United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Information Services
And Library
Washington DC 20460
EPA/tMSD/89-001
May "t989
vxEPA Bibliographic Series
Stratospheric Ozone
Depletion
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STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
MAY 1989
Headquarters Library Staff
Information Services Branch
Information Management and Services Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W. PM-211A
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 382-5922
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
F '!.."'. 5, Library (5PL-16)
'- . '.'. I) > Hi-born St'.-aet, Room 1G70
< ' .j, 1L 60604
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STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
INTRODUCTION
This bibliography on Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
was produced in support of EPA's Global Change Division,
Office of Air and Radiation. The purpose of the
bibliography is to assist the Global Change Division in
making information available to the EPA staff,
environmental organizations and the concerned public.
Stratospheric ozone protection is a global issue
that requires international cooperation for the benefit
of all nations. On January 1, 1989 an important
international agreement, the Montreal Protocol, entered
into force to reduce the use of ozone-depleting
chemicals in participating countries (see Appendix).
EPA actively worked with other U.S. agencies as well as
national governments to ratify the Protocol and has
issued domestic regulations implementing the mandates of
the Protocol. Currently, EPA is sponsoring research to
further assess the risks associated with ozone
depletion. In 1990, parties to the Protocol will
assemble to assess new scientific evidence. Based on
this new information, the parties may vote to modify the
Protocol.
The bibliography focuses solely on stratospheric
ozone depletion. Global climate change, a related
issue, is not within the scope of this bibliography.
The first section contains an overview of stratospheric
ozone issues. The second section, entitled "science",
discusses atmospheric chemistry and dynamics,
specifically trace gas emissions and ozone/UVB levels.
The third section contains citations relating to risk
assessment for humans and other organisms. Section IV
includes information on domestic and international
public policy. The fifth section outlines research on
substitutes and alternatives for ozone-depleting
substances. Worldwide participants in the Montreal
Protocol are listed in the Appendix.
Citations were selected for their relevance to EPA
information needs. The abstracts are the summaries of
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the books, journal articles and reports cited, and
provide an introductory overview to current literature.
Most citations are from 1987 to the present.
The citations and abstracts were selected from
commercial databases. The sources were noted by an
alphabetic code enclosed in parenthesis at the end of
each entry unless otherwise indicated in the citation.
Those documents abstracted by the Global Change Division
or Headquarters Library staff are marked (HQL). The
other code abbreviations are listed below:
(AER) Aerospace Database
American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics
555 West 57th Street
New York, NY 10019
(ABI) ABI/IKTORM
tMI/Bata Courier Inc
620 South Fifth Street
Louisville, KY 40202
(CAN) Cancerlit
National Library of Medicine
MEDLARS Management
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
(CPX) CCMPENDEX PLUS
Engineering Information, Inc.
345 East 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
(EMB) Etnbase
User Education Officer
Elsevier Science Publishers
/Excerpta Medica
52 Vanderbilt Avenue
New York, NY 10017
(ENV) Enviroline
Environment Information Center, Inc.
292 Madison Ave.
New York, NY 10017
(MED) MEDLINE
MEDLARS Management
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
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(NTIS) National Technical Information
Service
U.S. Cepartsoent of Cctnuerce
5235 Port Royal Read
Springfield, VA 22041
Public Affairs Information Service
521 West 43rd Street
New Yor*, NY 10036
Maria Tikoff, Program Analyst, Global Change
Division, and Carol Brighton, a consultant for the
Global Change Division, assisted in the development of
this bibliography. They provided subject expertise and
technical direction. This bibliography was compiled by
Sheila A. Richard, Reference Librarian, EPA Headquarters
Library.
For additional information, you may wish to contact
the EPA Global Change Division at (202) 382-7750 or the
EPA Headquarters Library (202) 382-5922. To obtain
additional copies of this bibliography, contact the U.S.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at (800)
336-4700 or write to them at the above address.
111
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STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction i
I. OVERVIEW 1
II. SCIENCE
A. OZONE/UVB LEVELS 3
B. ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND CHEMISTRY 16
C. TRACE GAS EMISSIONS/ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS 24
III. RISK ASSESSMENT
A. HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS 29
B. TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ORGANISMS 34
IV. PUBLIC POLICY
A. INTERNATIONAL 37
B. DOMESTIC 39
V. CHEMICAL USE SECTORS: SUBSTITUTES AND ALTERNATIVES 45
Appendix: MONTREAL PROTOCOL PARTICIPANTS 57
Index of Titles 61
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I. OVERVIEW
The Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer
Buxton, G.V.
Environ. Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K1A OH3, Canada
81. APCA Annual Meeting & Exhibition Dallas, TX (USA)19-24
Jun 1988 81. APCA ANNUAL MEETING & EXHIBITION p. 145
Chlorof luorocarbons (CFCs) and brominated f luorocarbons
(Halons) are non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive
chemicals used in critical areas such as refrigeration and
fire protection. After an average residence time of 100
years, they are eventually broken down in the stratosphere
and release chlorine or bromine. These act as catalysts in
the destruction of ozone which in turn allows ever increasing
amounts of cancer causing, crop-yield reducing, smog
enhancing, ecosystem disrupting UV-B radiation to reach the
earth's surface. International efforts to regulate these
chemicals have been under way for several years and
culminated in Montreal on September 16, 1987. The Treaty is
_ now called the "Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer". (POL)
*******
Changes in stratospheric ozone
Cicerone, R.J.
SCIENCE (WASH. VOL. 237, NO. 4810, pp. 35-42, Publ.Yr: 1987
The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is a natural feature
of the earth's environment. It performs several important
functions, including shielding the earth from damaging solar
ultraviolet radiation. Far from being static, ozone
concentrations rise and fall under the forces of
photochemical production, catalytic chemical destruction,
and fluid dynamical transport. Human activities are
projected to deplete substantially stratospheric ozone
through anthropogenic increases in the global concentrations
of key atmospheric chemicals. Human-induced perturbations
may be occurring already. (POL)
*******
Chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone layer
COHN JEFFREY P.
BIOSCIENCE, OCT 87, V37, N9, P647(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE The chemical stability which renders
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS) so useful in many applications
also threatens the stratospheric ozone layer. An increased
thinning of the Antarctic 0 3 profile, discovered in 1984,
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added fuel to the debate over CFC use and effects. Indirect
evidence for the CFC-O 3 link is mounting: computer
simulations project a 10% 0 3 loss by the middle of the next
century if CFC use continues to grow at 3% per year. The
incidence of skin cancers in the U.S. is rising and will
likely continue to increase. EPA is considering issuing new
regulations restricting CFC use, and the international
community is also taking action to ban consumption of such
compounds. (ENV)
*******
The Ozone layer
CHEMECOLOGY, OCT 87, VI 6, N8 , P2(3)
JOURNAL ARTICLE Stratospheric ozone forms a protective
layer that filters out most of the ultraviolet radiation
believed to be harmful to humans, plants and animals. Some
scientists contend that this protective layer is thinning,
and that up to 18% of the 0 3 will be destroyed by the next
century. Although there may not be conclusive evidence of
persistent changes in global 03, there is evidence of
reductions in O 3 above Antarctica. The most widely
supported theory underlying this reduction ^ blames
chlorof luorocarbons (CFC) for 0 3 depletion. Whereas carbon
dioxide, methane, and other atmospheric gases tend to enhance
O 3 formation, CFCs and nitrogen oxides destroy its. UNEP is
leading negotiations to freeze production of CFCs. However,
this move may not be economically feasible until suitable
substitutes for CFCs are found. (ENV)
Protecting Life on Earth: Steps to Save the Ozone Layer
Shea, Cynthia Pollock.
WorldWatch Paper 87, December 1988.
Provides a brief history of the ozone depletion issue,
discusses the effects of increased UV-B and emission
reduction policies. (HQL)
********
The Ozone layer
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) .
GEMS Environment Library No. 2 1987
Includes sections on the scientific background for ozone
depletion, effects of increased ultraviolet radiation on
society, and implications for policy. (HQL)
*******
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II. SCIENCE
A. OZONE/UVB LEVELS
Comparison of In situ Stratospheric Ozone Measurements Obtained
during the MAP/GLOBUS 1983 Campaign (Final rept.)
Aimedieu, P.; Matthews, W.A.; Attmannspacher, W.;
Hartmannsgruber, R.; Cisneros, J.
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Verrieres-le-
Buisson (France). Service d'Aeronomie.
Sponsor: Deutscher Wetterdienst, Hohenpeissenberg (Germany,
F.R.). Meteorologisches Observatorium.; National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO. Air Resources Lab.;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX.
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. c!987 24p
An instrumented gondola, carrying five types of in situ ozone
sensors, was flown twice as part of the MAP/GLOBUS 1983
campaign. It is shown that when the individual sondes are
carefully prepared and preflight calibrated, they produce
data that agree to within a 5% uncertainty throughout the
middle stratosphere. The individual measurement techniques
are described and the error budgets given as well as the
possible reasons for discrepancies in the ozone values at
higher and lower altitudes. The techniques used include two
electrochemical sondes, ultraviolet absorption photometry,
olefin chemiluminescense and indigo decolorization. (NTIS)
*******
Relation of Antarctic 100 mb temperature and total ozone to
equatorial QBO, equatorial SST, and sunspot number, 1958-87
ANGELL, J. K.
(NOAA, Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD)
Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 15,
Aug. 1988, p. 915-918. 14 Refs.
Year-to-year changes in Antarctic 100-mb temperature values
and total-ozone trends for the spring months of September,
October, and November (SON) of the 30 years between 1958 and
1987 were compared with each other and with year-to-year
changes in the SON values of SST (reflecting El Nino) and in
equatorial 50-mb temperature (reflecting the quasi-biennial
oscillation, QBI) in the same period. During these 30 years,
the levels of correlation between year-to-year changes in the
values of Antarctic 100-mb and total ozone and in the values
of Antarctic 100-mb and equatorial 500-mb temperature were
significant. There was also a significant correlation at the
5-percent level between year-to-year changes in the Antarctic
total ozone and the year-to-year changes in equatorial 50-mb
temperature and equatorial SST if the latter two quantities
were considered jointly (multiple correlation). Some
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evidence was found of an increase in springtime values of
Antarctic 100-mb temperature (and total ozone) with an
increase in the sunspot number when the equatorial QBO was
the east-wind, but not when in the west-wind, phase. (AER)
*******
The Endangered ozone layer: new theories on ozone depletion
BRASSEUR GUY
FREE UNIV OF BRUSSELS, BELGIUM,
ENVIRONMENT, JAN-FEB 87, V29, Nl, P6(13)
JOURNAL ARTICLE BECAUSE OF ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT AND THE THREAT OF GRADUAL DESTRUCTION, OZONE IS
BEING MONITORED CONTINUOUSLY IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE
WORLD. OBSERVATIONS OF O 3 DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE ARE
DISCUSSED, AND PERTURBATIONS OF THE O 3 LAYER BY CARBON
DIOXIDE, METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE, OR CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS ARE
EXPLAINED. SEVERAL ATTEMPTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO EXPLAIN THE
RAPID DECREASE IN THE SPRINGTIME O 3 COLUMN ABUNDANCE OVER
ANTARCTICA. NOAA RESEARCHERS SUGGEST THAT THE CHLORINE
RESERVOIRS AND THE NITROGEN OXIDES ARE DESTROYED INSIDE THE
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS OBSERVED OVER ANTRACTICA IN
WINTER. OTHERS BELIEVE THAT 0 3 COULD. HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY
INCREASED AMOUNTS OF NOX PRODUCED IN THE THERMOSPHERE DURING
THE EXCEPTIONAL MAXIMUM OF THE LAST SOLAR CYCLE AND INJECTED
INTO THE LOWER STRATOSPHERE. THE PLAUSIBILITY OF OTHER
EXPLANATIONS, INCLUDING DYNAMICAL THEORIES, IS CONSIDERED.
(ENV)
*******
Formation of the Antarctic Ozone Hole by the CIO Dimer Mechanism
Barrett, J.W.; Solomon, P.M.; Zafra, R.L.; Jaramillo, M. ;
Emmons, L. and Parrish, A.
Nature, Vol. 336, December 1, 1988. pp.455-458.
The formation of OCIO at night, provided strong evidence that
the evolution of the Antarctic ozone hole is chemically
driven by chlorine. The report shows that both the rate and
altitude range of ozone depletion can be quantitively
accounted for by a mechanism in which the CIO dimer is the
important intermediary in the catalytic destruction of ozone.
An alternative bromine mechanism appears capable of
contributing only 5-15% to the ozone loss rate. (HQL)
*******
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Stratospheric response to trace gas perturbations: Changes in
ozone and temperature distributions
Brasseur, G.; Hitchman, M.H.
Belgian Inst. Space Aeron., 1180 Brussels, Belgium
SCIENCE (WASH. VOL. 240, NO. 4852, pp. 634-637, Publ.Yr:
1988
An increase in CFCs caused ozone depletion in the model, with
the largest losses near the stratopause and, in the vertical
mean, at high latitudes. Increased CO sub(2) caused ozone
amounts to increase through cooling, with the largest
increases again near 45 kilometers and at high latitudes.
This CO sub(2)-induced poleward increase reduced the CFC-
induced poleward decrease. Poleward and downward ozone
transport played a major role in determing the latitudinal
variation in column ozone changes. (POL)
*******
Two-dimensional modelling of the Antarctic lower stratosphere
CHIPPERFIELD, M.P.; PYLE, J.A. (Cambridge University,
England)
Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 15,
Aug. 1988, p. 875-878. Research supported by the Department
of the Environment of England.
Publication Date: Aug. 1988.
A two-dimensional radiative-dynamical-chemical model was used
to study some aspects of Antarctic ozone depletion. While
many aspects of the preconditioning of the vortex are
reproduced by simply reducing the horizontal diffusion during
the Antarctic winter and early spring, significant problems
remain. The lack of knowledge of the meridional circulation
throughout the year represents a serious limitation. When a
springtime ozone depletion is imposed on the model in the
Antarctic, the effect of the depletion is confined mainly to
high southern latitudes. The consequent changes in radiative
transfer lead to lower temperatures in the lower polar
atmosphere during spring, with some smaller increases in
temperature above about 20mb. (AER)
*******
Total ozone by lunar Dobson observation at Syowa, Antarctica
CHUBACHI, SHIGERU (Meteorological Research Institute,
Tsukuba, Japan); KAJIWARA, RYOICHI (Aerological Observatory,
Tsukuba, Japan)
Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 15,
Aug. 1988, p. 905, 906.
Publication Date: Aug. 1988
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In this paper, the accuracy of total ozone measurements by
lunar Dobson observation at Syowa, Antarctica is discussed.
The changes in total ozone and vertical ozone profiles before
and after January 1982 are also described. (AER)
South Pole lidar: Brief description of the instrument
FIOCCO, G. ; FUA, D.
Rome Univ. (Italy) . Dipt, di Fisica.
Publication Date: Feb. 1988 17P.
Publication Note: Sponsored by NOAA and the CNR, Italy
The lidar system installed in the clean air facility at the
Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station is described. The lidar
utilizes a Nd YAG laser with 2nd harmonic generation, a 50 en
diameter telescope, and two-channel detection; the data are
sent via ATS-3 and the electronic mail network for further
analysis. It can measure vertical profiles of the volume
backscattering cross section of the atmosphere at wavelength
532 nm, in a height region extending from the boundary layer
to the upper stratosphere; from such data it is possible to
infer the molecular and aerosol concentration of air, and
derive quantities such as atmospheric temperature. The noise
background produced by the scattered solar radiation is
expected to change ' with the solar elevation angle and so the
signal to noise ratio should progressively improve with the
onset of the polar night. The information obtained is
expected to be relevant to studies of atmospheric radiation,
structure, and composition, in the context of climate
research, and may help in the understanding of the mechanisms
involved in the Antarctic ozone depletion process. In the
polar winter the lidar has distinct advantages when compared
to other remote sensing techniques. (AER)
*******
Non-seasonal changes in total column ozone from satellite
observations, 1970-86
HEATH, DONALD F. (NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Gcddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), vol. 332, March 17, 1988, p.
219-227. Publication Date: Mar. 1988 29 Refs.
Analyses of nonseasonal changes in total column ozone from
satellite observations during the period 1970-86 suggest,
when combined with analyses of Dobson network data, that the
largest reduction in global ozone since 1959 occurred between
1978 and 1986. The existence of an Arctic region of enhanced
ozone depletion with similar but less pronounced
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characteristics of the Antarctic region is described. Before
1983 large rates of decrease were confined to high latitudes,
subsequently regions of large rates of ozone depletion have
appeared at midlatitudes. (AER)
Evidence of Arctic Ozone Destruction
Kerr, Richard A.
Science, Vol. 240, May 27, 1988. pp. 1144-1145.
The same chlorine compounds that first pointed to the
destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons in the Antarctic
hole has now been found over the Arctic. (HQL)
*******
Stratospheric ozone is decreasing
KERR RICHARD A.
SCIENCE, MAR 25, 88, V239, N4847, P1489(3)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE AUTHORITATIVE OZONE TRENDS PANEL, THE
CREATION OF NASA, NOAA, FAA, UNEP, AND ' THE UN WORLD
METEOROLOGICAL ORG. , HAS ANNOUNCED THAT STRATOSPHERIC 0 3 HAS
INDEED DECREASED, AT SOME TIMES AND PLACES SEVERAL TIMES
FASTER THAN PREDICTED. THE DISCOVERY OF THE GLOBAL O 3
DECREASE COMES ON THE HEELS OF THE RECENT RECOGNITION THAT
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS CREATE THE ANTARCTIC 0 3 HOLE EVERY
OCTOBER THROUGH REACTIONS MEDIATED BY ICE PARTICLES FORMED AT
THE LOWEST TEMPERATURES OF THE STRATOPSHERE . THE PANEL'S
DISCOVERY OF UNEXPECTEDLY LARGE 0 3 DECREASES DURING WINTER
HINTS THAT SUCH ICE-MEDIATED CHEMISTRY MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE
GLOBAL DECREASE AS WELL. (ENV)
*******
Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment 1987: The Nimbus-7 Toms Data
Atlas
Krueger, A.J. ; Ardanuy, P.E.; Sechrist, F. S. ; Penn, L.M. ;
Larko, D.E.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD.
Goddard Space Flight Center.
Corp. Source Codes: 013129001; NC999967
Report No.: NAS 1.61:1201; REPT-88B0107 ; NASA-RP-1201
Mar 88 246p
Total ozone data taken by the Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping
Spectrometer (TOMS) played a central role in the successful
outcome of the 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment. The
near-real-time TOMS total ozone observations were supplied
within hours of real time to the 'operations center in Punta
Arenas, Chile, over a telecommunications network designed
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specifically for this purpose. The TOMS data preparation and
method of transfer over the telecommunications links are
reviewed. This atlas includes a complete set of the near-
real-time TOMS orbital overpass data over regions around the
Palmer Peninsula of Antarctica for the period of August 8
through September 29, 1987. Also provided are daily polar
orthographic projections of TOMS total ozone measurements
over the Southern Hemisphere from August through November
1987. In addition, a chronology of the salient points of the
experiment, along with some latitudinal cross sections and
time series at locations of interest of the TOMS total ozone
observations are presented. The TOMS total ozone
measurements are evaluated along the flight tracks of each of
the ER-2 and DC-8 missions during the experiment. The ozone
hole is shown here to develop in a monotonic progression
throughout late August and September. The minimum total
ozone amount was found on 5 October, when its all-time lowest
value of 109 DU is recorded. The hole remains well defined,
but fills gradually from mid-October through mid-November.
The hole's dissolution is observed here to begin in mid-
November, when it elongates and begins to rotate. By the end
of November, the south pole is no longer located within the
ozone hole. (NTIS)
*******
Antarctic ozone depletion caused by heterogeneous photolysis of
halogenated hydrocarbons
Krueger, Bernd C.; Wang, GuiQin; Fabian, Peter
Max-Planck-Inst fuer Aeronomie, Linday, West Ger
Source: Geophysical Research Letters v 14 n 5 May 1987 p
523-526 Publication Year: 1987
Corresponding to measurements made in the Arctic, assumptions
have been made on the atmospheric concentrations of reactive
halogenated hydrocarbons in Antarctica. These concentrations
have been used in a one-dimensional photochemical model
calculation carried out for Antarctic conditions. When the
photolysis rates of these compounds are increased, which is
likely to be expected due to an acceleration by heterogeneous
photolysis, total ozone columns are calculated well in
agreement with the recently observed low Antarctic ozone
values. (CPX)
*******
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Automated Ozone Photometer
LaVelle, J. R.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field,
CA. Ames Research Center.
Corp. Source Codes: 019045001; NC473657
Report No.: NAS 1.15:100064; A-88079; NASA-TM-100064
Feb 88 lip
A photometer capable of automatically measuring ozone
concentration data to very high resolution during scientific
research flights in the Earth's atmosphere was developed at
NASA Ames Research Center. This instrument was recently
deployed to study the ozone hole over Antarctica. Ozone is
detected by absorbing 253.7-nm radiation from an ultraviolet
lamp which shines through the sample of air and impinges on a
vacuum phototube. A lower output from the phototube
indicates more ozone present in the air sample. The
photometer employs a CMOS Z80 microprocessor with an STD bus
system for experiment control, data collection, and storage.
Data are collected and stored in nonvolatile memory for
experiments lasting up to 8 hr. Data are downloaded to a
portable ground-support computer and processed after the
aircraft lands'. An independent single-board computer in the
STD bus also calculates ozone concentration in real time with
less resolution than the CMOS Z80 system, and sends this
value to a cockpit meter to aid the pilot in navigation.
(NTIS)
Rocoz-a (Improved Rocket Launched Ozone Sensor) for Middle
Atmosphere Ozone Measurements
Lee, H.S. ; Parsons, C.L.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Wallops
Island, VA. Wallops Station.
Corp. Source Codes: 018684001; NE157849
C1987 8p
An improved interference filter based ultraviolet photometer
(ROCOZ-A) for measuring stratospheric ozone is discussed.
The payload is launched aboard a Super-Loki to a typical
apogee of 70 km. The instrument measures the solar
ultraviolet irradiance as it descends on a parachute. The
total cumulative ozone is then calculated based on the Beer-
Lambert law. The cumulative ozone precision measured in this
way is 2.0% to 2.5% over an altitude range of 20 and 55 km.
Results of the intercomparison with the SBUV overpass data
and ROCOZ-A data are also discussed. (NTIS)
*******
~ Q
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Antarctic measurements of ozone by SAGE II in the spring of 1985,
1986, and 1987
MCCORMICK, 'M.P. (NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton
VA) ; LARSEN, J.C. (ST Systems Corp., Hampton, VA)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Langley
Research Center, Hampton, Va.
Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 15,
Aug. 1988, p. 907-910.
Publication Date: Aug. 1988 7 Refs.
This paper presents a three-year (1985, 1986, and 1987)
comparison of ozone profiles within the southern polar vortex
for September and October, using data obtained by the
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II. It was found
that, by the first half of October 1986, daily minima in
total ozone showed a moderate recovery of 5-7 percent
relative to 1985, whereas in 1987, a significant drop of 15
percent from the 1985 minima was observed. The interannual
variability of total ozone, temperature, and temperature area
or vortex size were found to display a quasi-biennial
oscillation (QBO) signal similar to that established by
Garcia. and Solomon (1987) for Antarctica. Since the 1985 and
1987 years displayed the same QBO phase (westerly) and the
1987 depletion was greater than that of 1985, it is concluded
that the long-term secular ozone trend continues to be
downward. (AER)
The Morphology and meteorology of Southern Hemisphere spring
total ozone mini-holes
NEWMAN, PAUL A. (Applied Research Corp. , Landover, MD) ;
LAIT, LESLIE R. ; SCHOEBERL, MARK R. (NASA, Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD) Applied Research Corp.,
Landover, Md.
Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 15,
Aug. 1988, p. 923-926. NASA-supported research.
Publication Date: Aug. 1988 5 Refs.
Two case studies of miniholes, rapid ozone decreases, noted
in 1987 near the base of the Antarctic peninsula are studied
using a digital filter. The results show a strong
correlation of the total ozone minihole with a temperature
minihole (a negative temperature perturbation) , and a
westward tilt with altitude of the temperature minihole. The
ozone minihole is phase shifted both slightly to the east of
a high in the geopotential height field and slightly to the
west of a local low in the Ertel potential vorticity field.
(AER)
*******
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October Lower Stratospheric Antarctic Temperature and Total Ozone
from 1979-1985. Abstract Only
Newman, P. A. ; Schoeberl, M.R.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD.
Goddard Space Flight Center.
Corp. Source Codes: 013129001; NC999967
Dec 87 2p
During October, from 1979 to 1985, Southern Hemisphere daily
plots of TOMS total ozone and lower stratospheric temperature
are shown to be strongly correlated. The same result is
found for the monthly averages. Additionally, these data
reveal strong wave events during the ozone hole period.
October zonal means of TOMS total ozone and NMC temperature
are well correlated from year to year, and both are
decreasing. Finally, the mid-latitude temperature maximum is
found to be radically cooler in 1985 than in either 1979 (a
dynamically active year) or in 1980 (a dynamically quiescent
year) . (NTIS)
Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Ozone Measurements in Brazil
Sahai, Y. ; Kane, R.P.; Teixeira, N.R.
Institute de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos
(Brazil). Corp. Source Codes: 058511000; 10601891
Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, DC. Report No.: INPE-4236-PRE/llll
Jul 87 15p
Recent satellite and ground based observations of depletion
of atmospheric ozone in Antarctic region during spring
(October) have attracted world wide attention of scientists
due to possible global environmental implications.
Measurements of the total atmospheric ozone started at this
Institute at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7 deg S, 45.0 deg W) , SP,
using a Dobson spectrophotometer in 1974. In 1978, another
station was added at Natal (5.8 deg S, 35.2 deg W) , RN , in
collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Boulder, Co. Both the stations carry out
regular total ozone measurements and with Huancayo (12.0 deg
S, 65.3 deg W) , Peru, and Buenos Aires (34.5 deg S, 48.7 deg
W) , Argentina, form a chain of four stations in the South
America. A comparative study of the ozone measurements in
Brazil in relation to other South America and Antarctic
stations is presented. It is shown that the Antarctic ozone
depletion does not extend to the middle and low latitudes.
(NTIS)
*******
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Biologically effective ultraviolet radiation: surface
measurements in the United States, 1974 to 1985
Scotto J; Cotton G; Urbach F; Berger D; Fears T
Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
20892. Science (UNITED STATES) Feb 12 1988, 239
(4841 Pt 1) p762-4, ISSN 0036-8075
Recent reports of stratospheric ozone depletion have prompted
concerns about the levels of solar ultraviolet radiation that
reach the earth's surface. Since 1974 a network of ground-
level monitoring stations in the United States has tracked
measurements of biologically effective ultraviolet radiation
(UVB, 290 to 330 nanometers) . The fact that no increases of
UVB have been detected at ground levels from 1974 to 1985
suggests that meteorological, climatic, and environmental
factors in the troposphere may play a greater role in
attenuating UVB radiation than was previously suspected.
(MED)
Simultaneous measurement of UV radiation received by the
biosphere and total ozone amount
STAMNES, K. ; HENRIKSEN, K. ; OSTENSEN, P.
(Nordlysobservatoriet, Tromso, Norway)
Geophysical Research Letters -(ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 15,
Aug. 1988, p. 784-787. Research supported by the Norges
Almenvitenskapelige Forskningsrad .
Publication Date: Aug. 1988 11 Refs.
Contract No.: NSF DPP-86-18706
The results of ground-based spectral measurements with a
double monochromator of solar UV irradiance in the Arctic
were used to derive the atmospheric ozone content. The
double monochromator allowed separation of the diffuse and
direct components of the radiation, and the global (i.e.,
direct plus diffuse) irradiance. The column density of
atmospheric ozone derived by fitting calculated UV
irradiances to the measurements were shown to be in basic
agreement with the ozone amounts inferred by a nearby Dobson
spectrometer, demonstrating the feasibility of determining
simultaneously the atmospheric ozone abundances and the UV
radiation transmitted through the atmosphere. It is
suggested that a combination of UV measurements and
appropriate radiative transfer modeling be used to assess the
effects of other environmental parameters, such as clouds,
aerosols, and ground albedo, on the transimitted UV
irradiance. (AER)
*******
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TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) : The Antarctic Ozone Hole
and Ozone Trends. Abstract Only
Stolarski, R. S.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD.
Goddard Space Flight Center.
Corp. Source Codes: 013129001; NC999967
Dec 87 3p
The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument aboard
Nimbus 7 has proved invaluable for the investigation of the
recent rapid decline in the springtime total ozone over the
Antarctic. The principle problem discussed is that of
observing the atmosphere over long periods of time to
determine whether or not trends and/or slow oscillations are
taking place. Total ozone is an excellent summary parameter
for the state of the stratosphere. It responds to
temperature changes, and in the long term, is expected to
respond to chemical changes. Thus, when changes take place
in total ozone, such as the springtime Antarctic decrease it
is a clear indication of an important problem, both because
of environmental potential and scientific importance. TOMS
is actually an overkill for this problem. Significantly more
data is taken than is necessary. Tests have shown that maps
produced on a 2 by 4 degree grid are essentially equivalent
to those 'produced from the entire gridded data set. Because
the critical aspect of the search for changes in ozone is
continuous data, ref light of a polar orbiting TOMS is
important.. Included in the flight should be a stratospheric
temperature sensor and, if possible, a modification to obtain
some ozone altitude information. A critical aspect of the
problem is timeliness of the data. This is the only drawback
of the existing TOMS. It is expected that in the very near
future the processing will be done within two weeks of real
time. This is critical to the process of discovery of
phenomena such as the Antarctic ozone hole. (NTIS)
Review of the results of the Antarctic ozone expedition: hearing,
October 29, 1987.
United States. House. Com. on Science, Space, and Tech.
'88 iii+488p, bibls il tables diag charts
SERIES: 100th Cong., 1st sess.; (Pubn.) no. 77; SD
cat. no. Y 4.Sci 2:100/77;
Includes the 234-page report, "Regulatory impact analysis:
protection of stratospheric ozone," prepared by the
Stratospheric Protection Program, Environmental Protection
Agency. (PAIS)
*******
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Microwave limb sounder
Waters, J. W.
JPL, Pasadena, CA, USA
Conference Title: IGARSS '87. Remote Sensing: Understanding
the Earth as a System.
Conference Location: Ann Arbor, MI, USA Conference Date:
1987 May 18-21 Sponsor: IEEE Geoscience & Remote
Sensing Soc, New York, NY, USA; Int Union of Radio Science,
Commission F, Brussels, Belg
E.I. Conference No.: 10379
Source: Digest - International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 1987. Publ by IEEE, New York, NY.
Summary form only given, as follows. Observations of
microwave thermal emission from the atmospheric limb provide
measurements of many important stratospheric and mesospheric
species. Particularly valuable are the measurements of key
chemical radicals involved in depletion of stratospheric
ozone. A microwave limb sounder experiment is now under
development for the UARS upper atmospheric research
satellite. A similar experiment for the Earth Observing
System (EOS) will provide continuity of the UARS measurements
and also additional important measurements for which
technology was not available for UARS. (CPX)
*******
Present State of Knowledge of the Upper Atmosphere 1988: An
Assessment Report
Watson, R.T.; Prather, M.J.; Kurylo, M.J.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,
DC.
Corp. Source Codes: 011249000; NC452981
Report No.: NAS 1.61:1208; NASA-RP-1208
Jun 88 203p
This document was issued in response to the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977, Public Law 95-95, mandating that NASA and
other key agencies submit biennial reports to Congress and
EPA. NASA is to report on the state of our knowledge of the
upper atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere. This is the
sixth ozone assessment report submitted to Congress and the
concerned regulatory agencies. Part 1 contains an outline of
the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program and summaries of
the research efforts supported during the last two years. An
assessment is presented of the state of knowledge as of March
15, 1988 when the Ozone Trends Panel, organized by NASA and
co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization, NOAA,
FAA and the United Nations Environment Program released an
executive summary of its findings from a critical in-depth
study involving over 100 scientists from 12 countries.
Chapter summaries of the International Ozone Trends Panel
- 14 -
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Report form the major part of this report. Two other sections
are Model Predictions of Future Ozone Change and Chemical
Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric
Modeling. Each of these sections and the report in its
entirety were peer reviewed. (NTIS)
International Effort to Examine Arctic Ozone Loss Gets Under Way
Zurer, Pamela S.
Chemical and Engineering News, January 2, 1089. pp. 30-32.
U.S. and European scientists aboard NASA aircraft to look for
signs implicating CFC chlorine as Soviet scientists also
gather and share data. (HQL)
*******
Studies on Ozone Destruction Expand Beyond Antarctic
Zurer, Pamela S.
Chemical and Engineering News, May 30, 1988. pp. 16-25.
With proof that chlorine from CFC's destroys Antarctic ozone,
scientists now find signs of perturbed chlorine chemistry in
the Arctic. (HQL)
*******
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B. ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND CHEMISTRY
Ozone destruction and photochemical reactions at polar sunrise in
the lower Arctic atmosphere
BARRIE, LA; BOTTENHEIM, JW (Department of the Environment,
Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Canada);
SCHNELL, RC (Cooperative Institute for Research in
Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO); CRUTZEN, PJ (Max-
Planck-Institut fuer Chemie, Mainz, Federal Republic of
Germany; Chicago, University, IL) ; RASMUSSEN, RA (Oregon
Graduate Center, Beaverton)
Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), vol. 334, July 14, 1988, p. 138-141.
Publication Date: Jul. 1988 29 Refs.
Recent ground-level observations from the Canadian baseline
station at Alert (82.5 deg N, 62.3 deg W) and from aircraft
are studied which show that ozone destruction is occurring
under the Arctic surface radiation inversion during March and
April as the sun rises. The destruction might be linked to
catalytic reactions of BrO(x) radicals and the photochemistry
of bromoform, which appears to have a biological origin in
the Arctic Ocean. This may clarify previously unexplained
regular springtime occurrences of ozone depletion at ground
level in a 10-year data record at Barrow, Alaska, as well as
peaks in aerosol bromine observed throughout the Arctic in
March and April. (AER)
*******
Radiative heat transfer to chemically reacting flow between
concentric rotating spheres
BESTMAN, A.R.
International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste
(Italy). Publication Date: May 1987 21P.
Report No.: DE88-702538; IC-87/103
The flow between two hot concentric rotating spheres in the
presence of chemical reaction is used to model the depletion
of ozone by nitrogen and chlorine compounds in the middle
atmosphere. Even the most modest of calculations reveal that
a 6 percent depletion of ozone could very easily be achieved
as a result of everburning or extensive use of fertilizers
for agriculture. (AER)
*******
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Changes in stratospheric ozone: Observations and theories
BRASSEUR, GUY; SIMON, PAUL C.
Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique, Brussels.
Publication Date: 1988 41P.
Presentation Note: Presented at the Deutsche Gesellschaft
fuer Chemisches Apparatewesem, Chemische Technik und
Biotechnologie e.V Conference, Frankfurt, Fed. Republic of
Germany, Dec. 1987 and the Conf. on Air Pollution and its
Effects on the Environ., Padua, Italy
Report No.: AERONOMICA-ACTA-A-334-1988; ISSN-0065-3713 ;
ETN-88-93074
Observations used to derive a possible ozone trend over the
last decade, and model simulations of ozone changes are
reviewed. Theories to explain ozone depletion over
Antarctica especially during springtime are presented.
Recent observations show unambiguously that elevated amounts
of CIO are present over Antarctica in the lower stratosphere
during springtime. It is believed that the release of active
chlorine is activated by the presence of polar stratospheric
clouds. (AER)
*******
The Stability and photochemistry of dimers of the CIO radical and
implications for Antarctic ozone depletion
Cox, R.A.; Hayman, G.D.
Eng. Sci. Div., Harwell Lab., Didcot, Oxon 0X11 ORA, UK
NATURE VOL. 332, NO. 6167, pp. 796-800, Publ.Yr: 1988
Measurements of the ultraviolet spectrum of the Cl sub(2)O
sub(2) molecule formed at temperatures in the range 203-300 K
by recombination of CIO radicals are reported. The
equilibrium constant for the reaction has been determined and
the products of photolysis of Cl sub(2)O sub(2) at 254 nm
investigated. The main photodissociation pathway for Cl
sub(2)0 sub(2) probably produces Cl atoms and chlorine peroxy
radicals, as assumed in calculation of the ozone loss by the
CIO and Cl sub(2)0 sub(2) catalytic cycle in the Antarctic
stratosphere. (ENV)
*******
Comparative morphology of the vertical ozone profile in the
Antarctic spring
GARDINER, BRIAN G. (NERC, British Antarctic Survey,
Cambridge, England) Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN
0094-8276), vol. 15, Aug. 1988, p. 901-904. Research
supported by the Chemical Manufacturers Association and
- Department of the Environment of England.
Publication Date: Aug. 1988
- 17 -
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Soundings of the vertical distribution of Antarctic ozone are
used here to demonstrate significant features in the
development of the spring ozone depletion phenomenon. The
process is already underway in the last week of August and
has its maximum effect in the second week of October. The
active period of ozone destruction therefore appears to last
for some seven weeks. There is a minimum in ozone mixing
ratio as a function of pressure from the spring equinox
onwards. When the depletion is fully developed, the affected
region extends from 150 mbar to 20 mbar. Laminar structure
is frequently observed before, during, and after the period
of maximum depletion, implying that it is generally a
consequence of wind shear. Substantial depletion is still
present on November 23. (AER)
Kinetics of the BRO + CLO reaction and implications for
stratospheric ozone
HILLS ALAN J.; CICERONE RALPH J.; CALVERT JACK G.; BIRKS
JOHN W. UNIV OF COLORADO
NATURE, JUL 30, 87, V328, N6129, P405(4)
RESEARCH ARTICLE THE GAS -PHASE REACTION BETWEEN BROMIDE
AND CHLORINE MONOXIDE HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS A POTENTIALLY
FAST, SYNERGISTIC MECHANISM OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE
DESTRUCTION. IT HAS BEEN ADVANCED AS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR
TO ANTARCTIC SPRINGTIME 0 3 COLUMN LOSSES OF 40% DURING
1960-85. A MAJOR UNCERTAINTY IN UNDERLYING THEORIES HAS BEEN
THE RATE CONSTANT AND PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRO + CLO
REACTION AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE. THE FIRST DIRECT
MEASUREMENT OF THESE PARAMETERS IS REPORTED. THIS REACTION
COULD ACCOUNT FOR A LARGE FRACTION OF THE SPRINGTIME 0 3
DEPLETION OVER ANTARCTICA AND PROVIDE A SOURCE OF CHLORINE
DIOXIDE OF SUFFICIENT MAGNITUDE TO EXPLAIN THE RECENT
MEASUREMENTS OF THIS SPECIES IN THE ANTARCTIC STRATOSPHERE.
(ENV)
*******
Assessing the Risks of Trace Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 7. Technical Support Documentation
Atmospheric Science Papers
Hoffman, J.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Air and Radiation.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287620
Dec 87 214p
The document is one of a series that examines the human
health, environmental and atmospheric risks associated with a
decrease in stratospheric ozone. It includes 5 atmospheric
- 18 -
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science papers on atmospheric modeling. Photochemistry model
sensitivity to chlorine perturbations, ozone perturbations in
the LLNL one-dimensional model, Monte Carlo uncertainty
analysis of stratospheric ozone, ozone changes of the
troposphere and stratosphere, and ultraviolet solar flux
incident on the biosphere are discussed. (NTIS)
Response of a general circulation model to a prescribed Antarctic
ozone hole
KIEHL, J.T.; BOVILLE, BYRON A.; BRIEGLEB, BRUCE P. (National
Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO)
Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), vol. 332, April 7, 1988, p. 501-504.
Publication Date: Apr. 1988 15 Refs.
Model simulation of the 'ozone hole1 observed in Austral
springtime indicates that the ozone depletion leads to a
temperature decrease in the lower Antarctic stratosphere of
about 5 K in mid-October. The temporal evolution of the
thermal balance in the control shows that weak upward motion
occurs by mid-September and shows the temperature tendency is
dominated by the net radiative heating through late September
to November. When the ozone hole is imposed, downward motion
persists through September to mid-October arid the final
warming in November is postponed. (AER)
*******
Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 with H2O and HC1 on ice surfaces
-Implications for Antarctic ozone depletion
LEU, MING-TAUN (California Institute of Technology, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena)
Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena.
Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 15,
Aug. 1988, p. 851-854.
Publication Date: Aug. 1988 22 Refs.
This paper reports on the measurements of reaction
probabilities for heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with H20 and
HC1 on ice surfaces at 195 K, using a fast-flow reactor
coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The reaction
probability for N205 on pure-water ice was found to be 0.028
+ or - 0.011, with nitric acid in the solid phase as the sole
product. In the presence of HC1 in ice, the probability of
N205 reaction was enhanced (to 0.037); the reaction produced,
besides solid-phase nitric acid, C1NO2 and ClONO which were
released into the gas phase within a few milliseconds. The
latter two compounds can be readily photolyzed in the austral
spring to form active chlorine which would remove
stratospheric ozone. It is suggested that, since the polar
- 19 -
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stratospheric clouds are believed to contain HCl-ice mixture
on the surface, the reactions of N205 on H2O/HC1 particles is
a major factor in the Antarctic springtime ozone depletion.
(AER)
Ozone Depletion at the Poles: The Hole Story Emerges
Levi, Barbara G.
Physics Today, July 1988, p. 17-21.
Describes the mechanisms responsible for inducing ozone
depletion and the methods used to monitor it. (HQL)
Stratospheric sulphate production and the photochemistry of the
Antarctic circumploar vortex
OPPENHEIMER MICHAEL
ENV DEFENSE FUND, NY,
NATURE, AUG 20, 87, V328, N6132, P702(3)
RESEARCH ARTICLE UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR OF STRATOSPHERIC
AEROSOL COINCIDED WITH RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF ENHANCED OZONE
DEPLETION IN SPRINGTIME IN THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR VORTEX.
ENHANCED CONCENTRATIONS OF CONDENSATION NUCLEI (CN) WERE
OBSERVED ABOVE 20 KM. SOME PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELS PREDICT
ELEVATED HYDROXYL RADICAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE VORTEX. HIGH
HYDROXYL RADICAL CONCENTRATIONS PROVIDE A SUFFICIENT SOURCE
OF CN THROUGH REACTION WITH CARBONYL SULFIDE TO ACCOUNT FOR
THE OBSERVED INCREASE IN CN MASS. OTHER MECHANISMS FOR CN
ENHANCEMENT ARE INCONSISTENT WITH TIMESCALES OR THE VERTICAL
STRUCTURE INFERRED FROM AEROSOL OBSERVATIONS. THE CN
ENHANCEMENT OFFERS PARTIAL SUPPORT FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELS
OF O 3 DEPLETION IN THE VORTEX. (ENV)
*******
Polar stratospheric clouds and the Antarctic ozone hole
POOLE, LAMONT R. ; MCCORMICK, M. PATRICK (NASA, Langley
Research Center, Hampton, VA)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Langley
Research Center, Hampton, Va.
Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 93,
July 20, 1988, p. 8423-8430.
Publication Date: Jul. 1988 41 Refs.
A theoretical model for the formation and growth of polar
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) has been developed. Results for
the calculated temperature dependence of optical
backscattering are found to agree well with values obtained
during two Arctic airborne-lidar experiments. Results for
- 20 -
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PSC formation in Antarctica show that at the 70-mbar level,
about 80 percent of the HN03 and about 30 percent of the H20
vapor available may be sequestered in relatively large PSC
particles at a temperature near 189 K. (AER)
*******
Reactions on ice crystals
PYLE, JOHN (Cambridge University, England)
Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), vol. 334, July 28, 1988, p. 297.
Publication Date: Jul. 1988
The rapid loss of ozone above the South Pole has worsened
since its discovery in 1985. Strong Antarctic zonal winds
characteristically produce a cold air mass in the lower
stratosphere that is chemically isolated from lower
latitudes; the depletion of ozone by chlorine atoms occurs in
this vortex by a catalytic cycle, in which stratospheric
clouds' ice crystals are now thought to furnish the sites of
crucial heterogeneous reactions freeing chlorine. Attention
is also given to the results of measurements made in 1983 in
the Arctic stratosphere, which indicate the presence of
chemical conditions favorable to the depletion of ozone.
(AER)
*******
Influence of polar stratospheric clouds on the depletion of
Antarctic ozone
SALAWITCH, ROSS J.; WOFSY, STEVEN C.; MCELROY, MICHAEL B.
(Harvard University, Cambridge, MA)
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol. 15,
Aug. 1988, p. 871-874.
Publication Date: Aug. 1988 29 Refs.
Contract No.: NAGW-1230; NSF ATM-84-13153
Precipitation of nitrate in polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)
can provide a significant sink for Antarctic stratospheric
odd nitrogen. It is argued that the depth of the Ozone Hole
is sensitive to the occurrence of temperatures below about
196 K. An increase in the prevalence of temperatures below
196 K would enhance ozone loss by increasing the spatial
extent and persistence of PSCs, and by decreasing the level
of HN03 that remains following PSC evaporation.
Concentrations of halogen gases in the 1960s and earlier were
insufficient to support major ozone loss, even if thermal
conditions were favorable. (AER)
*******
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Overview of the polar ozone issue
SOLOMON, SUSAN (NOAA, Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO);
SCHOEBERL, M. R. (NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder,
Colo. Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), vol.
15, Aug. 1988, p. 845, 846.
Publication Date: Aug. 1988 15 Refs.
The causes of the Antarctic ozone depletion are discussed
together with the role of the polar stratospheric clouds
(PSCs, which are ic'e clouds that form towards spring over
Antarctica in the altitude range of 10-20 km) in the process
of ozone depletion. Evidence is presented suggesting that
heterogeneous chemical reactions occurring on the surfaces of
the PSCs could dramatically deplete the abundances of
reactive nitrogen compounds and enhance those of reactive
chlorine species which are responsible for ozone depletion.
It was also shown that the surface reactions are not limited
to ice clouds but can also take place on the liquid sulfuric
acid aerosols present at lower latitudes, indicating that
heterogeneous chemistry may take place to some extent on a
global scale. Finaly, observations of low-abundance N02 in
north polar regions suggests that heterogeneous removal of
reactive nitrogen may well be occurring in the Arctic, with
possible attendant applications for Arctic ozone. (AER)
*******
Reaction of chlorine nitrate with hydrogen chloride and water at
Antarctic stratospheric temperatures
Tolbert, M.A.; Rossi, M.J.; Malhotra, R.; Golden, D.M.
Dep. Chem. Kinet., Chem. Phys. Lab., SRI Int., Menlo Park, CA
94025, USA SCIENCE (WASH. VOL. 238, NO. 4831, pp.
1258-1264, Publ.Yr: 1987
Laboratory studies of heterogeneous reactions important for
ozone depletion over Antarctica are reported. The reaction
of chlorine nitrate (ClONO sub(2)) with H sub(2)O and
hydrogen chloride (HCl) on surfaces that simulate polar
stratospheric clouds (ice and nitric acid (HNO sub(3))-ice
and sulfuric acid) are studied at temperatures relevant to
the Antarctic stratosphere. The reaction of ClONO sub(2) on
ice and certain mixtures of HNO sub (3) and ice proceeded
readily. The sticking coefficient of ClONO sub(2) on ice of
0.009 plus or minus 0.002 was observed. A reaction produced
gas-phase hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and condensed-phase HNO
sub(3); HOCl underwent a secondary reaction on ice producing
dichlorine monoxide (Cl sub(2)0). In addition to the
reaction with H sub(2)O, ClONO sub(2) reacted with HCl on ice
- 22 -
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to form gas-phase chlorine (Cl sub(2)) and condensed-phase
HNO sub(3). Essentially all of the HC1 in the bulk of the
ice can react with C10NO sub(2) on the ice surface. (POL)
*******
Antarctic ozone hole: complex picture emerges
ZURER PAMELA S.
CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS, NOV 2, 87, V65, N44, P22(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE A RECENT NASA AIRCRAFT EXPEDITION OVER THE
ANTARCTIC PROVIDED INFORMATION THAT APPEARS TO CONFIRM THE
HYPOTHESIS THAT CHLORINE RADICALS DERIVED FROM
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS) ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER. HOWEVER, CL
PHOTOCHEMISTRY ALONE DOES NOT EXPLAIN THE ENTIRE PHENOMENON.
PRELIMINARY DATA SUGGEST THAT BOTH CHEMICAL AND
METEOROLOGICAL PROCESSES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PERTURBING
ANTARCTIC O3 . A KEY QUESTION IS WHETHER THE HETEROGENEOUS
REACTIONS THAT SEEM TO BE PLAYING AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE
CHEMICALLY PERTURBED REGIONS OF THE 0 3 HOLE COULD ACCOUNT
FOR THE LESS DRAMATIC LOSS OF 0 3 OBSERVED OVER MID-
LATITUDES. (ENV)
*******
- 23 -
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C. TRACE GAS EMISSIONS/ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS
The Potential impact on atmospheric ozone and temperature of
increasing trace gas concentrations
BRASSEUR, G.; DERUDDER, A.
Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique, Brussels.
Publication Date: 1987 100P.
Publication Note: Sponsored in cooperation with the Belgian
National Fund for Scientific Research and NSF
Report No.: NASA-CR-182965; NAS 1.26:182965; AERCNOMICA-
ACTA-A-322-1987; ISSN-0065-3713; ETN-88-92434
The response of the atmosphere to emissions of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chlorocarbons, and to
increasing concentrations of other radiatively active trace
gases such as C02, CH4, and N20 is calculated by a coupled
chemical-radiative transport one-dimensional model. It is
shown that significant reductions in the ozone concentration
and in the temperature are expected in the upper stratosphere
as a result of increasing concentrations of active chlorine
produced by photodecomposition of the CFCs. The ozone
content is expected to increase in the troposphere, as a
consequence of increasing concentrations of methane and
nitrogen oxides. Due to .enhanced greenhouse effects, the
Earth's surface should warm up by several degrees. The
amplitude and even the sign of future changes in the ozone
column are difficult to predict as they are strongly
scenario-dependent. An early detection system to prevent
noticeable ozone changes as a result of increasing
concentrations of source gases should thus be based on a
continuous monitoring of the ozone amount in the upper
stratosphere rather than on measurements of the ozone column
only. Measurements of NOx, Clx, and KOx are also required
for unambiguous trend detection and interpretation. (AER)
*******
Submillimeter measurement of stratospheric chlorine monoxide
CARLI, B.; MENCARAGLIA, F. (CNR, Istituto di Recerca sulle
Onde Elettromagnetiche, Florence, Italy); CARLOTTI, M.
(Bologna, Universita, Italy); DINELLI, B. M. (CNR, Istituto
di Spettroscopia Molecolare, Bologna, Italy); NOLT, I.
(NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA; Oregon,
University Eugene) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,
Florence (Italy).
Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 93,
June 20, 1988, p. 7063-7068.
Publication Date: Jun. 1988 18 Refs.
- 24 -
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The measurement of the CIO concentration in the stratosphere
provides crucial information on the mechanism for ozone
depletion by catalytic reactions involving chlorine. Two
rotational transitions of CIO, J = 35/2 -33/2 and J = 37/2-
35/2 have been identified in balloon-borne high-resolution
spectra of the stratospheric emission in the submillimeter
region. The measurements provide information on the CIO
concentration at altitudes around 28 km. In the case of
afternoon measurements obtained in April 1979, a scaling
factor of 0.85 (+0.67, -0.64) is observed, and in the case of
afternoon and early morning measurements obtained in October
1982, a scaling factor of 0.88 (+0.18, -0.08) is observed.
(AER)
*******
An Important uncertainty in coupled chlorine-carbon dioxide
studies of atmospheric ozone modification
ECKMAN R.S.; HAIGH J.D.; PYLE J.A.
UNIV OF CAMBRIDGE, UK,
NATURE, OCT 15, 87, V329, N6140, P616(5)
RESEARCH ARTICLE CALCULATIONS ARE PRESENTED USING A TWO-
DIMENSIONAL ATMOSPHERIC MODEL OF THE EFFECT ON STRATOSPHERIC
OZONE OF INCREASES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC ABUNDANCES OF CO 2 AND
VARIOUS CHLORINE-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS. SUCH CALCULATIONS
HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT PREVIOUSLY BUT CHANGES IN THE KINETIC
DATA USED IN THE MODEL HAVE LED TO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN
THE CALULATED OZONE MODIFICATION. THE LOWER STATOSPHERE NOW
PLAYS AN EVEN MORE CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE VERTICALLY INTEGRATED
OZONE DEPLETION. (ENV)
*******
Future emission scenarios for chemicals that may deplete
stratospheric ozone
Hammitt, James K.; Cainm, Frank; Connell, Peter S.; Mooz,
William E.; Wolf, Kathleen A.; Wuebbles, Donald J.; Bamezai,
Anil
RAND CORP, CA,
NATURE, DEC 24, 87, V330, N6150, P711(6)
JOURNAL ARTICLE LONG-TERM EMISSIONS OF SEVEN OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT ANTHROPOGENIC CHEMICALS THAT MAY DEPLETE OZONE ARE
PROJECTED. THE CORRESPONDING EFFECT ON STRATOSPHERIC O 3
CONCENTRATIONS IS COMPUTED WITH A ONE-DIMENSIONAL ATMOSPHERIC
MODEL. THE SCENARIOS ARE FOUNDED ON DETAILED ANALYSES OF
MARKETS FOR PRODUCTS THAT USE THESE HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS AND
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS AND SPAN A CENTRAL 90% PROBABILITY
INTERVAL FOR THE CHEMICALS' JOINT EFFECT ON CALCULATED O 3
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ABUNDANCE, ASSUMING NO ADDITIONAL REGULATIONS. THE EMISSION
LEVELS CONSIDERED SUGGEST THE CHLOROFLUOROCARBON-11 AND -12
WILL CONTINUE TO BE THE COMPOUNDS MOST LIKELY TO CONTRIBUTE
TO ANY FUTURE 0 3 DEPLETION. (ENV)
*******
Assessing the Risks of Trace Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 6. Technical Support Documentation
Production Projections
Hoffman, J.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Air and Radiation.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287620
Report No.: EPA/400/1-87/001F
Dec 87 349p
See also Volume 5, PB88-191879, and Volume 7, PB88-231039.
Also available in set of 8 reports PC E99, PB88-231048.
The document is one of a series that examines the human
health, environmental and atmospheric risks associated with a
decrease in stratospheric ozone. The volume includes reports
on: Probabilistic projections of chlorofluorocarbon
consumption; Scenarios of chlorofluorocarbon use: 1985-2075;
Product uses and market trends for potential ozone depleting
substance 1985-2000; and An analytic method for constructing
scenarios from a subjective joint possibility distribution.
(NTIS)
*******
Future Concentrations of Stratospheric Chlorine and Bromine
Hoffman, J.S., and Gibbs, M.J.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation,
August 1988.
This report presents a method for evaluating risks that
avoids the uncertainties currently involved in linking
atmospheric chlorine and bromine levels and projected ozone
depletion. Instead, it relates rates of emissions to
stratospheric levels of chlorine and bromine. The report
also examines the reductions in potential ozone depleters
needed in order to stabilize the atmosphere at current levels
of chlorine and bromine. The chlorine levels associated with
various changes in the coverage, timing, and stringency of
the Montreal Protocol are also projected. (HQL)
*******
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Extremely low N2O concentrations in the springtime stratosphere
at McMurdo Station, Antarctica
PAKRISH, A. (New York, State University, Stony Brook); DE
ZAFRA, R.L.; JARAMILLO, M. ; CONNOR, B. ; SOLOMON, P.M.
(Millitech Corp., South Deerfield, MA); et al.
State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook.
Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), vol. 332, March 3, 1988, p.
53-55. Research supported by the Chemical Manufacturers
Association, NSF, Navy, and NASA. Publication Date: Mar.
1988 21 Refs.
Measurements have been made of stratospheric N2O using the
Stony Brook millimeter-wave remote sensing spectrometer at
McMurdo Station, and N02 mixing ratios are found that are
less than 1.5 at 20 km and less than 1.10 at 25 km compared
to values measured during the Antarctic summer. The observed
mixing ratios are also much less than those predicted by
global-scale models of stratospheric chemistry and dynamics.
As the N02 signal remained very weak when McMurdo was at the
edges of the ozone hole and showed no signs of recovering
during October, it is concluded that the geographical and
temporal extent of the region of low N02 is comparable to or
greater than that of the ozone hole. These results argue
against theories that require springtime upwelling to explain
the Antarctic ozone hole. It is suggested that the air in
the Antarctic lower stratosphere during late winter and early
spring has been subjected to considerable downward transport.
(AER)
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III. RISK ASSESSMENT
A. HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate,
Volume 2: Stratospheric Ozone
Environmental Protection Agency and United Nations Environment
Program. October 1986.
This document is part of a four volume report that examines
the possible consequences of projected changes in
stratospheric ozone and global climate resulting from
emissions of chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane,
and other gases released by human activities. In June 1986,
the United Nations Environment Programme and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency sponsored an International
Conference on the Health and Environmental Effects of Ozone
Modification and Climate Change, which was attended by
scientists and officials, representing twenty-one countries
from all areas of the world. (HQL)
Assessing the . Risks of Trace Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 1. Executive Summary
Hoffman, J. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Air and Radiation.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287620
Report No.: EPA/400/1-87/001A
Dec 87 lOlp
The document is one of a series that examines the human
health, environmental and atmospheric risks associated with a
decrease in stratospheric ozone. It provides a synopsis of
current understanding of how atmospheric composition may
change and the effects the change is likely to have on ozone
abundance and its vertical distribution. It includes the
impacts of the changes in ozone on human health, polymers,
plants and aquatic systems. It also examines related changes
in climate and the potential impacts of climate change on sea
level rise, agriculture, human health, water resources and
forests. (NTIS)
*******
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Assessing the Risks of Trace Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 3: Chapters 6-18
Hoffman, J. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Air and Radiation.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287620
Report No.: EPA/400/1-87/001C
Dec 87 566p
The document examines the human health, environmental and
atmospheric risks associated with a decrease in stratospheric
ozone. (NTIS)
Ultraviolet Radiation and Melanoma: With a Special Focus on
Assessing the Risks of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Hoffman, J.S.; Longstreth, J.D.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office
of Air and Radiation.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287620
Report No.: EPA/400/1-87/001D
Dec 87 560p
The document is part of a series of documents that examines
the human health, environmental and atmospheric effects
associated with a decrease in stratospheric ozone. The
volume, in particular, addresses the effects to human health
and the relationship between ultraviolet radiation and
melanoma. (NTIS)
*******
Human Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation. Risks and Regulations
Int Congr Ser; 744:1-580 1987
Proceedings of the seminar, Human Exposure to Ultraviolet
Radiation, Risks and Regulations, held in Amsterdam, March
23-25, 1987, are presented. The effects of ultraviolet
radiation on human health were discussed; in particular,
risks associated with the actual exposures were examined,
protection against exposure was studied, and the regulations
proposed or in existence in different countries were
discussed. About 75 contributions, presented at the seminar,
are included in these proceedings. The plenary discussions
were also recorded and are summarized here. The papers
covered the following topics: man and ultraviolet radiation;
biological effects fundamentals, skin, eyes, and risks;
human exposure levels; principles and techniques of
protection; and policies and regulations. General
discussions have been combined and are reported at the end of
these proceedings. A number of recent developments and
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concerns generated a need for this conference. The possible
depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer with its
accompanying increase in levels of ambient UV radiation
raised the question of the impact of UV radiation on the
environment and on public health. Furthermore, in
industrialized countries, people spend more and more time
outdoors in sunny locations and ski resorts and a non-
negligible part of the population uses sunbeds and similar
appliances to get a tanned skin. The increased UV exposure
related to this trend may result in more skin carcinomas, and
some people worry that the rising incidence of malignant
melanoma is due to more UV radiation received by the skin.
(MED)
Impact of ozone depletion on skin cancers
Kripke ML
Department of Immunology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston 77030.
J Dermatol Surg Oncol Aug 1988, 14 (8) p853-7, ISSN
0148-0812 Journal Code: HZA
Because of recent growth in the uses and production of
certain chlorofluorocarbon compounds, the ozone layer is at
risk of diminishing. The major effect of a decrease in ozone
will be an increase in the amount of UV-B radiation in
sunlight. Even a small increase in UV-B radiation will
almost certainly affect human health. The most obvious
effect of increased UV-B radiation will be an increase in the
incidence of basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Other
possible effects include a contribution to the development of
cutaneous melanoma, ocular changes leading to the formation
of cataracts, and immunologic perturbations. (MED)
*******
Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma and Ultraviolet Radiation: A Review
Longstreth, J
Cancer Metastasis Rev; 7(4):321-33 1988
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) rates have been increasing
in the United States at an average rate of about 4% per year.
In 1987, it was estimated that there would be 25,800 cases
and 5,800 deaths from CMM in the United States. The exact
cause of the increase in unknown, but there is evidence to
suggest that increasing exposure to the ultraviolet B (UVB)
radiation present in sunlight may be partly responsible. The
evidence includes: 1. the fact that higher CMM incidence
rates are observed in people with lesser amounts of skin
pigment (which blocks penetration of UV); 2. a correlation of
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higher CMM rates with decreasing latitude and increasing UVB
levels; 3. the observation that freckles and nevi (precursors
to CMM) are induced by solar exposure; 4. differences in CMM
rates between natives and immigrants to sunny climates; 5.
high rates of CMM in patients who cannot repair UVB-induced
DNA damage; and 6. the indication that sun exposure at early
ages and of an intermittent nature results in higher CMM
risks. With the concern that depletion of stratospheric
ozone could result in increasing levels of UVB, it has become
important to understand the relationship between UVB and CMM
in order to estimate the increases in CMM that would be
expected with ozone depletion. When empirical relationships
between UVB and CMM incidence and mortality rates were
derived and used to estimate the impact of stratospheric
ozone depletion, a 1% depletion of ozone was predicted to
result in increases of l%-2% in CMM incidence and 0.8%-1.5%
in CMM mortality. (CAN)
*******
The EPA Assessment
SEIDEL STEPHEN R.
EPA, DC
ASHRAE J, NOV 87, V29, Nil, P32(2)
JOURNAL ARTICLE EPA RECENTLY COMPLETED A COMPREHENSIVE
ASSESSMENT OF THE HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS FROM
OZONE DEPLETION. CONTINUED WORLDWIDE USE OF
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS) IS CONCLUDED TO LEAD TO FUTURE
DEPLETION OF THE O 3 LAYER. RECENT DISCOVERY OF THE
ANTARCTIC 0 3 HOLE, AND EVIDENCE THAT CHLORINE CHEMISTRY MAY
BE RESPONSIBLE, ARE REASONS FOR GREATER URGENCY AND CONCERN.
AN ADDITIONAL 141 MILLION CANCER CASES AND 2.9 MILLION DEATHS
WOULD RESULT AFFECTING THE POPULATION TODAY AND BORN BEFORE
2075 IF CURRENT GLOBAL USE OF CFCS CONTINUES. ADDITIONAL
RESEARCH AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ARE REQUIRED TO
ACCELERATE THE TRANSITION AWAY FROM CFCS AND HALONS. (ENV)
*******
The Ozone depletion problem - Montreal protocol is a major
triumph for UNEP
Usher, P.
UNEP
SENTINEL VOL. 5, NO. 1, pp. 5-6, Publ.Yr: 1988
The issue of ozone depletion and its effects can be simply
stated. The low concentration of ozone gas found in the
stratosphere filters out much of the ultraviolet radiation
from the sun which is known to be harmful to biological
systems. UV causes cancers in man, induces cataracts, skin
diseases and damages the body's immune system. Animals,
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terrestrial and aquatic organisms and plants would also be
susceptible to UV damage if ozone should deplete. Pollution
problems such as acid rain would exacerbate and plastics and
other materials degrade when subjected to increased UV.
(POL)
*******
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B. TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ORGANISMS
In Antarctica, New Threats to the Fragile Web of Life
Brody, Jane.
New York Times, February 14, 1989.
Due to drastic depletion of the protective ozone layer in the
atmosphere and rising pollution of a once pristine habitat,
scientists are stepping up their studies of vulnerable
creatures that are the foundation of the antarctic food
chain. (HQL)
*******
Fragile Life Under the Ozone Hole
El-Sayed Z.
Natural History, October, 1988. pp. 72-80.
Increased ultraviolet radiation may be weakening the primary
link in the antarctic food chain. (HQL)
*******
Ultraviolet radiation levels during the Antarctic spring
FREDERICK, JOHN E.; SNELL, HILARY E. (Chicago, University,
IL) Chicago Univ., 111.
Science (ISSN 0036-8075), vol. 241, July 22, 1988, p.
438-440. Publication Date: Jul. 1988 10 Refs.
Contract No.: NAGW-873
The decrease in atmospheric ozone over Antarctica during
spring implies enhanced levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation
received at the earth's surface. Model calculations show
that UV irradiances encountered during the occurrence of an
Antarctic 'ozone hole1 remain less than those typical of a
summer solstice at low to middle latitudes. However, the low
ozone amounts observed in October 1987 imply biologically
effective irradiances for McMurdo Station, Antarctica, that
are comparable to or greater than those for the same location
at December solstice. Life indigenous to Antarctica thereby
experiences a greatly extended period of summerlike UV
radiation levels. (AER)
*******
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As Ozone Is Depleted, Much of Life Could Go With It
Shabecoff, Philip
New York Times, April 17, 1988.
Destruction of the atmosphere's protective layer will.leave
the earth and all the life upon it increasingly exposed to
damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun which could lead
to substantial changes in ecosystems. (HQL)
*******
Assessing the Risks of Trace Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 8. Technical Support Documentation Ozone
Depletion and Plants
Teramura, A.H.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Air and Radiation.
Report No.: EPA/400/1-87/001H
Dec 87 138p
The document is one of a series that examines the human
health, environmental and atmospheric risks associated with a
decrease in stratospheric ozone. It focuses on issues and
uncertainties in assessing the effects of UV-B radiation on
plants as well as risks to crop yield resulting from an
increase in solar UV-B radiation. Recommendations are made
for improving field experimental design and management.
(NTIS)
*******
Assessing the Risks of Trace Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 5. Appendix B
Tirpak, D. A.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Air and Radiation.
Report No.: EPA/400/1-87/001E
Dec 87 159p
The report is a summary integration, and interpretation of
the current scientific understanding of the effects of
potential global climate change in the areas of forest and
vegetation, agriculture, water resources, and human health.
The appendix is a multi-authored review of the scientific
literature on the effects of global climate change. Direct
effects of CO2 are generally not included because they have
been recently reviewed elsewhere. The document was designed
to provide supplementary information for use by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as it assesses the
impact of chemicals on the stratospheric ozone layer.
(NTIS)
*******
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Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and
Plant Life
Worrest, Robert C., and Caldwell, Martyn M. (eds)
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelburg 1986.
Proceedings of the NATO Advance Research Workshop on The
Impact of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Upon Terrestrial
Ecosystems: 1. Agricultural Crops held at Bad Windsheim,
Germany, September 27-30, 1983. (HQL)
*******
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IV. PUBLIC POLICY
A. INTERNATIONAL
The UNEP Agreement
COX J. E.
ASHRAE J, NOV 87, V29, Nil, P31(l)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT
DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER, SIGNED BY EEC AND 24 NATIONS IN
SEPTEMBER 1987, ESTABLISHES FUTURE RESTRICTIONS ON THE
AVAILABILITY OF FULLY HALOGENATED CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs).
ON JULY 1, 1989, A FREEZE AT 1986 PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
LEVELS OF FIVE CFCS WILL TAKE EFFECT; A SIMILAR FREEZE AT
1986 LEVELS ON THREE OTHER CFCS WILL TAKE EFFECT IN JULY
1992. IN THE YEAR FOLLOWING JULY 1, 1988, EACH NATION WILL
REDUCE ITS CALCULATED LEVEL OF CFC CONSUMPTION TO 50% OF 1986
LEVELS. ABOUT FOUR YEARS AFTER THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE
AGREEMENT, IMPORTS OF PRODUCTS CONTAINING THE IDENTIFIED CFCS
FROM NONSIGNATORY NATIONS WOULD BE BANNED. (ENV)
*******
Politics of the ozone layer: the recent international agreement
on ozone depletion narks a new level of cooperation, but tougher
standards are needed
Doniger, David D.
Issues in Science and Tech 4:86-92 Spring '88, bibl
Accord signed by 24 nations in Montreal, Sept. 1987. Argues
that the nations of the world must move beyond the accord to
policies that will stop ozone depletion, not just slow its
acceleration. (PAIS)
*******
Does the Montreal Protocol go far enough?
Environmental Forum 5:14-16 Jl/Ag '88
Four perspectives on the international accord of Sept. 1987,
that proposes to reduce chlorofluorocarbon production 50
percent by 1998. (PAIS)
*******
The Canadian control program to protect the ozone layer
Leah, T.D.
Environ. Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K1A OH3, Canada
81. APCA Annual Meeting & Exhibition Dallas, TX (USA)
19-24 Jun 1988 81. APCA ANNUAL MEETING & EXHIBITION p.
145, Publ.Yr: 1988
- 37 -
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The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer sets out a detailed set of regulatory control
obligations that must be met by Parties. Environment Canada
is considering a full range of control options for meeting
these obligations. The domestic regulatory control program
will be in two phases. Plan I will put in place a regulation
that ensures that Canada meets the specific regulatory
requirements for the Protocol. The author describes each
option in the context of application, responsibilities
imposed upon government and industry, advantages and
disadvantages. A control options report which will offer for
comment the Government of Canada views on Phase II control
measures will be circulated later this year. Some of the
measures under consideration are discussed. (POL)
Can we close the ozone hole? thirty-one nations could soon agree
to limit the use of chemicals that are destroying stratospheric
ozone
Rowland, F. Sherwood.
Tech R 90:51-8 Ag/S '87, il diag
Contents: Ozone's effect on radiation; Raising the earth's
temperature; The Antarctic ozone hole; International
regulation moves ahead. (PAIS)
*******
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
United Nations Environment Programme. September 1987
The Montreal Protocol is a landmark environmental agreement
to protect the ozone layer. Based on 1986 consumption
levels, the treaty mandates a 50% cut in CFC levels in 1998
and a freeze in halon in 1992. (HQL)
*******
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B. DOMESTIC
Environmental Momentum Picks Up Again
Conservation Foundation Letter, Nov-Dec 86 (8)
NEWSLETTER ARTICLE AS THE 100TH CONGRESS CONVENES, THE
OUTLOOK FOR STRENGTHENING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STATUTES
APPEARS MORE FAVORABLE THAN ITS HAS BEEN FOR SOME YEARS.
CHIEF INDICATIONS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL RESURGENCE ARE THE
CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION RESULTS OF NOVEMBER 1986, AND A HIGH
DEGREE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN REVEALED IN ELECTION RESULTS,
INITIATIVES, AND POLLS. PROBLEMS AWAITING CONSIDERATION
INCLUDE TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS, MOBILE SOURCE POLLUTION,
OZONE DEPLETION, AND ACID RAIN. THEY COULD BE DEALT WITH
SEPARATELY OR IN A MORE COMPREHENSIVE SET OF AMENDMENTS TO
THE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1977. A REFURBISHED FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1977 WAS VETOED BY PRESIDENT REAGAN;
THIS LEGISLATION WOULD FOR THE FIRST TIME HAVE ATTACKED THE
NONPOINT SOURCE PROBLEM. MAJOR AMENDMENTS TO THE SUPERFUND
LAW STRENGTHEN THE HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP PROGRAM AT EPA.
(ENV)
Regulatory Impact Analysis
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and
Radiation, Office of Program Development, Stratospheric
Protection Program, August 1988.
The Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) document reflects
comments received on the proposed regulation, "Protection of
Stratospheric Ozone," Proposed Rule, 40 CFR Part 82, December
14, 1987, and on the draft RIA, and is the final RIA
accompanying the Final Rule, which was complete on August 1,
1989. The document is contained in three volumes. Volume 1
contains the RIA document itself. Volume 2 contains
appendices to the RIA document and volume 3, in ten parts,
contains addenda to the RIA which examine specific CFC and/or
halon use sectors. (HQL)
*******
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Final Rule; 40 CFR 82
Environmental Protection Agency.
Federal Register, 40 CFR Part 82, Part 3, Vol. 53, No. 156,
August 12, 1988.
Domestic regulations implementing the mandates of the
Montreal Protocol. (HQL)
*******
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Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Advance Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking
Environmental Protection Agency.
Federal Register, 40 CFR Part 82, Part 4, Vol. 53, No. 156,
August 12, 1988.
Outlines possible future regulatory action, including
recycling and labelling. (HQL)
*******
Impact on Ozone Attainment of CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) Controls
Used to Prevent Future Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone
Harmon, D.L.; Smith, N.D.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/074
The paper discusses the impact on ozone attainment of
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) controls used to prevent future
depletion of stratospheric ozone. It has been decided that
allocated quotas offer the most attractive approach to
limiting the use of CFCs and brominated compounds (halons).
This approach should provide for economically efficient
reductions. It involves a minimum of administrative costs,
is the most easily enforced option, and does not raise any
potential legal issues that might result from other options.
Control options that might be used by industry to achieve the
necessary CFC reductions are evaluated in the Regulatory
Impact Analysis (RIA). The most likely long-term control
option which may be adopted by most application areas is a
chemical substitute. With this option, it may be possible to
eliminate 90% or more of the ozone-depleting CFC emissions.
A variety of control options hold promise for short-term
applicability. Some of the engineering controls may still be
applied even after new chemical substitutes (e.g., HFC-134a
and HCFC-123) are in use, since the higher cost of these
substitutes may justify recovery. EPA is also considering
the development of specific regulations limiting CFC and
halon use for particular industries to supplement allocated
quotas. (NTIS)
*******
- 40 -
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Overview of Controls for Chlorofluorocarbons
Harmon, D.L. ; Rhodes, W.J.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680076
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/100
May 88 14p
The paper gives an overview of controls for Chlorofluoro-
carbons (CFCs). Responding to concerns regarding the
potential for stratospheric ozone depletion, the U.S. has
joined other nations in pursuing an international agreement
to limit the emissions of fully halogenated CFCs and certain
halons. To implement the Montreal Protocol in the U.S., the
EPA has proposed a national regulation to limit the
production of these substances by the allocation of
production quotas to firms engaged in this activity in 1986.
Many ways exist to achieve the needed reductions. The paper
discusses the various control options with some advantages
and disadvantages, for the major industries that use CFCs and
halons. (NTIS)
*******
Ozone layer depletions: hearing, March 9, 1987
United States. House. Com. on Energy and Commer. Subcom. on
Health and the Environment.
87 iv+656p, il tables diag charts
SERIES: 100th Cong., 1st sess.; Serial no. 100-7; SD
cat. no. Y 4.En 2/3:100-7;
Suspected role of Chlorofluorocarbons in atmospheric ozone
depletion; potential impact on human and animal health,
agriculture and plant life; implications for an international
and U.S. environmental policy. (PAIS)
*******
Stratospheric ozone depletion: hearings, March 10 and 12, 1987
United States. House. Com. on Science, Space, and Tech.
Subcom. on Natural Resources, Agric. Research, and
Environment.
88 iii+317p, il tables charts
SERIES: 100th Cong., 1st sess.; (Pubn.) no. 53; SD
cat. no. Y 4.Sci 2:100/53;
Issues surrounding international control of
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) production. (PAIS)
*******
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Global environmental change research: hearing, July 16, 1987,
before the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space and the
National Ocean Policy Study, on global climate change due to
manmade changes in the earth's atmosphere
United States. Senate. Com. on Commer., Science, and
Transportation. '87 iii+152p, charts maps
SERIES: 100th Cong., 1st sess.; S. hearing 100-301; SD
cat. no. Y 4.C 73/7:S.hrg.100-301;
Some emphasis on ozone depletion. (PAIS)
*******
Stratospheric ozone depletion and chlorofluorocarbons: joint
hearings, May 12-14, 1987, on the effect of chlorofluorocarbons
on stratospheric ozone, health effects of ozone depletion, and
substitutes for ozone depleting chemicals, before the
Subcommittees on Environmental Protection and Hazardous Wastes
and Toxic Substances
United States. Senate. Com. on Environment and Public Works.
'87 v+677p, tables charts
SERIES: 100th Cong., 1st sess.; S. hearing 100-201; SD
cat. no. Y 4.P 86/10:5.hrg.100-201;
Health threats to the global population; finding suitable
substitutes for the chemical pollutants; evaluating U.S.
government efforts at control while promoting coordinating
action on a global scale. (PAIS)
*******
Stratospheric ozone depletion: joint hearing, March 30, 1988,
before the Subcommittees on Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances
and Environmental Protection
United States. Senate. Com. on Environment and Public Works.
88 iii+146p, tables charts
SERIES: 100th Cong., 2d sess.; S. hearing 100-628; SD
cat. no. Y 4.P 96/10:3.hrg. 100-628;
Explores the recent findings by NASA; efforts to reduce the
production of chlorofluorocarbons; development of refrigerant
substitutes; and the health effects of the reduction of
stratospheric ozone. (PAIS)
*******
- 42 -
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Ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and climate change:
hearings, June 10 and 11, 1986
United States. Senate. Com. on Environment and Public
Works. Subcom. on Environmental Pollution.
86 iii+326p, bibl tables diags charts maps
SERIES: 99th Cong., 2d sess.; S. hearing 99-723; SD
cat. no. Y 4.P 96/10-S.hrg.99-723;
Implications for U.S. domestic and international policy
responses. The likely timing and magnitude of predicted
climate changes and the risks they pose. (PAIS)
*******
- 43 -
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- 44 -
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CHEMICAL USE SECTORS: SUBSTITUTES AND ALTERNATIVES
Findings of the Chlorofluorocarbon Substitutes International
Committee .
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory.
U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency, April 1988.
This report presents the results of the International
Committee's findings in investigating substitutions of
suspect CFCs with more environmentally benign chemicals.
Discussed are such matters as the necessary steps remaining
to commercialize leading candidate substitutes,
identification of several secondary candidates, and
additional research needed to resolve uncertainties. (HQL)
AT&T Finds CFC Substitute
NOT MAN APART-FOE, JAN-FEB 88, V18 , Nl, PI (2)
JOURNAL ARTICLE CHLOROFLUOROCARBON- 113 (CFC-113) IS ONE
OF THE MOST WIDELY USED CFCS AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER. A NATURAL
SOLVENT IN ORANGES THAT WILL ELIMINATE THE NEED TO USE THIS
CHEMICAL IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT MANUFACTURING PROCESSES HAS
BEEN DEVELOPED BY AT&T AND PETROFERM INC.., FL. BIOACT EC-7
WAS ADAPTED BY AT&T RESEARCHERS FROM A CHEMICAL DEVELOPED BY
PETROFERM FOR USE AS A FLAVORING AND PERFUME AGENT INTO A
SOLVENT FOR USE IN CLEANING SOLDER FLUXES ON ELECTRONIC
CIRCUIT BOARDS. EPA TOUTS THE CFC-113 SUBSTITUTE AS AN
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT THAT ALLOWS MANUFACTURERS TO CLEAN
SURFACE MOUNTED ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS WITH A CHEMICAL THAT
DOES NOT DEPLETE STRATOSPHERIC 03. (ENV)
Implication of CFCs on Environaental Quality and Opportunities
for Engineering Solutions
Anderson, S.O.; Lupinacci, J.M.
Intern! Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 11, No. 4, July 1988.
Refrigeration and air conditioning accounts for over 35% of
all CFC end uses in the USA. Refrigeration engineers have
quickly and responsibly moved forward in their efforts to
protect the ozone layer. This paper describes the proposed
international and domestic regulation, the engineering and
commercializiation accomplishments to date, and outlines the
tasks still before us. (HQL)
*******
- 45 -
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Halons, Stratospheric Ozone and the U.S. Air Force
Andersen, S.O., M.J. Ryan, J.L. Walker, R.E. Tapscott, and
E.T. Morehouse.
The Military Engineer, No. 523, August 1988, p. 485-492.
Chemicals which have been used successfully to protect life
and property and considered relatively safe - the halon
firefighting agents - may now deplete ozone and pose very
serious dangers to life on earth. This article explains the
significance of the problem, the global response and
international efforts to mitigate the impacts, the co-
operation taking place between a wide variety of U.S.
organizations, and what innovation steps the Air Force is
taking to protect the environment. (HQL)
Motor Vehicles as Sources of Compounds Important to Tropospheric
and Stratospheric Ozone
Black, F.M.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Atmospheric Sciences Research Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680077
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/067
Apr 88 30p
One of the most rapidly growing human activities in the U.S.
of importance to atmospheric ozone is the use of highway
motor vehicles. Transportation sources are estimated to have
been responsible for about 34% of 1985 U.S. anthropogenic
hydrocarbon emissions, 70% of carbon monoxide emissions, 45%
of nitrogen oxide emissions, 24% of nonaerosol
chlorofluorocarbon emissions, and 14% of carbon dioxide
emissions. Data is presented describing possible
uninventoried transportation hydrocarbon emissions that could
increase their estimated contribution to 45 -50% of the
anthropogenic total. Data is also presented suggesting motor
vehicles to be relatively insignificant sources of
anthropogenic nitrous oxide, but noting that these emissions
are increased by the control technologies used to reduce
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides emissions.
The sensitivity of motor vehicle emission rates and
compositions to such operating variables as ambient
temperature, altitude, and average speed is discussed.
(NTIS)
*******
- 46 -
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Impact of CFG (Chlorofluorocarbon) Restrictions of US Building
Foundation Thermal Performance
Christian, J.
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Report No.: ORNL/CON-245
Dec 87 72p
A significant increase in the use of foundation insulation
had been expected as a result of the near completion of
ASHRAE 90.2P, New Building Energy Efficiency Standard, and
the publication of several Department of Energy foundation
design tools. Potential restrictions on the future
availability and/or price of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-12 will
have a potentially substantial impact on the goal of
improving the efficiency of building foundations. One of the
better ways to insulate foundations is on the exterior in
contact with the earth, and one of the better insulating
products for this application is extruded polystyrene (XEPS).
According to some personnel in the Environmental Protection
Agency, it is likely that because XEPS is currently blown
with CFC-12 and since CFCs could be a major contributor to
anticipated future ozone depletion, some restrictions are
imminent. The work statement for this analysis called for an
initial impact analysis on energy conservation goals and a
foundation research plan to mitigate the impacts of
restricting the use of CFCs in foundation insulation systems.
This report addresses quantitatively the energy-saving
impacts at the state level of CFC restrictions on foundation
insulation and concludes that the total impact could be
anywhere from near zero to 0.8 quad in the year 2010, with
the most likely impact being about 0.13 quad/year. The risk
of high impacts can be reduced by an accelerated research
effort focused on developing and demonstrating insulated
foundation systems that have overall performance equivalent
or superior to that of exterior XEPS insulated basement
walls, crawl space walls and slab-on-grade systems. (NTIS)
*******
CFC Footprint
Denny, R. J.
Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration Inst, Arlington, VA, USA
Source: ASHRAE Journal v 29 n 11 Nov 1987 p 24-28
Publication Year: 1987
Until now there probably was no such term as a CFC footprint,
so for convenience, one has been invented to describe a
graphical plot of some properties of a CFC. In order, let's
(1) define a few common terms such as 'halogens' associated
with CFCs; (2) show the different molecular structures of
CFC-12 and CFC-22 and why they are important to the ozone
depletion theory; (3) discuss the 'family' of CFCs; (4) show
some of the variables that must be considered in designing a
- 47 -
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liquid chiller system for keeping storage warehouses cold;
(5) point out why CFC-22 is part of the solution and not a
part of the problem; (6) state the air conditioning
industry's position on CFC regulations; and (7) name a
refrigerant you can inhale and one you can swallow. (CPX)
*******
Halon 1301 Discharge Testing: A Technical Analysis
DiNenno, Philip J., and Budnick, Edward, K.
Prepared by National Fire Protection Research Foundation for
the Environmental Protection Agency, October 1988.
This report summarizes the results of a literature review and
analysis on the technical issues and alternatives to Halon
1301 total flooding system discharge tests. (HQL)
*******
CFCs and Stratospheric Ozone - Fact Sheet
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Public Affairs.
December 1987.
Stratospheric ozone acts as a shield against harmful solar
ultraviolet radiation. Reductions in the total abundance of
stratospheric ozone could pose human health risks and reduce
crop yields and alter terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. A
consensus has emerged worldwide that chlorine from synthetic
chemicals called chlorofluorcarbons will decrease ozone in
the stratosphere. To protect the ozone layer,, an
international treaty was negotiated in Montreal, Canada, in
September 1987. (HQL)
*******
Proceedings of Conference and Trade Fair: Substitutes and
Alternatives to CFCs and Halons
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and
Radiation. April 1988
On January 13-15, 1988, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environment Canada, and the Conservation Foundation
sponsored a conference and trade fair on alternatives and
substitutes to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.
Organized as part of the effort to implement the Montreal
Protocol and reduce global dependence on ozone-depleting
substances, the conference focused on ways to facilitate the
transition ot new chemicals, technologies and products.
(HQL)
*******
- 48 -
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How Industry is Reducing Dependence on Ozone-Depleting Chemicals
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and
Radiation. June 1988.
As concern over ozone depletion has grown, industries have
begun finding ways to become less dependent on chemicals that
deplete ozone. This publication discusses alternatives being
explored in each of the chemical's major use areas. (HQL)
*******
A Down-to-Earth Job: Saving the Sky
Cannes, Stuart
Fortune v 117 n 6 PP: 133-141 Mar 14, 1988
Chlorof luorocarbons (CFC) are a group of widely used
chemicals that are blamed for a destructive effect on the
earth's stratospheric ozone layer. A treaty signed in 1987
by 24 countries, including the US, requires restrictions on
CFC production starting in 1989. As the supply of CFCs
shrinks, the cost will escalate. Consumers will pay more for
such items as home refrigerators, and some companies, such as
makers of foam insulation, may not be able to remain
profitable. As a result, CFC manufacturers are spending
millions of dollars in research to discover less harmful,
nontoxic substitutes. Du Pont alone spent $10 million in
1987 on substitute -development. The race is on to find and
produce CFC substitutes fast enough to fill the gap that will
be created by limits on CFC production. (ABI)
*******
Ozone-Layer Pact Could Change Halon Use
Gallup, James G.
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
V92n33 PP: 16-17 Aug 15, 1988
The international response to the scientific discovery of
atmospheric ozone depletion in Antartica may have a
significant impact on the use of halon in fire protection.
In September 1987, representatives from 57 countries
developed a global response to the issue of ozone depletion,
the effects of which may include increased incidents of skin
cancer, cataracts, immune system suppression, and a
greenhouse effect that could produce a substantial rise in
sea level. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete
the Ozone Layer, which goes into effect on January 1, 1989,
requires that total halon production be limited to 1986
production levels. Other chlorofluorocarbons, which appear
to contribute to ozone depletion, will be more severely
limited in that production will" be., reduced by 30% by 1998.
Plans by the Environmental Protection Agency to enforce the
- 49 -
-------
protocol could include permits, production quotas, or
economic incentives. (ABI)
*******
A Treaty to Ground CFCs May Push Prices Upward
Goldbaum, Ellen; Hunter, David; MacKerron, Conrad B.; Ushio,
Shota
Chemical Week v!41n!4 PP: 6-8 Sep 30, 1987
An agreement reached by the representatives of 24 nations,
including the US, is designed to freeze, then curb the
production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in order to
protect the earth's ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol on
Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is seen as a means of
spurring the development of substances that could be
substituted for CFCs. The protocol centers on CFCs used
primarily as refrigerants, blowing agents, and cleaning
agents, and substitutes are likely to include other CFCs that
do not endanger the ozone level. Most of the compounds that
currently show promise are, on average, 5-8 years from
commercialization, and they are expected to cost 2-4 times as
much as existing CFCs. One option already on the market is
Pennwalt's 142b/22, a blend of CFC 142b and CFC 22. It
currently is priced at $1.73 per pound, compared to 65c per
pound for the banned CFC 12. Several of the world's largest
producers are collaborating to conduct the necessary long-
term toxicological tests. (ABI)
*******
The Terpene Hydrocarbon Alternative
Hayes, Michael
Printed Circuit Assembly, March, 1988. p.19.
It is necessary to identify alternatives to the use of
chloinated and chlorofluorcarbon solvents wherever possible.
This paper examines the terpene alternative. (HQL)
*******
Implications of the Montreal Protocol for Ataospheric Emissions
of Alternative Chemicals (Rept. for Jan-Mar 88)
Hummel, K.E.; Smith, N.D.; Harmon, D.L.
Radian Corp., Austin, TX.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-88/146
Aug 88 3Op
The paper is about alternative chemicals. The substitution,
of less ozone-depleting chemicals wherever it is cost
- 50 -
-------
effective and technically feasible, is expected because of
anticipated future limitations on production and consumption
of the fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
halons ( f luorocarbons containing bromine atoms) covered by
the Montreal Protocol. Certain alternative chemicals (e.g.,
HCFC-22 and methyl chloroform) are already used in
applications other than as CFC substitutes. Projected future
consumption of alternative chemicals includes such non-
substitution use. Study results indicate that the 50 percent
reduction in weighted CFC/halon consumption (weighted for
ozone depletion potential) required by the Protocol in 1998
could initially be achieved by alternative chemicals alone.
However, alternative processes or products not requiring
either the controlled substances or their substitute
chemicals and/or substantial recovery and reuse of the
chemicals would be needed to maintain the 50 percent level of
reduction in the longer term. (NTIS)
How Long a Farewell to CFC Production?
MacKerron, Conrad B.
Chemical Week vl42n!4 PP: 7-8 Apr 6, 1988
While Du Pont has stated that it supports the Montreal
Protocol cutting production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) , the
firm has been resisting efforts to completely ban the
manufacture of CFCs. Recently, however, Du Pont changed its
policy, urging that the 50% cut in CFC production agreed to
in the Protocol be extended to 100%, committing itself to
total phaseout of CFC production. This change in attitude is
a result of scientific studies indicating that the erosion of
the earth's ozone layer is up to 4 times more rapid than
previously suspected. On March 15, 1988, NASA reported that
total ozone depletion was an average of about 2.5%, with
winter decreases reaching up to 6.2%, depending on the
latitude. Legislation has been introduced in the US Senate
that would mandate CFC emission cuts of 95% within 8 years, a
target that Du Pont's Joseph M. Steed says would be difficult
to reach. He notes that CFC replacements in refrigerated
components still are 5 years away from the marketplace, the
minimum time required for toxicity testing. (ABI)
*******
The ARI position
MCGUIRE JOSEPH M.
AIR CONDITION & REFRIGERATION INST, VA,
ASHRAE J, NOV 87, V29, Nil, P36(2)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE AIR CONDITIONING & REFRIGERATION INST
(ARI), A NATIONAL TRADE ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING
- 51 -
-------
MANUFACTURERS OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS, HAS APPROVED A FORMAL
POSITION ON THE REGULATION OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS) .
BECAUSE OF THE UNCERTAINTY REGARDING POSSIBLE STRATOSPHERIC
OZONE DAMAGE DUE TO CFC EMISSIONS, RESPONSIBLE ACTION ON THE
PART OF THE GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY IS WARRANTED. ARI
CONTENDS THAT GLOBAL ACTION IS THE ONLY RESPONSIBLE WAY TO
DEAL WITH THE ISSUE, AND THAT SUFFICIENT TIME MUST BE MADE
FOR INDUSTRY TO PREPARE FOR EVENTUAL CFC SUBSTITUTES BEFORE
EXISTING CFCS ARE PHASED OUT. RESTRICTIONS SHOULD BE LIMITED
TO THE FULLY HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS CFC-11, CFC-13, AND
CFC-113. (ENV)
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) : Is the Sky Falling. Quest for
Alternatives (Final rept.)
McLinden, M.O.; Didion, D.A.
National Bureau of Standards (NEL) , Gaithersburg, MD.
Building Equipment Div.
Sponsor: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
1988 lip
Pub. in ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration
and Air-Conditioning Engineers) Jnl., p32-42 Dec 87.
The objectives of the article are to present the criteria
required of a refrigerant, discuss the reasons why CFCs
(Chlorofluorocarbons) were originally investigated as
refrigerants (reasons which also make them the most promising
in the search for alternatives) and finally to demonstrate
that the inevitable tradeoffs among the various alternatives
can be treated in a systematic way. (NTIS)
*******
Decline of the CFC Empire
Monastersky, Richard
Science News, Vol 133, April 9, 1988. pp. 234-236.
An industry is scrambling to prepare for the next decade when
the United States and other nations will have to cut their
use of these ubiquitous chemicals at least in half. (HQL)
*******
International Conference on Fire Protection Halons and the
Environment - Summary
National Fire Protection Association. August 22, 1988.
Some 270 conference participants from 23 countries met in
Lugano, Switzerland from June 28-29, 1988, to address the
halon/ozone issue. Six keynote papers were presented during
- 52 -
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the opening session, setting the stage for consideration of
the environmental challenge, critical fire protection
applications for the halons and possible near term
alternatives. Seventeen papers were given in three other
speaker sessions. (HQL)
*******
The Elusive Replacements for CFCs
Pool, Robert
Science, Vol 242, Nov. 4, 1988. pp. 666-668
As CFCs are phased out to protect the ozone layer, Chemical
companies scramble to find substitutes for these vital
compounds and to develop economical ways to make them in
large quantities. (HQL)
*******
Implications of the Montreal protocol for ataospheric emissions
of alternative chemicals
Smith, N.D.; Harmon, D.L.; Hummel,( K.E.
Environmental Protection Agency', Research Triangle Park, NC
27711, USA
81. APCA Annual Meeting & Exhibition Dallas, TX (USA)
19-24 Jun 1988 81. APCA ANNUAL MEETING & EXHIBITION p.
144, Publ.Yr: 1988
Anticipated future limitations on production of the fully-
halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons covered by
the Montreal Protocol is expected to prompt substitution of
these compounds with alternative, less ozone-depleting
chemicals. This paper explores the extent to which
alternative chemicals may find substitution in various
applications and the ramifications of such substitution on
future atmospheric emissions. Alternative chemicals such as
HCFC-22 and methyl chloroform are already employed in several
applications. Projected consumption of such alternative
chemicals includes their non-substitution usage. (POL)
*******
Service Shops Caught in Planetary Threat of Ozone Depletion
Stephenson, Stan
Motor Age, April, 1988. pp. 38-46.
The automotive refrigerant R-12 (Freon) is one of a group of
CFCs which has been identified as contributing to a seious
health threat. We may have to capture and recycle
refrigerant now used in A/C systems in cars and trucks.
(HQL)
- 53 -
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Pros and Cons of Halon 1301; But Will It Give Us Skin Cancer?
Stoffels, Bob
Telephone Engineer & Mgmt v92n!9 PP: 39-47 Oct 1, 1988
Halon 1301 is a suppression agent that acts to break up the
chemical reaction of fire. It reacts over and over again to
stop the chemistry of combustion, and it is able to put out a
fire without harming equipment or personnel. Halon 1301
leaves no residue and under most circumstances does not
damage contacts. Upon discharge, it immediately vaporizes
and mixes rapidly with the entire atmosphere inside the
protected space. However, Halon 1301 is very expensive.
Thousands of dollars worth of it is required to protect a
switch room adequately. Halons and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
have been blamed for the depletion of the Earth's
stratospheric ozone layer. The US Environmental Protection
Agency has proposed restrictions on the use of both CFCs and
halons. The restrictions on halons will not be as great as
on CFCs because of their value in protecting high value
operations from fire. Nevertheless, halons must be used in a
responsible manner to reduce unwanted emissions. (ABI)
*******
EPA, U.S. Producers Grapple with Ozone Depletion
Usdin, Steven
Manufacturing Week n24 PP: 11 Jan 25, 1988
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is trying to help
US companies sort out the alternatives to ozone-depleting
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) before laws that regulate their use
take effect on August 1, 1988. Many companies have developed
practical alternatives, but some industries and environmental
groups indicate the proposals pose new problems.
Environmental groups are fighting the EPA's plan to allocate
quotas to restrict production of CFCs and predict that CFC
manufacturers will reap windfall profits as supplies decline.
AT&T Co. and Petroferm Inc. have developed a nontoxic solvent
to replace CFC-113 in cleaning fluids for printed electronic
circuit boards and wiring boards. The EPA has helped
companies become aware of the potential of the compound,
called BIOACT EC-7. One area in which alternatives may be
several years away is CFC-based insulation in refrigerators
and freezers. (ABI)
*******
- 54 -
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Formulating away from CFCs. Part I: The whys and wherefores.
Weisfeld, Lewis B.
Source: Plastics Compounding v 11 n 2 Mar-Apr 1988 5p
Plastics foam producers are beset by serious threats to their
businesses on two fronts. First, forthcoming legislation and
regulation are certain to curtail the use of their most
economical (and some say essential) blowing agents, the
chlorof luorocarbons. Secondly, consumer activists are
calling for a complete ban on foamed plastics packaging
itself. The article examines the historical basis of the
dilemma and the government regulatory consequences. (CPX)
*******
Control Technology Overview Report: CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon)
Emissions from Rigid Foam Manufacturing (Final rept. Mar-Nov 86)
Wert, K.P.; Nelson, T.P.; Quass, J.D.
Radian Corp., Austin, TX.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/2-88/003
Jan 88 199p
The report estimates total chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions
from the various rigid foam manufacturing processes and from
the foam products themselves, and examines potential methods
for reducing these emissions. Options studied include
replacement of CFC-blown products with alternative products
not requiring CFCs, replacement of o"2one-depleting CFCs with
other chemicals less likely to destroy stratospheric ozone,
and recovery/recycle of CFCs released during manufacturing
processes. In the production of rigid cellular foams, CFCs
are used as physical blowing agents to reduce foam density
and impart thermal insulating properties. Such rigid foams
include polyurethane, polystyrene, polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and phenolic foams. Uses
of these foams include building insulation, packaging
materials, and single-service dinnerware. Depletion of
stratospheric ozone through action of halocarbons,
particularly CFCs, has been the subject of extensive study
and wide debate. Although many uncertainties remain, current
scientific evidence strongly suggests that anthropogenic CFCs
could contribute to depletion of the stratospheric ozone
layer as was first postulated in 1974. (NTIS)
*******
- 55 -
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Search intensifies for alternatives to ozone-depleting
halocarbons
Zurer, Pamela S.
Chemical & Engineering News, Feb 8, 88, V66, N6, P17(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT
DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER WILL FREEZE CONSUMPTION OF
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS) AT 1986 LEVELS ON JULY 1, 1989.
LATER CUTS IN OUTPUT WILL REDUCE CFC CONSUMPTION FIRST BY 20%
BY MID-1993, THEN BY AN ADDITIONAL 30% BY MID-1998. EPA HAS
ALSO PROPOSED REGULATIONS THAT WILL CONTROL HALOCARBON OUTPUT
IN THE U.S. THROUGH A SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION QUOTAS. THESE
PROTOCOLS ARE THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE SEARCH FOR CFC
SUBSTITUTES BY CHEMICAL CONCERNS. CHEMICAL CANDIDATES
RECEIVING THE MOST ATTENTION AS LIKELY SUBSTITUTES ARE
FLUOROCARBONS-123, -134A, AND -141B. ALL THREE CARRY
HYDROGEN ATOMS THAT RENDER THEM SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEGRADATION IN
THE LOWER REGIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE, UNLIKE THE FULLY
HALOGENATED CFCS. (ENV)
- 56 -
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APPENDIX
MONTREAL PROTOCOL PARTICIPANTS
- 57 -
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INDEX OF TITLES
Airborne Antarctic Ozone
Experiment 1987: The
Nimbus-7 Toms Data Atlas 7
Antarctic measurements of
ozone by SAGE II in the
spring of 1985, 1986, and
1987 10
Antarctic ozone depletion
caused by heterogeneous
photolysis of halogenated
hydrocarbons 8
Antarctic ozone hole:
complex picture emerges 23
ARI position 51
As Ozone Is Depleted, Much
of Life Could Go With It 35
Assessing the Risks of Trace
Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 1 29
Assessing the Risks of Trace
Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 3 30
Assessing the Risks of Trace
Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 5 35
Assessing the Risks of Trace
Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 6 26
Assessing the Risks of Trace
Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 7 18
Assessing the Risks of Trace
Gases That Can Modify the
Stratosphere. Volume 8 35
AT&T Finds CFC Substitute 45
Automated Ozone Photometer 9
Biologically effective
ultraviolet radiation:
surface measurements in
the United States, 1974 to
1985 12
Can we close the ozone hole?
38
Canadian control program to
protect the ozone layer
37
CFC Footprint 47
CFCs and Stratospheric Ozone
- Fact Sheet 48
CFCs: Is the Sky Falling.
Quest for Alternatives 52
Changes in stratospheric
ozone 1
Changes in stratospheric
ozone: Observations and
theories 17
Chlorofluorocarbons and the
ozone layer 1
Comparative morphology of
the vertical ozone profile
in the Antarctic spring 17
Comparison of In situ
Stratospheric Ozone
Measurements Obtained
during the MAP/GLOBUS 1983
Campaign 3
Control Technology Overview
Report: CFC Emissions
from Rigid Foam
Manufacturing 55
Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
and Ultraviolet Radiation:
A Review 31
Decline of the CFC Empire 52
Does the Montreal Protocol
go far enough? 37
Down-to-Earth Job: Saving
the Sky 49
Effects of Changes in
Stratospheric Ozone and
Global Climate, Volume 2 29
Elusive Replacements for
CFCs 53
Endangered ozone layer: new
theories on ozone
depletion 4
Environmental Momentum Picks
Up Again 39
EPA Assessment 32
EPA, U.S. Producers Grapple
with Ozone Depletion 54
Evidence of Arctic Ozone
Destruction 7
Extremely low N20
concentrations in the
springtime stratosphere
at McMurdo Station,
Antarctica 27
- 61 -
-------
Findings of the
Chlorofluorocarbon
Substitutes International
Committee 45
Formation of the Antarctic
Ozone Hole by the CIO
Dimer Mechanism 4
Formulating away from CFCs.
Part I: The whys and
wherefores 55
Fragile Life Under the Ozone
Hole 34
Future Concentrations of
Stratospheric Chlorine and
Bromine 26
Future emission scenarios
for chemicals that may
deplete stratospheric
ozone 25
Global environmental change
research: hearing, July
16, 1987 42
Halon 1301 Discharge
Testing: A Technical
Analysis 48
Halons, Stratospheric Ozone
and the U.S. Air Force 4 6
Heterogeneous reactions of
N205 with H20 and HCl on
ice surfaces -Implications
for Antarctic ozone
depletion 19
How Industry is Reducing
Dependence on Ozone-
Depleting Chemicals 49
How Long a Farewell to CFC
Production? 51
Human Exposure to
Ultraviolet Radiation.
Risks and Regulations 30
Impact of CFC Restrictions
of US Building Foundation
Thermal Performance 47
Impact of ozone depletion on
skin cancers 31
Impact on Ozone Attainment
of CFC Controls Used to
Prevent Future Depletion
of Stratospheric Ozone 40
Implication of CFCs on
Environmental Quality and
Opportunities for
Engineering Solutions 45
Implications of the Montreal
Protocol for Atmospheric
Emissions of Alternative
Chemicals (Rept. for Jan-
Mar 88) 50
Implications of the Montreal
protocol for atmospheric
emissions of alternative
chemicals 53
Important uncertainty in
coupled chlorine-carbon
dioxide studies of
atmospheric ozone
modification 25
In Antarctica, New Threats
to the Fragile Web of
Life 34
Influence of polar
stratospheric clouds on
the depletion of Antarctic
ozone 21
International Conference on
Fire Protection Halons and
the Environment 52
International Effort to
Examine Arctic Ozone Loss
Gets Under Way 15
Kinetics of the BRO + CLO
reaction and implications
for stratospheric ozone 18
Microwave limb sounder 14
Montreal protocol on
substances that deplete
the ozone layer 1
Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer 38
Morphology and meteorology
of Southern Hemisphere
spring total ozone mini-
holes 10
Motor Vehicles as Sources of
Compounds Important to
Tropospheric and
Stratospheric Ozone 46
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Non-seasonal changes in
total column ozone from
satellite observations,
1970-86 6
October Lower Stratospheric
Antarctic Temperature and
Total Ozone from 1979-1985 11
Overview of Controls for
Chlorofluorocarbons 41
Overview of the polar ozone
issue 22
Ozone Depletion at the
Poles: The Hole Story
Emerges 20
Ozone depletion problem -
Montreal protocol is a
major triumph for UNEP 32
Ozone depletion, the
greenhouse effect, and
climate change: hearings,
June 10 and 11, 1986 43
Ozone destruction and
photochemical reactions at
polar sunrise in the lower
Arctic atmosphere 16
Ozone layer 2
Ozone layer 2
Ozone layer depletions:
hearing, March 9, 1987 41
Ozone-Layer Pact Could
Change Halon Use 49
Polar stratospheric clouds
and the Antarctic ozone
hole 20
Politics of the ozone layer 37
Potential impact on
atmospheric ozone and
temperature of increasing
trace gas concentrations 24
Present State of Knowledge
of the Upper Atmosphere
1988: An Assessment
Report 14
Proceedings of Conference
and Trade Fair:
Substitutes and
Alternatives to CFCs and
Halons 48
Pros and Cons of Halon 1301;
But Will It Give Us Skin
Cancer? 54
Protecting Life on Earth:
Steps to Save the Ozone
Layer 2
Protection of Stratospheric
Ozone; Advance Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking 40
Protection of Stratospheric
Ozone; Final Rule; 40 CFR
82 39
Radiative heat transfer to
chemically reacting flow
between concentric
rotating spheres 16
Reaction of chlorine
nitrate with hydrogen
chloride and water at
Antarctic stratospheric
temperatures 22
Reactions on ice crystals 21
Regulatory Impact Analysis 39
Relation of Antarctic 100 mb
temperature and total
ozone to equatorial QBO,
equatorial SST, and
sunspot number 3
Response of a general
circulation model to a
prescribed Antarctic ozone
hole 19
Review of the results of the
Antarctic ozone
expedition: hearing,
October 29, 1987 13
Rocoz-a (Improved Rocket
Launched Ozone Sensor)
for Middle Atmosphere
Ozone Measurements 9
Search intensifies for
alternatives to ozone-
depleting halocarbons 56
Service Shops Caught in
Planetary Threat of Ozone
Depletion 53
Simultaneous measurement of
UV radiation received by
the biosphere and total
ozone amount 12
South Pole lidar: Brief
description of the
instrument 6
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Stability and photochemistry
of dimers of the CIO
radical and implications
for Antarctic ozone
depletion 17
Stratospheric ozone
depletion and CFCs: joint
hearings, May 12-14, 1987 42
Stratospheric ozone
depletion: hearings,
March 10 and 12, 1937 41
Stratospheric ozone
depletion: joint hearing,
March 30, 1988 42
Stratospheric ozone is
decreasing 7
Stratospheric Ozone
Reduction, Solar
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Plant Life 36
Stratospheric response to
trace gas perturbations 5
Stratospheric sulphate
production and the
photochemistry of the
Antarctic circumploar
vortex 20
Studies on Ozone Destruction
Expand Beyond Antarctic 15
Submillimeter measurement of
stratospheric chlorine
monoxide 24
Terpene Hydrocarbon
Alternative 50
TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping
Spectrometer): The
Antarctic Ozone Hole and
Ozone Trends 13
Total ozone by lunar Dobson
observation at Syowa,
Antarctica 5
Treaty to Ground CFCs May
Push Prices Upward 50
Two-dimensional modelling of
the Antarctic lower
stratosphere 5
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Melanoma: With a Special
Focus on Assessing the
Risks of Stratospheric
Ozone Depletion 30
Ultraviolet radiation levels
during the Antarctic
spring 34
UNEP Agreement 37
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