\ M
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Administration And
Resources Management
(PM-211D)
EPA/IMSD/91-008
July 1991
v>EPA Library Management Series
Space Planning And Design
For Libraries
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EPA/IMSD/91-008
July 1991
Library Management Series
Space Planning and Design
for Libraries
EPA Library Network
Information Management and Services Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 475-7762
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Introduction
Libraries tend to outgrow their space because of the constant drive to
improve collections and expand services, and the challenge of integrating
new technology with traditional services. Library space must be designed for
optimum user convenience and maximum staff work efficiency. Planning is
key to the efficient use of space.
This bibliography contains citations and abstracts for articles on space-
related issues and concerns, from shelf space management to planning for the
future. All of the items listed were published between 1980 and 1990 in library
and related journals. Several DIALOG online databases were consulted in the
preparation of this bibliography, including Library and Information Science
Abstracts (LISA), Management Contents, ABI/INFORM and Computer
Database.
The items listed in Space Planning and Design for Libraries are
arranged in the following sections:
• General Overview - general information on space and planning.
• Moving - strategies and considerations for the movement of
library collections.
• Collection Management - options and policies for the physical
expansion or reduction of library collections.
• Shelf Space Management Software - various software packages
with shelf management capabilities are currently available for
use in libraries.
• Methods of Analysis. - several methods of assessing library
needs.
• Form Follows Function - the relationship between library
functions and space planning and design.
• Space Measurement and Statistics - guidelines for space
planning.
• Planning for New Technology - considerations about the new
technology which can pose unique problems for libraries.
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• Economic Considerations - the economics of storage and related
space issues.
• The Space Planning Team - the relationship between library
staff and architects, designers, and consultants.
There are also a few books which are considered to be classics in the
field of space planning. You may wish to refer to the following titles for
futher research into the topic:
Designing and Space Planning for Libraries: A Behavioral Guide, by
Aaron Cohen and Elaine Cohen. New York: R.R. Bowker, 1979.
Information Technologies and Space Planning for Libraries and
Information Centers, by Richard W. Boss. Boston: G,K. Hall, 1987.
Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design, by Robert Sommer.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969.
Planning Academic and Research Library Buildings, by Keyes D.
Metcalf. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.
The bibliography was compiled by Mary Hoffman, Network
Coordinator, for the EPA Library Network. Contact Mary at FTS 475-7762
(Email box EPA30360) for additional copies of the bibliography.
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Space Planning and Design for Libraries
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
General Overview 5
Moving 10
Collection Management 13
Shelf Space Management Software 15
Methods of Analysis 19
Form Follows Function 21
Space Measurement and Standards 23
Planning for New Technology 28
Economic Considerations 28
The Space Planning Team 30
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General Overview
The articles in this section contain general information on space and
planning. The section includes citations about designing new space as well as
the redesign and remodelling of existing space. In addition, a few citations
address the important relationship between people and their physical
environment.
Building design and preservation.
Simon, Lisa
Conservation Administration News. (41) Apr 90, 12-14.
Reports the Northeast Document Conservation Center (Andover,
Massachusetts) seminar entitled 'Preservation considerations in the design
of library, archives and records management facilities', held at the
Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford, in order to help administrators,
curators and records managers to communicate with architects, engineers
and contractors about preservation needs during renovation or new
construction projects. Topics covered included: Connecticut Laws pertaining
to design of storage facilities; the state grant programme; environmental
requirements; and the importance of good planning and fund-raising. A.G.
(LISA)
Designing special libraries abroad.
Nyce, Lynn; Hausrath, Donald
Special Libraries. 81 (1) Winter 90, 21-27. illus. 3 refs
The work of the United States Information Agency in designing library
buildings in developing countries is described. Particular reference is made
to the design of the building for the Thomas Jefferson Cultural Center
Library, Manila, Philippines. N.L.M. (LISA)
The modular library.
Demarest, Robert C; Friedman, Robert M.
Library lournal. 114 (20) Dec 89, 74-76. illus
Contribution to a special issue on library buildings. The dramatic
increase in Florida's construction activity makes it difficult for librarians to
actively participate in and effectively oversee details of building projects.
One solution to such demands on the librarian's time is the implementation
of a modular library design. The process itself is quite simple with the
computer being programmed with the dimensions of standard library
equipment. Building modules are then designed to be compatible with
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typical library furnishings and finally partition walls and fixtures are added to
customise each module to meet the needs of a particular library area. Gives
details of the modular systems at the Marco Island branch library and
Naples branch library, Collier County, Florida, where the success of the
facilities largely relates to the simplicity of the design which lends itself to
functionality and low maintenance. P.B. (LISA)
Software for Space Planning in Your Library: Roomer2.
Kittle, Paul
Database vllnl PP: 103-106 Feb 1988
Hufnagel Software's Roomer2, a software program that can be used
to design library floor space, redesign office areas, or assist in the
placement of study carrels, journal stacks, and computer cables, is both fun
to use and extremely useful. RoomerZ has many of the fine features that are
found in a $2,000-$3,000 product, but at a fraction of the cost. The manual
also is very complete. Roomer2 gives a user the ability to draw the floor plan
on a computer screen just like a draftsman. Then, the user can print out the
floor plan in 3 dimensions. Add-on modules of office furniture shapes,
an optional device driver for a laser printer, and a how-to video tape also
are available. However, to accurately represent what things will look like, one
must know the dimensions. Still, Roomer2 will do the majority of the
actual drafting work. Although it will work on a computer with only
floppy disk drives, the program will work best under a high dock speed on a
hard drive. Finally, support is excellent. Roomer2 is the program of choice for
the space planning functions it provides. Charts.
Diagrams. (ABI/INFORM)
Interior space planning—a pragmatic approach.
Dinerman, Gloria
Education Libraries. 13 (2-3) Spring-Fall 88, 42-45. illus. bibliog
This article discusses the space requirements of a library user and the
problems experienced when space changes occur. Easy access to reference,
access to library catalogs, speedy check-out, good light, enough carrel room,
sufficient space between aisles, good signs, acoustics that will muffle sound,
comfortable seating, plenty of table space, easy access to copiers, safety treads or
non-skid material on stairs and security precautions that promote the safety
of personal property are all important considerations. The article also lists 3
major space problems and offers solutions to them. The importance of
planning for space allocation is emphasised as is the need to define space
priorities and acceptable alternatives for staff and users. (LISA)
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Library designs revisited: what works-what doesn't.
Metz, T. John; Passalacqua, Deborah A.; Lord, Barbara H.
American Libraries, 18 (2) Feb 87,110-112,114-116. illus
The planning processes, and resulting library buildings of Carleton
College Library, Northfield, Minnesota, South Regional/Broward
Community College Library, Pembroke Pines, Florida, and Avon Free
Public Library, Avon, Connecticut, are described. Problems encountered
are outlined and advice for those involved in a planning process is offered.
Various library renovation projects are also briefly discussed. (LISA)
Remodeling and expanding space: library services during the
construction period
Head, Anita K.
Law Library Journal. 79 (3) Summer 87, 535-545. 3 refs
Contribution to a Library Design Symposium entitled 'Concept
through construction: mastering the art of law library design'. Suggests
that many law schools may need to remodel and expand their buildings to
accommodate proliferating library materials. Outlines the reasons leading to
a decision to remodel rather than to construct a new building. Attempts to
identify areas that cause special concern or are particularly difficult in such a
project and relates some of the experiences gained at the Jacob Burns Law
Library of George Washington University. (LISA)
Reutilizing existing library space.
Davis, Marlys Cresap
Library Trends. 36 (2) Fall 87. 411-421. illus. 1 ref
One alternative to new library building construction, as a means of
achieving increased space, is the arranagement of existing space. Three things
to keep in mind when reassigning library space are 1) Use common sense, 2)
Think big - picture the interior space without furnishing, and 3) Avoid
preconceptions. Practical examples are cited of the Morningside Branch
Library, Sioux City Public Library, Iowa; and Aurelia Public Library, Iowa.
(LISA)
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Alternatives to the construction of a new library.
Hemphill, B.Franklin
Library Trends, 36 (2) Fall 87, 399-409
Considers 5 alternatives to new construction when aiming at
increased space in a library building: rearrangements; additions;
conversions; portable; and prefabricated structures. (LISA)
Toward the environmental design of library buildings.
Veatch, Lamar
Library Trends. 36 (2) Fall 87, 361-376. 54 refs
Summarises key issues in the environmental design of library
buildings with particular attention paid to the environmental
psychology of people working in close proximity (privacy, personal space,
territoriality, ergonomics). (LISA)
Planning Office Interiors For Those Who Work In Them.
Duffy, J.O.
Duffy, Inc., New York, NY
Office Vol.101, No.3, March 1985, P. 69-71.
The office workplace contains three sub-environments. These are
the technical, relating to the actual jobs to be performed; the physical,
relating to the space in which the job will be performed; and the
behavorial, which relates to the values and attitudes of the workers. A good
office space planner will take all three sub environments into account.
Photographs of five offices are included. (Management Contents)
Office Design: Creating a Welcome Workspace.
Luckert, L.M.
Women in Business Vol.37, No.l, Jan./Feb. 1985, P. 14-15.
The study of space and the movement of people is an important part
of the analysis of the impact that work environment has on people, their
performance, and productivity. There is a complex relationship between
persons and the space they are functioning in. The objects of the study
include gender, age and temperament of people; size, color and texture of
things; position of pieces of furniture and equipment; visibility through the
office; presence of personal belongings in the office; privacy of employees;
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and the presence of aesthetic items or living things. Psychological
research proves that benefits of such a thoughtful approach to design of
workspace brings results in job performance, job satisfaction, and
productivity. The discussion is illustrated with photographs of office
interiors. (Management Contents)
Designing libraries to sell services.
Cohen, Elaine
Wilson Library Bulletin. 55 (3) Nov 80, 190-195. illus
Discusses how libraries can be designed to create an ambience which
appeals to as many people as possible to insure cross-section support.
Describes: how to use entrances to attract potential users; how to use space
effectively; how to create assignable space; comfortable seating; avoiding
crowding and barriers; flexible design for technological change. As excess
space, due to the adoption of computerised systems, becomes available, it
should be used for nontraditional purposes to attract new users. (LISA)
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Moving
Often the redesign of space is related to moving the library into new space in
the same structure, or into a new facility altogether. The articles following
discuss some of the issues related to moving a collection or library.
Moving the library: the INIST experience.
Wiegandt-Sakoun, Caroline; Gunet, Catherine; Sakoun, C.
Wiegandt-
Interlending & Document Supply, 18 (3) July 90,101-105
In 1989, the Institut de 1'Information Scientifique et Technique
(INIST) of the French Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
moved its scientific and technical activities from Paris to Nancy. Describes
how the library staff prepared a large collection of periodicals, dissertations,
research reports and congress proceedings located on the 3 different sites for
moving to a single site; how they came up with a theoretical model which
led to a detailed step-by-step moving schedule. The actual move was done in
8 weeks. Original abstract-amended. (LISA)
Moving library collections: the Governors State University
experience.
Conant, Barbara M.; Diodato, Louise W.
Collection Management. 12 (3/4) 1990,135-143
A recarpeting project in the Governors State University Library,
Illinois, provided an opportunity to address several longstanding
concerns: better handicapped access, improved lighting, and a more
efficient utilisation of limited physical space. An overview of the serials
and education collection portions of this
project reflects the importance of planning, cooperation and
communication to the sucess of such a major renovation. Original abstract.
(LISA)
The 'Do-it-yourself move for a 1.5 million-volume library.
Bayne, Pauline S.
College & Research Libraries. 51 (1) Jan 90, 55-67. Tables. 10 refs
A decision by university administrators to rely on existing campus
resources rather than commercial movers for the relocation of collections is
not unusual. Descriptions of logistical options and methods used by other
libraries were helpful in formulating plans for a major move at the
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University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) in 1987. Presents planning
principles, specific methods of moving and integrating collections,
strategies for communication, staffing patterns, supervision and
equipment used at UTK that will be useful background for prospective do-it-
yourself movers. P. B. (LISA)
Moving a public library collection.
Hamilton, Patricia; Hindman, Pam
Public Libraries. 26 (1) Spring 87, 4-7. illus
The planning and organisation of the Cedar Falls Public Library,
Iowa, move from the old Carnegie building to a new facility, is described.
The move went well and only took 6 of the 10 days and 320 of the 500
volunteers scheduled. (LISA)
Moving a medical center library.
Roth, Britain G.
Special Libraries. 76 (1) Winter 85, 31-34. 8 refs
Describes the relocation of the Geisinger Medical Center library
collection, consisting of 30,000 book and journal volumes and 600
audiovisuals. Details the 4 planning and moving procedures which
facilitated the move: space planning, avoidance of service disruptions,
library staff morale, and physical handling of materials. (LISA)
The planning, implementation and moving of a journal collection
in a hospital library.
AUTHOR(S): Ducas, Ada M.
Argus, 14 (3) Sept 85,75-79. tables. 9 refs
An account of the procedures used by the Royal Victoria Hospital
Library in Montreal, describing the successive stages of the move. The 1st,
weeding the collection, involved a brief journal use study, on the basis of
which a list of possible discards was prepared, then finalised in consultation
with users. The 2nd, space calculation, required meticulous measurement of
each title, estimation of room required for expansion, and labelling the
position of titles on the stacks. The 3rd, the physical move, was effected by
assigning specific tasks to all the personnel involved, under the
supervision of a coordinator. Emphasises the importance of detailed long
term planning to ensure success. (LISA)
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A committee approach to moving a library: planning, personnel,
and stress.
Weaver-Meyers, Pat; Wasowski, Dale Francis
Journal of Library Administration. 5 (4) Winter 84, 21-32. 9 refs
An awareness of a major library collection move is one step in the
complete planning and execution of such a move. Bizzell Library at the
University of Oklahoma rearranged its collection of 900,000 volumes in
the summer of 1982. Materials were rearranged and spread throughout the
existing stock and new additions. Describes the planning methodology,
analyses personnel management challenges and makes observations about
stress factors for participants. (LISA)
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Collection Management
A very important part of space planning is collection management. This may
not involve the drawing of floor plans or movement of furniture and
equipment, but it requires planning and careful consideration.
Finding space for periodicals: weeding, storage and microform
conversion.
Benedict, Marjorie A.; Knee, Michael; LaCroix, Mina B.
Collection Management. 12 (3/4) 1990,145-154. 2 refs. bibliog
Examines options and establishes criteria for policies to reconcile
space limitations and collection development requirements or a diversified
periodical collection at the State University of New York, Albany. Various
options are investigated, and costs and benefits evaluated. A plan using a
combination of several options is selected with the goal of addressing both
immediate and long-term concerns.
Original abstract (LISA)
Using a spreadsheet program to shift a journal collection.
Tucker, Dennis C.
College & Research Libraries News. 50 (10) Nov 89, 904-909. illus. 1 ref
Moving library materials is a time-consuming and exhausting task. It
requires proper planning and comprises the following elements: size of
the current collection in linear inches; the amount the collection grows in
one year; the length of a shelf in inches; and the number of shelves
available to hold the collection in the new location. Describes how the
Mishawaka-Penn Public Library, Indiana, used a spreadsheet in the shifting
of their periodicals collection which saved much time and reduced
arithmetical error. A.G. (LISA)
Alexandria revisited: another look at space and growth.
Dowd, Sheila; Gore, D.
Collection Building. 9 (3-4) 1989, 65-72. 28 refs
Contribution to a thematic issue on collection management: current
issues. Considers the growth requirements of academic and other libraries
in the wake of the UK University Grants Committee Report and Daniel
Gore's Farewell to Alexandria: Solutions to space, growth, and performance
problems of libraries, published in 1975, in which a 'no growth' policy and
the end of infinite expansion were advocated, and which had a profound
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impact on research library planning. Discusses the purpose of the research
library advocating attention to users' own assessment of their working
methods and their consequent needs as the basis of research library
planning. Examines strategies currently being employed by libraries to
contain physical expansion: remote storage; miniaturisation; compact
shelving; and cooperative reliance. Stresses the need to pursue afresh the
Alexandrian goal of great, growing research libraries, and to bring 20th
century resources together to create and maintain them. A.G. (LISA)
Moveable compact shelving: the current answer.
Gorman, Michael
Library Hi Tech. 5 (4) Winter 87, 23-26
Compact shelving is defined as moveable shelving driven, in the
main, by electric power. The shelving eliminates all but 1 aisle in any set of
ranges of shelving. Most such shelving moves in perpendicular direction
on rails mounted on the floor. Moveable compact shelving provides a
successful permanent answer to the storage and preservation problems that
afflict many libraries. Its advantages greatly outweigh its minor
disadvantages. (LISA)
A Case Report: New Library System Saves Space, Speeds Member
Services.
Wilbur, H.
Association Management. Vol.34, No.8, Aug. 1982, P. 129-130.,
An open shelving system in this library saves space, as well as
retrieval time. In this instance, questions were often called in on the
telephone for answers and scattered information and difficult access to
some of the information made some of the queries very costly. Most of the
calls were long distance, so that made time and access an important factor.
Open shelves were mounted on deep tracks and the forward rows moved
either right or left for easy access to the rows behind them. This increased
storage capacity in less floor space. Vertical filing cabinets were
eliminated, making material easily accessible. Inquiries can now be
answered in half the time. (Management Contents)
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Shelf Space Management Software
This section focuses on the several software packages now available to assist
the librarian in managing a collection efficiently. The software can be used to
calculate spce requirements, generate shelf and carton labels, manage the
allocation of shelf space, predict future space needs, and help plan for
expansion.
Predicting future shelving needs.
Wallace, Patricia M.
Collection Management. 12 (1/2) 1990, 95-107. tables. 11 refs
Prediction of future shelving needs in the monographic and bound
periodicals collections at the University of Northern Colorado (UNC) Library
was charted out on spreadsheets, using an IBM Model 50 computer. By
comparing current total shelf density with statistics of recent collection
growth, projections of shelving needs were calculated for comparable
future periods of time. UNC's approach also pinpointed where growth would
occur by broad, Library of Congress (LC) classification number in the
monographic collection, and by title in the bound periodicals collection.
Original abstract (LISA)
A shelf-management model implemented on Multiplan.
Smith, N.R.
Information Technology and Libraries, 9 (1) Mar 90, 66-73. illus. 6 refs
A small-scale project was undertaken at University College Cardiff
(Wales), to produce an electronic model of the shelving capacity and
stock complement of the science library using the spreadsheet package
Multiplan. The aim was to produce statistical information for immediate
management needs and to facilitate the management of shelf space in
any future reorganisation of the library's stock. Original abstract—amended
(LISA)
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An analysis of library space utilization: predicting the need for
shelf space with a computer model using the SYMPHONY 1.2
Spreadsheet
Burns, Robert W.
Sponsored by Xi'an Jiao Tong University (Chinese People's
Republic), Ohio University (USA), and Kanazawa Institute of
Technology (Japan), and published by Xi'an Jiao Tong University Press,
1988
In: International Symposium on New Techniques and Applications
in Libraries, Xi'an, Chinese People's Republic, 8-11 Sept 88, 439-449.
Paper presented at the International Symposium on New
Techniques and Applications in Libraries, Xi'an, Chinese People' s
Republic, 8-11 Sept 88. Space utilisation is a continuing concern of librarians.
Much has been written on the initial design (for construction) of library
space, but little work is available on the computer modeling of space after
the building is constructed. Argues that forecasting space needs for the
initial design of a library building is a very different process from the
forecasting of space needs in an existing building. The objective is to create a
generic model which could simulate the changing space (1 dimensional)
needs in libraries as they arise in a single area: housing for the collection. The
model uses linear feet of shelf space to describe space consumed. The
technique for studying this problem was to design a spreadsheet model
which could test several scenarios. The model uses the spreadsheet
mode from SYMPHONY 1.2. Original abstract-amended (LISA)
Microcomputers in shelf space managment.
Babits, Ann; Grice, Kurt
Microcomputers for Information Management, 4 (2) June 87,139-151.
illus. 11 refs
Schaffer Library of Union College in Schenectady, NY, decided that
the installation of compact shelving would serve as an immediate palliative
in the periodical stacks where the space problem was most acute. A plan
was developed with a threade of an in-house-developed microcomputer
program written in BASIC which calculated the space requirements for and
also assigned locations on the new compact stacks and generated identifying
labels for the packing cartons and shelves. Original abstract-amended (LISA)
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Managing library stacks space with a microcomputer. .
Moreland, Rachel S.
Small Computers in Libraries. 7 (6) June 87, 38-41. tables. 3 refs
When 200,000 volumes were removed from the main library at
Kansas State University, most of the 800,000 remaining volumes needed to
be shifted. The shift was planned so that available space was distributed
according to the growth patterns of the collection, to prevent the need for
further shifting within 10 years. Describes the use of the microcomputer
program, SuperCalcS to create 2 spreadsheets: one to predict where space will
be needed for further growth, and the other to show how space is actually
used. (LISA)
Space planning and collection analysis with Enable.
Watkins, Steven G.
Library Software Review. 6 (6) Nov-Dec 87, 367-368
Summary of a paper presented at the Small Computers in
Libraries 1987 Conference in Arlington, Virginia. Discusses the use of Enable,
an integrated software program, to develop a set of interrelated
spreadsheets that model the science collection at the University of
California at Santa Cruz. The spreadsheets are used for the allocation of shelf
space allowing for variable rates of growth in different subject areas. (LISA)
The management of shelf space.
Peacock, P.G.
Vine. (58) Mar 85, 39-42. table
A recurrent problem is that library stocks do not expand evenly. At
Stirling University Library shelf occupancy data for each class or section are
held as a computer file in the form of: reference number; main class letter or
letters; space allocated in metres; and space occupied in metres. An
assumption is made that each book would occupy 30 millimetres of shelf
space. The system is run on the University's DEC Vax 11/780 computer
from any of the library's terminals. The librarian can display the current
shelf status; determine the best method of reallocating stock; and plan
future expansion. (LISA)
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Shelf space management* a microcomputer application,
Desroches, Richard A.; Rudd, Marie
Information Technology and Libraries. 2 (2) June 83, 187-189. tables
Rangefinder is a shelf space management system developed for
Rhode Island University at Kingston Library. The Apple 2 Plus
microcomputer is used to maintain statistics on shelf space availability.
This replaces the former practice of physically measuring all the stacks in
late summer of each year to determine the total amount of space in use and
the total space remaining. (LISA)
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Methods of Analysis
There are several methods of analysis of library and user needs cited in the
literature. The following items focus on behavioral research, functional
requirements, space allocation, and other related assessment methods and
theories.
Use of library facilities: behavioral research as a tool for
library space planning.
Potthoff, Joy K.; Montanelli, Dale S.
Journal of Library Administration, 12 (1) 1990, 47-61. tables. 15 refs.
Reviews research techniques used in library science and in the
behavioural and social sciences for their applicability to the analysis of
library space problems. Techniques reviewed include: questionnaires;
interviews; behavioural mapping; time budget; behavioural diary; and
the role repertory grid procedure. N.L.M. (LISA)
Academic library planning: rationality, imagination, and field
theory in the work of Walter Netsch — a case study.
Jones, William G.
College & Research Libraries. 51 (3) May 90, 207-220. 7 refs
Architect Walter Netsch is responsible for the design of 15 library
buildings, including such major works as the University of Chicago's Joseph
Regenstein Library and Northwestern University's main library. Netsch
developed a principle for ordering the design elements in some of these
buildings that he has termed ' field theory'. Discusses how field theory
principles were applied in 2 Netsch buildings, how he used a complicated
geometry in a 3rd and how the planning committee modified the
application of the 'field' in one of those buildings. Original abstract (LISA)
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Multifaceted assessment of facility needs in an academic library.
Schloman, Barbara F.
Tournal of Library Administration, 12 (1) 1990, 9-21. 20 refs
Lack of additional space to house the growing bound periodicals
collection and impending introduction of a computerised library system, at
Kent State University, Ohio, led to a programme designed to identify and
assess facility needs. Assessment measures selected involved: historical
review of the libraries' developments over 15 years; user and staff surveys;
present and projected space utilisation; and a review by an independent
consultant. N.L.M. (LISA)
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Form Follows Function
In the immortal words of architect Louis Sullivan, "Form follows function."
In other words, it is important that the design is based on the functions
performed in the space. The articles in this section discuss the way libraries
are organized around their services and functions, or their organization's
functions.
Setting your house in order.
Rohlf, Robert H.
American Libraries. 20 (4) Apr 89, 304-306. illus
Contribution to a special section devoted to the American Libraries
annual report on library facilities and furnishings. Gives a basic guidelines
on arranging library functions to create a user friendly library with services
located for user convenience and staff efficiency, covering: optimal floor
size; creating visible and approachable public service points near relevant
materials and staff work areas; planning logical collection shelving flows
and user traffic; and locating reading areas. J.S. (LISA)
Trends in special library buildings.
Cohen, Elaine; Conen, Aaron
Library Trends. 36 (2) Fall 87, 299-316. illus
Special library facilities are examined with special reference to the
impact of corporate/organisational structure on the way the special library
is organised. Special libraries are subject to rapid change caused by growth
of new departments or shifts in the organisation's research goals. Speed
of response and ability to adapt quickly to changing information needs are
keys to successful special libraries planning. (LISA)
Library design: what not to do.
Rohlf, Robert H.
American Libraries. 17 (2) Feb 86,100,102-104. illus
Lists common concerns and problem areas which have to be taken into
account when planning a new library building. Good communication
between librarian and architect is essential to ensure a functional design for
the building; delays in building must be anticipated; lighting, furniture and
equipment must be chosen to suit library, not office, needs. (LISA)
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Space planning for the information unit of an industrial
organisation.
Anand, A.K.; Chopra, H.R.
International Library Movement. 6 (1) 1984,1-8. illus. Tables. 13 refs
Suggests that because information is a saleable commodity and
influences profitability, an information unit should be the core
component of an industrial organisation. Discusses the spatial and
locational aspect of the information unit with special reference to ideal
position, factors which can affect space requirements, the role of specialists,
noise elimination, the value of the flow chart in space planning, furniture
and equipment. Provides a plan for the layout of an information unit in an
industrial organisation. (LISA)
Effective use of existing space in academic libraries.
Brown, Nancy A.
Canadian Library Tournal. 38(5), October 1981, 275-279.
The problems inherent in the effective use of existing space can only
begin to take resolution from an appreciation of the functions of the library
and of the issues facing both the library and its parent organization. With as
much as 60 per cent or more of the assignable space in a library occupied by
stacks, collection management is a critical function. Until more advanced
technology is in place, weeding, storage and/or microforms are the major
alternatives to increasing displacement of study space by stacks. The location
of study space needs to be flexible to respond to changing patterns of use. It is
important to remember that neither space nor staff deployment can be
considered in isolation. External variables such as technology, legislation,
enrollments, programs and funding, and internal variables such as library
goals, structure, technology, and budget have a definitive influence on library
operations. Author abstract. (LISA)
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Space Measurement and Standards
Although each library is unique, there are standards and methods of
measurement contained in the following articles which may be valuable
when planning the for effective use of space in libraries.
Output measures and library space planning.
Lushington, Nolan
Library Trends, 36 (2) Fall 87, 391-398. 4 refs
Considers ways in which the American Library Association's
Output measures for public libraries: a manual for standardized
procedures can be used as the basis for library space planning. Output
measures will determine the quantity and relative location of user
hierarchies for each type of public service. (LISA)
Measuring a library.
Peacock, P.G.
Aslib Proceedings. 35(3) Mar 83,152-155. Table. 4 refs.
A method of estimating occupied shelf space in a library is described
and the level of accuracy obtainable is discussed. (LISA)
The curious case of the library building.
Lieberfeld, Laurence
College & Research Libraries, 44 (4) July 83, 277-282. Table. 3 refs
This article describes the levels of utilization of library buildings, as
observed, monitored, and measured during the course of consulting studies
by the author. In the planning of new academic library buildings, suggests
that reader space should be allocated according to observed current usage
rather that calculated from guidelines. Space for collections can be
determined by considering the size of the average bound volume (book or
periodical), width of the base of the book stack unit width of aisles and the
relationship between working and absolute capacity of the shelf. 17 volumes
per square foot is a reasonable estimate for new buildings and 15-16 for
renovated old buildings. Criticises guidelines and formulas, particularly
the Association of College and Research Libraries Formula C. Provides a
brief overview of the
literature. (LISA)
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Planning for New Technology
New technology poses some special problems for libraries, both for the library
staff and the users. The type and amount of space required for various
functions will change as the technology changes. These articles discuss some
of the issues.
The forgiving building revisited.
Dahlgren, Anders C.
Edited by A.H. Helal, J.W. Weiss. Essen, Essen University
Library, 1989
In: The impact of CD-ROM on library operations and universal
availability of information: llth International Essen Symposium
26 September-29 September 1988: pp. 63-76. bibliog
Discusses planning library facilities which will meet new
developments in automation technology with flexibility, covering space,
lighting, power supply, and growth in numbers of library users. (LISA)
Technology's impact on library interior planning.
Michaels, David Leroy
Library Hi Tech. 5 (4) Winter 87, 59-63. illus
Each component of a library requires careful planning so that precious
financial resource are maximised, and future renovation costs minimized.
Library administrators and governing boards need a realistic
conceptualisation of the future library, and a solid understanding of
building sciences, prior to launching a new construction, renovation, or
addition project. Reading, visits to other library facilities, and a spirit of
teamwork and cooperation within the entire planning team will be vital, as
always. (LISA)
Designing facilities for a high-tech future: the OCLC Online
Computer Library Center, Inc., headquarters-a case study.
Pennybacker, Ed
Library Hi Tech, 5 (4) Winter 87,41-48
To operate efficiently an on-line computer system containing more
than 16 million records connected to more than 7,800 terminals, OCLC
needed a facility that could handle both current requirements and be easily
modified to support new computer hardware architectures. Although
libraries may not be considering facility designs or remodeling of this
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magnitude, there are many similar issues that must be addressed in
preparation for local automation. These issues include: structural
requirements; environmental considerations; utilities; fire protection;
security concepts; and workspace design. OCLCs solutions are detailed; and a
retrospective appraisal of those solutions is provided. Essential planning
issues are summarized. (LISA)
Designing library facilities for a high-tech future.
Drabenstott, Jon; Stahl, Wilson M.; Michael, James J.; Richmond, Rick;
Robinson, Gene; Rush, James E.
Library Hi Tech VOL.: v5 ISSUE: n4 PAGINATION: pi03(9), Winter
1987
New technology and electronic library systems require building
architecture that allows change and adaptation at an accelerating rate.The
concept of adjustability must be built into the organizational and physical
structure of libraries. Planning must include present systems and potential
expansion. Basic considerations are compatibility of equipment and systems,
security and space. Electrical power and telecommunications are major
requirements. (Computer Database)
The forgiving building: a library building consultants' symposium on
the design, construction and remodeling of libraries to support a
high-tech future.
Novak, Gloria; Dahlgren, Anders C; Kapp, David; Lucker, Jay K.;
Kaser, David; Beckman, Margaret; Kelsey, Donald G.
Library Hi Tech VOL.: v5 ISSUE: n4 PAGINATION: p77(23)
Winter 1987
Library buildings must be constructed in a flexible manner that allows
for future expansion and the installation of increasing amounts of electronic
and optical technology. The cost of special building systems in a design that is
expandable and upgradable can prohibit the implementation of the plan. The
expense is lower hi the long range if future support capability is built into the
original design of the library building. Design features which warrant careful
consideration are: electrical wiring, lighting, sound-noise control, work space,
wall, windows, floors, and security. (Computer Database)
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Historic buildings and modern technology: the California State
Library remodels for automation - a case study. (Related article on
renovating an older building: some management issues.)
Hudson, Kathy
Library Hi Tech VOL.: v5 ISSUE: n4 PAGINATION: p49(10),
Winter 1987
The automating and remodeling of the California State Library
involved careful planning. Historical concerns and structural difficulties had
to be met. Electrical systems, plumbing, ventilation, noise suppression and
temperature regulation problems required redesign. Dec 1987 was the
expected completion date of the online catalog system and renovation of the
Library and Courts Building. A related article is included on management
issues concerning renovating an older building. (Computer Database)
Designing a reference station for the information age.
Becket, Margaret; Smith, Henry Bradford
Library Journal, 111 (7) 15 April 86, 42-46. illus. 11 refs
Between '82 and '84 the central reference department at the Rush
Rhees Library, University of Rochester, New York, was completely renovated.
The testing of a new reference desk was seen as crucial. A reference station
was designed, with 3 in formation service points, and accomodation for an
OCLC terminal, an RLIN terminal, 2 Geac terminals for the on-line
catalogue, a microcomptuer for ComSearch on-line searching and a
microfiche reader for quick reference. The design and relocation of the
reference area has increased reference questions by 15% and enabled staff
to improve the speed and productivity of their services. (LISA)
Information technology and space planning.
Library Systems Newsletter, 5 (11) Nov 85, 81-83
Libraries and information centres have, on the whole, been slow to
take up new information technologies. This is likely to change in the next
few years, therefore future library planning and design must take account of
the requirements for new technologies. These include: ergonomic
environments for VDUs; adequate work space and work surfaces; access to
electrical power and data transmission cables, and appropriate lighting.
Although these considerations may increase project costs by 10%,
retrospective alterations may cost more. (LISA)
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Automation, space management, and productivity: a guide for
libraries.
Cohen, Elaine; Cohen, Aaron
New York, Bowker, 1982, 221p. illus. Bibliog. (ISBN 0-8352-1398-6)
Aims to give practical help to the librarian in coordinating all the
elements of the library for the most efficient interaction with the user,
stressing the impact of automation. Discusses: the role of the library
manager in planning, problem-solving and staff training; the
relationship between environmental and operational changes; general
space planning; physical planning for electronic systems; lighting, power,
acoustics and energy; furniture and equipment purchasing and
placement; work improvement/work simplification; facility design and
productivity; role of librarians in the information needs of the next 2
decades; and behavioural aspects of space. (LISA)
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Economic Considerations
Space in libraries, especially storage space, has economic implications for the
library and its organization. Most of the articles in the section discuss the
economics of storage and various options.
Store it, but don't forget it.
Feinman, Valerie Jackson
Serials Librarian, 10 (1/2) Fall 85/Winter 85-86, 201-210. 21 refs.
Continually growing collections have mandated the use of storage
arrangements in most libraries. Compact storage, storage buildings,
weeding and conversion to microformat are all discussed Reference is
made to related topics in the recent literature. Show how application of
various cost analyses and economic theory methods make available more
meaningful and rational decision making data. (LISA)
Economic characteristics of the library storage problem.
Stayner, Richard A.
Library Quarterly. 53 (3) July 83,313-327. tables, illus. 19 refs
Contribution to an issue containing essays presented to Herman Howe
Fussier. The recognition that the space problem can be characterised as
an economic problem leads to an attempt to apply the orthodox
microeconomic theory of the growth of a firm to the growth of libraries.
Some important insights are gained but research materials have some special
characteristics which make them significantly unlike conventional economic
commodities. At the practical level the space problem usually reduces to
the allocation of materials to different storage regimes. A model which
determines the efficient allocation based on storage and retrieval costs for
the different regimes is developed. The criterion for distinguishing among
materials is expected level of use. The model offers an economically rational
basis for determining the role of several alternative storage methods. (LISA)
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The cost-effectiveness of alternative library storage programs.
Stayner, Richard A.; Richardson, Valerie E.
Clayton (Victoria), Monash University, Graduate School of
Librarianship, 1983, 150p. illus. tables, refs. (ISBN 0-86862-005-X)
Examines some solutions to the space problem in Australian
university libraries. 4 representative solutions are compared, using cost-
effectiveness techniques: a conventional (i.e. low density) building or
extension; a remote, high density secondary storage facility; a shared
secondary storage facility; and no new building of any sort. Capital and
recurrent costs for all options are examined, including costs of weeding,
catalogue alterations, etc. A theoretical model analyses the problem in terms
of choosing the least-cost storage regime for a book according to its level of
use. Possible impacts of recent space saving technologies are briefly examined.
(LISA)
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The Space Planning Team
The cooperative relationship of the library staff and "space professionals"
(architects, designers, and consultants) is extremely important. Input from all
of the participants is critical to effective planning, as is noted in the following
articles.
By design: its all in the details.
Buchanan, George
School Library Journal 36 (2) Feb 90, 25-27. illus
An architect reflects on the renovation of a historic classroom
building to create the school library at The Gunnery, Connecticut. Stresses
the importance of the interaction between architect, librarian, faculty and
students. Describes the design of the book processing area, reference section
and microform room. B.T. (LISA)
Drawing strength: skillful design...and a little trickery.
Chase, Bill
School Library Tournal 36 (2) Feb 90, 21-25. illus
Gives a librarian's viewpoint on the process of collaboration with an
architect in planning the design of a school library building at the Gunnery
School in Washington, Connecticut. Covers concern for aesthetics as well as
features such as lighting and electrical outlets. Cautions against an
architect's wish to make a design statement and stresses the need for
negotiation and compromise even during the building stage. B.T. (LISA)
Talking to the architects.
Cohen, Elaine
American Libraries. 20 (4) Apr 89, 299
Contribution to a special section devoted to the American Libraries
annual report on library facilities and furnishings. The author is a principal
of Aaron Cohen Associates, a library consulting-architectural-interior
design firm. Architects and librarians often disagree on what constitutes a
successful library building: architects work on a big scale and view light as
an aesthetic component, librarians are concerned with reading light,
security and functionality. Outlines 4 keys to good library design: write a
coherent building programme showing furniture and equipment needs; test
the programme in the space layout; build in flexibility using modular walls
and furniture; and work with your architect. J.S. (LISA)
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Designing library buildings for the 21st century.
Brawner, Lee B.
Journal of Library Administration. 11 (1/2) 1989, 221-232.
Contribution to an issue on managing public libraries in the 21st
century. Librarians and building consultants have a rich history of
participation in building teams interacting with architects and designers
throughout the building project process, and this role of participation will
intensify as future library buildings are transformed by changing technology
and user needs. Planning the future library facility will involve
consideration of: new technologies and energy systems; facilities to
accommodate an ageing population and the echo baby boom; the role of the
library as community information and education centre; more self-service;
space planning; and ease of maintenance. A.G. (LISA)
Librarians as interior designers: the icing on the cake.
Arnsan, Dan
Community & Junior College Libraries. 3 (3) Spring 85, 21-32.
Describes how, in the absence of a consultant or interior designer,
the library staff of Palomar College Library, which was completed in 1983,
designed floor plans, wrote furniture specifications, chose the colours, and
made major structural changes in the facility. Chronicles the venture and
encourages library staff participation in building projects offering advice for
those thinking of embarking on similar projects. (LISA)
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