personal  exposures in  developing countries;  Epidemiological
studies of health disorders related to housing; Odors and sensory
irritants:  Effects  on health  and comfort;  Allergies  and  other
hypersensitivity  reactions  to indoor pollutants;  Indoor  thermal
climate:  Requirements   for   comfort,  health   and  performance;
Ventilation  criteria:  Biological  demands  and  formulation  of
standards; Building  performance assessment; Technical solutions
to providing  adequate indoor air quality  and  thermal  climate;
Sick  buildings:  Physical and psychosocial  features,  effects on
humans and preventive measures;  Policy and regulatory issues; The
•sick' building syndrome.  (NTIS)
     Indoor  Air  Quality Measurements  in  38  Pacific  Northwest
     Commercial Buildings
     Air   Pollution  Control  Association   annual  meeting  and
     exhibition, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 22 Jun 1986.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Turk,   B.H.; Brown, J.T.;  Geisling-Sobotka,  K.;  Froehlich,
     D.A.; Grimsrud, D. T.
     Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
     Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: LBL-21453; CONF-860606-21
     Jun  86   26p
     Languages: English   Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A03/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8710; NSA1200
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AI79-83BP12921; AC03-76SF00098

     A  Bonneville  Power  Administration-funded  study  monitored
ventilation  rates and a  variety of indoor  air  pollutants in 38
Pacific Northwest^commercial  buildings.   The buildings ranged in
age  from  6 months to 90 years,  in  size  from 864 to 34,280 m sup
2,  and  occupancy  from  25  to  2500    people.  Building  average
formaldehyde   (HCHO)  concentrations  were  below  the  20  ppB

                               28

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detection limit  in 48% of  the buildings.  Nitrogen  dioxide (NO
sub  2)  concentration averages  ranged from 5  ppB to 43  ppB and
were lower than  outdoor concentrations  in 8 of 13 buildings.  At
only one site, an elementary school classroom, did carbon dioxide
(CO sub 2 ) exceed  1000 ppM.   Radon (Rn)  levels were elevated in
one building with an average concentration  of  7.4  pCiL sup -1.
Respirable particles  (RSP)  concentrations in  smoking areas in 32
buildings had a  geometric mean  of  44  mu g m sup -3 and ranged up
to  308  mu g  m  sup  -3  at  one  site.    In non-smoking  areas the
geometric mean RSP was 15 mu g  m sup  -3.  Outside air ventilation
rates  did not  appear to  be  the  single  dominant parameter  in
determining  indoor  pollutant    concentrations.     Measured
pollutant concentrations in 2  ''complaint'' buildings were below
accepted  guidelines.    The cause of  the  complaints  was  not
identified. (ERA citation 12:005180)   (NTIS)
     INDOOR AIR  QUALITY  IN COLD CLIMATES: HAZARDS  AND ABATEMENT
     MEASURES,   SUMMARY  OF  AN  APCA  INTERNATIONAL  SPECIALTY
     CONFERENCE
     WALKINSHAW DOUGLAS S.
     APCA J, MAR 86, V36, N3,  P235(7)

     JOURNAL ARTICLE   HIGHLIGHTS  OF THE 67  PRESENTATIONS TO THE
FIRST APCA  SPECIALTY CONF. ON  INDOOR AIR POLLUTION,  HELD APRIL
29-MAY  1,   1985,  IN  OTTAWA,  CANADA,  ARE FEATURED.   INDOOR  AIR
QUALITY  CONCERNS IN  COLD CLIMATES  HAVE  BEEN CLOSELY  LINKED TO
ENERGY  CONSERVATION  MEASURES,  PARTICULARLY  THOSE  REDUCING  AIR
EXCHANGE.  SOURCES  AND   EFFECTS  OF  RADON,   MICROBIAL  AGENTS,
PARTICULATES,   NITROGEN  OXIDES,  ASBESTOS,  TOBACCO  SMOKE,  AND
FORMALDEHYDE  ARE   REVIEWED.    RELEVANT  RESEARCH  HAS  RESULTED IN
THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF   SOME  EFFECTIVE  AIR  POLLUTANT  ABATEMENT
MEASURES.   (ENV)
     Indoor Air Quality:  Radon and Formaldehyde.  Report on a WHO
     (World  Health  Organization)  Meeting  Held  at  Dubrovnik
     (Yugoslovia),  August   26-30,   1985  (Environmental  health
     series)
     NTIS Prices: PC E04/MF E01
     World  Health  Organization,  Copenhagen  (Denmark).  Regional
     Office for Europe.
     Corp. Source Codes: 032694002
     Report No.: EH-13
     1986  52p
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices:  PC  E04/MF E01   Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8714
     Country of Publication: Other

     The report  is of a working  group  held in 1985.   The group

                                29

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reviewed radon and formaldehyde in relation to the ongoing indoor
air quality  program of the Regional  Office and also  as  part of
the Air Quality Guidelines being developed for Europe. The report
covers  radon's  sources,   observed  levels,  conversion  factors,
routes  of exposure,  kinetics  and dose considerations,  health
effects,  evaluation  of  human  health  hazards,  strategies  of
identification   and control and conclusions and recommendations.
For formaldehyde  it covers sources, occurrence in air, routes of
exposure,   kinetics     and    metabolism,     health  effects,
organoleptic properties,   evaluation  of human health hazard, and
conclusions and recommendations.  (NTIS)
     Overview of Trends and Problems in Indoor Air Quality
     Georgia technical symposium  on  indoor air quality, Atlanta,
     GA, USA, 23 Sep 1986.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Gammage, R. B.
     Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: CONF-8609248-2
     1986  25p
     Languages: English  Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8807;
     NSA1300
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AC05-840R21400

     This overview covers  some historical perspectives of indoor
air quality, the  importance of perception and reality in some of
the adverse  human health effects, and  standards  and guidelines.
Some  possible   reasons   for  the  difficulties  in  identifying
causative agents are considered. 2 figs.  (ERA citation 13:006412)
(NTIS)
     Participant  Evaluation Results  for Two Indoor  Air Quality
     Studies  80.  annual  meeting  of the  Air  Pollution Control
     Association, New York, NY, USA,  1 Jun 1987.
     Portions  of  this  document  are   illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Hawthorne,  A.R.;  Dudney,  C.S.;  Cohen,  M.A.;  Spengler, J.D.
     Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
     Sponsor:  Harvard  Univ.,   Boston,   MA.  School  of   Public
     Health.; Department of Energy, Washington, DC.

                                30

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     Report No.: CONF-870695-3
     1987  9p
     Languages:  English  Document Type:  Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01   Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8720;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC05-84OR21400

     After two surveys for indoor air pollutants (radon and other
chemicals) the homeowners were surveyed for  their reactions.  The
results  of  these participant evaluation  surveys, assuming  that
the   participants   that   responded   to   the   survey  were
representative,  indicate  that   homeowners  will  accept   a
significant level of monitoring  activity as part of an indoor air
quality  field  study.  Those  participants   completing  surveys
overwhelmingly  enjoyed being  in  the  studies  and would  do  it
again. We believe that the emphasis placed on positive homeowner
interactions and efforts  made to  inform  participants  throughout
our studies  were positive factors  in  this result. There  was  no
substantial  differences  noted   in  the  responses  between  the
70-house study,  which  included  a  homeowner  compensation  payment
of  $100,  and   the  300-house  study,  which   did  not  include  a
compensation  payment.  These  results  provide  encouragement  to
conduct future complex, multipollutant indoor air  quality  studies
when  they are  scientifically  sound and cost  effective.  (ERA
citation 12:028698)   (NTIS)
     Radon and Its Decay Products in Indoor Air
     Willian W. Nazaroff; Anthony V.  Nero,  Jr.
     John Wiley and Sons, New York,  1987,  505pp.

     This book examines the  current state of  knowledge of  all
major  aspects  of  the  indoor  radon problem.  Divided into  four
major  sections,  the  book  deals  with  the   following   topics:
generation  and migration of  radon  in  source  materials  and  its
entry into buildings; the physical and chemical behavior  of  radon
and its decay products; health effects and risks of exposure;  and
finally strategic and tactical aspects of  controlling exposure to
radon. The  appendix  provides  a  summary  of  measurement techniques
and instrumentation.  (HQL)
                               31

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I. OVERVIEW

          F. BOOKS AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Citizen's Guide to Radon; What It Is and What To Do About It.  US
EPA, US GPO. (OPA-86-004) 15 pp. 1986.

Communicating  Radon  Risk Effectively;  A Mid-Course  Evaluation.
Smith, VK;  Desvousges,  WH;  Fisher,  A; Johnson,  FR.    Office of
Policy Analysis, US EPA, Washington, D.C.   1987.  (EPA 230/07-87-
029)

Environmental  Radon.    Editor,  Cothern,  CR;  Smith,  JE,  Jr.
Environmental Science Research Series.  Volume 35.  Plenum Press.
378 pp. 1988.

Handbook of  Radon  in Buildings;   Detection.  Safety, and Control.
Conpiled  by SYSCON  Corporation  Staff and  Brookhaven  National
Laboratory Staff.  Hemisphere Publicatons.  1988.

Health  Risks  of Radon  and  Other  Internally Deposited  Alpha-
Emitters; BEIR  IV.   National Research Council.  National Academy
Press.  600 pp. 1988.

Indoor Radon and Its Hazards.  Editor, Bodansky,  D.   University
of Washington Press.   192 pp. 1987.

Proceedings  of  the  Air  Pollution  Control  and Hazardous  Work
Management Meeting.  New York, NY.  June 21-26, 1987.

     Following  is chapter of significance:

     Hallenbeck,  WH. "Risk  Assessment of  Exposure  to Airborne
     Radon", pp 2-14.

Proceedings  of  the  International  Conference  on  Occupational
Radiation  Safety  in  Mining.    October  14-18.  1984.  Toronto.
Canada.    Editor,  Stocker,  H.    Canadian  Nuclear Association,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

     Following  are chapters of significance:

     Subba,  M.C., et al.  "A Study of the Dose Conversion Factors
     for  Inhalaton Risk Assessment From  Radon Daughters in Mine
     Atmospheres", pp. 131-133.

     Dixon,  D.W.,  et al.   " A Review  All Sources of  Exposure to

                                32

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     Natural Radiation in UK Mines", pp. 241-247.

     Steinhausler, F., et al.  "Inherent dosimetric and
     Epidemiological  Uncertainties  Associated  with Lung  Cancer
     Risk Assessment for Mining Populations", pp. 327-333.

     Muller, J.,  et  al.  "Study of  Mortality of Ontario Miners",
     pp. 335-343.

     Chamud,  J.,  et  al.    "Lung  Cancer  Induction  by  Radon
     Daughters  in Mining", pp 350-353.

     Nair, RC.,  et al.   "Mortality Experience Among  Workers in
     the Uranium Industry", pp 354-364.

     Morrison, H.I.,  et al.  "Lung Cancer Mortality and Radiation
     Exposure Among the Newfoundland  Fluorspar Miners", pp. 365-
     368.

     Stranden  E.   "Thoron Daughter to Radon Daughter  Ratios in
     Mines", pp 604-606.

     Chambers, D.B.,  et al.  "Potential Co-Carcinogens in Uranium
     Mine Environment", pp 615-622.

     Samet,  J.M.,  et  al.   "Studies  of Uranium  Miners  in  New
     Mexico", pp 623-626.

     Myers, O.K.,  et  al.   "Impact of  Occupational Hazards  on the
     Life Expectancy of Uranium Miners," pp.627-634.

     Steinhausler, F.  "The Radon Dilemma", pp 637-641.

Radon;  A Homeowner's  Guide  to Detection  and Control.   Editor,
Cohen, B.  Consumer Reports Books.  224 pp. 1987.

Radon;  Index  of  Modern   Information.    Neiderhaus,   LB.    ABBE
Publishers Association of Washington,  150 pp. 1988.

Radon and  Its Decay  Products;  Occurence.  Properties  and  Health
Effects.   Editor, Hopke,  P.K.    ACS  Symposium, Series  No.  331,
American Chemical Society.  609 pp.   1987.

     Following are chapters of significance:

     James, A.C.   "A Reconsideration of Cells  at  Risk and other
     Key Factors in Radon Daughter Dosimetry", pp 400-418.

     Harley,  N H.,  et al.   "Updating Radon  Daughter Bronchial
     Dosimetry",  pp 419-429.
                                33

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     Steinhausler, F.  "The validity of Risk Assessments for Lung
     Cancer Induced by Radon Daughters", pp. 430-443.

     Martel,  E.A.   "Critique  of Current  Dosimetry Models  for
     Radon Progeny Exposure", pp. 444-461.

     Cohen, B.S.  "Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in the Human
     Tracheobronchial Tree", pp. 475-486.

     Reubel, B., et al. "Biophysical Effects of Radon Exposure on
     Human Lung Cells", pp. 502-512.

Radon and  Its Decay Products  in Indoor Air.   Editors,  Nazaroff
W.W.  and Nero  A.V.,  Jr.,   Environmental Science  and  Technology
Ser. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 518 pp. 1988.

     Following are chapters of significance:

     Steinhausler,  F.   "Epidemiology  Evidence  of  Radon-Induced
     Health Risks"

     James, A.C.  "Lung Dosimetry"

     Phillips, C.R., et  al.  "The Nature and Determination of the
     Unattached Fraction of Radon and Thoron Progeny".

Radon  in the  Home;  Reducing  the Risk.   Editor,  Scherer,  D.J.
Reymont.  32 pp.  1987.

Radon Reduction Methods; A  Homeowner's Guide.  US  EPA,  US GPO.
(OPA-86-005) 24 pp.  1986.

191st American Chemical  Society National Meeting.  New  York.  NY.
April 13-18. 1986

     Following are papers of significance:

     Lowder, W.M.  "Future Directions in USA Radon Research"

     Kothari,  B.K.;  Kunz  C.;  Lilley,  W.    "Correlation Between
     Indoor Radon and Soil Gas Availability"

     Martell,  E.A.   "Critique of Current  Lung Dosimetry Models
     for Radon Progeny Exposure"

     Porstendorfer, J.; Reineking, A.;  Becker,  K.H.  "Free
     Fractions,  Attachment  Rates  and  Plate-Out Rates  of Radon
     Daughters  in Homes"

     Sextro,  R.G.;  Moed,   B.A.;  Nazaroff,  W.W.;  Revzen,  K.L.;
     Nero,  A.V.   "Investigations  of Soil as  a Source  of Indoor
     Radon"

                                34

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     Swedjemarl, 6.A.; Buren, A.;  Majones,  L.  "A  Comparison  of
     Radon Levels  in Swedish Homes  in the  1980's  and 30  Years
     Ago"

     Cliff,   K.D.;  Wrixon,  A.D.;  Green,  B.M.R.;  Miles,   J.C.H.
     "Radon-222  and  Its  Decay  Product   Concentrations   in  UK
     Dwellings"

     Cliff,   K.D.;   Wrixon,  A.D.;  Miles,   J.C.H.;  Lomas,  P.R.;
     Warren,  P.R.  "Remedial Measures  in a House  With  High Radon
     Levels"

     Stranden,  E.  "Radon in Norwegian Dwellings.  A  Pilot  Study"

192nd American  Chemical  Society  National  Meeting.  Anaheim. CA.
September 7-12.  1986

     Following are papers of significance:

     Harper,  J.P.;  Nagda, N.L.;  Purcell, G.G.   "Building
     Pressurization  Control  as  an  Indoor  Pollution  Mitigation
     Strategy in Residential Dwellings"

     Hawthorne,  A.R.;  Dudney,  C.S.;  Cohen,  M.A.; Spengler,  J.D.
     "Multipollutant Indoor  Air Quality  Study of  300 Homes  in
     Kingston-Harriman Tennessee USA  Study Design"

     Ford, J.S.;  Johnson,  G.L.;  Jackson,  M.D.;  Messner,  M.J.
     "Quality  Assurance  Criteria  for  Indoor   Air   Data
     Measurements"

194th American Chemical Society National Meeting.  New Orleans.  LA
August 30 September 4.  1987

     Following is paper of significance:

     Mose, D.G.; Mushrush,  G.W.   "Regional Levels  of Indoor Radon
     in Virginia and Maryland USA"
                               35

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II. HEALTH EFFECTS

     A. EPIDEMIOLOGY
     SAMPLE   SIZE  AND  POWER  FOR   CASE-CONTROL  STUDIES  WHEN
     EXPOSURES ARE CONTINUOUS
     LUBIN J H; GAIL M H; ERSHOW A G
     BIOSTATISTICS  BRANCH,   NATL.  CANCER  INST.,  7910  WOODMONT
     AVE., LANDOW BUILD., ROOM 3C09,  BETHESDA,  MD. 20205, USA.
     STAT MED  7 (3). 1988.  363-376.   CODEN:  SMEDD
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     In  estimating the  sample size for  a  case-control  study,
epidemiologic  texts  present  formulae  that  require  a  binary
exposure  of  interest.   Frequently,  however, important exposures
are continuous and  dichotomization may  result  in  a 'not exposed1
category  that has  little  practical  meaning.    In addition,  if
risks vary monotonically with exposure,  then  dichotomization will
obscure risk  effects and require a greater number of  subjects to
detect differences  in the exposure distributions  among cases and
controls.   Starting  from  the  usual score  statistic  to  detect
differences in exposure, this paper develops  sample size formulae
for case-control  studies with arbitrary exposure distributions;
this   includes  both   continuous   and  dichotomous   exposure
measurements  as   special   cases.     The   score  statistic  is
appropriate  for  general differentiable  models for the relative
odds,   and,  in particular,  for the  two forms commonly used in
prospective disease  occurrence  models:   (1)  the  odds of disease
increase  linearly  with  exposure;  or  (2)   the  odds  increase
exponentially  with  exposure.     Under  these   two   models  we
illustrate  calculation  of   sample   sizes   for  a  hypothetical
case-control  study  of  lung  cancer  among  non-smokers who  are
exposed to radon decay products at home.   (BIO)
     Sample   size  and  power  for   case-control   studies  when
     exposures are continuous.
     Lubin JH; Gail MH; Ershow AG
     Biostatistics Branch,  National  Cancer  Institute,  Bethesda,
     Maryland 20205.
     Stat  Med  (ENGLAND)     Mar  1988,    7  (3)  p363-76,    ISSN
     JD277-6715
     Journal Code: SIM
     Languages:  ENGLISH
                               37

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     In  estimating the  sample size  for  a  case-control  study,
epidemiologic  texts  present  formulae  that  require  a  binary
exposure of  interest.   Frequently, however,  important  exposures
are continuous and dichotomization may result  in  a  'not exposed1
category that  has  little  practical  meaning.    In  addition,  if
risks vary monotonically with exposure,  then dichotomization will
obscure risk effects and require a greater number of  subjects  to
detect differences in the  exposure distributions  among  cases and
controls.   Starting  from  the  usual  score  statistic to  detect
differences in exposure, this paper develops sample  size formulae
for case-control  studies  with arbitrary exposure distributions;
this   includes   both   continuous  and  dichotomous  exposure
measurements  as  special  cases.    The   score  statistic  is
appropriate for general differentiable  models for the   relative
odds,   and,  in particular,  for the two forms  commonly used  in
prospective disease occurrence  models:   (1) the  odds of disease
increase  linearly  with  exposure; or  (2)   the odds   increase
exponentially   with  exposure.    Under   these   two  models  we
illustrate  calculation  of   sample   sizes  for  a  hypothetical
case-control  study of  lung  cancer  among  non-smokers  who are
exposed to radon decay products at home.    (BIO)
     HEALTH EFFECTS AND SOURCES OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION PART I
     SAMET J M; MARBURY M C; SPENGLER J D
     DEP. MEDICINE, UNIV. NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE,  NM 87131.,
     AM  REV  RESPIR DIS     136  (6).  1987.   1486-1508.  •  CODEN:
     ARDSB
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Since the early  1970's,  the health  effects  of  indoor  air
pollution  have  been  investigated  with  increasing  intensity.
Consequently,  a large  body of  literature  is  now available  on
diverse  aspects   of   indoor  air   pollution:   sources,
concentrations,  health effects,   engineering,  and  policy.    This
review begins  with a  review of the principal pollutants found in
indoor environments and their sources.  Subsequently,  exposure to
indoor air pollutants  and health  effects are considered, with an
emphasis  on  those  indoor  air  quality  problems  of  greatest
concern  at present:   passive exposure to tobacco smoke, nitrogen
dioxide  from gas-fueled  cooking  stoves,  formaldehyde exposure,
radon   daughter   exposure,  and   the   diverse  health  problems
encountered  by workers  in  newer, sealed  office builings.   The
review concludes by  briefly addressing assessment of  indoor  air
quality,  control technology,   research   needs,   and  clinical
implications.    (BIO)(AUTH)
                                38

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     HEALTH EFFECTS AND SOURCES OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION PART II
     SAMET J M; MARBURY M C; SPENGLER J D
     DEP. MED., UNIV. NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. 87131.
     AM REV RESPIR DIS   137 (1). 1988.  221-242.   CODEN: ARDSB
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     See abstract above  (BIO)
     RADIATION IN DWELLINGS AND CANCER IN CHILDREN
     STJERNFELDT M; SAMUELSSON L; LUDVIGSSON J
     DEP. PEDIATRICS, UNIV. HOSP., LINKOPING, SWEDEN.
     PEDIATR HEMATOL ONCOL   4 (1). 1987.  55-62.   CODEN: PHONE
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     Indoor  radiation,  especially  radon exposure,  has  been in
focus in the public domain  during the past several  years.   The
growing  concern  among parents  of children with cancer possibly
having high  radiation  levels in their homes led us to study the
levels of gamma- and  alpha-radiation levels  in the  homes  of a
group of children  in  the  county of  Ostergotland.    The indoor
concentration of  alpha-emitting radon daughters was  measured by
a high-voltage method.   The gamma activity was measured with a
standard  detector  scintillation meter.   The yearly  average for
radon-daughter  concentration  in   both   cases   (57  Bq/m3)   and
controls  (61 Bg/m3) corresponds fairly  well  with the national
average  of  53 Bq/m3.   The yearly average  for  gamma radiation
(cases  0.37   mGy,  controls  0.36  mGy)   is  much  lower than the
permissible upper level in dwellings  (2.5 mGy/year).   The values
seem to  be of the  same  order as the subtracted cosmic radiation,
which is  0.24-0.26 mGy.  No appreciable  difference could thus be
found between cases  and controls either  from  gamma radiation or
radon-daughter exposure.   We cannot  from our  study rule out the
possibility  of  an effect  of low-level  radiation in susceptible
individuals,   but  it  seems  clear that children  who get cancer do
not live in more radioactive homes than other children.   (BIO)
     RADIOLOGICAL  RISK AVERTED  WHEN  RADIATION WORKERS  RECEIVE
     LOWER DOSES AT WORK THAN AT HOME
     LEVINE S; STROM D J
     DEP. RADIATION  HEALTH, GRADUATE  SCH.  PUBLIC  HEALTH,  UNIV.
     PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA.  15261.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH,  USA, JULY 5-9,  1987.  HEALTH PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.
     S5. CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH

                               39

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     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Radiation workers are  protected  by NRC and OSHA regulations
which  keep  doses to  a  minimum through  ALARA  practices.    In
contrast, there are no  regulations  for natural radiation sources
in  the  home,  and until  recently,   little  measurement  and/or
concern  regarding  them.    This paper addresses  the  possible
radiological  risk averted  by radiation workers  not  staying at
home.  (BIO)(AUTH)
     A  case-control study  of lung  cancer relative  to domestic
     radon exposure.
     Lees RE; Steele R; Roberts JH
     Department    of    Community    Health   and   Epidemiology,
     Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
     Int J Epidemiol  (ENGLAND)    Mar 1987,   16  (1)  p7-12,  ISSN
     0300-5771
     Journal Code: GR6
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Public  concern was expressed  regarding the  possibility of
adverse health effects  with the disposal of radioactive waste in
Port  Hope,  Ontario.   A case-control  study  was carried  out to
estimate the  relative importance of domestic  radon  gas exposure
in  the causation  of  lung  cancer  in  the  town  over  a ten-year-
period.  Twenty-seven cases met the entry criteria.   Statistical
analyses  of  results    did  not  provide  conclusive  results that
linked  an  increased  risk  of lung  cancer  and elevated domestic
alpha   radiation   levels,   when  all  factors  were  considered.
However,  a  very  strong association  was demonstrated  between
cigarette smoking and lung cancer.   (MED)
     LUNG  CANCER IN MALES AND TYPE  OF DWELLING AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC
     PILOT STUDY
     DAMBER L A; LARSSON L-G
     CENTER ONCOLOGY, UNIV. HOSP. , S-901 85 UMEA, SWEDEN.
     ACTA ONCOL  (STOCKH)   26 (3). 1987.  211-216.   CODEN: ACTOE
     Language : ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA  (Biological Abstracts)
           from  a large case-control study of male lung cancer in
northe *n  Sweden were used for  a  pilot study concerning possible
association  between  type of  dwelling  (indoor  radon)  and lung
cancer. The  study illustrated the possibilities of retrospective
assessment of building type and confounding factors of importance
as  smoking  and occupation and  can therefore  have methodologic
value  for   further  investigations.  The  study  suggested  that,

                                40

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within  the  region,  increased  indoor  radon  due  to  building
material was  not an important  cause  of lung cancer.  Leakage  of
radon from  the ground could,  however,  not be considered  in the
present study  and the used  radon  measure was very  crude  (years
in nonwooden houses).    (BIO)
     Indoor  exposure to  radon  from  the ground  and  bronchial
     cancer in women.
     Svensson C; Eklund G; Pershagen G
     Department of Cancer Epidemiology,  Radiumhemmet,  Karolinska
     Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
     Int Arch  Occup  Environ Health  (GERMANY,  WEST)     1987,   59
     (2) p!23-31,  ISSN 0340-0131  Journal Code: GPN
     Languages: ENGLISH

     A  case-referent study on  the  possible association  between
radon emanating from the  ground  and bronchial  cancer was  carried
out on  292  female lung cancer  cases and 584  matched  population
referents. Both  groups had lived  for at least  30 years  in  the
city of  Stockholm, Sweden.  The cases were diagnosed during 1972
to  1980  with  oat-cell  and other types  of anaplastic  pulmonary
carcinomas.   A sample  of  about 10% of the dwellings where cases
and referents  had lived  was  selected for measurements of radon
and radon  daughters.   There  was  a  relative  risk  of  2.2 (P  =
0.01)  for lung cancer  associated with living  in dwellings close
to  the  ground   in  areas  with  an  increased  risk   of  radon
emanation.   Smoking   habits  did  not  appear  to   be  a  major
confounding  factor  for   this  association,  although a detailed
evaluation   was  not  possible.     The   measurements   indicated
increased  radon  daughter  concentrations  in   ground  level
dwellings within  radon risk  areas  where lung cancer  cases  had
lived,   suggesting  that  this  exposure  was   of  etiologic
importance.    (MED)
     Effect on Peripheral Blood Chromosomes
     Pohl-Ruling, J., 50 (SUPPL. l).  1986.
     S58. CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     A  pilot study  of  the  risks  associated with  exposure  to
indoor  radon decay products has  been conducted  in  40 homes  in
New  Mexico.    The  emphasis  in the  investigation has  been  on
resolving  the  many   methodological   issues   associated  with
developing good  estimates of  life-long  exposures and  competing
risk  factors for  members  of the general  public. Presented  are
results  of the  study,  including a  report  on the identification

                                41

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of a  region of  high  indoor radon  concentrations in the  State.
(BIO) (AUTH)
     GASTRIC  CANCER  IN  NEW MEXICO  COUNTIES  WITH  SIGNIFICANT
     DEPOSITS OF URANIUM
     WILKINSON GREGG S.
     LANL,
     ARCHIVES ENV HEALTH,  NOV-DEC 85,  V40,  N6,  P307(6)

     RESEARCH ARTICLE     SEVERAL COUNTIES  IN NORTHERN  NEW MEXICO
DISPLAY HIGH RATES OF MORTALITY FROM GASTRIC CANCER.   SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCES  IN  SEX-SPECIFIC,  AGE-ADJUSTED,   AVERAGE  ANNUAL
STOMACH  CANCER  MORTALITY RATES  AMONG WHITES  FROM 1970-79  WERE
FOUND  BETWEEN  COUNTIES  WITH  SIGNIFICANT  DEPOSITS  OF  URANIUM
COMPARED  WITH  THOSE  WITHOUT  SIGNIFICANT  DEPOSITS.     FURTHER
RESEARCH  NEEDS  TO   CONSIDER   INDIVIDUAL  CHARACTERISTICS   AND
COMPETING  RISK  FACTORS FOR  INDIVIDUALS WITH  GASTRIC CANCER  IN
THESE  COUNTIES.    A  WORKING  HYPOTHESIS  IS  THAT  RESIDENTS  OF
COUNTIES  WITH  U  DEPOSITS ARE  EXPOSED  TO HIGHER  THAN  AVERAGE
LEVELS OF  RADIONUCLIDES  OR  TO TRACE  ELEMENTS WHICH ARE  COMMONLY
ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH DEPOSITS.    (ENV)
     Domestic and  Personal Determinants of the  Contamination of
     Individuals by Household Radon Daughters
     20.     annual  conference  on   trace   substances   in
     environmental health, Columbia, MO, USA,  2 Jun 1986.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Stebbings,   J.H.;  Kardatzke,  D.R.; Toohey,  R.E.;  Essling,
     M.E.; Pagnamenta,  A.
     Argonne National  Lab.,  IL. Biological and  Medical  Research
     Div.
     Corp. Source Codes:   001960006; 9502123
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: CONF-860626-2
     1986   17p
     Languages:  English   Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A02/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8705; NSA1100
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: W-31-109-ENG-38

     Radon daughters were counted by gamma spectroscopy from 180
adult  residents of  eastern  Pennsylvania  during  the winter of
1983-84.    Body  radon  daughter  contamination  is  an   index of
relative  individual respiratory  exposures  to  radon  daughters.
These  can be related to  household  radon levels,  and to personal
risk  factors  such as sex and tobacco smoking. Over  75% of this

                                42

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Pennsylvania population appeared to have environmentally enhanced
radon daughter contamination; 59% had counting rates greater than
2  s.d.  above  background.   House  radon levels  were the  major
determinants of radon daughters contamination in the 112 subjects
for  which both  sets  of measurements  were available  (p<.001).
Both  sex  (<.02)  and  cigarette smoking   (p<.005) were  found to
significantly  modify  that   relationship,   after  nonlinear
adjustment for travel times.   Using a logarithmic model,  for a
given  radon  level  body  contamination by radon  daughters  in
females was  2-3.5x higher than  in  males.   Nonsmokers had   2-4x
higher  levels  of   contamination   than  smokers.    For  female
nonsmokers relative to male smokers (which in general corresponds
to  the  population  of major concern  relative  to the population
from  which  risk  estimates have   been derived),  the  excesses
multiply.     These  results  are for  total  contamination,  both
internal and external. (ERA citation 11:052212)   (NTIS)
     Radon   in  Norwegian  dwellings  and   the  feasibility  of
     epidemiological studies.
     Stranden E
     Radiat  Environ  Biophys      1986,    25  (1)  p37-42,    ISSN
     0301-634X
     Journal Code: QML
     Languages: ENGLISH

     The  results   of   a  pilot-  study   on   radon  in  Norwegian
dwellings  are  presented  together  with  a  discussion  on  the
feasibility  of  an  epidemiological  study  on  the  correlation
between  lung cancer  and radon progeny  exposure  in  dwellings.
There  are  large  variations  in the  mean radon  concentration  in
Norwegian municipalities,  and the population average indoor radon
concentration is  high  (80-100  Bq  m-3).   The large variations and
high  absolute  values,  together with excellent lung  cancer and
smoking habit  data,  make  it feasible to  conduct epidemiological
studies based  on representative  exposure data  in  the Norwegian
population.   (MED)
     Indoor radon daughter concentrations and passive smoking
     Bergman,   H. ;  Edling,  C. ;  Axelson,   0.;   Berglund,   B.;
     Berglund, U.; Lindvall, T.; Spengler, J.; Sundell, J. (eds.)
     Dep. Occup. Med.,  University Hosp., Linkoeping, Sweden
     3.  International  Conference  on  Indoor  Air  Quality  and
     Climate   Stockholm (Sweden)   1984
     ENVIRON. INT  VOL. 12^, NO.  1-4,    pp. 17-19,    Publ.Yr:  1986
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH
     Languages:  ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement:  V19N2

                                43

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     Radon  daughter  exposure  is  a well-known cause  of  lung
cancer in miners.   Since radon daughters are•known to attach to
aerosol  particles,  it  was  also  of  interest to  study to  what
extent radon  daughters  in indoor  air might attach to cigarette
smoke.   Experiments were undertaken, which  showed  that moderate
 concentrations  of  radon   daughters   indoors   could  increase
considerably  and  even  more  than  double   in  the presence  of
cigarette smoke.   The  radon  daughter  levels obtained  together
with cigarette  smoke  may imply a risk of lung cancer for active
and passive smokers.    (POL)
     INDOOR  RADON DAUGHTER  CONCENTRATIONS  AND PASSIVE  SMOKING
     (RADON,   PASSIVE   SMOKING,   PARTICULATES   &  HOUSING
     EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     BERGMAN HANS; EDLING CHRISTER; AXELSON OLAV
     UNIV HOSPITAL, SWEDEN,
     WHO/ET  AL  3RD  INTL INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY  &  CLIMATE  CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P79(6)

     CONF PAPER  RADON DAUGHTERS ARE KNOWN  TO ATTACH TO AEROSOL
PARTICLES.   THE  EXTEND  TO WHICH  RADON DAUGHTERS IN INDOOR AIR
MIGHT  ATTACH  TO  CIGARETTE  SMOKE WAS  RESEARCHED.   EXPERIMENTS
SHOWED  THAT  MODERATE  CONCENTRATIONS  OF RADON  DAUGHTERS  INDOORS
COULD MORE THAN DOUBLE IN THE PRESENCE  OF CIGARETTE SMOKE.  THE
RADON DAUGHTER LEVELS OBTAINED WITH SMOKE MAY IMPLY A SUBSTANTIAL
RISK  OF  LUNG  CANCER  FOR BOTH  ACTIVE   AND  PASSIVE  SMOKERS.   (4
GRAPHS, 14 REFERENCES)    (ENV)
     INDOOR  HEAVY  METAL EXPOSURE  OF  THE  POPULATION AROUND A
     SECONDARY   LEAD   SMELTER   (RADON,   PASSIVE  SMOKING,
     PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     SEIFERT BERND  ; DREWS MARIANNE; AURAND KARL
     INST FOR WATER SOIL & AIR HYGIENE, W GERMANY,
     WHO/ET   AL  3RD   INTL  INDOOR AIR QUALITY  &  CLIMATE CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG
     20-24, 84, V2, P177(6)

     CONF   PAPER    HOUSE  DUST COLLECTED WITH  A PASSIVE SAMPLER
WAS  USED FOR  A RAPID  SCREENING OF  THE  HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF
DUST DEPOSITED IN HOUSES LOCATED NEAR  A  SOURCE.   ANALYZING DUST
SAMPLES  FOR  LEAD  \ND  CADMIUM  ALLOWED PINPOINTING OF  HIGHLY
POLLUTED  SPOTS IN AN AREA  SURROUNDING A SECONDARY LEAD SMELTER
IN WEST GERMANY.  THL HIGHEST  PB AND CD DEPOSITS WERE OBSERVED IN
HOMES  LOCATED  IN  THE   IMMEDIATE  VICINITY  OF  THE  SMELTER.  (1
GRAPH, 10 REFERENCES)    (ENV)
                                44

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     EXPOSURE TO  RADON IN  DWELLINGS AND  LUNG CANCER:   A PILOT
     STUDY   (RADON,  PASSIVE   SMOKING,   PARTICULATES  &  HOUSING
     EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     PERSHAGEN GORAN; DAMBER LENA; FALK ROLF
     NATL INST OF ENV MEDICINE, SWEDEN,
     WHO/ET  AL  3RD INTL  INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY  &  CLIMATE  CONF,
     STOCKHOLM,  AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P73(6)

     CONF  PAPER    A CASE CONTROL TECHNIQUE  WAS USED TO EXAMINE
THE  RELATION BETWEEN  ESTIMATED  LIFETIME EXPOSURE TO  RADON IN
SWEDISH  DWELLINGS AND  LUNG CANCER.    FIFTY-THREE  CASES  OF  LUNG
CANCER AND  53  CONTROLS WERE  STUDIED.   EXPOSURE ESTIMATES  WERE
BASED ON DATA REGARDING  HOUSE CHARACTERISTICS  OF RELEVANCE FOR
INDOOR RADON  LEVELS.    A  HIGHER EXPOSURE  TO  RADON WAS INDICATED
FOR THE LUNG CANCER CASES THAN FOR THE CONTROLS AMONG SMOKERS BUT
NOT AMONG NON-SMOKERS.  A POSITIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN RADON AND
SMOKING  MAY  EXPLAIN THESE  RESULTS.    (9 REFERENCES,  3  TABLES)
(ENV)
     PLEURAL CHANGES  CONSISTENT WITH ASBESTOS  EXPOSURE FOUND ON
     SCREENING  RADIOGRAPHS  ARE NOT  PREDICTIVE  OF  LUNG CANCER
     (RADON,   PASSIVE  SMOKING,   PARTICULATES   &   HOUSING
     EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     TOCKMAN MELVYN  S.; WHEELER  PAUL;  LEVIN MORTON;  FROST JOHN
     K.; GREEN KENDALL; BALL WILMOT
     JOHNS HOPKINS MEDICAL INST, MD,
     WHO/ET  AL  3RD  INTL  INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY  & CLIMATE  CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24,  84, V2, P229(6)

     CONF PAPER   HIGH-RISK MALE CIGARETTE SMOKERS WERE RECRUITED
IN A STUDY  OF  LUNG CANCER SCREENING.   INITIAL CHEST X-RAYS WERE
READ FOR  CASE  AND CONTROL SUBJECTS.    PRE-CANCER RADIOGRAPHS OF
LUNG CANCER CASES  SHOWED  SIGNIFICANTLY  GREATER  FREQUENCIES OF
PARENCHYMAL  ABNORMALITIES,  SMALL  LINEAR  OPACITIES,  AND DISCOID
ATELECTASIS.   IN CONTRAST, THERE WAS NO  CASE-CONTROL DIFFERENCE
IN PLEURAL  ABNORMALITIES.    THE DATA ARE  INTERPRETED AS SHOWING
THAT  INTERSTITIAL  PARENCHYMAL CHANGES  ARE  PREDICTIVE  OF  LUNG
CANCER, WHILE PLEURAL  CHANGES  ARE  NOT.   (9 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE)
(ENV)
     MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF  INDOOR AIRBORNE PARTICLES COMPARED TO
     OUTDOORS  (RADON,  PASSIVE  SMOKING,  PARTICULATES  & HOUSING
     EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     VAN HOUDT J.J. ; BOLEIJ J.S.^
     AGRICULTURAL UNIV, NETHERLANDS,
     WHO/ET  AL   3RD  INTL   INDOOR  AIR QUALITY & CLIMATE CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P169(8)

                                45

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     CONF   PAPER    THE MUTAGENIC  ACTIVITY OF  DIFFERENT INDOOR
PARTICULATE SAMPLES WAS  STUDIED IN RELATION TO  OUTDOOR SAMPLES.
PARTICLES  WERE  COLLECTED  SIMULTANEOUSLY  IN  KITCHENS,  LIVING
ROOMS,  AND  OUTDOORS.    METHANOL  EXTRACTS  WERE  TESTED IN  THE
SALMONELLA/MICROSOME ASSAY.   THE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF INDOOR AS
WELL AS  OUTDOOR SAMPLES  WAS  GENERALLY  INCREASED IN THE PRESENCE
OF A METABOLIZING SYSTEM.   INDOOR SAMPLES BEAR A HIGHER INDIRECT
MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY, ESPECIALLY  IN SMOKERS'  HOMES.   (3 GRAPHS, 10
REFERENCES, 2 TABLES)    (ENV)
     MAN-MADE  MINERAL FIBRES  (MNMF)  IN  INDOOR  CLIMATE (RADON,
     PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY),
     RINDEL ANNE
     NATL BOARD OF HEALTH, DENMARK,
     WHO/ET  AL 3RD  INTL   INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY  &  CLIMATE  CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P221(4)

     CONF   PAPER    HEALTH AND AIR POLLUTION  HAZARDS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE  INSTALLATION OF PRODUCTS DERIVED  FROM MAN-MADE MINERAL
FIBERS  (MMMF)  IN BUILDINGS  ARE CONSIDERED.   FEW INVESTIGATIONS
OF THE  SIGNIFICANCE OF MMMF FOR  THE  SICK BUILDING SYNDROME HAVE
BEEN  PERFORMED.    A  RECENT  STUDY IN  DENMARK  EXAMINED A HIGH
FREQUENCY  OF  HEADACHE  AND  EYE   IRRITATION  COMPLAINTS  IN
INSTITUTIONS WITH CEILINGS  COMPRISED  OF MMMF-PLATES.  GUIDELINES
FOR  MEASURING  .MMMF AND  FORMULATING  APPROPRIATE  REGULATIONS ARE
SUMMARIZED.  (5 REFERENCES)   (ENV)
                                46

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II. HEALTH EFFECTS

          B. RISK ESTIMATES
     RADON IN HOMES -  DETERMINING RISKS  AND PREVENTING EXPOSURES
     (ENGLISH)
     DOEGE TC;  HENDEE WR
     AMER  MED  ASSOC,  SCI  &  TECHNOL  GRP,   535   N  DEARBORN
     ST/CHICAGO//IL/60610;   UNIV       ILLINOIS,SCH    PUBL
     HLTH/URBANA//IL/61801;     NORTHWESTERN     UNIV,  SCH
     MED/CHICAGO//IL/60611
     SEMINARS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE ,  V18,  Nl, P10-15,  1988

     Knowledge about the effects of radon disintegration products
and their levels  in the nation's homes indicates that in a small
proportion of  homes  these radioactive substances  are increasing
the inhabitants'  risks of lung cancer.   Testing for  the problem
and reducing its magnitude  are the homeowner's responsibility.
While practical  methods  for testing are  known,  they may  not  be
easily available in all regions.   (SCI)  (AUTH)
     Origin and health risks of indoor radon.
     Hendee WR; Doege TC
     Group   on  Science   and  Technology,  American  Medical
     Association, Chicago,  IL 60610.
     Semin Nucl  Med (UNITED STATES)     Jan 1988,   18  (1)  p3-9,
     ISSN 0001-2998
     Journal Code: UNY
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Radon has always  been a component of ground and air  and  it
has  been present  in  increased  concentrations  from  the  moment
humans   first   sought  shelter   inside  dwellings.     Recent
improvements in  the energy efficiency of  dwellings have  led  to
increased concentrations of radon  and  to increased  risks of lung
cancer.    To  quantify the  magnitude  of this risk,  well-designed
epidemiological  studies,   including   surveys   of  representative
dwellings, are needed,  and several are being implemented.   In the
meantime, the  EPA  and  other agencies have  offered guidance  on
monitoring procedures  and  remedial measures appropriate for the
problem on indoor radon.   Recent  disclosures of  relatively high
concentrations of radon and  radon  decay  products  in homes  in
several parts  of  the country have  increased public  concern about
the problem.    More  information  and education are needed about
the  health   risks of  radon,   the  desirability  of  implementing

                               47

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monitoring procedures  for radon, and about  remediation measures
when detected  levels  are above average.    Educational resources
are  needed in  communities  to address  local  issues  when • they
arise.   (26 Refs.)   (MED)
     The   validity   of  risk   assessments   for  lung   cancer
     induced by radon daughters
     Steinhaeusler, F.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
     Div. Biophys., Univ. Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
     191.   Meeting   of  the  American  Chemical Society    New
     York, NY (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON  AND  ITS  DECAY PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES  AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS
     pp. 430-443,   Publ.Yr:  1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY,  WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH;  ACS. 331.
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     Available input  data for the risk assessment from low level
radon daughter  (Rn-d)  exposure  are mostly either  of low quality,
partially  contradicting or  simply  "guesstimates".   Therefore at
present  only the  upper  limit  of  this risk  can  be  estimated.
Results of  epidemiological studies amongst miners are associated
with  large uncertainties with  regard  to  the  assessment  of past
radiation  exposure,  lung cancer diagnostic and/or classification
and  synergistic effects  due to  smoking  and  dust  exposure.  An
alternative  approach  uses   dosimetric  modelling  for  Rn-d
inhalation  to  obtain  Rn-D  exposure-dose  conversion  factors.
Large  uncertainty  is  caused by  individual variability  due  the
influence  of  life  style,  physical and biological  parameters.   It
is concluded that  for "normal"  indoor Rn-D exposure the resulting
risk is neglegible compared to  other risks "accepted" by society.
(POL)
     Risk  Assessment  of  Exposure  to Waterborne  and  Airborne
     Radon-222 in Illinois  (Final rept.)
     Sponsored  by  Illinois  Dept.   of  Energy   and  Natural
     Resources, Springfield.
     Energy and Environmental Affairs Div.
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
     Hallenbeck, W. H.
     Hallenbeck  (William H.), La Grange, IL.
     Corp. Source Codes: 090920000
     Sponsor:  Illinois  Dept.  of  Energy and Natural Resources,
     Springfield.
     Energy and Environmental Affairs Div.
     Report No.: IL/ENR/RE/AQ-87/21
     Dec 87   8Op

                                48

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     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8810
     Country of Publication: United States

     The study  analyzed epidemiological and  experimental animal
studies  in  order to develop exposure-response  relationships for
radon-induced cancer.   These relationships were used to estimate
lifetime risks  and  annual  excess cases  based  on the  available
waterborne  and  airborne data for  Illinois.   Exceedances  of the
USEPA action level of 4pCi/l occurred  in  13%  of 303   first floor
measurements  and  43%   of   1094   basement  measurements.    For
waterborne  radon, the  highest  lifetime risk  of cancer  mortality
associated  with  an  Illinois  groundwater-based  drinking  water
system was  estimated to be  4 x 104.   The  number of  excess cases
of fatal cancer generated per year in  Illinois was  estimated to
be about six.  For airborne radon, a tentative value of 0.9 pCi/1
(for first  floors),  derived from the  limited existing  data, was
used to  estimate  the average lifetime  lung cancer mortality risk
and the number of excess cases of fatal lung cancer generated per
year.    The average lifetime  lung cancer  mortality  risk  was
estimated to be 0.0048,  and the annual number of excess cases of
fatal lung  cancer was estimated to be  784.   Due to the nature of
the underlying  exposure-response  relationships  for radon-induced
cancer,  the values  presented  most likely  represent upper-bound
estimates.    (NTIS)
     ANNALS OF THE  ICRP INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL
     PROTECTION  VOL.  17.  NO.  1.  LONG CANCER RISK  FROM INDOOR
     EXPOSURES TO RADON  DAUGHTERS
     SMITH H
     ICRP, CLIFTON AVE., SUTTON,  SURREY SM2 5PU, ENGL.
     SMITH,   H.   (ED.).   ANNALS  OF   THE  ICRP  (INTERNATIONAL
     COMMISSION  ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION),  VOL.  17.  NO.  1.
     LUNG CANCER RISK FROM    INDOOR  EXPOSURES   TO   RADON
     DAUGHTERS. VII+60P. PERGAMON PRESS: OXFORD,
     ENGLAND,  UK;  NEW  YORK,  NEW YORK, USA.  ILLUS.  PAPER.  ISBN
     0-08-035597-X.
     1987. VII+60.   CODEN: ANICD
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: BOOK
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     This  volume  of  the  series  presents  six  sections  that
deliver  information  on  sources,  levels,  lung  exposure,   and
general   findings,   evaluation  methods,   and  the  risk  of
radiation-induced  lung  cancer.     Abundant^ graphs,   tables,
equations, references and a appendix supplement"the text.   (BIO)
                                49

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     Contribution  of radon  and radon  daughters to  respiratory
     cancer.
     Harley N; Samet JM; Cross FT;  Hess T; Muller J; Thomas D
     Department of Environmental Medicine,  New York  University
     Medical Center, NY 10016.
     Environ  Health  Perspect  (UNITED  STATES)    Dec  1986,  70
     plV-21,  ISSN 0091-6765   Journal Code:  EIO
     Languages: ENGLISH

     This article  reviews studies  on the contribution  of radon
and  radon  daughters   to  respiratory  cancer   and  proposes
recommendations  for further  research, particularly  a  national
radon  survey.    The steady-state  outdoor  radon  concentration
averages 200 pCi/m3, and  indoor levels  are about 4 times higher.
The  primary source  of  radon  in homes is the  underlying soil;
entry depends  on  multiple variables and  reduced ventilation for
energy conservation  increases  indoor  radon levels.   Occupational
exposures  are expressed  in  units  of  radon daughter  potential
energy concentration or working level (WL).   Cumulative exposure
is the product of the working  level  and  the time  exposed.   The
unit for cumulative exposure is the working  level   month (WLM).
The occupational standard for radon exposure is 4 WLM/year, and 2
WLM/year has been suggested as a guideline for remedial action in
homes.   Epidemiologic studies  show that  miners with cumulative
radon daughter exposures  somewhat below 100  WLM have excess lung
cancer mortality.  Some 3% to 8% of miners studied have developed
lung  cancer  attributable  to  radon  daughters.    All  of  the
underground mining  studies  show an  increased risk  of lung cancer
with  radon  daughter  exposure.   All  cell types of  lung cancer
increased with radon exposure.   If  radon and smoking  act  in a
multiplicative manner,  then  the risk  for  smokers could be  10
times that  for nonsmokers.   The potential  risk of  lung cancer
appears  to  be between  1  and 2 per  10,000/WLM, which  yields a
significant number of lung cancers  as some  220 million persons
in  the  United  States  are  exposed   on   average   to  10  to  20
WLM/lifetime.   (MED)
     TESTS OF THE LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
     FOR HIGH-LET RADIATION
     COHEN B L
     DEP. PHYSICS, UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA. 15260.
     CONFERENCE   ON   RADIATION  HORMESIS,   OAKLAND,  CALIFORNIA,
     AUGUST 14-16, 1985.  HEALTH PHYS   52  (5).  1987.   629-636.
     CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     It  is pointed out  that induction of lung cancer by exposure
to Rn daughters, applied at high doses to miners and at low doses

                                50

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to exposures  in homes, provides  a very stringent  and sensitive
test of  the linear, no-threshold  dose-response  relationship for
high-LET  radiation, because  the  relationship  predicts that  a
substantial fraction of  lung  cancer among non-smokers is due to
average Rn  levels.   Therefore,  it predicts  an easily observable
elevation of lung cancer rates  in areas  where Rn levels are many
times  greater  than  the  average,  epecially  before  cigarette
smoking   began  to have  important  effects  on   lung  cancer
statistics.   (BIO)  (AUTH)


     Radiation doses from radon in buildings.
     Swedjemark GA
     National Institute  of Radiation  Protection,  Environmental
     Laboratory,    Stockholm, Sweden.
     Med  Oncol  Tumor   Pharmacother  (ENGLAND)    1987,   4   (3-4)
     p!39-50,  ISSN 0736-0118    Journal Code: LSP
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Not  until  about   1970  was   it  possible  to  estimate  the
magnitude  of  the  correlation  between  additional  lung  cancer
frequency and radon daughter exposure in miners.  In addition, it
has been  realised that high  levels  of radon  daughters in homes
may be found in all countries and therefore the interest in radon
in buildings  has  rapidly   increased during  the last  10 years.
Radon  gas  enters  the  house  from  underground,  from  building
materials  and  in  some  cases  from tap  water.   Indoor  radon
daughter  concentrations vary  between countries and  regions.-  The
absorbed  dose  in  the  basal  cells  of the  bronchial  epithelium
based on  an average of the population in Canada, U.S.A. and West
Germany can  be estimated  to  be  about 1 mGy  a-1  (average  radon
daughter  concentration about  25 Bq  m-3)   for Great  Britain about
half of  that value and for  the  Nordic  countries about double
this value.   300-3000  lung cancer cases  (most probable 1100) may
occur  in  the  future   in the  Swedish  population of  8.4 million
from radon  daughter exposure  indoors today.   This  estimation is
made by the National Institute  of Radiation  Protection.  A lower
estimate  of  100-1000  lung  cancer cases  is  made by  the Swedish
Cancer Committee.   Efforts to  decrease  the  exposure  from radon
daughters  indoors have  been   made  in   some  countries  by
establishing  limits or  recommendations  for  the radon  or  radon
daughter  concentration indoors.   Measuring  methods  for finding
houses  with  high  radon  daughter concentrations and effective
building  techniques in  order  to decrease   the radon  daughter
concentrations  in both  existing  and  for  planned buildings are
available.  (42 Refs.)    (MED)
     AN  ESTIMATE OF  THE  LUNG-CANCER RISK  FROM  RADON AND  ITS
     DECAY PRODUCTS IN ALPINE DWELLINGS  (ENGLISH)
     BURKART W

                                51

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     EIR, ABT 81/CH-5303 WURENLINGEN//SWITZERLAND/
     INTERNATIONAL  JOURNAL  OF  RADIATION  BIOLOGY  ,   V49,   N5,
     P868-869, 1986

     In large areas of the Swiss Alps,  the high radium content of
rocks and  soil  may produce  considerable  indoor levels  of  radon
in  dwellings with low  air  exchange  rates.    A  sample  of  32
conventional  homes  in  South-eastern  Switzerland was  taken.
Energy conservation  efforts  such as weatherstripping  were  shown
to increase radon levels and doses further.   (SCI)(HQL)
     Estimated Risk  from  Exposure to Radon Decay  Products in US
     Homes  Workshop    on   exposure  modeling  and  monitoring,
     Cambridge, HA, USA, 30 Sep 1985.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Nero, A. V.
     Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA. Applied Science Div.
     Corp. Source Codes: 086929008; 9505804
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: LBL-21642; CONF-8509332-1
     May 86   19p
     Languages: English   Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A02/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8709; NSA1200
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098

     Recent  analyses  now permit  direct estimation  of  the risks
of lung  cancer from radon decay products  in US  homes.   Analysis
of data  from indoor monitoring  in single-family  homes  yields a
tentative  frequency distribution  of annual-average sup  222  Rn
concentrations  averaging  55 Bq m  sup  -3 and having 2%  of homes
exceeding  300  Bq m  sup  -3.    Application  of  the results  of
occupational  epidemiological studies,   either  directly  or using
recent advances  in lung dosimetry, to  indoor  exposures suggests
that the  average indoor concentration  entails  a lifetime risk of
lung  cancer of  0.3% or  about  10%  of  the total  risk of  lung
cancer.   The risk to individuals occupying the homes with 300 Bq
m sup  -3  or more for their  lifetimes is  estimated to exceed 2%,
with  risks  from  the  homes  with  thousands  of   Bq m  sup  -3
correspondingly  higher,   even   exceeding the   total   risk  of
premature death due to cigarette smoking.  The potential for such
average   and   high-level   risks  in  ordinary  homes  forces
development  of  a new  perspective  on  environmental exposures.
(ERA citation 12:001994)    (NTIS)
                                52

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     Energy-related risk in the U.S.A. in the year 2020
     Inhaber, H.; King, S.
     Risk Concepts Inc., P.O. Box 1231, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
     ANN. NUCL. ENERGY  VOL. 13, NO. 4,   pp. 173-184,   Publ.Yr:
     1986
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH

     The present  risk to health  of energy systems  has  been the
subject of much debate  in recent  years.   This paper extrapolates
some present results  on  energy-related risk  to the  year 2020.
It finds that  if  today's  trends continue,  the largest sources of
risk will  be  due to  the changeover  from  large to  small cars,
radon  buildup  in better-sealed  buildings  and  the  entire coal
(and synthetic  fuel)  cycle. Other  sources  of risk,  such  as the
larger  proportion of  nuclear  and  solar  energy  three  or four
decades from now, are  about an  order  of magnitude lower than the
aforementioned three.   Because  of the  many uncertainties  in the
calculations,   the   results   should   be   viewed  as  primarily
qualitative, although derived quantitatively.   However,  they can
be  used as  a guide  by  policymakers and  research  planners  to
produce the greatest risk reduction per unit effort.   (POL)
     POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF INDOOR RADON EXPOSURE
     RADFORD EDWARD P.
     UNIV OF PITTSBURGH,
     ENV HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, OCT 85, V62, P281(7)

     JOURNAL    ARTICLE         ALPHA   RADIATION  FROM  INHALED
SHORT-LIVED DAUGHTERS OF  RADON  READILY  IRRITATES HUMAN BRONCHEAL
EPITHELIUM.  IN  HOMES,  RADON LEVELS ARE HIGHLY VARIABLE, SHOWING
APPROXIMATE  LOG-NORMAL  DISTRIBUTIONS.    FACTORS  AFFECTING INDOOR
CONCENTRATIONS  INCLUDE  TYPE  OF BEDROCK UNDER  DWELLINGS,  HOUSE
FOUNDATION  CHARACTERISTICS,  RADON  DISSOLVED  IN  ARTESIAN WATER,
AND  VENTILATION IN  LIVING  SPACES.   FROM APPLICATION  OF  RISK
ASSESSMENTS  IN  MINERS TO HOME CONDITIONS,  IT  APPEARS THAT ABOUT
25% OR MORE OF  LUNG CANCERS  AMONG  NONSMOKERS OVER THE AGE OF 60,
AND  ABOUT  5%  IN  SMOKERS,  MAY  BE ATTRIBUTABLE  TO  EXPOSURE  TO
RADON DAUGHTERS IN THE HOME.  (ENV)
                                53

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II. HEALTH EFFECTS

     C. DOSIMETRY
     A Reconsideration of Cells at Risk and Other Key Factors in
     Radon Daughter Dosimetry
     James, A.C.
     Radon   and  Its  Decay  Products,   P.K.  Hopke,   Editor;
     Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society,  pages  400-418,
     41 references  1987

     A model for assessing  dose  to  lung  from radon  (10043922)
daughter exposure  was formulated which was  consistent  with  the
available  data  on  bronchial dimensions,   airway  deposition  and
clearance of radon  daughters.   When  dose  was averaged  over  the
whole  thickness of bronchial  epithelium, the  calculated  mean
bronchial dose  was  about 60 percent  greater for  the  unattached
fraction of  alpha  energy and about 30 percent greater for radon
daughters attached  to  aerosol  particles  than when  only  the dose
to  basal  cells  was considered.   Based on  recent  experimental
data, the  conversion  factor  for absorbed  dose per unit  exposure
was  estimated to  be   130  milligray   (mGy)   for unattached  radon
daughters  and  8mGy for  the aerosol  fraction.    Under  typical
exposure conditions in the home,  the  estimated conversion factor
to effective  dose equivalent was  approximately 15 millisieverts.
Breathing  rate  and  age were  shown to  be  minor  factors  in
determining  dose per unit exposure.   Lung  dose rate was  found to
be proportional to  the radon gas  concentration over a wide range
of  conditions,  which  facilitated interpretation of  monitoring
data.   The  author  identifies  the need for  further  research to
determine   whether  radon  daughter  aerosol   particles  grow
significantly  in  size at  physiological  humidity  and to  assess
nasal deposition of unattached daughters.    (OSH)
     LUNG CANCER AFTER IRRADIATION THE RADON PROBLEM
     JACOBI W
     INST. STRAHLENSCHUTZ GSF, D-8042 MUENCHEN-NEUHERBERG.
     NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN     73  (11).  1986.    661-668.     CODEN:
     NATWA                                             '
     Language: GERMAN
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     The  estimation  and limitation  of  lung cancer  risk  from
inhaled  222Rn-daughters  in  mines and  in  the home is one  of the

                                54

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most important problems  in radiation protection.   The results of
epidemiological  studies  are  summarized.    The radiation-induced
increase in the  age-specific  lung cancer.rate can be interpreted
in terms of  a proportional hazard  model.   On the  basis of this
model, the relative fraction of total lung cancer frequency which
might  be  initiated by the radon-daughter  exposure in  homes is
estimated.   (BIO)
     Computerised Model  for the  Calculation of the  Activity to
     Dose  Conversion  Factor for  Radon  Daughter  Inhalation in
     Dwellings
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Muraleedharan,  T.S.; Ramachandran, T.V.; Subba Ramu, M.C.
     Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay  (India).
     Corp. Source Codes: 004104000; 0807000
     Report No.: BARC-1317
     1986   3Op
     Languages: English
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A03/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8724; NSA1200
     Country of Publication: India

     Occupants  of dwellings are  exposed to  high concentrations
of airborne radon and  its  daughters  and hence it is important to
assess  the dose  received  by them.    This  report  describes the
various  parameters  that are  used to  calculate the dose  to the
lung.  The calculations  are  carried  out  by  a simple  computer
model with the help of  which one can get  the  activity to dose
conversion  factor in  terms of either rad  or grey per working
level month.   Typical  calculations have been carried out to show
that the conversion factor can vary by a  factor  of  5 depending
on some  typical  input  parameters.  12 references, 4 figures.  (ERA
citation 12:040108)     (NTIS)
     Updating radon daughter bronchial dosimetry
     Harley, N.H.; Cohen, B.S.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
     Inst. Environ. Med., New York Univ. Med.  Cent., New York, NY
     10016, USA
     191.   Meeting   of   the   American  Chemical Society    New
     York, NY (USA)
     13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON  AND  ITS  DECAY PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS
     pp. 419-429,   Publ.Yr:  1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
                                55

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     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH;   ACS.  331.
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     The lung cancer  risk from radon daughter exposure  is  known
only for occupationally exposed males.   In order  to determine the
risk  in  environmental situations  it is  necessary to  determine
whether  the bronchial alpha  dose,  which confers  the risk,  is
similar to that in mines.  Particle  size  is a major factor  which
determines the alpha  dose conversion factor for radon  daughters
(mGy/WLM).  Data on indoor environments  are emerging and indicate
that a variety of specific conditions exist.   For example, a dose
factor   four  times   that  for   a   nominal  occupational   or
environmental  exposure  exists  if  kerosene  heater  particles
dominate  the  indoor  aerosol  and  four times   smaller   if  a
hygroscopic particle dominates.   (POL)
                                56

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III. EXPOSURE

          A. HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
     Variation of radon levels in U.S.  homes with various forms.
     Cohen BL; Gromicko N
     JAPCA  (UNITED  STATES)    Feb 1988,   38  (2)  p!29-34,   ISSN
     0894-0630
     Journal Code:  JCA
     Languages: ENGLISH

     A  program  combining  70,000  purchased  and  3,500  random
selection-no charge measurements with extensive questionnaires is
described.   (MED)
     Radon in homes.  Council on Scientific Affairs.
     JAMA (UNITED STATES)    Aug 7 1987,  258  (5)  p668-72,   ISSN
     0098-7484
     Journal Code: KFR
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     Radon  222  and its  radioactive decay products  can  enter
buildings  and,   through  inhalation,   expose   the  inhabitants'
pulmonary tissues to ionizing radiation.  Studies of  radon levels
in  the  United  States  indicate  that variations  of  100-fold  or
greater exist among private  dwellings.   In  one region, 55%  of
homes had  levels exceeding  4 pCi/L  (0.15 Bq/L), which is  the
guidance level  recommended  by  the  US  Environmental  Protection
Agency.   Ventilation and  tightness  of construction are important
determinants of  radon  levels.   In  some instances, fans  or heat
exchangers  can  reduce  excessive concentrations,  but  in  others
more elaborate remedial measures may be  required.  Physicians may
obtain  information  about  radon through Environmental  Protection
Agency  regional  offices  and state  radiation control  programs.
The  risk of radiogenic  cancer  is believed  to  increase  with
exposure to  ionizing  radiation.   According  to some  estimates,
concentrations  of  radon  decay  products  in  US homes  could  be
responsible  for several  thousand cases  of  lung  cancer  per  year.
Studies of  radon levels  in  representative  buildings  and
guidelines   are   needed  to  ensure   safe,   effective,   and
cost-effective  countermeasures.    Architects,   contractors,
designers,  building ccie  administrators,  health physicists,  and
biomedical  investigators can help with solutions.   (MED)
                               57

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     Indoor ventilation rates for 222Rn.
     Terilli TB; Harley NH
     New York University Medical Center,  NY 10016.
     Health Phys (UNITED STATES)   Jun 1987,   52  (6)  p801-3,
     ISSN 0017-9078    Journal Code:  G2H
     Contract/Grant No.: ES-00260; CA-13343
     Languages: ENGLISH

     For   the  past   3   years,  indoor  and  outdoor   222Rn
concentrations have been measured  at a single-family  dwelling in
northern New Jersey.  In the spring of 1985,  a small experimental
room was  built  as an  extension  to the cellar.   Findings  are
discussed.   (MED)
     The Role of Building  Construction  and Ventilation in Indoor
     Air Pollution.  Review of a Recurring Problem
     McCunney, R.  J.
     New York  State Journal of  Medicine,  Vol.  87, No.  4,  pages
     203-209, 77
     references April 1987  CODEN:  NYSJAM

     The role of building  construction  and ventilation in indoor
air pollution  is  discussed.   A number  of adverse  health effects
can be attributed  to the  indoor  environment.   New  materials,
energy efficiency  measures,  and inadequate ventilation  have  all
been  associated with conditions  ranging from  fatal  pulmonary
disease to vague symptoms such as headache and fatigue.  The most
notable  infection  resulting from  indoor air  pollution  is  that
caused  by   Legionella-pneumophila   (Legionnaire's  disease  and
Pontiac  fever).    Person  to  person  spread  does  not  appear  to
occur.   The  only  proven  route  of   transmission  is  through
contaminated  aerosols  originating   in  air   handling  systems.
Hypersensitivity  pneumonitis  and   humidifier  fever   are  other
conditions  associated with contaminated  air  systems.    Epidemic
psychogenic  illness,  also known as mass hysteria,  refers to  a
constellation of  symptoms  that develops in people who are under
some  type  of  physical  or  emotional  stress.    Concern  almost
invariably focuses on an apparent toxic agent.   Sources of indoor
pollution  such   as   radon   (10043922) ,   formaldehyde  (50000) ,
asbestos (1332214), tobacco,  and indoor combustion are  discussed.
Procedures for investigating a suspected case of indoor pollution
are reviewed.   The  number of requests  to  NIOSH for  indoor  air
quality investigations has greatly  increased since 1978, probably
due to  a heightened awareness of hazards and  to improved energy
efficiency.   It is noted that the  ideal  approach  for  preventing
adverse  effects   of  indoor   pollution  is   through   proper
ventilation.  Inadequate ventilation,   in  the absence of  other
sources  of  contamination,  can  cause  systemic  health  effects,
especially  fatigue.    Preventive  maintenance   on  air  handling
systems is considered essential.   (OSH)

                                58

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     Indoor  Air  Quality  Environmental  Information  Handbook:
     Building System Characteristics
     Paper copy only,  copy  does  not permit microfiche production.
     Original copy available  until stock  is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A13
     Mueller Associates,  Inc., Baltimore, MD.
     Corp. Source  Codes:  100249000; 9502678
     Sponsor:  Argonne  National   Lab.,  IL.;  Brookhaven National
     Lab., Upton,  NY.
     Department of Energy,  Washington, DC.
     Report No.: DOE/EV/10450-H1
     Jan 87   290p
     Languages: English
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A13       Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8801;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC01-81EV10450; AC02-76CH00016

     This manual,  the  third  in  a series, focuses on residential
building system characteristics and  their  effects  on indoor air
quality.     The  manual   addresses:     residential  indoor  air
pollutants  by  source,  indoor  concentrations,  health effects,
source   control  and  mitigation   techniques,  standards  and
guidelines;  building  system  characteristics  of   air  exchange,
pollutant   source  strength,    residence  volume,   site
characteristics,   structural   design,   construction,   and
operation,   infiltration   and   ventilation  system,  building
occupancy;  and monitoring  methods.    (ERA  citation  12:039058)
(NTIS)
     Indoor ventilation rates for super(222)Rn
     Terilli,  T.B.;  Harley,  N.H.
     New York  Univ.  Med.  Cent.,  550 First  Ave.,  New  York,  NY
     10016, USA
     HEALTH PHYS  VOL.  52,  NO.  6,   pp.  801-803,   Publ.Yr: 1987
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement:  V19N3

     For   the   past  3  y,   indoor  and  outdoor  super (222 )Rn
concentrations have been measured at a  single-family dwelling in
northern New  Jersey.   Continuous super(222)Rn  monitors (Ch81)
collect hourly data in the  cellar and outdoors.   In the spring of
1985, a small experimental  room was built as an extension cellar.
The original cellar  walls  were built with  poured concrete.   The
experimental room has walls r ade of concrete blocks to provide a
more   porous  entry   and   to  augment  the  response  time  of
super(222)Rn  to  different  meteorological  conditions.    The
experimental room also has  a larger surface-to-volume ratio and
thinner walls than the original cellar.   (POL)

                               59

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     Residential Indoor Air Pollutants
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.  Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
     Wilfert, G. L.; Young, J. K.; Buck, J. W.
     Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA.
     Corp. Source Codes: 048335000; 9512268
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: DOE/BP/18690-3
     Nov 86   124p
     Languages: English
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A06/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8719; NSA1200
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830

     A  growing concern  about housing  is  the type,  amount and
health  effects  of residential indoor  air pollution.   In recent
years,  considerable  research has been conducted  in an effort to
understand the airborne  pollutants present in residential indoor
air,  their  sources, their  concentration levels,  their  risks to
health, and  what can be done to  eliminate or mitigate pollution
levels.    This  report  focuses  on  the  first  three of  these:
pollutants,  sources,  and concentration levels.   Health  risks of
key  pollutants and  mitigation  strategies  to  control pollutant
levels  are  the topics of separate  reports.   The report reflects
current  information available  through  the  fall  of  1985.   (ERA
citation 12:023454)    (NTIS)
     Constancy of Air Tightness in Buildings
     In Finnish.
     U.S.  Sales  Only.   Portions  of this document  are illegible
     in microfiche products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
     Metiaeinen,  P.;  Saarimaa,  J. ;  Saarnio,  P.;   Salomaa,  H.;
     Tulla, K.
     Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Espoo  (Finland).
     Corp. Source Codes: 067526000; 6658300
     Report No.: VTT-TUTK-422
     Sep 86   17Op
     Languages: Finnish
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A08/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8812; NSA1300
     Country of Publication: Finland

     In  order to  reduce  consumption of  energy, more  air tight
buildings  have been  built.   There were  many doubts, that too air
tight  construction  can  cause  some harm to indoor  climate and
structures. It was also unclear whether the building would remain
air  tight  with time.   In the  study, pressure  measurements have

                                60

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been carried out to discover whether  the  air tightness of mainly
detached houses changes with time.  The study consists of 34 new
buildings and 9 old improved buildings.  The air tightness of the
building envelope decreased significantly in energy two buildings
during the two first years.  The change occurred mainly in timber
framed buildings.  In many cases  it was very difficult to detect
any specified causes to reduced air tightness.   In timber framed
buildings drying of wood is one notable reason.   It causes small
cracks all  over the building  envelope and reduces  thus  the air
tightness evenly.  The study of the inconveniences caused by too
air tight constructions was carried out  by  sending inquiries to
the holders of  real estate.  Some buildings  were then thoroughly
inspected and measured.   The  study showed that  too air tight as
well as too leaky constructions cause  much harm.  Draught and bad
smell of  indoor air  seemed to be quite common  in flats.   The
window pane became  misty  in several  buildings,  whereas moisture
defects inside  the  constructions  were rare.   The  radon  content
was measured  in several buildings,  and  very  low concentrations
were found.   The  problems of indoor climate were significantly
connected  with  poor  ventilation.    The  main  problem was  the
insufficient  use  of  mechanical  ventilation  devices  and  the
incompatibility between the ventilation system and air tightness,
in  other  words, the  air  change  rate was out of  control.  (ERA
citation 13:014896)    (NTIS)
     Influence of  Source  Type and Air Exchange  on Variations of
     Indoor Radon Concentration
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Arvela, H. ; Winqvist, K.
     Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, Helsinki.
     Corp. Source Codes: 083143000; 9820910
     Report No.:  STUK-A-51
     Apr 86   33p
     Languages: English
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A03/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8718; NSA1200
     Country of Publication: Finland

     The model relates radon concentration to source strength and
its  variations,  air  exchange rate  and meteorological  factors.
Two types  of  sources have been  studied. The pressure difference
dependent source  is  made  up of  radon transported  with soil pore
air and  driven by pressure  difference  due to the stack effect.
The constant source  is  made  up of raion  transported by diffusion
from building  materials  or  from  so.l.    The  air  exchange  rate
depends  exponentially  on  indoor-outdoor  temperature  difference
and linearly on wind speed.  These two inputs have been summed in
quadrature.    In   a  house  with   a   constant   source  radon
concentration decreases when  the air exchange rate increases due

                                61

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to the  increasing temperature difference,  whereas  the pressure
difference dependent source  causes  an increasing concentration.
This is due  to  the fact that the effect  of the source strength
increase is  stronger than  the decreasing  effect of air exchange
on concentration.  The winter-summer concentration ratio depends
on the combination of the  two types  of source.   A pure pressure
dependent  source  leads  to   the  winter-summer  ratio of  2-3.5
(winter -5 deg C, summer +15 deg C,  wind speed 3 m/s).  A strong
contribution of  a constant source is needed to  cause a  summer
concentration higher than the winter  concentration.  The model  is
in  agreement  with  the   winter-summer   concentration  ratios
measured.     This  ratio  increases  with  the  increasing  winter
concentration.    The measured ratio was near 1.0 for houses with
winter concentration of  200  Bq m''3  or less and  near 2.0 with
concentration of 1000  Bq  m''3.   In  a  house  with  a constant
source,  the  diurnal maximum occurs  in the  afternoon,  while  in
houses with  a  pressure  difference dependent source  the  time  of
maximum is  early in the morning.     (ERA  citation    12:023465)
(NTIS)
     Model for the Calculation of the Radiation Dose  from Natural
     Radionuclides in the Netherlands
     In Dutch.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
     Ackers,  J. 6.
     Ministerie  van  Volkshuisvesting,  Ruimtelijke Ordening en
     Milieubeheer,   The   Hague   (Netherlands).  Directie
     Stralenbescherming.
     Corp. Source Codes:  087985003;  4188735
     Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-19;  VROM-60201/3-86
     Feb 86   87p
     Languages: Dutch
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01   Journal Announcement:  GRAI8805
     Country of Publication: Netherlands

     A model  has been developed  to calculate  the radiation  dose
incurred  from  natural  radioactivity  indoors  and  outdoors,
expressed  in  effective  dose  equivalence/year.    The model is
applied   on  a  three  rooms   dwelling   characterized  by
interconnecting air  flows and  on  a dwelling with crawlspace.  In
this model the distinct parameters are variable in order  to allow
the  investigation of  the  relative  influence.   The  calculated
effective  dose  equivalent   for  an  adult  in  the  dwelling  was
calculated to be about 1.7  mSv/year,  composed of 15% from cosmic
radiation,  35%  from   terrestrial   radioactivity,  20%   from
radioactivity  in  the body and 30% from natural radionuclides in
building  materials.    The  calculations  show  an  enhancement of
about  a  factor of two  in radon  concentration  in air in a  room
which  is ventilated by air from an adjacent  room.   It is  also

                               62

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shown that the attachment rate of  radon  products  to aerosols and
the  plate-out  effect  are  relatively   important  parameters
influencing the magnitude of the dose rate.   (Auth.).  37 refs.;
12 figs.; 42 tabs.  (Atomindex citation 18:079206)   (NTIS)
     Building  Assessment  Techniques  for   Indoor  Air  Quality
     Evaluations
     Bearg, D. W.,  and W. A.  Turner
     Indoor  Air Quality in  Cold Climates:  Hazards and Abatement
     Measures, D.  S.   Walkinshaw,   Editor; Pittsburgh,  PA,  Air
     Pollution Control Association,  pages 276-283,  4  references
     1986

     Methods  used  to  evaluate the  quality of  indoor air  were
reviewed,  with  emphasis on  techniques  to determine  effective
ventilation rates  and  indoor air movement pathways.   Sources of
air  contamination   in   a  building  and  methods  for  their
identification  were  also examined.   Specific  topics  reviewed
included  the  assessment  of  actual  building ventilation rates,
determination  of  air   movement  pathways  and  ventilation
efficiency, assessment of building contaminants,  sources within
the  building  (particles, combustion  gases,  ozone  (10028156),
biological sources, organic chemicals, and fibers), sources  from
outside  the  building  (radon  (10043922),  parking lots,   cooling
towers,  and  localized  exhaust),   and sources  related  to  the
building  mechanical  system  (location of  air intakes,  humidity
control, location of supply and exhaust registers,  parameters for
localized  exhausts,  capture efficiency,  negative pressurization,
and discharge  parameters).  Examples  of  air  contamination and
source  identification  included  a  five story  academic arts  and
sciences building, a  multistory health care facility,  and a two
story office building. The  authors conclude that while potential
sources  of  indoor  and outdoor contamination can be evaluated by
observation,  the  actual  evaluation   of  building    ventilation
requires  measurement  of   ventilation  rates  and determination of
air movement pathways, and more specific measures may be required
for determination of contaminant levels and sources.  (OSH)
     Energy Efficient House Research Project
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.  Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01
     Robinson, D. A. ; Nelson, G. D. ; Hutchinson,  M.
     Minnesota  Dept.   of  Energy  and  Economic  Development,  St.
     Paul. Energy Div.
     Corp. Source Codes: 079314001; 9517499
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
     Report No.: ORNL/SUB-83-47980/1

                               63

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     Sep 86  206p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A01  Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8707;
     NSA1100
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: AC05-840R2140

     The basis  for this project  was a set of energy  efficient
houses   built   in   1980  by  the  Energy  Efficient  Housing
Demonstration Program  of the Minnesota Housing Finance  Agency.
Under this programs, 144 detached and attached housing units were
constructed  throughout  the State  of Minnesota by 23  different
builders.  The research project utilized a simple  data collection
method involving homeowners in the field and utility data reports
to establish a performance data base for the houses in the study.
Data  have   been provided  for  addition  to   the  BECA-A  (new
residential) data base  on  file  at Lawrence  Berkeley  Laboratory,
establishing a comprehensive data base for further analyses.  The
112  houses  for  which  there were  good  quality  energy  data
performed  very  well,   but  analysis  of   these data  showed  few
significant  correlations  between  energy  performance and  design
features.   Detailed field  investigation  of  25 houses  revealed
many commonly practiced housing  design and  construction methods
that degrade the energy performance of solar  and  other features
of potentially  energy  efficient  houses.   Indoor air  quality was
investigated in  12 energy efficient houses and in  an equal number
of control  houses.   Air quality  in the  energy efficient houses
was  found  to   be as  good  as   in  houses of  conventional
construction.   Radon mitigation using  subfloor ventilation  was
investigated  and  found  to  be  successful   in   reducing  the
concentration of this  indoor  air contaminate.  Attempts to seal
out  radon  in   two  control houses were  not  successful.    (ERA
citation 11:051073)   (NTIS)
     Ventilation- and Infiltration Measurements  in a Dwelling in
     View of the Problems with Radon
     In Dutch.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
     Gids, W. F. ; Phaff, J. C.
     Ministerie  van  Volkshuisvesting,   Ruimtelijke Ordening en
     Milieubeheer,   The   Hague   (Netherlands).   Directie
     Stralenbescherming.
     Corp. Source Codes: 087985003;  4188735
     Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-22; VROM-60522/6-86
     Jun 86   87p
     Languages: Dutch
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8805
     Country of Publication: Netherlands
                                64

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     This report describes  the  results of continuous ventilation
measurements,  with  N/sub  2/0  as  tracer  gas,  of  infiltration
streams in seven spaces  in  a  dwelling.   The results are compared
with ventilation model calculations; good agreement was obtained.
(Auth.).   24  figs.;   1   table.  (Atomindex citation 18:079246)
(NTIS)
     RADON  AND LONG-CANCER -  INCREMENTAL RISKS  ASSOCIATED WITH
     RESIDENTIAL WEATHERIZATION (ENGLISH)
     BRAMBLEY MR; GORFIEN M
     WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT ENGN & POLICY/ST LOUIS//MO/63130
     ENERGY, Vll, N6, P589-605, 1986

     Energy  conservation measures  for residences  that decrease
air-exchange rates between the indoors and outdoors are shown, in
the absence  of substantial pressure-driven sources  of radon, to
increase  substantially  the  concentrations  of  short-lived
radionuclides  in indoor air  that are  produced by  the decay of
naturally  occurring  radon.   The  associated  incremental  risk of
lung cancer, although  small compared to the risk attributable to
tobacco  smoking,   is  probably   large   enough   to  concern  a
substantial fraction of the population.    (SCI)(AUTH)
     POLLUTION BEGINS AT HOME
     MATTHEWS ROBERT
     NEW SCIENTIST, DEC 5, 85, V108, N1485, P34(4)

     JOURNAL  ARTICLE        INSULATED  AND WEATHERPROOFED HOMES
CONSERVE ENERGY  WHILE TRAPPING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS.   REDUCED
VENTILATION  AND  THE  USE  OF  FORMALDEHYDE   INSULATION  ARE  THE
CULPRITS  OF  INCREASED  INDOOR   LEVELS   OF  FORMALDEHYDE  AND
CONDENSATION.  GAS APPLIANCES PRODUCE SEVERAL POTENTIALLY HARMFUL
WASTE GASES,  SUCH  AS  NITROGEN DIOXIDE.   CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE
MOST OBVIOUS SOURCE OF POLLUTION FROM COMBUSTION.  RADON CAN SEEP
OUT OF  SOIL AND MASONRY INTO  BUILDINGS, WHERE  IT CAN ACCUMULATE
TO LEVELS AT LEAST 10 TIMES HIGHER THAN THOSE OUTSIDE IN THE OPEN
AIR.   SCRUBBERS AND  OTHER DEVICES FOR PURIFYING  INDOOR AIR ARE
DISCUSSED,  BUT INCREASING VENTILATION
APPEARS TO BE THE BEST APPROACH.   (ENV)
     INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY,   INFILTRATION  AND  \ENTILATION  IN
     RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
     NITSCHKE    IAN  A. ;  TRAYNOR  GREGORY  W. ;   WADACH JOHN  B. ;
     CLARKIN MICHAEL E.; CLARKE WAYNE A.
     W. S. FLEMING & ASSOC, NY,
     NEW  YORK STATE  ENERGY  R&D AUTHORITY REPORT 85-10,  MAR 85
     (265)

                                65

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     STATE/LOCAL GOVT REPORT    SIXTY HOUSES BUILT WITH DIFFERENT
CONSTRUCTION  PRACTICES  IN  UPSTATE NEW  YORK WERE  MONITORED FOR
AIRTIGHTNESS  AND RADON CONCENTRATIONS  IN  INDOOR  AIR,  HOUSEHOLD
WATER, AND SOIL SURROUNDING THE HOUSE.  THIRTY OF THE HOUSES WERE
ALSO MONITORED FOR AIR EXCHANGE RATES, COMBUSTION POLLUTANTS, AND
FORMALDEHYDE.   UNVENTED  KEROSENE HEATERS  WERE  RESPONSIBLE FOR
HIGH INDOOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE LEVELS; SMOKERS AND SOME WOOD STOVES
WERE SOURCES OF INDOOR RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES. NEW PANELLING AND
HIGH  HUMIDITY  LEVELS  WERE  ASSOCIATED  WITH  HIGH  FORMALDEHYDE
LEVELS  IN  ONE  HOUSE.    THE  MOST  EFFECTIVE  GENERAL  CONTROL
TECHNIQUE WAS THE  IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND
THE REMOVAL  AND/OR THE ISOLATION OF  THE  SOURCES  FROM THE INDOOR
ENVIRONMENT.   (ENV)
     EXPOSURE  TO ENHANCED NATURAL RADIATION AND  ITS REGULATORY
     IMPLICATIONS:   PROCEEDINGS  OF A SEMINAR HELD IN MAASTRICHT,
     THE NETHERLANDS, 25-27 MARCH  1985,
     SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENV, OCT 85, V45  (699)

     CONF  PROCEEDINGS      PROCEEDINGS  OF  A  EUROPEAN  SEMINAR
ENTITLED  ""EXPOSURE  TO   ENHANCED  NATURAL  RADIATION  AND   ITS
REGULATORY  IMPLICATIONS11  ARE   PRESENTED.     THE  USE  OF   NEW
CONSTITUENTS IN  BUILDING MATERIALS,  REDUCTION  OF  VENTILATION  IN
HOUSES  TO  CONSERVE  ENERGY,   PRODUCTION  AND  USE OF  PHOSPHATE
FERTILIZERS, INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES INVOLVING RELEASE OF NATURALLY
OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES  INTO  THE ENVIRONMENT, AND REUSE OF LARGE
AMOUNTS OF WASTE MATERIAL ARE EXAMPLES OF SITUATIONS WHICH MODIFY
DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT.    (ENV)
     RADON  TRANSPORT  INTO A DETACHED  ONE-STORY  HOUSE  WITH A
     BASEMENT
     NAZAROFF     W.W.;   FEUSTEL  H.;  NERO  A.V.;  REVZAN   K.L.;
     GRIMSRUD D.T.; ESSLING M.A.; TOOHEY R.E.
     LBNL,  ATMOSPHERIC  ENV,  1985,  V19,   Nl,   P31(16)  RESEARCH
     ARTICLE

     RESULTS OF A FIVE-MONTH  STUDY DURING WHICH  RADON (RN  222)
CONCENTRATION,  AIR-EXCHANGE  (VENTILATION)   RATE, AND WEATHER  AND
RADON  SOURCE PARAMETERS WERE CONTINUOUSLY MONITORED  IN A  HOUSE
NEAR CHICAGO ARE  DESCRIBED, PARTICULAR FOCUS ON  RADON ENTRY  RATE.
RESULTS  SUGGEST  THAT  THE  BASEMENT  SUMP PUMP  AND   PERIMETER
DRAIN-TILE  SYSTEM PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN  INFLUENCING  RADON
ENTRY  RATE  AND  THAT PRESSURE-DRIVEN FLOW WAS MORE IMPORTANT THAN
DIFFUSION AS A MECHANISM  FOR RADON ENTRY.   FIREPLACE  OPERATION
SUBSTANTIALLY  INCREASED THE AIR-EXCHANGE  RATE BUT HAD  ONLY A
SMALL  EFFECT ON INDOOR RADON CONNECTION, PROVIDING  CORROBORATIVE
EVIDENCE  FOR THE ROLE OF PRESSURE-DRIVEN FLOW.  (2 DIAGRAMS, 6
GRAPHS, 30  REFERENCES, 5 TABLES)    (ENV)
                                66

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III. EXPOSURE

          B. GEOLOGY
     Predictive Model  for  Indoor Radon  Occurrences —  A First
     Approximat ion
     LeGrand,  H. E.
     IN:  Radon,  Radium  and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
     Hydrogeologic  Impact  and  Application  to  Indoor  Airborne
     Contamination.  Proceedings of the NWWA   Conference, April
     7-9, 1987, Somerset,  New Jersey. 1987. p  477-487,  1 fig, 7
     ref.,

     Efforts to develop a model that can allow one to predict the
degree  of  health  risks  from  radon  gas emanations  in buildings
must face intangible factors.   Yet,  a useful predictive model is
needed because:  (1)  measurements of Rn  in  millions of buildings
are  not feasible;  (2)  variable  concentrations  of Rn  may exist
within space and  time conditions in  a room;  and (3) questions of
reliability of  sampling  and analytical procedures  arise in many
cases.     A  first approximation  toward  a   predictive model  is
proposed that applies to the crystalline rock terrane of eastern
North America, based on  fundamental  hydrogeologic factors rather
than solely on  'hot-spot1 uranium areas.   The preliminary model
proposed here  represents an  early approximation of  some future
improved model  that could  be  more  acceptable.   This  model  is
based  on  estimating values (on  a  10-point numerical  scale)  of
four factors,  as  follows:   (1)  Rock  type — uranium content;  (2)
Topographic  slope  and  vertical  emplacement  of  building;   (3)
Hydrogeologic setting  and average water-table position;  and  (4)
Water-table behavior and characteristics. The  values on compiled
and  then adjusted more  specifically  to conditions  of  indoor
construction and  ventilation.   The final total value is directed
to   a   rating  scale   that   indicates   a   relative  degree  of
seriousness.   Each  rated  situation is  classified as:   'almost
certain', 'very  likely', 'questionable', 'not  likely',  or 'very
unlikely'.  (See also W88-04980)  (Lantz-PTT)    (WRA)
     A COMPARISON OF RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL GAS WITH INDOOR
     RADON LEVELS IN THE SALT LAKE VALLEY UTAH USA
     BOLLENBACHER M K; NIELSON K K; SMITH W J II; ROGERS V C
     ROGERS ASSOCIATES ENG.  CORP.,  P.O.  BOX 330, SALT LAKE CITY,
     UTAH 84110-0330.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING  OF  THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY  5-9,  1987.  HEALTH PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.   S40. CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH

                                67

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     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Radon concentrations  in  homes,  and in soils  near the homes
were measured  at  30  locations in the  Salt  Lake Valley.   These
measurements indicated  that the  indoor radon concentrations  in
the Salt  Lake  Valley follow  a log normal distribution.   Indoor
radon levels in roughly 47 percent of the  homes  in the Salt Lake
Valley  exceeded the  EPA's radon concentration  guideline of  4
pCi/1.  Soil gas radon  concentrations around the homes have also
been obtained and follow a log normal distribution.  They will be
compared to  indoor radon  levels.   The  influence  of near surface
geology,   soil   gas  permeability,   and  major  structural
characteristics  of the  homes  on indoor  radon  levels will  be
discussed.   (BIO)(AUTH)
     Association  of  lung   cancer   mortality  with  precambrian
     granite.
     Archer VE
     Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental
     Health,  Department   of    Family and  Community  Medicine,
     University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.
     Arch Environ Health  (UNITED STATES)   Mar-Apr 1987,   42 (2)
     P87-91,
     ISSN 0003-9896 ,  Journal Code:  6YO
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Sixteen counties  in  New York,  Pennsylvania,  and  New Jersey
that are associated with  the Reading Prong granite deposits have
significantly higher age-adjusted lung cancer rates among whites
of  both sexes  (1950-1979)  than do  17 nearby  control  counties.
Elevated radon  daughter concentrations have been  found  in homes
near the Reading  Prong  granites.  Fraction of populations living
in  cities  with over  5,000  persons,  industrial centers,  cities
with populations  above  20,000,  and median incomes  did not differ
significantly  for three  county  groups (those which  include the
granite,  fringe  area,   and  control  areas).    Weaknesses  were
inadequate  home  measurements  of  radon  and  lack  of  smoking
information.   Findings  are  consistent with several other studies
relating radon in homes to lung cancer.    (MED)
     RADON:   REPORTS FROM THE STATES:  NEW JERSEY:  INVOLVING THE
     COMMERCIAL  SECTOR;  FLORIDA:    WORKING  WITH THE  PHOSPHATE
     FACTOR
     NICHOLLS GERALD P.; DEIESO DONALD A.; NASH J. D.
     NEW JERSEY DEPT ENV PROTECTION,
     ENVIRONMENT, MAR 87, V29, N2, P12(9)

     JOURNAL  ARTICLE      ASSESSMENT OF THE INDOOR RADON PROBLEM
BY  THE NEW JERSEY  DEPT.  OF  ENV.  PROTECTION  INDICATED  THAT 1.6

                                68

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MILLION HOMES MIGHT HAVE TO BE INDIVIDUALLY SCREENED TO DETERMINE
WHETHER  THEY HAD  UNACCEPTABLE  RADON LEVELS.   A  FOUR COMPONENT
PROGRAM  WAS  LAUNCHED  TO  IDENTIFY  HOMES  AT  HIGH  RISK,  COLLECT
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA  FROM RESIDENTS, TO CONFIRM  RADON LEVELS IN
HOMES PREVIOUSLY MONITORED BY COMMERCIAL TESTING CONCERNS, AND TO
PROVIDE PUBLIC INFORMATION.   REMEDIATION RESEARCH IS UNDERWAY BY
THE STATE  AGENCY  IN COOPERATION WITH EPA.   OFFICIALS IN FLORIDA
ARE ALSO  CONCERNED ABOUT THE RADON  ISSUE, AS  LARGE AREAS OF THE
STATE ARE  COMPOSED OF  PHOSPHATE ROCK,  A MAJOR  SOURCE  OF RADON
PROGENCY.   NEW STATE REGULATIONS SPECIFY CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
AND PROVIDE  FOR  TESTING OF RADON IN NEW HOMES AND SCHOOLS BUILT
ON RECLAIMED PHOSPHATE MINING LANDS.   HOMES  IN  HIGH RISK AREAS
ARE BEING TESTED  TO  DETERMINE  WHERE  THE RADON  RULE  SHOULD BE
APPLIED.  2 S,  (2 PHOTOS)   (ENV)
     CORRELATION BETWEEN RADIUM-226 IN SOIL RADON-222 IN SOIL GAS
     AND RADON-222 INSIDE ADJACENT HOUSES
     NASON R; COHEN B L
     DEP. PHYS., UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA 15260.
     HEALTH PHYS   52 (1). 1987.  73-78.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     It  is  now widely agreed that the  principal source of 222Rn
in houses is the soil gas in the soil surrounding it and it seems
almost obvious  that  the source of 222Rn in the soil  gas  is the
226Ra  in  the  soil.    One  would  therefore  expect  a  strong
correlation between these  quantities  in making measurements on a
wide variety  of houses.   It was therefore decided  to study the
correlations  between  these  three  quantities  in   a  number  of
houses.   (BIO) (AUTH)
     UNDERSTANDING  THE  ORIGIN OF  RADON  INDOORS  -  BUILDING A
     PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY   (ENGLISH)
     SEXTRO RG
     UNIV  CALIF BERKELEY LAWRENCE  BERKELEY LAB,BLDG  VENTILAT &
     INDOOR AIR QUAL PROGRAM/BERKELEY//CA/94720
     ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, V21, N2, P431-438, 1987

     Because  a  significant  number  of dwellings are expected to
have  indoor  radon  concentrations  above  guideline  levels,  a
predictive  capability  is   needed   that   would  help  identify
geographical   areas   having   the   potential   for  high  indoor
concentrations.  This paper  reviews the preliminary work that has
been done to identify important soil and building characteristics
that influence  the  migration of  radon and  outlines the areas of
further  research  necessary  for  development  of  a  predictive
method.    (SCI) (AUTH)
                                69

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     RADON-222  CONCENTRATIONS  IN  HONES   BUILT  ABOVE  GRANITE
     FORMATIONS AND PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS IN NORTH CAROLINA USA
     MABRY A M
     DEP.  ENVIRON.  SCI.  ENG.,  SCH.  PUBLIC HEALTH, UNIV.  N.C.,
     CHAPEL HILL, N.C. 27514.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF  THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY  5-9,  1987.  HEALTH PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.  S2.    CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Thirty  homes  in  three  regions  of  North  Carolina  were
monitored  for  Rn-222  concentrations  using  Track  Etch  R  time
integrating detectors.   Each home was monitored  for one  year in
intervals  of  approximately  three to six months.   The results of
measurements  in homes  above granite  formations  indicated that
indoor radon  concentrations  in these areas  were  somewhat higher
than the estimated U.S.  average but most  were less  than  the 4
pCi/1 action guide recommended by the EPA.    (BIO)  (HQL)
     Radon and Radium Emanations from Fractured Crystalline Rocks
     - A Conceptual Hydrogeological Model
     LeGrand, H. E.
     Ground    Water    GRWAAP,     Vol.   25,   No.   1,  p  59-69,
     January-February 1987. 6 fig, 25 ref.,
     Journal Announcement: SWRA2006

     Subsurface air is  a  refuge  for radon gas escaping from rock
and  soil  surfaces,   as  well  as  from  subsurface  water.    The
crystalline rocks  of  eastern United States contain granites and
associated  rocks  that  have  moderate to  low  amounts  of uranium
source material; the  amounts are sufficient for radon to emanate
significantly from both the  soil-saprolite zone and the part of
the  underlying  fractured  rock  above   the  water  table.    The
pressure  increases in  the  air systems  chiefly  as infiltrated
water  moves  downward  and  as  the  water  table  rises.    The
radon-laden air moves toward two types  of low-pressure chambers.
One type of chamber is  a  house on sloping topography niched into
the soil-saprolite zone and  perhaps into bedrock fractures.  The
other  type  is the unwatered  fracture  zone of a pumping cone of
depression where overlying clays are less  permeable.   These two
types  of low-pressure  chambers have  characteristics  of vacuum
cleaners, sucking in radon-laden air.  Conditions leading to high
indoor  radon  concentrations  are:   (1)   granites  and associated
rocks with  normal  or  above normal amounts of  uranium, (2) normal
inter   connecting  fracture  pattern,   (3)   a   thin  mantle  of
relatively impermeable  clay soil, (4) repeated cycles of recharge
and of fluctuating water table in  the  fracture zone  or in the
overlying  regolith,  (5)  indentation of buildings  into  soil and
rock materials, and (6)  building construction allowing relatively
easy inflow of air from the subsoil  and rock.  (WRA)

                                70

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     Preliminary Assessment of  Factors  Affecting Radon Levels in
     Idaho
     Ogden, A.E.; Welling, W.B.; Funderburg, R.D.; Boschult, L.C.
     Tennessee Technological  Univ.,  Cookeville.  Water Resources
     Center.
     IN:  Radon, Radium  and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
     Hydrogeologic  Impact and  Application to  Indoor  Airborne
     Contamination.  Proceedings  of  the NWWA  Conference,  April
     7-9, 1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 1987.  p  83-96,   7  fig,  5
     tab, 8 ref.
     Journal Announcement: SWRA2106

     Much  of  Idaho  is  underlain by  granitic and  related  rocks
associated with  the Idaho Batholith.   Since granitic-type  rocks
commonly  have  higher concentrations  of  radium which  decays  to
radon,  the  Idaho Division of Environment obtained a  grant from
the Idaho Cancer Coordinating  Committee to survey  radon levels
throughout the  state.    The  results of  the first phase  of this
state-wide survey are presented along with an examination of the
possible  factors affecting these  levels in two  Idaho counties.
The results  indicate that earth  covered homes have  the  highest
radon levels, but the presence  or absence of a basement or crawl
space  does not  appear  to  significantly  affect radon  levels.
Also,  there was  no  significant  difference between homes that are
weatherized versus  those that  are not.   The type  of  heating in
the homes and presence or absence of an air cleaning system also
seem  to  have  little  influence  on  the  radon levels.   A more
detailed  look  at   radon  levels  in  Ada  and  Kootenai  counties
suggests  that levels are higher if the home is  near  a fault and
also where the water tables is  deeper.   The greater the granitic
composition of the alluvium and outwash on which homes are built,
the greater  the possibility  of  higher  radon levels.  (See also
W88-04980) (LantZ-PTT)     (WRA)
     Understanding  the  Origin   of   Radon  Indoors—Building  a
     Predictive Capability
     Sextro, R. G.
     California Univ., Berkeley.  Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
     Atmospheric Environment ATENBP,  Vol.  21, No.  2,  p 431-438,
     February  1987.   4   fig,    31   ref.   EPA/DOE   Interagency
     Agreement  DW89930801- 01- 0   and  DOE   Contract
     DE-AC03-76SF00098.
     Journal Announcement:  SWRA2011

     The  preliminary  work that has   been  done  to  identify
important  soil and building characteristics that  influence the
migration  of  radon into  buildings are  reviewed.   Soil  is the
major source  of  radon in houses  with higher-than-average indoor
concentrations.  Identifying the   estimated  1 to  2  million homes
with indoor concentrations  exceeding  300 Bq/cu m is a difficult
task.   Factors that  are  likely to affect  the source strength of

                               71

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radon  from  soil  include  the  soil  radium  concentration,  the
emanating  fraction,   and  soil  type  and  moisture content.    A
geographically-based  predictive method  would,  ideally,  locate
areas with  the  potential  for having high indoor radon levels;
such  areas would  then  be  investigated  in  more detail.    The
efficacy of such an  approach would depend upon the  availability
and quality of data for the characterization of soils in terms of
both  radon  availability  and   radon  transport.     Although
exploration of existing  data  bases with  wide geographic coverage
has begun, further research in needed to investigate  the validity
of  the   approach   and  to  define   a  suitable  mathematical
relationship among the important parameters.   (Author's abstract)
 (WRA)
     SURFICIAL  GEOLOGY  AND  INDOOR  RADON -  STUDIES IN  NEW-YORK
     STATE  (ENGLISH)
     KUNZ C; KOTHARI B;  LILLEY W
     NEW    YORK    STATE   DEPT  HLTH, WADSWORTH   CTR   LABS  &
     RES/ALBANY//NY/12201; NEW YORK STATE DEPT LABOR,RADIOL HLTH
     UNIT/BROOKLYN//NY/11-2 01
     HEALTH PHYSICS , V52, SI, PS 70,  1987

     Several  areas  in   New  York State  have been  studied  to
investigate  correlations   between  the   surficial   soil-bedrock
geology and indoor radon.   The soils and surficial bedrock were
measured  for  radium concentration,  emanating  fraction,  soil-gas
radon  concentration and  soil  permeability  for  gas  flow.    In
addition, the  geology of the areas were  characterized regarding
soil  and rock  type,  depth  of  soil  to  bedrock and water  table
depth.    (SCI)   (AUTH)
     EXPERIMENTS  ON   POLLUTANT   TRANSPORT   FROM  SOIL   INTO
     RESIDENTIAL BASEMENTS BY PRESSURE-DRIVEN AIRFLOW
     NAZAROFF W W; LEWIS S R; DOYLE S M; MOED B A; NERO A V
     ENVIRON. ENG. SCI.,  CALIF.  INST.  TECHNOL., PASADENA, CALIF.
     91125.
     ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL   21 (5). 1987.  459-466.   CODEN:  ESTHA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     At   two  residences  in  Portland,   OR   [USA],   we   have
investigated  (1)  the coupling between  residential  basements and
the  air  in  nearby  soil  and   (2)  the  influence  of  basement
depressurization  on the  migration  of air  in   soil.   With the
basements  depressurized   25-50   Pa  relative  to  outdoor  air,
underpressures as  great as 20-40% of  those  in  the  basement were
observed at sampling points in the soil.  Sulfur hexafluoride was
injected  into the  soil  near  the  houses  and  its  concentration

                                72

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monitored in  soil  air and in  the  house over time,  but with and
without basement depressurization.   Depressurization was seen to
have substantial effect on the migration of the tracer within the
soil.   For basement  depressurization  of  25-50  Pa,  effective
transport velocities  through the  soil  and into the houses were
observed to exceed 1  m h-1.   Airborne 222Rn  concentration was
monitored   in  the  basemnet  of  one  house  during  the  6-day
investigation and was  seen to increase  substantially on each of
the  seven  occasions   that  the  house  was  depressurized.    The
techniques  employed are applicable  to  the study  of problems of
excessive radon  entry  into buildings and  the  migration of toxic
vapors from waste dumps and landfills.   (BIO)
     GEOLOGICAL  VARIATION  OF  RADON  SOURCES AND INDOOR  RADON
     CONCENTRATIONS ALONG  THE SOUTHWESTERN EDGE  OF THE CANADIAN
     SHIELD USA
     STECK D J
     PHYS. DEP., ST. JOHN'S UNIV., COLLEGEVILLE, MINN. 56321.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING  OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9,  1987.  HEALTH PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.   S40.      CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     This work compares  radon source strenghths and indoor radon
concentrations  with  surface  geological  features in a  large,
glacially-sculptured region  lying  along the southwestern edge of
the Canadian  shield.   Over  200 houses,  located  in Minnesota and
the northern parts  of  Wisconsin and Michigan, are being studied.
The  complete data  set  and  correlations  between indoor  radon
concentrations,  source strengths,  local geological features, and
housing characterestics will be presented.    (BIO)(AUTH)
     Correlation  between super(236)Ra  in soil,  super(222)Rn in
     soil gas, and super(222)Rn inside adjacent houses
     Nason, R.; Cohen, B.L.
     Dep. Phys., Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
     HEALTH PHYS  VOL. 52, NO. 1,   pp. 73-77,   Publ.Yr:  1987
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V18N6

     Three  surveys were made with the  cooperation  of physics
department faculty members in various universities throughout the
United States.  These were:   (A)  Twenty-four houses in 16 states,
with the soil  gas measured  during the  winter of  1983-84.  (B)
Seventeen  houses  in   12  states   (including   six  states  not
represented in  A) , with  the  soil gas measured during summer-fall
of 1984.   (C)  Seven  houses in the  Pittsburgh area  (no two close
together),  which  were  known  to have  high  indoor super(222)Rn

                               73

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levels  from  surveys  done  previously  (Co85).    In  addition,
measurements  only on  soil gas  and  super(226)Ra concentrations
were made at  four other  locations  in the area (they averaged 10%
higher super(226)Ra and  80% higher super(222)Rn in soil gas than
the Pittsburgh houses).  (POL)
     Indoor radon and its sources in the ground
     Tanner, A. B.
     U. S. Geol. Surv., USA
     Open-File  Report  (United  States  Geological  Survey.  1978)
     1986  5p.
     Report No.: OF 86-0222
     Country of Publ.: United States
     ISSN: 0196-1497
     CODEN: XGROAG  6 REFS.
     Subfile: B
     Doc Type: SERIAL; REPORT   Bibliographic Level: MONOGRAPHIC
     Languages: English
     Availability: U. S. Geol. Surv., Denver, CO, United States

     This Open-File Report contains a fact sheet about radon.
(GEO)  (HQL)
     Geological factors that influence radon availability
     Tanner, A. B.
     U. S. Geol. Surv., Reston, VA, USA
     Indoor radon
     Anonymous
     Air   Pollution  Control  Association  specialty conference,
     Philadelphia,  PA, United States,   Feb. 1986
     Publ: Air Pollut. Control Assoc.
     1986  l-12p.
     Country of Publ.: United States
     15 REFS.
     Subfile: B
     Doc  Type:  BOOK;  CONFERENCE  PUBLICATION     Bibliographic
     Level: ANALYTIC
     Languages: English
     illus.

     This  paper discusses principles relevant  to the production
and movement of radon in the ground; methods of identifying areas
likely  to have  indoor  radon  problems;  geological correlations
with  indoor  radon surveys  that have  been noted  to  date;  and
speculation on the  radon potential of certain rock  and soil types
and land forms.   (GEO)   (HQL)
                                74

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     Indoor radon is a geologic hazard
     Lilley, W. D.
     U. S. Nucl. Reg. Comm. , Washington, DC, USA
                        1986  5p.
                       United States
Geotimes  31: 4,
Country of Publ .
ISSN: 0016-8556
CODEN: GEOTAJ
Subfile: B
Doc Type: SERIAL
Languages : Engl i sh
illus. , 1 table
                        Bibliographic Level: ANALYTIC
     Naturally occurring  radioactive  radon  gas,  which exceeded
safe mine  standards by 40 times,  was found recently  in a house
in Pennsylvania.   The high levels of  indoor radon such as those
found in Pennsylvania recently were not expected.   (GEO)  (HQL)
                               75

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III. EXPOSURE

          C. SOURCE
     INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS OF RADON-220 AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS
     KATASE A; MATSUMOTO Y; SAKAE T; ISHIBASHI K
     DEP. NUCLEAR ENG.,  KYUSHU UNIV., FUKUOKA, 812 JPN.
     HEALTH PHYS   54 (3). 1988.  283-286.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     The distribution of  220Rn atoms  in  a  room  was derived from
the diffusion equation.   The activity concentrations of 212Pb and
212Bi were  obtained  in  relation to  220Rn exhalation rate from a
concrete  wall.  Near the  surface  of the  concrete  wall,  the
radiation exposure due  to inhalation of 220Rn decay products may
be significant in some cases.   (BIO)
     RADIOLOGICAL  ASSESSMENT  OF THE  UTILIZATION  OF FLY  ASH IN
     CONCRETE  FOR BUILDING   CONSTRUCTION   AND  THE  PARAMETERS
     AFFECTING RADON-222 EMANATION FROM FLY ASH CONCRETE
     HWANG J; ZIEMER P L; SCHOLER C F
     SCH.  HEALTH  SCI.  SCH.   CIVIL  ENG.,   PURDUE  UNIV.,  WEST
     LAFAYETTE, IN 47907, USA.
     THIRTY-FIRST  ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     PITTSBURGH, PA.,  USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3,  1986. HEALTH PHYS   50
     (SUPPL. 1). 1986.
     Sll. CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     The  Rn222  area  exhalation  rates  and  the  maximum  area
exhalation  from  concrete containing fly ash  were measured.   Fly
ash  originating from  two  different  power  plants  was used to
replace  30%  of the cement  in  fabricating concrete test samples.
For  another set of test samples,  three concentrations of Ra226
water solution were used with fly ash in fabricating concrete.  A
newly   designed   emanation   chamber,  which  consists  of  two
consecutive  chambers  with  the  cylindrical  concrete  specimen
located  between  them,  was used in this study.   Air samples were
assayed  at  various elapsed times by using  the scintillation cell
technique.   (BIO)   (AUTH)
                                76

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     NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS
     TAMEZ E; OLGUIN M T; SEGOVIA N; BULBULIAN S; ABASCAL F
     INST.  NAC.  INVESTIGACIONES  NUCLEARES,  AGRICULTURA N.  21,
     COL. ESCANDON, C.P. 11800, MEXICO D.F., MEX.
     J RADIOANAL NUCL  CHEM    103  (4).  1986.   231-240.    CODEN:
     JRNCD
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     Experiments  were   designed  to   measure  trace  uranium
concentration  and   the rate  of  radon   exhalation  from  masonry
structural materials,  both  bare  and surface finished and coated.
LR115 cellulose  nitrate  track detectors were used  to record the
alpha emission from structural material surface.   Fission track,
neutron activation and fluorometric analysis methods were used to
determine the uranium content.  Most types of paints studied will
reduce  alpha  contribution  and   radon   emanation  from  building
materials.   (BIO)
     Radionuclide  content  of and  222Rn emanation  from building
     materials made from phosphate industry waste products.
     Paredes CH;  Kessler WV;  Landolt RR;  Ziemer  PL;  Paustenbach
     DJ
     School   of  Health   Sciences,  Purdue  University,  West
     Lafayette, IN 47907.
     Health Phys  (UNITED STATES)    Jul 1987,  53 (1) p23-9,  ISSN
     0017-9078
     Journal Code: G2H
     Languages: ENGLISH

     The radionuclide content and 222Rn emanation coefficients of
selected construction  materials  were determined.   The materials
were analyzed for 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K by gamma-ray spectrometry.
Mineral wool  insulation, which  is made  from  Tennessee phosphate
slag,  and  commonly  used   insulation,  which  is  made  from blast
furnace slag, had similar  concentrations of these radionuclides.
Concrete blocks made  with  phosphate slag  had enhanced 226Ra and
228Ra  contents  when  compared  to ordinary  concrete block.   The
mineral  wool   insulation  materials  which  were  examined  had
emanation coefficients  that  were a few  (2-6)  times 10(-3).   All
other materials had  emanation  coefficients that ranged from 6 X
10(-4)  to 4 X 10(-2).   (MED)
     Discussing possible  standards of  natural radioactivity  in
     building materials.
     Keller G; Folkerts KH; Muth H
     Universitat des  Saarlandes,  Homburg/Saar, Federal  Republic
     of Germany.
     Radiat  Environ   Biophys  (GERMANY,   WEST)    1987,   26  (2)
     P143-50,  ISSN

                                77

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     0301-634X   Journal Code: QML
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     This  paper discusses  different  possibilities of  deriving
reference values for  the  natural radioactivity concentrations in
building  materials  to estimate possible  additional  radiation
exposure for the population.  Based on comprehensive experimental
and theoretical investigations the  consequences of the resulting
hypothetical  reference  activity   concentrations  in  building
materials, applying  different dose  limits,  were  examined.   The
calculation of the activity concentration standards was performed
for standard conditions obtained by" earlier studies on exhalation
of Radon-222 and Radon-220 from building materials.   (MED)
     MEASUREMENT  OF THE FREE  EXHALATION RATE OF  RADON-222 FROM
     SOLID SAMPLES  VIA AN ACCUMULATION METHOD
     QUINDOS L S; SOTO J; FERNANDEZ P L
     DEP. MED. PHYS., FAC. MED., SANTANDER, SPAIN.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING  OF  THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY  5-9,  1987.  HEALTH PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.
     S41. CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Experimental values of  the free  exhalation rate for samples
from different places of Spain including typical Spanish building
materials were measured.  Also, equations showing the increase of
radon concentration in time inside the container have been tested
for several sizes of samples in order to explain the experimental
results obtained.   (BIO) (AUTH)
     Characterization  of  Indoor  Sources  of  Air  Contaminants:
     Report on a Technical Conference
     Sponsored  by  Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Research
     Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A04/MF A01
     Leaderer, B.  P.
     John B. Pierce Foundation Lab., New Haven, CT.
     Corp. Source  Codes: 064032000
     Sponsor: Environmental  Protection Agency, Research Triangle
     Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Report No.: EPA/600/9-87/014
     Jul 87   67p
     Languages: English   Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices:  PC A04/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8721
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: EPA-R-812489

                                78

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     The   report   describes  a   technical   conference,
•Characterization of Contaminant Emissions  from Indoor Sources,'
held in Chapel Hill, NC, May 13-15,  1985, to assess the status of
methodological issues  in  the laboratory and  field  evaluation of
air  contaminants  from  indoor  sources.   A total  of  29  invited
papers were presented in five technical sessions during the 3-day
conference.   A sixth session was a  panel  discussion summarizing
the  conference  findings,  led by the  conference chairman  and the
five session  chairmen.   The papers  presented  at  the conference
and  the session summaries,  written by the  session chairmen, have
been  published  in  Atmospheric Environment,   Vol.   21,  No.  2,
February 1987.  The report  contains  a description of the purpose
of the conference,  a conference program, abstracts of the papers
presented, a list of attendees, and a conference review.    (NTIS)
     APPORTIONMENT OF SOURCES OF INDOOR RADON
     HARLEY N H; TERILLI T B
     N.Y. UNIV.  MED.  CENT.,  DEP. ENVIRON. MED.,  550 FIRST AVE. ,
     NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016, USA.
     THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL  MEETING OF THE  HEALTH  PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     PITTSBURGH, PA., USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3, 1986.  HEALTH PHYS   50
     (SUPPL. 1). 1986.
     S60 CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Various factors  other than  the radium content of underlying
soil influence  the indoor concentration of  radon  in dwellings.
These  include  the  properties of  the  soil  and the  dwelling.
Hourly data  have been obtained over three years  in single family
dwellings and it is possible by analysis of radon excursions from
the baseline data to apportion the source of radon to the various
pressure driven and diffusional processes.  (BIO) (AUTH)
     EMANATION OF RADON BY BUILDING-MATERIALS  (ENGLISH)
     MEDORA R; TREFLER M
     UNIV MIAMI/MIAMI//FL/33101
     MEDICAL PHYSICS , V13, N4, P608-608, 1986

     "Of  all  radioactive   isotopes   released  by  the  nuclear
industry, the one expected to cause the most harm to human health
is not 1-131....  Far more important than all of these combined is
radon-222."  In many parts of the world, levels of airborne radon
enhanced by  the  advent of energy  conservation methods have been
receiving considerable attention.    In Florida,   the prospective
use of  waste byproducts of  the phosphate  industry  for building
material  has  caused  similar  concern  due to  this  material's
elevated radium  content.   This  paper  investigates the effects of
environmental parameters on this emanation.  (SCI)(AUTH)

                                79

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     DISCUSSING POSSIBLE  STANDARDS OF  NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY  IN
     BUILDING  MATERIALS
     KELLER G; FOLKERTS K H; MUTH H
     FACHRICHTUNG 3.6 BIOPHYSIK UNO PHYSIKALISCHE  GRUNDLAGEN DER
     MEDIZIN, UNIVERSITAET  DBS SAARLANDES,  D-6650 HOMBURG/SAAR,
     W. GERMANY.
     RADIAT ENVIRON  BIOPHYS    26  (2).  1987.   143-150.    CODEN:
     REBPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     This  paper discusses  different possibilities of  deriving
reference values for the  natural  radioactivity concentrations in
building  materials  to estimate  possible  additional  radiation
exposure for the population.  Based on comprehensive experimental
and theoretical investigations the consequences  of the resulting
hypothetical  reference  activity  concentrations  in  building
materials, applying  different dose limits,  were  examined.   The
calculations  of  the  activity  concentration   standards  was
performed for standard  conditions  obtained by earlier studies on
exhalation of  Radon-22 and  Radon-220 from building  materials.
(BIO)
     EXTERNAL GAMMA-RAY DOSE RATES FROM RADON-222 PROGENY INDOORS
     MILLER K M; GEORGE A C
     ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS LAB., U.S. DEP. ENERGY, NEW YORK,
     N.Y. 10014.
     HEALTH PHYS   54 (2). 1988.  203-206.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     In  terms  of  radiation  exposure  to  humans,  the  assumed
critical pathway for 222Rn in the indoor environment is internal,
resulting from the dose delivered to the lung from inhaled alpha-
emitting 222Rn  progeny.   Basic calculations and measurements are
addressed.  The  results are  presented  here  in a form that allows
the   rough   estimation  of  the  dose   rate   in  air  per  unit
concentration  of 222Rn progeny for typical  houses.   Effective
dose  equivalents for the  internal  versus  the  external pathways
are compared.    (BIO) (HQL)
     Radon Daughters and Work at Display Devices.  Results from a
     Prestudy In Swedish.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Falk, R. ; Nyblom, L.
     Statens Straalskyddsinstitut, Stockholm  (Sweden).
     Corp. Source Codes: 100859000; 9860158
     Report No.: SSI-86-02
     4 Feb 86   15p

                                80

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     Languages: Swedish
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A02/MF  A01
     GRAI8707; NSA1100
     Country of Publication: Sweden
Journal  Announcement:
     It  has  been  shown  that  ions  and  electrically  charged
particles  in the  air can  be  transported  in  the electrostatic
field between a  face  and a display device to  either  the face or
the  screen.   Radon daughters can occur  as  ions, or  sitting on
charged particles.  This prestudy shows that radon daughters were
manifold concentrated on the  face of  a  doll  placed in front of a
display device,  or in a electrostatic  field of the  kind typical
for displaying devices.  The radiation dose,  in the skin from the
radon  daughters  in  an  ordinary office environment  plus  the
addition caused by work at a display device,  is not strong enough
to cause skin damages alone.    7  refs.  (ERA  citation 11:054853)
(NTIS)
                                81

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III. EXPOSURE

          D. PHYSICAL PROPERTY
     Surface  radioactivity  resulting  from  the  deposition  of
     super(222)Rn daughter products
     Lively, R.S.; Ney, E.P.
     Minnesota Geol.  Surv., 2642  University Ave., St.  Paul,  MN
     55114, USA
     HEALTH PHYS  VOL. 52, NO.  4,   pp. 411-415,   Publ.Yr: 1987
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V18N5

     Studies of  indoor radiation  environments  typically involve
measurements  of   super (222) Rn,   airborne  super (222 )Rn  decay
products, and the  degree of radioactive equilibrium.   This paper
describes the  relationship  between the super(222)Rn  in  air,- and
the level of surface radioactivity that results from the build-up
and  decay of  the  daughter isotope,  super(210)Pb.    Samples  of
super(222)Rn were  collected from Mystery Cave, which is located
in  southeastern  Minnesota  and  from the  basement  of  a  house in
Minneapolis, MN.   Lead-210 was  measured on  surfaces within the
cave, on a rock removed  from  the cave,  and  on basement window.
Surface  alpha activities were measured on the rock sample and on
the window.  Radon-222 concentrations in the cave air ranged from
3  to 13  kBq  m super(-3).  In  the basement,  super(222)Rn levels
were between 0.2 and 0.4 kBq m super(-3).   (POL)
     EFFECT   OF  RADON  ON SOME  ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF INDOOR
     AIR (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
     WILKENING MARVIN
     NEW MEXICO INST OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY,
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P252(12)

     ASSN  REPORT      RADON  ISOTOPES  ARE IMPORTANT TO THE STUDY
OF  THE INDOOR  ENVIRONMENT FOR THEIR  EFFECTS ON  THE ELECTRICAL
NATURE  OF  INDOOR AIR  AS WELL AS  FOR THEIR  CONTRIBUTION TO THE
INTERNAL DOSE.  IONS OF INTEREST ARE THOSE FORMED AFTER THE DECAY
OF  RADON OR  A DAUGHTER ATOM.   THESE HAVE A  MASS  AND ELECTRICAL
MOBILITY  COMPARABLE TO ORDINARY  ATMOSPHERIC  SMALL  IONS.    AN
IONIZATION  RATE  OF 25 MILLION  ION  PAIRS/CU  M/SECOND  CAN  BE
EXPECTED FOR TYPICAL INDOOR RADON LEVELS.  THE RESULTING  POSITIVE
IONS IN INDOOR  AIR  OUTNUMBER  THE  RADON DAUGHTER POSITIVE IONS BY
A FACTOR OF  1 MILLION.  MEASUREMENTS  IN A ROOM WHERE THE RADON
CONCENTRATION  AVERAGED  23 BQ/CU  M  YIELDED  A POTENTIAL ALPHA
ENERGY  CONCENTRATION  (PAEC)  OF 0.003  WORKING LEVEL  UNITS.   THE

                                82

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PAEC DUE TO  THE POSITIVELY CHARGED DAUGHTER IONS WAS  ONLY ABOUT
3%  OF  THAT  DUE  TO   THE  ATTACHED   DAUGHTERS.   (1  GRAPH,   34
REFERENCES, 1 TABLE)  (ENV)
     Physical  Processes  Affecting Levels  of Radon, Thoron,  and
     Their  Decay  Products  in  an Indoor Environment.    Final
     Technical Report
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Wilkening, M.; Schery, S.D.
     New Mexico Inst. of Mining and Technology, Socorro.  Dept. of
     Physics.
     Corp. Source Codes:  012640011; 9513999
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: DOE/ER-60216
     Feb 86   8p
     Languages: English
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A02/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8614; NSA1100
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AS04-84ER60216

     The  objective  was   to  understand  the  physical  processes
affecting  radon,  thoron,  and  their  daughter products  in  the
indoor  environment.    Specific  areas of  research were:   (1)  the
importance  of thoron  and  thoron daughters  as  contributors  to
indoor  radiation  dose;   (2)  transport modeling   for  radon  and
thoron;  (3)  radon and thoron daughter  ion-aerosol interactions;
(4)  indoor-outdoor  radon  levels  and  their  relation   to  air
exchange processes; and (5) publication and synthesis of  research
from earlier  investigations.  (ERA citation 11:020921)   (NTIS)
     Free  fractions,  attachment  rates,  and  plate-out rates  of
     radon daughters in houses
     Porstendoerfer, J.; Reineking, A.; Becker, K.H.; Hopke, P.K.
     (ed.)
     Isotopenlab.   Biol.   und.  Med.,   Georg-August-Univ.,
     Burckhardtweg 2,  D-3400 Geottingen,  FRG
     191.   Meeting   of  the   American Chemical  Society    New
     York, NY (USA)  13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON  AND  ITS DECAY PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,   PROPERTIES  AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS
     pp. 285-300,   Publ.Yr:  1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     The  paper  summarizes  the  experimental   data   on  the
equilibrium  factor,   F,  the  free   fraction,  f  sub(p) ,  the
attachment  rate  to the room  air aerosol,   X@)u-,  the  recoil
factor, r sub(l), and the plateout rates of the free, q super(f),

                                83

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and the  attached,  radon daughters, determined  in eight rooms of
different houses.  In each room several measurements were carried
out at different times, with different aerosol sources  (cigarette
smoke, stove  heating etc.) and under low (v <  0.3  h super(-1))
and moderate  (0.3 < v < 1 h super(-l)) ventilations.    (POL)
     Comparison  of Working  Level  Ratios  in Houses  Occupied by
     Smokers and Non-Smokers
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Lyon, R.J.  ; Au, F.; Hans, J.M.
     Office of Radiation Programs-Las Vegas Facility, NV.
     Corp. Source Codes: 073120000
     Report No.: EPA/520/6-86/006
     Apr 86   27p
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8615
     Country of Publication: United States

     The equilibrium ratios  of measured radon concentrations and
working  levels  in sixty-eight  homes  in  Butte,  Montana,  were
cataloged according to smokers and non-smokers in each home.  The
ratios were  statistically evaluated  to determine if there were
differences  in  the average  of the  ratios depending on the number
of  smokers  in  the  homes.    The  equilibrium ratio was  higher in
homes with smokers compared to homes with no smokers.  This ratio
was independent of the  number of people smoking within the home.
 (NTIS)
     THE BEHAVIOR OF RADON DAUGHTERS IN THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT:
     EFFECT ON THE EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT  (RADON AND ITS DECAY
     PRODUCTS),
     VANMARCKE   H. ;   JANSSENS A.;  RAES  F. ;  POFFIJN A.; BERKVENS
     P.; VAN DINGENEN R.
     STATE UNIV OF GENT, BELGIUM,
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P301(23)

     ASSN   REPORT   SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS  WERE MADE IN FOUR
DWELLING ROOMS  OF THE  RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATIONS, VENTILATION
RATES,  AND  SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF THE  INACTIVE AEROSOL.  MEASURED
RADON  DAUGHTER  LEVELS  WERE  FITTED BY  A ROOM  MODEL TO OPTIMIZE
UNATTACHED DAUGHTER DEPOSITION RATES.  THE MEAN VALUE WAS 18/HOUR
IN  THE TWO BEDROOMS  AND LIVING ROOM AND 8/HOUR  IN THE CELLAR.
THE  UNATTACHED  FRACTION  WAS  CALCULATED TO  0.05-0.15  WITHOUT
AEROSOL SOURCES  IN THE ROOM AND 0.05  IN THE PRESENCE OF AEROSOL
SOURCES.   THE EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT  WAS  MORE RELATED TO THE
RADON  CONCENTRATION  THAN TO  THE  EQUILIBRIUM  EQUIVALENT  RADON
CONCENTRATION.  (11 GRAPHS, 34 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES)    (ENV)
                                84

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     Atmospheric  Chemistry  of Po-218:  Technical Report  for the
     Period March 1, 1987 to August 31, 1987
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Hopke, P.  K.
     Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign.  Inst.  for Environmental
     Studies.
     Corp. Source Codes:  034597086; 9507244
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: DOE/ER/60546-2
     1987   27p
     Languages: English
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A03/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8804;  NSA1200
     Country of Publication: United states
     Contract No.: FG02-87ER60546

     The   chemical  and  physical  properties   of  sup  218  Po
immediately  following  its  formation  from sup  222 Rn  decay are
important  in determining its behavior  in  indoor atmospheres and
plays a major  part in determining  its potential health effects.
In 88% of  the  decays,  a  singly charged, positive  ion of sup 218
Po  is  obtained  at the  end of  its recoil path.   The  modes of
neutralization,  small  ion recombination,  electron transfer, and
electron scavenging are reviewed.  In typical indoor air, the ion
will be rapidly neutralized by transfer  of  electrons from  lower
ionization  potential  gases  such   as  NO  sub  2.    The  neutral
molecule  can  then become  incorporated  in  ultrafine  particles
formed  by the  radiolytic  processes   in  the recoil  path.   The
evidence   for  these  particles   is   presented.  (ERA  citation
12:048380)   (NTIS)
     SOME  MEASUREMENTS  OF THE  EQUILIBRIUM FACTOR  FOR RADON-222
     DAUGHTERS IN  HOUSES
     TOOHEY R E; ESSLING M A; RUNDO J; HENGDE W
     BIOLOGICAL MED. RES. DIV.,  ARGONNE NATL. LAB., ARGONNE, ILL.
     60439.
     HEALTH PHYS   53 (1). 1987.  89-92.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Because the  radiation dose  to the lung from environmental
222Rn  is  due  almost entirely  to the  inhalation of  the short-
lived daughter  products,  measurements of 222Rn  levels alone are
not sufficient  to determine  the  dose.   In order to  predict the
equilibrium  factor,  or the  value of  F,  one must  measure 222Rn
concentrations  and  working levels  in  houses under a  variety of
conditions, while  simultaneously monitoring  parameters,  such as
aerosol concentration and ventilation rate, which may be expected
to affect the value of F.   (BIO) (HQL)

                                85

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     A model  for size distributions  of radon decay  products in
     realistic environments
     Raes, F.; Janssens,  A.; Vanmarcke, H.; Hopke, P.K.  (ed.)
     Nucl. Phys. Lab., State  Univ.  Gent,  Proeftunist. 86, B-9000
     Gent, Belgium
     191.   Meeting   of    the  American  Chemical Society    New
     York, NY (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON  AND  ITS  DECAY  PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS pp. 324-339,   Publ.Yr: 1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH;  ACS. 331.
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     A  model    has    been   developed   to  calculate  the  size
distribution of the   short lived decay products of radon in the
indoor environment.  In addition  to   the   classical  processes
like   attachment,  plate  out  and ventilation,   clustering   of
condensable   species  around   the   radioactive ions,  and the
neutralization    of  these  ions  by  recombination  and  charge
transfer  are  also   taken  into    account.   Some   examples are
presented  showing  that   the   latter    processes   may   affect
considerably   the   appearance   and  amount of  the  so   called
unattached fraction, as well as the equilibrium factor.    (POL)
     THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON OTHER AIR POLLUTANTS
     KNIGHTS RICHARD
     BLUE SKY TESTING LAB, WA,
     WASHINGTON   ENERGY/OREGON    STATE    UNIV INDOOR  AIR CONF,
     BELLEVUE, WA, NOV 15-16, 84, P71(5)

     CONF  PAPER        THE  EFFECTS OF  HUMIDITY  ON  INDOOR  AIR.
POLLUTANTS  ARE  EXAMINED.    THE   BASIC   EFFECT  OF  WATER  IN
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE  IS  THAT  IT BREAKS THE  BOND BETWEEN THE UREA
AND  THE FORMALDEHYDE  AND GIVES  OFF FORMALDEHYDE GAS.  • AMBIENT
WATER MOLECULES  CLUSTER AROUND RADON PARTICLES;  HUMAN LUNGS CAN
THEN  TRAP MORE  OF THESE  LARGER, HEAVIER  MASS PARTICLES.   THE
INTERACTIONS  OF HUMIDITY  AND AEROSOL  PARTICLES,  MINERALS FROM
CONCRETE, OZONE, AND MICROBES ARE ALSO EXPLAINED.    (ENV)
     DAILY EVOLUTION OF THE INDOOR AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION,
     QUINDOS L.S.; WILKENING M.; SOTO J.; FERNANDEZ P.L.
     LOVELACE INHALATION TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH INST, NM,
     AMER  ASSN   AEROSOL   RESEARCH/ET  AL 2ND INTL AEROSOL  CONF,
     W BERLIN, SEP 22-26, 86, P33(4)

     CONF   PAPER       THE   EVOLUTION  OF  A RADON  PARTICLE WAS
MEASURED HOURLY  IN  LABORATORY CONDITIONS OVER A ONE-WEEK  PERIOD.
A  TYPICAL  EVOLUTION IS SEEN  WITH MAXIMUM VALUES  IN THE  MORNING
AND  A  DAILY AVERAGE  OF  0.9  PCI/L.    AN  INVERSE  RELATIONSHIP

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BETWEEN  THE  NUMBER  OF  PARTICLES  AND  THE MEAN  DIAMETER  WAS
DETECTED  DURING THE  DAY  FOR  NATURAL  VENTILATION  WITH  A SMALL
INCREASE OF  THE NUMBER CONCENTRATION DURING MORNING  HOURS. WHEN
SMOKE WAS  INTRODUCED INDOORS,  BOTH  THE PARTICLE NUMBER  AND THE
MEAN  DIAMETER  INCREASED  RAPIDLY.    (4  GRAPHS,  3  REFERENCES)
(ENV)
     Aerosol Formation Caused by Electrostatic Precipitator
     Keskinen,  J.,  K.  Janka,  M.  Lehtimaki,  G.  Graeffe,  and V.
     Kulmala
     Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 17, No. 3, pages 647-649, 5
     references
     June 1986  CODEN: JALSB7

     The  factors  influencing the  formation  of  aerosol particles
by  an  electrostatic  precipitator  were  studied  in  order  to
investigate  the  effect of  the ozone  produced  on  radon decay
products.    An  electrical   aerosol  analyzer  and  a  modified
electrical  aerosol  detector   were used  to  monitor   aerosol
particles in a  test chamber  in which an indoor environment could
be  simulated.    Measurements were made  first  in  particle free
chamber  air  and then after  several hours of being connected to
the electrostatic precipitator.  The corona current was found to
have an approximately linear effect on the ozone production.  The
air flow rate  used was much  higher than would be  found  in home
or office use of. the precipitator  and this limited the growth of
particles.    Disconnecting   the  precipitator  resulted  in  an
increase  in  the  relative number  of larger particles,  and this
growth of  particles was related to  the relative humidity within
the test chamber.   The insertion  of a  charcoal  filter into the
precipitator behind the collecting plates resulted in a decrease
in the production of condensation nuclei.   The authors conclude
that   use  of  an   electrostatic   precipitator  can  result  in
condensation nuclei formation,  which may in some cases influence
behavior  of  radon  decay  products;  the use  of  a charcoal filter
and  correct  adjustment   of  corona  current  can  reduce  this
condensation nuclei  formation.   (OSH)
     A  MODEL FOR SIZE  DISTRIBUTIONS  OF RADON  DECAY PRODUCTS IN
     REALISTIC ENVIRONMENTS  (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
     RAES F.; JANSSENS A.; VANMARCKE H.
     STATE UNIV OF GENT, BELGIUM,
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P324(16)

     ASSN  REPORT     THE  SIZE  DISTRIBUTIONS OF  THE SHORT-LIVED
DECAY PRODUCTS  OF RADON  IN  THE INDOOR  ENVIRONMENT ARE COMPUTED
WITH A NEWLY DEVELOPED MODEL.  ALONG WITH THE CLASSICAL PROCESSES
OF  ATTACHMENT,   PLATE-OUT,   AND  VENTILATION,   CLUSTERING  OF
CONDENSABLE  SPECIES  AROUND   THE  RADIOACTIVE  IONS,   AND  THE
NEUTRALIZATION OF THESE IONS BY RECOMBINATION AND CHARGE TRANSFER

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ARE ALSO  CONSIDERED.   EXAMPLES  DEMONSTRATE THAT THESE  PROCESSES
MAY  CONSIDERABLY   AFFECT  THE  APPEARANCE  AND  AMOUNT   OF  THE
UNATTACHED  FRAQTION,  AS  WELL  AS  THE  EQUILIBRIUM  FACTOR.  (5
GRAPHS, 12 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES)    (ENV)
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 III. EXPOSURE

           E. RADON IN WATER
      RADIUM  AND  RADON IN  WATER  SUPPLIES FROM  THE  TEXAS GULF
      COASTAL AQUIFER  USA
      CECH I; LEMMA M; KREITLER C W; PRICHARD H M
      THE  UNIV.  TEX.  HEALTH SCI.  CENT.  AT HOUSTON,  SCH.  PUBLIC
      HEALTH, P.O. BOX 20186, HOUSTON, TEX. 77225, USA.
      WATER RES    22 (1). 1988.  109-122.   CODEN: WATRA
      Language: ENGLISH
      Subfile: BA  (Biological Abstracts)

      A  sampling of the  domestic water  for two  isotopes of  the
 uranium  (U)-238  series,  radium  (Ra)-226  and  radon (Rn)-222,  was
 conducted in parts of the Texas Gulf Coast  (in and around Greater
 Houston and  Harris  County)  to better understand the distribution
 patterms  of these  radioisotopes  in  residential  and commerical
 water supplies.   Samples were obtained  from consumer's  taps,  as
 well as  at well heads to evaluate  variation  due to location  and
 depth  of   water  sources.     Analyses  were  conducted  at   the
 University  of Texas,  School of Public Health (UTSPH)  in  Houston.
 Computer  mapping and  statistical  analyses  were used to  depict
 patterns  of Ra and Rn distribution.   The concentrations  varied
 depending on water  source.   No measurable Ra or Rn were  found in
 surface water supplies,  whereas  up to 23  pCi  1-1 of Ra  and 3300
 pCi 1-1 of Rn were observed  in some of the wells  in northwest  and
 southwest Harris  County.   The Rn concentration were  observed to
' increase  wth depth,  but for  Ra peak concentrations  were  found
 between  180  and 320  m  below  the surface  (at  depths roughly
 corresponding  to  the  top  of the Evangeline  aquifer).   High
 concentrations  of Ra  and Rn were associated with wells  developed
 on  the  flanks of piercement-type salt domes,,  along  faults,  and
 near streams.   This study  documents  high Ra in Tertiary clastic
 coastal  aquifers and suggests that it may be  external  sources,
 e.g.  salt  domes, uranium,  or  leaky  faults,  and  not  the bulk
 mineralogy  of the  aquifer  which  cause  elevated concentrations.
 This is  an  important  consideration when decisions are made  about
 sites for drilling water wells.    (BIO)
      HUMAN  EXPOSURE TO  VOLATILE ORGANIC  COMPOUNDS IN  HOUSEHOLD
      TAP WATER: THE  INDOOR INHALATION PATHWAY
      MCKONE THOMAS E.
      LLNL,
      ENV SCIENCE  & TECHNOLOGY, DEC 87, V21, N12,  P1194(8)
                                 89

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     JOURNAL  ARTICLE       HUMAN  EXPOSURE  TO  VOLATILE  ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS CAN RESULT FROM MASS TRANSFER  FROM  TAP  WATER TO INDOOR
AIR.  A  THREE-COMPARTMENT  MODEL IS USED TO SIMULATE  THE 24-HOUR
CONCENTRATION PROFILE WITHIN THE  SHOWER,  BATHROOM,  AND REMAINING
HOUSEHOLD VOLUMES  OF A RESIDENCE.  MASS TRANSFERS  FROM WATER TO
AIR  ARE  DERIVED  FROM  MEASURED DATA  FOR RADON  AND  ADJUSTED TO
ACCOUNT  FOR  THE  DIFFERENCE  IN  MASS-TRANSFER  PROPERTIES  FOR
VOLATILE  ORGANIC  SUBSTANCES.    A   PRELIMINARY  DATABASE  FOR
HOUSEHOLD   PARAMETERS   IS  USED   TO   COMPUTE  A  RANGE   OF
CONCENTRATIONS  AND HUMAN  EXPOSURES   IN  U.S.  HOMES.    THE  MODEL
ESTIMATES EXPOSURE FACTORS  FOR  CHLOROFORM,   ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE,
DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE,   METHYLCHLOROFORM,   PERCHLOROETHYLENE,
TRICHLOROETHYLEN  E, AND  CARBON   TETRACHLORIDE.    PATHWAY  DOSE
FACTORS  OF  0.008-0.04  MG/KG/DAY  PER MG/L   FOR  CHLOROFORM  ARE
DETERMINED.   (1  DIAGRAM,  2 GRAPHS,  21 REFERENCES,  8  TABLES)
(ENV)
     Extreme Levels of 222-Rn and U in a Private Water Supply
     Lowry, J. D.; Hoxie, D. C.; Moreau, E.
     Maine Univ., Orono. Dept. of Civil Engineering.
     IN:   Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
     Hydrogeologic  Impact  and Application  to  Indoor  Airborne
     Contamination.   Proceedings  of  the NWWA  Conference,  April
     7-9,  1987, Somerset, New Jersey. 1987.
     p 363-375, 7 fig, 1 tab, 24.ref. EPA Grant No. R8108290.,
     Journal Announcement:, SWRA2106

     There  are  legitimate  health  concerns  associated  with
internal organ  cancers  for  waterborne 222-Rn and with U toxicity
at the  extreme levels existing in water  supplies.   In addition,
the elevated indoor air 222-Rn levels that result from waterborne
222-Rn via water use are a significant health concern in terms of
lung  cancer.   Information  is presented  that  updates  previous
studies  about  a   private   water  supply   in  Leeds,  Maine,
particularly   the   ramifications  on  treatment  alternatives
associated  with the  presence of  both 222-Rn  and  U in  a water
supply.  It  is  demonstrated that  it  is possible  to effectively
reduce  elevated 222-Rn  levels in  indoor  air through the removal
of 222-Rn  from the water supply.   In situations where there are
other  significant  contributors of 222-Rn, water  treatment will
only reduce  the airborne 222-Rn in proportion to its contribution
to the  water supply.   Based upon  the results  of this study, the
following  conclusions are  made:    (1)  A  water supply,  with an
extremely  high  222-Rn   level  averaging  41,590 bq/1  (1,124,000
pCi/1)  was found to be  contributing  nearly  100% of the elevated
222-Rn  measured in  the  indoor air; (2) A properly designed water
treatment  system is  capable of bringing  airborne  222-Rn levels
down  to normal  background  levels;  (3)  The  granluated activated
carbon  (GAG)   adsorption/decay   steady  state  222-Rn  removal
efficiency has ranged  between 99.99% and  97.5%;   (4) GAG has  a
significant  capacity to  adsorb U and  removals in this application
were nearly  100% for  100 to 200 days (1200 to 2400 bed volumes);

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(5) A saturation of the  GAG  with adsorbed U appeared to slightly
reduce the  efficiency of steady state 222-Rn removal,  but does
not appear  to present  a- significant  problem;  and  (6)  A strong
positive correlation between 222-Rn and gross alpha  (U) was found
for the influent concentrations. (See also W88-04980)  (Lantz-PTT)
(WRA)
     Development:  of Regulations  for  Radionuclides  in  Drinking
     Water
     Cothern, C.R.
     Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Washington,  DC.  Office
     of Drinking Water.
     IN:  Radon,  Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
     Hydrogeologic  Impact  and Application  to  Indoor  Airborne
     Contamination.  Proceedings  of  the NWWA  Conference,  April
     7-9,  1987, Somerset, New Jersey.  1987.  p 1-11, 4 tab.
     Journal Announcement:  SWRA2106

     The Office  of Drinking Water  in the U.S.  EPA is currently
reexamining  existing  regulations  for radionuclides  in  drinking
water  and  is  considering  the  possibility  of adding  maximum
contaminant  levels  (MCLs)  for  uranium and radon.   Background
analyses  to  support   this   activity  include  evaluations  of
occurrence,   exposure,   health  effects,   monitoring  analytical
methodology  and  treatment   techniques.     The  occurrence  of
radium-226,  radium-228, natural  radium,   and  radon  in  drinking
water supplies  is discussed,  along with possible  sources of the
contamination and risk estimates.  (See also (WRA)
     Age-dependent  lung doses  from  ingested 222Rn  in drinking
     water.
     Crawford-Brown DJ
     Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School
     of Public Health,  University  of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
     27514.
     Health  Phys  (UNITED STATES)     Feb  1987,    52  (2) p!49-56,
     ISSN 0017-9078
     Journal Code: G2H
     Languages: ENGLISH

     The  U.S.  Environmental   Protection  Agency  currently  is
considering  regulatory standards  limiting the  concentration of
222Rn in public drinking water supplies.  As part of this effort,
a criteria document  has been prepared detailing the health risks
expected  to  occur from the presence  of  222Rn in water used in
homes.  The present report examines the ,dose equivalent delivered
to  lung tissue  following  direct  ingestion  of 222Rn  in water.
Irradiation  from  both in-situ decay  of 222Rn in lung tissue and
the decay  of 222Rn  in lung  air passages following exhalation are
examined  and results presented  for  ages  from  neonate through

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adult.  These results indicate that  the  risk  of lung cancer from
inhalation of airborne progeny following emanation of 222Rn from
water into home • air is significantly greater than the risk from
both  irradiation  pathways  considered in ingestion  at all  ages.
(MED)
     A Bayesian analysis or  scientific judgment of uncertainties
     in  estimating  risk  due  to super (222 )Rn in  U.S.  public
     drinking water supplies
     Crawford-Brown, D.J.;  Cothern, C.R.
     Dep. Environ. Sci. and Eng.,  Sch. Public Health, Univ. North
     Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
     HEALTH PHYS  VOL. 53,  NO. 1,    pp. 11-21,   Publ.Yr: 1987
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE -  ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement:  V19N1

     The  elements which contribute   to  the  range  of values or
uncertainties  for the lifetime risk and  dose  equivalent  due to
super(222)Rn in U.S. public drinking water supplies are estimated
and  discussed  here.    From  imperfect  scientific  knowledge,
reasonable upper  and lower bounds are  placed on these estimates
through  the  use  of  a semiquantitative  Bayesian  approach  to
uncertainty analysis.  The factors considered are:   occurrence of
super(222)Rn  in  drinking  water,  indoor  air  super(222)Rn
concentrations  as a  function  of  drinking water  concentration,
equilibrium state of the progeny, fraction of daughter products
attached  to  aerosol  particles,   anatomical  and  dosimetric
variables, epidemiological studies and choice of latency period,
plateau  period  and  effects  of  age.   For  Rn  in U.S.  public
drinking water supplies,  it  is estimated  that  the  estimate for
the  lifetime  lung cancer risk  factor  is 5  x  10 super(-9)  excess
cases of lung cancer per becquerel of Rn per m super(3) of water,
with  an estimated  range  between  2  x  10  super (-9)  and 2  x 10
super(-8)  excess cases  per  becquerel  of  Rn  per  m  super(3)  of
water.   The best  estimate  of the  lifetime  population risk due to
super(222)Rn  in U.S.  public  drinking water supplies is estimated
to be 6,000 excess lung cancers, with a reasonable range of 1,000
to 30,000.    (POL)
     POTABLE  WATER  AS  A  SOURCE  OF AIRBORNE  RADON-222  IN USA
     DWELLINGS A REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT
     NAZAROFF W W; DOYLE S M; NERO A V; SEXTRO R G
     ENVIRON. ENG. SCI.,  CALIF.  INST.  TECHNOL., PASADENA, CALIF.
     91125.
     HEALTH PHYS   52 (3). 1987.   281-296.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA  (Biological Abstracts)

     Using  a  long-term-average,  single-cell model  and available

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data for U.S.  housing,  the concentration of  222Rn in indoor air
due to  the  use of potable water  is assessed.   The ratio of the
airborne 222Rn concentration  to  the  concentration in  water is
represented by  a  lognormal  distribution with  geometric mean and
geometric  standard  deviation  of  0.65  .times.   10-4   and  2.88,
respectively,   in   fair  agreement  with  the previously reported
results of  direct measurements of the  ratio  in 13 houses.   By
combining this  result with  data on  222Rn  concentrations in U.S.
water  supplies,  potable  water  is  estimated to  contribute  an
average  of 24,  1.3,  and  0.1  Bq  m-3 to  the  airborne  222Rn
concentration in residences served by private wells, public gound
water,  and surface water supplies, respectively.    (POL)
     RADON  FROM  DRINKING-WATER   -  EVALUATION  OF  WATER-BORNE
     TRANSFER INTO HOUSE AIR  (ENGLISH)
     HESS CT; VIETTI MA; MAGE DT
     UNIV MAINE,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON/ORONO//ME/04469
     ENVIRONMENTAL  GEOCHEMISTRY  AND  HEALTH  ,  V9,  N3-4,  P68-73,
     1987

     To determine the  transfer of 222Rn from domestic water onto
air, nine houses were measured for 222Rn, house volume, water use
and  air exchange by SF6  and radon.  Measurements were  done  in
Maine during  April  and May  1986  when sealed up  for the winter.
Radon  in water concentration ranged from  35,000  to 1,250,000
pCi/1.  Air peaks of 222Rn ranged  from  13 to  200 pCi/1 due to a
water  use burst  experiment.    Use  of  water  filters was  also
examined by repeats with filters on  and off.   Water ranged from
200 to 1922 litres/day.  House volumes ranged from 380 to 999 m3.
Air  exchange  rates  measured by  SF6 was twice  as  large  as air
exchange rate measured by 222Rn.      (SCI)  (AUTH)
     THE TRANSFER OF RADON FROM DOMESTIC WATER TO INDOOR AIR
     PRICHARD H M
     UNIV.  TEX.,  SCH.  PUBLIC HEALTH,  P.O.  BOX  20186,  HOUSTON,
     TEX. 77225.
     AM WATER  WORKS ASSOC J   79  (4).  1987.   159-161.    CODEN:
     JAWWA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     Theoretical  and experimental  literature  dealing with  the
release of  radon  from water to air  is reviewed and synthesized.
Primary  emphasis  is  placed  on   releases  from  domestic  water
supplies  to indoor air  within the  context  of a  general indoor
radon problem.   The widely used assumption of  1  pCi/L increment
in indoor air per  10,000 pCi/L in  the water  supply is valid, but
regional and individual variations are important.    (BIO)
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     RADON IN HOUSES DUE TO RADON IN POTABLE WATER (RADON AND ITS
     DECAY PRODUCTS)
     HESS C.T.; KORSAH J.K. ;  EINLOTH C.J.
     UNIV OF MAINE,
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P30(12)

     ASSN  REPORT      ATMOSPHERIC  RADON  LEVELS  IN 10 HOUSES WERE
MEASURED AS A FUNCTION OF WATER USE AND METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
SUCH  AS  BAROMETRIC PRESSURE,  WIND VELOCITY,  AND  TEMPERATURE.
SEASONAL CALIBRATIONS AND DATA ANALYSES ARE REPORTED FOR SELECTED
DWELLINGS.   AVERAGE  RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN  AIR  WERE IN  THE
0.8-77  PCI/L RANGE;  WATER USE AVERAGED  70-240  GPD.    AVERAGE
POTENTIAL  ALPHA  ENERGY  CONCENTRATIONS  IN  THESE  HOUSES  WERE
0.01-2.6 WORKING  LEVELS.   THE RADON LEVEL ASSOCIATED WITH WATER
USE WAS IN THE 0-36% RANGE OF THE HOUSE RADON FROM SOIL AND WATER
COMBINED.  THE  RADON LEVEL CHANGE  DUE TO  USE OF  A  WATER SUPPLY
FILTER  SHOWED  A  60%  REDUCTION  IN INDOOR  RADON.  (1  DIAGRAM,  4
GRAPHS, 11 REFERENCES, 4 TABLES)    (ENV)
     POINT-OF-ENTRY REMOVAL OF RADON FROM DRINKING WATER
     LOWRY J D; BRUTSAERT W F; MCENERNEY T; MOLK C
     UNIV. MAINE, ORONO, MAINE 04469.
     AM WATER  WORKS  ASSOC J    79 (4). 1987.   162-169.    CODEN:
     JAWWA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile:. BA (Biological Abstracts)

     Two  processes  were   investigated   in  the  laboratory  to
determine  their efficiency  for  removing  radon  from  household
water supplied.  Granular activated carbon  (GAG)  adsorption was
found  to   be  extremely  effective   as  a   result   of  an
adsorption-decay steady state  that is  established  quickly and
continues for years.  Because bed replacement is not a factor for
practical purposes,  GAG is  the most  cost-effective  process for
radon removal.   The GAC  bed, however, adsorbs  radon progeny as
the  radon decays,  and  it becomes  a source of  gamma radiation.
This problem is believed to  be manageable  for  the vast majority
of potential applications.  Diffused bubble aeration was found to
be as effective as GAC,  with removals  of greater than 99 percent
being practical.   Although  more  costly  than GAC,  aeration does
not have the problem of gamma activity buildup.     (BIO)
     Radium-226   and   Radon-222   in  Domestic   Water  of
     Houston-Harris County, Texas
     Cech, I.; Lemma, M.; Prichard, H. M.; Kreitler, C. W.
     Texas Univ. Health Science Center at San Antonio.
     IN:   Radon,  Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:
     Hydrogeologic  Impact  and  Application  to  Indoor  Airborne
     Contamination.  Proceedings  of the  NWWA Conference,  April

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     7-9, 1987, Somerset,  New Jersey.  1987.
     p 377-402, 12 fig,  3  tab, 41 ref.,
     Journal Announcement: SWRA2106

     Anomalous concentrations of  226-Ra  and 222-Rn are  shown  to
exist  in the  Greater  Houston-Harris County  area  (Texas  Gulf
Coast).    The  findings  summarized   in  this  paper  present  an
encouraging picture  for predicting depths  and locations  in  the
Gulf  Coast  where  elevated  Ra   and  Rn  concentrations  may  be
encountered.    Two  to  four key variables  accounted  for  the
statistically   significant  variation   (from  38-74%)   in
concentrations observed under field conditions.   The proximity of
salt domes was a strong predictor of the  presence of Ra and Rn in
well water, particularly  in  combination with a certain  range of
pumping depths.   The authors advise  against developing  domestic
wells near  salt domes,  especially wells  180  m and deeper.  (See
also W88-04980) (Lantz-PTT)    (WRA)
     Radon,  Radium  and  Other Radioactivity  in  Ground  Water:
     Hydrogeologic  Impact:  and Application  to  Indoor  Airborne
     Contamination
     National Water Well Association,  Worthington,  OH.
     Proceedings  of  the   NWWA   Conference,   April   7-9,   1987,
     Somerset, New   Jersey.   Lewis   Publishers,   Chelsea,   MI.
     1987.  546 p. Edited by  Barbara  Graves.,
     Journal Announcement: SWRA2106

     The  dangers  associated with  the inhalation  of  short-lived
radon decay  products have  been  well  documented.   The  U.S.  EPA
estimates  that  radon contaminates  one  in eight  U.S.  homes  and
causes thousands of  lung cancer deaths each year.  The fact that
groundwater is one of the many sources of  radon  contamination is
cause for  concern, considering the  growing number  of persons who
rely on this  resource.  This  concern  prompted  the  Association of
Ground Water  Scientists and Engineers and the U.S.  EPA to host
this  conference  on  radon,  radium,  and other radioactivity  in
groundwater in  Somerset,  New  Jersey,  on  April  7-9,  1987.   The
conference sessions  focused on the following  topics:    geologic
and  hydrogeologic   controls  influencing   radon   occurrence;
monitoring radon,  radium,  and other  radioactivity from  geologic
and hydrogeologic  sources;  mining  impacts on  the occurrence  of
radon, radium, and other radioactivity in groundwater;  sampling
and  analysis  of  radon,   radium,  and   other   radioactivity  in
groundwater; radon   and radium in water  supply wells;  predictive
models   for  the  occurrence  of  radon,  radium,   and   other
radioactivity; and remedial action for  radon,  radium, and other
radioactivity. (See  W88-04981  thru  W88-05012)  (Lantz-PTT)   (WRA)
     RADON IN GROUND  WATER RADON RADIUM AND  OTHER RADIOACTIVITY
     IN  GROUND  WATER  HYDROGEOLOGY  IMPACT  AND  APPLICATION  TO

                               95

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     INDOOR  AIRBORNE  CONTAMINATION  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  NWWA
     NATIONAL  WATER WELL ASSOCIATION  CONFERENCE  SOMERSET  NEW
     JERSEY USA APRIL 7-9 1987
     GRAVES, B.  (ED.)- RADON  IN GROUND WATER. RADON,  RADIUM AND
     OTHER  RADIOACTIVITY  IN  GROUND  WATER:  HYDROGEOLOGIE  IMPACT
     AND   APPLICATION   TO  INDOOR  AIRBORNE   CONTAMINATION;
     PROCEEDINGS  OF THE  NWWA  (NATIONAL  WATER WELL  ASSOCATION)
     CONFERENCE,  SOMERSET,  NEW JERSEY,  USA,  APRIL  7-9,  1987.
     XIII+546P. LEWIS  PUBLISHERS,  INC.: CHELSEA, MICHIGAN,  USA.
     ILLUS. MAPS. ISBN 0-87371-117-3.   0  (0).  1987.   XIII+546P.
     CODEN: 27081
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Document Type:  BOOK; CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     The EPA estimates that radon  contaminates  one  in eight U.S.
homes and causes thousands of lung cancer deaths every year.  The
fact'  that  ground water   is  one of  the many  soureces of radon
contamination  is  cause  for  concern as an  increasing  number of
people rely  on  this resource.  A result of this  concern  was the
holding  of  the  first conference  on  radon,   radium,   and other
radioactivity  in   ground   water,  sponsored   jointly  by  the
Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers and the EPA.
A  wide  spectrum  of  relevant  topics  were  covered  including
geologic and hydrogeologic influence, monitoring, mining impacts,
sampling  and  analysis,   occurence  in  wate  supply  wells  and
remedial actions.   (BIO)  (HQL)
     Radon in Groundwater of the Long Valley Caldera, California
     Conference  on  radon,  radium,  and  other radioactivity  in
     ground  water:    hydrogeologic  impact  and  application  to
     indoor  airborne  contamination,  Somerset,  NJ,  USA,  7  Apr
     1987.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Flexser, S. ; Wollenberg, H. A. ; Smith, A. R.
     Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
     Corp. Source Codes: 086929000; 9513034
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: LBL-23301; CONF-8704123-1
     Apr 87   32p
     Languages: English   Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:  PC  A03/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8723; NSA1200
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AC03-76SF00098

     In the  Long  Valley caldera,  an area of recently (approx.550
y)  active volcanism  and  current  seismic activity,  sup  222  Rn
concentrations  in hot,  warm,  and  cold spring waters  have  been
measured  since  1982.    Rn  contents  of the waters  correlate

                                96

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inversely with  temperature and  specific conductance,  with high
concentrations  (1500 to  2500  pCi/1)  occurring  in  dilute cold
springs on the margins of the caldera,  and low concentrations  (12
to  25  pCi/1)  in hot  to  boiling  springs.   Rn  correlates only
slightly with  the uranium  contents of  the  wide range of rocks
which host  the  hydrological  system  feeding  the  springs.   These
environmental effects on  the radon record may  mask responses to
small  or  distant  seismic,  volcanic,  or  crustal  deformation
events.  To date,  anomalous changes in  water-borne Rn have been
observed  in  connection  with  at   least one  earthquake,  which
occurred close  to the  monitoring site.   This  continuing study
points out  that an understanding of the geological setting,   its
associated  hydrological  system,  and environmental  influences is
necessary  to properly  evaluate  concentrations  and  changes  in
groundwater radioactivity.  (ERA citation  12:033752)    (NTIS)
     Natural Radioactivity  in Some Groundwaters  of the Canadian
     Shield
     Lemire, A. E.; Gascoyne, M.
     Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.,  Pinawa (Manitoba).
     IN:  Radon,  Radium and Other  Radioactivity in Ground Water:
     Hydrogeologic  Impact  and  Application to  Indoor  Airborne
     Contamination. Proceedings  of the NWWA   Conference,   April
     7-9, 1987,  Somerset,  New  Jersey. 19*87.   p  97-110,  3 fig,
     6tab, 14 ref.,
     Journal Announcement: SWRA2106

     High  levels  of  uranium  and  radon  were  found  in  some
individual  wells  in  the  Lac  du Bonnet   region  of  Manitoba.
Considerable  variation  in   concentration  was observed  between
individual  wells  located within a small  geographic area.   The
cause  of the individual  high  concentrations  is thought  to be a
combination  of localized enrichment  in overburden  and granitic
bedrock  and of the high bicarbonate oxygenated groundwater of the
region.  A  similar  survey was  carried out in the Atikokan region
of  northwestern  Ontario.   Uranium concentrations were  low,  but
high  radon  levels  were observed  in  some  drill  holes.    At  the
Atikokan  site,  the  presence  of   significant  excess  radon
correlated with proximity to fault zones in the granitic bedrock.
As  a  remedial  measure,  a uranium  and radium  removal  system for
individual  household use was  designed  and tested  and  is  now
available commercially.  (See also  W88-04980)  (Lantz-PTT)    (WRA)
     Connecticut Radon Study-  Using Limited Water Sampling and a
     Statewide Ground-Based Gamma  Survey to Help Guide an Indoor
     Air Testing Program.  A Progress Report.
     Thomas, M. A.
     Connecticut  Dept.   of Environmental  Protection,  Hartford.
     Natural Resources Center.
     IN:  Radon,  Radium  and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water:

                                97

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     Hydrogeologic  Impact  and  Application  to  Indoor  Airborne
     Contamination.  Proceedings  of the  NWWA  Conference,  April
     7-9, 1987, Somerset,  New Jersey.  1987.
     p 347-362, 4 fig, 36  ref.,
     Journal Announcement: SWRA2106

     The  Connecticut  Geological  Survey  within   the  State
Department of  Environmental  Protection  (DEP)  is  working with the
State  Department  of Health  Services  (DOHS)  investigating  the
occurrence   of  radon  in  Connecticut.     In   1985   and  1986,
approximately  300  private and public water  supply  wells from 20
geological areas were tested for radon by the Toxic  Hazards and
Public Water Supply  Sections of  DOHS.   Highest  groundwater radon
was 130,241  pCi/1  from the Nonewaug Granite, a  two-mica granite
(range 10,720-130,240 pCi/1).  Elevated radon was  found in wells
within  several  granitic  gneisses:     the  Glastonbury  Gneiss
(3070-80,900 pCi/1 from the Nonewaug  Granite, a  two-mica granite
(range 10,720-130,240 pCi/1).  Elevated radon was  found in wells
within  several  granitic  gneisses:     the  Glastonbury  Gneiss
(3070-80,900 pCi/1),  the Canterbury Gneiss (10,010-64,510 pCi/1),
and the  Hope Valley  Alaskite Gneiss  (4060-59,180 pCi/1).   These
Paleozoic and PreCambrian  age  rocks  underlie   about  5%  of  the
state.    Intermediate radon levels  were  found in  water  from
PreCambrian and Paleozoic  age  stratified metamorphic rocks where
radon  levels  >   10,000   pCi/1  were  widely  scattered  in  these
surveys.  Relatively low  groundwater radon  values  were found in
central Connecticut Mesozoic age sedimentary rock wells (390-8490-.
pCi/1)  and  in  Paleozoic  age   carbonate  rock  wells  (200-4130
pCi/1).   Preliminary results from  the  ground (automobile-borne)
gamma radiation survey generally show a positive correlation with
radon  water analyses,  enabling  characterization   of  geological
areas  in Connecticut  as  radiation sources.   DOHS  is  currently
conducting  2,200 air  tests in homes  located in geologic areas
selected  from  water  analyses and  the  ground survey.  All data is
compiled  on 1:24,000  maps  to  be  included  in  multiple natural
resource  spatial   analyses  using  an  automated  Geographic
Information  System.   The  analyses will explore  relations between
the distribution of  radon  levels  and earth materials  to better
define  the  geologic  areas  and  possible  origins  of  radon  in
groundwater  and  in  indoor  air.  (See also W88-04980)   (Author's
abstract)    (WRA)
     Fiscal  Year 1985  Program Report  (Vermont  Water Resources
     Research Center)
     Clausen, J. C.
     Vermont Water Resources Research Center, Burlington.
     Available  from  the National Technical Information Service,
     Springfield, VA  22161,   as   PB86-162343/AS.  Price  codes:
     A02   in   paper  copy,  A01 in  microfiche.    Program  Report
     G1048-01.  November  1986. 18 p.
     Contract No. 14-08-0001-G1048. Project No. USGS G1048-01.,
     Journal Announcement: SWRA2104

                                98

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     The  high priority  water  resource problems  and issues  of
Vermont  such  as  wastewater   disposal  and  lake  and  wetland
resources  are  discussed.     Five   research  projects  and  two
information transfer activities were  funded by the Vermont Water
Resources  Research Center.    Two  research  projects  focused  on
wastewater  treatment  using  attached  microbes  (periphyton)  and
investigations  of  the  variability  in  sludge  settling.    Two
projects  addressed lake  and wetland  resources.   One  of  these
efforts established a  Lake Champlain  water quality data base and
began  examination of  techniques  for  trend  detection  and  the
associated  monitoring  needs.   The  second  project  investigated
public  perceptions in the value  of Vermont's  wetlands. Another
research project  identified  institutional  devises  for allocating
wastewater  capacity problems.   The information  transfer program
co-sponsored a forest  water  quality and erosion control workshop
and  a  groundwater workshop.   Also,   the  use  of a  geographic
information  system was   demonstrated   on  potential  groundwater
pollution  sources, land suitable  for wastewater  application,
analysis   of  hydrogeologic  units   for   development   of  new
groundwater  supplies,   and  identification  of  potential  radon
contamination  for  one  geologic  formation.    A  pamphlet  was
prepared on household hazardous materials.   (Clausen-U Vt)   (WRA)
                                99

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IV. SURVEYS

     A. NATIONAL
     NATIONAL SURVEY OF RADON IN DWELLINGS WITH PASSIVE DOSIMETER
     (ENGLISH)
     KOBAYASHI S;  IWASAKI  T;  UCHIYAMA M;  KANKURA  T;  ICHIKAWA M;
     SATO F;  KANOUE  M;  AOYAMA T; TAKEDA A;  SAWADA S;  TSUCHYA T;
     SAKAI H
     ATL   INST   RADIOL   SCI/CHIBA   260//JAPAN/;   HOKKAIDO
     UNIV/SAPPORO/HOKKAIDO
     6O/JAPAN/; KANAZAWA UNIV/KANAZAWA/ISHIKAWA 92O/JAPAN/; SHIGA
     NIV MED SCI/OTSU/SHIGA  5202I/JAPAN/; RADIAT CTR/OSAKA/
     /JAPAN/; HIROSHIMA UNIV/HIROSHIMA  73O//JAPAN/;  UNIV OCCUPAT
     &  ENVIRONM  HLTH/KITAKYUSHU/FUKUOKA   807/JAPAN/;   AIZU
     WAKAMATSU HLTH CTR/AIZUWAKAMATSU//JAPAN/
     JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH ,  V29,  Nl, P27-27, 1988

     Exposure from inhaled 222Rn and 220Rn  daughters contribute
the  largest  fraction  of  natural  radiation  dose  to  general
population and is  associated  with the'possible lung cancer risk.
Therefore, a  national survey  to  assess  the indoor radon exposure
of the  Japanese  population is being  carried out by NIRS  with a
support  from the  Science and  Technology Agency.   About 6,000
homes of  high school teacher  (Tokyo,  Hikkaido and 16 prefectures
in 1986 and  19 prefectures in 1987) are now  being measured for a
year using passive dosimeters (Makrofor,  made  in  West Germany).
This number  corresponds  to 0.016% of the  total houses in Japan.
The survey was carried out by post.  Each householder completed a
questionnaire on  the type of dwelling and  its characteristecs.
These  data  will  be used in  the   assessment of  the  factors
affecting indoor Rn exposure.       (SCI)(AUTH)
     Variation of radon levels in U.S. homes with various factors
     Cohen, B.L.; Gromicko, N.
     Dep. Phys., Univ. Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
     J. AIR  POLLUT.  CONTROL ASSOC  VOL.  38, NO.  2,  pp.  129-134,
     Publ.Yr: 1988
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V19N3

     A  program  combining  70,000  purchased  and  3,500  random
selection-no charge measurements with extensive questionnaires is

                               101

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described.  Methods for reducing biases in purchased measurements
have  been  reasonably  successful.    Distributions  are  roughly
lognormal with sigma  sub(g)  approximately equals 3.0 but with an
excess  of  very  high  measurements.    Winter  and  spring-fall
measurements  average  about   60   percent   and  40  percent,
respectively, higher than summer measurements.  Basements average
2.5 times higher  radon levels than upper  floors.   Tightening of
homes  since 1974  has  increased radon  levels by  less  than  10
percent, but well-weatherized  houses have similar  to  40 percent
higher  levels  than  poorly  weatherized  houses.    Open  windows
reduce  levels  by  a factor of  about 2.5.  Low-cost newer houses
have  much lower  levels than  more  expensive newer houses,  but
among  older  houses this is  reversed.   Low income  families have
substantially lower radon  levels than average.   There is little
variation with education level.  (POL)
     EPA's radon study results
     Dowd, R.M.
     R.M. Dowd and Co., Washington, DC, USA
     ENVIRON.  SCI.  TECHNOL  VOL.  22,  NO.  1,   p.  28,   Publ.Yr:
     1988
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V19N3

     Last  winter,  in  cooperation with agencies in 10 states and
two metropolitan  area  counties,   EPA  measured the  indoor air
radon concentrations of 14,000  houses, some chosen statistically
at  random  and  some  by   request  of  the   homeowner.    Passive
measurement methodologies  were  used,  such as exposing a charcoal
canister  to  the  air  for  a  few  days  and  allowing  the  air  to
migrate into the charcoal naturally.  To reduce dilution of radon
by the outside air,  the protocol  required that the house be shut
up;  therefore,  the  study  was  conducted  during winter.    The
measuring device  was placed in the  lowest  livable area (usually
the basement)  of  each  house to maximize potential concentration.
(POL)
     SURVEYS  OF RADON  LEVELS  IN HOMES  IN THE UNITED STATES: A
     TEST  OF THE  LINEAR-NO-THRESHOLD  DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
     FOR RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
     COHEN BERNARD L.  UNIV OF PITTSBURGH,
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P462(13)

     ASSN  REPORT    THE  UNIV.  OF  PITTSBURGH RADON  PROJECT  FOR
LARGE-SCALE  MEASUREMENTS  OF RADON  CONCENTRATIONS  IN HOMES SEEKS
TO   TEST  THE   LINEAR-NO-THRESHOLD  RESPONSE  RELATIONSHIP   FOR
RADIATION  CARCINOGENESIS.     AVERAGE   RADON  LEVELS  ARE  BEING
DETERMINED IN  THE 25 U.S. COUNTIES WITH HIGHEST  AND LOWEST LUNG

                               102

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CANCER RATES.   THE THEORY  PREDICTS  THAT THE FORMER  SHOULD  HAVE
ABOUT THREE  TIMES  HIGHER AVERAGE RADON  LEVELS  THAN  THE  LATTER,
UNDER THE  ASSUMPTION THAT  ANY CORRELATION  BETWEEN  EXPOSURE  TO
RADON AND EXPOSURE TO OTHER CAUSES  OF LUNG CANCER  IS WEAK.   THE
VALIDITY OF THIS ASSUMPTION  IS TESTED WITH DATA  ON  AVERAGE RADON
LEVEL VS. REPLIES TO QUESTIONNAIRES.   LITTLE  CORRELATION IS FOUND
BETWEEN  RADON  LEVELS IN  HOMES AND  SMOKING  HABITS,  EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT,   OR  ECONOMIC   STATUS  OF  OCCUPANTS.   (1  GRAPH,   4
REFERENCES,  4 TABLES)  (ENV)
     Radon  Detection  and Measurement.  January 1970-August  1987
     (Citations from the Engineering Index Database)
     (Rept. for Jan 70-Aug 87)
     Supersedes PB86-874740.
     NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01
     National Technical Information Service,  Springfield,  VA.
     Corp. Source Codes: 055665000
     Aug 87  76p
     Languages: English  Document Type:  Bibliography
     NTIS Prices: PC N01/MF N01  Journal Announcement:  GRAI8720
     Country of Publication: United States

     This   bibliography   contains  citations  concerning   the
measurement  of  radon  and  radon  daughter isotopes  in  various
environments.   Radon measurement in homes and  buildings,  mines,
rainwater,   groundwater,   soils,   in   the  Arctic   and  other
atmospheres, and  in  exhaled air is discussed.  Radon  exhalation
rates  of   building  materials   and mine tailings  are   noted.
Analytic methods  and  equipment used to measure radon  and radon
isotopes  are  described.     Radon  detection  as   an  earthquake
prediction tool is briefly presented.   (This  updated bibliography
contains  185  citations,  29  of  which  are  new entries  to  the
previous edition.) (NTIS)
     Radon  Monitoring  Results  from  BPA'S  Residential
     Weatherization Program
     Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
     Original  copy  available  until stock is  exhausted.    NTIS
     Prices: PC A02
     Bonneville Power Administration,  Portland,  OR.
     Corp. Source Codes: 025155000; 0849300
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
     Report No.: DOE/BP-813
     Mar 87  25p
     Languages: English
     NTIS  Prices:   PC   A02     Journal  Announcement:   GRAI8719;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States

                               103

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     The   accumulated   results   of   the  Bonneville  Power
Administration  regionwide  Residential   Weatherization  Program
radon monitoring  data represent only  those readings within  the
service areas  of utilities  who participate  in the  Residential
Weatherization Program.   Several  areas in the  Pacific  Northwest
are  excluded  in  this  evaluation.    In addition,  the  amount  of
results received  is heavily weighted by the high number of homes
weatherized and  monitored through  large utility  Weatherization
programs located  in western Oregon and Washington.   Due to these
limitations, we do not recommend that  any conclusions be made on
a statewide or regionwide basis.  We have provided this regional
and  statewide data  for illustrative purposes only.   This report
provides a  summary  of all the  data  collected for the  states of
Oregon, Washington,  Idaho, and  Montana.   Specific  data  is listed
by US Geological  Survey  designated range  and  township locations.
The  specific  data  listed by  range  and  township  includes  only
those townships with a minimum  of five radon  readings.   This  has
been  done  to   protect  the  privacy  of  those  residences
participating  in  the  program.    The  radon measurement  results
contained  in  this report were  conducted by  passive  alpha-track
radon detectors.  The Residential Weatherization Program requires
that the detectors be placed in residences for a minimum of three
winter months, up to  one year in length.  Due  to  the variations
in the  length of measurements, we have  added a section  to  this
report which  lists  the  average  radon  values  for  given exposure
periods. (ERA citation 12:027409)  (NTIS)
     COMPARISON  OF PURCHASED MEASUREMENTS  WITH MEASUREMENTS  IN
     RANDOMLY  SELECTED HOUSES  AS  A  SOURCE OF  INFORMATION  ON
     RADON-222 LEVELS IN HOUSES
     COHEN B L; PONDY P
     UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA. 15260.
     HEALTH PHYS  53  (4).  1987.   409-416.   CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     The  most  direct  way  to  find   valid  evidence  on  the
statistical distribution of  222Rn concentrations  in houses is to
collect data  on randomly selected  houses.   The problem here is
that  the  sample  is biased:  mesurements are more  likely  to  be
purchased by  the rich than  by the poor, by  the educated than by
the  uneducated,  and  by those  who  have reason to  believe that
their house may have high levels of 222 Rn.    (BIO)(HQL)
                               104

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     EPA REPORTS ON RADON IN HOUSING (ENGLISH)
     COX JE
     ASHRAE  JOURNAL-AMERICAN  SOCIETY   OF HEATING  REFRIGERATING
     AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, V29, N10, P20-20, 1987

     The results  of  a 10-state survey  of radon  levels in houses
estimate that 8-12 percent  exceed the  accepted EPA action level.
(SCI) (AUTH)
     EPA  COMPILING  DATA   ON  EXTENT  OF  INDOOR  RADON  HAZARD
     (ENGLISH)
     EMBER L
     CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS , V65, N33, P22-24, 1987

     Surveys  of  gas concentration in homes  in 17  states,  data
collected  by states,,  and  epidemiological studies  will  form a
comprehensive database.  (SCI)  (AUTH)
     THE  INDOOR CONCENTRATION  OF RADON AND  ITS DAUGHTERS  IN A
     MULTISTOREY BUILDING
     KHAN A J; VARSHNEY A K; PRASAD R; TYAGI R K
     PHYSICS  SECT.,   Z.H.  COLL.  ENG.  TECHNOL.,  ALIGARH MUSLIM
   .  UNIV., ALIGARH,  UP-202 001, INDIA.
     NUCL TRACKS RADIAT MEAS  13  (1). 1987.  77-80.
     CODEN: NTRMD
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     Long-term  measurements  of   radon  and   its  daughters  in
nineteen  different rooms  of  a multistorey building  in Aligarh
having  different  types  of  environmental  conditions  have  been
performed.   CR-39  solid state  nuclear  track  detectors were used
to  measure   the   radon   concentration.    Variations  of  radon
concentration   due   to  height  from ground  level,  ventilation
conditions,  convection  air currents  and materials  placed inside
were investigated.  The highest value of  radon has been  found in
the  basement and  the  ground  floor  rooms which  indicates  the
influence  of  subsoil  emanation.    No appreciable  effect  was
observed with height  above ground.   Our study also reveals that
ventilation conditions, convection air currents, housed materials
such  as books,  papers,  etc.,  affect  the radon concentration.
(BIO)
     MEASUREMENTS  OF   RADON  LEVELS  IN  UNITED-STATES  HOMES
     (ENGLISH)
     COHEN BL; GROMICKO N

                               105

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     UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT PHYS/PITTSBURGH//PA/15260
     HEALTH PHYSICS , V52, SI, PS 70, 1987

     The data  on radon measurements  in U.S. homes  collected by
the University of Pittsburgh Radon Project wil be reviewed.  Mean
radon  levels  will  be  given  as  a  function  of  geographic area,
month   of   year,   age  of   house  ,  house   characteristics,
socioeconomic  status  of the  householders, etc.   Studies  of the
effectiveness  of  15-20  different  types of charcoal for adsorbing
radon will be presented.  No one type is much superior to several
others, but some are much inferior.(SCI)(HQL)
     RADON DISTRIBUTION BY WEEK SEASON AND YEAR IN SINGLE FAMILY
     DWELLINGS
     HARLEY N H; TERILLI T B
     N.Y. UNIV. MED. CENT.,  550 FIRST AVE., NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING  OF  THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 5-9, 1987.
     HEALTH PHYS  52 (SUPPL.  1). 1987.  S72-S73.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Hourly radon measurements  have been made in the basement of
a  single  family  dwelling  in  northern  NJ  since  1982.    This
dwelling is  wood frame,  has a  full poured concrete basement, is
70 years old and is typical  of older construction.   In 1985, a
small  experimental  room  was  added onto  the main  basement with
walls  of thinner  concrete block  to  better  observe  the  radon
surges  which occur  frequently with  various  weather phenomena.
Radon  levels  in this home are about  average  (37  Bq/m3)  for the
U.S.  In 1986, hourly measurements were initiated in a newer home
in  eastern  PA  which  has  radon  concentrations  about  5  times
higher.  (BIO)  (AUTH)
     NATIONWIDE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  INDOOR  RADON  MEASUREMENTS  A
     PRELIMINARY DATA BASE
     ALTER H W; OSWALD R A
     TERRADEX  CORP.,  460  N.  WIGET LANE,  WALNUT  CREEK,  CALIF.
     94598.
     JAPCA  (J AIR  POLLUT CONTROL ASSOC)   37 (3).  1987.  227-231.
     CODEN:    JIJME
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     A  rapidly  growing  data  base  consisting  of over  60,000
indoor  radon concentrations measured  with passive  integrating
Track Etch  detectors  is described.  The  data  base is subdivided

                               106

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by state and a variety  of statistical  parameters summarizing the
contents of the data base  are presented  for  each state.   Certain
states are better characterized than others  in  terms  of  having a
variety of  radon surveys  done all  over the state so  that the
statistical parameters given may be  fairly representative of the
state.  The primary conclusions that can be  drawn are that there
are  some  homes  with  unacceptably  high radon  levels in nearly
every  state  and  that  there  exist regions  where  a  significant
fraction of homes have unacceptably high radon levels.  (BIO)
     Energy and Indoor Air  Quality Measurements from Five Energy
     Conserving Manufactured Homes: Final Report, 1987
     Microfiche  only,   copy  does   not  permit  paper   copy
     reproduction.    Original  copy  available  until  stock  is
     exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:  MF A01
     Lee,  A.D.;  Taylor,  Z.T.;  Parker,  G.B.;  Wilfert,  G.L.;
     Callaway, J.W.
     Battelle Pacific Northwest-Labs., Richland, WA.
     Corp. Source Codes:  048335000; 9512268
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: DOE/BP-803
     Feb 87  106p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:  MF   A01    Journal  Announcement:  GRAI87i7;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AC06-76RL01830

     The  objectives  of  this study  are to  (1)  determine whether
manufactured  homes  built  to   the  Pacific  Northwest  Model
Conservation  Standards   (MCS)  perform  according  to the  energy
requirements of the  standards,  (2) determine  air  exchange  rates
in  these  homes,   (3)  determine  whether  indoor air  pollutants
exceed   specified  levels  in  these  homes,   and  (4)   provide
information useful in future  efforts  to encourage the production
of energy  efficient manufactured  homes in the Pacific Northwest.
The  study has  been  conducted   by Pacific Northwest Laboratory
(PNL)   for  the  Office  of  Conservation,   Bonneville     Power
Administration   (BPA).    The project constitutes  one case  study
conducted  in conjunction with the BPA-sponsored End-Use  Load and
Conservation Assessment Program.  (ERA citation 12:022707) (NTIS)
     Assessing  exposure  to  radon   in  the  United  States:
     Perspective of the Environmental Protection Agency
     Magno, P.J.; Guimond, R.J.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
     Off. Radiat. Programs, US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, USA
     191. Meeting of the  American  Chemical  Society  New York,  NY

                               107

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     (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON AND  ITS  DECAY PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES  AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS      pp.  63-69,   Publ.Yr:  1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY,  WASHINGTON,  DC (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS. 331.
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     Exposure to  radon  and  its decay  products  inside homes  is
now recognized as a significant public health problem.  To better
define   the  scope  and  magnitude   of  this   problem,   the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  has  developed  a  national
radon  exposure  assessment program.   This  program consists  of a
national  radon  survey   to   determine   the  national  frequency
distribution of radon levels  in residential structures,  a States
Assistance Program to identify  high  risk radon areas,  and a Data
Quality Program to assure reliable and consistent radon and radon
decay  product  measurement   results for   both   individual  and
governmental agencies.   (POL)
     Measurement    of   sup   222   Rn  and  Its  Relationship  to
     Environmental Variables:  Factors Controlling  Indoor Radon:
     Final Report  for the  Contract Period June 1,  1982 to August
     31, 1986
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Harley, N. H.
     New York Univ.,  NY. School of Medicine.
     Corp. Source Codes: 008702065; 4670000 .
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: DOE/EV/10374-6
     1986  lip
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF  A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8719;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: AC02-80EV10374

     The report  summarizes a project in  which a new detector for
measuring  ''radon  only11 was designed and built.  The units built
were then used to measure hourly data indoors and outdoors in two
locations  to investigate  the  apportionment of the indoor radon
source term.   (ERA citation  12:025830) (NTIS)
     Preliminary  Radon   Testing  Results  for  the  Residential
     Standards Demonstration Program.  Program Results No. 3
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.     Original  copy   available  until  stock  is
     exhausted.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01

                               108

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     Reiland, P. ;  McKinstry,  M.  ;  Thor,  P.
     Bonneville  Power Administration,  Portland,   OR.  Office  of
     Conservation.
     Corp. Source Codes:  025155009; 9518455
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
     Report No.: DOE/BP-582
     Jan 86  38p
     Languages:  English    NTIS  Prices:  PC  A03/MF A01   Journal
     Announcement:  GRAI8618; NSA1100
     Country of Publication: United States

     This  paper reports  measurements for  heating  season  radon
concentrations  in  indoor  air   for  289  homes  in  the  Pacific
Northwest.     The  homes  are  part  of  the   Bonneville  Power
Administration   (BPA)   Residential   Standards   Demonstration
Program,  and  include 143  dwellings   constructed  to  the  Model
Conservation Standards proposed  by the Northwest  Power Planning
Council (MCS homes) and 146 control dwellings built over the last
several years  to current building codes  (control  homes).   These
results indicate that the  location of the  dwelling was  a more
important determinant of  indoor  radon concentration  than was use
or non-use  of  the MCS.   Previous  studies have shown  that radon
levels  in dwellings  are  only  weakly correlated  with  air exchange
rates,  and that  control  of  radon sources  is  a more practical and
effective  method  of reducing   indoor   concentrations.     (ERA
citation 11:029905)  (NTIS)
     Studies  of Radon  in Buildings.   Progress Report,  July 1,
     1981 - June 30, 1986
     Cohen, B.L.
     Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 152600, USA
     Publ.Yr: 1986
     NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; NTIS Order No: DE86015477/GAR.
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V18N5

     Research reviewed  includes scintillation  cell development,
radon levels  in public and commercial  buildings,  development of
diffusion barrier charcoal adsorption  collectors,  development of
a  low   cost  radon  chamber,  small   scale  radon  surveys  in
Pittsburgh, Cumberland  County,  PA,  and in the houses of national
physics  professors,  development  of methodology for large-scale
surveys,  radon  carcinogenesis  epidemiology,  ventilation  rate
studies,  studies  of radon in soil,  diffusion constants of radon
through soils, test house studies, pressure differential studies,
air  cleaning  studies,  tests  of the linear-no  threshold theory,
and large scale surveys.  (NTIS)
                               109

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     A NATIONAL SURVEY OF RADON-222  IN USA HOMES AND CORRELATING
     FACTORS
     COHEN B L
     UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PA 15260.
     HEALTH PHYS  51  (2). 1986.  175-184.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     A  survey  of  222Rn  levels   in   453   houses  of  physics
professors from 101 universities  in  42 states (plus the District
of Columbia) was carried out with 1-y exposures of nuclear track
detectors,  accompanied  by  an  extensive  questionnaire.      The
geometric  mean  concentration  was  38  Bq/m3  (1.03  pCi/1),the
standard deviation was  .**GRAPHIC**.   and the arithmetic average
was 54 Bq/m3 (1.47 pCi/1).   Correlations were studied with age of
the  house,   environs,  location of  the  detector  in the  house,
number  of  floors   in the  house,  what  is  beneath the  house,
integrity of the  barrier between the house  and the ground,  wind
conditions, draftiness, construction materials, ventilation,   use
of gas, and source of water.  In general, these correlations were
found   to  be  much   weaker  than   expected,   indicating  that
geographical variations are the dominating effect.   (BIO)
     High-radon homes may be widespread.
     Raloff, Janet
     Science News v!30 p325(l) Nov 22, 1986

     According to a  study at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in
Berkeley, CA, residents of an estimated 1 million homes with high
indoor  radon levels  may  be  receiving  radiation  exposures that
meet  or  exceed  those  received by  the  average  uranium  miner.
(Ml)(HQL)
     Distribution  of airborne  radon-222  concentrations  in U.S.
     homes.
     Nero, A.V.; Schwehr, M.B.; Nazaroff,  W.W.; Revzan, K.L.
     Science v234 p992(6) Nov 21, 1986

     Apparently  large  exposures  of  the  general  public  to the
radioactive  decay products  of radon-222 present  in  indoor air
have  led  to asystematic  appraisal  of monitoring  data from U.S.
single-family  homes;  several ways of aggregating  data were used
that take into account differences in sample selection and season
of measurements.   (MI)  (AUTH)
                               110

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     Residential Indoor Air Quality Field Studies
     Georgia technical symposium on  indoor  air quality,  Atlanta,
     GA, USA, 23 Sep 1986.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Hawthorne,  A.  R.
     Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
     Corp. Source Codes:  021310000; 4832000
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report NO.: CONF-8609248-1
     Sep 86  17p
     Languages:  English  Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF  A01   Journal Announcement:  GRAI8715;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC05-84OR21400

     Our  best  estimate   of  population  exposure  to  indoor  air
pollutants  is provided by results  of  indoor air  quality field
studies.   Field studies  are  conducted  to answer a variety  of
objectives.   Frequently,   secondary  objectives,  compatible  with
the primary  objective,  are addressed in  a  cost-effective manner
to allow  a larger  indoor  air quality data  base.   Careful design
of field  studies is required.   Factors that  must be considered
include participant selection, logistics,  sampling frequency and
duration,  and  questionnaire   preparation.     Selection  of
appropriate  monitoring  equipment  is necessary to  balance cost,
ease of use,  sensitivity,  and selectivity.   Passive samplers are
frequently  the  preferred   choice  for large-scale  field  studies.
As more results become available  from various residential field
studies, we will gain a better estimate  of  the quality  of indoor
air -  both how  it  varies among homes  and  how  it  compares  with
ambient and occupational  air quality.   8 refs.  (ERA  citation
12:019034) (NTIS)
     A  national  survey  of  222Rn in  U.S.  homes  and correlating
     factors.
     Cohen BL
     Health  Phys   Aug  1986,  51  (2)  p!75-83,  ISSN  0017-9078
     Journal Code:  G2H
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     A  survey   of  222Rn  levels  in  453   houses  of  physics
professors from  101 universities  in 42  states (plus the District
of Columbia) was  carried out  with 1-y exposures of nuclear track
detectors,  accompanied  by  an  extensive  questionnaire.    The
geometric  mean   concentration was  38  Bq/m3   (1.03  pCi/1),  the
standard deviation was times  divided  by 2.36,  and the arithmetic
average was  54   Bq/m3  (1.47  pCi/1).   Correlations  were  studied
with age of the  house, environs,  location  of  the detector in the
house, number of  floors  in  the house,  what is beneath the house,

                               111

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integrity of the barrier  between  the house and the ground, wind
conditions,  draftiness, construction materials, ventilation, use
of gas, and source  of water.   In general, these correlations were
found   to   be  much   weaker  than  expected,  indicating  that
geographical variations are the dominating  effect.   (MED)
     Interim Results  of the  Prompt  alpha-Track  Radon  Detector
     Study
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     George, J.  L. ; Langner,  G.  H.
     Bendix Field Engineering  Corp.,  Grand Junction,  CO.
     Corp. Source Codes:  056119000;  9502148
     Sponsor: Department of Energy,  Washington,  DC.
     Report No.: GJ/TMC-28
     Jul 86  39p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8626;
     NSA1100
     Country of Publication: United  States
     Contract No.: AC07-76GJ01664

     The  Technical  Measurements   Center  is  evaluating   the
reliability  of  using short-term exposures  of  alpha-track radon
detectors   to   estimate  annual  average  radon-daughter
concentrations  (RDC)  in  Residences  in   the  Grand  Junction,
Colorado, area.   This  Prompt  Alpha-Track Study was  initiated in
the summer  of 1985  and  will be completed in the summer  of 1986.
Two sets  of data are being collected,  each consisting  of two-,
three-,  four-,   five-,   and  six-month-long  exposures   of
alpha-track  radon detectors.     October  2  was  selected as   the
midpoint of the Fall set of exposures and April  2 as  the  midpoint
of the  Spring set of exposures.  These dates were selected after
analyzing the RDC data collected by the Colorado Department of
Health  during the Grand Junction Remedial Action Program.   This
interim  report  on  the  Prompt Alpha-Track Study  discusses   the
preliminary  results  of  the Fall measurements.   Terradex Type SF
Track Etch detectors were exposed at 50  stations in 34  structures
where  previous  annual average RDC  and/or  radon  data  have  been
collected.   Two detectors  were deployed  at  each station  for  each
short-term  exposure.    Three  additional annual  detectors  were
deployed  at each  station  concurrently  with the  six-month  Fall
detectors.   The detectors  were processed at a  sensitivity level
of 0.2  picocurie-month  per liter.    Preliminary results  indicate
that all  of the short-term Fall measurements using  October  2 as
the midpoint of  the exposure can  reliably estimate the  annual
average indoor  radon concentration  in structures.  The precision
of  both  the  short-term  measurements  and  the  methods  is
acceptable  at  4  picocuries  per liter   (pCi/1).   Results  of  a
paired  t-test  indicate  no  difference  in  the  measured radon
concentration  between  a   short-term  measurement  and  an  annual

                               112

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measurement,  at   the  0.01   level   of  significance.    These
conclusions  are  provisional since  only  the Fall  data have been
analyzed.   A final  report  will integrate  the  Fall,  Spring,  and
annual data.  (ERA citation 11:005404) (NTIS)
     RADON ASSAYS IN CAMPUS AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
     BRUCE A K; HUFF R D
     BIOL. DEP.,  STATE  UNIV.  N.Y.  BUFFALO,  BUFFALO,  N.Y.  14260,
     USA.
     THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL  MEETING OF THE  HEALTH PHYSICS  SOCIETY,
     PITTSBURGH,  PA., USA,  JUNE  29-JULY 3,  1986. HEALTH  PHYS   50
     (SUPPL. 1).  1986. S35.
     CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Radon analysis was performed  in  10  campus buildings  and  in
3residences.  Samples were  collected  for 30 minutes at 40  1pm  on
glass  fiber  filters  and counted at intervals  for up to  one hour
using  a  4-pi GM detector.  Radon concentrations were calculated
assuming  product  equilibrium.    The use of steel  mill slag from
ore  originating  in Greenland  as  a fill during construction  is
suspected  to  be  the  source  of  the   excess   radon  levels.   A
residence  built  of granite yielded 0.88  pCi/1 whereas  a  frame
house gave 0.20 pCi/1.    (BIO)(HQL)
     CONCERN  OVER  RADON  IN HOMES  TRIGGERS  PLAN  FOR NATIONAL
     SURVEY
     CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS, APR 28, 86, V64, N17, P19(2)

     JOURNAL  ARTICLE     THE  POSSIBILITY  OF  WIDESPREAD  HUMAN
EXPOSURE TO RADON  GAS  IS A FOCUS OF ATTENTION BECAUSE OF REPORTS
OF  EXTREMELY  HIGH  RADON  LEVELS  IN HOMES.   RADON  IS  A PROBLEM
BECAUSE  ITS  RADIOACTIVE DECAY  PRODUCTS  ARE SHORT-LIVED NUCLIDES
THAT CAN BECOME DEPOSITED IN THE LUNGS  AND LEAD TO LUNG CANCER.
THE  EPA  OFFICE OF  RADIATION  PROGRAMS  IS  PLANNING A NATIONAL
SURVEY OF  RESIDENCES TO DEFINE  THE  SCOPE  AND MAGNITUDE OF RADON
EXPOSURE.  THE  PRIMARY OBJECTIVE IS TO DETERMINE WHAT THE AVERAGE
LEVELS OF  RADON ARE IN  HOMES  ON A NATIONAL  BASIS.   A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION OF THESE  LEVELS WILL BE DEVELOPED SO THE AGENCY  CAN
BETTER SELECT REMEDIAL MEASURES.  (ENV)
     Distribution  of airborne  radon-222 concentrations  in U.S.
     homes
     Nero, A.V.; Schwehr, M.B.; Nazaroff, W.W.; Revzan, K.L.

                               113

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     California Air Resour.  Board,  Sacramento,  CA  95816, USA
     SCIENCE (WASH.  VOL. 234, NO. 4779,  pp.  992-997,  Publ.Yr:
     1986
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Apparently  large  exposures  of  the  general  public  to the
radioactive decay  products  of  radon-222  present in  indoor air
have led to systematical  appraisal of monitoring data from U.S.
single-family  homes; several ways  of  aggregating  data were used
that  take  into account  differences  in  sample  selection  and
season   of measurements.     The  resulting  distribution  of
annual-average radon-222  concentrations can  be characterized by
an arithmetic mean of  1.5 picocurie per liter  (55 becquerels per
cubic meter) and a long tail with 1  to 3% of homes exceeding  8
picocuries per liter,  or by  a geometric mean  of 0.9 picocurie per
liter and a geometric  standard deviation of about  2.8.  Available
dose-response  data suggest that an average of  1.5 picocuries per
liter contributes  about  0.3%  lifetime risk of  lung  cancer and
that,  in  the  million  homes with the  highest  concentrations,
long-term occupants suffer an added lifetime  risk  of at least 2%,
reaching  extraordinary  values  at the  highest  concentrations
observed.  (POL)
     Measurements  and   Interpretation  of  Indoor  Aerosol
     Radioactivity by a Microcomputer System
     Raunemaa, T., M.  Olin,  M. Hannikainen,  M.  Kulmala, and A.
     Hautojarvi
     Journal of Aerosol Science,  Vol.  17,  No.  3, pages  268-270,  4
     references
     June 1986 CODEN: JALSB7

      A  microcomputer  system was used  to measure  radioactivity
variations  indoors,   which  were  interpreted on  the  basis of
particle concentration measurements  and  radon  daughter  attachment
modelling.     Levels   of  both  polonium-218   (15422749)   and
polonium-214  (15735678), and of polonium-214 alone were monitored
indoors over several days.  The levels increased ten fold (from  5
Bequerels/cubic meter  to  50  Bequerels/cubic meter)  at  night  when
ventilation was turned off.   The activity ratio  of polonium-218
to   polonium-214   was   1:1.25.    For  night/day   relative
radioactivity, a  theoretical factor of 2.5 to 5 was  estimated,
and  the  actual experimental values ranged  from  5 to 8.   During
weekends,   when  ventilation  was   off,   radioactivity  levels
correlated with relative  humidity outdoors  but were unrelated to
outdoor  temperature  or atmospheric  pressure.   Introducing  pump
oil   aerosol  into  the   study  volume   increased   the  aerosol
radioactivity  by  a  factor  of  ten.   Aerosol radioactivity  was
lowered  by  a  small  fresh air vent.  The authors  conclude  that
this  system  provides a reliable  and low cost analytical  method
for continuous detection of radioactivity.  (OSH)

                               114

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 IV. SURVEYS

     A. NATIONAL

          1 U.S. REGIONAL WEST
     Radon  Monitoring   Results  from  BPA'S  Residential
     Weatherization Program:  Report No.  6
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Bonneville Power Administration,  Portland,  OR.
     Corp. Source Codes: 025155000; 9512400
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
     Report No.: DOE/BP-900
     Oct 87  26p
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01   Journal Announcement:  GRAI8813;
     NSA1300
     Country of Publication: United States

     This  report provides  a  summary of  all  the data  collected
for  the  States  of  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana.
Specific data  is listed by US  Geological Survey designated range
and township  locations.    The  specific  data listed by  range  and
township  includes only those  townships  with a minimum of  five
radon readings.   The radon measurement results  contained in this
report   were   conducted  by passive alpha-track  detectors.   The
Residential Weatherization Program requires that the detectors be
placed is  residence for a minimum of' 3  winter months, up to 1
year  in  length.    Due  to the  variations  in  the  length  of
measurements, we  have  added a  section to this report which lists
the average radon  values  for  given exposure  periods. 6  figs.
(ERA citation 13:016161) (NTIS)
     A SUMMARY OF KANSAS USA INDOOR RADON SCREENING RESULTS
     GUINN L A
     1902A KENTUCKY ST., LAWRENCE,  KANS.  66044.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE  HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE  CITY,  UTAH,  USA,  JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH  PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.
     CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

                               115

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     A summary  of  results for indoor radon done  by  the State of
Kansas and private  radon  monitoring companies has been compiled.
The  results  are  compared to  major  population  centers  and the
EPA's  map  of  projected   areas   of  high  radon  concentrations.
Although not a statistically significant sampling, the results do
indicate that Kansas  has  homes with  indoor  radon concentrations
above the  recommended guidelines, but not in the unusually high
range.  (BIO)(AUTH)
     Seasonal  variation  of  indoor  Rn  at  a  location in  the
     southwestern  United States  [published  erratum  appears  in
     Health Phys 1987 Aug;53(2):201]
     Wilkening M; Wicke A
     Health Phys Oct 1986, 51  (4)  p427-36, ISSN 0017-9078
     Journal Code: G2H
     Languages: English

     Radon-222  concentrations have been  measured  in  12  homes
typical of  a  small town  in the southwestern United States. Nine
of  the  houses,  in  which  both  summer  and  winter  data  are
available, have  an  annual mean of 63 +/-  18  Bq m-3 (1.7 +/- 0.5
pCi L-l)  and  a  range  of 41 to 96  Bq m-3  (1.1  to  2.6 pCi L-l) .
These  results were obtained  with passive  Rn  dosimeters  using
polycarbonate nuclear  track detector  foils.  The overal'l results
fall slightly above the middle of the range of values obtained in
other studies in the United States.  Winter levels clearly exceed
summer  by  a  factor  of  from two to  three.    This   result  is
attributed primarily to  wide  use  of evaporative air conditioners
for daytime  cooling in  the summer together with  the fact that
doors  and windows  are left  open  frequently  during  evening and
nighttime hours.   Both practices  enhance the exchange of outdoor
air with  indoor air contributing to a  decrease in the indoor Rn
levels during  the summer season.    Room-to-room differences were
evident during  the winter  season  only.   Bedrooms  and bathrooms
were generally higher  in Rn than kitchens and  living rooms but by.
only about 25%.   The two adobe houses in the group showed higher
Rn  concentrations  during the winter season  than did  those of
frame-stucco,  concrete,  or  cinder  block  construction.'    Dose
equivalent calculations yielded a mean  figure  of 0.29 WLM y-1 for
typical occupancy patterns in  these New Mexico houses.   (MED)
     INDOOR  AND  SOIL  RADON  MEASUREMENTS  IN  THE  ALBUQUERQUE
     NEW-MEXICO USA AREA
     BROOKINS D G
     DEP. GEOLOGY, UNIV. NEW MEXICO, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131.
     HEALTH PHYS  51  (4). 1986.  529-533.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH

                               116

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     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     A study  was undertaken  in  the winter of  1983-84  to gather
data for Rn gas  in  soils  and inside dwellings in the Albequrque,
NM, area.  Yhe  study  was restricted to 15  dwellings with one to
two  Rn  determinations  inside each  dwelling  and  two  soil  Rn
determinations per dwelling yard.   (BIO) (AUTH)
                               117

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IV. SURVEYS

     A. NATIONAL

          2 U.S. REGIONAL EAST
     Niagara  Falls  Storage  Site,   Annual   Site  Environmental
     Report,  Lewiston,  New  York,  Calendar  Year 1986:  Surplus
     Facilities Management Program (SFMP)
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.  Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
     Bechtel National,  Inc.,  Oak Ridge, TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 076493000; 9514952
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: DOE/OR/20722-150
     Jun 87  79p
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF  A01  Journal  Announcement: GRAI8722;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: AC05-810R20722

     During  1986,  the   environmental monitoring  program  was
continued  at  the  Niagara  Falls  Storage  Site  (NFSS),  a  US
Department  of  Energy (DOE)  surplus facility  located  in Niagara
County,  New York,  presently  used for  the  interim  storage  of
radioactive  residues and  contaminated soils and  rubble.   The
monitoring  program  is  being  conducted by  Bechtel National, Inc.
The  monitoring  program  at   the  NFSS  measures  radon  gas
concentrations  in  air;  external  gamma   radiation  levels;  and
uranium  and radium  concentrations in  surface water,  groundwater,
and sediment.   To verify  that  the site is in compliance with the
DOE  radiation protection  standard and to assess its potential
effect on public health,  the  radiation dose  was calculated for
the  maximally  exposed  individual.    Based  on  the  conservative
scenario  described  in  the report, this individual would receive
an annual external exposure approximately equivalent to 6%  of the
DOE radiation protection standard of 100 mrem/yr.  By comparison,
the incremental dose received from living in a brick house  versus
a wooden house is  10  mrem/yr above background.   The cumulative
dose to  the population within an 80-km  (50-mi) radius of the NFSS
that would  result  from  radioactive materials present at the site
would be indistinguishable from the dose that the same population
would  receive  from  naturally  occurring  radioactive  sources.
Results   of  the  1986  monitoring  show  that  the  NFSS   is  in
compliance  with the DOE radiation protection standard.  14  refs.,
11 figs., 14 tabs.   (ERA citation 12:032532)  (NTIS)

                               118

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     Monitoring Radon Reduction in Clinton, New Jersey Houses
     Prepared in cooperation with Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Osborne, M.C.; Brennan, T.; Michaels, L.D.
     Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Corp. Source Codes: 045968000
     Sponsor: Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
     Report No.: EPA/600/D-87/162
     May 87  15p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8717
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3992

     The  paper  discusses  EPA  experience in monitoring  radon
reduction  in Clinton, NJ,  houses.   Both the temperature-driven
stack  effect and  typical  household appliances  (e.g.,  furnaces,
whole-house  fans,  clothes   dryers,   and  bathroom  fans)  were
observed to reduce indoor pressure and potentially increase radon
levels.   Radon  measurements obtained during  cold weather, after
residential  heating systems  were back  in full operation, showed
that the  radon  reduction  techniques  that were applied  had been
effective  and  that   radon   concentrations  were  significantly
reduced.    Although  both  grab  sample  and   continuous  monitor
measurements  were helpful  in  assessing  radon* entry sites  and
hour-to-hour  fluctuations,  respectively,  only charcoal  canister.
data collected  under  near-winter conditions  could be used  as a
valid    comparison    with  earlier March/April   1986  generated
pre-radon reduction data.  (NTIS)
     GAMMA-RAY EXPOSURE LEVELS  IN READING PRONG PENNSYLVANIA USA
     BASEMENTS BY HOUSE CHARACTERISTICS
     ANAST G A; GOUN B D; GERUSKY T M; REILLY M A; STEBBINGS J H;
     DIGNAM J J
     DIV. BIOLOGICAL MED. RES., ARGONNE NATL. LAB., ARGONNE, ILL.
     60439.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF  THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY,  UTAH,  USA, JULY 5-9,  1987.  HEALTH PHYS  52
     (SUPPL. 1).  1987.
     S71-S72.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Gamma-ray measurement  (uR/h)  in  basements of  1654 Reading
Prong  residences  were correlated with house  characteristics  to
determine  whether   gamma-ray   exposures   can  be  significant
confounders  in studies  of  the  carcinogenic  effects   of  radon
daughter exposure.  (BIO)(AUTH)


                               119

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     INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA USA
     COHEN B L; NASON R
     UNIV. PITTSBURGH, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15260, USA.
     ENVIRON INT  13 (3). 1987.  293-298.   CODEN: ENVID
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     Measurements  were  made  of  radon  levels  in  165  randomly
selected homes in  Cumberland  County,  PA during Winter 1984-1985.
The average and mean levels were found to be 9.1 .H—0.7 pCi/L and
6.3 .+-. 0.5 pCi/L, respectively, many times normally encountered
levels.   Average and mean radon  levels  are  reported  vs. various
house characteristics.   (BIO)(AUTH)
     Measurements  of   radon  concentrations   in  residential
     buildings in the eastern United States
     George, A.C.; Hinchliffe, L.E.; Hopke, P.K.  (ed.)
     Environ. Meas. Lab., US DOE, New York, NY 10014, USA
     191.  Meeting of the American Chemical Society  New York, NY
     (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON  AND ITS  DECAY PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES  AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS
     pp. 42-62,  Publ.Yr: 1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS 331.
     Languages: ENGLISH

     As  part  of  a  program  to develop  and  test  radon  survey
techniques,  passive  activated  carbon . samplers  were  used  to
measure  radon  concentrations in 380  buildings in  six  states in
the  eastern  United  States.    Measurements  were  made   in  the
basement  and living areas of  each residential  building,  and in
some work  locations  of  several plant buildings during summer and
winter.   The activated  carbon samplers performed  well  in these
tests,  and the logistics via  U.S. mail were  satisfactory.   The
lowest  concentrations  of radon  were  found in:  Long Island,  NY,
Luzerne County, PA, and South Carolina.  (POL)
     Review  of  Radiological  Surveys  of the  General  Services
     Administration's Raritan Depot in Edison, New Jersey
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Herzenberg, C. L. ; Winter, R. C.
     Argonne National Lab., IL.
     Corp. Source Codes: 001960000; 0448000

                               120

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     Sponsor: Department of Energy,  Washington, DC.
     Report No.: ANL/EES-TM-331
     Oct 86  14p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF  A01   Journal Announcement: GRAI8723;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: W-31109-ENG-38

     This report  reviews  two recent radiological  surveys  of the
General  Services  Administration  (GSA)  Raritan Depot  in  Edison,
New Jersey, that were conducted after somewhat elevated levels of
radiation were detected within a depot building. The first survey
indicated  gamma  radiation   levels   were  higher  than  natural
background levels in  some buildings and  identified  the probable
source  of  the   radiation as gypsum-like  building  tiles  that
contained natural uranium-chain radionuclides at a level 20 times
higher than  other materials.   Elevated  levels of radon and radon
decay products also were detected in some buildings.   A follow-on
survey was conducted  to confirm the  January  measurements  and to
measure radiation levels at other locations: additional buildings
at the depot, buildings on the Middlesex County  College  campus,
and  a   possible  outdoor   disposal  site.     EPA  measurements
established  that  ceiling  material is the primary source  of the
radiation.    Radioisotope analysis of  the  ceiling .tile material
from buildings with elevated radiation levels showed the presence
of radium-226 at  levels of  approximately 25  picocuries per gram
(pCi/g); this material would thus have to be treated as hazardous
waste,   should  it  be  removed.     This  report  critiques  the
methodology and results of the two surveys and recommends further
action.    (ERA citation 12:033665) (NTIS)
     Aerial Survey  Efforts  in the Search  for Radon Contaminated
     Houses in the Reading Prong Area Near Boyertown, PA
     American Nuclear Society  annual  meeting,  Bethesda,  MD, USA,
     15 Sep 1986.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Hoover, R.A.; Mateik, D.E.
     EG  and   G  Energy  Measurements,   Inc.,   Suitland,  MD.
     Washington Aerial
     Measurements Dept.
     Corp.  Source Codes: 088128001; 9521513
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.: EGG-10282-1127; CONF-8609147-11
     15 Sep 86  7p
     Languages: English  Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF  A01  Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8712;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: AC08-83NV10Z82

                               121

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     At  the request  of  the Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  the
Department  of  Energy  requested EG  and G Energy  Measurements to
fly an  aerial  radiological survey over a portion of the Reading
Prong near  Boyertown, Pennsylvania.   The  survey goal was to help
locate regions where buildings contained elevated levels of radon
gas.   A  250  km2  area was  surveyed.   A  number of  sites were
located.  These  sites correlated  fairly well with known geologic
faults  in the  area.   4 refs.,  1  fig.   (ERA citation 12:010112)
(POL)
     A  COMPARISON OF  RADON LEVELS  IN CHICAGO  AND PENNSYLVANIA
     HOUSES (ENGLISH)
     TOOHEY RE; ESSLING MA; MARKUN F
     ARGONNE NATL LAB,DIV BIOL & MED RES/ARGONNE//IL/60439
     HEALTH PHYSICS, V50, SI, PS 59, 1986

     Indoor levels  of  222Rn have been  measured in  144 single-
family  houses  in the  Chicago  area and in 160  houses in eastern
Pennsylvania,   located  in the vicinity of  Bloomsburg  (not on the
Reading Prong).   In Chicago, grab samples of air were collected
in evacuated  aerosol cans  and  then transferred  to Lucas flasks
for  counting.    The  Pennsylvania  radon  levels  were  measured
primarily  with  commercial  "Track-Etch"  detectors;  a  few  .grab
samples were also taken.   (SCI) (AUTH)
     INDOOR RADON IN THE READING PRONG IN PENNSYLVANIA USA
     ANON
     THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL  MEETING OF THE  HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     PITTSBURGH, PA., USA,  JUNE  29-JULY  3,  1986. HEALTH PHYS   50
     (SUPPL. 1). 1986.  S91.
     CODEN: HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Since  late December  1984,  the  Pennsylvania  Department  of
Environ-mental  Resources, Bureau of Radiation Protection has been
engaged  in  an  intense effort to  find those houses in the Reading
Prong  which present  increased health  risk due  to  indoor radon.
The  Reading   Prong  is   a  physiographic  province  underlying
portions  of  Berks,  Bucks,  Lehigh  and  Northampton  counties.
(BIO)(AUTH)
                               122

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IV. SURVEYS

          A. NATIONAL

               3  U.S. REGIONAL SOUTH
     LEVELS OF RADON-222  AND ITS SHORT-LIVED  PROGENY  IN ALABAMA
     USA HOUSES
     DUDNEY C S;  HAWTHORNE A R; WALLACE R G; REED R P
     HEALTH  AND  SAFETY  RES.  DIV.,  OAK  RIDGE  NATL.  LAB.,  OAK
     RIDGE, TENN. 37831.
     HEALTH PHYS  54 (1).  1988.  89-92.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Preliminary results from an ongoing indoor air quality study
of 70 houses  in  four southeastern states  have revealed elevated
indoor levels of Rn** and  its  short-lived  progeny in some houses
in Alabama.   Reported here are Rn  and Rn progeny  results from
summer and fall measurements made  in 34 houses in Alabama. (BIO)
(AUTH)
     SURVEY OF RADON IN NORTH-CAROLINA HOMES (ENGLISH)
     WATSON JE; ADAMS WC; FONG SW; NEWMAN HJ
     UNIV   N  CAROLINA, DEPT   ENVIRONM  SCI   &  ENGN/CHAPEL
     HILL//NG/27514;   DEPT  HUMAN   RESOURCES,RADIAT   PROTECT
     SECT/RALEIGH//NC/27603
     HEALTH PHYSICS , V52, SI, PS 70, 1987  •

     A  state-wide  survey  of  radon  in  North  Carolina  homes was
conducted   using   charcoal   canisters  to   measure   radon
concentrations.   Each  charcoal  canister  consisted  of  a  10cm
diameter tin canister, 2.9 cm deep, filled with 70 g of activated
charcoal.   A perforated brass screen and  retainer ring hold the
charcoal in place.    For  calibration,  canisters were  exposed to
known radon concentrations at the U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency's Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility.  (SCI)  (AUTH)
     Indoor  Air  Quality  in  300  Homes  in  Kingston/Harriman,
     Tennessee: Winter Phase Status Report
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01

                               123

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     Hawthorne,  A.R.;   Uziel,   M.;   Vo-Dinh,   T.;   Cohen,  M.A. ;
     Orebaugh,  C.
     Oak Ridge National Lab.,  TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 021310000;  4832000
     Sponsor: Department of Energy,  Washington, DC.
     Report No.: ORNL/TM-10104
     Oct 86  14Ip
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8709;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: AC05-840R21400

     This   report  summarizes  the   status  of   the   300-Home
Kingston/Harriman Indoor  Air  Quality Study  at the  end  of  the
winter  phase  of  monitoring.  Plans  for  the  summer  monitoring
phase are  also presented.   The report is  organized by  the major
pollutants monitored.   Reporting focuses on study protocols  and
summaries of winter  monitoring activities.   A  minimum of results
are presented since, for many pollutants, laboratory analyses are
not yet complete.  (ERA citation 12:001640) (NTIS)
     Indoor pollutants in 70 houses in the Tennessee Valley area:
     Study design and measurement methods
     Dudney, C.S.;  Matthews,  T.G.; Dreibelbis,  W.G.;  Hawthorne,
     A.R.; Thompson, C.V.
     Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge,  TN, USA
     Symposium on  Measurement  of Toxic Air  Pollutants   Raleigh,
     NC (USA)  27 Apr 1986
     Publ.Yr: 1986
     NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
    'SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; DE86009506/GAR.
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Levels    of   nitrogen  dioxide,   formaldehyde,  vapor-phase
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, respirable particles,
radon  and other  parameters related  to  indoor air quality are
being  measured with  passive monitors  in  a year-long  study of
indoor  air  quality in  70 houses  in  the  Tennessee  Valley area.
Criteria  for house selection included  presence  of a lower level
with cement floor and one or more block walls in contact with the
soil  and  proximity to one  of  four  cities in  the  region.   By
design,  most  of  the  houses  in  the   study   are  in  the  same
neighborhood as  at least one  other house in the  study.   Houses
range  in  age  from newly constructed to about  forty  years old,
typically  have  more  than  2000  square feet  of  finished floor
space,  and  encompass  a garage  in the lower level  in most cases.
(POL)
                               124

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     Experimental  Protocol  and  Preliminary  Results   of  Air
     Infiltration Rate Measurements in Tennessee Valley Homes
     Air   Pollution    Control  Association  annual  meeting  and
     exhibition,  Minneapolis,  MN, USA, 22 Jun 1986.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Hawthorne, A.R.; Dudney,  C.S.; Matthews, T.G.;  Monar, K.P.;
     Quillen, J.L.
     Oak Ridge National Lab.,  TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
     Sponsor: Tennessee Univ., Knoxville.; Department  of Energy,
     Washington,  DC.
     Report No.:  CONF-860606-1
     1986  12p
     Languages: English  Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01   Journal Announcement: GRAI8619;
     NSA1100
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.: AC05-840R21400

     The  principal  objective of  this multipollutant  indoor air
quality study  focuses  on measurement  of  radon  and radon progeny.
Details  of  the  radon monitoring component  and  the  chemical
pollutant  monitoring  aspects  of   the •study   and  associated
experimental  methods  have been  recently  described.    Seventy
houses throughout the  Tennessee  Valley  area are. included in the
study.  Six  houses  are in Oak Ridge,  Tennessee;  nine  houses are
in Chattanooga,  Tennessee; five  houses are in  Rossville, Georgia
(near  Chattanooga);  four  houses  are  near  Tupelo,-  Mississippi;
eight  houses are  near Florence,  Alabama;  eight houses  are  in
Huntsville,  Alabama;  and  thirty houses  are in  the  Birmingham,
Alabama/  area.   Ten  of  the thirty  houses  in  Birmingham  are
11 energy  efficient11   houses  as  defined  by the local  utility
conservation program.   With  the exception of some of  the energy
efficient houses  in  Birmingham,  all  other houses  have a basement
level and a living space above this level.  Some houses have this
lower  level  as a conditioned living space;  others do  not.   Only
houses with  basement  levels  were  included in the main component
of  the   study  due  to   design   objectives related   to  radon
monitoring.  Ten '•energy efficient11 houses  were added  to the
originally selected  60  houses to  allow  comparison between these
homes  and more  typical  houses  in  the study.    (ERA  citation
11:032709) (NTIS)
     Radon  and  Radon  Progeny  in  70  Houses  in  the  Tennessee
     Valley Area: Study Design and Measurement Methods
     APCA  specialty  conference  on  indoor radon,  Philadelphia,
     PA, USA, 24 Feb 1986.

                               125

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     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Dudney, C.S.;  Hawthorne,  A.R. ; Monar, K.P.;  Quillen,  J.L. ;
     Clark, C.
     Oak Ridge National Lab.,  TN.
     Corp. Source Codes: 021310000; 4832000
     Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC;
     Report No.: CONF-860277-1
     1986  lOp
     Languages: English  Document Type: Conference proceeding
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8617;
     NSA1100
     Country of Publication: United States
     Contract No.: AC05-84OR21400

     Levels  of radon  and  its  short-lived airborne progeny are
being measured  in a year-long study of  70 houses  in four states
in the  Tennessee Valley.   Various methods were used  to solicit
volunteers  with  differing degrees  of  success.    Criteria  for
selection  of houses in  the study  included  presence  of  a  lower
level with  cement floor and  one or more block walls  in contact
with the  soil,  absence of  obvious indications of technologically
enhanced  sources  of radium, and proximity to  one  of four cities
(Knoxville,  Chattanooga,  Birmingham,  or Florence).    By design,
most hcJuses  in the study .are in the same neighborhood as at least
one  other house in the  study.   Houses  range in  age  from  newly
constructed  to about 40 years old.   Most of  the houses have more
than 2000 square feet  of finished floor  space.   The lower level
encompasses  a  garage in most  cases.  More  complete information
pertaining  to  house  characteristics  will  be gathered in  the
course of the  study.   19 refs.,  1 fig.  (ERA citation 11:023909)
(NTIS)
     An indoor air quality study of 40 east Tennessee homes
     Hawthorne, A.R.; Gammage,  R.B.;  Dudney,  C.S.; Berglund, B.;
     Berglund,  U.;  Lindvall,  T.;  Spengler,  J.;  Sundell,  J.
     (eds.)
     Health and Saf. Res.  Div.,  Oak Ridge Natl.  Lab., Oak Ridge,
     TN, USA
     3.  International  Conference  on  Indoor  Air  Quality  and
     Climate  Stockholm (Sweden)  1984
     ENVIRON. INT VOL. 12, NO. 1-4,  pp. 221-239,  Publ.Yr: 1986
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V19N2

     Over  a  1-yr period,  measurements of  indoor air pollutants
 (CO  sub(x),  NO   sub(x),   formaldehyde,   volatile  organics,
particulate  matter,  and  radon)  were  made in  40 homes  in east

                               126

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Tennessee.  The houses were  of  various  ages with different types
of insulation and heating.   Sixty  percent of the houses exceeded
100 nL/L  of  formaldehyde  on at  least  one  occasion.    Over  the
duration of the study, houses older than 5 yr averaged 40 nL/L of
formaldehyde while  houses  less than  5  yr old averaged 80 nL/L.
The highest concentration  of formaldehyde was 400 nL/L, measured
in a  new  home.   The highest  levels of  formaldehyde were usually
recorded  during  summer  months.   The  concentration of various
organics  in  indoor air  was at   least  tenfold  higher than  in
outdoor air.  Carbon  monoxide and  nitrogen oxides were usually <
2 mu  L/L  and  <  20 nL/L,  respectively, except when  gas  stoves or
kerosene space heaters were  operating,  or when  a car was running
in the garage.  (ENV)
                               127

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IV. SURVEYS

     B. INTERNATIONAL

          1 ASIA
     Indoor concentrations of 220Rn and its decay products.
     Katase A; Matsumoto Y; Sakae T; Ishibashi K
     Department  of  Nuclear  Engineering,   Kyushu  University,
     Fukuoka,  Japan.
     Health Phys  (UNITED  STATES)   Mar 1988,  54  (3)  p283-6,  ISSN
     0017-9078
     Journal Code: G2H
     Languages: ENGLISH

     The distribution of  220Rn atoms in a room  was derived  from
the diffusion equation.   The activity concentrations of 212Pb and
212Bi were  obtained  in  relation to 220Rn exhalation  rate  from a
concrete  wall.    Near  the  surface of  the  concrete wall,  the
radiation exposure due  to  inhalation of  220Rn decay products may
be significant in some cases.  -(MED)
     RADON  CONCENTRATIONS  IN JAPANESE  HOUSES  AND  CORRELATING
     FACTORS (ENGLISH)
     YONEHARA H; AOYAMA T; MIFUNE M; KATO H; SAKANOUE M
     RADIAT   EFFECTS   RES   FDN/HIROSHIMA   73O//JAPAN/;   SHIGA
     UNIV MED
     SCI/OTSU/SHIGA   52021/JAPAN/;   OKAYAMA  UNIV,MISASA  BRANCH
     HOSP/MISAS A/TOTTORI   682 02/JAPAN/ ;    KANAZAWA
     UNIV,LLRL/TATSUNOKUCHI/ISHIKAWA 92312/JAPAN/
      JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH , V29,  Nl,  P26-26, 1988

     Correlations  between  the concentration and  various factors
were analyzed.   The factors  analyzed  were  regional  differences,
construction materials,  purpose  of the  room,  age of  the house,
ventilation  in the  room,  use  of  air conditioners  or  heaters,
number  of  floors  etc.    From the  results  of  the  studies,  the
factors  related   to  regional   differences   and  construction
materials   were   found  to  have   the  obvious  correlations.
(SCI)(AUTH)
                               128

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     INDOOR RADON-222 MEASUREMENTS IN THE REGION OF BEIJING CHINA
     REN T; LIN L; CHEN Z; LI G; CHEN A
     LAB.  IND.  HYGIENE,  MPH,  2  XINKANG  ST.,  DESHENGMENWAI,
     BEIJING, ROC.
     HEALTH PHYS  53 (3). 1987.  219-226.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA  (Biological Abstracts)

     Passive integrating activated C detectors were used to study
the  regional  distribution  and  temporal variation  of  222Rn  in
indoor air in dwellings in the Beijing region.  Measurements were
made  in 537  dwellings,  which were  either  detached houses  or
multi-family  apartments.  The  city-wide study  was  completed  in
1985.  The distributions are approximately log-normal with 90% of
the  dwellings having  222Rn levels  less than  60  Bq m-3.   The
weighted average  222Rn concentration  has been  found  to be 22.4
Bq m-3.  Averages for  detached houses and multi-family dwellings
are  25.9 and  15.2 Bq m-3,  respectively.   Assuming an equilibrium
factor  of  0.5 and an occupancy  factor  of  0.8,   the average
equilibrium equivalent  concentration  of  222Rn progeny is 11.2 Bq
m-3  and  the  annual  average  effective  dose  equivalent is 1.1 mSv.
(BIO)
     MEASUREMENT OF INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN KUWAIT
     MUSTAFA A A; VASISHT C M; SABOL J
     DEP.  RADIOLOGY,  FAC.  MED.,  KUWAIT  UNIV.,  P.O.  BOX 24923,
     SAFAT, POST CODE 13110, KUWAIT.
     ENVIRON INT  13 (4-5). 1987.  323-330.   CODEN: ENVID
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BA (Biological Abstracts)

     Values  of  indoor  radon  concentrations  averaged  over one
year has  been determined  in  60 dwellings mainly  located in the
coastal part  of  Kuwait.   All dwellings  were monitored using the
track-etch  method.    The  monitors used were  replaced  every  3
months to  detect seasonal variations.   Mean values of 41,  43.5,
42.5 and 41.3  Bq/m3  were  measured during autumn,  winter, spring,
and  summer,  respectively.    The  highest concentration  in the
survey,  103  Bq/m3  was  repeatedly  measured  during winter and
spring,  indicating  lower  ventilation  rates.    Separate  data
distributions   for   different   floor  levels   shows  mean  Rn
concentrations  of  54.4,  48.4,  44,  41   and 31.3  Bq/m3  in the
basement  and  on the  ground,   first,  second  and  third floors,
respectively.  The  overall mean Rn  concentration from the  whole
study was  41.3 Bq/m3, which is  equivalent to 5.58 mWL.  Assuming
an equilibrium factor of 0.5, and an occupancy factor of 0.8, the
average exposure to  the short-lived daughters of radon-222  of a
member of Kuwait population is 0.228 WLM/yr.   This is equal  to an
effective dose equivalent of 2.28 mSv, which is very close to the
effective  dose equivalent from natural  radiation  amounting  to 2

                               129

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mSv/yr.    It  is  expected  that  further  reduction  in  indoor
ventilation,  for the  purpose of  energy  saving,  will  cause an
increase in population radiation doses.  (BIO)
     INDOOR AND OUTDOOR RADON-222 AND RADON-220 DAUGHTERS IN HONG
     KONG
     TSO M-Y W; LI OC
     RADIOISOTOPE UNIT, UNIV. HONG KONG, POKFULAM RD., HONG KONG.
     HEALTH PHYS  53 (2). 1987.  175-180.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     In  Hong  Kong  most  people  live  and  work  in  high-rise
buildings,unlike  other  less   densely  populated  places  where
relatively more  people work and live  in houses resting directly
on  the Earth's  crust.   However,  because  of its hot  and humid
weather,  closed air  conditioning is  not  uncommon  now  in Hong
Kong.   Under  these  unique  conditions,  it was of general interest
to  measure the  indoor 222Rn  and  220Rn  levels.   A small-scale
survey  was undertaken  on  the  University  of Hong  Kong campus.
(BIO)  (AUTH)
     INDOOR RADON  DAUGHTER CONCENTRATION IN CHIBA AREA - RESULT
     OF   PRELIMINARY  WINTER  SURVEY  BY  ACTIVE  GRAB-SAMPLING
     MEASUREMENT (ENGLISH)
     KOBAYASHI S; IWASAKI T;  ICHIKAWA M; FUJIMOTO K
     NATL INST RADIOL SCI/CHIBA 260//JAPAN/  JOURNAL OF RADIATION
     RESEARCH , V27, Nl, P60-60, 1986

     Indoor radon  daughter concentration was measured in various
types  of houses and  homes within  Chiba area by  means  of grab-
sampling active measurement according to the method of Thomas.  A
linear relationship was observed between  equilibrium equivalent
radon  concentration and cumulative percentage of  houses on  log-
normal pobit scale.  (SCI)(AUTH)
     RADON IN SAUDI HOUSES  (ENGLISH)
     ABUJARAD F; ALJARALLAH MI
     UNIV PETR & MINERALS,DEPT PHYS/DHAHRAN 31261//SAUDI ARABIA/
     RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY  , V14, N3, P243-249, 1986

     A total of 637 passive radon dosemeters  (CR-39 nuclear  track
detectors  in a  closed  chamber)  were  used  in  a survey  in  400
houses in Saudi Arabia.  This survey is the first  in  Saudi Arabia
 (a hot climate) and can usefully be  compared  with  similar surveys
in countries with cold climates.   (SCI)

                               130

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IV. SURVEYS

     B. INTERNATIONAL

          2 EUROPE
     Indoor  222Rn measurements  in Sweden  with the  solid-state
     nuclear track detector technique.
     Jonsson G
     Department of Physics, University of Lund,  Sweden.
     Health Phys  (UNITED STATES)   Mar 1988,  54  (3)  p271-81,  ISSN
     0017-9078
     Journal Code: G2H
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Measurements  of  the  indoor   radon   and  radon   daughter
concentrations were performed  in  several thousand Swedish houses
during  the  years  1979-1984  with  the  solid state  nuclear track
detector technique  (SSNTD  technique).   The  investigation focused
on  structures  containing  building  materials  of  light-weight
concrete with  enhanced amounts  of U.   The detectors used nuclear
track films exposed for 1  mo.   The film basically measures total
airborne alpha activity but may be calibrated  in  units  of EER in
an environment with known 222Rn and daughter concentrations.  (EER
is here the  equilibrium  equivalent concentration of  Rn with the
equilibrium factor F = 0.5.)   The investigation was performed in
various municipalities  in  collaboration with  the local  public
health  and  environmental  authorities.     The  investigation
included 6700 individual  measurements in detached (single-family)
houses as well as in apartment houses.  A small percentage of the
dwellings exhibited  Rn daughter  concentrations  (EER)  exceeding
400  Bq  m-3.     It  was   found  in   detached   houses  that  the
concentrations were  higher  in the  basement floor than  in the
entrance  floor  of a  house.   The  Rn  daughter values  in the
bedrooms were  similar to values in any other room (mainly on the
same  floor)   of   the   structure.    The   Rn  daughter  levels  in
apartment houses  were  lower than in  single-family houses.   The
seasonal variations of the Rn daughter  levels  are  presented and
show that the levels in summertime are approximately equal to the
levels in the winter.   (MED)
                               131

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     INDOOR RADON-222 MEASUREMENTS IN SWEDEN WITH THE SOLID-STATE
     NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR TECHNIQUE
     JONSSON G
     DEP.  PHYSICS,  UNIV.  LUND,   SOLVEGATAN  14,  S-223  62  LUND,
     SWEDEN.
     HEALTH PHYS  54 (3). 1988.   271-282.    CODEN: HLTPA
     Language: ENGLISH

     Measurements  of  the  indoor  radon   and  radon   daughter
concentrations were performed in  several  thousand Swedish houses
during the years 1979-1984  with the  solid  state nuclear  track
detector technique  (SSNTD  technique).  The investigation  focused
on  structures  containing  building  materials  of  light-weight
concrete with enhanced amounts of U.   The detectors  used nuclear
track films exposed for  1 mo.  The  film basically measures total
airborne .alpha.  activity but may be  calibrated in  units of EER
in an environment with  known 222Rn  and daughter concentrations.
(EER is  here  the  equilibrium equivalent concentration of Rn with
the  equilibrium  factor  F  =   0.5).     The  investigation  was
performed  in  various municipalities  in  collaboration  with  the
local  public  health   and  environmental  authorities.     The
investigation included  6700  individual measurements  in detached
(single-family)  houses as well  as in  apartment  houses.   A small
percentage of the dwellings  exhibited  Rn  daughter concentrations
(EER) exceeding 400 Bq m-3.   It was found  in detached houses that
the concentrations were  higher in the  basement floor than in the
entrance  floor  of  a  house.   The  Rn daughter  values  in  the
bedrooms were similar to values  in any other room (mainly on the
same  floor)  of  the structure.     The   Rn  daughter  levels  in
apartment  houses  were lower than in single-family houses.   The
seasonal variations  of  the  Rn daughter levels are presented and
show that the levels in summertime are approximately  equal to the
levels in the winter.  (BIO)
     Radon   on  Mors  Island.    An   Investigation  of  Virtual
     Relationship Between  Radon Concentration in  Indoor  Air and
     the Local Geology in a Selected Area on Mors
     In Danish.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
     Damkjaer, A.; Korsbech, U.
     Technical  Univ.   of  Denmark,   Lyngby.  Afdelingen  for
     Elektrofysik.
     Corp. Source Codes: 014560023; 9800028
     Report No.: NEI-DK-34
     Mar 87  55p
     Languages: Danish
     NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01  Journal Announcement: GRAI8805;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication: Denmark

                               132

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     The indoor /sup 222/Rn-concentration has been measured in 50
dwellings  in  a  rural  district on  the Danish  island Mors.   In
addition the  radon-exhalation  from  the ground  was  measured  in
close vicinity of the houses.   Also,  samples of  the surface soil
has been  analyzed  for  the  radium  and thorium  content  and  for
radon/emanation. The  aim of  the  work has  been  to search  for a
possible correlation  between  the  local geology and  the indoor
radon-concentration.   Specifically  a  correlation was  expected
between the  local  deposits  of  a  radium-rich paleocene  clay  and
the indoor radon-concentration.  As  a result,  no correlation has
been found neither  between the deposits of the  radium-rich clay
and the  indoor  radon-concentration,  nor between  any  pair of  the
measured parameters.  However,  the  southern part of the district
shows a significant higher indoor radon-concentration compared to
the northern part.   This correlates  with  the limestone deposits
which  in  the southern  part  of the  district  come close  to  the
surface.   Hence  an  indication has been found  that the limestone
deposits act as  a transport  channel  for radon  or as a source for
enchanced   radon-levels  in   the   dwellings.     (ERA  citation
12:050239)  (NTIS)
     Radon-222 in Nprwegian dwellings
     Stranden, E.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
     Natl.  Inst.  Radiat. Hyg.,  P.O.'  Box  55,  N-1345  Oesteraas,
     Norway 191.   Meeting of the American Chemical  Society  New
     York, NY (USA)      13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON  AND  ITS  DECAY PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES  AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS
     pp. 70-83,   Publ.Yr: 1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON,  DC  (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS 331.
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     Results  of  Rn-222  measurements  in  1500  dwellings   in  75
municipalities in  Norway are reported.  The  study was conducted
to assess geographical variations in Rn-222 concentrations and to
assess  the  relative  importance  of the  different sources.   The
population average indoor Rn-222  concentration is assessed to be
80-100  Bq  super(-3).   The equilibrium factor  was studied in 58
dwellings and a  factor of 0.5 was found  to  be representative for
Norwegian  dwellings.    About  1%  of  Norwegian  dwellings  are
expected  to  have   Rn-222   concentrations   exceeding  800  Bqm
super(-3)  (4000  Bqm  super(-3)  Rn-222  progeny).   The  highest
values  occur  in alum shale  and  granite areas,  and  bedrock and
subsoil  are  the   dominating  radon   sources.     In  a  pilot
investigation,  the radon exposure in  dwellings  was  correlated
against  lung  cancer   incidence and  smoking  habits data  from the
Norwegian Cancer Registry.  (POL)


                               133

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     Radon  levels  in  Swedish  homes: A  comparison of  the 1980s
     with the 1950s
     Swedjemark, G.A.; Buren, A.; Mjoenes, L.; Hopke, P.K.  (ed.)
     Natl.  Inst.  Radiat.  Prot.,  Box 60204, S-104  01 Stockholm,
     Sweden
     191.  Meeting of the American Chemical Society  New York, NY
     (USA)
     13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON  AND  ITS  DECAY PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES  AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS pp. 84-96,   Publ.Yr:  1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     In  1980-82  a  study was carried out  on  Swedish homes built
before 1976.  The  aim was to  provide averages and distributions
for the  radon exposure of the Swedish population.   Correlations
with parameters  such as building materials  and  building periods
were also investigated.  (POL)
     Population doses in Ireland
     McLaughlin, J.P.; Hopke, P.K.  (ed.)
     Phys.,Dep., Univ. Coll. Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Eire
     191.  Meeting of the American Chemical Society  New York, NY
     (USA)
     13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON  AND ITS  DECAY  PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS
     pp. 113-123,  Publ.Yr: 1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
     SUMMARY. LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH

     Indoor  air  radon  concentrations  measured  in a  randomly
selected sample of 220 Irish houses have been found  to range from
about 20  Bq/m super(3)  to  as  high as 1740 Bq/m super(3)  with a
median value  of  61  Bq/m super(3).   Using current dose estimation
methods  the estimated  effective  dose  equivalents  due  to radon
daughter  inhalation  in  these  houses are  1.6  mSv/year  (median
value) and  46 mSv/year (maxium value).   Integrating alpha track
based passive detectors,  which yield both a measurement  of the
mean  radon  concentration  and  of  the  radon  daughter equilibrium
(F) in each house, are being used in this national survey.   (POL)
     Indoor radon measurements in Finland: A status report
     Castren,  O. ;  Maekelaeinen,  I.;  Winqvist,  K. ;  Voutilainen,
     A.; Hopke, P.K.  (ed.)
     Finnish   Cent.   Radiat.   and  Nucl.  Saf.,  P.O.  Box   268,

                               134

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     SF-00101 Helsinki, Finland
     191.  Meeting of the American Chemical Society  New York, NY
     (USA)  13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON AND  ITS  DECAY PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE,   PROPERTIES  AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS
     pp. 97-103,  Publ.Yr: 1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS 331.
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     Large-scale  surveys  indicate  that  the  mean indoor  radon
concentration in Finnish   dwellings   is   about 90 Bq/m super(3).
The  percentages of  concentrations  exceeding  200,  400,  800  and
2,000  Bq/m  super (3)  are  11,   3.9,   1.4  and  0.5   per  cent,
respectively.     An  updated   version   of   the  geographical
distribution is presented.   Sampling  and data processing methods
as  well as  the reason  for high concentrations  are  discussed.
(POL)
     Concentrations in dwellings in the United Kingdom
     Cliff,  K.D.;  Wrixon,  A.D.;  Green,  B.M.R.; Miles,  J.C.H.;
     Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
     Natl. Radiol.  Prot. Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire 0X11
     ORQ, UK
     191.  Meeting of the American Chemical Society  New York, NY
     (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON AND ITS  DECAY  PRODUCTS.  OCCURRENCE, PROPERTIES  AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS
     pp. 104-112,   Publ.Yr: 1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, DC  (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS. 331.
     Languages: ENGLISH

     A  survey  of  the radon  concentrations  in  a  representative
sample  of  more than 2000 dwellings in  the UK  has  been completed
and  provisional   results  are  now  available.     On  average,
concentrations  are  29% lower  in bedrooms than  in  living areas.
The mean radon concentration weighted for room occupancy is 22 Bq
m super(-3).   Assuming an equilibrium  factor  of 0.35  and a mean
occupancy  of  75%,   the mean annual  exposure  in   UK homes  is
assessed as  0.08 Working Level Months  (WLM) and the mean annual
effective dose equivalent as 0.43 mSv.  Special surveys have been
made in small  areas  where geological  conditions  indicated high
indoor radon concentrations.  These suggest that there is a small
number  of  dwellings  in  the  UK   in  which   the  average  radon
concentration may exceed 1250 Bq m super(-3),  corresponding to an
annual dose of 25 mSv.  (POL)
                               135

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     Measurements of Parameters for Determining the Radon Load in
     the Framework of the Dutch National Research Program SAWORA
     In Dutch.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
     Groen,   G.C.H.;  Groot,  T.J.H.;   Nyqvist,   R.G.;   Keverling
     Buisman, A.S.; Stoute, J.R.D.
     Ministerie  van  Volkshuisvesting,  Ruimtelijke  Ordening  en
     Milieubeheer,   The  Hague   (Netherlands).   Directie
     Stralenbescherming.
     Corp. Source Codes:  087985003;  4188735
     Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-20;  VROM-60519/6-86
     Jun 86  88p
     Languages: Dutch
     NTIS Prices:  PC  A05/MF A01  Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8805
     Country of Publication: Netherlands

     This report describes a  series  of measurements  related to
the indoor  exposure to daughters of radon and  thoron.  Important
parameters  are the Potential  Alpha  Energy Concentration  (PAEC)
and  the  Activity  Median  Aerodynamic    Diameter  (AMAD).    The
results  for  indoor atmosphere are presented leading to  an order
of magnitude estimate of  the effective dose-equivalent  rate of
500 mu  Sv/y.   The  thoron  daughter concentrations are  relatively
high  with  respect, to those  of radon daughters.   (Auth.).  18
refs.; 24 figs.; 12 tabs.  (Atomindex citation 18:076059.)  (NTIS)
     Radon Concentration in the Netherlands
     In Dutch.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
     Meijer, R. J. ; Put, L. W. ;  Veldhuizen,  A.
     Ministerie  van  Volkshuisvesting,  Ruimtelijke  Ordening  en
     Milieubeheer, The Hague (Netherlands).
     Corp. Source Codes: 087985000; 4188742
     Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-14; VROM-60197/3-86
     Feb 86  116p
     Languages: Dutch
     NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01  Journal Announcement:  GRAI8805
     Country of Publication: Netherlands

     In    1000    dwellings,    which   can  be assumed  to be  an
reasonable  representation  of  the  average  Dutch  dwellings,  time
averaged radon  concentrations,  radon  daughter concentrations and
gamma-exposure  tempi are determined  during a year  with passive
dosemeters. They are also determined outdoor at circa 200 measure
points.   (Auth.).   Includes English summary;  58  refs.;  32 figs.;
24 tabs.   (Atomindex citation 18:079204) (NTIS)
                               136

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     Activity   Measurements   in   a Group  of Twenty Houses  in
     Bemisse (Netherlands)  and in an Experimental Room
     In Dutch.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
     Hogeweg, B.
     Ministerie  van  Volkshuisvesting,  Ruimtelijke  Ordening  en
     Milieubeheer,   The   Hague   (Netherlands).   Directie
     Stralenbescherming.
     Corp. Source Codes:  087985003;  4188735
     Report No.: VROM-DSB-86-16; VROM-60199/3-86
     Feb 86  39p
     Languages: Dutch
     NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01  Journal Announcement:  GRAI8805
     Country of Publication: Netherlands

     Twenty  dwellings  are selected  on  the base  of  construction
features  and building materials  used,  for  radiation  dosimetry.
The  concentration  of  radon  and  daughterproducts   in  these
dwellings is  determined  by  a large number of  factors.   To study
the relation  between  concentration  and  activity of the materials
a number  of  measurements have  been  carried out with low-level  as
well as  high-level  radioactive  materials.    Also  a  series  of
measurements  have  been  carried  out   in  a   test  room  under
conditional circumstances.  (Auth.).  Includes, English summary; 9
figs.;  14 tabs.  (Atomindex citation 18:079205)  (NTIS)
     Radon exposure of the United Kingdom population
     Brown,  L.;  Green,   B.M.R.;  Miles,  J.C.H.;  Wrixon,  A.D.;
     Berglund,  B.;   Bergl-und,  U.;  Lindvall,  T. ;  Spengler,  J. ;
     Sundell, J. (eds.)
     Natl. Radiol.  Prot.  Board,  Chilton, Didcot, Oxon  0X11 ORQ,
     UK
     3.  International  Conference  on  Indoor  Air  Quality  and
     Climate  Stockholm (Sweden)   1984
     ENVIRON. INT VOL. 12, NO. 1-4,   pp. 45-48,  Publ.Yr: 1986
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
     Languages: ENGLISH
     Journal Announcement: V19N2

     The National Radiological Protection Board is carrying out a
survey  of the  radon concentrations  in dwelling throughout  the
United  Kingdom  and  is also  surveying factors that  affect radon
concentrations, such as the construction of the dwellings and the
window  and door-opening habits  of the occupants.  Initial results
of  measurements  of  radon  concentrations   indicate  an  average
effective  dose equivalent  to the  population of  570 mu  Sv/yr.
(POL)
                               137

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     Radon in Buildings in Hedmark County
     In Norwegian.
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
     Stranden, E.; Kolstad, A.K.; Lind,  B.
     Statens Inst. for Straalehygiene,  Oslo (Norway).
     Corp. Source Codes:  072040000; 5962300
     Report No.: SIS-1986:?
     1986  22p
     Languages: Norwegian
     NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF  A01   Journal Announcement:  GRAI8718;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  Norway

     Alum shale  is  known  to  contain  enhanced levels of radium,
and  it   may  thus  be   a  source  of  enhanced   indoor  radon
concentrations.   In this  report  studies of  the  radiological
impact of the alum  shale  in  an  area  in southern Norway rich in
alum   shale  is  summarized.     Measurements  of   the   activity
concentration of  soil  and  shale  radon  exhalation  from the ground
and  from  geological  samples   are   reported   together  with
measurements of  indoor radon  concentrations in 165  house.   In 48
of the houses the radon concentration exceeded 400  Bq/m/sup 3/,
and the  highest concentartion (mean value for a house)  was 5300
Bq/m/sup  3/.    Radon  exhalation  measurements  from  the  ground
suggest  that  alum shale  areas generally should be  classified as
high radon risk areas.   (ERA citation 12:023464)  (NTIS)
     RESULTS OF  NATURAL RADON DAUGHTER EXPOSURE  MEASUREMENTS BY
     USING  ALPHA  DOSEMETERS  IN WESTERN  INDIVIDUAL  HOUSES  OF
     FRANCE
     TYMEN G; MOUDEN A; RANNOU A; MADELMONT C; PARMENTIER N
     LAB.  PHYSIQUE  AEROSOLS  RADIOACTIVITE  ATMOSPHERIQUE,  FAC.
     SCI., AV. LE GORGEU, 29287 BREST-CEDEX,  FR.
     13TH  INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  ON SOLID  STATE  NUCLEAR TRACK
     DETECTORS,  PALAZZO BARBERINI,  ROME,  SEPTEMBER  23-27,  1985.
     NUCL TRACKS RADIAT
     MEAS  12  (1-6). 1986.  751-754.   CODEN: NTRMD
     Language: ENGLISH
     Subfile: BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     A   campaign  of   measurements   using   passive  and  active
dosemeters  was  intended for  evaluating  indoor radon  daughter
exposure in individual homeslocated in western France.  Influence
of  the  subsoil  and building  materials  on the  potential  alpha-
energy was  studied.   Then an estimation of annualequivalent dose
was calculated from the results.  (BIO)
                               138

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     Indoor Air Quality  in New Single Family Houses  at Helsinki
     and Kuopio Regions
     In Finnish.  The Indoor Climate Project.
     U.S. Sales Only.  Portions of this document are illegible in
     microfiche products.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A06/MF A01
     Raunemaa, T.; Ruokolainen, T.
     Helsinki  Univ.  of Technology, Espoo  (Finland).  Lab.   of
     Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
     Corp. Source Codes:  057176024; 9831080
     Report No.:  TKK-KO/LVI-C21
     1986  122p
     Languages: Finnish
     NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF  A01   Journal  Announcement:  GRAI8724;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  Finland

     The aim  of this study was to investigate  indoor  air quality
in single-family houses.   The study includes  formaldehyde,  fungi,
bacteria, radon and particle concentration as well as  temperature
and relative  humidity.    To  find possible regional  differencies
the  study  houses  were   situated  at  two  regions,  Kuopio  and
Helsinki.  The indoor air  temperature  varied between  20-28 deg C
and   relative  humidity  between  15-64%.     Formaldehyde
concentrations,  which   were  clearly  affected  by   relative
humidity, ranged from <0.05  to 0.24  mg/m''3, being  on an average
0.09 rag/n^'S.  Maximum acceptable formaldehyde level was exceeded
in one of the study houses in summer.  Bacterial and fungal spore
counts were mainly below 2000  cfu/m''3, which can be  regarded as
the upper limit  of  normal  concentration.   Indoor fungal  spore
concentration depended on outdoor concentration and the  bacterial
concentration correlated with particle  concentration.  The levels
of total  suspended  particles were mainly below  100 ug/m''3 with
almost equal  amounts  for fine and coarse particles.  The  indoor
concentrations followed  the outdoor concentrations.    The  radon
concentrations were  below the recommended  value in  11 but  one
study house.  The characteristics in the  houses  in  Helsinki were
found  to  differe  from  those  in  Kuopio in  relative  humidity
values and in bacterial,  particle and  radon  concentrations.  All
the measured  parameters,  except particles and  radon,  were  higher
in  summer than  in  winter.    Between  full  brick  and  full  wood
houses   there  were  slight   differencies   in   temperature,   in
bacterial and in  fungal  spore counts.    (ERA  citation 12:037086)
(NTIS)


     RADON MEASUREMENTS  IN SWEDEN:   SOME  RESULTS (RADON,  PASSIVE
     SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     JONSSON GILBERT
     UNIV OF LUND, SWEDEN,
     WHO/ET  AL  3RD INTL  INDOOR  AIR   QUALITY   &  CLIMATE  CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84,  V2, P155(5)

                               139

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     CONF PAPER    A  PLASTIC FILM TECHNIQUE WAS  USED TO MEASURE
RADON LEVELS  INSIDE  DWELLINGS IN SWEDEN.   SEASONAL MEASUREMENTS
INDICATE A HIGHER RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATION IN THE SUMMER THAN
IN WINTER FOR CONCENTRATIONS IN THE  INTERVAL 200-400  BQ/CU M.
BASEMENTS HAD HIGHER DAUGHTER LEVELS THAN  DID THE FIRST STOREYS
OF SINGLE-UNIT HOUSES.  (2 GRAPHS, 1 PHOTO, 3 REFERENCES)  (ENV)
     RADON EXPOSURE OF THE UK POPULATION  (RADON, PASSIVE SMOKING,
     PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     BROWN L.; GREEN B.M.; WRIXON A.D.; MILES J.C.
     NATL RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION BOARD, UK,
     WHO/ET  AL  3RD  INTL  INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY  &   CLIMATE  CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24, 84, V2, P61(6)

     CONF PAPER RADON  DECAY  PRODUCTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR  ABOUT A
THIRD OF  THE TOTAL DOSE THAT  PERSONS  RECEIVE FROM ALL RADIATION
SOURCES IN  THE U.K. RESULTS  FROM PASSIVE  RADON DOSIMETERS IN A
NATIONAL SURVEY FOR  367  DWELLINGS  ARE  ANALYZED.  THE MEAN OF  THE
RADON CONCENTRATIONS  IN  THE  MAIN BEDROOM IS  71% OF THAT  FOR  THE
LIVING  AREA.   THE MEAN  EFFECTIVE  DOSE  EQUIVALENT TO  THE U.K.
POPULATION   FROM  RADON  DECAY   PRODUCTS   IN   DWELLINGS  IS
PROVISIONALLY  CALCULATED  TO  BE  570  MSV/YEAR.    (  1  GRAPH, 6
REFERENCES,  2 TABLES)  (ENV)
     EXPOSURE  OF  THE  SWEDISH  POPULATION  TO  RADON   DAUGHTERS
     (RADON,   PASSIVE  SMOKING,   PARTICULATES  &   HOUSING
     EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     SWEDJEMARK GUN A.  ; MJONES LARS
     NATL INST RADIATION PROTECTION,  SWEDEN,
     WHO/ET  AL  3RD  INTL  INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY  &  CLIMATE  CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24,  84, V2, P37(7)

     CONF PAPER  THE RESULTS OF THREE DIFFERENT  INVESTIGATIONS  OF
RADON IN  SWEDISH  DWELLINGS ARE SURVEYED.  A NATIONWIDE  STUDY WAS
CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE  THE  COLLECTIVE DOSE TO THE  POPULATION FROM
EXPOSURE  TO RADON AND ITS  DAUGHTERS.    A  SUPPLEMENTARY  STUDY
FOCUSED  ON NEWLY  BUILT DETACHED  HOUSES.   MEASUREMENTS MADE  BY
LOCAL AUTHORITIES  TO FIND HOUSES WITH RADON DAUGHTER LEVELS  ABOVE
NORMS ARE ALSO REPORTED.   THE LATTER  FOUND  THAT  3346  DWELLINGS
HAD  RADON  DAUGHTER CONCENTRATIONS  EXCEEDING  400  BQ/CU M; THE
MAJORITY  OF  HOMES IN THE NATIONWIDE STUDY HAD RADON LEVELS  BELOW
100 BQ/CU M.   (4 GRAPHS, 2  REFERENCES, 2 TABLES  )  (ENV)
                                140

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     SURVEY  OF RADON  CONCENTRATIONS IN  DUTCH DWELLINGS  (RADON,
     PASSIVE SMOKING, PARTICULATES & HOUSING EPIDEMIOLOGY)
     PUT L.W.; DE MEIJER R.J.
     UNIV OF GRONINGEN, NETHERLANDS,
     WHO/ET  AL  3RD  INTL  INDOOR  AIR  QUALITY  &  CLIMATE  CONF,
     STOCKHOLM, AUG 20-24,  84, V2, P49(6)

     CONF PAPER  RADON LEVELS  WERE  MEASURED IN  ABOUT 1000  DUTCH
DWELLINGS AND AT 200 OUTSIDE LOCATIONS USING PASSIVE  MONITORS.   A
MEDIAN CONCENTRATION  OF 24  BQ/CU  M WAS  FOUND FOR THE  DWELLINGS
WITH A HIGHEST VALUE OF 190 BQ/CU M.  CORRELATIONS  BETWEEN MEDIAN
RADON LEVELS AND  CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS WERE OBSERVED.   OUTSIDE
CONCENTRATIONS SHOW  AN UNEXPECTED  DEPENDENCE  ON LOCATION.   (  2
GRAPHS, 4 REFERENCES, 1 TABLE) (ENV)
                               141

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 V.  MITIGATION
     Status  of  EPA   (Environmental   Protection   Agency)   Radon
     Mitigation
     Demonstration Program
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Craig, A.B.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Research Triangle Park,  NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-88/037
     Feb 88 lip
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:   GRAI8812
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The  paper discusses the  portion  of  EPA's radon  reduction
technology  development/demonstration   program  dealing  with  the
study  of  reduction  methods  for existing  and new  construction
houses.  The EPA program has as its objective the  development and
demonstration  of  cost-effective  radon   reduction  techniques
applicable to  existing and  new construction  houses, all  housing
substructure types, a wide range of house design and construction
features,  a range  of  initial radon concentrations,  a  variety of
radon mitigation approaches,  and a scope that  is  national.   The
program, which started  on a  small scale in  1984,  is divided into
four  major  areas:    methods  for  radon  entry   diagnosis  and
reduction  performance  testing,  reduction  methods  for  existing
houses, reduction methods for new houses, and program support and
information  transfer.   After  1 year  of  study,   a matrix  was
developed  to  try to  systematize a very complex  problem.   As  a
result of the development of the matrix, it appears that at least
600 houses will need  to be  studied  to  cover all the variables to
a satisfactory  degree,  making the mitigation  of essentially  any
housing type possible.   The  number  will be  studied over a period
of 5-8 years.   (NTIS)
     Installation  and   Testing  of   Indoor  Radon  Reduction
     Techniques in 40 Eastern Pennsylvania Houses (Final  rept.
     Oct 84-Jun 87)
     Sponsored  by  Environmental  Protection   Agency,   Research
     Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     NTIS Prices:   PC A17/MF A01
     Scott, A.G.;  Robertson, A.; Findlay, W.O.

                               143

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     American ATCON,  Inc.,  Wilmington,  DE.
     Corp.  Source Codes:   085675000
     Sponsor:  Environmental Protection Agency,  Research Triangle
     Park, NC.  Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/8-88/002
     Jan 88 399p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A17/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8806
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  EPA-68-02-4203

     The report discusses  the  installation and  testing of indoor
radon reduction techniques  in  40  houses in eastern Pennsylvania.
Early  in  1985,  the  Pennsylvania  Department  of  Environmental
Resources  (PDER)  started a large radon  survey  in communities in
the Reading  Prong  (a granite formation)  in eastern Pennsylvania,
following  the discovery of a  house with extremely  high  radon
concentrations, greater than 1.2  MBq/cu m.  Candidate houses for
the program,  with  radon concentrations  in  excess  of 750 Bq/cu m,
were  selected  from  this  survey.   A  total of  40  houses  with
representative  substructure types were  chosen  from  this group,
and mitigation methods were selected and installed from June 1985
to June  1987.   Initial  soil ventilation  installations achieved
large reductions  in  radon  concentrations  at  low  cost, but these
reductions  were  not  always  sustained  in  colder weather,  and
several systems were modified during the project to improve their
performance.    Major  reductions  in  radon  concentration  were
realized  in  all  the  houses worked  on,  with  most  houses  with
active soil  ventilation  systems achieving less than  150 Bq/cu m
(4 pCi/L) on an annual average basis in the living areas.  (NTIS)
     Radon Reduction Strategies and Approaches
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Cook, J.E.; Egan, D.J.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-88/022
     Jan 88 42p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8810
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The  chapter is  for  inclusion in  a  textbook,  Environmental
Radon,  for  graduate students.   It gives a  flavor  of what radon
mitigation  entails,   rather   than  being  a  detailed  handbook
treatment of the subject.  It emphasizes the removal or reduction
of  soil-gas-borne  radon  (the major  source  of  radon  in  most
houses)   and  briefly  describes  the  following  methods  of
reducing/removing indoor  radon:   natural ventilation; forced air

                               144

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ventilation; forced air ventilation  with  heat recovery;  reducing
entry points (sealing);  venting radon from the soil surrounding a
house  by  drain-tile soil  ventilation,  sub-slab ventilation,  or
wall ventilation; reducing pressure differentials;  removing radon
from water; and air cleaning.  It gives background information on
house construction types,  the  significance of weather phenomena,
and  the significance of   the  stack effect  in elevating  indoor
radon levels.  (NTIS)
     Radon Mitigation Choices in the United States:  A Comparison
     of Private and Public Sector Developments
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Witter, K.A.; Sanchez, D.C.; Craig, A.B.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-88/011
     Jan 88 14p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:   PC  A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement:   GRAI8810
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The  paper compares private  and public  sector  developments
relating to radon mitigation in the U.S.  In response to elevated
radon  levels   in   many U.S.   houses,   the  Federal  and  State
governments and the private  sector have undertaken  many varied
mitigation and public information efforts resulting in a range of
radon reduction installations in the U.S.   Government-sponsored
research  and  development  of  radon  mitigation  techniques  in
single-family  detached  houses is compared  with  radon mitigation
approaches undertaken by the private sector.   An attempt is also
made  to  compare  premitigation diagnostics,  the  application  of
mitigation  techniques  to  various   substructure   types,  the
performance  of mitigation  installations,  and the  cost of the
installations.  The information collected indicates  that subslab
ventilation  is the most  common technique in  both public and
private   sector  radon mitigation;  however,   air-to-air  heat
exchangers  and  sealing  are  employed   more frequently  in  the
private sector than in government-sponsored mitigation.    (NTIS)
     Radon in homes:  determining risks and preventing exposures.
     Doege TC; Hendee WR
     Group   on  Science  and  Technology,   American  Medical
     Association, Chicago, IL 60610.
     Semin Nucl  Med  (UNITED  STATES)  Jan 1988,  18 (1)  plO-5, ISSN
     0001-2998
     Journal Code:  UNY
     Languages:  ENGLISH

                               145

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     Knowledge about the effects of radon disintegration products
and their levels in the nation's homes  indicates  that in a small
proportion" of  homes  these radioactive  substances  are increasing
the inhabitants' risks  of lung cancer.   Testing  for  the problem
and reducing  its magnitude  are the homeowner's  responsibility.
While practical  methods  for testing are known,  they may  not be
easily available  in  all  regions.   Present understanding  of the
techniques of  prevention and  remediation  is  less  satisfactory.
(17 Refs.)   (MED)
     Modeling Point-of-Entry Radon Removal by GAG
     Lowry and,  J.D.; Lowry,  S.B.
     Maine Univ. at Orono.  Dept.  of Civil Engineering.
     Journal of the American Water Works Association JAWWA5, Vol.
     79, No.  10, p 85-88, October 1987.  7 fig, 3 tab, 28 ref.
     Journal Announcement:  SWRA2106

     A design model  for  point-of-entry granular activated carbon
(GAG) removal of 222Rn from  drinking  water was developed and GAG
technology  was  installed  and  monitored in  more than  100  homes
across  the  United States.   More  than 85%  of the  units employ
carbon D and  10% use carbon C.   Eighty percent of all units are
in the 1.7-cu ft category, with the rest  in the 1-3 cu ft range.
Three units malfunctioned, probably  due  to shifting  of support
gravel  in  transit leading to GAG  channeling.   Removal of  the
results from  these units from the data base leads to  an average
222Rn  removal  figure of  98.9%.     A number of  factors  have
prevented   aeration  from  becoming  as  popular as  GAG  in
point-of-entry 222Rn removal.  These include:  the requirement to
repressurize the water supply, an  installed cost more  than three
times that  of GAG, limited removal  capabilities of some aeration
methods,   and  a  significant  maintenance  requirement,  which
increases the cost differential with time.  (Rochester-PTT)  (WRA)
     Review  of  Selected  State-of-the-Art.  Applications  of
     Diagnostic Measurements for Radon Mitigation Planning
     (Rept. for Apr 86-Jun 87)
     Prepared  in  cooperation with  Princeton Univ., NJ.   Center
     for Energy and Environmental Studies,  and  Lawrence Berkeley
     Lab., CA.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Hubbard,  L.M.;  Harrje,  D.T.;  Gadsby,  K.J.;  Sanchez,  D.C.;
     Turk, B.H.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076
     Sponsor:    Princeton  Univ.,  NJ.    Center  for Energy  and

                               146

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     Environmental  Studies.; Lawrence Berkeley Lab.,  CA.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/245
     Sep 87 lOp
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01  Journal  Announcement:   GRAI8801
     Country of Publication:   United States

     Since  late-1984,  EPA's  AEERL  has  supported  a  program  to
develop   and  demonstrate  radon   mitigation   techniques  for
single-family  detached  dwellings.     As  part  of  the  program,
projects  have  been   started   directed  at   developing  and
demonstrating the use of diagnostic measurements in all phases of
the radon mitigation process.   Diagnostic measurements are used
to assess:   (1) the radon sources' strengths,  variability,  and
locations;  and,  (2)  radon transport  to  the house  and  its entry
and distribution in the  house as  influenced by  environmental,
house  characteristics,  and  occupancy factors.   The  diagnostic
measurements reported include:   (1) soil-gas grab  sampling;  (2)
communication  (air flow  or pressure field extension)  tests;  (3)
whole  house infiltration; (4)  differential  pressure,  (5)  gamma
radiation;  and,  (6)  radon flux.    The paper concludes that  the
above selected diagnostic measurements have been found especially
useful in characterizing  houses which have indoor radon problems
attributable to soil-gas-borne radon  which may  be amenable  to
mitigation through the use of subslab ventilation.   (NTIS)
     Construction  and  Testing  of a  Blower-Door  Assembly  for
     Regulation of Air Pressure within Structures
     Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
     Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03
     Steele, W.D.
     UNC Geotech, Grand Junction, CO.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  089787000;  9522464
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  DOE/ID/12584-4; UNC/GJ-35-TMC
     Sep 87 45p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:    PC  A03   Journal  Announcement:    GRAI8806;
     NSA1300
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC07-86ID12584

     The  Technical  Measurements  Center  is  evaluating  several
methods  to decrease  the time  required  to  determine an  annual
average  radon-daughter  concentration  in structures.   One  method
involves stabilizing  the air  pressure within the  structure at a
constant  pressure  with  reference to  external  atmospheric  or
soil-gas pressure.   This  report describes the  construction and
preliminary  testing  of  a  blower-door  system  to  maintain  a

                               147

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constant  differential  air  pressure  within  a  structure.    The
blower-door assembly includes a collapsible frame  and a large fan
to occlude  a doorway,  a damper with  an actuator to  control air
flow, a  controller  to  drive the damper actuator, and a pressure
transducer  to  measure the  differential  pressure.    Preliminary
testing  of  the  system  indicates   that  pressure  within  the
structure in the  range of  1 to 20 Pascals can be held to within
approximately +-1 Pa of the set  point.   Further testing  of the
blower-door  system  is  planned   to  provide   data  on  the
applicability of  this  method to short-duration tests for annual
average radon-daughter concentration estimates.   13  figs., 1 tab.
(ERA citation 13:000395)  (NTIS)
     Two Studies  on  the Effects of Small Exhaust  Fans  on Indoor
     Air Quality:    Field  Study of  Exhaust Fans  for  Mitigating
     Indoor Air Quality Problems; Indoor Air Quality, Exhaust Fan
     Mitigation
     Paper copy only, copy does not permit microfiche production.
     Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A10
     Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA.
     Corp.   Source Codes:  086929000; 9513034
     Sponsor:    Honeywell,  Inc.,  Minneapolis,  MN.    Technology
     Strategy Center.;   Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  DOE/BP/13655-1
     Jul 87 220p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:    PC A10   Journal  Announcement:    GRAI8802;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC79-83BP13655

     Overall,  the  findings  show  that  exhaust   fans  basically
provide small amounts of ventilation compensation.   By monitoring
the  common  indoor  air  pollutants  (radon,   formaldehyde,  carbon
monoxide,  nitrogen dioxide,  and water vapor),  it  was  found that
the  quality  of the indoor air was  not adversely affected by the
use  of exhaust fans.   Nor did their use provide any measurable or
significant  benefits  since  no  improvement  in  air quality  was
ascertained.   While exhaust  fans  of  this  small  size  did  not
increase radon,  which  is  the  contaminant  of most  concern,  the
researchers  caution  that   operation  of   a larger  fan  or
installation  in  a very tight  home  could  result in higher levels
because  depressurization   is  greater.     The   daily  energy
consumption  for use  of these appliances during the heating season
was  calculated to be  1.5  kilowatt hours or  approximately 3% of
the  energy  consumption in  the  study  homes.   The information
collected  in this collaborative field study  indicates  that the
use  of these  particular ventilation systems  has  no significant
effect on  indoor air quality.   (ERA citation  12:043973)  (NTIS)

                                148

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     Development  and  Demonstration  of  Indoor  Radon  Reduction
     Measures for 10 Homes in Clinton,  New Jersey
     (Final rept.  Apr 86-Jan 87)
     Sponsored  by   Environmental  Protection   Agency,   Research
     Triangle Park, NC.  Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A09/MF A01
     Michaels,  L.D.;  Brennan,   T.;   Viner,   A.S.;  Mattes,  A.;
     Turner, W.
     Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  045968000
     Sponsor:  Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
     Park, NC.  Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Report No.:  REPT-471U-3065-52;  EPA/600/8-87/027
     Jul 87 176p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A09/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8721
     Country of Publication:  United  states
     Contract No.:  EPA-68-02-3992

     The  report discusses  the  development and  demonstration  of
indoor  radon reduction  methods for  10 houses  in  Clinton,  New
Jersey, where  (in the spring of 1986) the New Jersey Department
of  Environmental  Protection  (DEP) -located a  cluster  of  houses
with extremely  high  radon levels.   The work was to be completed
before  the  1986-87  winter  heating   season  began.     The
demonstration houses  were  selected from  56 in  the Clinton Knolls
subdivision.  All  of these houses had  shown  radon concentrations
in excess of 64 pCi/1 when monitored  in the spring of 1986.  Each
house  was  inspected,  and 10 representative houses  were selected
for  the   radon  reduction  demonstration  project.    Following
intensive  diagnostic  work   and  monitoring  in  each  house,
house-specific  radon reduction plans  were developed.   With the
agreement  of   the   homeowners,   radon  reduction  systems  were
installed  during  the summer of 1986.   All 10 of  the houses had
radon  concentrations  reduced significantly by the  fall of 1986.
The average cost of radon reduction was $3,127.  (NTIS)
     Use of Diagnostic Measurements  to Enhance the Selection and
     Effectiveness of Radon Mitigation for Detached Dwellings
     (Technical rept.  (Final)
     Prepared in cooperation with Princeton Univ., NJ.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Sanchez,  D.C.; Hubbard, L.M.; Harrje, D.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076

                               149

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     Sponsor:  Princeton Univ.,  NJ.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/168
     Jun 87 lOp
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8718
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The paper discusses the use of diagnostic  measurements to
enhance the  selection  and effectiveness of radon mitigation for
detached dwellings.    The  development  of  appropriate and  cost
effective  radon mitigation  for  a  specific  house  is ultimately
tied to the  degree to  which the  authors understand the source of
the indoor radon problem,  how house characteristics affect radon
entry rates,  and how candidate mitigation systems influence radon
entry  processes.  Diagnostic measurements and procedures allow
for gualitative and quantitative assessments of water, materials,
and soil as sources of radon and the assessment of soil-gas-borne
radon  flow  potentials  related   to  indoor/outdoor  differential
pressure driving forces and soil-air permeability.  The.discussed
diagnostics  are  being  developed  and  tested  as  part  of  an
intensive State  and  Federal government study  of  radon entry and
mitigation processes in 14 Piedmont New Jersey houses.
(NTIS)
     Review  of  the  Canadian  and  Swedish Experience  for  the
     Control of Indoor Radon                                  »
     (Published paper)
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Sanchez, D.C.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/181
     Jun 87 19p
     Languages:  English Document Type:  Journal article
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8718
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The  paper   reviews   Canadian  and  Swedish  experience  in
controlling indoor radon.  Interest in and concern about elevated
levels  of radon  (Rn)  and  radon daughters  (RnD)  in  the  indoor
environment have  been  growing steadily during the last 10 years.
During  this period  the federal governments of Canada and Sweden,
in  conjunction  with  provincial  authorities,  have  developed a
coordinated response  or  program for reducing the national health
risk of indoor Rn/RnD exposure.  The  focus of these programs is
on characterizing and/or locating the problem areas or dwellings,
and  providing  demonstrated control  approaches to  deal  with the
indoor  Rn/RnD  problem.  The  investigations by Canada and Sweden
have  identified numerous  control  approaches that  are effective

                                150

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when they  are  applied appropriately and carefully.   Among these
control  technqiues  are  the use  of subfloor  (depressurization)
ventilation, crawlspace  ventilation,  house ventilation,  and new
construction practices  such as monolithic pours  with floor/wall
joint sealing.   (NTIS)
     Testing  of  Indoor  Radon  Reduction  Techniques in  Eastern
     Pennsylvania:  An Update
     (Published paper May 85-Mar 87)
     Sponsored  by   Environmental  Protection  Agency,   Research
     Triangle Park,  NC.  Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Henschel, D.B.; Scott, A.G.
     American ATCON, Inc., Wilmington, DE.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  085675000
     Sponsor:  Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
     Park, NC.  Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/156
     May 87 21p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8717
     Country of Publication:  United  States
     Contract No.:  EPA-68-02-4203

     The paper updates information from EPA tests of indoor radon
reduction techniques  on  38 houses in the Reading  Prong  area of
eastern Pennsylvania.  All were basement houses with hollow-block
or  poured-concrete  foundation walls.   The  reduction- approaches
tested   in  most   houses  involved   active  soil  ventilation,
including:   suction  on  the  footing  drain tile  system;  suction
under the concrete  slabs,  using pipes inserted through the slabs
from  inside  the  houses;  and ventilation  of  the void  network
inside hollow-block  foundation  walls.   Heat recovery ventilators
(HRVs)  were tested  in  three houses.   Current  results  confirm
that,   for  the  houses   tested,  drain   tile  suction  appears
consistently  able  to  provide  high  radon  reductions  when  a
complete   loop  of  drain  tile   exists,   often  reducing
high-radon-level  houses   to  4  pCi/1  (148  Bq/cu  m)  and  less.
Sub-slab suction  (with pipes through the  slab)  can also provide
high  reductions if  enough suction pipes are  located  properly.
Placing one or more  sub-slab suction pipes  near each  perimeter
wall appears to aid  in treating the major soil gas entry routes,
although  fewer  pipes can  sometimes give   high reductions  if
conditions are favorable.  Ventilation of block wall voids can be
effective if major wall openings can be adequately closed, and if
there  are  no  major  slab-related  entry  routes remote  from  the
walls.  (NTIS)
                               151

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     Radon Mitigation  in  10 Clinton, New Jersey Houses:   A Case
     History
     Prepared in cooperation with  Camroden  Associates,  Rome, NY.
     Sponsored  by  Environmental   Protection   Agency,   Research
     Triangle Park,  NC.  Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     NTIS Prices:   PC A02/MF A01
     Osborne, M.C.;  Brennan, T.; Michaels,  L.D.
     Research Triangle Inst.,  Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Corp.  Source Codes:   045968000
     Sponsor:   Camroden  Associates,  Rome,  NY.;  Environmental
     Protection Agency,  Research  Triangle  Park,  NC.   Air and
     Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/164
     May 87 16p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:   PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8717
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  EPA-68-02-3992

     The  paper discusses an  EPA radon  mitigation demonstration
project  in  Clinton,  NJ,  which included testing  radon  reduction
techniques  in  10 houses.   The  10 houses  were selected  from a
group of  56 volunteers in the Clinton  Knolls  subdivision.  Each
of the  10  selected houses received an intensive radon diagnostic
evaluation  before  a  house-specific radon reduction  plan was
developed.   Before  and after  the plans were  implemented,  radon
concentrations f were   determined   by   charcoal  canisters  and
continuous  radon  monitors.   A variety  of  sealing  and sub-slab
depressurization techniques were applied to the 10 houses.   Radon
concentrations  were  reduced  by  over   95% in all  10  houses.
Three-month  alpha track radon measurements will continue  in the
radon  reduction  demonstration  houses   for the  next  2  years.
(NTIS)
     Practical Problems Reducing Radon in Houses
     Prepared in  cooperation  with  Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Osborne, M.C.; Brennan, T.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076
     Sponsor:  Camroden Associates, Rome, NY.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/161
     May 87 lip
     Languages:   English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8717
     Country of Publication:  United States
                               152

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     The paper  discusses practical  problems encountered  during
efforts  to  reduce  radon   concentrations  in  houses.    The  10
problems  identified  represent  only  a  few  of  the  many  daily
problems   encountered  by  diagnosticians  and   mitigators.
Nonetheless, they  are some of the  current common problems  that
need to be  considered and hopefully  resolved in  the  near future.
The  10  problems are:    inconsistent  sub-slab  aggregate,  hidden
pathways to chimneys, variations in porosity of concrete/cinder
block  and  block  coatings,  access  to  radon   entry  surfaces,
diurnal/seasonal variation  in  radon  concentrations,  impact  of
radon-in-water on  radon-in-air,  sealing the  top row  of  concrete
blocks,   insulating half-basements,  sealing large   thermal
by-passes,  and coping with  direct rock exposure.   (NTIS)
     Radon  Part  II  -  reducing  radon  in the  home.    (energy
     answers)
     Gould, Bob
     Workbench  v43   p72(3) 'March-April,   1987  CODEN:     WRBNA
     illustration; chart
     CAPTIONS:  Energy answers:   radon reduction  methods.

     Some of the methods that can be  used  to  reduce  radon levels
in the home are discussed.   (MMI)  (HQL)
     Statistical  Aspects   of  Autoregressive  Models   in  the
     Assessment of Radon Mitigation
     Prepared in cooperation with Arkansas Univ.,  Fayetteville.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Dunn, J.E.; Henschel, D.B.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Research Triangle Park,  NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076
     Sponsor:  Arkansas Univ.,  Fayetteville.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/085
     Mar 87 13p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:   GRAI8715
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The  paper  discusses statistical  aspects of  autoregressive
models in  the  assessment of radon mitigation.  Radon  values,  as
reflected  by  hourly  scintillation  counts,  seem  dominated  by
major, pseudo-periodic,  random  fluctuations.   The  methodological
paper reports a moderate degree of success in  modeling  these data
using relatively  simple autoregressive-moving average models  in
order to  assess  the  effectiveness of  radon mitigation  techniques
in  existing  housing.    While  accounting  for  the   natural
correlation  of   successive   observations,   familiar   summary

                               153

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statistics  such  as  steady  state  estimates,  standard  errors,
confidence  limits,  and tests  of hypothesis  are  produced.   The
Box-Jenkins  approach  is  used  throughout.     In   particular,
intervention analysis  provides an  objective  means of  assessing
the effectiveness  of  an active  mitigation  measure,  such  as  fan
off/on  cycle.   Occasionally,  failure to  declare a  significant
intervention has  suggested a  diagnosis  of  the data  collection
procedure.  (NTIS)
     Some  Results  from  the  Demonstration  of   Indoor  Radon
     Reduction Measures in Block Basement Houses
     (Rept. for Jun 85-Feb 87)
     Sponsored  by  Environmental   Protection  Agency,   Research
     Triangle Park, NC.  Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     NTIS Prices:   PC A02/MF A01
     Henschel, D.B.; Scott, A.G.
     American ATCONj Inc., Wilmington,  DE.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  085675000
     Sponsor:  Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
     Park, NC.  Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-87/089
     Mar 87 lip
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:   PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:.  GRAI8715
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  EPA-68-02-4203

     The paper  gives  results of tests  of active  soil ventilation
techniques  in   24   block-wall   basement  houses  in  eastern
Pennsylvania   having  significantly  elevated  indoor   radon
concentrations,  generally  above  740  Bq/cu  m.    The  results
indicate  that radon  levels  can be reduced  substantially (often
below  the U.S.    EPA guideline  of  148 Bq/cu  m)   if  effective
suction can be drawn on the soil underneath the concrete slabs of
these  houses.   Such  effective suction appears  achievable  when
either:   (a)  the  house has a complete  loop  of drain tile around
its footings for water drainage purposes, and suction is drawn on
that  loop;  or  (b)  a sufficient number of suction  pipes  can be
inserted  at  the proper  locations  into the crushed  rock or soil
underneath the slab.   (NTIS)
                               154

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     Radon risk  information  and voluntary protection:   evidence
     from a natural experiment.
     Johnson FR;  Luken RA
     Economics  Department,  U.S.    Naval   Academy,   Annapolis,
     Maryland 21402.
     Risk  Anal  (UNITED  STATES)  Mar  1987,   7  (1)  p97-107,  ISSN
     0272-4332
     Journal Code:   RIA
     Languages:   ENGLISH

     This  study  examines the  perceived  risks  and  mitigating
behavior  of Maine  households who  received  new information  on
their exposures  to significant health  risks from indoor  radon.
The observed responses  of these  households  illustrate conceptual
issues  related  to   designing  an   effective  risk   information
program.   Despite  the  involvement  of  generally  well-motivated
homeowners  and  well-intentioned   researchers   and   government
officials, we conclude that the risk information approach used in
Maine  failed to   induce  appropriate,  cost-effective  voluntary
protection.   The  results indicate  that,  after receiving  radon
test  results,  information  on   associated   health   risks,   and
suggestions on how to reduce exposures:  perceived risks  tended
to understate objective risks  by orders of  magnitude,  and  there
was no  statistically  significant  relationship between mitigating
behavior  and  objective  risks.   These  results  suggest  that  the
formation  of  risk  . perceptions   and  subsequent   behavioral
adjustments  involve   complex   interactions   among  information,
contextual,   socioeconomic,   and   psychological   variables.
Therefore,  government programs that seek to  reduce  health  and
safety  risks  with  information  programs,  instead  of  using  more
conventional enforced standards,  must be crafted  very  carefully
to accommodate this complex process.   (NTIS)


     Monitoring Before and After Radon Mitigation
     Prepared in cooperation with Camroden Associates,  Rome,  NY.
     Sponsored  by  Environmental  Protection  Agency,   Research
     Triangle Park, NC.  Air and Energy  Engineering Research Lab.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Brennan,  T.; Osborne, M. C.
     Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park,  NC.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  045968000
     Sponsor:     Camroden  Associates,  Rome,  NY.; Environmental
     Protection Agency,
     Research Triangle  Park,  NC.   Air  and Energy  Engineering
     Research Lab.
     Report NO.:   EPA/600/D-87/094
     Mar 87 14p
     Languages:   English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8715
     Country of Publication:   United States
     Contract No.:   EPA-68-02-3992

                               155

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     The paper discusses  a  radon  reduction demonstration project
in 1986  on 10 houses  in  Clinton, NJ.   As. part of  this effort,
radon was  measured before  and after radon  reduction  techniques
were applied.   The purpose of the measurements was  to ascertain
the effectiveness of the radon control methods being used.  Since
radon  concentrations  are normally  highest  in  a  depressurized
house (commonly observed during cold winter months),  efforts were
made to  emulate  winter depressurization.   Before  radon reduction
techniques were  applied,  four houses were tested using a common
window fan to induce 7 Pa of negative pressure.  Results of these
tests showed  that fan-induced  negative pressure has  a dramatic
impact on  radon  concentrations.   For some houses,  this technique
was  shown  to  adequately  emulate winter-time  radon entry rates
during warm  summer months.   Potential  problems which  may cause
this technique to fail in some houses were identified.    (NTIS)
     Resolving the Radon Problem in Clinton, New Jersey, Houses
     (Published paper Apr-Dec 86)
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Osborne, M.C.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:-  034680076
     Report No.:* EPA/600/D-87/093
     Mar 87 9p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS'Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8715
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The  paper discusses  the  resolution of  a radon  problem in
Clinton,   New  Jersey,   where   significantly  elevated  radon
concentrations were  found  in several adjacent  houses.   The U.S.
EPA  screened  56  of the houses and  selected 10 for demonstration
of radon reduction techniques.  Each of the 10 houses received an
intensive  radon  diagnostic  evaluation  before a  house-specific
radon  reduction  plan was developed.  Before  and  after the plans
were  implemented,   radon  concentrations   were   determined  by
charcoal  canisters  and continuous radon monitors.   A variety of
sealing and  sub-slab depressurization  techniques  were applied to
the  10 houses.   Radon concentrations were  reduced by over 95% in
all  10 houses.   Five meetings  were  held to explain to homeowners
the  radion  reduction techniques being  implemented  and to answer
questions  of  homeowners  interested in  applying  similar radon
reduction efforts to their houses.   (NTIS)
                               156

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     Draft Environmental Impact Statement on Mew Energy-Efficient
     Homes  Programs:    Assessing  Indoor Air  Quality  Options:
     Summary
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.  Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  025155000; 9512400
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  DOE/EIS-0127
     Feb 87 20p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:  GRAI8720;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The   primary  environmental   issue   confronting   new
energy-efficient  homes  is  the  effect  that  reduced levels  of
ventilation  may  have   on  indoor  air  quality  (IAQ) .    BPA  has
avoided  or  minimized  this  potential   effect   in  most  new
energy-efficient  homes  built  under its programs by either using
air-to-air  heat  exchangers  to  maintain ventilation  rates  at
levels  found  in  current  practice  homes,  or  monitoring  and
ensuring  that formaldehyde and radon  levels  do not exceed  0.1
parts  per  million  (ppM)  or  5  picocuries per  liter   (pCi/L),
respectively.   Other approaches were considered in light of how
they would maintain energy savings and protect indoor air quality
•while  giving  builders 'and  consumers  flexibility  in how  they
address IAQ  in  energy-efficient homes.   Different techniques are
analyzed  for maintaining IAQ comparable  to that  found  in homes
built using  current practices.   The  techniques assessed include
devices such  as  dehumidifiers  and air cleaners, pollutant source
control  techniques,  and  mechanical  ventilation  with  various
control options.   (ERA  citation 12:027418) (NTIS)
      Impacts  of Balanced  and Exhaust Mechanical  Ventilation on
      Indoor Radon   INDOOR AIR '87:  4th international conference
      on  indoor air quality and climate Berlin, F.R.  Germany, 17
      Aug 1987.
      Portions   of  this  document  are  illegible   in  microfiche
      products.
      NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
      Fisk, W.J.; Mowris, R.J.
      Lawrence  Berkeley Lab., CA.
      Corp.  Source Codes:  086929000; 9513034
      Sponsor:   Department  of Energy, Washington, DC.
      Report No.:  LBL-23136; CONF-870853-4
      Feb 87 13p
      Languages:  English Document Type:  Conference proceeding

                               157

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     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement:   GRAI8724;
     NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC03-76SF00098

     Models  for  estimating  radon  entry  rates,   indoor  radon
concentrations, and ventilation  rates  in houses with  a basement
or a vented  crawl-space and ventilated by  natural  infiltration,
mechanical   exhaust   ventilation,   or  balanced  mechanical
ventilation are described.  Simulations are performed for a range
of soil and housing characteristics using hourly weather data for
the heating season in Spokane, WA.   For a house with a basement,
we show that  any  ventilation  technique should  be acceptable when
the soil permeability is less than approximately 10  sup -12 m sup
2  .   However, exhaust ventilation  leads  to substantially higher
indoor   radon  concentrations   than  infiltration   or  balanced
ventilation with the same average air exchange  rate  when the soil
permeability is 10 sup -10 m sup 2 or greater.   For  houses with a
crawl-space,  indoor radon concentrations are lowest  with balanced
ventilation,   intermediate  with  exhaust ventilation, and highest
with infiltration.  (ERA citation 12:037712) (NTIS)


     EFFECTIVE  REMOVAL  OF  AIRBORNE  RADON-222  DECAY  PRODUCTS
     INSIDE BUILDINGS
     MAKER E F; RUDNICK S N; MOELLER D W
     u.s.     A^R  FORCE  OCCUPATIONAL   ENVIRON.    -HEALTH  LAB.,
     RADIOANALYTICAL SERV.
     BRANCH,  BROOKS AIR FORCE BASE, TEX.  78235.
     HEALTH PHYS 53 (4).  1987.   351-356.   CODEN: HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BA (Biological Abstracts)

     Comparisons were made of the effectiveness of various indoor
air treatment  methods in  reducing the  lung dose to  inhalation of
222Rn   decay  products.     The  comparisons   were  based  upon
measurements  of  the total  steady-state concentrations of 218Po,
214Pb  and 214Bi,  and  the  concentrations  of these  nuclides not
attached  to  the  particles.  These  measurements, which were made
inside  a  78-m3 room  before and  after air  treatment,  were used
along  with  a  state-of-the  art  lung  dose  model  to  predict
reductions in the dose  to  the  radiosensitive  bronchial tissues.
Results suggest  that flow-through  air-cleaning  methods,  such as
filtration and electrostatic precipitation, although effective in
reducing  total potential  .alpha.   energy  concentration,  cause a
greater  quantity of  airborne potential  .alpha.   energy  to be
unattached  to  particles.   This  may  result   in   a  substantial
increase  in   the  dose  to bronchial tissues.    The form  of air
treatment  appears  to  be  a combination  of nonuniform positive
space charge  generated  by an ion greater and enhanced convection
from a fan.  This combination of air treatment gave reductions in
the mean dose  to the bronchial tissues of up to 87%.   (BIO)

                               158

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     FOUR  COMMON  DIAGNOSTIC  PROBLEMS  THAT   INHIBIT  RADON
     MITIGATION
     OSBORNE M C
     INDOOR AIR BRANCH, EPA'S AIR ENERGY ENG. RES. LAB., RESEARCH
     TRIANGLE PARK, N.C.  27711, USA.
     JAPCA (J AIR  POLLUT CONTROL ASSOC)  37  (5).   1987.   604-606.
     CODEN:  JIJME
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Along   with  the  national  emphasis  on   resolving  the
homeowner's   radon  problem  has  come   an  awareness   of  many
difficulties  that  make the  task  of mitigation  more complicated
than one might imagine.  The U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
is currently funding several  projects aimed  at  both diagnosing
and resolving some of  of these problems.  The  ultimate goal of
these   projects   is   to  simplify  the  job  and  enhance  the
ef f fectiveness  of   the  radon   diagnostician  and  mitigator.
Homeowners can then reduce their radon levels at a lower cost.
(BIO)(AUTH)
     MODIFIED DESIGN IN NEW CONSTRUCTION PREVENTS INFILTRATION OF
     SOIL GAS THAT CARRIES RADON (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
     ERICSON SVEN-OLOV; SCHMIED HANNES
     (RADON CONSULTANTS, SWEDEN) AND;  (AIB CONSULTING ENGINEERS,
     SWEDEN),
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P526(10)

     ASSN REPORT    INFILTRATING  SOIL GAS  CARRYING RADON FROM THE
GROUND  INTO THE  BUILDING  CONTRIBUTE  TO  INDOOR RADON  LEVELS IN
DWELLINGS LOCATED ON PERMEABLE  SOILS.   ONE HUNDRED  HOUSES WERE
BUILT  ON  SITES  IN SWEDEN  KNOWN  TO  HAVE  ELEVATED  SOIL-RADON
LEVELS.   THE STRUCTURES  FEATURE DIFFERENT VARIATIONS  IN DESIGN
AND  CONSTRUCTION  FOR   PREVENTING  INFILTRATION  OF RADON.    THE
FEASIBILITY  OF   EMPLOYING  TIGHT  CONSTRUCTION  TECHNIQUES,
VENTILATED  CRAWL  SPACES,   VENTILATION/DEPRESSURIZATION  OF  THE
CAPILLARY BREAKING LAYER,  AND  MECHANICAL VENTILATION  WITH HEAT
RECOVERY WAS TESTED.   THESE DESIGN  FEATURES HAVE  BEEN PROVEN TO
EFFECTIVELY PROTECT THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT FROM RADON ENTRY AT AN
ADDED COST  OF 0-4% OF  THE TOTAL BUILDING  COSTS.   (5  DIAGRAMS, 2
REFERENCES,  4 TABLES) (ENV)
                               159

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     REMEDIAL MEASURES TO  REDUCE RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN A HOUSE
     WITH HIGH RADON LEVELS (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS)
     CLIFF K.D.; WRIXON A.D.; MILES J.C.; LOMAS P.R.
     UK NATL RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION BOARD,
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P536(24)

     ASSN REPORT   MEASURES TO REDUCE INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATIONS
WERE EVALUATED  IN AN OLD HOUSE  IN THE U.K.   IN WHICH THE RADON
DECAY PRODUCT CONCENTRATION  INITIALLY  EXCEEDED 0.3 WORKING LEVEL
(WL) .   INSTALLATION  OF A  CONCRETE FLOOR,  DESIGNED  TO PREVENT
ENTRY OF RADON IN SOIL GAS, REDUCED THE RADON DECAY PRODUCT LEVEL
TO  BELOW  0.1 WL.   HOWEVER,  RADON CONTINUED TO  ENTER THE HOUSE
THROUGH PORES IN  AN INTERNAL WALL OF PRIMITIVE CONSTRUCTION  THAT
DESCENDED TO THE FOUNDATIONS.  RADON FLOW WAS DRIVEN BY THE SMALL
PRESSURE  DIFFERENTIAL  BETWEEN  INDOOR AIR  AND  SOIL  GAS.    AN
UNDERFLOOR  SUCTION  SYSTEM EFFECTED  A  SATISFACTORY  REMEDY  AND
MAINTAINED THE  CONCENTRATIONS TO BELOW 0.03 WL.   (4 DIAGRAMS,  7
GRAPHS, 13 REFERENCES, 2 TABLES)  (ENV)
     THE EFFECT  OF FILTRATION AND EXPOSURE TO ELECTRIC FIELDS  ON
     AIRBORNE RADON PROGENY  (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS),
     JONASSEN NIELS
     TECHNICAL UNIV OF DENMARK, DENMARK,
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P264(8)

     ASSN  REPORT     REMOVAL  PROCESSES SUCH  AS  VENTILATION AND
FILTRATION, BOTH PASSIVELY- AND ELECTRIC FIELD-INDUCED, DETERMINE
THE  LEVEL OF  AIRBORNE SHORT-LIVED  RADON  222 DECAY PRODUCTS  IN
INDOOR AIR.   VARIOUS TYPES  OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL  FILTERS
WERE OPERATED  IN ROOMS  WITH  RADON LEVELS IN THE 100-5000  BQ/CU M
RANGE.   BY USING  FILTRATIONS  RATES OF  UP TO THREE TO FOUR PER
HOUR, THE  POTENTIAL ALPHA ENERGY CONCENTRATION CAN  BE LOWERED  BY
A  FACTOR OF FIVE  TO  SIX.   THE RADIOLOGICAL  DOSES  TO A  CERTAIN
PART OF  THE RESPIRATORY TRACT WILL  ONLY  BE  REDUCED TO ABOUT 50%
OF THE VALUE APPLICABLE TO  THE AIR IN THE  UNTREATED STATE.   (1
GRAPH, 15 REFERENCES)  (ENV)
     Swedish  limitation  schemes  to  decrease  Rn  daughters  in
     indoor air.
     Swedjemark GA
     National   Institute   of  Radiation  Protection,   Stockholm,
     Sweden.
     Health  Phys  (UNITED  STATES)     NOV 1986,   51  (5)  p569-78,
     ISSN 0017-9078
     Journal Code:  G2H
     Languages:  ENGLISH
                                160

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     The   limitation   schemes   to  decrease   Rn   daughter
concentrations in Swedish  homes  are described.  The  application
of the Swedish provisional limitation scheme in use since 1980  is
also  reported  and  compared  with  international   and  national
recommendations in other countries.  (MED)
     Research  Review:    Indoor  Air Quality  Control  Techniques
     Managing  indoor air  for  health and  energy  conservation,
     Atlanta, GA, USA,  20 Apr 1986.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Fisk, W. J.
     Lawrence Berkeley Lab.,  CA.
     Corp. Source Codes:  086929000; 9513034
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
     Report No.:  LBL-21557;  CONF-860446-2
     Oct 86   37p
     Languages:  English   Document Type:   Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:    PC A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8718;  NSA1200
     Country of Publication:   United States
     Contract No.:   AC03-76SF00098

     Techniques  for  controlling  the  concentration  of  radon,
formaldehyde,  and   combustion  products  in the  indoor  air" are
reviewed.   The  most effective techniques, which are  generally
based on  limiting  or reducing  indoor pollutant  source strengths,
can decrease indoor  pollutant concentrations by  a  factor of  3 to
10.  Unless  the  initial ventilation rate  is unusually low,  it is
difficult  to reduce  indoor  pollutant  concentrations more  than
approximately 50% by increasing the ventilation  rate of an entire
building.  However, the efficiency of indoor pollutant control by
ventilation  can be  enhanced through  the  use  of local  exhaust
ventilation  near  concentrated   sources  of   pollutants,   by
minimizing short circuiting  of air  from  supply to  exhaust  when
pollutant  sources   are  dispersed  and, in  some  situations,  by
promoting  a  displacement  flow of air  and pollutants  toward  the
exhaust.     Active  air  cleaning   is  also  examined  briefly.
Filtration  and   electrostatic  air   cleaning   for   removal   of
particles  from  the  indoor  air  are  the most  practical   and
effective  currently available  techniques  of  air  cleaning.    49
refs., 7 figs.    (ERA citation 12:025832)  (NTIS)
                               161

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     How to rid your home of radon gas.
     Consumers' Research Magazine v69 p26(6) Oct, 1986
     CODEN:   CBBPBE
     illustration; chart
     CAPTIONS:  (Diagrams of ventilation systems to rid the house
     of radon gas.)

     Radon   gas,   according  to  a   recent  report  from  the
Environmental  Protection  Agency, contaminates  one out  of every
eight U.S. homes  and  exposes residents to at least as  much of a
cancer risk  as smoking half a  pack  of cigarettes a  day.   Radon
gas  is  caused  by the  natural  radioactive  decay of uranium in
virtually all  rocks  and soils.   The gas  dissipates  in  the open,
but  in  closed  environments,  particularly  well-insulated  homes,
radon clings  to smoke and dust particles.   It  can enter through
sump  pumps,   ventilation  systems and defects   in  foundations,
especially foundations built on porous soil.   If enough of it is
inhaled,  radon can cause lung  cancer-up  to 20,000  lung  cancer
deaths a year, according to some scientists.  The EPA this summer
set  a  safety  standard  of four  picocuries per  liter of air-the
first  time  the  federal   government  has  quantified the  radon
threat.   (MAG)(AUTH)
     RADON REDUCTION METHODS:  A HOMEOWNER'S GUIDE
     EPA REPORT-OPA-86-OQ5, AUG 86 (24)

    ' FED  GOVT REPORT       INFORMATION  IS COMPILED . TO  AID THE
HOMEOWNER  IN DETECTING AND  CONTROLLING RADON  CONCENTRATIONS IN
THE  HOME.    PROCEDURES  FOR  IMPLEMENTING  CONTROL METHODS,  AND
ASSOCIATED COSTS, LIMITATIONS, AND EXPECTED RADON REDUCTIONS, ARE
DELINEATED.   NATURAL  VENTILATION TECHNIQUES  ARE  EXPLAINED FOR
REPLACING  RADON-LADEN  INDOOR  AIR  WITH  OUTDOOR  AIR.    FORCED
VENTILATION ACCOMPLISHES THE SAME THING BY USING FANS TO MAINTAIN
A DESIRED  AIR-EXCHANGE  RATE.   PROVIDING APPLIANCES WITH SEPARATE
SOURCES OF EXTERNAL AIR CAN REDUCE  THE  AMOUNT  OF RADON ENTERING
THE  HOUSE.   OTHER METHODS  OUTLINED  INCLUDE  COVERING  EXPOSED
EARTH,  SEALING  CRACKS  AND  OPENINGS,   DRAIN-TILE SUCTION,  AND
BLOCK-WALL VENTILATION.  (ENV)
     Analytical and Numerical Models for Estimating the Effect of
     Exhaust Ventilation  on Radon Entry in Houses with Basements
     or Crawl Spaces
     (Thesis)
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A07/MF A01
     Mowris, R. J.
     California Univ., Berkeley.

                               162

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     Corp. Source Codes:  005029000; 1092000
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  LBL-22067
     Aug 86   134p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:     PC A07/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8709; NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:   AC03-76SF00098

     Mechanical exhaust ventilation systems are  being installed
in  newer,   energy-efficient  houses   and  their  operation  can
increase the  indoor-outdoor pressure  differences that drive soil
gas and thus radon entry.  This thesis presents simplified models
for estimating the pressure driven flow of radon into houses with
basements  or  crawl   spaces,  due  to   underpressures   induced  by
indoor-outdoor  temperature  differences,   wind,  or  exhaust
ventilation.    A  two-dimensional  finite  difference  model  is
presented and  used  to calculate the pressure  field and soil gas
flow   rate  into  a   basement  situated   in   soil  of  uniform
permeability.   A  simplified analytical model  is compared to the
finite  difference  model  with   generally very  good  agreement.
Another  simplified  model  is  presented for  houses with  a crawl
space.  Literature on radon research is also reviewed to show why
pressure  driven flow  of soil gas  is  considered to be the major
source of  radon entry in houses with  higher-than-average indoor
radon  concentrations.   Comparisons of  measured  vs.  calculated
indoor radon concentrations for a  house  with a  basement showed
the simplified  basement model underpredicting  on average by 25%.
For a  house with a crawl space  the simplified crawl  space model
overpredicted by 23%  when the crawl space vents are open and 48%
when the  crawl  space  vents  are  sealed.  (ERA citation 12:001639)
(NTIS)
     SOME RESIDENTIAL ANSWERS
     HARRJE DAVID T.; GADSBY KENNETH J.
     PRINCETON UNIV,
     ASHRAE J, JUL 86, V28, N7,  P32(6)

     JOURNAL ARTICLE    MAJOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ACTIONS CAN
BE  TAKEN  IN  RESIDENCES  TO  LIMIT  CONDUCTION  LOSSES,  INCREASE
HEATING  PERFORMANCE,  REDUCE ENERGY  LOSSES THROUGH  WINDOWS,  AND
PROVIDE  ADEQUATE  VENTILATION  AIR.    THESE  ACTIONS ARE  HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED FOR NEW  CONSTRUCTION AND  OFTEN CAN  BE APPLIED AS
RETROFITS  TO  EXISTING  HOUSES.    OPTIONS  DISCUSSED  INCLUDE  THE
INSTALLATION OF SUPERINSULATION,  HIGH PERFORMANCE FURNACE/BOILER,
WINDOW SYSTEMS,  AND CONTROLLED  VENTILATION.   REMOVAL  OF INDOOR
AIR  POLLUTANTS  FROM  VARIOUS  ZONES  OF  A  HOUSE  CAN BE  AIDED BY
NATURAL STACK FLOW.  FROM THE INITIAL DESIGN PHASE OF A NEW HOME,
CARE  MUST  BE   TAKEN  TO  CONSIDER  REDUCING  ALL  PATHWAYS  OF

                               163

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POLLUTANTS INTO THE LIVING SPACE.   WITH RADON SOIL GAS THIS MEANS
EMPHASIS  ON SUITABLE  BASEMENT/CRAWLSPACE DESIGNS  THAT  PREVENT
RADON ENTRY AND AT THE SAME TIME LIMIT  ENERGY USE.   (5 DIAGRAMS,
1 GRAPH, 15 REFERENCES,  1 TABLE)   (ENV)
     Overview  of  Indoor Radon  Mitigation  Alternatives  and  a
     Summary  of  Recent EPA  (Environmental  Protection  Agency)
     Mitigation Test Results
     Presented  at  the  National   Convention   of  the  American
     Institute of Architects,  San Antonio,  TX,  9 Jun 86.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Henschel, D.B.; Craig,  A.B.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Research Triangle Park,  NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp. Source Codes:  034680076
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-86/148
     Jul 86   40p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:    PC  A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8622
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The discussion is  specific  to single-family homes (detached
houses), as opposed to apartment  buildings, other multiple family
dwellings,   or  office  and  other  public   use  buildings.
Introductory  information covers  indoor  radon  sources,  health
effects of radon  exposure,  radon level  monitoring methods,  and a
discussion  on  how radon  enters  and builds  up  in house  air.
Covered are  nine methods for  reducing  indoor radon  in  detached
houses:     natural   and  forced-air  ventilation,  forced-air
ventilation  with  heat  recovery,  active  avoidance  of  house
depressurization,  sealing  major  radon  sources,  sealing  radon
entry  routes, drain-tile soil  ventilation,  active ventilation of
hollow-block basement walls, and sub-slab  ventilation.   For each
method,   information is presented on  principles  of  operation,
applicability,  how  much confidence one can have that the method
can  achieve  radon  reduction,  and an  estimate  of  installation
costs.  Where appropriate,  drawings depict the details of method
installation  using  terminology familiar to the  building trades.
(NTIS)
     Getting rid of radon:  ventilation is freeing some homes  of
     the cancer-causing gas.
     Gilbert, Susan
     Science Digest  v94 p!9(l) June, 1986
     CODEN:  SCDIBG
     SIC CODE:  9511
     DESCRIPTORS:     Radon--Isotopes;     United     States.

                               164

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     Environmental   Protection   Agency--research;
     Ventilation—innovations;  Lungs—Cancer

     The EPA has been testing antiradon ventilation systems in 18
Pennsylvania homes.  The  systems  reverse the pressure difference
between the basement and  the outdoors, sucking up  to 90% of the
radon out of the foundation walls.  (MAG) (AUTH)


     Modified designin new  construction  prevents  infiltration of
     soil gas that carries radon
     Ericson,  S.O.; Schnied, H.; Hopke, P.K. (ed.)
     Radon Consult., Edsviksvaegen 33, S-182 33 Danderyd, Sweden
     191.  Meeting of the American Chemical Society  New York, NY
     (USA) 13-18 Apr 1986
     RADON AND  ITS DECAY  PRODUCTS.    OCCURRENCE,  PROPERTIES AND
     HEALTH EFFECTS pp. 526-535,  Publ.Yr:  1987
     AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, WASHINGTON,  DC (USA)
     SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; ACS.  331.
     Languages:   ENGLISH

     Dwellings  located  on permeable soil with strong exhalation
of  radon  often  get  a   contribution   to  indoor  radon  from
infiltrating soils  gas carrying  radon from the  ground  into the
building.  100  dwellings  have  been  built on radon dangerous land
with different  modifications in design and construction in order
to prevent infiltration of radon.  " Tight construction, ventilated
crawl   space,   ventilation/depressurization  of   the  capillary
breaking  layer  (crushed stone),  and  mechanical ventilation with
heat recovery by air to  air heat exchangers  or  heat pumps have
been tested.  Added building costs  and measured concentration of
radon after construction and 3-5 years later are reported.  It is
concluded that it is possible to build radon protective and radon
safe dwellings  on  any  land.  The  added costs have  ranged from
zero to 4% of total building costs.   (POL)
     EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Program to Demonstrate
     Mitigation Measures for Indoor Radon:  Initial Results
     (Published paper Sep 84-Feb 85)
     Prepared  in  cooperation  with   American   ATCON,   Inc.,
     WiImington, DE.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Henschel, D.B.; Scott, A.G.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
     Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  034680076
     Sponsor:  American ATCON, Inc., Wilmington, DE.
     Report No.:  EPA/600/D-86/060
     Apr 86  16p
     Languages:  English

                               165

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     NTIS  Prices:    PC  A02/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8612
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The  paper  gives  initial  results   of  an  EPA  program  to
demonstrate  mitigation  measures  for  indoor  radon.    EPA  has
installed  radon  mitigation  techniques  in  18  concrete  block
basement homes in the Reading Prong area of eastern Pennsylvania,
all designed  to demonstrate techniques  which  would have  low to
moderate installation and  operating  costs.   Where major openings
in the block walls can be closed effectively, suction on the wall
voids has proved to be extremely effective.  However, where major
openings within the  walls  are  inaccessible,  it is more difficult
and/or  more  expensive to  develop adequate  suction on  the void
network, and  performance is reduced.   Testing is  continuing to
demonstrate how to achieve high  performance  with  wall suction in
homes with such difficult-to-close walls.  (NTIS)
     Reduction of Radon Progeny in Indoor Air
     (Master's thesis)
     NTIS Prices:  PC A05/MF A01
     Weidner, John A.
     Air Force Inst.  of  Tech.,  Wright-Patterson AFB,  OH.  School
     of Engineering. .   .
     Corp. Source Codes:   000805002; 012225
     Report No.:  AFIT/GNE/ENP/86M-13
     Mar 86  83p  .
     Languages:  English   Document Type:  Thesis
     NTIS  Prices:    PC  A05/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8702
     Country of Publication: United States

     The  effectiveness  of  using  three different  types  of air
treatment methods  to reduce the concentrations  of  radon progeny
in a residence was evaluated.  The air treatment devices were two
types  of  electrostatic precipitators that were  designed for use
with a whole house heating and cooling  system and  an ionization
air cleaner that was designed for table-top use in a single  room.
The  air  treatment  devices  were  tested  in  a  100 cubic  meter
chamber  at  typical  radon  gas concentrations  of  12.5  to  20.5
picocuries per liter.  The  modified Tsivoglou method was used to
determine radon  progeny concentrations  and a continuous monitor
for radon concentration was in operation, allowing calculation of
the  equilibrium  factor  under  non-constant  radon  conditions.
Reduction in  average working level measurements and reduction in
equilibrium factor were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the
air  treatments.    Radon progeny  reductions  of greater  than 50
percent  were  observed  for  all   three  devices tested  at air
treatment rates  that were  comparable to those that would be used
in a residence.   (NTIS)

                               166

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     Radon  and  Remedial   Action  in   Spokane  River  Valley
     Residences:  An Interim Report
     Air  Pollution  Control  Association   annual   meeting  and
     exhibition, Minneapolis, MN,  USA,  22 Jun 1986.
     Portions  of  this  document  are   illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Turk, B.H.; Prill,  R.J.;  Fisk,  W.J.; Grimsrud,  D.T.;  Moed,
     B.A.
     California Univ., Berkeley.   Lawrence Berkeley Lab.
     Corp. Source Codes:  005029222;  9513034
     Sponsor:   Department of Energy,  Washington,  DC.
     Report No.:  LBL-21399; CONF-860606-13
     Mar 86  28p
     Languages:  English   Document Type:  Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:     PC A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8702;  NSA1100
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:   AC03-76SF00098

     Fifty-six percent  of 46  residences  monitored in the Spokane
River  Valley  in  eastern Washington/northern  Idaho  have  indoor
radon  concentrations  above  the  National  Council for  Radiation
Protection (NCRP) guidelines of 8 pCi/1.   Indoor levels were over
20 pCi/1 in eight homes, and ranged up  to 132 pCi/1 in one house.
Radon concentrations declined by factors of 4 to 38 during summer
months.   Measurements  of  soil emanation  rates, domestic  water
supply concentrations,  and  building  material flux rates indicate
that diffusion  of  radon does  not  significantly contribute to the
high concentrations observed.   Rather, radon  entry  is  dominated
by  pressure-driven bulk soil  gas transport,  aggravated by  the
local  subsurface  soil composition and structure.   A variety of
radon  control   strategies  are being evaluated  in  14  of  these
homes.     Sub-surface  ventilation  by  depressurization  and
overpressurization, basement  overpressurization, and crawlspace
ventilation are capable of successfully  reducing  radon  levels
below  5  pCi/1  in these homes.  House  ventilation is appropriate
in  buildings with  low-moderate concentrations,  while sealing of
cracks has been relatively ineffective.  (ERA citation 11:005517)
(NTIS)
     Limitation Schemes to Decrease the Radon Daughters in Indoor
     Air
     U.S. Sales Only.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Swedj emark,  G.A.
     Statens Straalskyddsinstitut,  Stockholm (Sweden).

                               167

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     Corp. Source Codes:  100859000; 9860158
     Report No.:   SSI-86-01
     4 Feb 86   33p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:     PC A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8711; NSA1100
     Country of Publication:  Sweden


     The  limitation  schemes  to  decrease  the  radon  daughter
concentrations in  Swedish  homes are described.   The application
of the Swedish provisional limitation system in use since 1980 is
also  reported.    As  a background the   radon   source  and  the
international and  national  recommedations  in other countries are
reviewed.   (author).   With 54  refs.   (ERA citation 11:054823)
(NTIS)
     INDOOR IONIZING RADIATION:  TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS AND REMEDIAL
     STRATEGY
     ERICSON SVEN-OLOV; LINDVALL THOMAS; MANSSON LARS-GORAN
     SWEDISH COUNCIL FOR BUILDING RESEARCH REPORT D7, 1986  (51)

     ABSTRACT ONLY    IN SWEDEN RADON  IN  DWELLINGS  IS THE SINGLE
MOST  IMPORTANT   CONTRIBUTOR   TO  RADIATION  DOSE   BURDEN.
INVESTIGATIONS ON  THE  HEALTH EFFECTS'  OF  SUCH RADIATION EXPOSURE
ARE  SUMMARIZED.  SOURCES  OF INDOOR RADON' ARE IDENTIFIED AS SOIL,
BUILDING  MATERIALS,  AND  DRINKING  WATER.     THE  MEAN  INDOOR
EQUILIBRIUM EQUIVALENT  CONCENTRATION OF RADON IS ESTIMATED TO BE
15 BQ/CU M IN THE TEMPERATE REGIONS OF THE WORLD.  IN SWEDEN, THE
COMBINATION  OF  RADON   INFILTRATION FROM  SOIL  AND  THE USE OF
AERATED  CONCRETE  BASED ON  ALUM  SHALE  HAS   RESULTED  IN A  MEAN
INDOOR CONCENTRATION OF RADON DAUGHTERS ESTIMATED TO BE 53 +- 16
BQ/CU M.   REMEDIAL ACTIONS FOR PREVENTING  OR MITIGATING INDOOR
EXPOSURE  TO RADON ARE  OUTLINED,   AND COST-EFFICIENCY  IN  RADON
PROTECTION IS CONSIDERED.   (2 DIAGRAMS, 10 REFERENCES, 3 TABLES)
(ENV)
                                168

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VI. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES


     Adequacy of  time averaging with  diffusion barrier charcoal
     adorption collectors for 222Rn measurements in homes.
     Cohen BL; Gromicko N
     Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
     Health Phys  (UNITED STATES)    Feb 1988,   54 (2)  p!95-202,
     ISSN 0017-9078
     Journal Code:  G2H
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     Radon-222  levels in homes  are known to undergo short-term
fluctuations over  times  ranging from less than  an hour to a few
days,  as well  as  long-term seasonal  variations.   The  author
concludes that  little practical advantage is achieved  in use of
long-term  averaging  devices,  such  as  nuclear  track detectors,
over DBCA that  would  justify their greater cost ($25 versus $12)
and time delays (1 mo versus 1 wk) unless the former measurements
are  extended  long  enough to average  seasonal  variations.
(MED)   (HQL)
     AN ELECTRET PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RADON-222 MONITOR BASED ON
     IONIZATION MEASUREMENT
     KOTRAPPA P; DEMPSEY J C; HICKEY J R; STIEFF L R
     RAD-ELEC. INC., P.O. 310, GERMANTOWN, MD. 20874.
     HEALTH PHYS   54  (1). 1988.  47-56.   CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BA  (Biological Abstracts)

     The electret  passive  environmental 222Rn monitor** (E-PERM)
is an  extension  of electret  dosimeters  used for measurement of x
and  .gamma,  radiation.   An  E-PERM consists  of  a small  cup or
canister, having an  electret at the bottom,  and a filtered inlet
at the  top.   The  222Rn  gas  entering through  the  filter  and the
decay  products formed  inside  the  cup  generate  ions  which are
collected by  the electret.  The  reduction  of charge (or surface
potential) on  the  electret is  a measure of time integrated 222Rn
exposure.  An E-PERM of 220-mL volume with an  electret of 0.23 cm
thickness gave a surface potential  drop of  2.5 V for 37 Bg m-3 d
(1  pCi  L-l  d) .    The  electret  voltage  was measured  with  a
specially built  surface potential  voltmeter.   This  sensitivity
was found adequate for a 1-wk measurement of 222Rn in homes.  For
longer  term  measurements,  an E-PERM  of  40-mL  volume  and  an
electret of 51-.mu.m thickness was developed which gave a surface
potential drop of 2.6  V for  37  Bq m-3  y  (1 pCi L-l  y) .  Other
combinations  of chamber volume  and  electret thicknesses  gave

                               169

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responses  between  these  two  values.   The surface  potential of
electrets  made  from  Teflon  FEP.dag. were  shown to  stay stable
even  under  extreme   conditions  of  relative  humidity.   The  ion
collection process in E-PERMs was also shown to be independent of
humidity down to an electret surface potential of 100 V.   (BIO)
     AN  ELECTROSTATIC   INTEGRATING   RADON-222   MONITOR  WITH
     CELLULOSE NITRATE FILM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
     IIDA T; IKEBE Y; HATTORI  T;  YAMANISHI  H;  ABE S; OCHIFUJI K;
     YOKOYAMA S
     DEP. NUCLEAR ENG.,  FAC. ENG., NAGOYA UNIV., NAGOYA, JPN.
     HEALTH PHYS   54 (2). 1988.  139-148.   CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language:   ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BA (Biological Abstracts)

     This paper describes a new type of .electrostatic integrating
222Rn  monitor  designed  for  the environmental  222Rn monitoring.
The window area of the monitor was  selected to make the exchange
rat  optimal.    The  collecting electrode was  positioned  on the
basis  of calculating the  internal electric  field.   A  drying
agent, P205, was  placed  in the bottom  of the  monitor,  since the
collection efficiency of 218Po+ atoms  depends  on the humidity of
the air.   The  monitors  have been calibrated against known 222Rn
exposures.   The detection  limit is 1.2  Bq m-3  for an exposure
time of 2 mo. In a small survey, annual mean 222Rn concentrations
between  3.7  and 9.5  Bq  m-3 in  outdoor air and  between  6.4 and
11.9 Bq m-3 in indoor air were measured.    (BIO)
     EGARD:  an environmental gamma-ray and 222Rn detector.
     Maiello ML; Harley NH
     New York University Medical Center, New York 10016.
     Health  Phys   (UNITED  STATES)     Sep  1987,   53  (3)  p301-5,
     ISSN 0017-9078
     Journal Code:  G2H
     Contract/Grant No.:  ES-00260; CA13343
     Languages:  ENGLISH

EGARD,  an  environmental x-ray  and radon detector  consists of a
thermo-luminescent dosimeter  (TLD) based system.  (MED)   (HQL)
     Validation of the Prompt alpha-Track Method
     Portions    of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products. Original copy available until stock  is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A04/MF A01
     George, J.L.; Langner, G.H.
     UNC Geotech, Grand Junction, CO.

                                170

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     Corp.  Source Codes:   089787000;  9522464
     Sponsor:   Department of Energy,  Washington,  DC.
     Report No.:   DOE/ID/12584-6;  UNC/GJ-33(TMC)
     Aug 87   67p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:    PC  A04/MF  A01        Journal Announcement:
     GRAI8803; NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United  States ,
     Contract No.:   AC07-86ID12584

     The  Technical  Measurements  Center  has  evaluated   the
reliability of using short-term  exposures of alpha-track radon
detectors   to  estimate  annual-average   radon-daughter
concentrations   (RDC)  in   structures  in  the   Grand   Junction,
Colorado, area.  Two sets of data  were  collected,  each  consisting
of two-,  three-, four-,   five-,  and  six-month-long exposures  of
radon detectors  manufactured  by Terradex Corporation.    Terradex
Type SF  Track Etch detectors were exposed at 50 stations in  34
structures   where  previous  annual   average  radon  and/or
radon-daughter-concentration data were collected.  Two detectors
were  deployed at  each  station  for each short-term   exposure.
Three additional annual  detectors were deployed at each  station
concurrently with the  six-month Fall detectors.   The  Track  Etch
detectors were processed  at a sensitivity level  of 0.2  picocurie.
month per  liter.   All  of the short-term Track Etch measurements
can   reliably   estimate  the  annual  average   indoor  radon
concentration . in structures  in  the  Grand  Junction,   Colorado,
area.  The precision of  both  the  short-term measurements  and the
prompt   alpha-track  method  of  using  these   measurements  is
acceptable  at  4  picocuries  per  liter  (pCi/1) .     Glenwood
Laboratories began marketing  Radtrak radon detectors in February
1986.    To  conduct a  preliminary  field  evaluation   of these
devices, two  Radtrak detectors  were  deployed at  each  station  in
addition  to  the Track  Etch  detectors  for  the  two-month   and
three-month Spring exposures of this  study. Based on this limited
data  set,   short-term  Radtrak  exposures  estimate  the  annual
average radon  concentration at  4  pCi/1 as  reliably as  short-term
Track  Etch exposures.    The  use  of Radtrak  detectors  deserves
further  investigation.   8   refs.,  18  figs.,   10  tabs.    (ERA
citation 12:046186)   (NTIS)
     THE   INFLUENCE  OF   CHANGING   EXPOSURE  CONDITIONS  ON
     MEASUREMENTS  OF  RADON  CONCENTRATIONS   WITH   THE  CHARCOAL
     ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE
     RONCA-BATTISTA M; GRAY D
     ENVIRON.  PROT.  AGENCY,  401 M  ST.  S.W.,  WASHINGTON,  D.C.
     20460.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HEALTH  PHYSICS  SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH,  USA, JULY 5-9, 1987. HEALTH PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.

                               171

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     S30-S31.   CODEN:   HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Document Type:  CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile:  BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     The conclusions of  these  investigations led to  a  change in
exposure time from  96 hours  to 48  hours  in  the EPA  charcoal
canister  measurement  exposure   program,  and  an  improved
understanding of the limitations and capabilities of the charcoal
adsorption technique.    (BIO)(HQL)
     EERF  (Eastern  Environmental  Radiation  Facility)  Standard
     Operating  Procedures  for  Radon-222   Measurement  Using
     Charcoal Canisters
     (Final rept.)
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Gray,  D.J.; Windham,  S.T.
     Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility,  Montgomery, AL.
     Corp.  Source Codes:  062831000
     Report No.:  EPA/520/1-87/005
     Jun 87   36p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:    PC A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8722
     Country of Publication:  United States

     The report describes  in  detail EPA's  office of  Radiation
Programs  Eastern  Environmental  Radiation  Facility's  standard
operating  procedures  for  radon-222  measurement  using  charcoal
canisters.    It lists  the  materials  and equipment that  are used
and explains their laboratory and survey methods.    (NTIS)
     Radon detectors:  how to  find  out  if  your house has a radon
     problem.    (includes  relate articles on  hazards  of  radon
     exposure, ways to) (directory)
     Consumer Reports v52 p440(8) July,  1987
     CODEN:  CONRA
     illustration; chart; graph
     ARTICLE TYPE:  directory
     Radon:  how big a risk?; Ways to make your house safer.

     This  article  contains  a  discussion  of  radon  detection
methods, how to  estimate the hazards, and  ways for making a home
safer from radon.  A  list  of manufacturers of radon detectors is
provided.    (MAG)  (HQL)
                               172

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     Validation  of  the   Abbreviated  Radon Progeny Integrating
     Sampling Unit (RPISU) Method for Mesa County, Colorado
     Portions    of  this  document  are  illegible in  microfiche
     products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A05/MF A01
     Langner, G.H.
     UNC Geotech, Grand Junction, CO.
     Corp. Source Codes:  089787000; 9522464
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  DOE/ID/12584-5; UNC/GJ-34-TMC
     Jun 87   76p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:    PC A05/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8724; NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:   AC07-86ID12584

     The US Department  of  Energy (DOE)  Office of Remedial Action
and  Waste  Technology  established  the  Technical  Measurements
Center at  the DOE Grand  Junction,  Colorado, Projects  Office to
standardize, calibrate, and  compare measurements made in support
of  DOE   remedial   action  programs.     Indoor  radon-daughter
concentration  measurements  are  made  to  determine  whether  a
structure  is   in   need  of  remedial   action.   The  Technical
Measurements  Center   conducted   this   study   to  validate  an
abbreviated Radon Progeny Integrated Sampling Unit (RPISU) method
of making indoor radon-daughter measurements to determine whether
a structure  has a  radon-daughter concentration  (RDC)  below the
levels specified in various program  standards.   The  Technical
Measurements  Center  established  a  criterion  against  which RDC
measurements made using the RPISU  sampling  method are  evaluated
to  determine  if sampling  can be  terminated or  whether further
measurements are required.   This abbreviated RPISU criterion was
tested against  317  actual sets  of RPISU data  from  measurements
made  over  an eight-year  period  in  Mesa County,  Colorado.   The
data  from  each  location were tested  against  a  standard that was
assumed to be the same as the actual annual average RDC from that
location.  At only two locations was the criterion found to fail.
Using  the  abbreviated  RPISU method,   only 0.6%  of  locations
sampled can be  expected to be falsely indicated as having annual
average  RDC  levels  below   a  given  standard.  (ERA  citation
12:037820)    (NTIS)
     Buyer beware:  evaluating radon tests.
     Kahn, Miles.
     EPA  (Environmental Protection Agency)  J  13:9-10 Ap '87, il
     LANGUAGE:  Engl
     DOC TYPE:  P

     Incidence of radon measurement  scams;  pitfalls in selecting

                               173

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competent contractors for  radon mitigation;  U.S.   Efforts by New
Jersey and other states to regulate these services.  (PAIS)
     APPLICATIONS  OF   THE   DOE-GJPO  RADON-RADON-DAUGHTER
     ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER
     PEARSON M D
     UNC TECHNICAL  SERV.  INC.,  P.O.  BOX 14000,  GRAND JUNCTION,
     COLO.  81502-5504.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING  OF  THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA,  JULY  5-9, 1987.  HEALTH PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.
     S40-S41.   CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Document Type:  CONFERENCE PAPER
    . Subfile:  BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     The  Department  of   Energy's   (DOE)  Technical  Measurements
Center operates  a Radon/Radon-Daughter  Environmental  Chamber at
the  DOE  in  Grand  Junction,  Colorado   for  the  purpose  of
calibrating,  testing,  and  evaluating radon  and  radon daughter
measuring instruments.   The 25,000-liter chamber  is an environ-
mentally  controlled stainless-steel  vessel  capable  of  airflow
rates  from   0  to 4000  liters  per minute,  radon concentrations
ranging  from 1 to 1000 pCi/1, temperatures form 0 to 45 degrees
C, dew points from -10 degrees  C  to  saturated,  and condensation
nuclei concentrations  ranging from 10  to 106 paticles per cm3.
Radon  and  radon-daughter  samples  are drawn  out  of  the chamber
through one  of 24 sampling ports.   (BIO)(AUTH)
     INDOOR RADON GAS AND ITS DETECTION  WITH KODAK PLASTIC FILM
     (ENGLISH)
     JONSSON G
     UNIV LUND,DEPT PHYS,SOLVEGATAN 14/S-22362 LUND//SWEDEN/
     NUCLEAR    TRACKS  AND RADIATION  MEASUREMENTS-INTERNATIONAL
     JOURNAL  OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND  INSTRUMENTATION PART
     D, V13, Nl,  P85-91, 1987

     The  indoor  radon  problem  is  reported  from the  Swedish
standpoint.     The   radon sources,   problems  with  the  radon
daughters,  the   radon   detector  Kodak   LR115-II   and  some
experimental  results  are  discussed from a teaching point of view
of the subject.   (SCI)(AUTH)
     A   NEW  PORTABLE  WORKING  LEVEL  METER  FOR  INDOOR  RADON
      (ENGLISH)
     THOMSON  I; NIELSEN TK

                               174

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     THOMSON & NIELSEN ELECTR LTD/KANATA K2K 2A3/ONTARIO/CANADA/
     HEALTH PHYSICS, V52, SI, PS 42, 1987

     A  new   radon  working  level  meter  has  been  developed
specifically  for indoor  radon  measurements  in buildings.   The
instrument  consists of   an  air  sampling  pump,  radon  daughter
collection system and a gross  alpha  particle  counting system.
The operation of  the system  is  similar to that described at last
year's HPS meeting.  (SCI)(AUTH)
     INTERCOMPARISON OF  DIFFERENT  INSTRUMENTS THAT MEASURE RADON
     CONCENTRATION IN AIR (RADON AND ITS DECAY PRODUCTS),
     SHIMO MICHIKUNI; IIDA TAKAO ; IKEBE YUKIMASA
     NAGOYA UNIV, JAPAN,
     ACS SYM SERIES 331, 1987, P160(12)

     ASSN  REPORT    THE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS FOR
THE MEASUREMENT  OF  RADON IN AIR WAS  CONTRASTED.-  DEVICES TESTED
INCLUDE  AN IONIZATION  CHAMBER,  THE  CHARCOAL-TRAP  TECHNIQUE,  A
PULSE-COUNTING TECHNIQUE,  A TWO-FILTER METHOD,  AN ELECTROSTATIC
COLLECTION  SYSTEM,   AND  A  PASSIVE  INTEGRATING RADON  MONITOR.
MEASUREMENTS WERE PERFORMED OVER A CONCENTRATION RANGE FROM ABOUT
3.5 BQ/CU M IN OUTDOOR AIR TO 110 BQ/CU M IN INDOOR AIR.  RESULTS
OBTAINED FROM  ALL TECHNIQUES EXCLUDING THE TWO-FILTER  TECHNIQUE
ARE COMPARABLE.   RADON  DAUGHTER CONCENTRATION  MEASURED USING A
FILTER-SAMPLING APPROACH WAS ABOUT 52% OF RADON CONCENTRATION.  (1
DIAGRAM, 2 GRAPHS, 23 REFERENCES, 2 TABLES)  {ENV)
     MONITORING   OF   INDOOR   RADON  LEVEL   BY   PASSIVE
     ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL TOGETHER WITH EMBEDDED TLD   (ENGLISH)
     IWATA E; MA JZ; SAKAOUE M
     KANAZAWA   UNIV,LLRL/ISHIKAWA  92312//JAPAN/;   MINIST  NUCL
     IND CHINA,INST RADIAT PROTECT/TAIYUAN//PEOPLES R CHINA/
     JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH , V28, Nl, P74-74, 1987

     A very  convenient and cheap method of measuring  indoor Rn
level with activated charcoal is discussed.  (SCI)   (HQL)
     A PASSIVE  INTEGRATING INDOOR RADON  DETECTOR WITH ACTIVATED
     CARBON
     REN T; LIN L
     MINIST  PUBL HLTH,IND HYG  LAB,POB  8018/BEIJING//PEOPLES R
     CHINA/
     RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY , V19, N2, P121-124, 1987
                               175

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     A passive method of determining radon concentration has been
developed.  The detector  is  a  plastic canister containing 85g of
activated carbon.   The radon adsorbed in the canister is measured
by a gamma ray spectrometer.   The detector's performance has been
tested with  respect to response,  air-tightness,  reproducibility
and  the  effects  of temperature,  humidity,  exposure  time,  etc.
Its  advantages have  been demonstrated in  an investigation  of
indoor radon levels in Beijing.  (SCI)  (HQL)
     THE  USE  OF  A  COLOR  TELEVISION  SCREEN AS  A  MEANS  FOR
     PREDICTING INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATIONS
     COHN G R
     419 6TH ST. NO. 7, ATLANTA, GA. 30308.
     THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING  OF  THE HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY  5-9,  1987.  HEALTH PHYS   52
     (SUPPL. 1). 1987.
     S2.
     CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Document Type:  CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile:  BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     This  paper describes  the  techniques  used to  verify  the
collective  properties  of  a  color  television  screen  to  radon
progeny.  The  test  data in  this paper imply that the measurement
of progeny  accumulated on a color television screen can predict
the  immediate  concentration  of  radon  daughters  in  a  home.
(BIO)(AUTH)
     Method  to Automate  the  Radiological Survey  Process Annual
     meeting of  the Southeastern Regional Health Physics Society
     chapters, Williamsburg, VA, USA, 7 May 1987.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Berven, B.A.; Blair, M.S.
     Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
     Corp. Source Codes:  021310000; 4832000
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  CONF-8705132-1
     1987   9p
     Languages:  English   Document Type:  Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:     PC  A02/MF A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8724; NSA1200
     Country of  Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC05-840R21400
                               176

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     This  document   describes   the  USRAD   system,   a
hardware/software  ranging  and data  transmission  system,  that
provides  real-time position  data  and  combines it  with  other
portable instrument measurements.  Live  display of  position data
and  onsite  data  reduction,   presentation,  and  formatting  for
reports  and automatic  transfer  into databases are  among  the
unusual   attributes  of  USRADS.    Approximately   25%   of  any
survey-to-survey  report  process is dedicated  to data  recording
and formatting, which is  eliminated by USRADS.   Cost savings are
realized by the elimination of manual  transcription of instrument
readout  in the  field and  clerical  formatting of  data  in  the
office.    Increased data  reliability is realized  by  ensuring
complete survey coverage  of an area in the field,  by elimination
of mathematical  errors  in  conversion of instrument readout  to
unit concentration, and  by  elimination of errors associated with
transcribing data  from  the field  into  report  format. The USRAD
system can be  adapted to measure other types of pollutants  or
physical/chemical/geological/biological conditions   in  which
portable instrumentation exists. 2 refs., 2 figs. (NTIS)
     Use  of   Vehicle-Mounted  Radiological   Equipment  in  the
     Diagnosis of  Houses with Elevated  Levels of Radon  and Its
     Short-Lived Progeny
     Radon diagnostic workshop,  Princeton,  NY,  USA, 10-Apr 1987.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A02/MF A01
     Dudney, C.S.; Berven, B.A.; Matthews,  T.G.;  Hawthorne, A.R.
     Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
     Corp. Source Codes:  021310000; 4832000
     Sponsor:   Department of Energy, Washington,  DC.
     Report No.:   CONF-8704119-1
     1987   7p
     Languages:  English   Document Type:  Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:     PC A02/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8722; NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC05-84OR21400

     Vehicle-mounted  radiological  equipment  can  be used  in  a
variety  of ways  to  identify  and  diagnose   houses  with  radon
problems.   Some  of  the capabilities  can be duplicated  using
modern portable  electronic  devices,  but not all.  In some cases
the  presence   of  a  vehicle  is  needed due   to   the weight  of
shielding required or the presence of generators,  computers, and
other  equipment  for more sophisticated analyses.  (ERA citation
12:031689) (NTIS)
                               177

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     High-Volume   Screen  Diffusion   Batteries   and
     alpha-Spectroscopy  for  Measurement  of the  Radon  Daughter
     Activity Size Distributions in the Environment
     Reineking,  A.,  and J.  Porstendorfer
     Journal of Aerosol  Science,  Vol.  17, No.  5,  pages  873-879,
     17 references
     October 1986  CODEN:  JALSB7

     An  experimental  device  of  high  volume  screen  diffusion
batteries was developed  for  the measurement of radon (10043922)
(Ra)  daughter activity  size  distribution  in  the  0.5  to  2000
nanometer  particle  size  diameter  in  connection  with  alpha
spectroscopy.  The entire system was used to measure the separate
activities  of  polonium-218   (15422749)  (Po-218),  polonium-214
(15735678)  (Po-214),  and  lead-214  (15067284)  (Pb-214),  being
sensitive  to particle  size   distribution of  these products  at
activity  levels  as  low  as 1 Becquerel per cubic  meter  (Bq/m3).
The system consisted of  a  set of  batteries  with different screen
numbers  which  was  set  up  for  a  volumetric   flow  rate  of
approximately 2  cubic  meters/hour.    Measurements  performed  in
enclosed  buildings   demonstrated   bimodal   activity   size
distributions for  Po-218 and unimodal  distribution patterns for
the  ratio of Pb-214 to Po-214;  in the  presence  of  additional
aerosols, occasional trimodal  or  bimodal  size  distributions were
recorded.    The  activities  were  collected  on membrane  filters
before  and  after each  screen diffusion battery,  and  surface
barrier  detectors were  used  to  measure the  alpha  activities
during  and  after  sampling.     The   size  distributions   were
determined  by  comparing  the  measured  values  with  simulated
penetration values,  using  a  nonlinear optimization  method  and a
least square fit.  The device was also  found to be effective for
determining  the  properties  of   thoron   (22481487)  daughters,
bismuth-212   (14913496)  and  polonium-212   (15389341),   with  a
sampling time of several hours.   (OSH)
     THE  USE OF  THE TIME-AVERAGED  WL SURVEY  METER  FOR INDOOR
     RADON MEASUREMENT
     PAI H L
     SERV.  INSTRUMENTS  LTD.,  50  SILVER  STAR  BLVD.,  UNIT  208,
     SCARBOROUGH, ONT. M1V 3L3, CAN.
     THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL  MEETING OF THE HEALTH  PHYSICS  SOCIETY,
     PITTSBURGH,    PA., USA,  JUNE 29-JULY  3,  1986.  HEALTH PHYS
     50 (SUPPL. 1). 1986.
     CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Document Type:  CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile:  BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     In 1980,  we had reported the develoment  of a time-averaged
WL  survey  meter  for  indoor  measurement  of  radon.    Latest

                               178

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developments in radon  dosimetry  had necessitated modification in
our  design.    Currently,  there  is an  urgent  need to  provide
economical short term  measurements  to  facilitate the locating of
seriously  radon-contaminated  houses   and   estimation  of  the
relative risk to the exposed  public.   Both of these applications
require  the  estimation  of  daily  and  annual  averages.    To
accomodate this, we  have modified our instrument.   In the light
of the current knowledge of diurnal and seasonal variation, it is
now  capable  of   being   used  for  both  "screening"  and  risk
estimation without resorting  to  the extended sampling times.   As
a  result,  surveys  performed with  this  instrument can  be both
simple and inexpensive.   (BIO)   (AUTH)
     ESTIMATING  ANNUAL   AVERAGE  RADON  CONCENTRATIONS  FROM
     SHORT-TERM TRACK ETCH EXPOSURES
     GEORGE J L; LANGNER G H JR
     BENDIX FIELD  ENG.  CORP.,  P.O. BOX  1569,  GRAND JUNCTION,  CO
     81502, USA.
     THIRTY-FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING OF THE  HEALTH PHYSICS SOCIETY,
     PITTSBURGH, PA., USA, JUNE 29-JULY 3, 1986. HEALTH PHYS   50
     (SUPPL. 1). 1986.
     S60. CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Document Type:-  CONFERENCE PAPER
     Subfile:  BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     The Uranium Mill Tailings  Remedial  Action Program currently
estimates  the  annual average  radon-daughter concentrations(RDC)
within structures  from  year-long measurements  of  radon or radon
daughters.     Reliable  RDC   estimates  made  from  shorter-term
measurements  would be  extremely  useful,  but  short-term methods
with  currently  investigating  short-term exposure  of  Terradex
Track Etchr radon  detectors  in  residences in the Grand Junction,
Colorado, area.    (BIO)    (AUTH)
     Protocol for the Estimation of Average Indoor Radon-Daughter
     Concentrat ions
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Langner, G.H.; Pacer, J.C.
     Bendix Field Engineering Corp., Grand Junction, CO.
     Corp. Source Codes:  056119000; 9502148
     Sponsor:    Pennsylvania  Power  and  Light Co.,  Allentown.;
     Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  GJ/TMC-09
     Jun 86   45p
     Languages:  English

                               179

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     NTIS  Prices:    PC  A03/MF  A01       Journal Announcement:
     GRAI8705; NSA1100
     Country of Publication:   United States
     Contract No.:   AC07-76GJ01664

     The US  Department  of Energy Office  of  Remedial Action  and
Waste Technology  established the Technical  Measurements  Center
(TMC) in 1982  at  the Grand Junction, Colorado, Projects  Office.
The  TMC mission   is to  provide  standardization,   calibration,
comparability,  verification  of data,   quality   assurance,   and
cost-effectiveness for  the environmental  measurement  requirements
of DOE remedial action programs.  One measurement requirement is
the   measurement   of   radon-daughter   concentration  within
structures.   The  Technical Measurements  Center  has  developed  a
protocol   which  specifies  the  procedures  to  be  used   for
determining  indoor  radon-daughter  concentrations in support  of
Department of  Energy remedial  action programs. This document  is
the central part of the protocol and is to be used in conjunction
with the individual  procedure  manuals.   The manuals contain  the
information  and  procedures required  to  implement  the  proven
methods   for  estimating   average  indoor   radon-daughter
concentration.  Proven  in this case  means that these  methods have
been determined to provide  reasonable assurance that the  average
radon-daughter concentration within a structure is either above,
at,  or  below  the  standards   established  for  remedial  action
programs.•    This  document  contains  description  of  the  generic
aspects   of  methods   used   for   estimating   radon-daughter
concentration  and  provides  guidance with   respect  to  method
selection  for a  given situation.    The  methods  discussed are:
Kodak-Pathe  alpha-track  film method; radon  progeny integrating
sampling unit  (RPISU) unit; and radon grab method. (ERA  citation
11:050175)     (NTIS)
     A  diffusion  barrier  charcoal  adsorption   collector   for
     measuring Rn concentrations in indoor air.
     Cohen BL; Nason R
     Health Phys    Apr 1986,   50  (4)  p457-63,   ISSN  0017-9078
     Journal Code:  G2H
     Languages:  ENGLISH

     Development  of  a  practical  detector for  collecting Rn  by
adsorption  in  charcoal with a  time  integration of 2 d  or more,
achieved by use of a diffusion barrier through which  Rn enters,
is  described.    The sensitivity  is adequate  for  monitoring  Rn
levels  in  houses.   It  is easily  sent  and returned by mail,  and
instructions  for use  are  simple enough  for  any  householder  to
follow.   The  cost per measurement is apparently well  below  that
for competitive techniques.    (MED)
                               180

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     Application  of  Passive  and  Active  Measuring  Methods  to
     Quantify   Radon  Sources  and  Radon  Behaviour  in   Swiss
     Dwelling-Houses:  First Results
     In German.
     U.S.  Sales  Only.
     NTIS  Prices:   PC A03/MF A01
     Pensko,  J.; Burkart,  W.
     Eidgenoessisches Inst. fuer Reaktorforschung, Wuerenlingen
     (Switzerland).
     Corp. Source Codes:   010503000;  2314000
     Report No.:  EIR-587
     Feb 86   31p
     Languages:   German
     NTIS   Prices:     PC  A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8701
     Country of  Publication:  Switzerland

     Sources  of radon  and pathways  in  which radon  can  reach
dwelling-rooms  are  discussed  and the  most important impacts  of
environment and climate are defined.   Some proposals  for  further
studies   of  radon   behaviour  indoors  are  formulated.     In
continuation  of the  previous  measurements  of  radon  in  Swiss
dwellings   the  complementary  passive  method  for   radon
concentration measurements  in the  room atmosphere and for  radon
exhalation   rate  measurements from walls  and  soil surfaces  are
introduced.  An example  of the application of these  methods  for
measuring   radon and  decay products  concentration,  equilibrium
factor  and  radon  exhalation   rate  estimation   in   two
dwelling-houses  as  well  as some application  of  these  data  for
radon  behaviour examination indoors are discussed.   (Atomindex
citation 17:035658)    (NTIS)
     COMPARISON OF  NUCLEAR TRACK AND DIFFUSION BARRIER  CHARCOAL
     ADSORPTION METHODS  FOR MEASUREMENT OF  RADON-222 LEVELS  IN
     INDOOR AIR
     COHEN B L
     DEP. PHYS., UNIV.  PITTSBURGH,  PITTSBURGH,  PA.  15260.
     HEALTH PHYS   50 (6).  1986.   828-829.    CODEN:   HLTPA
     Language:   ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BARRM (Biological  Abstracts/RRM)

     The nuclear track method of  measuring  222Rn levels  in indoor
air has  developed into a commercial service  and is  in widespread
use throughout  the world.   Another method  suitable for  large-
scale  surveys,  using  diffusion  barrier   charcoal  adsorption
collectors (DCBA),  has been developed  recently, and has been used
in  many thousands  of measurements.  This  article  compares  the
advantages and disadvantages of the two  methods.   (BIO)   (AUTH)
                               181

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     Procedure  Manual  for  the  Estimation  of  Average  Indoor
     Radon-Daughter Concentrations Using the  Radon Grab-Sampling
     Method
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     George, J.L.
     Bendix Field Engineering Corp.,  Grand Junction,  CO.
     Corp. Source Codes:   056119000;  9502148
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy,  Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  GJ/TMC-11
     Apr 86   47p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:     PC  A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8622; NSA1100
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:   AC07-76GJ01664

     The US  Department of  Energy  (DOE)  Office of Remedial Action
and  Waste  Technology  established  the  Technical  Measurements
Center  to provide  standardization,  calibration,  comparability,
verification  of  data,  quality assurance,  and cost-effectiveness
for the measurement requirements of DOE remedial action programs.
One of the remedial-action measurement needs is the estimation of
average  indoor  radon-daughter  concentration.    One method  for
accomplishing such estimations  in  support  of  DOE remedial action
programs  'is  the  radon  grab-sampling method.     This  manual
describes  procedures   for  radon   grab  sampling,   with  the
application  specifically directed to  the  estimation  of average
indoor  radon-daughter concentration  (RDC)  in  highly  ventilated
structures.    This  particular  application   of  the  measurement
method  is  for cases where  RDC  estimates derived  from long-term
integrated measurements  under occupied conditions are  below the
standard and where the structure being evaluated is considered to
be highly  ventilated.   The radon grab-sampling  method requires
that  sampling be conducted under  standard  maximized conditions.
Briefly,  the  procedure  for  radon  grab  sampling  involves  the
following  steps:   selection of sampling and  counting  equipment;
sample  acquisition  and  processing,   including  data  reduction;
calibration  of  equipment,  including  provisions  to correct  for
pressure   effects  when  sampling   at  various  elevations;  and
incorporation  of quality-control  and  assurance measures.   This
manual  describes each of the above  steps  in  detail  and presents
an example of a step-by-step radon grab-sampling procedure using
a scintillation  cell.  (ERA  citation 11:037651)   (NTIS)
     MEASUREMENT  OF RADON  CONCENTRATION IN  DWELLINGS  BY USING
     SIMPLE METHOD WITH ACTIVE CHARCOAL (ENGLISH)
     IWATA E; SAKANOUE M
     KANAZAWA UNIV,LOW LEVEL RADIOACT LAB/TATSUNOKUCHI T/ISHIKAWA
                               182

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     92312/JAPAN/
     JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH , V27, Nl, P60-60, 1986

     The   simple  method  to   measure   radon  concentration  in
dwellings was examined by using active charcoal for adsorption of
radon.   Since  this method  may  be  liable  to  be  influenced by
humidity,  its adsorption and retention  characteristics for radon
were  investigated  on  the  different  settings  of  charcoal  in
connection  with humidity.    From these  results, the  canisters
containing  lOOg  of  active  charcial  were  used  to  know  the
concentration levels of radon in 89 dwellings (total measurements
were  116,  including   7   outdoors  experiments)   at  Hiroshima,
Kanazawa and  Mihama in  Fufui Pref.  from Dec.  1984-Aug.  1985.
(SCI)  (AUTH)
     MEASUREMENTS  OF  RADON   IN   DWELLINGS  WITH  CR-39  TRACK
     DETECTORS  (ENGLISH)
     MAJBORN B
     RISO NATL LAB/DK-4000 ROSKILDE//DENMARK/
     NUCLEAR  TRACKS  AND  RADIATION   MEASUREMENTS-INTERNATIONAL
     JOURNAL  OF  RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION PART
     D, V12, Nl-6, P763-766, 1986

     A  passive  integrating  dosemeter  has  been  designed  for
measuring natural radiation in dwellings.  The dosemeter'contains
one  or two CR-39  track detectors  to measure  radon  and three
thermoluminescence dosemeters to measure external radiation.  The
dosemeter was investigated in a pilot study in 1983/84, and it is
now used  in a nation-wide survey of  natural radiation in Danish
dwellings.  The characteristics of  the dosemeter with respect to
radon measuremnts are presented, and the radon monitoring  results
obtained in the polot study are summarized.  (SCI)  (AUTH)
     A RADON-222 MONITOR USING ALPHA-SPECTROSCOPY
     WATNICK S; LATNER N; GRAVESON R T
     ENVIRON. MEASUREMENTS LAB., U.S. DEP. ENERGY, NEW YORK, N.Y.
     10014.
     HEALTH PHYS   50 (5). 1986.  645-646.   CODEN:  HLTPA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BARRM  (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     A newly developed monitor which has been installed at the
Environmental  Measurements  Laboratory's calibration  facility is
described.  (BIO)  (HQL)
                               183

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     Radon Measurement Methods:  An Overview
     Health Physics Society meeting,  Pittsburgh,  PA,  USA,  30 Jun
     1986.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Jenkins, P.H.
     Monsanto Research Corp.,  Miamisburg, OH. Mound.
     Corp. Source Codes:  018512003; 9515000
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  MLM-3371(OP); CONF-8606139-5
     1986   38p
     Languages:  English   Document Type:  Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:    PC A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8626;  NSA1100
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:  AC04-76DP00053

     The  purpose of  this  paper is  to present  an  overview of
methods  used for measuring radon  and  radon progeny  to persons
familiar  with   radiation measurement  techniques,  but  who  have
little or no experience with measuring radon  or  radon progeny.
There are numerous  approaches that can  be  used to measure radon
and radon progeny, and all of them have probably been used at one
time or  another.   Therefore,- a  large variety 9f instruments and
methods  have evolved and are  in use today.  It  is the  intention
that this paper be a comprehensive overview; but, with so many
different  techniques  in  existence,  inevitably  some  will  be
omitted.  (ERA citation 11:005518)    (NTIS)
     USE  OF  CELLULOSE  NITRATE  AS  RADON AND  RADON  DAUGHTERS
     DETECTORS FOR INDOOR MEASUREMENTS  (ENGLISH)
     RANNOU  A;  JEANMAIRE   L;   TYMEN  G;   MOUDEN  A;  NAOUR  E;
     PARMENTIER N; RENOUARD H
     CEA,INST     PROTECT   &   SURETE   NUCL,DEPT   -PROTECT
     SANITAIRE,SEAPS,BP 6/F-92265
     FONTENAY     ROSES//FRANCE/;     FAC     SCI     BREST,PHYS
     AEROSOLS  LAB/F-29200
     BREST//FRANCE/; COSTIC/F-78470 ST REMY CHEVREUSE//FRANCE/
     NUCLEAR   TRACKS   AND  RADIATION  MEASUREMENTS-INTERNATIONAL
     JOURNAL  OF  RADIATION  APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION PART
     D, V12, Nl-6, P747-750, 1986

     A passive dosemeter  based  on LR 115 track detector has been
developed.    A  series  of  experiments has   been performed  to
determine  the  alpha track  registration properties of  the Kodak
film,  the  reliability  of  automatic  spark  counting  and  the
suitability  of  the  passive  method  for  indoor  measurements.
Comparison  between passive  and  active dosemeters  has  also been
investigated.     (SCI)  (AUTH)

                               184

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     THE USE OF  OPEN TRACK FILMS  FOR RADON-222 MEASUREMENTS  IN
     DWELLINGS
     HERTZMAN S;  SAMUELSSON C
     DEP. RADIATION PHYSICS, SAHLGREN  HOSP.,  S-413  45  GOTHENBURG.
     13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  ON SOLID STATE NUCLEAR  TRACK
     DETECTORS,  PALAZZO BARBERINI,  ROME,  SEPTEMBER  23-27,  1985.
     NUCL TRACKS  RADIAT MEAS   12  (1-6).  1986.   755-758.   CODEN:
     NTRMD
     Language:   ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Numerous  epidemiological investigations   during  the   last
years to study the  possible  health  effects of an  exposure  to
radon and its daughter products have  shown the need  for  a  cheap
and  reliable  large scale  indoor  radon  daughter detector.   The
alpha  sensitive   track film  could be  a  very  useful  tool  to
calculate  a yearly average  value  of  the  exposure  to  radon
daughters in an individual dwelling.     (BIO)   (AUTH)
     Interlaboratory  Radon-Daughter  Measurement  Comparison
     Workshop
     Interlaboratory  radon-daughter  measurement  comparison
     workshop,  Grand Junction,  CO,  USA,  9  Sep  1985.
     Portions   of  this  document  are  illegible  in microfiche
     products.   Original copy available  until  stock  is exhausted.
     NTIS Prices:   PC A03/MF A01
     Pearson, M.
     Bendix Field Engineering Corp.,  Grand Junction,  CO.
     Corp. Source Codes:   056119000;  9502148
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy,  Washington,  DC.
     Report No.:  GJ/TMC-25; CONF-8509306-SUM.
     Jun 86   47p
     Languages:  English   Document Type:   Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:    PC  A03/MF  A01        Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8702;  NSA1100
     Country of Publication:  United  States
     Contract No.:   AC07-76GJ01664

     The US  Department of Energy (DOE)  Office of  Remedial  Action
and  Waste  Technology  established  the  Technical   Measurements
Center  to provide  standardization,  calibration, comparability,
verification of data,  quality assurance,   and cost-effectiveness
for the measurement requirements of DOE  remedial  action programs.
One of the remedial-action measurement needs is the  estimation  of
average indoor radon-daughter concentration (RDC).   The Technical
Measurements Center sponsored an interlaboratory  workshop  during
the period  9-12 September  1985  for  the purpose  of  providing  an
opportunity for comparison of radon-daughter measurements,  in the
absence  of  an  absolute  calibration  standard  for  such
radon-daughter  measurements.     The   Radon-Radon-Daughter

                               185

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Environmental Chamber at  the DOE Grand Junction  Projects Office
was  used  for the  workshop.  Primary  consideration was  given  to
radon-daughter  grab-sampling  methods,  but   Radon   Progeny
Integrating  Sampling Unit  (RPISU)  measurements  and  radon-flux
measurements were  also  investigated.   Results from  the workshop
indicate that comparable  results for  radon-daughter measurements
can be  obtained  by a variety of instruments  and  technicians all
employing the same method.    Special  attention must be given  to
the accuracy of air volume sampled,  but with appropriate care any
of a number  of instruments can provide a  reliable radon-daughter
concentration value.    The  radon-daughter grab-sampling results
also verify the comparability of two different methods for making
such  measurements,  alpha  spectroscopy and  the  Thomas-modified
Tsivoglou method.    The two  additional facets of  the  workshop,
RPISU  and  radon-flux  measurements,  demonstrate  that  reliable
measurements with  RPISUs  and charcoal canisters can be made with
appropriately  calibrated   instruments   from widely  dispersed
laboratories.  (ERA citation 11:041122) (NTIS)
     Interim  Indoor Radon  and Radon  Decay Product  Measurement
     Protocols
     (M. /Ronca-Battista;P.  /Magno  ;S.  /Windham;E.  /Sensintaffa)
    .NTIS Prices:  PC A04/MF A01
     Office of Radiation Programs, Washington,  DC.
     Corp. Source Codes:  038529000
     Report No.:  EPA/520/1-86/04
     Apr 86   65p
     Languages:  English
     NTIS  Prices:    PC A04/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8620 Country of Publication:  United States

     The  report provides  EPA's  procedures  for  measuring radon
concentrations in houses with continuous radon monitors, charcoal
canisters, alpha-track  detectors, and  grab radon techniques.   It
also  provides  procedures   for  measuring  radon  decay  product
concentrations with  a continuous working  level  monitor,  a radon
progeny  integrating  sampling unit (RPISU), and  grab  radon decay
product  methods.     Specifications   for  the   location  of  the
measurement,  the house conditions   during the  measurement,  and
minimum  requirements for  quality control  are included  in each
procedure.      (NTIS)
     Affordable new radon detection technology
     Anon.
     EMERG.  PLANN.  DIG  VOL. 13, NO. 4,    pp.  29-30,   Publ.Yr:
     1986
     Languages: ENGLISH
                               186

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     Radon  gas,  which  is  produced by  the decay  of radioactive
materials in many  geological  formations in Canada and the United
States,  is  becoming  a  major concern.    It can  seep  into the
basements of homes in vulnerable areas and prolonged breathing of
it can  cause  lung cancer.   The gas  is  colourless and odourless,
and can be detected only using a monitor to sample the air over a
period.   To date,  such radio monitors  have relied upon computer
technology  to  analyse  the  result of  samples,  which  requires a
user to send samples away and await results.   (POL)
     MONITORING RADON IN INDOOR AIR
     ANON
     ANAL CHEM   58 (1). 1986.  44A, 46A-47A.   CODEN:  ANCHA
     Language:  ENGLISH
     Subfile:  BARRM (Biological Abstracts/RRM)

     Several  simple  and inexpensive methods  of monitoring radon
in homes and  other buildings  have been developed.   These include
a  plastic  detector  that  is  sensitive  to  the alpha  paricles
emitted by  radon  and a  canister containing mesh activatid carbon
which absorbs radon.     (BIO)   (HQL)
     Ultra-Clean  Underground  Counting  Facility  for  Low-Level
     Environmental Samples
     Symposium on  environmental  radiochemical analysis, Harwell,
     UK, 1 Oct 1986.
     Portions  of  this  document  are  illegible  in  microfiche
     products.
     NTIS Prices:  PC A03/MF A01
     Winn, W.G.; Bowman, W.W.; Boni, A.L.
     Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River
     Lab.
     Corp. Source Codes:  009966002; 2204000
     Sponsor:  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
     Report No.:  DP-MS-85-157; CONF-8610174-1
     1986   49p
     Languages:  English    Document Type:  Conference proceeding
     NTIS  Prices:     PC A03/MF  A01       Journal  Announcement:
     GRAI8713; NSA1200
     Country of Publication:  United States
     Contract No.:   AC09-76SR00001

     An underground counting  facility  with cleanroom environment
has  been  designed  and  constructed  to  improve  detection  of
low-level radioisotopes in the environment.   The 3.0mx4.3mx
2.4 m counting chamber is placed 14.3 m below ground, has 10.2-cm
thick  walls  of pre-WWII   naval  armor  plate,   and  is  further
shielded by  a  minimum of  1.2 m of specular hematite.   The total

                               187

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overburden  of  shielding  is  equivalent  to   31.7  m  of  water.
Careful  selection  of  building  materials  and  a  special  air
filtering  system  maintain a  cleanroom environment with minimum
contamination  potential.   Background improvements   are  noted
relative  to  an   earlier  ground-level   counting  chamber  with
30.5-cm-thick walls  of pre-WWII naval armor  plate.   The  gamma
background continuum is reduced  by a factor  of 3 to  4  in the
region of  0  to  10 MeV.   A minimum of .10.2 cm of low-background
lead  around  the   detector  optimizes  this  factor at  4 to  6.
Discrete  gammas   from  airborne   natural  radon  daughters  are
eliminated by controlling  the air near the detectors. Detectors
constructed  with   low-level  materials will  further realize the
improvements  in  background.    A constant background  is required
for  long  counts  of  low-level  samples,  and  the  underground
detectors  are  well   shielded   against  surface  operations.
Performance appraisals of facility detectors include a large dual
Nal(Tl) coincidence  system,  three smaller Nal(Tl)  detectors,  an
HPGe  well detector,  and gas  proportional  and  geiger counters.
Major electronics  for the detectors are located at a ground level
control center to  eliminate  any associated backgrounds.  Because
an individual sample may be counted several days, uninterruptable
power  is  used.    An IBM PC/XT computer  processes spectra  from
multichannel  analyzers  using  custom-developed  software.  (ERA
citation 12:012301)  (NTIS)
     A  SURVEY OF  INDOOR AIR MONITORING SERVICES:   IS  THERE A
     PRIVATE DEMAND FOR HEALTHFUL INDOOR AIR QUALITY?
     SEXTON KEN
     CALIFORNIA DEPT HEALTH SERVICES, BERKELEY,
     APCA J, JUN 85, V35, N6, P626(6)

     JOURNAL ARTICLE -  NATIONAL SURVEY RESULTS ON FEE-FOR-SERVICE
COMPANIES  THAT  MAKE INDOOR  AIR  MEASUREMENTS  IN  NONINDUSTRIAL
SETTINGS ARE EXAMINED.  MAKEUP OF THE FIRMS, TYPES AND NUMBERS OF
BUILDINGS, TYPICAL CONTAMINANT MEASUREMENTS, AND ASSOCIATED COSTS
ARE DESCRIBED. RESULTS INDICATE THAT A SUBSTANTIAL PRIVATE DEMAND
EXISTS  FOR GOODS  AND SERVICES WHICH  AID BUILDING  OCCUPANTS IN
EVALUATING AND IMPROVING INDOOR AIR QUALITY.  COSTS TO HOMEOWNERS
FOR MEASURMENTS OF FORMALDEHYDE, ASBESTOS, VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS, RADON,  AND AIR-EXCHANGE RATE ARE LIKELY TO BE GREATER
THAN $100  FOR EACH PARAMETER MONITORED. (6 REFERENCES, 5 TABLES)
(ENV)
     CONTINUOUS RADIATION WORKING-LEVEL DETECTORS
     DROULLARD R.F.; HOLUB R.F.
     USBM, CO,
     USBM REPORT 1C 9029, 1985  (24)
                               188

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     FED   GOVT  REPORT     IMPROVED  DESIGNS   FOR  CONTINUOUS
WORKING-LEVEL  DETECTORS  FOR MONITORING RADIATION  WORKING LEVELS
AND RADON DAUGHTER PRODUCTS IN MINES AND DWELLINGS ARE DESCRIBED.
DEVICES   FOR  FILTER  SURFACE  AND   AMBIENT   AIR  COUNTING  ARE
ADDRESSED.  FACTORS  AFFECTING  ACCURACY ARE IDENTIFIED,  INCLUDING
VOLUMETRIC  AIRFLOW  VARIATIONS  AND  RADON  DAUGHTER  MIXTURE
VARIATIONS.  (2  DIAGRAMS,  8 GRAPHS,  13 PHOTOS,  21  REFERENCES,  1
TABLE)    (ENV)
     Analytical  Capability     of  the  Environmental  Radiation
     Ambient Monitoring System
     NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
     Broadway, J.A.; Mardis, M.
     Eastern  Environmental Radiation  Facility, Montgomery,  AL.
     Corp. Source Codes: 062831000
     Report No.: EPA-520/5-83-024
     Sep 83   74p
     Languages: English
     NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01    Journal Announcement: GRAI8412
     Country of Publication: United States

     The  ERAMS program  is  composed  of  a  network  of sampling
stations  throughout  the  United   States   plus  an   associated
radioanalystical and assessment -support group.   These  components
provide  a capability to  evaluate environmental consequences from
both   normal  ambient   concentrations  of   radiation  and  time
dependent changes  as measured  by the  samples.   The program is
structured  to measure  concentrations  of  radionuclides  in air,
milk,  surface water, and drinking water and to estimate dose and
health  impact.    Several  examples  of short-term  and long-term
assessments of dose and health effect calculations from the ERAMS
data base have been presented in this report.   (NTIS)
                               189

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VII. APPENDIX

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                       STATE RADON CONTACTS
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
California
 James McNees
 Radiological Health Branch
 Alabama Department of Public Health
 State Office Building
 Montgomery,  AL  36130
 (205)  261-5313

 Sidney Heidersdorf
 Alaska Department of Health
   and Social Services
 P.O.  Box H-06F
 Juneau,  AK  99811-0613

 Paul  Weeden/John Oneil
 Arizona Radiation Regulatory Agency
 4814  South 40th Street
 Phoenix,  AZ   85040
.(602)  255-4845

 Greta Dicus/Bernard Bevill
 Division of  Radiation Control
  and  Emergency Management
 Arkansas Department of Health
 4815  W.  Markham Street
 Little Rock, AR  72205-3867
 (501)  661-2301

 Steve Hayward
 California Department of
   of  Laboratories
 2151  Berkeley Way
 Berkeley,  CA  94704
 (415)  540-2469

 John  Hickman
 Department of Health Services
 Environmental Radiation Surveillance
 714/744 P Street
 P.O.  Box 942732
 Sacramento,  CA  94234-7320
 (916)  445-0498

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California
A. Ferguson
Radiation Management
County of Los Angeles
Department of Health Services
2615 S. Grand Avenue
Los Angeles, CA  90007
(213) 744-3244
Colorado
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Richard Gamewell
Radiation Control Division
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, CO  80220
(303) 331-8480
(303) 331-4812

Mark Davis
Colorado Geological Survey
1313 Sherman Street
Room 7515
Denver, CO  80203
(303) 866-2611

Laurie Grokey
Connecticut Department of
  Health Services
Toxic Hazards Section
150 Washington Street
Hartford, CT  06106
(203) 566-8167
(203) 566-2275

John Hedden
Division of Public Health
Delaware Bureau of Environmental Health
P.O. Box 637
Dover, DE  19903
(302) 736-4731

Veronica Singh
DC Department of Consumer
  and Regulatory Affairs
614 H Street, NW, Room 1014
Washington, DC  20001
(202) 727-7728

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Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Harlan Keaton
Florida Office of Radiation Control
Building 18, Sunland Center
P.O. Box 15490
Orlando, FL  32858
(305) 297-2095
(305) 326-2095

James Hardeman
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
205 Butler Street, SE
Floyd Towers East, Suite 1166
Atlanta, GA  30334
(404) 656-6905
(800) 334-2373

Thomas Anamizu
Environmental Protection and Health
  Services Division
Hawaii Department of Health
591 Ala Moana Boulevard
Honolulu, HI  96813
(808) 548-4383

Ernie Ranieri
Radiation Control Section
Idaho Dept. of Health and Welfare
Statehouse Mail
Boise, ID  83720
(208)  334-5879

Melanie Hamel
Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety
Office of Environmental Safety
1035 Outer Park Drive
Springfield, IL  62704
(217) 546-8100 or
(800) 225-1245 (in State)

David Nauth
Division of Industrial Hygiene and
  Radiological Health
Indiana State Board of Health
1330 W. Michigan Street, P.O. Box 1964
(317) 633-0153

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Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Richard Welke
Bureau of Environmental Health Section
Iowa Department of Public Health
Lucas State Office Building
Des Moines, IA  50319-0075
(515) 281-7781

Craig Schwartz
Kansas Department of Health
  and Environment
Forbes Field, Building 321
Topeka, KS  66620-0110
(913) 296-1567

Donald R. Hughes
Radiation Control Branch
Cabinet for Human Resources
275 East Main Street
Frankfort, KY  40621
(502) 564-3700

Jay Mason
Louisiana Nuclear Energy Division
P.O. Box 14690
Baton Rouge, LA  70898-4690
(504) 925-4518

Gene Moreau
Division of Health Engineering
Maine Department of Human Services
State House Station 10
Augusta, ME  04333
(207) 289-3826

Leon Rachuba
Division of Radiation Control
Maryland Department of Health
  and Mental Hygiene
201 W. Preston Street
Baltimore, MD  21201
(301) 631-3300
(800) 872-3666

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Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Bill Bell
Radiation Control Program
Massachusetts Department
  of Public Health
23 Service Center
North Hampton, MA  01060
(413) 586-7525 or
In Boston, Robert Hallisey
(617) 727-6214

Robert DeHaan
Michigan Department of Public Health
Division of Radiological Health
3500 North Logan, P.O. Box 30035
Lansing, MI  48909
(517) 335-8190
(517) 335-8193

Bruce Denney
Section of Radiation Control
Minnesota Department of Health
P.O. Box 9441
717 SE Delaware Street
Minneapolis, MN  55440
(612) 623-5348
(800) 652-9747

Renee Echols
Division of Radiological Health
Mississippi Department of Health
P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, MS  392215-1700
(601) 354-6657

Kenneth V. Miller
Bureau of Radiological Health
Missouri Department of Health
1730 E. Elm
P.O. BOX 570
Jefferson City, MO  65102
(314) 751-6083

Adrian Howe
Occupational Health Bureau
Montana Department of Health
  and Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building A113
Helena, MT  59620
(406) 444-3671

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Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
Harold R. Borchert/Ellis H. Simmons
Division of Radiological Health
Nebraska Department of Health
301 Centennial Mall South
P.O. Box 95007
Lincoln, NE  68509
(402) 471-2168

Stan Marshall
Radiological Health Section
Health Division
Nevada Department of Human Resources
505 East King Street, Room 202
Carson City, NV  89710
(702) 885-5394

Belva Mohle
New Hampshire Radiological
  Health Program
Health and Welfare Building
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH  03301-6527
(603) 271-4674

New Jersey Department of
  Environmental Protection
380 Scotch Road, CN-411
Trenton, NJ  08625
(609) 530-4000/4001 or,
(800) 648-0394  (in State) or,
(201) 879-2062  (N. NJ Radon
               Field Office)

J. Margo Keele
Surveillance Monitoring Section
New Mexico Radiation Protection Bureau
P.O. Box 968
Santa Fe, NM  87504-0968
(505) 827-2957

Laurence Keefe
Bureau of Environmental
  Radiation Protection
New York State Health Department
Empire State Plaza, Corning Tower
Albany, NY  12237
(518) 458-6451
(800) 458-1158  (in State) or
(800) 342-3722  (NY Energy Research  &
                Development Authority)

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N. Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
Jeff Burgess
North Dakota Dept. of Health
Missouri Office Building
1200 Missouri Avenue, Room 304
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND  58502-5520
(701) 224-2348

Debby Steva
Radiological Health Program
Ohio Department of Health
1224 Kinnear Road
Columbus, OH  43212
(614) 644-2727
(800) 523-4439 (in Ohio only)

Paul Brown
Radiation and Special Hazards Service
Oklahoma State Dept. of Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405) 271-5221

Ray Paris
Oregon State Health Department
1400 S. W. 5th Avenue
Portland, OR  97201
(503) 229-5797

Tim Hartman
Radon Monitoring Program Office
PA-DER, Bureau of Radiation Protection
1100 Grosser Road
Gilbertsville, PA  19525
(215) 369-3590

David Saldana
Puerto Rico Radiological Health Div.
G.P.O. Call Box 70184
Rio Piedras, PR  00936
(809) 767-3563

James Hickey/Roger Marinelli
Division of Occupational Health
  and Radiological Control
Rhode Island Department of Health
206 Cannon Bldg., 75 Davis Street
Providence, RI  02908
(401) 277-2438

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Virginia
Washington
W. Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Carolyn Schrider
Bureau of Radiological Health
Department of Health
109 Governor Street
Richmond, VA  23219
(804) 786-5932 or,
(800-468-0138 (in State)

Bruce Pickett/Robert Mooney
Environmental Protection Section
Washington Office of Radiation Protection
Thurston AirDustrial Center
Building 5, LE-13
Olympia, WA  98504
(206) 753-5962

Bill Aaroe
Industrial Hygiene Division
West Virginia Department of Health
151 llth Avenue
South Charleston, WV  25303
(304) 348-3526/3427

John Micka
Division of Health
Section of Radiation Protection
Wisconsin Dept.  of Health
  and Social Services
5708 Odana Road
Madison, WI  53719
(608) 273-5180

Radiological Health Services
Wyoming Department of Health
  and Social Services
Hathway Building, 4th Floor
Cheyenne, WY  82002-0710
(307) 777-7956

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S. Carolina
S. Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Nolan Bivens
Bureau of Radiological Health
South Carolina Dept. of Health
  and Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC  29201
(803) 734-4700/4631

Ellen Scott
Office of Air Quality and Solid Waste
South Dakota Dept. of Water & Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building, Room 217
523 E. Capital
Pierre, SD  57501-3181
(605) 773-3153

Jackie Waynick
Division of Air Pollution Control
Custom House
701 Broadway
Nashville, TN  37219-5403
(615) 741-4634

Gary Smith
Bureau of Radiation Control
Texas Department of Health
1100 West 49th Street
Austin, TX  78756-3189
(512) 835-7000

Larry Anderson
Bureau of Radiation Control
Utah State Department of Health
State Health Department Building
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, UT  84116-0690
(801) 538-6734

Paul demons
Division of Occupational and
  Radiological Health
Vermont Department of Health
Administration Building
10 Baldwin Street
Montpelier, VT  057602
(802) 828-2886

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