EPA-R3-73 028a
Ecological Research Series
MARCH 1973
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
LAKE ONTARIO LIMNOLOGICAL AND
RELATED STUDIES
Vol. I Chemistry
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
H. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL
RESEARCH series. This series describes research
on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and
animal species, and materials. Problems are
assessed for their long- and short-term
influences. Investigations include formation,
transport, and pathway studies to determine the
fate of pollutants and their effects. This work
provides the technical basis for setting standards
to minimize undesirable changes in living
organisms in the aquatic, terrestrial and
atmospheric environments.
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EPA-R3-73-028a
March 1973
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LAKE
ONTARIO LIMNOLOGICAL AND RELATED STUDIES
Vol. I - CHEMISTRY
By
Daniel Proto
Robert A. Sweeney
Project 16120 HVR
Project Officer
Norbert A. Jaworski
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
U.S. Environmental P---'- *l'on
Region 5, Ll'.r.iry {(>' ' .,
25-0 £. Dearborn Stro^, Suoffl 167Q
Obicago,. IL 60604
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Price $1.25 domestic postpaid or $1 GPO Bookstore
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial production constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
11.
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TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction 1
II. Subject Index 2
A. Study regions 2
B. Techniques and Instrumentation ... 3
C. Parameters 5
III. Abstracts 13
IV. Author/Agency Addresses 91*
V. Other Possibly Pertinent References . . 100
VI. Acknowledgements 102
LIST OP FIGURES
JL Page
1 Map of Lake Ontario 2a
ill.
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I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study, which was sponsored under
grant # 16120 HVR from the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, was to provide a reference that would be of aid to
those individuals and/or agencies, planning or initiating
limnological research on Lake Ontario and/or its tributaries,
particularly those activities which are part of the Inter-
national Field Year on the Great Lakes (1972-71*). The task
was divided on the basis of disciplines into three (3)
sections - physical, biological and chemical. This paper
is the final report from the latter.
The holdings of libraries in both the United States and
Canada viere surveyed. Each pertinent reference was abstracted
and examined with respect to the parameters measured, tech-
niques employed and the location(s) in which the study was
conducted. In addition, the last known address of the agency
or senior author was noted for Inclusion of locating the
author if further communication is desired.
Unless otherwise noted, the papers cited in the annotated
list are located in Buffalo.
Due to limitations in time, we were unable to secure
copies of a few references that may contain Information
relative to Lake Ontax-io. These have been included in this
paper.
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Comments concerning this work are welcome and
appreciated.
II. SUBJECT INDEX
The number following each, refers to the number of the
paper listed in Section III. Lake Ontario was divided into
eighteen (18) regions, which are shown in Figure 1. The
number nineteen (19) refers to lake-wide studies; while
twenty (20) concerns tributaries to the lake. For the
identification of the specific stream or river in question,
see the abstract.
A. Study Regions
1. 63, 89, 99, 101, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128
2. 3, 15, 26, 27, 29, 40, 63, 79, 89, 96, 97, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103, 127, 128
3. 1, 16, 17, 21, 26, 27, 29, 46, 63, 69, 79, 82,
89, 97, 99, 101, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 157
4. 1, 13, 21, 2l\, 26, 27, 29, 30, 57, 63, 79, 82,
89, 99, 101, 112, 119, 127, 128, 141
5. 15, 21, 26, 27, 29, 63, 82, 97, 127, 128, 184
6. 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 63, 82
7. 21, 26, 27, 29, 63, 82, 97, 127, 128, 150
8. 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 63, 82
9. 15, 21, 26, 27, 29, 63, 82, 127, 128
10. 18, 19, 21, 243 26, 27, 29, 30, 44, 57, 62, 63,
82. 112, 119, 146, 158, 159, 162, 166, 169, 171,
178, 187
-2-
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11. 15, 27, 29, 67, 80, 81, 97, 105, 106, 160
12. 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 63, 82, 87, 127, 128
13. 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 82, 164
14. 21, 26, 27, 29, 30, 80, 105, 106, 164
15. 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 82, 85
16. 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 43, 44, 45, 57, 60,
76, 77, 78, 82, 85, 87, 112, 118, 119, 122, 158,
164, 179
17. 21, 26, 27, 29, 30, 49, 50, 112, 119, 127, 128
18. 21. 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 57, 58, 70, 77, 113, 143,
15§, 164
19. 2. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 20, 23, 25,
28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 4l, 42,
47, 52, 56, 59, 64, 65, 66, 68, 73, 74, 75, 83,
84, 86, 90, 91, 93, 98, 109, 110. 115, 116, 120.
121, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 144,
145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,
161, 182, 183, 186
20. 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 70,
71, 72, 73, 80, 88, 92, 94, 95, 97, 104, 107,
108, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 122, 124,
129, 130, 133, 134, 139, 150, 158, 162, 163,
165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173,
174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 181, 185
B. Techniques and In s trumentation
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry - 33, 34, 35,
38, 40, 41, 107, 108, 141, 154, 182
Auto Analyzer - 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 35, 38, 86, 96, 140
Bathythermograph - 63, 64, 65, 136, 137, 148
Carbon Analyzer - 83, 86, 152
Centrifuge - 16, 106
Conductivity Cell - 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 47, 146
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Conductivity Meter - 33, 34, 35, 36, 37- 38,
Dichromate Oxidation Method -- 34
Direct Dosing Method (with Gibbs Reagent) - 106
Distillation and Nesslerization Technique for (NH.,) -
101, 139 J
Extraction - 16, 17, 66, 69, 82. 83, 84, 933 101,
102, 103, 118, 122, 132, 144, 160, 176, iCl,
187
Flame Emission Photometry - 2, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38,
47, 96, 107, 151, 176
Fluorometer - 120
Gas Chromatograph - 70, 118, 122, 132, 181, 187
Gravemetric Analysis - 32, 33, 34, 35, 47, 48, 79,
135, 151, 176
Ion Exchange Column Chromatography - 69
Induction Furnace Carbon Analyzer - 82
Infrared Spectrometer - 102
Liquid Scintillation - 62
Mass Spectrometer - 46
Mohr Method for Cl ~ 139
Oxygen Analyzer (probe) - 32, 33, 34, 146
Petrographic Microscope - 83
pH Meter - 21, 23, 2*, 2?, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 63, 64, 65, 69, 82, 93,
101, 136, 137, 141, 146
Photometric Analysis - 23 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26. 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 41, 47, 66,
69, 71, 02, 93, 96, 101, 102, 118, 122, 139.
148, 160
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Potentlometric Tltration - 2, l8l
Robertson's (I960) Technique for PO^ - 76
Soap Method for Hardness - 139
Standard Methods (APHA) » 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 49, 50, 51, 69, 73, 76
101, 105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 119, 129, 133, 141,
178, 179
Thin Layer Chromatography - 66, 181
Turbidimeter - 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 48, 64,
65, 146
Ver Senate Method for Hardness - 139
Volumetric Analysis - 32, 33, 34, 35, 38 47, 48, 63,
64, 64, 67, 71, 93, 101, 106, 139, 141, 148
Winkler Method for Dissolved 05 - 2, 19, 21, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31? 32, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 63, 64, 65, 71, 1053 136, 137, 141, 148
X-ray Diffractometer ~ 151, 183
C. Parameters
Alkalinity ~ 2, 4, 7, 12, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 21 28,
29, 305 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44,
45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 6l, 63,
64, 64, 73, 75, 79, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97,
99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 112, 113, 115, 117,
119, 125, 127, 128, 130, 139, 141, 145, 148, 150,
158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169,
170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184
Alkybenzenesulphonate (ABS) - 53, 76, 118, 122, 161
Aluminum - 1, 88, 171
Alumina (AlgOj - 72, 87, 99
Amino Acids - 16
Ammonia (NH~) - 9, 10, 12, 21, 42, 52, 54S 56, 75,
100, 101, 102, 139, 140S 146, 157, 174
5
-------
Antimony (Sb) -- 1?6
Arsenic (As) - 46, 128
Barium (Ba) - 12, 46, 88, 176
Beryllium (Be) - 46, 176
Bicarbonate (HCCU) - 97, 104, 130, 162, 163, 165, 166,
167, 168, 16|, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) - 3, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 45, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57, 59, 73, 75, 94, 99, 104, 113, 114, 115, 117,
123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 146, 162, 163, 166, 169,
176, 180
Bismuth - 176
Bitumens - 83
Boron (B) - 46, 88, l6l, 176
Bromine (Br) - 156, l6l
Cadmium (Cd) - 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 75, 88, 176
Calcium II (Ca++) - 2, 4. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 32, 33,
34, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 48 57, 59, 61, 89, 90,
91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, 104, 107, 108, 112, 119?
130, 141, 145, 149, 150, 151, 161, 162, 163, 164,
165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,
182, 183, 184
Calcium III (Ca+3) - 12, 42, 47, 75, 182
Carbon (Carbonate) - 82, 83, 85, 86, 153
Carbon Dioxide (C00) - 49, 50, 51, 99, 112, 114, 115,
117, 149, 158/159, 178, 179, 180
Carbon-l4 Uptake - 58, 60, 62, 109, 110
Carbon (Organic) - 1. 4, 12, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 142,
152, 153, 161, 184
Carbon (Oxidizable) « 87, 98
Carbon (Total) - 83, 91, 184
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Carbonate (COp - 1, 4, 92, 149, 152
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - 43, 44, 52, 54, 55, 56,
60, 79, 94, 128, l46s 175, 176
Chloride (Cl) - 4. 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39,
42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 6l, 64, 68,
71, 72, 73, 75, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 105,
106, 112, 114, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125,
127, 128, 130, 139, 141, 143, 147, 148, 149, 150,
156, 157, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 182, 183
Chlorophyll a - 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 66, 103, 120,
184
Chlorophyll a and b - 17, 52, 82, 103, 138, 145
Chlorophyll b - 66, 103
Chlorophyll c_ - 66
ChlorophyHides a and b - 66
Chlorine Demand - 44, 102, 146, 176
Chloroform Extractables - 4
Chromium (Cr) - 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 46, 75, 88,
123, 128, 161, 176, 182
Cobalt (Co) - 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 46, 75, 176
Coliform Count - 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38? 45, 52, 53, 54,
56, 57, 68, 73, 76, 94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102,
105, 106, 112, 114, 115, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125,
126, 127, 128, 137, 176
Color - 32, 45, 53, 61, 63, 65, 75, 94, 97, 104, 113,
114, 115, 117, 124, 125, 130, 136, 137, 149, 150,
157, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,
172, 173, 174, 175, 176
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Conductance (Specific) ~ 4, 12, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
43, 44 47, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 6l, 63, 64, 65, 71,
75, 104, 105, 106, 112, 119, 127, 128, 130, 136,
137, 140, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 159, 161,
164, 165, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 184
Copper (Cu) - 12, 32. 33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 46, 88, 123,
128, 161, 176, 182
Cyanide (ON") - 94, 128, l6l
DDT - 59, 62, 70, 118, 122, 131, 132, 181
Detergents (Synthetic) « 3, 4l, 99, 100, 102, 118, 122,
128, 161
Dieldrln - 59, 62, 70, 118, 122, 131, 132, l6l, 181
Ether Solubles ~ 6, 40, 123, 128, 176
Ferromanganese Nodules - 20, 46
Fluoride (F~) - 4, 12, 38, 6l, 90, 91, 93, 104, 112,
119, 128, 130, 149, 150, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166,
167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176,
182
Fulvic Acids - 83
Hardness - 12 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34,
38, 45, 54, 56, 6l, 64, 75, 795 97, 99, 101, 102,
112, 114, 115, 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130,
139, 141, 150, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176
Herbicides - 12, 75, 161
Humic Acids - 83
Iodine (I) - 46, 6l, 156, 161, 186
Iron (Fe) - 4, 7, 32, 33, 34, 35, 4l, 42, 43, 46, 48,
50, 72, 75, 87, 88, 94, 99, 104, 105, 106, 112,
119, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 142, 149, 150, 161,
162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 176,
182, 183
Lead (Pb) - 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 46, 128, l6l,
176, 182
-8-
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Lithium (LI) - 12, 32, 33, 3**, 35, 42, 46, 75
Magnesium (Mg) - 4, 7, 12, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 47,
48, 59, 61, 72, 75S 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97,
99, 104, 107, 108, 112. 119, 130, l4l, 145, 149,
150, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169,
170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 182, 183
Manganese (Mn) - 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 4l. 42, 46, 75,
88, 112, 119, 167, 171, 176, 182, 183
Methylene Blue Active Substances - 175
Mercury (Hg) - 5, 14, 15, 154
Molybdenium (Mo) - 41, 46, 127, 176
Nickle (Ni) - 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 46, 75, 128,
161, 182
Nitrate (Nor) - 7, 9, 12, 42, 48, 54, 56, 6l, 75, 84,
97, 104? ill, 125, 130, 146, 149, 150, 162, 163,
165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175S
183, 184
Nitrite (NOZ) - 12, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 75, 111, 125, 149, 173, 174, 175
Nitrogen (Albuminoid) - 6, 12, 101
Nitrogen (Ammonia) » 17, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 42,
44, 45, 57, 605 68, 73, 79, 84, 99, 101, 105,
106, 112, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 140,
161, 177
Nitrogen (Inorganic) - 99, 101
Nitrogen (Kjeldahl - organic and ammonia) - 17, 32,
33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 75, 76, 105, 106, 111, 123,
124, 125, 127, 128
Nitrogen (Nitrate) - 17, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 45,
52, 57, 68, 99, 101, 112, 119, 124, 128, 140,
161, 177
Nitrogen (Nitrate and Nitrite) -- 28, 29, 30, 31, 36,
38, 42, 99
9
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Nitrogen (Nitrite) - 32, 33, 34, 45, 99, 128, l6l
Nitrogen (Organic) - 12, 32, 33, 31*, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45,
52, 60, 68, 99, 146, 161, 174, 175
Nitrogen (Total) - 3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 42, 57, 59, 69, 74,
76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 92, 111, 112, 119, 134,
146, 175, 177
Odor - 113, II1*, 115, 117
Oils - 55
Oxygen (Dissolved) - 9, 12, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44,
45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 59, 63, 64, 65, 67,
68, 71, 73, 75, 99, 105, 113, 115, 117, 119, 124,
125, 127, 128, 136, 137, 140, 141, 146, 148, 149,
158, 159, 176, 178, 179, 180, 184
Pesticides - 12. 15, 56, 59, 70, 75, 112, 118, 119,
122, 161, 181
pH - 4, 9, 12. 17, 23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31.
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51,
52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67,
71, 75, 76, 82, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92, 94, 99, 102.
104, 105, 106, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 123, 124,
125, 127, 128, 130, 136, 137, 139, 141, 144, 145,
146, 148, 149, 150, 153, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165,
166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175,
176, 178, 179, 180, 184
Phenols - 12, 13, 17, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 55, 73, 75, 94, 95, 101, 102, 104,
105, 106, 112, 119, 123, 126, 127, 128, 161, 171
Pheophorbides a and b_ - 66
Pheophytins (Chlorophyll Degradation Products) - 66, 82
Phosphate (P0h~-Reactive) - 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 38, 184
Phosphate (PO^ - Soluble) - 17, 42, 43, 44, 57, 64, 695
123, 124, 125, 128, 140, 146
10-
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Phosohate (PO, - Total) - 11. 17, 34, 35, 38, 42,
43, 44, 43, 52, 54, 56, 60, 64, 68, 75, 76 77,
79, 84, 93, 94, 99, 111, 112, 119, 123, 124,
125, 128, 129, 140, 142, 146, 155, 161, 171,
174, 176, 177, 183
Phosphorus (P) - 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 39, 46, 53, 59,
74, 80. 81, 85, 90, 91, 92, 99, 105, 106, 133,
134, 144, 159, 177, 184
Photosynthetic Rate - 58, 77, 109, 110, 138
Phytoplankton Pigments - 160
Potassium (K) - 2, 4, 7, 8, 9 10, 11, 12, 32, 33,
34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 47, 48, 57, 59, 61, 75, 89,
90, 92. 93, 104, 107, 108, 112, 119, 130, 141,
144, 145, 149, 150, 151, l6l, 162, 163, 164,
165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173,
174, 176, 182, 183
Radioactivity - 12, 75, 78, 99, 171, 176
Radium (Ra) - 171
Redox Potential (Eh) - 43, 46, 82, 83, 86, 89, 153
Saponification Number ~ 187
Selenium (Se) ~ 46, 176
Seston (Organic) - 75, 85
Silica (S10?) - 1, 4, 7, 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38,
42, 44/48, 59, 61, 72, 75, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94,
99, 101, 104, 112, 119, 130, 140, 144, 145, 149,
150, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 184
Silver (Ag) » 176
Sodium (Na) ~ 2, 4, 7, 8. 9, 10, 11, 12, 32, 33, 34,
35, 38, 39, 42, 47, 48, 57, 59, 61, 75, 89, 90,
92 93, 96, 99, 104, 107, 108, 112, 119, 130, l4l,
144, 145, 149, 150, 151, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165,
166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176,
182, 183
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Solids (Total Dissolved) - 4 7, 10, 11, 32, 33, 34,
35, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57, 59, 61, 64, 68, 75, 97, 99, 104, 112, 113,
114, 115, 117, 119, 123, 1243 125, 126, 127, 128,
130, 135, 141, 146, 149, l6l, 162, 163, 164, 165,
166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176,
182, 185
Strontium (Sr) - 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 4l, 42, 75, 88,
161, 182
Strontium-90 (Sr-90) - 176
Sulphate (SO,.) - 4, 7, 10. 11. 12, 32, 33, 34, 35,
38, 39, 42, 45, 47, 48, 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 68,
75, 90, 93, 94> 97, 99, 104, 112, 119, 128. 149,
150, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, ;67, 168, 169,
170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 182, 183, 185
Sulphur S (Total) - 6, 85
Temperature - 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 49, 50,
51, 53, 54, 63, 64, 65, 67, 71, 73, 76, 99, 106,
112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 136, 137,
140, 141, 145, 149, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 166,
167, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 184
Tin - 176
Turbidity - 7, 10, 12, 17, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44, 45, 483 53, 54, 56,
64, 65, 71, 73, 75, 99, 112, 113, 111, 115, 117,
119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 140, 146, l-'49,
167, 172, 176, 184
Uranium (U) - l6l, 171
Vanadium (V) - 176
Zinc (Zn) - 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 46, 75, 88,
128, 161, 176, 182
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III. ABSTRACTS
The location of those papers not found in Buffalo
and available through the Great Lakes Lab are given in
parenthesis at the end of the abstract.
1. Adamstone, P. B. 1924. The distribution and economic
importance of the bottom fauna of Lake Nipigon
with an appendix on the bottom fauna of Lake
Ontario. Univ. Toronto. Studies. Blol. Ser. No.
25: 34-100.
Contains data obtained from a series of dredgings made
on October 3, 1922, in Lake Ontario on a line between
Toronto and the mouth of the Niagara River. The para-
meters measured include: silica, insoluble silicates,
Al and iron oxides, lime, SO,, carbonates and organic
matter. (Univ. of Toronto --Zoology).
2. Allen, H. E. 1964. Chemical characteristics of Lake
Ontario. Great Lakes Pish. Comm. Tech. Rept.
No. 14: 1-18.
Records are presented of Na, K, Ca, SiOp, pH, alkalin-
ity, Og and specific conductance at 106 stations in
Lake Ontario. These data are compared for east-west
and surface-subsurface variations. Water quality in
Lake Ontario is similar to that in Lake Ontario with
the exception of dissolved oxygen. The open waters
of Lake Ontario had no areas of serious oxygen
depletions.
Anderson, D. V. - See: D. H. Matheson, No. 102, 103.
3. Anderson, D. V. and D. H. Matheson. 196?. Hamilton
Bay - The model of a natural waste treatment
reactor. Res. Rept. No. 73. Ontario Dept. Lands
and Forest. 15 p.
Hamilton Bay covers 11.3 square miles and discharges
to Lake Ontario through a short shipping channel. All
wastes from the city are discharged into the Bay,
where, in water averaging 20 feet in depth, they are
subject to active and effective decomposition.
Analyses of the Bay water and lake water nearly have
13-
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been made over 20 years, and during this period the
Bay has been able to cope with the city's wastes.
Increased pollution and reduced detention times now
make oroblemmatical the stability of the Bay as a
sewage reactor. Of course, the reactions are much
too complicated yet to be discussed even qualitatively
and, therefore, it is not possible to defend Increased
demands on the Bay. In any case, secondary treatment
facilities are now being built. However, the Hamilton
case shows that other restricted portions of the Great
Lakes in metropolitan areas might possibly be segre-
gated with similar benefits.
Anderson, D. V. (Ed.). 1969. The Great Lakes as an
environment. Great Lakes Institute Univ. Toronto
Rect. PR 39. 189 p. + appendices.
Contains tabulated data on the surface water of Lake
Ontario. Parameters include hardness, Pe, alkalinity,
SO^, pH, K, Mg, C, chloroform extract, F, Cl, conduc-
tivity, Ca, Na+K, CO,, SiO, and dissolved solids from
1906-07 to 1956. (CCIW). *
Anon. 1970. Background papers for the Great Lakes
environmental conference to be held in Toronto,
Ontario. September 1970. 68 p.
Mercury concentrations in various Lake Ontario fish
are given.
Atwater, W. 0. 1892. The chemical composition and
nutritive values of food-fishes an.d aquatic
invertebrates. U. S. Commission Fish & Fisheries.
Report for 1888, Part 16: 679-868.
Two lake trout (Sa.£ue£/cnaA nomac/cu-6/i) and one pike
(E-60X £.uc.
-------
7. Ayers, John C. 1962. Great Lakes waters, their
circulation and physical and chemical character-
istics. American Association for the Advancement
of Science. Pub. No. 71: 71-89.
Chemical characteristics Great Lakes waters reflect
their geological ages, their drainage area rocks and
their peripheral human population densities. Only
Lake Superior has shown no change in chemical
characteristics in the past 50 to 75 years. Lake
Erie, oldest and most heavily populated, has deter-
iorated in chemical quality during the past hundred
years, with Increasingly rapid eutrophication in the
last fifty years.
Baldwin, A. L. - See: R. C. Bubeck, et.al., No. 18, 19.
Batoosingh, E. - See: R. 0. Brinkhurst, et.al., No. 16,
Beeton, A. M. - See: J. E. Gannon, No. 60.
8. Beeton, A. M. 1965. Eutrophication of the St. Lawrence
Great Lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10: 2^0-254.
Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior are classified as
oligotrophic lakes on the basis of their biological,
chemical and physical characteristics. Lake Ontario,
although rich in nutrients, Is morphometrically
oligotrophic or mesotrophic because of its large area
of deep water. Lake Erie, the most productive of the
lakes and the shallovrest, is eutrophic. Several
changes commonly associated with eutrophication in
small lakes have been observed in the Great Lakes.
These changes apparently reflect accelerated eutrophi-
cation in the Great Lakes due to man's activities.
Chemical data compiled from a number of sources,
dating as early as 185^,, Indicate a progressive
increase in the concentrations of various major ions
and total dissolved solids in all of the lakes except
Superior. The plankton has changed somewhat In Lake
Michigan and the plankton, benthos and fish popula-
tions of Lake Erie are greatly different today from
those of the past. An extensive area of hypolimnetic
water of Lake Eric has developed low dissolved oxygco
concentrations in late summer within recent years.
-15-
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9. Beeton, A. M. 1966. Indices of Great Lakes eutrophlca-
tlon. Univ. Michigan, Great Lakes Res. Div. 15:
1-8.
The concept of eutrophication is discussed in terms of
its relationship to aging of lakes, environmental
changes and pollution. Various changes in physical,
chemical and biological characteristics of the Great
Lakes are reviexved. Increases in nitrogen and phos-
phorus, changes in species composition and increases
in the abundance of plankton, decreases in the
dissolved oxygen content of bottom waters, changes in
fish populations in Lake Erie, the replacement of
Bo-6m>cna cottegon-t by 8. £ongJ,tio&tfLJ.A, and the exten-
sive growths of Ctadophoto, are acceptable indices of
eutrophication and have been observed in other lakes.
Increases in total dissolved solids and major ions
may represent environmental changes not necessarily
those of eutrophication. Changes in the benthic
communities, amount of bacteria and growth rate of
fish may be due to environmental conditions not
related to eutrophication, although they may be use-
ful indices of eutrophication if evaluated in terms
of conditions in the total environment.
1C. Beeton, A. M. 1969. Changes in the environment and
biota of the Great Lakes. In: Eutrophication:
Causes, Consequences, Correctives. National
Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. 66l p.
Lake Ontario has some characteristics associated with
eutrophic conditions and others indicating oligo-
trophy. The inflow of nutrient-rich waters from Lake
Erie certainly is sufficient to stimulate high organic
production, but the depth of the lake probably does
not facilitate full utilization of the nutrients.
Most of the lake is deeper than 120 ft. Consequently.,
it appears that Lake Ontario fits well into what
Rawson (I960) called morphometrically oligotrophic.
The relatively low transparency, high total dissolved
solids and high specific conductance indicate eutro-
phic conditions (Beeton, 1965). Measurements of
dissolved oxygen in 1966 did not confirm the low
values reported previously that were cited by Beeton
as evidence of eutrophication. Concentrations in thus
deep waters were usually 90 to 100 percent of satura-
tion, although occasionally 70 percent saturation was
found in one area in the shallow eastern part in 1966
(Dobson, 1967). Concentrations of the major ions are
16-
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only a few ppm greater in Lake Ontario than in Lake
Erie. Phosphorus concentrations in Lake Ontario,
reported as about 0.01 to 0.028 ppm by Sutherland
et.al. (1966), evidently are somewhat lox-rer than in
Lake Erie, although we do not have sufficient published
data to support that conclusion.
11. Beeton, A. M. 1970a. Statement on pollution and
eutrophication of the Great Lakes to the sub-
committee on air and water pollution of the
Committee of Public Works U. S. Senate. Univ.
of Wisconsin-MiIwaukee. 28 p.
Increases in total dissolved solids, calcium, chloride,
sodium-plus-potassium and sulfate in Lake Ontario are
the same as in Lake Erie, as would be expected, since
the main inflow to Lake Ontario is from Lake Erie.
The somewhat higher concentrations of salts in Lake
Ontario than in Lake Erie is probably related to the
growth of the Hamilton, Rochester and Toronto metro-
politan areas. The agreement among the few early
analyses, of 1852*, 1884 and 1907 is close and indi-
cates that increases in the chemical content of Lake
Ontario, as well as Lake Erie, started around 1910.
12. Beeton, A. M. 19?0b. Chemical characteristics of
the Laurentian Great Lakes. In: R. A. Siveeney
(Ed.) Proceedings of the Conference on Changes
in the Chemistry of Lakes Erie and Ontario.
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 25(2): 1-20.
The waters of the Great Lakes are bicarbonate and
similar in concentrations of the major ions to the
average fresh-water of North America. Lake Superior
water has the lowest chemical content and the con-
centrations of the major ions increase as the waters
flow through Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario. Factors
which affect the chemical characteristics of the
Lakes are the geologic nature of the basin; chemical
content of precipitation; inflows of tributaries
(the inflows from other lakes are especially impor-
tant in Lakes Erie, Huron and Ontario); the nature
of man's use and intensity of that use of the water-
shed; major water movements; thermal stratification;
depth of the lake; and extent of biological activity.
Contains a table listing the major sources of chemical
data for the Great Lakes giving the reference, kind of
data and year of observation. Also included is a
table of the average chemical characteristics of the
Great Lakes.
-17-
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13. Black, H. H. and E. Devendorf. 1954. Industrial
pollution of international boundary waters along
the Niagara Frontier. Sewage and Industrial
Waters. 26(10): 1259-1285.
The paper discusses the average and maximum phenol
concentrations entering Lake Ontario from the mouth
of the Niagara River.
14. Bligh, E. G. 1970. Mercury contamination in fish.
Twentieth Annual Institute for Public Health
Inspectors, Winnipeg, Manitoba. (Oct. 19-23,
1970). 19 p.
The average ppm Hg in Lake Ontario pike is reported.
15. Bligh, E. G. 1971. Environmental factors affecting
the utilization of Great Lakes fish as human
food. Limnos. 4(1): 13-18.
Reports on the average Hg levels of various fish in
different locations in Lake Ontario. Also contains
some data on pesticide levels for Lake Ontario fish.
Breidenbach, A. W. - See: L. Weaver, et.al., No. l8l.
16. Brinkhurst, R. 0., K. E. Chua and E. Batoosingh.
1971. The free amino acids in the sediments of
Toronto Harbor. Limnol. Oceanogr. 16(3):
555-559.
Seventeen amino acids vjere extracted from Toronto
Harbor sediments, in concentrations that varied
throughout the study period. Their relative abun-
dance was the same at two locations, although
higher near the mouth of the polluted Don River
than near the islands.
IT. Brydges, T. G. 19&9. Investigations of daily
variations in chemical bacteriological and
biological parameters at two Lake Ontario
locations near Toronto. Part I, Chemistry.
Proc. 12th Conf. Great Lakes Res; 750-759.
An investigation of daily variations in chemical,
bacteriological and algal parameters was carried
out using samples collected five days a week from
Toronto Harbour and from the intake of the R. C.
Harris Filtration Plant. The intake extends 2500 m
-18-
-------
from shore and is 12 m deep in 23 m of water. The
study began in July 1968. Weekly depth and sediment
samples were collected to supplement the daily data.
Fourteen chemical parameters were monitored. Total
phosphorus concentration was the best indicator of
the presence of urban drainage. Ammonia and organic
nitrogen concentrations in the harbour vary inversely;
consequently, KJeldahl nitrogen is a better measure of
water quality than either of them. Surface nitrate
concentrations vary with wind speed and biological
activity and do not always reflect the effects of
runoff. Chlorophyll and soluble phosphorus concen-
trations in the harbour vary inversely. Phosphorus
was apparently not limiting algal growth, but there
was insufficient data to test the relationship for
the open lake.
Daily data were required to define some inter-para-
meter relationships which were not defined by data
collected at weekly intervals.
18, Bubeck, R. C., W. H. Diment, B. L. Deck, A. L.
Baldwin and S. D. Lipton. 1971a. Runoff of
deicing salt: Effect on Irondequoit Bay,
Rochester, New York. Science. 172: 1128-1132.
Salt used for deicing the streets near Rochester, New
York, has increased the chloride concentration in
Irondequoit Bay at least fivefold during the past tv;o
decades. During the winter of 1969-70 the quantity
and salinity of the dense runoff that accumulated on
the bottom of the bay was sufficient to prevent com-
plete vertical mixing of the bay during the spring.
Comparison with 1939 conditions indicates that the
period of summer stratification has been prolonged
a month by the density gradient imposed by the salt
runoff.
19. Bubeck, R. C., W. H. Diment, B. L. Deck, A. L.
Baldwin and S. D. Lipton. 1971b. Runoff of
deicing salt: Effect on Irondequoit Bay,
Rochester, New York. Proc. Street Salting
Urban Water Quality Workshop. State Univ.
College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. pp 39-^8.
Salt used for deicing the streets near Rochester, New
York has increased the chloride concentration in
Irondequoit Bay at least five fold during the past
-39-
-------
two decades. During the winter of 1969-1970, the
quantity and salinity of the dense run-off that
accumulated on the bottom of the bay was sufficient
to prevent complete vertical mixing of the bay
during the spring. Comparison with 1939 conditions
indicates that the period of summer stratification
has been prolonged a month by the density gradient
imposed by the salt run-off.
20. Callender, E. 1970. The economic potential of
ferromanganese nodules in the Great Lakes.
Proc. 6th Forum on Geology of Industrial
Minerals. Michigan Geological Survey, Mis-
cellany 1. pp. 56-65.
Ferromanganese nodules occur in all of the St.
Lawrence Great Lakes with the greatest deposits
found to date in northern Lake Michigan. The Lake
Michigan nodules average 20 percent Iron and 8 per-
cent manganese and occur as several types based
upon physical and chemical properties. Nodules
occur as concretionary material around a quartz or
feldspar nucleus and ferromanganese oxide coatings
on sand grains which are agglutinated into masses
usually less than 3 mm in diameter. Chemically,
the nodules consist of reddish brovrh high iron-low
manganese material and dark brown high manganese-
low iron masses. The trace element content of
nodules is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than
marine material. Lake Michigan nodules contain
unusually high concentrations of barium and
arsenic which appear to be associated with hydrous
manganese oxide. Reconnaissance sampling of the
Upper Great Lakes revealed the presence of nodules
at many localities exhibiting a similar geologic
environment. Nodules always occur in oxidized sands
that overlay stiff red and gray lacustrine clays.
The nodules a..re extremely sensitive to oxidation-
reduction potential and seldom occur in mildly
oxidizing sediments. In conjunction with redox
potential, sedimentation rates are the other
important factor affecting the preservation of
ferromanganese nodules. Synthesis of geological
and geochemical data permit the evaluation of
several parameters that may be useful in explora-
tion for ferromanganese deposits in the Great Lakes.
-20-
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21. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969a. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 1, 1966. Canadian
Oceanograchlc Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
40 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: specific conductance, coliform
count, temperature and total alkalinity. Descriptive
statements arc given for each sampling station where
measurements were made. These statements include
location of the station (longitude and latitude),
date, time and depth of sample.
The data were obtained on two cruises of Lake Ontario.
The first cruise extended from June 1-5, 1966 and
consisted of 35 sampling locations situated on the
eastern end of the lake. The second cruise was made
from June 7-10, 1966 and 39 sampling locations were
established over the entire lake except the extreme
western end.
2?., Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969b. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 2, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
5^ p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: temperature and coliform count.
Descriptive statements are given for each sampling
station where measurements were made. These state-
ments include location (longitude and latitude), dato,
time and depth of sample.
This report contains water quality data obtained on a
single cruise extending from June 15-19, 1966 on the
eastern end of Lake Ontario.
23. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969c. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 3, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario,
88 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: specific conductance, total alkal-
inity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, nitrite and
coliform count. Descriptive statements are given for
each sampling station where measurements were made.
These statements include location of the station
(longitude and latitude), date, time and depth of
sample,
-21-
-------
The data were obtained on a single cruise extending
from June 21-25, 1966 and covering the entire lake.
24. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969d. Lake Ontario
liranological data report No. 4, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
113 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: specific conductance, total alkal-
inity, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, temperature,
coliform count, chloride, turbidity, phenol and
hardness. Descriptive statements are given for each
sampling station v/here measurements were made. These
statements include location of the station (longitude
and latitude), date, time and depth of sampling.
The data were obtained on a single cruise extending
from June 26-30, 1966 and covering the area along
the American shoreline with the exception of the far
western end of the lake.
25. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969e. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 5, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
125 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: total alkalinity, specific conduc-
tance, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, temperature,
coliform count, chloride, BOD, phenol and hardness.
Descriptive statements are given for each sampling
station where measurements were made. These state-
ments include location of the station (longitude and
latitude), date, time and depth of sampling.
The data were obtained on a single, lakewide, cruise
extending from July 4-10, 1966.
26. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969f. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 6, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
116 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: alkalinity, specific conductance,
dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite, temperature, coliform
count, phenol, BOD, hardness and turbidity. Descrip-
tive statements are given for each sampling station
-22-
-------
where measurements were made. These statements
include location of the station (longitude and
latitude), date, time and depth of sampling.
The data urere obtained on two cruises of Lake Ontario.
The first cruise extended from July 11-15, 1966 and
consisted of 75 sampling locations situated over the
entire lake except for the far eastern end. The
second cruise was made from July 19-24, 1966 and 88
sampling stations were established over the entire
lake.
27. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969g. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 7, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
113 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: alkalinity, Cl, specific conduc-
tance, dissolved oxygen, pH, NOp, hardness, phenols,
turbidity, BOD, coliform count, temperature and
reactive PO^. Descriptive statements are given for
each sampling station where measurements were made.
These statements include location of the station
(longitude and latitude), date, time and depth of
sampling.
The data were obtained on two cruises of Lake Ontario.
The frist cruise extended from July 26-29, 1966 and
consisted of 62 sampling locations centered around two
points on either side of mid-lake. The second cruise
was made from August 2-7, 1966 and 79 sampling stations
were established over the entire lake.
28. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969h. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 9, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
119 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: alkalinity, Cl, specific conduc-
tance, dissolved oxygen, pH, NO-, hardness, phenols,
turbidity, BOD, coliform count, temperature, nitrate
and nitrite Np and reactive PO^. Descriptive state-
ments are given for each sampling station where
measurements were made. These statements include
location of the station (longitude and latitude), date,
time and depth of sampling.
-23-
-------
The data were obtained on two cruises of Lake Ontario.
The first cruise occured in the period of August 15-
19, 1966 and involved 69 sampling locations lakewide.
The second cruise extended from August 29 through
September 2, 1966 and consisted of 47 sampling loca-
tions situated around the lake.
29. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 19691. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 10, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographlc Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
80 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: alkalinity, Cl, specific conduc-
tance, dissolved oxygen, pH, N02, hardness, phenols,
turbidity, BOD, coliform count, temperature and
reactive POj.. Descriptive statements are given for
each sampling station where measurements i\rere made.
These statements Include location of the station
(longitude and latitude), date, time and depth of
sampling.
The data were obtained on two cruises of Lake Ontario,
The first cruise took place between September 6-11,
1966 and covered the area around Toronto, mid-lake,
and an extensive section of the eastern end of the
lake. The second cruise extended from September 12-
16, 1966 and was lakeifide.
r;"1. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969J Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 11, 1966. Canadian
Oceanographlc Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
109 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: alkalinity, Cl, specific conduc-
tance, dissolved oxygen, pH, NO-, hardness, phenols,
turbidity, BOD, coliform count, temperature, nitrate
and nitrite Np and reactive PO^. Descriptive state-
ments are given for each sampling station where
measurements were made. These statements include
location of the station (longitude and latitude), da'';:--
time and depth of sampling.
The data were obtained on a single cruise extending
from September 20-24, 1966. The sampling stations
were located around the mouths of the Niagara,
Genesee, Oswego and St. Lawrence Rivers.
-24-
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31. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1969k. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 12, 1966. Canadiau
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
73 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
are presented on: dissolved oxygen, conductivity,
alkalinity, Cl, temperature, coliform count, pH,
turbidity, BOD, N02, phenols, N0p+ N0,-Np and reactive
POjj. Descriptive statements also are^included giving
time, date and location of sampling.
The data were obtained on two cruises of Lake Ontario.
The first cruise extended from September 26-29, 1966
and was lake-wide. The second cruise extended from
October 1-3, 1966 and covered the eastern end of the
lake.
32. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1970a. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 1, 196?. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario,
212 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
are presented on: Ca, Mg, Na, K, alkalinity, SO;.,
Cl, conductivity, dissolved Op, silica, pH, Mn, Sr
Li, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, hardness, phenols,
turbidity, Pe, organic-Np, N0.~-Np, dissolved solids,
Kjeldahl-Np, BODa coliform count, NH~-Np, temperatur-,
chlorophyll a, NO.,, reactive PO^ and^color. Descrip-
tive statements are included which give date and
location of sampling.
The data were collected on three lake-wide cruises of
Lake Ontario.
33. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1970b. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 2, 196?. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario-
179 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
are presented on: Ca, Mg, Na, K, alkalinity, SO^,
Cl, conductance, dissolved Op, silica, pH, Mn, Sr., 7:'' ,
Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, nardness, phenols, turo.< -;-
ity, Fe, organic-No, NO--N, NH-,-Np, dissolved solicit*,
Kjeldahl-Np, BOD, coliform count, temperature,
chlorophyll a, NO- and reactive POj,. Descriptive
statements are also Included which give date and
location of camplf.ng.
-25-
-------
The data were obtained on two lake-wide cruises.
The first curise extended from July 25-30, 196? and
the second from August 5-10, 1967.
34. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1970c. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 3, 1967. Canadian
Oceanographlc Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
232 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
are presented on: Ca, Mg, Na, alkalinity, SOh, Cl,
conductance, dissolved 0?, silica, pH, Mn, Sr, Li,
Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, hardness, phenols, turbid-
ity, Fe, organic-Np, NO--N-, NH?-N2, dissolved solids,
KJeldahl-N2, BOD, collform count, temperature,
chlorophyll a, NO,, reactive PO^, total PO^ and NCU-Np.
Descriptive statements are included which give dati
and location of sampling.
The data were collected on three lake-wide cruises.
The first cruise extended from August 21-25, 1967 and
second from September 5-9, 1967 and the third from
September 16-21, 1967.
j>. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1970d. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 4, 1967. Canadiai
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario.
203 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
are presented on: Ca, Mg, Na, K, alkalinity, SO^,
Cl, conductance, dissolved 00, silica, Ph, Mn, Sr,
Li, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, hardness, phenols,
turbidity, Pe, organic-N7, NO^,-N?, NHo-Nps dissolved
solids, KJeldahl-N?, BOD^ coliform codnt; temperature,
chlorophyll a, NO- and reactive P0,(. Descriptive
statements are included which give'sampling data and
location.
The data v?ere collected on three lake-wide cruises.
The first extended from October 1-6, 1967, the
second from October 17-21, 1967 and the third from
October 28 to November 2, 1967.
3C. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1970e. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 1, 1968. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario,
85 p.
-26-
-------
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: specific conductance, temperature.
turbidity, pH, dissolved Op, total PO^, ammonia N9,
reactive POj,, nitrate and nitrite N2, silica, chloro-
phyll a, coliform count and color. Descriptive state-
ments are given for each sampling station where
measurements were made. These statements include
location of the station (longitude and latitude),
date, time and depth of sample.
The data were obtained on three lake-wide cruises of
Lake Ontario. The first cruise extended from April
30 to May 3, 1968, the second cruise from May 27-30,
1968 and the third cruise from July 2-6, 1968.
3'. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1970f. Lake Ontario
limnological data report No. 2, 1968. Canadian
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario,
66 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: temperature, turbidity, specific
conductance and dissolved oxygen. Descriptive state-
ments are given for each sampling station where
measurements were made. These statements include
location of the station (longitude and latitude),
date, time and depth of sample.
The data were obtained on three cruises of Lake Ontario,
The first cruise was lake-wide and extended from July
23-28, 1968. The second cruise was also lake-wide
and extended from August 19-22, 1968. The third
cruise covered the entire lake except the extreme
eastern end and extended from Sptember 8-13, 1968.
33. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. 1970g. Lake Ontario
limnological data report Uo. 3, 1968. Canadiar.
Oceanographic Data Centre, Burlington, Ontario,
100 p.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of Lake Ontario
are presented on: temperature, turbidity, specific
conductance, filtrable residue, pH, alkalinity,
dissolved oxygen, total POj,, ammonia N2, nitrate an/;.
nitrite N2, SOj,, F, Cl, S102, total hardness, Ca, Mg,
K, Ma, chlorophyll a and coliform count. Descriptive
statements are given for each sampling station where
measurements were made. These statements include
location of the station (longitude and latitude),,
date, t.lmf> pnd depth o^ s'.-^.p:1.?
-------
The data were obtained on three cruises of Lake Ontario,
The first cruise was lake-wide and extended from Octo-
ber 5-9, 1968. The second cruise also extended over
the entire lake and took place from October 27-31,
1968. The third cruise extended over the entire lake
except for the western end and took place from
November 17-22, 1968.
39. Chandler, D. C. 1964. The St. Lawrence Great Lakes.
Verh. Internat. Verein. Llmnol. 15: 59-75.
Contains a table of the average chemical character-
istics of Great Lakes waters.
*JO. Chau, Y. K. and H. Saitoh. 1970. Determination of
submicrogram quantities of mercury in lake
waters. Environ. Sci. Techno1. 4: 839-841.
A simple and sensitive method for the determination
of submicrogram amounts of mercury In lake water
was developed by combination of concentration by
dithizone extraction and gas-phase atomic absorpticr.
The mercury was first extracted by dithizone, back
extracted by hydrochloric acid and then converted
to vapor by a reduction-aeration reaction. Hg, Kg(I),
Hg(II), and some organomercuric compounds were
extracted by the present procedure. A sensitivity or
0.008 ug per liter (0.008 ppb) was achieved for
water analysis. Standard deviations of 0.0087 and
0.0042 were found for Lake Ontario water samples
containing 0.478 and 0.048 ug per liter of Hg,
respectively.
;!:.. Chau, Y. K., V. K. Chawla, H. P. Nicholson and
R. A. Vollenweider. 1970. Distribution of
trace elements and chlorophyll a In Lake Ontario.
Proc. 13th. Conf. Great Lakes Res. pp. 659-672.
Horizontal and vertical distributions of concentra-
tions of 12 trace elements (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb,
Mn, Mo, Ni, V. Zn) have been studied in Lake Ontario
on three cruises (May, July and September, 1969),
covering 45 stations on each cruise. Attempts have-
been made to correlate these with the distribution c"
subsurface chlorophyll a.
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Chawla, V. K. - See: Y. K. Chau, et.al., No. 11
Chawla, V. K. - See: M. T. Shiomi, No. 1*10
Chawla, V. K. - See: R. R. Weiler, No. 182
42. Chawla, Vinod K. 1970. Changes in the water chemistry
of Lakes Erie and Ontario. In: R. A. Sx^eeney
(Ed.). Proceedings of the Conference on Changes
in the Chemistry of Lakes Erie and Ontario.
Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 25(2): 30-64.
Changes in the water chemistry of Lakes Erie and
Ontario resulting from changes in: location (both
vertical and horizontal), season and time are
discussed. Three categories are dealt with (1)
nutrients, (2) major ions and (3) trace elements.
Chua, K. E. - See: R. 0. Brinkhurst, et.al., No. 16
Coker, R. - See: R. R. Weiler, No. 184
Compton, B. - See: G. Zweig, et.al., No. 186
43. Corp of Engineers. Undated. Dredging and water
quality problems in the Great Lakes. Buffalo,
New York. 2: 1-38.
Contains a report on a dredging investigation of
Great Sodus Bay done in the summer of 196? under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Mud and water samples are analyzed for phosphate
(total and dissolved), nitrogen (total and nitrate),
solids (total and dissolved), dissolved oxygen,
alkalinity, BOD, COD, nitrogen (organic and KJeldahl),
Cl, SiOp, Ca, Fe, pH, Eh and conductivity.
44. Corps of Engineers. Undated. Dredging and water
quality problems in the Great Lakes. Buffalo,
New York. 6: 1-8.
This report contains data obtained during dredging
operations in 1968 at Oswego Harbor, New York, Little
Sodus Bay Harbor, New York and Rochester Harbor, New
York.
The bottom sediments of Oswego Harbor are analyzed for
solids, silica, pH, BOD, COD, oils and greases, Cl
demand and total Kjeldahl nitrogen.
-29-
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Water samples taken from Oswego Harbor (Including
the Oswego River and Lake Ontario) were analyzed
for pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD,
alkalinity,Cl, ammonia, nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen,
organic nitrogen, phosphated (total and soluble)
and suspended solids.
The water in Little Sodus Bay and the lake water
just outside the bay were analyzed for pH, conduc-
tivity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, alkalinity, Cl,
ammonia nitrogen, organic nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen,
phosphate (total and soluble) and suspended solids.
The water of Rochester Harbor, the Genesee River and
Lake Ontario at the Genesee's outlet is analyzed for
pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, Cl,
alkalinity, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen,
organic nitrogen, phosphate (total and soluble),
suspended solids and turbidity.
Corp of Engineers. 1971. Environmental statement
Oswego Steam Station-Unit 5 Niagara Mohawk
Power Corporation. U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Buffalo, New York. 153 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of the Oswego
River at Hinmansville and Lake Ontario at the Oswego
City water Intake are presented on: color, turbid-
ity, temperature, dissolved Op, BOD, hardness,
alkalinity, ammonia Np, organic Np, nitrate Np,
nitrite N2, PO,., S0j,, suspended and dissolved
solids ana coliform count.
Cronan, D. S. and R. L. Thomas. 1970. Geochemistry
of ferromanganese oxide concretions in Lake
Ontario. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of
Geological Soc. Amer. p. 529. (Abstract of
unpublished paper presented at the annual
meeting of the Geol. Soc. of Amer., Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, November 11-13, 1970).
A large deposit of ferromanganese oxide coated sands
and scattered manganese nodules extends 210 km east
from Toronto with a maximum width of 20 km and
thickness of 4 cm. The ferromanganese oxides are X-ray
amorphous and their Pe and Mn contents similar to those
in concretions from other environments. Hoi\rever, their
Ni, Cu, Zn and Co contents are lower than in deep-sea
-30-
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nodules, but higher than in previously described
North American lake concretions possibly as a
result of their lo\ver growth rates. Lead is very
high and exceeds the concentrations normally found
in marine nodules. On a regional scale, Mn, Ni, Co
and Zn are intercorrelated and vary inversely with
Pe. These variations could partly be related to Eh
since the Mn/Fe ratio increases with increase in Eh
from south to north across the deposit.
Spark-source mass spectre-graphic analysis nodules
from one site together with a deep-sea nodule for
comparison shows that B, S, Cl, V, As, Br, Rb, Mo,
I, Cs, La, Ce, Pr and Sm are enriched in the latter;
Li, Cr, Ba and Hf in the former; and Be, P, Se, Ti,
Ge, Sc, Y, Zr} Nb, Pd, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er,
Yb and Tl are present in similar concentrations in
each. Analyses of interstitial and bottom waters
associated with the concentrations show that Mn,
Pe, Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn are highest in the former
suggesting that upward diffusion of these elements
from buried sediments might be contributing to
concretion formation.
Deck, B. L. - See: R. C. Bubeck, et.al., No. 18, 19.
Devendorf, E. - See: H. H. Black, No. 13
Dlrnent, W. H. - See: R. C. Bubeck, et.al., No. 18, 19.
47. Dobson, Hugh H. 1967. Principal ions and dissolved
oxygen In Lake Ontario. Proc. 10th Conf. Great
Lakes Res. pp. 337-356.
In 1966, the rates of increase of ionic concentra-
tions in Lake Ontario were: sodium, 21% per decade;
chloride, 19$ per decade; sulfate, about 6% per
decade; and calcium, about 3% per decade. Alkalinity
and the concentrations of magnesium and potassium
were not changing- at measurable rates. Total salt
content and specific conductance were increasing by
45? per decade.
In the summer of 1966, the lower limit for dissolved
oxygen in the main basin of Lake Ontario was 705?
saturation. In early summer,, near surface waters
had percent saturation values as great as 155. The
mean percent saturation in the hypolimnion was 100
in June and 94 in September.
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48. Dole, R. B. 1909. The quality of surface waters in
the United States. Part I - Analysis of waters
east of the 100th meridian. U. S. Geological
Survey, Water Supply Paper #236. 123 p.
Water quality data are tabulated for samples taken
from the St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg, New York,
from September 18, 1906 to August 18, 1907.
49, Paigenbaum, H. M. 1930. Chemical investigation of
the St. Lawrence watershed. In: A Biological
Survey of the St. Lawrence Watershed. Suppl.
20th Ann. Rept. (1930), New York State Conser-
vation Dept. pp. 167-191.
Water quality data are tabulated for water samples
taken from various points along the St. Lawrence
River and its tributaries.
The parameters measured included temperature, carbon
dioxide, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and pH.
50. Paigenbaum, H. M. 1931. Chemical investigation of
the Oswegatchie and Black River Watersheds.
In: A Biological Survey of the Oswegatchie and
Black River Systems. Suppl. 21st. Ann. Rept.,
New York State Conservation Dept. pp. 150-188.
Water quality data were obtained for water samples
taken from various points along the Oswegatchie and
Black River systems. Samples were collected at the
mouths of the St. Lai^rence and Black Rivers.
The parameters measured included temperature, carbon
dioxide, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and pH.
51. Paigenbaum, H. M. 19^0. Chemical investigation of the
Lake Ontario watershed. In: A Biological Survey
of the Lake Ontario Watershed. Bio. Surv. (1939),
(16), Suppl. 29th Ann. Rept., New York State
Conservation Dept. pp. 117-146.
Pollution studies involving determinations of free
carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and
hydrogen ion concentration, as well as measurements
of temperature and depth, were made on the principle
streams, reservoirs, lakes, ponds and bay areas of
the watershed. The principle types of pollution were
found to be those due to sewage, cannery waste, milk
and milk products and miscellaneous wastes. The
effects of these are evaluated from the chemical data
obtained.
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52. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1966.
Statement on water pollution in the Lake Ontario
Basin prepared for the Natural Resources and
Power Subcommittee of the House Committee on
Government Operations. Fed. Water Poll. Control
Admin., U. S. Dept. of Interior, Great Lakes
Region, Chicago, Illinois. Unnumbered.
Problems related to water pollution have been identi-
fied in Lake Ontario and most of its tributary streams.
Some of these waters, particularly Lake Ontario, are
experiencing the effects of over-fertilization which
promotes massive growths of algae. These growths,
sometimes called "blooms" seriously impair many
important water uses and cause objectionable nuisance
conditions that often exceed the tolerance levels of
even the most insensitive persons.
Other waters are seriously degraded, adversely
affecting desirable beneficial uses. Water supplies,
swimming, boating, fishing and esthetic enjoyment are
among the uses impaired by this degradation. Except
for certain streams in the hinterland areas of the
watershed where man's activities are minimal, there
is evidence of pollution effects practically every-
where in the water environment. While some of the
effects are minor impairments today, they are the
harbingers of more serious conditions that are sure
to develop as a result of population and economic
growth in the years ahead if effective measures are
not taken at the right time in the necessary places.
This report contains data on the waste which is
directly discharged into the surface waters of Lake
Ontario. Chapter 6 contains water quality data for
Lake Ontario. The parameters measured include pH,
alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, phosphate,
ammonia, organic and nitrate nitrogen, chlorides,
specific conductance, potassium, sodium, dissolved
solids and chlorophyll.
53. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 196ja.
Lake Ontario program - A water pollution control
program for the Genesee River Basin. Fed. Water
Poll. Control Admin. Great Lakes Region, Rochester,
New York and New York State Dept. Health Environ-
mental Health Service, Albany, New York. 117 p. +
bibliograph.
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This report is a survey of the major pollution
problems, the present and anticipated sources of
pollution and the water uses and trends in water
usage of the Genesee River Basin.
Tabulated data are presented for the surface waters
of the Genesee River. The parameters measured
include dissolved oxygen, BOD, pH, collform count,
ABS, turbidity, temperature, dissolved solids,
color and phosphorus.
5;4. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 196?b.
A water pollution control program for the Black
River and U. S. St. Lawrence River Basins. U. S.
Dept. Health, Environmental Health Service and
PWPCA, Washington, D. C. Unnumbered.
This report is a survey of the major pollution
problems, the present and anticipated sources of
pollution and the water uses and trends in water
usage of the Black and St. Lawrence River Basins.
Tabulated data are presented on the surface waters
of both river basins. The parameters measured
include pH, temperature, BOD, COD, ammonia, nitrate,
chlorides, alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, sulphate,
phosphate, total dissolved solids, specific conduc-
tance and coliform count. The data of sampling and
the location of each sampling station are also given.
55. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1968.
Industrial waste inventory - Lake Ontario and
St. Lawrence River Basins Part I - Buffalo Area.
Federal Water Pollution Control Admin., U. S.
Dept. of Interior, Great Lakes Region, Rochester,
New York. Unnumbered.
To effectively promote water quality improvement
programs requires ready access to reliable up-to-
date information on waste sources. This Inventory
is a working document that annually will be updated
to reflect the current status of industrial wastes
within the Lake Ontario and U. S. St. Lawrence River
Basins.
The parameters measured Include BOD, COD, suspended
solids, dissolved solids, phenols, pH and oils.
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56. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
the New York State Department of Health. 1968a.
Water pollution and Improvement needs - Lake
Ontario and St. Lawrence River Basins. Federal
Water Pollution Control Admin., U. S. Dept. of
Interior, Washington, D. C. and Division of Pure
Waters, New York State Dept. of Health, Albany,
New York. 125 p.
This report summaries the water pollution problems of
the U. S. waters of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence
River and their tributaries. It identifies the
causes of these problems or sources of pollution,
discusses the improvements needed and presents a
program of recommended actions.
The areas covered in this report are Lake Ontario,
the Niagara River Basin, the Oswego River Basin,
The Black River Basin and the U. S. St. Lawrence
River Basin.
57- Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
the New York State Department of Health. 1968b.
Lake Ontario program - A water pollution control
program for the minor tributary basins of Lake
Ontario. Federal Water Pollution Control Admin.,
U. S. Dept. of Interior, Rochester Program
Office and the Environmental Health Service, New
York State Dept. Health, Rochester and Albany,
New York. Unnumbered.
This report presents information on the minor tribu-
tary area of Lake Ontario concerning sources of
municipal and industrial waste, water quality
conditions, future waste loads, anticipated water
uses, estimated improvement costs; contains recommen-
dations for future water quality improvements by the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
the New York State Department of Health.
The area within the scope of this report includes the
land drained directly and by minor tributaries to the
lake, extending approximately from Niagara Falls to
Watertown, New York. It is situated in the counties
of Jefferson, Lewis, Oswego, Cayuga, Wayne, Ontario,
Monroe, Orleans, Genesee and Niagara.
The water quality conditions in the Rochester embay-
ment of Lake Ontario and the lower Genesee River are
of particular importance to this study.
-35-
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Water quality data tabulated for water samples
collected on the Genesee, Black, Niagara and Oswego
Rivers, Eighteen Mile Creek, Little Sodus Bay,
Irondequoit Bay and Lake Ontario.
The parameters measured include dissolved phosphate,
total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate nitrogen, chlo-
rides, specific conductance, sulphate, sodium,
potassium, calcium, dissolved solids, alkalinity,
BOD, dissolved oxygen, pH and coliforms.
58. Penlon, M. W., D. C. McNaught and G. D. Schroder.
1971. Influences of thermal effluents upon
aquatic production in Lake Ontario. Abstracts
of paper presented at the 14th Conference on
Great Lakes Research, Toronto. April 19-21,
1971. PP. 173-17^.
Thermal effluents from nuclear power plants create
potential environmental problems which concern
heat and/or radionuclide buildup in the ecosystem.
Additions of heat might be expected to modify the
rate of production of phytoplankton in localized
areas.
In order to determine the effects of the thermal
outfall from the Niagara Mohawk plant at Nine Mile
Point, Lake Ontario, sampling stations were
located in lines perpendicular to the plant's
outfall, as well as the immediate vicinity^
Primary productivity was estimated using C tech-
niques, with samples incubated in A-t-tu. Zooplankters
were collected with the Isaacs-Kldd high-speed sampler
Estimates of instantaneous birth rates and death rates
were determined using egg ratio techniques for eight
cladocerans and four copepods.
59. Pish and Wildlife Service. 1969. Pish and wildlife
as related to luater quality. Special Report on
Pish and Wildlife Resources. U. S. Dept. of
Interior, Washington, D. C. 128 p.
Lake Ontario's Inshore waters do not exhibit obvious
signs of water quality degradation, except in the
vicinity of major urban concentrations. The rapid
proliferation of Cta.dophoH.0. since the 1950's is
evident of accelerated enrichment of these inshore
waters. Oil pollution, origination from vessels is
also a serious problem.
-36-
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Water quality is still high in the open waters of
Lake Ontario, although there has been change. Con-
centrations of total dissolved solids have increasej
at an accelerated rate since 1910, paralleling the
increases that have taken place in Lake Erie. Lake
Ontario concentrations are slightly higher than Lake
Erie, due to the addition of inputs from its own
basin to the waters it receives from Lake Erie.
Despite higher concentrations of various dissolved
solids than occur in Lake Erie, the open water of
Lake Ontario has not developed comparable worsening
of environmental conditions. Concentrations of
dissolved oxygen are generally high, except for a
few localities in the eastern end of the lake. Benthic
fauna flourishes throughout the lake. The morphometry
of Lake Ontario and its comparatively low load of
suspended solids probably contribute to the failure to
develop adverse conditions comparable to Lake Erie.
Preliminary investigations indicate that concentrations
of pesticides such as DDT and dieldrin in fish do not
follow the Lake Erie pattern. These substances are
present in almost negligible concentrations in Lake
Erie fish, whereas Lake Ontario concentrations are
roughly equivalent to those of Lake Huron. This
indicates buildup from within the Lake Ontario Basin
itself to levels only one-half to one-third lower
than measured in Lake Michigan fish. Prom the
fisheries standpoint, this aspect of water quality
demands the most immediate remedial action.
Although water quality changes to date throughout the
Lake Ontario ecosystem have not proceeded to a point
resulting in demonstrable adverse effects in fish and
wildlife resources, the changes that have taken place
should be viewed seriously. They are indicators that
steps should be taken without delay to slow down, and
eventually halt, inputs of pollution. The pollution
control plan, as outlined in this Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration report should be implemented
as a necessary first step.
Pox, M. E. - See: R. R. Weller, No. 183
60. Gannon, J. E. and A. M. Beeton. 1969. Studies on the
effects of dredged materials from selected Great
Lakes Harbors on plankton and benthos. Center
for Great Lakes Studies, Univ. Wisconsin -
Milwaukee. Spec. Rept. No. 8. 82 p.
-37-
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Sediment from the harbors of Buffalo, N. Y.; Calumet,
111.; Cleveland, Ohio: Great Sodus Bay, N. Y.; Green
Bay, Wise.; Indiana. Harbor, Ind. r, Milwaukee, Wise.;
Rouge River (Detroit,, Mich.); and Toledo, Ohio were
analyzed for: COD, NH ^w organic N2, PO^-P and
volatile solids. The-5 6 uptake of Lake Michigan
phytoplankton was also studied when subjected to
various concentrations of harbor sediment extract.
Glese, G. L. - See: W. G. Welst, No. 185
61. Gilbert, B. K. and J. C. Kammerer. 1965. Summary
of water resources records at principal measure-
ment sites in the Genesee River basin through
1963. New York State Water Resources Commission
Bull. 56. 55 p.
This report is a tabular summary of more than half
a century of water measurements (mainly streamflow)
in the Genesee River basin by the U. S, Geological
Survey, usually in cooperation with State and other
Federal agencies. The range in streamflow is from
less than Icfs (cubic foot per second) during dry-
weather periods on five tributaries measured, to a
flood flow on the Genesee River Itself of more than
55,000 cfs, near Mount Morris on May 17, 1916, The
average flow of the Genesee River at Rochester is
2,738 cfSj equal to a basinwide runoff of 1.1 cfs
per square mile, or 15 inches of water annually.
The chemical quality of streams in the basin varies
widely in time and from nlace to place, generally
being more highly mineralized in downstream areas
than in upstream areas. The average dissolved
solids content of the Genesee River during water
year 1955 was 158 ppm at Scio and 3^9 ppm at;
Rochester.
Ground-water levels measured in three wells for
more than ten years, show no long-term decline of
the water table. Generally, water levels are
highest in the spring and lowest in the late summer
or fall.
6?.. Glooschenko, W. A. -.1971. The effect of DDT and
dieldrin upon C uptake by In &
-------
In &Jitui studies were performed upon the effects of
DDT and dieldrln to phytoplankton in Lake Ontario
in May, 1970 and Lake Erie in July and October, 1970.
To water samples, concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and
1000 ppb DDT and dieldrin (Lake Erie only) were
added. The response of the phytoplankton was
measured by C uptake over five-hour intervals.
On Lake Ontario^ 1 ppb DDT was sufficient to cause
a decrease of C uptake by 12.3%. On four stations
occupied in Lake Erie icuJuly, and three in October,
DDT at 1 ppb caused in C uptake from 4.2-28.1* in
and 1.2-29.1% in October. Dieldrin decreased
C uptake to a greater extent. A decrease of 30.7-
74.7$ was found at 1 ppb in July and 9.0-36.4$ in
October. At the higher concentrations,used of 10,
100 and 1000 ppb greater reduction of C was noticed.
14
The inhibition of C uptake by DDT and dieldrin does
not appear to be important in the Great Lakes -in i*.tu
except possibly in local areas of high run-off from
agricultural sources. The major problem appears to
be concentration of these pesticides by algae and
transfer to higher trophic levels.
63. Great Lakes Institute. 1964. Great Lakes Institute
data record 1962 surveys. Part 1 - Lake Ontario
and Lake Erie. Univ. Toronto, Great Lakes
Institute Preliminary Kept. 16. 97 p.
Report contains chemical analysis data of water
samples collected on a monitor survey of western
and central Lake Ontario. This survey (0-62-3)
was conducted with the research vessel Porte
Dauphine from December 12-14, 1962.
The parameters measured include: alkalinity, conduc-
tance, dissolved oxygen, pH3 color and temperature.
64. Great Lakes Institute. 1965. Great Lakes Institute
data record 1963 surveys. Part 1 - Lake Ontario,
Lake Erie and Lake St. Glair. Univ. Toronto,
Great Lakes Institute Preliminary Kept. 23. 195 p.
Chemical analysis of water samples collected during
cruises of Lake Ontario in 1963 by the research
vessel Porte Dauphine are tabulated.
-39-
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The following cruises contain chemical data: 0-63-4;
0-63-5; 0-63-8; 0-63-22; 0-63-29; 0-63-31.
The parameters measured include: alkalinity, conduc-
tance, dissolved oxygen, pH, Cl, hardness, Fe, total
and soluble PO^, turbidity and dissolved solids.
65. Great Lakes Institute. 1971 Great Lakes Institute
data record surveys in 1964 of the CCGS Porte
Dauphine for Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake St.
Clair, Lake Huron, Georgian Bay and Lake
Superior. Univ. Toronto, Great Lakes Institute
Preliminary Rept. 42. 238 p.
Chemical analysis data of water samples collected
during cruises on Lake Ontario in 1964 by the
research vessel Porte Dauphine are tabulated.
The folloifing cruises contain chemical data: 0-64-5;
0-64-6; 0-64-8; 0-64-9; 0-64-13; 0-64-16; 0-64-17;
0-64-19.
The parameters measured include: alkalinity, conduc-
tance, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, color and
temperature.
Grey, C. B. J. - See: A. L. W. Kemp, et.al.. No. 85
66. Grey, C. B. J. and A. L. W. Kemp. 1970. A quanti-
tative method for the determination of chlorin
pigments in Great Lakes sediment. Proceedings
13th Conference Great Lakes Research: 242-249 p.
A method for the extraction and quantitative measure-
ment of chlorophylls a, b_, c_; pheophytin a, b;
chlorophyllides a, b; pheophorbides a_, b_; and
allmerized a and b chlorin pigments in lake sediments
is described. The chlorin pigments are ultrasonically
extracted in an acetone-methanol mixture, concentrated
and separated by reverse-phase thin layer chromato-
graphy. The chlorins were eluted from each band and
determined spectrophotometrically. The method had a
precision of + 6%.
Chlorin pigments were determined in six surface
sediment samples from the main basins of Lakes
Ontario and Erie. Chlorophyll a_ (0-10 ppm),
allomerized chlorophyll a_ (0-1.3 ppm), pheophytin a
(3.6-7.4 ppm) and pheophorbide a (6.7-17.3 ppm)
-40-
-------
were found in six samples. The absence of chlorophyll
b and its degradation products suggested that the
organic material at these stations was autochthonous
organic matter.
Gunnerson, C. G. - See: L. Weaver, et.al., No. 181.
Harris, A. J. - See: J. R. Vallentyne, et.al., No. 177
67- Hart, J. L. 1931. The spawning and early life
history of the whitefish Co-tegontu c£upearf cirrus
(Mitchell) in the Bay of Qunite, Ontario. Con-
tributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries
New Series. 6(7): 165-214.
Determinations of pH, 0- and temperature were made
on the surface water of the Bay of Quinte, Lake
Ontario on two occasions.
On February 1, 1928, a water analysis showed the
following: 9.7 ppm 02; pH 7.5; 0 C.
On April 8, 1928, the bay water at Belleville had a
pH of 7.4, a temperature of 4 C. and. contained 8.1
ppm of Op.
68. Hedrick, L. R. and M Soyugenc. 1967. Yeasts and
molds in water and sediments of Lake Ontario.
Proceedings 10th Conference Great Lakes Research.
pp. 20-30.
Yeasts and molds were isolated from 27 widely distri-
buted stations in Lake Ontario. Each station
represented 4 samples, three from the water - the
surface (1 meter), the mid-depth and near the bottom -
and one from the bottom sediment. Organisms from the
water were collected by filtration through membranes
and cultures on a defined agar medium. The sediment
samples (each 6.0 g wet wt.) were suspended in 100 ml
of the defined liquid medium and four 10 ml portions
of this suspension were pulled separately through
membrane filters. These filters were than incubated
on the defined agar medium. Colonies of representa-
tive fungi, which had grown within a period of 24 to
72 hours, were isolated by culturing them upon slants,
for later identification.
Twenty species of yeast, representing 7 genera, were
identified. Eight genera of molds were isolates.
-------
The density distribution of fungi with respect to
the depth of the water samples showed that the fre-
quency of occurence increased with depth. For the
27 stations, the average number of yeasts isolated
per 100 ml was: 10 for water at 1 meter, 130 for
water at mid-depth and 460 for water near the bottom,
sediment 46; the respective values for molds were 6,
16, 16 and 11.
Stepwlse, multiple correlation analyses did not
reveal any consistent association of any one para-
meter with the distribution of the two most
numerous species, Candida gu.4tt
-------
As part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program,
fish were collected from 50 sampling stations located
in the Great Lakes and in major river basins throughout
the United States. Three composite samples, consisting
of five adult fish of each of three species, were
collected at all stations during the spring and fall
of 1967 and 1968. The composite whole fish samples
were analyzed by commercial laboratories for residues
of 11 organochlorine insecticides. DDT and/or meta-
bolites were found in 584 of the 590 composite samples,
with values ranging to 45 ppm (mg/kg wet wt., whole
fish). Dieldrin was found in 75% of the samples, with
values ranging upward to nearly 2 ppm. Other organo-
chlorine insecticides residues were found in fewer
samples, but some had fairly high residue levels.
Relatively high residues of DDT and metabolites,
dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and chlordane were
found consistently during all sampling periods at some
stations.
71. Herdendorf, C. E. 1970. Lake Erie physical limnology
cruise, midsummer 1967. Report of Investigations
No. 79, Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources Division
of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio. 45 p. +
Appendix.
Tabulated data and contour maps are presented for
the surface waters of Lake Erie. Three of the
sampling stations are located on the Niagara River.
Parameters measured include temperature, specific
conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, chloride ions
and turbidity. Descriptive statements are given for
each sampling station where measurements ;
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Inglis , A. - See: C. Henderson, et.al., No. 70
73. International Joint Commission. 1951. Report of the
International Joint Commission United States and
Canada on the pollution of boundary waters .
Washington & Ottawa. 312 p.
Chemical analysis data for water samples taken from
various locations on Lake Ontario and the Niagara
River are tabulated.
The parameters measured are: chlorides, phenols,
ammonia nitrogen, temperature, BOD, dissolved oxygen,
turbidity, alkalinity and coliform.
74. International Joint Commission. 1970. Special
Report on potential oil pollution eutrophication
and pollution from watercraft. Third Interim
Report on Pollution of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario
and the International Section of the St. Lawrence
River. Washington and Ottawa. 36 p.
A table summarizing the input of total phosphorus
to Lakes Erie and Ontario in 1967 is presented.
Fifty-seven percent of the total phosphorus
supplied to Lake Ontario is attributable to
municipal and industrial sources. The percentage
of the total nitrogen input into the lake which is
attributable to municipal and industrial sources is
75. International Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River
Water Pollution Board. 1969. Report to the
International Joint Commission on the pollu-
tion of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the St.
Lawrence River. 3: 61-122.
This section of the report provides a detailed
description of the water chemistry of Lake Ontario
The chemistry is divided into five sections: (1)
nutrient chemistry, (2) oxygen distribution and
depletion, (3) major ions and trace elements, (4)
other characteristics, (5) organic contaminants.
Many graphs and charts are included.
-44-
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76. Jackson, D. P., N. L. Nemerow and M. C. Rand. 1964.
Ecological Investigations of the Oswego River
drainage basin. I. The outlet. Great Lakes
Research Division, Univ. Michigan. 11: 88-99-
The Oswego River drainage, 5, 121 square miles, is
the largest drainage area of the eastern part of Lake
Ontario. In order to ascertain its effect on the
lake, a series of sampling stations has been
established at 10 different sites along contributing
streams. This report represents the results obtained
at Station 1, the outlet of the Oswego River into
Lake Ontario, from January 10 through March 6, 1964.
Weekly average values for phosphates were 3-31 mg/1,
total Kjeldahl nitrogen 2.06 mg/1, alkylbenzene-
sulphonate, 0.16 mg/1. The average weekly pH value
was 7.2 while the water temperature averaged 3°C,
with a flow of 7-257 cfs. The average coliform
count was 14,178 per 100 ml, the average weekly total
phytoplankton value was 1,190 organisms per ml, while
the zooplankton population, which consisted almost
entirely of rotifers, averaged 4.4 per liter. The
periphyton community consisted of 55 species
representing 28 genera. The weekly average number
of algal species growing on bricks in the river was
25. These had a volatile weight of 4.2 mg/1 and
consisted of 913/cm . The pollution load of the
Oswego River was evaluated from Information
obtained through this study.
77. Jackson, D. P. 1966. Photosynthetic rates of
CHadophona. {^fiac-ta. from two sites in Lake Ontario
under natural and laboratory conditions. Univ.
Michigan, Great Lakes Research Division. 15:
44-50.
Photosynthetic and respiration rates of Ctadophoia.
filcLcta were measured under natural conditions in
Lake Ontario at Oswego, N. Y. and in Henderson Bay
during the months of June-July and September-
October 1965. The average photosynthetic rate for
the early summer months for Lake Ontario at Oswego
was 2.63 while that of Henderson Bay was 2.35 ul
Oo/hr/mg ash-free dry wt. The fall months average
was 1.27 for Oswego and 0.50 ul Op/hr/mg ash-free
dry wt. for the Henderson Bay area. Respiration
rates were slightly higher in Henderson Bay, both
in the early summer and in the fall.
-45-
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samples to which specific quantities of
the radio-nuclide P^2 were added showed only a
slight average increase in photosynthetic activity
in samples collected in June and July from the
Oswego site (0.1? ul 02/hr/mg ash-free dry wt.).
CladophoJia. samples collected in September and
October and treated with P~p had an average increase
of 1.04 ul 02/hr/mg ash-frie dry wt.
78. Jackson, D. P. 1967. Lake Ontario and the St.
Lawrence River - What are their fates?
Unpublished paper presented to the Cape
Vincent Chamber of Commerce and the Cape
Vincent Village Board, April 27, 1967.
7 p. + Appendix.
This paper presents data containing the minimum,
average and maximum radioactivity expressed in pica-
curie/g for eight species of fishes and for
Cla.dophon.ci collected from Lake Ontario near Oswego,
New York in April, 1965.
A maximum radioactivity of 12.30 pica-curie/g was
found in bluegills and the minimum of 0.26 plca-
curie/g was found in the gizzard shad. CJLcidopkoia.
ranged from 21.12 to 79.14 pica-curie/g with an
average of 58.13 plca-curie/g.
Johnson, M. G. - See: J. H. Neil, et.al., No. 111.
Johnson, M. G. - See: G. E. Owen, No. 129.
79. Johnson, M. G. and D. H. Matheson. 1968. Macro-
invertebrate communities of the sediments of
Hamilton Bay and adjacent Lake Ontario,
Llmnol. Oceanogr. 13(1): 99-111.
The distribution and abundance of benthic macro-
invertebrates in Hamilton Bay and adjacent Lake
Ontario were related to physical and chemical
characteristics of the water and sediments and to
hydrodynamic factors. The profundal sediments of
Hamilton Bay, rich in organic matter, contained
an abundance of L^Lmnod>i
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chemistry, circulation and moderately rich sediments
near the canal connecting the bay with Lake Ontario
increased biomass of oligochaetes over that in the
richer, profundal sediments of the main basin of the
bay. In Lake Ontario the oligochaetes, L. kofifime.*.*-
t
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Phosphorus removal from high-concentration, low-
volume inputs i.e. municipal-industrial sources, is
recommended. The high turnover rate of water in
the bay, five times annually, should contribute
towards improved water quality by translocating
re-suspended nutrients from sediments in shallow
water of the inner bay to sediments in deeper waters
of the outer bay and Lake Ontario. The estimated
cost of nutrient removal, 200,000 dollars per year,
is apparently Justified in view of the importance of
the local tourist trade (about one million visitors
in 1968 spent 7.8 million dollars) and its future
viability in the face of deteriorating water quality
conditions.
8l. Johnson, M. G. and G, E. Owen. 1971. Nutrients and
nutrient budgets in the Bay of Quinte, Lake
Ontario. Journal Water Pollution Control Fed-
eration. 13(5): 836-853.
Algal blooms, turbidity, depletion of deep-water
oxygen and changes in composition of the biota are
increasingly obvious in Bay of Qunlte, Lake Ontario.
Clarification of respective significance of nutrient
contributions from tributary rivers and from
municipal-industrial sources are described. The bay
received about 9,700,000 pounds of nitrogen and
700,000 pounds of phosphorus in 1968. 89/5 of the
nitrogen and 60% of the phosphorus were attributable
to land drainage and the remainder to municipal-
industrial sources. Comparisons based on "net
inputs", the amount of nutrient contained in an
input in excess of the amount of nutrient in the
equivalent volume of water displaced at the outlet,
are proposed. About 505? of the "net input" of
nitrogen and 85$ of phosphorus were contributed by
municipal-industrial sources in 1968. It is
recommended that phosphorus be removed from these
sources. The water turnover rate in the bay, five
times annually, translocates resuspended nutrients
in sediments of the inner bay shallow waters to
sediments in deeper waters of the out^r bay and
Lake Ontario, thus improving water quality. Esti-
mated phosphorus removal cost $200,000 dollars/yr.
is justified on the basis of economics income from
recreation and tourism.
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Johnson, W. E. - See: J. R. Vallentyne, et.al., No. 177
Johnson, W. L. - See: C. Henderson, et.al., No. 70.
Kemp, A. L. W. - See: C. B. J. Grey, No. 66.
Kemp, A. L. W. - See: R. L. Thomas, et.al., No. 153-
82. Kemp, A. L. W. and C. P. M. Lewis. 1968. A prelim-
inary investigation of chlorophyll degradation
products in the sediments of Lakes Erie and
Ontario. Proceedings llth Conference Great Lakes
Research, pp. 206-229.
Thirty seven surface sediment samples from lakes Erie
and Ontario have been examined for acetone-soluble
chlorophyll degradation products, from stations
generally distributed along the axis of the two
lakes. Determinations were made for chlorophylls,
pheophytins, organic carbon, carbonate carbon, Eh,
pH and particle size distribution.
Sub-environments within each lake were recognized
on the basis of bathymetry, sediment particle size
distribution, clay mineral content and mud thickness.
Total chlorophylls (chlorophylls a and b) ranged in
concentration from 0 to 30 ppm dry weight of the
sediment in the two lakes. Total pheophytin (pheo-
phtins a and b) concentrations of 0 to 192 ppm dry
weight of sediment were found, with the pheophytin
concentrations along the axis of Lake Erie being
generally greater than along the axis of Lake
Ontario. Calculations showed that the phytoplankton
chlorophylls are 93 to 100 percent decomposed before
settling on the bottom. The pheophytins decomposed
an average of 70 percent with curial in the sediment
to a depth of 5 cm, whereas the organic carbon
decomposed an average of 33 percent under the same
conditions. Percent organic carbon ranged from 0.23
to 3.60 in Lake Erie sediment to 1.90 to 5.00 in
Lake Ontario sediments. The pheophytin concentra-
tion paralleled the organic carbon content and both
varied with the clay content of the sediments. The
generally lower values of organic carbon in Lake
Erie are attributed to dilution of the sediments
with coarser non-clay particles.
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83. Kemp. A. L. W. 1969. Organic matter in the sediments
of Lakes Ontario and Erie, Proceedings 12th
Conference Great Lakes Research, pp. 237-249.
Organic carbon and carbonate were determined in six
piston cores from Lake Ontario and four piston cores
from Lake Erie. The changes in organic carbon with
depth of burial are related to sediment type and Eh.
The basin sediments of Lake Ontario consisted of
black laminated grey sllty clay muds overlying grey
glacial clay, with mud thickness ranging from 4.6
to 13.8 m in the cores. Organic carbon content
decreased 50/S in the top 20 cm of sediment and then
gradually decreased to 1% at the glacial clay contact.
A complex organic carbon horizon was found two thirds
of the way down the post glacial mud column at each
core station and was attributed to a warmer climate
between 4000 and 7500 years BP. Lake Erie main basin
sediments consisted of a uniform grey silty clay mud
with a similar decrease In organic carbon as in Lake
Ontario. Penetration was less than two thirds of the
post glacial mud column except in the Sandusky basin,
where a higher organic carbon value obtained at the
bottom of the core suggested an organic horizon in
Lake Erie similar to that found in Lake Ontario. A
core from the Western basin was typical of a small
lake core with a high organic carbon content and
plant detritus in the post glacial mud. Eh remained
at about zero volts in the post glacial muds of both
Lakes and Increased to about 0.150 volt in the
glacial clay. Carbonates generally showed an inverse
relationship to the organic carbon, increasing to
about 2% carbonate carbon in the post glacial muds.
Bitumens accounted for 3 to 6% of the organic matter,
humic and fulvic acids for 19 to 21% and kerogen for
35 to 49% in the surface centimeter of sediment, in
the main basins of the two lakes. The lower organic
carbon content and the greater percent kerogen in the
Lake Erie surface sediment were, in part, attributed
to greater decomposition of the organic matter by
bottom dwelling organisms.
84. Kemp, A. L. W. and A. Mudrochova. 1970. Extractable
phosphates, nitrates and ammonia in Lake Ontario
sediments. Unpublished paper presented at the
13th Conference on Great Lakes Research, Buffalo,
New York, April 1-3, 1970.
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Seventy-four surface sediment samples from Lake
Ontario have been examined for extractable phosphates,
nitrates and ammonia. The sample stations are
generally on a 16 km grid and sub-samples \vere taken
from the top centimeter (the oxidized zone) and
between M to 6 km (the reduced zone). A core from
the center of the lake was also examined. The
phosphates, nitrates and ammonia were extracted in
0.0? N boric acid using an electrodialysis procedure.
Phosphates were found to range from 3 to 10 ug of P/gm
dry weight of sediment (ug of P), nitrates from 0 to
19 ug of N and ammonia from 20 to 246 ug of N. In the
nearshore sands, phosphates averaged 9 ug of P,
nitrates 1 ug of N and ammonia 60 ug of N, while in
the deeoer water silty clay muds, phosphates average
17 ug of P, nitrates 0 ug of N and ammonia 95 ug of N.
Glacial clay which underlies many of the nearshore
stations and the cross lake ridges contained an
average phosphate level of 92 ug of P. Samples were
also taken in Hamilton Harbor and the Bay of Quinte
where phosphates averaged 18 ug of P, nitrates 5 ug
of N and ammonia 178 up; of N. In general, the con-
centration of phosphates and nitrates decreased
with the depth of burial from the oxidized zone to
the reduced zone whereas the ammonia concentration
increased. The extractable phosphates were directly
related to the organic matter content of the sediment,
except in the glacial clay samples, suggesting that
the phosphate concentration is generally related to
the decay of organic detritus.
Analysis of a piston core from the center of Lake
Ontario showed that the extractable phosphates,
nitrates and ammonia had high concentrations in the
post glacial muds and low concentrations in the
underlying glacial clay.
85. Kemp, A. L. W., C. B. J. Grey and A. Mudrochova.
1971. Changes in C, N, P and S levels in Lakes
Ontario, Erie and Huron sediments in the last
170 years. Unpublished paper presented at the
l^th Conference on Great Lakes Research.
April 19-21, 1971, Toronto.
Sediment cores were collected from close to the
deepest point in Lake Ontario, the deepest area in
the central basin of Lake Erie and from the deepest
point in South Bay, Lake Huron. Sediment particle
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size, water content, pH, Eh, organic carbon,
carbonate carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus
and total sulphur were measured at 1 cm intervals
down to 10 cm and then at increasing intervals to
50 cm.
86. Kemp, A. L. W. 1971. Organic carbon and nitrogen
in the surface sediments of Lakes Ontario, Erie
and Huron. Journal Sedimentary Petrology. 4l
(2): 537-5^8.
Analyses of 355 surface sediment samples (top cm) from
Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron were carried out for
organic carbon, carbonate carbon, Eh, pH, nitrogen and
sediment texture. Similar analyses were carried out on
a representative core from each lake at close intervals
down to 20 cm. The distribution of organic matter in
the sediments of each lake was related to the topo-
graphic features of the lakes. Organic carbon content
was found to be directly proportional to the clay
content of the sediment, ranging from less than 1
percent in the coarse nearshore sands to over 4 percent
in the fine clay muds within the individual lake sub-
basins . The organic carbon content of Lake Erie
sediments was generally lower than that of Lakes Huron
and Ontario, and is attributed to dilution of the
sediments with coarser non-clay particles. Nitrogen
was directly proportional to organic carbon with carbon-
nitrogen ratios ranging from 7 to 13 in the surface
sediment. Organic carbon and nitrogen decreased
sharply from the surface down to about 10 cm in each
core. The decrease is due partly to mineralization of
organic matter by bottom organisms and partly to an
increasing input of organic matter to the lakes in the
last 30 years.
87. Kindle, E. M. 1925. The bottom deposits of Lake
Ontario. Proc. and Trans., Royal Society of
Canada, 3rd Series. 19: 47-102.
Some chemical analysis data are given for limestone
taken from the bottom of Lake Ontario.
88. Xopp, J. P. and R. C. Kroner. 1969. Trace metals in
waters of the United States. Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati,
Ohio. 32 p. + Appendix.
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Tabulated data are presented for the surface waters
of the Niagara River at Buffalo, New York and the
St. Lawrence River at Massena, New York.
The water is analyzed for Zn, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ba, Sr,
Cd, Al, Cr and other trace elements. The minimum,
maximum and mean values in ug/1 are given. The number
of positive occurrences and the frequency of detection
(in percent) are also Included.
Kramer, J. R. - See: J. C. Sutherland, et.al., No. 144.
89. Kramer, J. R. 1962. Chemistry of western Lake Ontario.
Great Lakes Research Division, Univ. Michigan.
9: 21-28.
Lake Ontario is of more uniform composition with respect
to the major constituents than Lake Erie. The chemical
processes going on in Lake Ontario are likewise simple.
There is no detectable change in the composition of
water in Lake Ontario "downstream"; only in the extreme
\tfestern end was there detected a noticeable vertical
change (decrease in Eh) with depth.
The major processes consist of saturation of calcium
carbonate, development of an oxidizing (iron oxide)
water environment, and development of a reducing (iron
sulfide) sediment environment.
These conclusions are not based on the detailed sampling
and analyses that were carried on for Lake Erie.
90. Kramer, J. R. 1964. Theoretical model for the
chemical composition of fresh water with appli-
cation to the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Research
Division, Univ. Michigan. 11: 147-160.
Inorganic sediment-water equilibrium models are
compared to the actual concentration of major con-
stituents in the Great Lakes. 1) Lake Superior is
unsaturated with respect to all constituents by a
factor determined by the amount of rainfall on the
lake divided by the total rainfall in the drainage
basin. 2) Lakes Huron and Michigan are saturated
with respect to all major constituents except
sodium, silica and phosphorus. 3) Lakes Erie and
Ontario are saturated with respect to all major
constituents except silica and phosphorus.
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4) Phosphorus is in excess in all lakes except
Superior. Excess phosphorus is suggested as an
empirical index of "biological activity." The
problem of the apparent unsaturation of silica
exists in all the Great Lakes. 5) Sulphate and
chloride are not regulated by natural processes
at present. The upper limit on sulphate concen-
tration is determined by the saturation of SrCO-,-
(model 3). There is no natural control
on chloride concentration relative to sediment-
water equilibrium. 6) Increasing input of
sulphur, particularly as sulphide, tends to make
the lakes eutrophic.
91. Kramer, J. R. 196?a. Chemistry of Lakes Erie and
Ontario assuming a Gibbsian thermodynamic world.
In: Systems Approach to Water Quality in the
Great Lakes . Proceedings 3rd Annual Symposium
on Water Resources Research of the Ohio State
University Water Resources Center, Columbus,
Ohio. pp. 27-36.
Within the total inorganic-organic system, normally
natural processes approach a reversible Inorganic
equilibrium state with respect to solids, liquids
and gases. Equilibrium calculations are therefore
a means to define a "norm" or water criteria
standard. The measurements and calculations to
define this norm are simple in most cases.
Deviations from the norm are influenced by compli-
cated (and in most cases, unknown) organic processes
as long as there is some equivalency between vari-
ables in the calculations of the norm and the
complicated organic processes.
Engineering management may be undertaken by
manipulating "simple" inorganic variables common
to both inorganic and organic mechanisms. The
manipulation of the variables should be considered
first in an Inorganic context.
92. Kramer, J. R. 196?b. Equilibrium models and
composition of the Great Lakes. Advan. Chem.
Ser. No. 6?: American Chemical Society,
Washington, pp.
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To a good first approximation, the Great Lakes fit
a model involving the equilibrium of calcite,
dolomite, apatite, kaolinity, gibbsite, Na- and
K-feldspars at 5°C^hl atm. total pressure with air
of PCQP = 3.5 x 10 atm. and water. Dynamic
models, considering carbon dioxide pressure and
temperatures as variables (but gross concentrations
fixed), show that cold waters contain excess carbon
dioxide and are unsaturated with respect to calcite,
dolomite and apatite, whereas warm waters are
nearly at equilibrium with the atmosphere but some-
what supersaturated with respect to calcite,
dolomite and apatite.
93. Kramer, J. R. 1968. Mineral water chemistry, Great
Lakes. Great Lakes Research Division, Univ.
Michigan. Special Rept. No. 38. 59 p.
This report contains a computer program which uses
major and minor ion concentration to determine the
degree of saturation of lake water with respect to
CaCO.,, CaMg(CO~)2, Ca,0(POi. )g(OH)2, air and oxygen an
and carbon dloxiae ana various aluminosilicates.
Water sample analysis data for two cruises on Lake
Ontario are evaluated with this program. The
parameters measured are temperature, specific con-
ductance, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, silica,
orthophosphates, chlorides, sulfate, sodium, calcium,
potassium, magnesium and floride.
Krammerer, J. C. - See: B. K. Gilbert, No. 61.
Kroner, R. C. - See: J. F. Kopp, No. 88.
Kurtz, T. D. - See: J. C. Sutherland, et.al., No. 144,
94. Lake Erie-Lake Ontario Advisory Board. 196?.
Summary Report on pollution of the Niagara
River to the International Joint Commission
on Control of Pollution of Boundary Waters,
Washington. 43 p.
Describes type and amount of pollution from various
municipal and industrial sources that discharge into
the Niagara River.
Phenol concentrations and collform densities are
given for various points on the river.
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95. Lake Erie-Lake Ontario Advisory Board, 1971. Pollu-
tion abatement progress in the Niagara River
area. Summary report to the International Joint
Commission on Control of Pollution of Boundary
Waters, Washington. 62 p.
This report is a summary of the pollution abatement
progress that has occured since 1967. Contains some
data on water quality.
96. Lerman, A. and R. R. Weiler. 1970. Diffusion and
accumulation of chloride and sodium in Lake
Ontario sediment. Earth and Planetary Sci.
Letters. 10: 150-156.
Distribution of Na+ and Cl- in the upper 30 cm of
Lake Ontario sediment cores indicates that the two
species are being transferred from the lake water
Into the sediment. The likely cause of the trans-
fer is the strong increase in their concentrations
in the lake during the 20th century. The
concentration data are compatible with diffusional
transport models which lead to following estimated
values of the diffusion coefficients in the
sediment-pore.water column. Dpic*3 ^ x ^6 "2^ x
10 5,cm . sec and DM + 3 x 10-1* x 10" cm .
sec . The diffusioHacoefficient of Na+ in pore
water, corrected for the uptake of Na+ by the _,
sediment, is D'N = 9 x 10 -1.2 x 10~5 cm . sec .
The total amount of each species which has entered
and accumulated in the sediment-pore water column
since the concentrations^!" the lake began to rise_2
is, for C1-, 2.96 mg.cm"" and, for Na+, 1.31 mg.cm" .
The amounts accumulated in the sediment are on the
order of only 1-2% of the amounts of the two species
now present in the lake water.
97. Leverin, H. A. 19^7. Industrial waters of Canada-
report on investigations. 193^-19^3. Canadian
Dept. of Mines and Resources Rept. No. 819.
109 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
taken from civic water supply Intakes are presented
on: color, alkalinity, dissolved solids, Pe, Ca,
Mg, HCO^, SOj., Cl, NO^ and hardness. Descriptive
statements are made giving sampling data and location
and method of purification. (Univ. of Toronto -
Zoology).
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Lewis, C. F. M. - See: A. L. W. Kemp, No. 82.
Lewis, C. F. M. - See: R. L. Thomas, et.al., No. 153.
98. Lewis, C. F. M. and R. N. McNeely. 1967. Survey of
Lake Ontario bottom deposits. Proceedings 10th
Conference Great Lakes Research, pp. 133-1^2.
Short gravity cores and grab samples, recovered
during a continuing reconnaissance survey initiated
in 1966, were used to study the distribution,
stratigraphy and chronology of Lake Ontario bottom
deposits. Three major groups of surficial deposits
were recognized: (1) complex nearshore sediments,
(2) glaclolacustrlne clays and (3) postglacial muds.
Organic contents of 2 to 6 percent and median
particle diameters of 1 to 4 microns are typical of
the offshore surficial muds. Pollen in these sedi-
ments facilitates correlation and subdivision and
indicates that the present sedimentation rate in
the main basin is approximately 10 cm per century.
Several sediment sequences confirm the postglacial
low-level Admiralty Lake stage and suggest it may
have reached lower levels than previously believed.
Lipton, S. D. - See: R. C. Bubeck, et.al., No. 18, 19
Lichtenberg, J. J. - See: L. Weaver, et.al., No. l8l.
Loucks, R. H. - See: M. A. Tiffany, et.al., No. 156.
Marin, L. - See: C. Nalewajko, No. 110.
Matheson, D. H. - See: D. V. Anderson, No. 3-
i
Matheson, D. H. - See: M. G. Johnson, No. 79-
99. Matheson, D. H. 1958. A consolidated report on
Burlington Bay. Corp. City of Hamilton.
Hamilton, Ontario, 1958. Unnumbered.
This report is a summary of the results of surveys
of the condition of Burlington Bay which have been
made over the past quarter-century. The scope of
the surveys varied from year to year as different
aspects of the problem were studied. In the latter
years, more attention was paid to detailed chemical
analyses. In 1958 a program of radioactivity
measurements was begun to determine the natural
-57-
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radioactivity background. Other parameters are:
nutrients, major ions, temperature, dissolved
oxygen, pH, alkalinity, carbon dioxide, hardness,
turbidity and chlorine.
100. Matheson, D. H. 1962. A pollution study of western
Lake Ontario. Great Lakes Research Division,
Univ. Michigan. 9: 15-20.
Three tracers were used to study the emission and
distribution of polluted water from Hamilton Bay
into Lake Ontario. Ammonia, which was rapidly
dissipated in the lake due to metabolic consumption
and dilution, showed a pattern of recent emissions.
Coliform bacteria, because of their large numbers
and the sensitivity of the test, showed a more
complicated pattern which included the effects of
previous emissions. Synthetic detergent materials,
which are chemically and" biologically stable,
showed the presence of still older emissions from
which the previous two Indicators had disappeared.
101. Matheson, D. H. 1963. A sanitary study of the western
end of Lake Ontario in connection with the
locating of new water Trrorks intakes for the City
of Hamilton 1961-62. Dept. of Municipal Labs,
Corp. of the City of Hamilton. Hamilton, Ontario.
Unnumbered.
In order to evaluate the degree of pollution existing
on different areas of the lake, two well recognized
Indicators were chosen, namely coliform concentrations
and organic and inorganic nitrogen (albuminoid and free
ammonia).
In addition to these, other substances were measured
which might serve as useful identifying markers of Bay
water in the lake, and so permit the tracing of bodies
of Bay water as it is distributed in and mixed with
the lake ivater. These determinations included - syndet,
phenols, silica, alkalinity and hardness. The practical
value of these different "tracers" is discussed.
102. Matheson, D. H. and D. V. Anderson. 1965. Circulation
and water quality of Western Lake Ontario.
Research Rept. No. 62, Ontario Dept. Lands and
Forest. 36 p.
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In designing water Intakes from lakes and associated
treatment plants, a knov;ledge of the character of the
water is useful. This is especially true where lake
waters are liable to pollution and where there are
wide daily and monthly variations in physical
characteristics. In preparation for a new intake at
Hamilton, Ontario, surveys were conducted in I960 of
the waters in the lake nearby. Measurements of
circulation, temperature and of various chemical
constituents made in these surveys are reported here.
103. Matheson, D. H. and D. V. Anderson. 1966. The temporal
distribution of chlorophyll in Lake Ontario at
Hamilton, Ontario. Proceedings 9th Conference
Great Lakes Research, pp. 90-97-
Municipal water intakes are convenient means of sampling
lake water for research purposes. Since certain con-
stituents such as ammonia, E. coli, pH, alkalinity and
hardness must be measured for quality control, the data
on their concentrations are freely available to
characterize lake water processes. One constituent,
chlorophyll, is especially important in assessing
productivity of a lake. As three years of records on
chlorophyll densities are available at Hamilton, it was
thought worthwhile to summarize them, especially as so
few similar studies have been made in the Great Lakes.
Pew conclusions are warranted from one sample location
for lakewide conditions. However, since chlorophyll
is easy to measure, and its presence is argued to give
a powerful average representation of photosynthetlc
processes, it is suggested that assessment of chloro-
phyll be included in all routine biochemical sampling
stations throughout the Great Lakes.
Mattingly, A. L. 1961. Chemical and Physical Quality
of Water Resources in the St. Lawrence River Basin
New York State (1955-1956). Progress Report.
New York State Dept. of Commerce and the Geological
Survey, U. S. Dept, of Interior, Albany, New York.
Bulletin No. 4. 96 p.
The chemical quality of the ground water and of the
following major streams in the St. Lawrence River basin
is discussed in this report: Black River at Watertown,
Oswegatchie River at Heuvelton, Grass River at Pyrites
and St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg. Tables and
illustrations supplement the discucsion.
-------
The chemical quality of water from most streams In the
area Is satisfactory for multiple uses but not necessar-
ily for all uses. Iron concentrations in water from a
few streams could be a problem. Generally, the hardness
of water would present no problem.
105. McCombie, A. M. 196?a. A recent study of the phyto-
plankton of the Bay of Quinte 1963-1964. Proc.
10th Conference Great Lakes Research, pp. 37-62.
This study was undertaken to assess the quality and the
quantity of phytoplankton in different parts of the
Bay of Quinte and compare present conditions at the
mouth of that bay xjith those found there by Allan Tucker
in 1945. Samples were collected from the inner, middle
and outer bay and from the mouth of the Trent Canal, its
main tributary.
Phytoplankton concentrations in the inner bay tvere
about 10 times those in the middle bay and 100 times
those at the mouth. Concentrations in the Trent Canal
were similar to those at the bay mouth. Supersaturation
of surface waters with dissolved oxygen and low Secchi
disc readings in the inner and middle bay at times in
1963 and
Diatoms and bluegreen algae dominated the counts in
all 3 years while greens and other classes amounted
to less than 10%. There was no definite evidence of
an increase in the phytoplankton concentrations at
the bay mouth since 1945. However, the diatoms
Tabe££aA.^.a and F/tag-t-EoA-ta comprised a smaller fraction
of the plankton there in 1963 and 1964 than in 1945
while blooms of bluegreen Aphanezomenon began a month
earlier in the later years .
Relations between the morphometric and edaphlc con-
ditions and the phytoplankton concentrations are
discussed and possible effects of artificial enrich-
ment considered. Some effects of currents on the
phytoplankton distribution are also noted.
106. McCombie, A. M. 196?b. Some physical and chemical
characteristics of the Bay of Quinte. Research
Rept . No. 79. Ontario Dept . Lands and Forest.
56 p.
-60-
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The Research Branch of the Ontario Department of Lands
and Forests undertook to study certain aspects of the
physics, chemistry and phytoplankton of the bay during
the summers of 1963 and 1964 in order to compare present
conditions with those reported in earlier investigations.
As part of this study, two synoptic surveys were carried
out on June 23 and August 25, 1964 to determine the
coliform counts, total alkalinities, water temperature,
specific conductivities and the concentrations of total
phosphorus, dissolved phsophorus, KJeldahl nitrogen,
ammonia nitrogen, iron5 chlorides and phenols in different
parts of the bay.
McNaught, D. C. - See: M. W. Fenlon, et.al., No. 58.
McNeely, R. N. - See: C. F. M. Lewis, No. 98.
107. Meloon, D. T. and R. Yalkovsky. 1970. Metal ion
content of Niagara River water. Proceedings 13th
Conference Great Lakes Research, pp. 683-692.
Analysis of 180 Niagara River shallow water samples
has been undertaken by atomic absorption spectrophoto-
metry and by flame photometry. Laboratory procedures
were developed for analyzing sodium, potassium, calcium
and magnesium and for overcoming chemical interferences.
The concentration levels found for these elements
suggest the presence of industrial and municipal contam-
ination. Sodium concentrations were in the range 10 to
30 ppm, potassium in the range 1.2 to 4.0 ppm, calcium
in the range 30 to 60 ppm and magnesium in the range
7.3 to 12.0 ppm.
108. Meloon, D. T.} R. Yalkovsky and J. Norton. 1971.
Metals as indicators of paracontamination in
upper Niagara River shoal waters. Abstract of
papers presented at l4th Conference on Great
Lakes Research, Toronto, pp. 142-1.43.
Shoal water was collected at fifty-five sampling sites
in the upper Niagara River between October 30 and
December 1, 1970 and analyzed for sodium, potassium,
calcium and magnesium. The purposes of such analyses
were to determine if these metals could be used as
indicators of paracontamination and to determine If
significant changes in concentrations of these 4
metal ions have occurred since a similar study conduc-
ted during fall 1969.
-61-
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Mudrochova, A. - See: A. L. W. Kemp, No. 84.
Mudrochova, A. - See: A. L. W. Kemp, et.al., No. 85.
Mueller, J. A. - See: D. J. O'Connor, Mo. 121.
Nalr3 J. H. - See: G. Zweig, et.al., No, 186.
109. Nalewaiko, C. 1966. Photosynthesis and excretion in
various planktonic algae. Limnol. Oceanogr.
11(1): 1-10.
Twenty-four species of planktonic algae, including 16
Chlorophyceae, seven Bacillarlphyceae and one Cyano-
phyceae, were found to liberate a part of their
photosynthetic products into the medium. This excretion
was less than 2% of the total carbon fixed during photo-
synthesis in short-term experiments with dilute cell
suspensions under conditions of abundant C02 supply and
limiting or saturating light intensities.
Excretion was increased at high population density,
under conditions of limiting levels and at light
intensities sufficient to inhibit photosynthesis.
Excretion values in Chiofittlo. pyie.no4.do4a Chick, were
usually lower than in other species under the same
environmental conditions.
110. Nalewajko, C. and L. Marin. 1968. Extracellular pro-
duction in relation to growth of four planktonic
algae and of phytoplankton populations from Lake
Ontario. Can. Journal of Botany. 4?: 405-413-
In four species of planktonic algae both carbon fixation
and excretion on an ash-free dry weight basis increase
with relative growth rate (K) of the culture measured in
log ,Q units. In natural populations percentage excre-
tion values are positively correlated with K values;
however, environmental factors may be of relatively
greater Importance and determine the extent of excretion.
111. Neil, J. H., M. G. Johnson and G. E. Owen. 196?.
Yields and cources of nitrogen from several Lake
Ontario watersheds. Proceedings 10th Conference
Great Lakes Research, pp. 375-381.
-62-
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The yield of nitrogen was estimated from six selected
southern Ontario watersheds representing rural and
urban land uses. A discharge total nitrogen rating
curve was calculated and applied to the hydrograph of
each watershed to develop these estimates. Total
annual yield of nitrogen was found to be 3S200 Ibs.p
N/mi /yr. for rural watersheds and 3^,000 Ibs. N/mi /yr.
for urban watersheds when effluents from secondary
treatment plants './ere included. The nitrogen yield
from rural watersheds during February, March and April
constituted 58% to 69$ of the annual contribution,
whereas the yields from urban watersheds were uniformly
high. Yields calculated from concentration of
phosphorus found in the same samples indicated a ratio
of nitrogen to phosphorus (PCO of 1.5 to 1 for urban
watersheds and 8 to 1 for rural watersheds. The per-
cent reduction in gross yield that might be expected
to be achieved through complete removal of nitrogen at
a sewage treatment plant was found to be 87$, based on
the data obtained from one well-serviced, urbanized
watershed.
Nemerow, N. L. - See: D. P. Jackson, et.al., No. 76.
112. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
1971. Periodic report of the water quality sur-
veillance network 1965 thru 196? water years.
NYS Dept. Environmental Conservation, Albany, New
York. 390 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
for the year 1965-67 are presented on: Ca, Na, K, Mg,
alkalinity, SOh, Cl, conductance, dissolved 0?,
turbidity, total N-, total POj., NO-,-N?, NH?~Np, silica,
pH, Mn, Po, pesticides 3 hardness, phenols, dissolved
solids 3 coliform count, CO- and temperature.
113. New York State Department of Health. 1953. Black
River drainage basin. Lake Ontario Drainage
Basin Survey Series Kept, No. 21. NYS Dept.
Health, Albany, New York. 197 p.
Water quality data are tabulated for water samples
collected at various points along the Black River.
The parameters measured include color, odor, BOD,
turbidity, suspended matter, temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen, alkalinity arid conforms.
~63~
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New York State Department of Health. 1957. Eighteen
Mile Creek drainage basin and other tributaries
entering Lake Ontario between Niagara River and
Eighteen Mile Creek. Lake Ontario Drainage
Basin Survey Series Kept. No. 3. MYS Dept. Health,
Albany, New York. 71 p.
Chemical analysis data of water samples collected by
the health department at streams tributary to Lake
Ontario are tabulated.
115. New York State Department of Health. 1958. Lake
Ontario surface water including specified tribu-
taries . Lake Ontario Drainage Basin Survey
Series Kept. No. 4. NYS Dept. Health, Albany,
New York. 447 p.
Report contains a collection of physical and chemical
data on Lake Ontario and its tributaries. Many tables
and charts are included.
116. New York State Department of Health. 1959. Classifi-
cations and standards of quality and purity for
fresh surface waters of the Lake Ontario Drainage
Basin. Water Pollution Control Board, New York
State Dept. Health, Albany, New York. 135 p.
Surface waters of the Lake Ontario drainage basin are
classified according to the classes established by
"Rules and Classifications and Standards of Quality
and Purity for Waters of New York State," adopted by
the New York State Water Pollution Control Board,
effective October 25, 1950, amended April 30, 1959,
and filed in the Office of the Secretary of State of
the State of New York.
iil1;. New York State Department of Health. 1961. Upper
Genesee River Drainage Basin. Genesee River
Drainage Basin Survey Series Report No. 2. NYS
Dept. Health, Albany, New York. 219 P-
Chemical analysis data of water samples collected by
the health department on streams tributary to Lake
Ontario are tabulated.
-64-
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118. New York State Department of Health. 1963- Evaluation
of the extent and nature of pesticide and detergent
involvement in surface waters of a selected water-
shed. Research Report 10(1). NYS Dept. of Health,
Albany, New York. 74 p.
The surface water of the Wolcott Creek drainage basin
was analyzed for the presence of determents and various
pesticides.
The alkylbenzenesulfonates i^ere analyzed colorimetrically,
the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides by gas-liquid
chromatography with an electron capture detector and the
m-dinltrobenzene compounds colorimetrically.
The results showed that aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and lindane
xtfere present in most water samples, although usually in
concentrations of 1 ppb or less. DDT concentrations were
highest of the pesticides reported followed by dieldrin,
lindane and aldrin in that order.
The concentration of detergent was found to be much
higher immediately downstream from the village of
Wolcott and became more diluted further downstream.
The amount of detergent upstream was small but
measurable.
119. New York State Department of Health. 1965. Periodic
Report of the water quality surveillance network
I960 thru 1964. NYS Dept. Health, Albany, Mew
York. 135 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
for the years I960 to 64 are presented on: Ca, Na, K,
Mg, alkalinity, SO^, Cl, conductance, dissolved Op,
silica, pH, Mn, Pe, pesticides, hardness, phenols,
turbidity, total N2, total PO^, NOq-N2, NH-,-N?, C02,
dissolved solids, collform count and temperature.
The data were collected at four points on the Lake:
two near Rochester, one at Oswego and one near Port
Niagara, Nevr York.
New York State Department of Health - See: Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, No. 56, 57.
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Nichols, Lee - See: J. C. Sutherland, et.al., No.
Nicholson, H. P. - See: Y. K. Chau, et.al., No. 41.
120. Nicholson, H. F. 1970. The chlorophyll a content of
the surface waters of Lake Ontario, June to
November, 196?. Pish. Research Board of Canada
Tech. Kept. No. 186. 33 p.
This report presents the distribution of surface
chlorophyll a as determined by a continuous fluoro-
meter on eleven (11) cruises on Lake Ontario from
June 12 to November 2, 196?. The highest lake mean
concentration, 20.3 mg/m , occurred during June 12-17,
followed by a rapid decline to the lowest lake mean
concentration of 3.7 mg/m between June 28 and July 10.
Thereafter, the mean lake surface concentration varied
between 3.« and 8.4 mgCa/m .
Norton, J. - See: D. T. Meloon, et.al., No. 108.
121. O'Connor, D. J. and J. A. Mueller. 1970. A water
quality model of chlorides in Great Lakes. Journ.
of the Sanitary Engineering Div., Proceedings
American Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 96, No.
SA4: 955-975.
The increase in the concentration of conservative sub-
stances in the Great Lakes is described by a simple
time variable equation. The concentration of chlorides
is related to the fresh water flow, the volumes of the
lakes and the various sources-municipal, industrial,
natural background and road de-icing. The increase in
concentration since 1900 is presented and projections
are made of anticipated concentrations based on various
assumptions of control.
122. O'Neill, R. D. 1964. Exotic chemicals. New York
State Department Health. Proceedings 1st Annual
Water Quality Research Symposium, pp. 60-79-
The surface water of the Wolcott Creek drainage basin
was analyzed for the presence of detergents and various
pesticides.
The alkylbenzenesulfonates were analyzed colorimetrically,
the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides by gas-liquid
chromatography irith an electron capture detector and the
m-dinitrobenzene compounds colorimetrically.
-66-
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The results showed that aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and lindane
were present in most water samples, although usually in
concentrations of 1 ppb or less. DDT concentrations were
highest of the pesticides reported followed by dieldrin,
lindane and aldrin in that order.
The concentration of detergent was found to be much
higher immediately downstream from the village of
Wolcott and became more diluted further downstream.
The amount of detergent upstream was small but
measurable.
123. Ontario Water Resources Commission. 1962. Report on
the Lakefront Survey of Water Quality, Waste
Drainage Inlets of Lake Ontario within the Area-
Tovm of Burlington to Scarborough Township Inclusive.
Ontario Water Resources Commission, Ottawa. 1*12 p.
Tabulated data on the surface water of Lake Ontario
along the shoreline from Toronto to Scarborough on:
BOD, coliform count, total, dissolved and suspended
solids, turbidity, phenols, ether solubles, pH, Cr, Cu,
Cl, total and soluble POn, NH^-N, and total KJeldahl N2.
Descriptive statements are included which give the
sampling location and date.
Ontario Water Resources Commission. 1965a. Water
quality survey of the St. Lawrence River from
Quebec Boundary to Kingston, 1962 to 1965.
Ontario Water Resources Commission, Division of
Sanitary Engineering, Ottawa. Unnumbered.
Tabulated data for the surface waters of the St. Lawrence
River from Quebec boundary to Kingston are presented in
three tables.
Contains data on coliform count, BOD, total, suspended
and dissolved solids, turbidity, dissolved Op and
temperature. Descriptive statements are also included
which give location and date of sampling.
The parameters include: ammonia K2, Kjeldahl N2, N02,
NO- and total and soluble POj,. Again, location and
date of sampling are given.
The third table presents data collected at the water
intakes for the cities of Kingston, Augusta and Corn-
wall on hardness, alkalinity, Pe, Cl, pH, color and
turbidity.
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125. Ontario Water Resources Commission. 1965b. Report
on a Water Quality Survey of Lake Ontario from
Toronto to Kingston, 1962 - 1965. Ontario Water
Resources Commission, Division of Sanitary
Engineering, Ottawa. 15 P + Appendices.
Contains data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
along the shoreline from Toronto to Kingston: coliform
count, BOD, total, dissolved and suspended solids,
turbidity, dissolved 0- and temperature. Descriptive
statements are also included which give the data and
location of sampling.
The parameters included in Table II are: ammonia N2,
total Kjeldahl N0, N0~, N00 and total and soluble
pn ^ ^ J
FUi)«
Contains data obtained at the Oshawa, Belleville and
Kingston water works on: hardness, alkalinity, Pe, Cl,
pH, color and turbidity.
126. Ontario Water Resources Commission. 1965c. Report
on a study of Water Quality and Pollution Control -
Metropolitan Toronto including the municipalities
of Long Branch, New Toronto, Mimlco, Etobicoke,
Toronto and Scarborough along Lake Ontario.
Ontario Water Resources Commission, Division of
Sanitary Engineering, Ottawa. 104 p.
Tabulated data are presented for the surface water
of Lake Ontario along the metropolitan Toronto shore
line including Toronto Harbor on: BOD, suspended
solids, phenols, coliform count and turbidity.
Descriptive statements are included which give sampling
location, date and map coordinates. Also included is a
summary of the yearly data collected by the water supply
division of the metropolitan Toronto Department of Works
on coliform counts, free ammonia and phenols in the raw
water from Toronto intakes.
12?. Ontario Water Resources Commission. 196?. Water
quality data 1964-1965. Volume 1. Ontario Water
Resources Commission, Ottawa. 28? p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
at various points along the Canadian shore are
presented on: alkalinity, Cl, conductance, P, N0~,
pH, NOp-Np, hardness, phenols, turbidity, Pe, NH~-Np,
dissolved^solids, KJeldahl-Np, BOD, coliform courit,
temperature, synthetic detergents, N0,,-Np, soluble P
and dissolved Op. J
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128. Ontario Water Resources Commission. 1969. Water
quality data for Ontario lakes and streams, 1965-
1966. Volume 2, Ontario Water Resources
Commission, Ottawa. 364 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario at
various points along the Canadian shore are presented
on: coliform count, alkalinity, synthetic detergents,
BOD, COD, Cl, Cr, conductivity, Cu, Cn, dissolved 02,
ether solubles, P. hardness, Fe, Pb, Ni, NH,-N2,
KJeldahl N2, N02-N2, HO--N2, pH, phenols, tdtal and
soluble PO£, suspended and dissolved solids, SO^,
turbidity and Zn.
Orban, E. - See: W. L. Tressler, et.al., No. 159.
Owen, G. E. - See: M. G. Johnson, No. 80, 81.
Owen, G. E. - See: J. H. Neil, et.al., No. 111.
129. Owen, G. E. and M. G. Johnson. 1966. Significance of
some factors affecting yields of phosphorus from
several Lake Ontario watersheds. Great Lakes
Research Division, Univ. Michigan. 15: 400-410.
The significance of land use and physiography in deter-
mining the levels of total phosphorus in the six major
watersheds of the Metropolitan Toronto region was
examined. The annual yield of phosphorus from six
selected subwatersheds of widely different land use
was estimated. A discharge-total phosphorus rating
curve was calculated and applied to the hydrograph of
each subwatershed to develop these estimates. Annual
yields of phosphorus varied between 300 pounds per
square mile from a heavily urbanized area. Data from
one well-serviced urbanized watershed indicated that
approximately 905? of the yield of phosphorus was
directed through the treatment facility.
130. Pauszek, F. H. 1959- Chemical quality of surface waters
in the Allegheny, Genesee and Susquehanna River
basins, New York, 1953-1956. NYS Dept. of Commerce
and Geological Survey, U. S. Dept. Interior,
Albany, New York. 94 p.
The chemical quality of the Genesee River deteriorates
as it flows across the state. Polluting substances and
mineral matter in ground water drained from beds of
limestone, dolomite, gypsium and salt increase the
concentration of dissolved solids and hardness.
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On the basis of mineral content, water from the Genesee
River at Scio, New York and Mt.'Morris would be satis-
factory or could be made satisfactory for many uses
including public water supply. At Rochester, New York
water from the Genesee River would have to undergo
extensive treatment to reduce hardness.
Water sample analysis data are included, The para-
meters measured include silica, iron., calcium, sodium,
magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate lor,, chlorides,
florides, nitrate,, dissolved solids, hardness, specific
conductance, pH, color and oxygen consumed. Descrip-
tive statements are made for each sampling station
which include the data and the sample location,
Powers, C. P. - See: A. Robertson, No. 135-
Rand, M. C. - See: D. P. Jackson, et.al., Mo. ?6.
.131. Reinert, R. E. 1970a. Summary of available information
from Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Ann Arbor
Biological Laboratory on pesticide levels in great
lakes fish. Unpublished report of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Ann
Arbor, Michigan. 37 p.
Concentrations of DDT (DDT., DDE, ODD) and dleldrin in
Lake Ontario fish are tabulated.
132. Reinert, R, E. 1970b. Pesticide concentrations in
Great Lakes fish. Pesticides Monitoring Journal.
3(4): 233-240,
During the past 4 years, the Ann Arbor Great Lakes
Fishery Lab of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has
been monitoring insecticide levels in fish from the
Great Lakes. The two insecticides found in all Great
Lakes fish have been DDT (DDT, ODD, DDE) and dleldrin.
Fish from Lake Michigan contain from 2 to 7 times as
much of these insecticides as those from the other
Great Lakes. Insecticide levels calculated on a whole-
fish basis show a marked difference from species to
species. Within a species, there is also an increase
in DDT and dieldrin levels with an increase in size.
If these insecticide levels are, however, calculated
as ppm of insecticide in the extractable fish oil,
the difference in concentration between species and the
difference between size groups becomes considerably
less. Laboratory experiments indicate that fish can
build up concentrations of DDT and dieldrin at the
parts per million level from the parts per trillion
concentrations in the water.
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133. Rlzivi, S. S. A. and S. E. Salbach. 1968a. The yield
of phosphorus in eastern Lake Ontario region.
Ontario Water Resources Commission, Ottawa. 25 p.
The yields of phosphorus were estimated from four
selected Eastern Lake Ontario region watersheds. These
streams drain mainly agriculture and pasture lands to
Lake Ontario. The variation of concentrations, flows
and yields for the four watersheds were calculated and
plotted for comparison on a monthly basis over the four
year study period. Mathematical equations for fore-
casting of concentration levels were developed and
tested for statistical significance. The mean monthly
yields were also plotted to assess on a quantitative
basis during the calendar year, the variation of the
discharge of phosphorus to Lake Ontario. About 40 to
50 percent of the annual yields were found to be
released during the months of February, March and April.
A step-wise regression analysis was used for developing
the relationship between concentration, yield and land
use for this region. Three year annual yields of phos-
phorus frow the four watersheds ranged between 237 to
810 Ibs/mi -yr. The methodology presented could be
used on other water quality data.
Rizivi, S. S. A. and S. E. Salbach. 1968b. The yield
of nitrogen in eastern Lake Ontario region.
Ontario Water Resources Commission, Ottawa. 26 p.
This report presents the nutrient concentrations and
quantities in the waters flowing to Lake Ontario from
four basins in the eastern Lake Ontario region. The
sources which are believed to be primarily responsible
for nutrient levels in these four basins, as well as
the yearly yields discharged to Lake Ontario are pre-
sented. The four basins drain primarily rural (pasture
and forest) land. A stepwise regression analyses was
used to develop a relationship between concentration
yield and land use for this region. An attempt to
correlate streamflow and total nitrogen concentration
was unsuccessful. Average annual yields of nitrogen
were noticed in the range of 1,652 - 2,721 Ibs/mi -yr.
About 45 to 57 percent of the annual yields were found
to be released during the months of February, March and
April. Yields calculated from concentrations of phos-
phorus found in the same samples indicated a ratio of
nitrogen to phosphorus (POj,) of 8:1. Mathematical
equations forecasting concentrations levels were
developed and were tested statistically. These test
showed no statistical significance.
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135. Robertson, A. and C. P. Powers. 196?. Comparison of the
distribution of organic matter in the five Great
Lakes. In: Studies on the environment and eutro-
phication of Lake Michigan, Univ. Michigan Great
Lakes Research Division Special Report No. 30. 258 p,
The five St. Lawrence Great Lakes are compared with regard
to the relative amounts of organic matter. Particulate
and dissolved organic matter were measured in all the
lakes and the biomass of zooplankton and macrobenthos
measured in the upper three lakes only. The study reveals
that, in general, the lakes can be arranged in the order,
Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario, with regard tc
increasing amounts of organic matter in the different
categories. This does not seem to hold for the zoo-
plankton. The order of ranking is closely related to the
relative concentrations of total dissolved solids in the
different lakes and may well be related to their relative
states of eutrophication. The amount of dissolved organic
matter is shown to be 3 to 10 times larger than the amount
of particulate organic matter which, in turn, is much
greater than the amount of zooplankton and macrobenthos.
136. Rodgers, G. K. 1962. Lake Ontario report, 1961. Univ.
Toronto, Great Lakes Institute. Preliminary Kept.
7. 102 p.
Chemical analysis data of water samples collected during
cruises on Lake Ontario in 1961 by the research vessel
Porte Dauphlne are tabulated.
The following cruises contain chemical data: 0-61-02,
0-61-03, 0-61-04, 0-61-05, 0-61-08 and 0-61-10.
The parameters measured include: specific conductance,
dissolved Op, pH, color.and temperature.
137. Rodgers, G. K. 1963. Lake Ontario data report, I960.
Univ. Toronto, Great Lakes Institute. Preliminary
Rept. 10. 192 p.
Chemical analysis data of water samples collected during
synoptic cruises on Lake Ontario in I960 by the research
vessel Porte Dauphine are tabulated.
The following cruises contain chemical data: 0-60-15,
0-60-16, 0-60-17, 0-60-18, 0-60-21, 0-60-22 and 0-60-23.
The parameters measured include: specific conductance,
dissolved Op, pH, color, collform count and temperature.
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Saitoh, H. - See: Y. K. Chau, No. 40.
Salbach, S. E. ~ See: S. S. A. Rizivi, No. 133, 134.
138. Saunders, G. W. 1964. Studies of primary productivity
in the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Research Division,
Univ. Michigan. 11: 122-129.
Data concerning photosynthesis in the Great Lakes are
very scanty. There have been only two research programs
which have dealt directly with photosynthesis in the
Great Lakes. One of these programs attempted to gain
some insight as to the distribution of photosynthesis
in western Lake Erie. The other program attempted to
develop and evaluate a shipboard method for estimating
photosynthesis. Some additional inference concerning
photosynthesis can be made using known concentrations
of chlorophyll in Lakes Superior, Michigan Erie and
Ontario. No data are available for Lake Huron. The
assumptions made using chlorophyll to calculate photo-
synthesis are very broad and therefore Interpretation
is somewhat tenuous. When results for calculated
photosynthesis using all methods are compared, two
points are apparent: 1) the range of photosynthetic
activity in all lakes is very large and 2) western
Lake Erie is very different from the other Great Lakes
It is more productive than many smaller lakes which ar<"
considered to be highly productive.
The Great Lakes are important as a natural resource and
as basins in which controlled experiments can be per-
formed. Perhaps the very paucity of data indicates the
exciting future which lies ahead for those individuals
who study photosynthesis and other biotic events in
these large lakes»
139. Schenk, C. P. and R. E. Thompson. 1965. Long term
changes in water chemistry and abundance of
plankton at a single sampling location in Lake
Ontario. Great Lakes Research Division, Univ.
Michigan. 13: 197-208.
Evaluation of data accumulated at the Toronto Island
Filtration Plant from 1923 to 1954 that the level of
plankton approximately doubled during this period.
Coincidentally, increasing levels of free ammonia,
chlorides, hardness and turbidity were experienced
and these continued to increase up to 1964. Turbidlt^
levels and concentrations of free ammonia in the "rav
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water were substantially greater than results obtained
farther out in the lake. The mean increase of plankton
was computed at 5.6 areal standard units per annum.
Well-defined spring maxima and winter minimum populations
were apparent nearly every year, but fall maxima developed
Inconsistently and were characterized by lower levels of
abundance than the spring pulses.
Schroder, G. D. - See: M. W. Fenlon, et.al., No. 58.
Shiomi, M. T. and V. K. Chawla. 1970. Nutrients in
Lake Ontario. Proceedings 13th Conference Great
Lakes Research, pp. 715-732.
Nutrient data were collected at monthly intervals on
60 stations in Lake Ontario during the period April
1969 to March 1970. They were analysed to determine
mean concentrations and to investigate horizontal
and vertical distributions of soluble reactive phosphate,
total phosphorus, nitrate, ammonia and silicate. Their
seasonal variations are presented and discussed.
Complete depletion of soluble reactive phosphate was
observed in certain portions of the eplimnion during
the month of July. The horizontal and vertical
distributions of nitrate, silicate and soluble
reactive phosphate generally reflected the temperature-
biological structure of the lake rather than indicating
input sources. The horizontal distribution of total
phosphorus, however, did suggest possible inputs of
phosphorus to the lake.
Factor analysis was applied to the nutrient data to
obtain correlations with other physical and chemical
parameters such as dissolved oxygen, alkalinity,
turbidity and temperature.
Sibley, T. H. and K. M. Stewart. 1969. Some variation
In the quality of water from the source and mouth
of the Niagara River. Proceedings 12th Conference
Great Lakes Research, pp. 77^-785.
An investigation in 1967 and early 1968 compared
similarities and differences in selected variables of
water quality from the source and mouth of the Niagara
River. The source of the River is the large volume
discharge from Lake Erie and the mouth is the point at
which this discharge empties into Lake Ontario. Indus-
trial and municipal wastes and some runoff from
agricultural areas are discharged into the river along
portions of Western New York (USA) and Ontario (Canada).
-------
Comparisons were made of temperature, dissolved oxygen,
pH, hardness, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium,
potassium, chlorides, total residue, fixed solids and
conductivity. Chlorides and conductivity were continu-
ously higher at the mouth. The mean values of all
parameters, except total residue and fixed solids, were
slightly higher at the mouth. Although the increases
were relatively slight, the discharge from Lake Erie is
so great that even slight changes in the water quality
between the source and mouth represent impressive
Inputs into the river.
142. Skoch, Edwin J. 1970. Changes in the sediment chemistry
of Lakes Erie and Ontario. In: R. A. Sweeney (Ed.).
Proceedings of the Conference on Changes in the
Chemistry of Lakes Erie and Ontario. Bull. Buffalo
Society Natural Sciences. 25(2): 67-76.
Lakes Erie and Ontario are quite similar in their sedi-
ment characteristics. Differences in the chemical
composition of the sediment are possible due to depth
differences and material inflow. Despite the fact that
the sediment plays an Important role in the cycling of
meterials in the lake system, very little data are
available on this topic. No data were discovered which
would show changes in sediment chemistry over the years.
The data now available were randomly gathered and often
not comparable in the differences in analytical procedures
and the time and techniques of sampling.
Soyugenc, M. - See: L. R. Hedrlck, No. 68.
Stewart, K.' M. - See. T. H. Sibley, No. l4l.
143. Storr, J. P. 1964. Limnology-Nine Mile Point, Lake
Ontario. Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Syracuse,
New York. In: Preliminary Summary Hazards Rept.
U. S. AEC Docket No. 50-220 Appendix B, Vol. II.
pp. B1-B82.
The author used the presence of a high chloride content
found in the Oswego River water (at times over 300 ppm)
above that found in the lake as an indicator in tracking
the water movement past the Nine Mile Point plant site
and beyond. Consequently, contour diagrams showing the
chloride concentrations in Mexico Bay are included.
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Sutherland, J. C., J. R. Kramer, Lee Nichols and T. D.
Kurtz. 1966. Mineral-water equilibria, Great
Lakes: silica and phosphorus. Great Lakes Research
Division, Univ. Michigan. 15:
Mineral-water equilibrium concepts are applied to
November and January (1965-1966) Lake Ontario phosphorus
and silica data. Soluble silica concentrations (0-1 ppm
SiOp) are very near equilibrium values predicted by
gibDsite-kaolinite equilibrium. Phosphorus concentra-
tions (9.6-28 ppb P) are slightly low with respect to
hydroxyapatite equilibrium. A temperature fluctuation
model predicts saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite
with increasing temperature (summer) at approximately
20°C. Water extracted from 4 bottom sediment samples
ranges from 11-25 ppm SiOp and represents water stable
with respect to kaolinite, whereas phosphorus (approxi-
mately 90 ppb P) concentrations represent water exactly
in equilibrium with respect to hydroxyapatite.
Sutherland, J. C. 1970. Silicate mineral stability and
mineral equilibria in the Great Lakes. Environ.
Science Technology. 4: 826-833.
Equilibrium concepts involving silicate minerals and
water are applied to chemical data from the North
Channel and Lakes Erie and Ontario and Huron for under-
standing of chemical self-regulation in the Great Lakes.
Equilibria involving silicates and water are inferred
from aqueous chemical data. Concentrations of dissolved
silica attain minimum values of 10" mole/liter in
surface waters of the remote lakes through dissolution
of kaolinite,
A12S1205(OH)|, + 5H20 ----- A12(OH)6 +
Kaolinite Gibbsite Aq. silica
In deeper waters, metastable equilibria, Ca montmorill-
onite gibbsite and muscovite gibbsite may impose upper
limits upon concentrations of SiOp(aq.). Silica con-
centrations in the enclosed waters of sediment from
North Channel reach metastable equilibrium withg
amorphous silica at values of SiOp(aq.) = 10" * mole/
liter; values of less than 10- mole/liter are imposed
in sediments from the other lakes through Ca montomorill
onite ----- kaolinite. The major chemical character of
the Great Lakes is inherited from the carbon-silicate
mineralogy of bedrock, soil, and glacial drift in their
drainage .
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146. Sweeney, R. A. 1969. Effectiveness of a hopper dredge
as an aerator and classifier of sediments. Research
Report for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Buffalo District. Great Lakes Lab, State Univ.
College at Buffalo. 1^5 p.
In conjunction with a study of the effectiveness of
hopper dredging, water and sediment samples of
Rochester Harbor were taken before and after dredging.
Water samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, BOD,
dissolved oxygen, dissolved and suspended solids,
dissolved, suspended and total phosphates, turbidity,
nitrate, ammonia and organic and total nitrogen.
Sediment samples were analyzed for solids, oils,
dissolved and total phosphates, ammonia, nitrate,
organic and total nitrogen, COD, BOD and Cl demand.
Sweers, H. E. 1969a. Removal of contaminants from
Lake Ontario by natural processes. Proceedings
12th Conference Great Lakes Research, pp. 73^-
A model Is developed to calculate the removal time of
a conservative parameter from a lake, taking summer
stratification into account. The basic assumptions
of the model are compared with conditions actually
occurring in Lake Ontario, and it is shown that
stratification has little effect on the calculated
removal time. The results are extrapolated to the
behavior of non-conservative parameters . It is
argued that a sharp reduction in the rate of input of
nutrients could result In a marked decrease in algal
growth within a year after such measures become
effective.
148. Sweers, H. E. 1969b. Structure, dynamics and
chemistry of Lake Ontario. Canadian Dept. Energy,
Mines & Resources. Man. Rept. Series No. 10. 27 p
Data obtained from a series of monitor cruises on Lake
Ontario during the 1966 and 1967 field seasons are
analyzed in detail. The horizontal and vertical dis-
tributions and seasonal variations of oxygen, specific
conductance, pH, total alkalinity, hardness and
chloride are studied in relation to the thermal
structure and persistent local anomalies are pointed
out.
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149. Thomas, J. P. J. 195**. Industrial water resources of
Canada water survey report No. 3 - Upper St.
Lawrence River-Central Great Lakes drainage basin
in Canada. Canada Dept. of Mines and Technical
Surveys, Mines Branch Rept. No. 837. 212 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
at various cities located on the lake are presented on:
dissolved Op, CO-, pH, color, turbidity, dissolved
solids, specific conductance, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Pe, NO-,
hardness and temperature. Descriptive statements are
included which give sample location and date.
150. Thomas, J. P. J. 196*4. Surface water quality in major
drainage basins and northern areas of Canada.
Journal American Water Works Association. 56(9):
1173-1193.
This article summaries information on the chemical
quality of major Canadian surface waters obtained by
the mines branch since 1948.
Tabulated data is presented for the surface water of
Lake Ontario and streams tributary to the lake on:
Ca, Mg, Na, K, alkalinity, SOj,, Cl, conductance,
silica, NO.,, pH, F, hardness, Fe and color.
Thomas, R. L. - See: D. S. Cronan, No. 46.
151. Thomas, R. L. 1969a. The qualitative distribution of
feldspars in surficial bottom sediments from Lake
Ontario. Proceedings 12th Conference Great Lakes
Research, pp. 364-379.
A qualitative assessment of the feldspar distribution
in Lake Ontario sediments has been made by the deter-
mination of the feldspar end members, K, Na and Ca, on
sediment residues after fusion with potassium pyrosul-
phate. Both K adsorption and cation exchange of Na
and Ca for K in standard feldspars was observed.
Cation exchanged is shown to be minimal in samples and
in standards with a full particle size range. K
adsorption is high yet appears to be constant and not
directly related to grain size. In the inshore zones
a poor positive correlation of feldspar to quartz is
believed to be the result of poor mixing in a traction
load sediment. In the basin zones the relationship is
of a higher order and reflects natural sorting by
sedimentation from a suspended load.
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The regional distribution of the feldspars shows an
inshore to offshore decrease, initially of calcic
feldspar than of sodic feldspar leading to a basin
enrichment of the potash feldspars, microcline and
orthoclase. The feldspars are probably derived pre-
dominantly by coast line erosion of glacial deposits
surrounding Lake Ontario.
152. Thomas, R. L. 1969b. A note on the relationship of
grain size, clay content, quartz and organic
carbon in some Lake Erie and Lake Ontario sedi-
ments. Journal Sedimentary Petrology. 39:
803-809.
An examination of the geochemistry of fine-grained
sediments in relation to size frequency distribution
was carried out on sediment samples from Lakes Erie
and Ontario. This study demonstrated a direct
relationship between the 2 micron grain size and the
theoretical clay content computed from the organic
carbon, quartz and carbonate content. A sympathetic
relationship was observed between clay content and
organic carbon, and also between the median grain
size and quartz content. The former relationship is
believed to be the result of adsorption from solution
and the latter is brought about by natural sedimenta-
tion from suspension.
153. Thomas, R. L., A. L. W. Kemp and C. F. M. Lewis. 1970,
The distribution and characteristics of Lake
Ontario surface sediments. Geological Society
America, Annual Meetings, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
p. 703. (Abstract of unpublished paper presented
at the annual meeting of the Geological Society
of America, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, November 11-13,
1970).
A detailed reconnaissance sampling program of Lake
Ontario surficial sediments was carried out in 1968.
Sampling was carried out on an 8 km polyconlc grid
using a Shlpek grab sampler. Sediment particle size,
pH, Eh, organic carbon, carbonate carbon, quartz and
mineral clay were measured in the top 3 cm at each
station. Additional information was acquired by
echosoundlng profiles of the lake. From the echo-
grams sediment types could be characterized and
their contacts well defined. Lake Ontario is partit-
ioned by two north to south sills composed of glacial
materials into three depositional basins xvhlch in turn
are separated from the Kingston Basin to the northeast
79-
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by an east to west trending bedrock sill. The nearshore
zone of the lake is characterized by the occurrence of
glacial materials. Glacial tills with surface lag
gravels and sand outcrop around the periphery of the lake
and were derived from the final ice retreat from the
region. Offshore the tills are overlain by stiff, fine-
grained laminated sllty to sandy glaciolacustrine clays
deposited in Lake Iroquois times and characterized by
surficial lag sands. The glaclo-lacustrine clays are
succeeded offshore by the silty clays and clays of the
deposltional basins. The modern sediments of the lake
pro-grade offshore into the deeper waters of each
depositional basin. Prom inshore to offshore, a decreas-
ing mean grain size is associated with decreasing quartz
and increasing clay and organic carbon. The clay
minerals are composed predominantly of illite with sub-
sidiary kaollnite and chlorite. Carbonate carbon is
related to the silt component of the sediment derived by
weathering of the regional limestones.
Thomas, R. L. 1971. The distribution of mercury in
the sediments of Lake Ontario. Unpublished paper
presented at the l^lth Conference on Great Lakes
Research. April 19-21, 1971, Toronto, Canada.
During 1968, 262 sediment samples were taken on an 8 km
grid sampling program of Lake Ontario. These have since
been analysed for mercury and total major elements. The
samples consisted of the topmost 3 cm of sediment and
were freeze-dried immediately after recovery. Hg
analyses were carried out by total combustion and atomic
adsorption techniques.
The basic distribution of total mercury is related to
the sediment distribution in the lake with increasing
mercury concentrations in the offshore finer-grained
sediments of the three depositional basins, the
western or Niagara Basin, the central Mississauga Basin
and the eastern Rochester Basin.
Thompson, R. E. - See: C. F. Schenk, No. 139.
155. Thon, J. 1969. Empirical relationship for total
phosphorus system in the lower Great Lakes.
Proceedings 12th Conference Great Lakes Research.
pp. 786-688.
An empirical model describing the total phosphorus input
and output relationship is based on current total phos-
phorus material balances for Lake Erie and Ontario.
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Interrelated hydraulic, chemical and biological factors
are incorporated within simplified basic assumptions.
The model provides a rational basis for the forecasting
of overall lake phosphorus levels and outputs in terms
of mass, or concentration, under various total phos-
phorus input conditions.
156. Tiffany, M. A., J. W. Winchester and R. H. Loucks. 1969
Natural and pollution sources of iodine, bromine
and chlorine in the Great Lakes. Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation. 41: 1319-1329.
These preliminary survey data indicate that both Br and
Cl are increasing in the Great Lakes by pollution as
well as by natural sources. Iodine, however, does not
appear to be a serious pollutant in the Great Lakes,
except possibly in Lake Ontario. To a limited extent
the data reported in this paper suggest that the rela-
tive Br/Cl pollution rate has Increased in recent years
and varies strongly with locality in the lower Great
Lakes.
157. Toronto Department of Public Health. 1921. Report on
the chemical, physical and bacteriological survey
of Lake Ontario water. Toronto Dept. Public
Health, Toronto. 15 p.
Tabulated data are presented for the surface water of
Lake Ontario at Victoria Park and MInico on: ammonia,
Cl, temperature and coliform count (Canada Centre for
Inland Waters).
158. Tressler, W. L. and T. S. Austin. 19^0. A limnologlcal
study of some bays and lakes of the Lake Ontario
v/atershed. In: A Biological Survey of the Lake
Ontario Watershed. Bio. Survey (1939), (16),
Suppl. 29th Annual Rept. NYS Conservation Dept.
pp. 188-210.
During the summer of 1939 a number of bays and lakes
of the Lake Ontario watershed were investigated to
determine the amount and quality of microscopic life,
the environmental conditions under which this life
existed and the extent to which fish were utilizing this
important food element in their diet. Vertical series
at several depths were.made In the water areas studied
during the months of July and August. In the larger
bays and river mouths, several additional stations
were sampled at one meter depth in order to obtain a
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more complete picture of the area. Besides quantitative
plankton studies, others were made on dissolved gases,
pH, alkalinity, temperature, transparency and organic
matter. Pour bays of Lake Ontario (North and South
ponds, Sodus and Irondequoit) were found to produce much
more plankton than the lake itself. The organic matter
was also considerably greater in the bays. Irondequoit
Bay was the most productive of plankton, in spite of the
fact that the region below 30 feet had anaerobic condi-
tions and hydrogen sulphide. Glenwood and Carlton
reservoirs were producing at the rate of about 108 Ibs.
per acre of organic matter during mid-summer; Redfield
Plow was considerably below this figure in productivity.
Of three ponds investigated (Coan, Mendon and Hindsburg
Quarry) Hindsburg produced the largest amount of plank-
ton. Organic matter was highest in Mendon Pond. Coan
Pond showed many characteristics typical of a bog pond.
The mouths of the Salmon, Oswego and Genesee rivers
were samples and it was found that the Salmon was
unpolluted and had a small amount of plankton, the
Oswego was considerably polluted but the flow of water
in the river was sufficient to offset most of the
effects of waste materials, while the Genesee River
mouth was heavily polluted and showed many unmistakable
signs of pollution both in the chemical results and in
the types of plankton organisms. Heat budgets for wind
distributed heat, were calculated for four of the lakes
and bays as follows: Redfield, about 7,200 gram
calories; Carlton, 11,750; Glenwood, 8,550 and Ironde-
quoit Bay 6,7*10 gram calories per unit area. Plankton
was found to be scarce in the stomachs of a number of
blunt-nosed minnows from Glenwood Reservoir; only 20%
of the total catch examined contained plankton organisms,
the remainder were filled with Red Medina sandstone.
Plankton was also scarce in the stomachs of a number of
common sunfish from Carlton Reservoir. The stomachs of
perch and large-mouthed bass from Irondequoit Bay,
contained a greater amount of plankton than the same
species from Sodus Bay.
159. Tressler, W. L., T. S. Austin and E. Orban. 1953.
Seasonal variations of some limnological factors
in Irondequoit Bay, New York. American Midi.
Naturalist. 49: 878-903.
A limnological investigation of Irondequoit Bay, a
closed-ln area of Lake Ontario at the eastern outskirts
of the city of Rochester, New York, was made between
August 15, 1939 and June 13, 19^0. Series of samples
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at various depths were taken monthly to determine the
seasonal variations in physical, chemical and biological
factors. A summary of the findings is given below.
No oxygen was present during the summer in the deepest
part of the lake (20 meters), below 10 meters depth.
These conditions prevailed until the fall overturn in
mid-November when oxygen was abundant at all depths .
Oxygen was still absent at the bottom as late as mid-
October.
Oxygen again became depleted during the winter (mid-
March) in the bottom regions, a condition which shows
extreme eutrophy . Oxygen was restored at the bottom
during the spring overturn in April and May but by mid-
June was again absent in the bottom water.
Free carbon dioxide was present in extremely high
concentrations at stagnation periods in early fall and
late
Hydrogen ion concentration and alkalinity showed normal
fluctuations for a highly eutrophic lake. Mean alkalin-
ity was correlated with conductivity. Very marked
increases toward the bottom in alkalinity were observed
in August and March .
Mean organic phosphorus showed a definite correlation
with mean organic matter.
Specific conductance was unusually high (600 units).
Conductivity increased during the period from October
to March, after which time it dropped off steadily.
j60. Tucker, A. 19^9. Pigment extraction as a method of
quantitative analysis of phytoplankton. Trans.
Amer. Microsc. Society. 68: 21-33.
The Harvey method as a means of estimating the
abundance of phytoplankton in a single sample, is of
little value because the standard error of estimate
is too large to obtain a reliable result. However,
because of its high correlation with actual count when
many samples an? considered, this method is of value
as a means of estimate rif changes in total abundance of
phytoplankton from lake to lake, from different stations
or depths in the same lake, at one time, or during a
period of time. From the statistical analysis, it can
be seen that It has not been perfected sufficiently to
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be used other than as a general Indicator. It does
have the advantage of being a simple and rapid method
in comparison with the tedious process of counting.
161. Upchurch, S. B. 1971. Chemical characteristics of the
Great Lakes. Lakes and Embayment Subcommittee
Working Papers - Great Lakes Basin Commission
Comprehensive Framework Study. Ann Arbor, Michigan,
153 p.
This chapter develops a conceptual model for inorganic
and organic chemical loads in the lakes, based on
chemical weathering In the drainage basins, known
chemical loads, and chemical equilibria. Temporal and
spatial changes in water chemistry, regional distrltu-
tion of chemical constituents and general sources of
chemical loading are discussed. Sources and sinks for
chemical constituents are related to buffering by both
inorganic equilibria and organic assimilation. A
chemical budget is presented to relate water chemistry
in each lake to the entire Great Lakes system and to
predict the consequences of discharging chemical efflu-
ents into the lakes.
162. u. S. Geological Survey. 1959. Quality of surface
water of the United States, 1955. Water Supply
Paper 1*100. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington,
D. C. 530 p.
Water quality data for water samples taken at the
Genesee River at Rochester and the St. Lawrence at
Alexandria Bay in 1955 are tabulated.
The samples were analyzed for silica, Iron, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate,
chlorine, florine, nitrate, oxygen demand and
temperature.
163. U. S. Geological Survey. 1960a. Quality of surface
water of the United States, 1956. Water Supply
Paper 1^50. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington,
D. C. 603 p.
Water quality data for water samples taken at the
Niagara River at Grand Island, New York, the Oswego
River at Minetto, New York and the Black River at
Watertown, New York in 1956 are tabulated.
The samples were analyzed for silica, Iron, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate,
chlorine, florine, nitrate, oxygen demand and
temperature.
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16'-!. U. S. Geological Survey. 1960b. Quality of the surface
waters of the United States, 1957. Water Supply
Paper 1520. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington,
D. C. pp. 627-629.
Tabulated data for the surface water of Lake Ontario
for August 1957 are presented on: Ca, Mg, Na, K, SOh,
alkalinity, Cl, conductance, silica, pH, hardness, P§,
dissolved solids and color.
165. U. S. Geological Survey. 1964. Quality of surface
x^aters of the United States, 1962. Parts 3 & 4.
Ohio River Basin and St. Lawrence River Basin.
Water Supply Paper 19*12. U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C. 322 p.
Tabulated data are presented for the surface waters of
minor streams tributary to Lake Ontario.
The water is analyzed for silica, Ca, Mg, K, Na, HCO-,,
SOj., Cl, F, NO,,, dissolved solids, hardness, specific
conductance, pH and color. The date of sampling is
also given.
166. U. S. Geological Survey. 1965- Quality of surface
water of the United States, 1959. Water Supply
Paper 1642. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington,
D. C. 303 p.
Water quality data for water samples taken at the
Niagara River, Niagara Palls, New York, the Genesee
River at Rochester, New York, the Black River at Water-
town, New York and the St. Lawrence River at Alexandria
Bay in 1959 are tabulated.
The samples were analyzed for silica, iron, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate,
chlorine, florine, nitrate, oxygen demand and
temperature.
167. U. S. Geological Survey. 1967. Water resources data
for New York, 1965. Part 2. Water Quality
Records. U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources
Division, Albany, New York. 112 p.
The basic records for the 1965 water year for quality
of surface water, ground water and precipitation with-
in the State of New York are given in this report.
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Tabulated data are presented for the surface water of
the Black River at Watertoxim, New York and other minor
streams tributary to Lake Ontario.
The water is analyzed for silica, Fe, MR, Ca, Mn, Na,
K, HCCU, SOj., Cl, F, NO,, dissolved solids, hardness,
pH, specific conductance, color, turbidity and
temperature. Descriptive statements are also included
which Rive sample location and date of sampling.
168. U. S. Geological Survey. 1968a. Quality of surface
waters of the United States, I960. Parts 3 & 4.
Ohio River Basin and St. Lawrence River Basin.
Water Supply Paper 17^2. U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C. 309 p.
Tabulated data are presented for the surface water of
the Black River at Carthage, Watertown and Glenfield,
New York and other minor streams tributary to Lake
Ontario.
The parameters measured include silica, Pe, Ca, Mg, Na,
K, HCOo, SOn, Cl, F, NO.,, dissolved solids, specific
conductance, pH and color. The date of sampling was
also included.
169. U. S. Geological Survey. 1968b. Quality of surface
water of the United States, 1961. Water Supply
Paper 1882. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington,
D. C. 312 p.
Water quality data for water samples taken at the
Genesee River at Rochester, New York; Irondequoit Bay,
New York and the Little Salmon River are tabulated.
The samples were analyzed for silica, iron, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate,
chlorine, florine, nitrate, oxygen demand and
temperature.
170. U. S. Geological Survey. 19680. Water resources data
for New York, 1966. Part 2. Water Quality
Records. U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources
Division, Albany, New York. 168 p.
The basic records for the 1966 water year for quality
of surface water, ground xvater and precipitation with-
in the State of New York are given in this report.
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Tabulated data are presented for the surface water of
the Black River at Watertown, New York, the Oswego
River at Oswego, New York, the St. Lawrence River at
Ogdensburg, New York and other minor streams tributary
to Lake Ontario.
The water is analyzed for silica, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K,
HCO~, SOj., Cl, P, NO.., dissolved solids, hardness,
specific conductance? pH, color and temperature.
Descriptive statements are also included which give
sample location and date of sampling.
171. U. S. Geological Survey. 1969a. Water load of uranium,
radium and gross beta activity at selected gaging
stations water year 1960-1961. Water Supple Paper
1535-0. U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, B.C.
31 p.
Water samples were collected from 36 rivers during low,
medium and high flows. The drainage areas above the
sampling sites represented about 55 percent of contin-
ental United States (including 86,000 sq. miles of
Alaska) and 155,000 sq. miles of Canada. During the
1960-61 water year the total uranium-solute load ranged
from about 100 pounds contributed by the Nezinscott
River to 695,000 pounds contributed by the Mississippi
River. The calculated total uranium-solute load of the
rivers sampled was used to estimate that about 2 million
pounds of uranium was carried from the continental
United States to the oceans during the water year. The
calculated radium-solute load for the sampling period
ranged from about 2.5t-x 10 pounds for the Nezinscott
River to 25,000 x 10"° pounds for the Mississippi River.
The gross solute load of radium from the conterminous
United States to the oceans for water year 1960-61 was
estimated to be about 67,000 x IQ pounds.
172. U. S. Geological Survey. 1969b. Quality of the surface
waters of the United States, 1964. Parts 3 & 4.
Ohio River Basin and St. Lawrence River Basin.
Water Supply Paper 1955- U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C. 440 p.
Tabulated data are presented for the surface water of
the Oswego River at Oswego, New York and other minor
stream tributary to Lake Ontario. The parameters
measured include silica, calcium, magnesium, potassium,
sodium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chlorides, floride,
nitrate, dissolved solids, hardness, specific conduc-
tance, pH, color and turbidity. The date of sampling
is also given.
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173. U. S. Geological Survey. 19690. Water resources data
for New York, 196?. Part 2. Water Quality Records.
U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division,
Albany, New York. 160 p.
The basic records for the 1967 water year for quality of
surface water, ground water and precipitation within the
State of New York are given in this report.
Tabulated data are presented for the surface water of
the Black River at Watertown and Carthage, New York, the
St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg and other minor streams
tributary to Lake Ontario.
The water is analyzed for silica, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO,,
SOh, Cl, P, NCU, dissolved solids, hardness, specific
conductance, pH, color and temperature. Descriptive
statements are also included which give sample location
and date of sampling.
171*. U. S. Geological Survey. 1970. Water resources data
for New York, 1968. Part 2. Water Quality Records.
U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division,
Albany, New York. 137 p.
The basic records for the 1968 water year for quality of
surface water, ground water and precipitation within the
State of New York are given in this report.
Tabulated data are presentd for the surface water of the
Black River in Watertown, New York, the St. Lawrence
River at Ogdensburg, New York and other minor tributary
streams to Lake Ontario.
The water is analyzed for silica, Ca, Mg, Na, K,
HCO-., SOj., Cl, F, N02, NO-, organic Np, total POj,,
dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, specific con-
ductance, pH, color and temperature. Descriptive
statements are also included which give sample location
and data and time of sampling.
175. U. S. Geological Survey. 1971. Water resources data
for New York, 1969. Part 2. Water Quality Records.
U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division,
Albany, New York. 119 p.
The basic records for the 1969 water year for quality
of surface water, ground water and precipitation with-
in the State of New York are given in this report.
-------
Tabulated data are presented for the surface water of
the Black River at Black River and Watertown, New York,
the Eighteenmile Creek at Lockport , New York and other
minor streams tributary to Lake Ontario.
The water is analyzed for alkalinity, dissolved solids,
methylene blue active substances, COD, P, NOp, NO,,
organic N0, total PO h , hardness, specific conductance,
pH, color'" and temperature. Descriptive statements are
also included which give sample location, date and
period of records.
176. U. S. Public Health Service. 1963. National water
quality network. Annual compilation of data,
October 1, 1961-September 30, 1962. U. S. Public
Health Service, Publication 663. 909 p.
Tabulated data for the surface water of the Niagara
River at Buffalo, New York are presented on: Na, K,
alkalinity, SOj., Cl, conductance, pH, Mn, Cu, Pb , Zn,
Cd, Cr, Co, P, radioactivity, hardness, turbidity, Ba,
Pe, POj., NH~-Np, dissolved solids, BOD, color, COD,.0
coliform count, Cl demand, ether solubles, B, Mo, ' Sr,
Se, Be, Sb, Ag, Sn, Bi and V.
177. Vallentyne, J. R. , W. E. Johnson and A. J. Harris.
1970. A visual demonstration of the beneficial
effects of sewage treatment for phosphate removal
on particulate matter production in waters of
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Journal Fish. Res.
Board of Canada. 27:
Filtered samples of raw sewage, biologically treated
sewage, and sewage treated chemically for phosphate
removal were added to unfiltered waters from lakes
Erie and Ontario, and particulate residues (PR) on
M.'llipore filters photographed after incubation in
light for 10 and 30 days. PR levels in the sewage-
enriched flasks were least in the case of sewage
treated for removal of phosphates. Addition of phos
phate to the phosphate-depleted effluent increased
its PR generating ability to that of raw and
biologically treated sewage. The removal of phos-
phates from sewage wastes thus appears to eliminate
their fertilizing effect.
Vollenweider, R. A. - See: Y. K. Chau, et.al., No.
-89-
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178. Wagner, F. E. 1926. Chemical investigations of the
Genesee River system with especial reference to
pollution. In: A Biological Survey of the
Genesee River System. Suppl. l6th Annual Report
(1926), NYS Conservation Department, Albany, New
York. 29-37 + Appendix.
Water quality data were obtained for water samples
taken from various points along the Genesee River
including the mouth.
The parameters measured included temperature, carbon
dioxide, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and pH.
179. Wagner, P. E. 1927. Chemical investigation of the
Oswego Watershed. In: A Biological Survey of
the Oswego River System. Suppl. 17th Annual
Report (1927), NYS Dept. Conservation, pp. 108-
132.
Water quality data were obtained for water samples
taken from the Oswego River at various points including
the mouth.
The parameters measured included temperature, dissolved
oxygen, alkalinity, carbon dioxide and pH.
180. Wagner, P. E. 1929. Chemical investigation of the
Erie-Niagara watershed. In: New York State
Conservation Department "A Biological Survey of
the Erie-Niagara System." Suppl. 18th Annual
Report (1928), NYS Conservation Dept. pp. 107-
133.
Chemical analysis data for water samples collected
from the Niagara River in 1928 at various points are
tabulated. Parameters include dissolved oxygen,
alkalinity, carbon dioxide, pH, 10 day BOD and
temperature.
l8l. Weaver, L. C. G. Gunnerson, A. W. Breidenbach and
J. J. Lichtenberg. 1965. Chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides in major U. S. River Basins. Public
Health Service, U. S. Dept. Health, Education and
Welfare, Public Health Repts. 80(6): 481-493-
Extensive surveillance for chlorinated hydrocarbons
and other synthetic organic pollutants has been
underway by the Public Health Service for several
years. Recent development of analytical procedures
-90-
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capable of measuring pesticides in the parts-per-trillion
range on grab samples made it desirable to conduct a
special synoptic survey of pesticide pollution in the
various U. S. River systems during September, 1964.
In order of frequency of occurrence, dieldrin, endrin,
DDT and DDE were found in all major river basins.
Heptachlor and aldrin were less abundant. DDD was
detected at only one station; and no indication of
heptachlor epoxlde was seen at any station. These
latter results may have been due to the lower sensi-
tivity of the procedure for these three compounds.
Generally, both the occurrences and concentrations
found in grab samples from the synoptic survey were in
accord with the results of previous analyses of samples
obtained by the carbon adsorption method.
Weiler, R. R. - See: A. Lerman, No. 96.
182. Weiler, R. R. and V. K. Chawla. 1969. Dissolved
mineral quality of Great Lakes waters. Pro-
ceedings 12th Conference Great Lakes Research.
pp. 801-818.
In 1968 the Canada Centre for Inland Waters undertook
a systematic monitoring of Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron
and Superior in a study of the major (Ca, Mg, Na, K,
S0|., Cl, HCO- and P) and trace (Zn, Cu, Pb, Pe, Ni, Cr,
Mn and Sr) elements. The data gathered on major
elements during the period July to November 1968 were
examined and the results compared on a lake-wide basis
with earlier compilations to appraise recent trends and
comparisons of the trace element composition of the
Great Lakes waters is discussed.
183. Weiler, R. R. and M. E. Pox. 1970. The composition of
the interstitial waters in the sediments of
Western Lake Ontario. Unpublished paper presented
at the 13th Conference on Great Lakes Research,
Buffalo, New York, April 1-3, 1970. pp. 208-209.
Between Nay and August, 1968, the sediments in Western
Lake Ontario were sampled repeatedly by coring at four
locations. The interstitial water in the top twelve
inches was extracted, using a non-metallic pistonless
squeezer activated with an inert gas. The interstitial
in each of the six two inch sections, into which the
core was divided, and the water immediately above the
sediment was analyzed for the major cations and anions,
as well as phosphate, nitrate, silica, iron and manganese,
91-
-------
In addition, the mineralogy of the sediments was
determined by X-ray diffractometry and by the Department
of National' Health and Welfare. No sulphate was present
in most water samples and only the major ions did not
show a general decrease in the depth. Excepting sul-
phate, the concentration of all ions in the interstital
ivater was greater than that in the water immediately
above the cores.
184. Weiler, R. R. and R. Coker. 1971. Some chemical
effects of the thermal bar in Lake Ontario.
Abstract of paper presented at the l^th Conference
on Great Lakes Research, Toronto, April 19-21,
1971. pp. 208-209.
During the period May 17 to 22, 1970, the effects of
the thermal bar on the chemistry of the lake was
studied along a line running roughly SE from Raby
Head, east of Oshawa. The following parameters were
measured hourly: temperature, pH, conductivity,
dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, filtered reactive
phosphate, filtered nitrate and filtered silica.
Filtered and unfiltered samples were also collected
every four hours for calcium and alkalinity; every
six hours for total and inorganic carbon and total
phosphorus; every twelve for trace metals.
185. Weist, W. G. and G. L. Giese. 1969. Water resources
of the central New York region. U. S. Geological
Survey: State of New York Conservation Dept.
Water Resources Commission. Bulletin 64, Albany,
New York. 58 p.
Water quality data for the surface ivater of the Oswego
River are given. Parameters discussed include SO^,
total dissolved solids, hardness and Cl.
Two maps are presented showing areas in the Lake Ontario
drainage basin containing more than 500 mg/1 of total
dissolved solids and more than 250 mg/1 of SO^.
Winchester, J. W. - See: M. A. Tiffany, et.al., No. 156,
186. Winchester, John W. 1970. Chemical equilibria of
iodine in Great Lakes waters. Proceedings 13th
Conference Great Lakes Research, pp. 137-1^0.
Iodine in Great Lakes waters, 1-3 ug/1, is uniformly
distributed and near the content of natural rainfall
without evidence of strong additional pollution sources.
-92-
-------
187,
These concentrations, 20-60 times lower than in sea
water, may present an environmental stress to organisms
where iodine is an essential element. In the sea,
iodine is utilized mainly as iodine by vertebrates and
by brown and red algae. Although thermodynamically
iodate is the most stable form in aerated water, about
half the total iodine is believed to exist as iodine,
and a biochemical recycling of iodide in the marine
biosphere is suggested. In fresh water, blue-green and
green algae are not known to require iodine and may not
therefore aid in keeping iodine in the reduced form.
Therefore, iodide available to vertebrates in lake
water, and especially to anadromous fish which have
become adapted to live in lake water, may be in much
shorter supply than suggested by the low concentration
of total iodine alone.
Yalkovsky, R. - See: D. T. Meloon, No. 10?.
Yalkovsky, R. - See: D. T. Meloon, et.al., No. 108.
Zweig, G., J. H. Nair and B. Compton. 1967. A study
of fat and oil pollution of New York State waters.
NYS Dept. Health, Albany, New York. Research Rept.
No. 16. 90 p.
Pat-like material found occassionally on the beaches
of Lake Ontario in the vicinity of Rochester, New York
was investigated. The fat was characterized by gas
chromatography. Method for fat removal from waste
water were evaluated.
-93-
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IV. AUTHOR/AGENCY ADDRESSES
Adamstone, P. B.
Department of Zoology
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
Allen, Herbert E.
U. S. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries & Wildlife
P. 0. Box 640
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107
Anderson, D. V.
Department of Mathematics
University of Toronto
Toronto 5, Ontario
CANADA
Atwater, W. 0.
Professor of Chemistry
Wesleyan University
Middletoxvn, Connecticut
(Deceased)
Ayers, John C.
Great Lakes Research Division
University of Michigan
N. University Building
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Beeton, A. M.
Center for Great Lakes
Studies
University of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
Black, H. H. , Chief
Industrial Wastes Section
Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center
United States Public Health
Service
Cincinnati, Ohio
Bllgh, E. G.
Freshwater Institute
Fisheries Research Board of
Canada
501 University Crescent
Winnipeg 19, Manitoba
CANADA
Brinkhurst, R. 0.
Department of Zoology
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
Brydges, T. G.
Ontario Water Resources
Commission
Rexdale, Ontario
CANADA
Brydges, T. G.
Division of Laboratories
Ontario Water Resources
Commission
135 St. Clair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
Bubeck, Robert C.
Department of Geological
Sciences
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York 14627
Callender, Edward
Great Lakes Research Division
University of Michigan
]077 N. University Building
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
867 Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Chandler, D. C.
Great Lakes Research Division
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Chau, Y. K.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
867 Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
-94-
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Chawla, Vlnod K.
Canada Centre for Inland
Waters
867 Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Corps of Engineers
Department of the Army
Detroit District
Detroit:, Michigan
Corps of Engineers
Department of the Army
Buffalo District
1776 Niagara Street
Buffalo, New York 1*4207
Cronan, D. S.
Department of Geology
University of Ottawa
Ottawa 2, Ontario
CANADA
Deck, B. L.
Department of Geological
Sciences
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York 1462?
Dob son, Hugh H.
Canada Centre for Inland
Waters
867 Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Dole, R. B,
U. S. Geological Survey
(Deceased)
Faigenbaum, K. M,
Professor of Industrial
Chemistry
Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute
Troy, New fork
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Washington, D. C.
PenIon, M. W.
Department of Biological
Sciences
State University of New York
Albany, New York 12203
Fish and Wildlife Service
U. 3 = Department of Interior
Washington, D. C.
Gannon, J. E.
Center for Great Lakes Studies
University of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
Gilbert, B. K.
U. S. Geological Survey
Washington, D. C.
Glooschenko, W. A.
Canada Centre for Inland Water?,
86? Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Great Lakes Institute
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
Grey, C. B. J.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
867 Lakeshore Road
P. 0, Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Hart, J. L.
B1ological St at i on
Fisheries Research Board of
Canada
St« Andrews, New Brunswick
CANADA
~95«
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Hederick, L. R.
Department of Biology
Illinois Institute of
Technology
Chicago, Illinois
Heinke, G. W.
Associate Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
Henderson, C.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife
Room 1001 Old Main Annex
Colorado State University
Port Collins, Colorado
Herdendorf, C. P., Ill
Director, CLEAR
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio 43210
Hunt, T. S.
Geological Survey of Canada
(Deceased)
International Joint
Commission
Washington, D. C.
Jackson, D. P.
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York 13210
Johnson, M. G.
Department of Zoology
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario
CANADA
Kemp. A. L. W.
Canada Centre for Inland
Waters
86? Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Kopp, J. P.
Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration
Division of Pollution
Surveillance
1014 Broadway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Kramer, James R.
Department of Geology
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada
Kramer, James R.
Department of Geology
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York
Lake Erie-Lake Ontario Advisory
Board
International Joint Commission
on Control of Pollution
of Boundary Waters
Washington, D. C.
Lerman, A.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
86? Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Leverin, H. A.
Canadian Department of Mines
and Resources
Ottawa, Ontario
CANADA
Lewis, C. M. P.
789 Sunset Road
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Matheson, D. H.
Municipal Laboratories
City Hall
Hamilton, Ontario
CANADA
-96-
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McCombie, A. M.
Ontario Department Lands
and Forest
Glenoia, Ontario
CANADA
Meloon, Daniel T.
State University College
Department of Chemistry
Buffalo, New York 14222
Nalewajka, C.
Scarbourgh College
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
Neil, J. H.
Ontario Water Resources
Commission
801 Bay Street
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
New York State Department
of Environmental
Conservation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, New York 12205
New York State Department
of Health
84 Holland Avenue
Albany, New York 12208
Nicholson, H. P.
Fisheries Research Board
of Canada
Detachment of Freshwater
Institute
Winnipeg, Manitoba
CANADA
O'Connor, Donald J.
Professor of Civil
Engineering
Manhattan College
New York City, New York
Ontario Water Resources
Commission
135 St. Clalr Avenue, W.
Toronto 7, Ontario
CANADA
Owen, G. E.
Biology Branch, Ontario Water
Resources Commission
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
Pauszek, F. H.
U. S. Geological Survey
Federal Building
P. 0. Box 9^8
Albany, New York 12201
Reinert, R. E.
Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Fish and Wildlife Service
U. S. Department of Interior
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107
Robertson, A.
Department of Zoology
University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma 73069
Rodgers, G. K.
Great Lakes Institute'
University of Toronto
Toronto 5, Ontario
CANADA
Saunders, G. W.
Department of Zoology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Schenk, C. F.
Ontario Water Resources
Commission
Toronto Department of Works
Municipality of Metro Toronto
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
-97-
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Shiomi, M. T.
Canada Centre for Inland
Waters
86? Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Sibley, T. H.
Department of Biology
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York 14623
Skoch, Edwin J.
Chair of Aquatic Ecology
John Carroll University
University Heights, Ohio
Storr, J. P.
Biology Department
State University of New
York
Buffalo, New York 14214
Sutherland, J. C.
Geology Department
Slippery Rock State College
Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
16057
Sweeney, R. A., Director
Great Lakes Laboratory
State University College
5 Porter Avenue
Buffalo, New York 14201
Sweers, H. E.
Canadian Oceanographic Data
Centre
615 Booth Street
Ottawa 12, Ontario
CANADA
Thomas, J. F. J.
Canada Department of Mines
and Tech. Surveys
Ottawa, Ontario
CANADA
Thomas, R. L.
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
867 Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Thomas, R. L.
Department of Soil Science
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario
CANADA
Thon, J.
Ontario Water Resources
Commission
135 St. Clair Street, W.
Toronto 7, Ontario
CANADA
Tiffany, M. A.
Department of Meteorology and
Oceanography
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Toronto Department of Public
Health
City of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario
CANADA
Tressler, W. L.
Grand Lake, Colorado 8044?
Tucker, A.
Office of the Board of Regents
State University System of
Florida
Tallahasee, Florida 32304
Upchurch, S. B.
Department of Geology
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
U. S. Geological Survey
Washington, D. C.
-98-
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U. S. Public Health Service
Department of Health, Educa-
tion and Welfare
Washington, D. C.
Vallentyne, J. R.
Fisheries Research Board of
Canada
Freshwater Institute
501 University Crescent
Winnipeg 19, Manitoba
CANADA
Wagner, F. E.
102 Westgate Drive
Westgate Farms
Wilmington, Delaware 19808
Weaver, L. C.
Division of Water Supply anc?
Pollution Control
Public Health Service
Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Weiler, R. R.
Canada Centre for Inland
Waters
86? Lakeshore Road
P. 0. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario
CANADA
Weist, W. G.
U. S. Geological Survey
Federal Building
Albany, New York 12201
Winchester, J. W.
Department of Meteorology
and Oceanography
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Zweig, G., Director
Microbiological and Bio-
chemical Center
Syracuse University Research
Center
1075 Comstock Avenue
Syracuse, New York 13210
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V. OTHER POSSIBLY PERTINENT REFERENCES
Anon. 1962. Algae problems in the Great Lakes. Water &
Water Engineering. 66(793): 110-111.
Barrows, H. K. and A. H. Morton. 19? Surface water supply
of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River drainage, 1906.
U. S. Geological Survey-Water Supply Paper and Irriga-
tion Paper No. 206. pp. 1-98.
Dennis, J. V. I960. Oil pollution survey of the Great
Lakes within U. S. territorial limits. American
Petroleum Institute, Division of Transportation. 22 p.
Goodwin, W. L. 1892. The water supply of the city of
Kingston, Ontario. Can. Rec. Sci. 5(2): 117-127.
Hawlick, B. 1970. Radium-226 content of water and plank-
ton from the Chalk River area. Atomic Energy
Commission of Canada A. E. C. L. No. 3687. 32 p.
Lenhardt, L. G. 1955. Water quality and water usage of
the Great Lakes public water supply. Research
Division, Univ. of Michigan, pp. 13-15.
Leverin, H. A. 19^2. Industrial waters of Canada. Canada
Dept. Mines Resources, Mines Geology Branch. Report
No. 807. 112 p.
Livingstone, D. A. 1963. Chemical composition of rivers
and lakes. Data of Geochemistry. U. S. Geological
Survey Professional Paper 440-G. 64 p.
McLarty, D. A. I960. Report on Ctadophofia. investigations.
Observations on the nature and control of excessive
growth of Ctadopkoia. -dp. in Lake Ontario and Erie.
Report Ontario Water Resources Commission (2).
Parkos, W. G., T. A. Olson and T. 0. Odlaug. 1969. Water
quality studies in the Great Lakes based on carbon-14
measurements on primary productivity. Univ. of
Minnesota, Minneapolis. Water Resources Research
Center, WRRC Bulletin 17. 121 p.
Streeter, H. W. 1930. Studies on the efficiency of water
purification process IV. Report on a collective
survey of the efficiency of a selected group of
municipal water purification plants located along the
Great Lakes. U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 193.
100 p.
-100-
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Sutherland, J. C. 1968. Mineral-water equilibrium, Great
Lakes: aluminosilicates. Ph.D. Thesis, Syracuse
Univ., Syracuse, N. Y.
Syracuse University Research Corporation. 1968. Chlorinated
and phosphorus-containing perticides in surface waters
of New York State Spring and Summer, 196?. New York
Water Quality Surveillance Network, January, 1968.
Weaver, L., A. W. H. Hoodley and S. Baker. 1963. Radio-
activity in surface waters of the United States.
Radiol. Health Data. 4(6): 306-316.
Whipple, G. G. 1913. In: Fisher, E. A. (Ed.). Report on
the sewage disposal system of Rochester, Neitf York.
Wiley & Sons, New York City, New York. 2*18 p.
-101-
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VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the librarians and scientists
without whose assistance this compilation would not have
been possible. We are particularly appreciative of the
cooperation by Donna Browning, Elizabeth Robins and Ruth A.
Sparrow of the Buffalo Museum of Sclenje; ETuna Fes click of
the Canada Centre for Inland Waters; Rhea Bush of the Erie
County Public Library; Ruth Rehfus of the Great Lakes Lab-
oratory of the Bureau of Sports Fishery and Wildlife (Ann
Arbor); Albert Ballert of the Great Lakes Commission; Jean
Seddon of the University of Toronto; Delloss Matheson of the
City of Hamilton; Arthur Pinsak of the U. S. Lake Survey and
Andrei Robertson of NOAA.
102-
US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE .'-7i 514 - I
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
1. Report No.
4. Title
Annotated Bibliography of Lake Ontario Limnological
and Related Studies - Vol. 1 - Chemistry
7. Author(s)
Proto, Daniel and Robert A. Sweeney
9. Organization _ , , T , ,
Great Lakes Laboratory
State University College at Buffalo
5 Porter Avenue
Buffalo, New York 1^201
12. Sponsoring Organization Environmental Protection Agency
15. Supplementary Notes
Environmental Protection Agency report
number, EPA-R3-73-028a, March 1973.
3. Accession No
w
5. Report Date
6.
8. Performing Organization
Report No.
10. Project No.
11. Contract/Grant No.
16120 HVB
13. Type of Report and
Period Covered
October 1971 - January 1972
16. Abstract
One hundred, eighty-seven (187) papers concerning chemical aspects of Lake Ontario
and influent tributaries were reviewed and abstracted. Each paper was cross-
indexed by author, geographic area of lake and/or tributary in which study was
performed, technique and instrumentation and parameters. In addition, a list of
addresses for the authors and agencies was included along with other possibly
pertinent references which the authors were not able to secure and review within
the time limitations of the grant.
17a. Descriptors
17b. Identifiers
17c. COWRR Field & Group
18. Availability
19. Security Class.
(Report)
20. Security Class.
(Page)
Abstractor
21. No. of
Pages
22. Price
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCI FNTIFIC INFORMATION CtNTER
U S DEPARTMENT OFT HE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D C 20240
Institution
WRSIC102(REV JUNE1971)
GP 0 9 13.261
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