EPA-R5-73-023a
July 1973
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS OF
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT MODULES
Volume I
User Guide
oy
Herbert G. Blecker
Dr. Theodore W. Cadman
Contract No. 68-01-0717
Project 21AQJ
Program Element 1B1030
Project Officer
Dr. Fred H. Abel
Economic Analysis Branch
Implementation Research Division
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommenda-
tion for use.
r^c:ia AGENCY
11
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ABSTRACT
This USER'S GUIDE describes the scope of the cost manual, CAPITAL
AND OPERATING COSTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT MODULES.
Illustrative examples are given enabling the user to prepare
estimates of conceptual environmental protection processes using
the companion conceptual environmental protection processes
using the companion Data Manual. Emphasis is placed upon the
determination of the installed and annual costs of individual
process equipment modules, determination of the installed and
annual process costs, and evaluation of the potential process
profitability in those cases where profit is a motive.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project Number 21AQJ,
Contract Number 68-01-0717, by the ICARUS Corporation, Silver
Spring, Maryland, under the sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Work was completed as of March 1973.
111
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CONTENTS
Section Page
I Conclusions 1
II Recommendations 2
III Introduction 3
IV Pollution Control Economics 14
V Source and Nature of Cost Manual Data 39
VI Scope of Cost Manual's Utility 54
VII Estimation of the Installed Cost of a Single
Equipment Module 58
VIII Estimation of the Annual Cost of a Single
Installed Equipment Module 81
IX Estimation of Installed Process Cost 89
X Estimation of Annual Process Cost 123
XI Estimation of Profit 149
XII Acknowledgements 155
XIII References 156
XIV Glossary 157
XV Appendices 159
IV
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FIGURES
Page
I. I iMJrfM .1
1 Detailed Estimating Procedure 9
2 C0$T® System Cost Structure 13
3 Typical Piping Work Item 47
4 Concrete Account Labor Activities 48
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TABLES
No. Page
1 Worksheet - Estimation of Installed Cost
For A Single Installed Equipment Module
(Regional Adjustment Factor Only) 62
2 Example - Estimation of Installed Cost
For An Equalization System Module 63
3 Worksheet - Estimation of Installed Cost
For A Single Installed Equipment Module
(Adjustment Factors Are Multiplied) 66
4 Example - Estimation of Installed Cost For
A Tray Tower Module 67
5 Worksheet - Estimation of Installed Cost For
A Single Installed Equipment Module
(Generalized Worksheet) 70
6 Example - Estimation of Installed Cost For
A Centrifugal Pump Module 71
7 Labor To Material Ratio For Selected Install-
ed Equipment Modules 74
8 Values of Selected Cost Indexes 76
9 Worksheet - Evaluation of the Cost Escala-
tion Factor 78
10 Example - Evaluation of the Cost Escalation
Factor For A Tray Tower Module 79
11 Worksheet - Estimation of the Annual Cost of
A Single Installed Equipment Module 82
12 Example - Estimation of the Annual Cost of A
Tray Tower Module 85
13 Worksheet - Estimation of the Installed Process
Cost 91
14 Worksheet - Itemization of Installed Equipment
Module Costs 93
15 Worksheet - Itemization of Special Items
Installed Costs 94
VI
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TABLES
No. Page
16 Example - Installed Cost of a Wastewater
Lagoon Treatment Process 96
17 Example - Installed Cost of a Fan Module 97
18 Example - Installed Cost of a Dyestuff and 99
to Organic Chemical Wastewater Treatment to
40 Process 121
41 Worksheet - Estimation of Annual Process Cost 124
42 Worksheet - Evaluation of Annual Raw
Material Costs 129
43 Worksheet - Evaluation of Annual Utility
Costs 130
44 Worksheet - Evaluation of Annual Maintenance
Costs 131
45 Worksheet - Evaluation of Annual Operator
Requirements 132
46 Worksheet - Evaluation of Annual Contractual
Services and Miscellaneous Items 133
47 Example - Annual Cost of A Dyestuff and Organic 135-138,
to Chemical Wastewater Treatment Process 142-145
49
50 Worksheet - Estimation of Annual Profit Indices 150
51 Worksheet - Estimation of Venture Worth 151
VII
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
1. The manual, CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL
EQUIPMENT MODULES (hereafter called ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
COST MANUAL), comprising this USER GUIDE and companion DATA
MANUAL enables the user not expertly skilled in the particular
technical field of cost engineering/process economics to
prepare reasonable conceptual cost estimates for proposed
environmental protection flow processing facilities. The
easily used graphical and tabular format used for the
presentation of data enable the user to rapidly evaluate
alternative cost/process decisions for proposed environmental
protection flow processing facilities.
2. Using the methods and data in this USER GUIDE and companion
DATA MANUAL, estimates of costs within 10 percent of actual
constructed facility costs were obtained.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based upon the results obtained in preparing this ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION COST MANUAL, it is recommended that the following
action be taken by the Environmental Protection Agency:
• The technique of preparing comprehensive cost engineering
data using a computerized detailed estimating system for this
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL as applied to the
installed equipment item module costs should be extended
into the environmental protection process area. This
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL has directed its
efforts primarily toward the development of comprehensive
cost engineering data on individual installed equipment
item module costs which can be cumulatively developed
into a proposed environmental protection flow processing
facility cost. This same technique can be applied in
developing overall process costs as a function of effluent
guideline, regional location, etc.
• A procedure should be implemented so that the data in the
DATA MANUAL is updated on a bi-annual basis. The cost
engineering relationships in the DATA MANUAL are based
upon 1972 technology. Technology in the construction
industry is rapidly changing and it is recommended that
these changes be tracked by bi-annual updates to the
DATA MANUAL.
• Training courses in the utilization of the cost engineer-
ing information and methods presented in this MANUAL should
be implemented and offered to technical personnel evaluat-
ing this type of information at the regional and head-
quarters level.
• The DATA MANUAL should be expanded to include additional
installed equipment item module costs representing the
new pollution control technology developed during the
course of the development of the DATA MANUAL but not
considered in the initial contract.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
The task of environmental protection is characteristically
a multi-faceted undertaking. A variety of social, economic
and legal considerations must be merged with available or
anticipated technology to first establish a set of potential
strategies. Next, steps must be taken to establish a common
measure of comparison among the strategies. Subsequent
efforts may then concentrate on the formulation of an objec-
tive function for the protection endeavor and on the critical
examination of available strategies to select the optimum
strategy. Finally, plans must be initiated and carried out
to achieve the implementation and enforcement of this selected
strategy.
The relative emphasis given to each aspect of this ba?ic
methodology as well as the detail to which each is executed
understandably varies at each level of potential influence -
be it government, industry, or the public. Thus at the
government policy establishment level, overall social, eco-
nomic, legal, and technological interactions tend to predomi-
nate; while a local industry would desire to maintain or per-
haps even enhance its own economic position.
Therefore, costs and, in particular, a cost manual, CAPITAL
AND OPERATING COSTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT MODULES
(hereafter called an ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL)
may carry a variety of connotations depending upon the level
at which it is visualized. In this Manual, the viewpoint
is fixed at the level of the individual environmental
protection process and its cost engineering sub-elements.
The primary objective of the Manual is to permit the rapid
evaluation of the fixed capital cost and, subsequently, the
annual process cost and potential profitability, if applicable,
of the particular environmental protection flow process being
evaluated. As such, it is intended primarily for the estimation
of environmental protection implementation costs in the flow
processing industries and for evaluations of proposed environ-
mental protection processes such as are invariably required dur-
ing the implementation and enforcement phases of environmental
protection.
Regardless of its complexity, each flow process is composed of
a sequence of individual processing steps in which changes in
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matter and/or energy are carried out. Each processing step
in turn is accomplished by using one or more items of equip-
ment arranged according to some processing scheme.
Closer examination reveals that the individual items of
equipment used are rather limited in number and customarily
require similar piping and ductwork arrangements, instrumenta-
tion schemes, electrical hookup, concrete foundations and
footings, structural steel suppoits and structures, insulation,
paint, and associated contractor indirect costs, regardless of
the application.
As a result, the individual equipment item together with its
usual accessories describes rather uniquely, a component
part - called an installed equipment module - of any process.
Because of the finite number of equipment modules, it is
feasible to develop installed cost data for each. The total
process cost may then generally be estimated from the sum of
the individual installed equipment module costs making up the
process.
Thus, whereas generality of costs at the process level is
feasible on only a process by process basis, it is feasible to gen-
eralize the estimation of the installed costs of~most environmental
protection processes by first going to the basic cost engineer-
ing level of the individual equipment modules.
PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL
The ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL has been developed
on the basis of the stated principle with the following
primary purposes in mind.
The first purpose is to present,in convenient easily used
graphical and tabular form,the installed costs of individual
equipment item modules and the associated customary accessories
in 1972 dollars. Equipment items used in both industrial and
municipal environmental protection flow processes have been
reviewed and appropriate equipment item modules defined so as
to be able to describe the installed individual equipment item
costs plus all the associated costs for the particular equip-
ment items. The installed cost of each equipment module has
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then been evaluated over the range of potential application
using the computerized detailed cost engineering system,
C0$T®, (Cost Oriented Systems Technique) described in
Section V. Th~e installed cost of each installed equipment
module in each of the ten standard federal regions has
been evaluated and presented in graphical form as a
function of a key cost parameter such as size, area, capacity,
horsepower, design flow, etc. In addition, adjust-
ment factors to the installed cost for other than "norm" or
typical operating conditions, materials of construction, and
equipment design types are provided for many of the equipment
modules including pumps, heat exchangers, vessels, towers,
etc. A detailed discussion of each of the above equipment
module characteristics are to be found in subsequent chapters
of this User Guide and in the Data Manual.
The second purpose of the Manual is to present the methodology
for estimating the capital equipment cost of environmental
protection flow processes using the individual installed
equipment module costs. Two processes are selected to
illustrate the techniques used and are presented in a later
section of this User Guide.
The third purpose of the Manual is to present the cost en-
gineering methodology for estimating the annual cost and
potential profitability of environmental protection processes.
Elements of engineering economics, including depreciation, tax
credit, process worth, rate of return, etc., are reviewed and
then illustrated by example.
SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL
The ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL is a convenient,easily
used tool for use in the estimation of:
1. the installed cost of individual equipment modules,
' 2. the annual cost of individual equipment modules,
3. the installed cost of environmental protection flow
processes,
4. the annual cost of environmental protection flow
processes, and
5. the venture worth of environmental protection flow
processes which may exhibit profitability.
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Application of the data, methodologies, and cost engineering
techniques presented in the Manual presupposes that the user
has prepared an equipment item list for the environmental
protection flow process under consideration. This list
should be complete with the value of all key equipment
parameters, operating conditions, and materials of construc-
tion as required to use the graphical and tabular data in
the Data Manual. In addition, prior knowledge of costs not
directly associated with the installed equipment item module
costs, including the cost of raw materials, waste disposal,
land, etc., is required to estimate total annual cost.
Similarly product selling prices, sales and marketing ex-
penses, state and local taxes, etc., must be available for
a complete description of process worth and profitability.
The exact nature of the additional data required for each
case is detailed in the respective chapter of this User
Guide and is illustrated by discussion and example.
The data presented in this Manual summarizes in convenient
graphical and tabular form post data available from the
computerized cost simulation system, C0$T®. As such, it
represents the best averages of equipment item costs known
to be available for 1972. From past experience, encompassing
over sixty trial evaluations by U.S. companies in the flow
processing industries, deviations from actual constructed
plant costs have varied from -10 to +15 percent. Despite
this, possible variation among vendor's quotations and con-
tractor estimates must be clearly recognized and the data
and cost engineering methodology presented in this User Guide
and companion Data Manual recognized to be only a reasonable cor
ceptual estimate of environmental protection flow process
cost.
The installed costs of the equipment modules presented in the
Data Manual have been developed utilizing average soil load-
ings, wind loadings, and soil types for each of the ten EPA
regions. In addition, all equipment items were considered
to be in flow processing schemes having typical or "norm"
plot plan complexities and typical associated piping, in-
strumentation, concrete, steel, electrical, insulation, paint,
and indirect costs. Estimates prepared using the ENVIRONMENT
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PROTECTION COST MANUAL thus do not represent an actual facility
or contractor's estimate where the plot plan may be other
than norm, wind loadings different from what is average in
the region, labor productivity other than the average pro-
ductivity during 1972, soil types different from what is
typical for the region's topography,or any other variables
affecting the cost engineering relationships significantly
different from those used in development of the installed
equipment modules. In other words, utilization of the
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL, while suitable for
evaluating conceptual and alternative processing schemes
for a particular environmental protection flow process,
and for determining costs of a facility under average con-
ditions of labor productivity, topography, etc. in a
particular region, is unsuitable for comparison to an
actual contractor's estimate or facility cost for an
"atypical" location. In addition,the productivities for labor used
in developing the labor portion of the installed equipment
item cost modules assume a grass roots or add-on (modified)
facility. If the user of the Data Manual is exploring a
process where work will be done next to or within existing
operating units, allowances should be made for an actual
substantial decrease in productivity since field labor
personnel on the construction project will have to spend
considerable time obtaining work permits, safety permits,
and work clearances from plant operating and safety person-
nel. These decreases in overall field labor productivity
may be in the order of 50 to 75 percent and could change
costs by a corresponding 25 to 50 percent.
REVIEW OF COST ESTIMATING TECHNIQUES
Estimating methods can be generally divided into two basic
categories: the definitive estimate and the conceptual
estimate.
The estimating procedure for preparing definitive estimates
is very detailed and time consuming. In the definitive
estimating method, drawings are prepared for all equipment
items in the environmental protection flow processing
facility, equipment foundations, buildings and structures,
piping runs and outfall lines and all other cost engineering
items required to definitively scope the work.
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As shown in Figure 1, the task is first broken into two
principal categories: collecting purchased equipment costs
from vendors and determining the installation costs. For
the evaluation of installation costs, further breakdown
into material and labor categories is required.
Material takeoffs are prepared from the drawings. These
material takeoffs consist of accurate, manually tabulated
material quantities from the prepared drawings. Material
quantities are tabulated for piping (e.g. fittings such as
valves and elbows, tees, couplings),concrete (e.g. square
feet of plywood forms for the foundations, pounds of steel
reinforcements, sand,ready mix, etc.), instrumentation (e.g.
pressure indicators, temperature indicators, flow recording
controllers, pH indicators, etc.) and all the other field
material quantities. These field material quantities,or
bulk items as they are called in the construction trade,
must be tabulated accurately so that a bill of material can
be developed and material costs determined for each of the
material quantities derived in the material takeoff.
In conjunction with determining these material quantity
costs, labor manhours, derived from return costs of similar
and like type construction projects, are used to determine
the amount of field labor manhours necessary to install each
of these material quantities. Field labor manhours are de-
termined for each individual material quantity.
Adding the purchased equipment cost, material quantities, costs, and
labor manhours multiplied by wage rates and productivities
for a specific area (region) determines the total direct
field costs. This direct cost is thus the cost,including
all material and labor costs, to install the equipment item
on site.
Direct costs, however, do not include the costs associated
with the contractor's engineering and construction overhead
costs. These additional costs are called indirect costs.
Prime contractor's engineering is estimated as a function of
the job size, equipment item and equipment mix, process com-
plexity and field material costs. The construction overhead
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PURCHASED
•EQUIPMENT
COST
COMPLETE
EQUIPMENT
SPECIFICATIONS
BILL
OF
MATERIALS
.UNIT FIELD
PRICES MATERIAL
FIELD WAGE RATES FIELD
- LABOR AND — LABOR
MANHOURS PRODUCTIVITY COST
Detailed Estimating Procedure
Figure 1
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cost is estimated as a function of the field labor activities.
Collectively, the direct and indirect costs describe the bare
plant cost. In addition, a negotiable contractor's fee must
be determined. The contractor's fee is usually based upon
job size, status of the national economy, status of the con-
tractor's shop, and negotiations with the client, operating
company, or municipality.
Contingencies are applied to the bare plant cost and an
associated contractor's fee determined or negotiated.
Contingencies for the definitive estimate are usually quite
low since all the major equipment items are defined.
The definitive estimating method is probably the most accurate
method but still has its limitations. Site conditions may
vary considerably during construction of the environmental
protection facility and labor productivity may drastically
change during the actual construction phase. Definitive
estimating is also very expensive and time consuming. As a
result, the definitive estimate is usually prepared once and
then only for those projects that have had a prior go-ahead
from management.
Because of the limitations inherent in definitive estimating
techniques, conceptual estimates are used to determine a
reasonable estimate of the costs for a facility and for the rapid
evaluation of alternative processing schemes and site selec-
tions. The techniques available for preparing conceptual
estimates fall into three basic categories: approximate
or factored estimates, personal experience, and computer-aided
techniques.
In the factored estimating method, equipment item costs are
developed, factors for installing the equipment determined,
and selection of "appropriate" factors for the indirect costs
(prime contractor engineering and construction overhead costs)
are chosen.
Equipment costs for the factored estimating method can be
obtained from various sources. The process engineer may
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obtain quotations from equipment vendors, utilize cost versus
capacity charts, or use recent data from his own personal
files.
In selecting factors to install the equipment for the pro-
tection facility, the process engineer can only "estimate"
the effects of the economy of scale (e.g. reuse factors
on forms for concrete, overpour quantities for clarifiers
and thickeners), and the other cost engineering relationships
which are, in many cases, complex functions. After selecting
factors for the installation accounts (equipment setting and
handling, piping, concrete, steel, instrumentation, electrical,
insulation, and paint) he applies these factors separately to
the equipment cost to obtain field material and labor costs.
Factors are also selected to obtain prime contractor engineering
and construction overhead costs and are added to the direct
plant cost to obtain the bare plant costs. A contractor's fee
is applied to the sum of the bare plant cost plus contingencies
and we arrive at a preliminary factored estimated cost for the
proposed facility is obtained.
Another method used in conceptual estimates relies upon the
experience of the individual engineer preparing the estimate.
This method is known as the rule of thumb method. It usually
relies upon experience in a specific area of pollution con-
trol technology cumulating in the correlation of cost engineer-
ing data so as to develop cost versus capacity
curves for a particular type of environmental protection
facility.
The third technique which is available is the use of com-
puter-aided estimating systems. The C0$T® (Cost Oriented
Systems Technique) System, used for the development of data
Tn this Manual,is such a system. It is a computer-aided cost
engineering/cost estimating system which utilizes a contractor's
type of cost structure to estimate and assemble all calculated
costs.
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The contractor arrives at the selling price (fixed capital
cost of the environmental protection facility) by deter-
mining equipment costs, direct costs, subcontract costs,
field labor costs, construction overhead costs, engineering
costs, contingencies, his own home office costs, and by
negotiating a contractor's fee with the client, operating
company or municipality. The C0$T® System utilizes a com-
puterized cost estimating structure which simulates this
method by assembling the computer-aided estimate in a
sequential and logical order. The flow of major cost
elements and the associated calculations in this cost
structure is shown in Figure 2. Detailed discussion of
this structure is deferred to Section V, SOURCE AND NATURE OF
COST MANUAL DATA.
The primary goal in the preparation of a conceptual estimate
of a proposed environmental protection process is the
analysis of cost engineering data so as to obtain a reason-
able estimate of the proposed facility cost. The computer-aided
cost engineering system C0$T®, which simulates all the design
and construction activities, provides a more reliable and con-
sistent method of estimation than existing manual conceptual
techniques. The cost engineering data presented in the Data
Manual has been developed using the C0$T® System so as to
provide its advantages in a manual technique. The cost-para-
meter graphs and tables are thus not fitted point data rela-
tionships or empirical rules of thumb but are the results ob-
tained by utilizing the System to estimate the installed costs
for the reported equipment modules and conditions.
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PROCESS AND BITE SELECTION
PROGRESS SCHEME
SITE LOCATION
1
| EQUIPMENT LIST |
EQUIPMENT COST
DIRECT MATERIAL COST
SUBCONTRACTS COST
FIELD LABOR COST
CONSTRUCTION OVERHEAD COST
1
EQUIPMENT COST
MODELS
|
EQUIPMENT
SPECIFICATIONS
r
L_
EQUIPMENT COST
1
i
i
BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES
' ' T
FIELD MATERIAL
QUANTITIES
r*
MATERIAL COST
1
_j
(
1
1
. i
1 !
"t~ i ~
SUBCONTRACTS COST 1
i
WORK ITEMS
1
1
SITE PREPARATION TASKS
_J
n
1 r
FIELD LABOR COST
FUGIHEemNGCOST ! ENGINEERING COST
BAM PLANT COST
CONTINGENCIES COST
h
' i ' i
1 '
1 ' i
| EQUIPMENT RENTAL
i
CONSTRUCTION OVERHEAD COST j
1
1 , -
BARE PLANT COST
CONTRACTORS' FEE
SELLING PRICE
<
CONTINGENCIES COST
~~3
•— i
\ CONTRACTORS' FEE
•
' ' T
SELLING PRICE
Figure 2
System Cost Structure
13
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SECTION IV
POLLUTION CONTROL ECONOMICS
For purposes of discussion, and in keeping with the objec-
tives of this User Guide, it is convenient to divide
environmental protection economics into three sub-cate-
gories :
1. Installed Process Cost,
2. Annual Process Cost, and
3. Profitability
As implied by the designation, installed process cost
represents the sum total of all expenses encountered in
obtaining a physically installed process. In addition to
the cost of the individual items of installed equipment,
additional costs for design, construction, site development,
etc. must be recognized as part of the installed process
cost. Below in the next portion of this Section, each
element of the installed process cost will be discussed and
the principal features of the methodology for estimating
installed process cost, using installed equipment module costs as
a basis, will be presented.
Environmental protection processes costs cannot, however,
be reasonably compared using only installed costs. Two
processes with equivalent installed costs may, for example,
have different useful lifetimes, operating personnel re-
quirements, maintenance costs, tax credits, utility and raw
material requirements, etc. All of these factors influence
the net cost of the processes. A correct basis of comparison
requires examination of the costs incurred on a per unit time
basis. For convenience, it is customary to examine these
costs on a per year basis and refer to the net cost as the
annual process cost. The various elements of the annual
process cost are considered in detail in a subsequent portion
of this Section and the methodology for their estimation is
discussed.
Frequently, comparison of alternate processes, assuming
equivalent technological, legal, and social factors, can be
14
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made on the basis of annual process cost. There are, however,
cases in which the economic comparison must be extended to
include an analysis of potential profitability.
If marketable products and/or by products are produced, the
net income from sales may be sufficient to significantly
reduce the net cost of the process or even result in a pro-
fit for its operation. In either case, the elements which
comprise profit would be evaluated and the optimum selected
so as to minimize overall loss or to maximize profit.
It is also important to note that environmental protection
processes are frequently a portion of a larger processing
system. As technology and process integration of protection
techniques advance, it will also be more difficult to isolate
protection processes as being unique sub-systems. Thus the
objective of design and operation will increasingly be addres-
sed at the overall processing system level rather than at the
sub-system level. In only relatively few cases does optimi-
zation at the overall level exclude profit.
In the last portion of this Section, the elements comprising
the evaluation of profit are examined and the common criteria
for comparing the potential profitability of alternative
processes are discussed.
INSTALLED PROCESS COST
Installed process cost, also frequently referred to as total
capital investment or total fixed capital cost with occassional
variation in exact definitions, consists of four major cate-
gories of costs:
1. Direct costs ,
2., Indirect costs,
3. Contractor's fee, and
4. Contingencies
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The term direct costs refers to the cost of the material
and labor required for the plant and consists of:
1. Purchased equipment costs/
2. Direct field cost (the cost of installing purchased
equipment), including:
a. equipment handling, setting, and field erection,
b. pipingx
c. concrete,
d. steel,
e. instrumentation,
f. electrical,
g. insulation, and
h. paint
3. Cost of buildings, structures, and offsite facilities^
4. Cost of yard improvements,
5. Service facilities and auxiliary facilities,
6. Land costs, and
7. Subcontracts as required.
Indirect costs, in turn, are composed of:
1. Engineering and supervision costs, and
2. Construction overhead
The total installed plant cost is then the sum of the direct
and indirect costs, the contractor's fee, and the amount
allocated for contingencies.
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(As applicable, start-up expenses, interest on capital
during construction, and working capital for inventories,
accounts payable, required cash on hand, etc. must also
be considered in establishing the total process cost.
They are at variance, however, with the usual connotations
implied by the term installed process cost.)
To provide an order of magnitude comparison of these costs,
direct c.osts usually are 70-85% of the total and purchased
equipment costs usually range from 15-25% of the total.
The term bare plant cost may be used to reflect all elements
of the installed process cost enumerated above with the
exception of the contractor's fee, contingencies, and land.
The contractor's fee and contingencies are customarily
negotiable items and the cost of land can vary considerably
from installation to installation. Consequently, the bare
plant cost reflects the absence of major negotiable items
and the variable cost of land. The cost information pre-
sented in the accompanying Data Manual adopts a bare installed
equipment module cost orientation which reflects the contri-
bution to the bare plant cost of the equipment item represented
by the installed equipment module. Thus all direct and indirect
charges for an item of equipment, except land and other than
"norm" equipment applications are included in the 1972 costs
given for the individual installed equipment modules.
Total installed process cost may be estimated by summing costs
(after escalation if necessary) of the individual installed
equipment modules contained in the process, the cost of items
not included as modules such as buildings, yard improvements,
and service facilities, the cost of subcontracted elements,
the cost of land, and the costs of the contractor's fee and
contingencies. Further details of this procedure is found in
Section IX: ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED PROCESS COST.
Cost escalation is frequently one of the most difficult and
uncertain aspects of cost estimating. To aid the user in
evaluating this crucial element, the basic principles
available for cost escalation are discussed in Section VII.
Escalating the given cost data into the future can be accomplished by
using a cost index. The use of the Marshall § Stevens Equipment
Cost Index and the Engineering News Record Construction Cost Index
to escalate costs is discussed in detail.
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ANNUAL PROCESS COST
The annual cost of an environmental protection process is
composed of three major categories of costs. These categories
are:
1. Fixed charges^
2. Direct operating costs, and »
3. Indirect operating costs.
Fixed charges represent those elements of annual cost which
do not vary significantly from year to year and which are
relatively independent of the process operating rate'. As
such, fixed charges generally include:
1. The amortization of the depreciable capital investment,
2. The interest on nondepreciable capital investment,
3. Rent,
4. Insurance and property taxes, and
5. The amortization of lump sum royalties, licenses, and fees.
Direct operating costs include those elements which are directly
connected with process operation. Included in this category
are:
1. Raw material costs,
2. Utility costs (steam, electricity, fuel, water, refrigeration),
3. Operating labor cost,
4. Maintenance supplies, materials, and labor costs,
5. Royalties or fees directly related to the process operating
-------
or the production rate,
6. Contractual services, and
7. Residual waste disposal.
Indirect operating costs include the necessary supportive
administrative, staff, and service expenses. In this
category are:
1. Plant overhead costs (safety service, general plant
maintenance, general engineering, payroll overhead,
general plant overhead, etc.)}
2. Administrative expenses (executive salaries, clerical
wages, office supplies and equipment, etc.)
3. If applicable, distribution and marketing costs, and
4. If applicable, research and development costs.
When analyzing annual process cost, it is essential to first
establish the degree of detail desired and indeed possible. For
an operating plant, each category can be further subdivided into
a detailed item by item listing in accordance with the account-
ing procedures established by the organization. For preliminary
cost estimating where information is frequently at a minimum,
one is frequently forced to quantify only the major elements and
reasonably estimate that which may be additionally required to
have a successful operation. It is useful to note that elements
which are common to process alternatives being compared need
not be considered if comparisons and conclusions are to be
made on the basis of annual cost alone. These common elements
would simply add the same incremental amount to the annual cost
of each alternative.
The major constituent of the fixed charges for a process is
generally the amortization of the depreciable capital investment.
Depreciable capital investment is that amount of the installed
process worth which,because of wear and tear or obsolescence,
realizes a decrease in its net worth with time. Land and
19
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working capital, which are considered recoverable, are thus
specifically excluded. Likewise, if the facility will have
a salvage value at the end of its useful lifetime, this
amount of the investment is recoverable and thus is not
depreciable. Expressed in equation form:
DC = IPC - L - SV - W 1)
where
DC = depreciable capital investment
IPC = installed process cost including working capital
L = land cost
SV = salvage value of process at the end of its useful
lifetime
W = working capital
The annual fixed charge for depreciable capital investment is
computed by establishing the annual amount of money which
must be placed in a fund, having an available annual interest
rate of i, to yield, at the end of the useful lifetime of the
process, an amount in the fund equal to the depreciable capital
investment.
The fund so established is called the sinking fund and the fraction
of the original investment which must annually be put in the fund
is called the sinking fund factor.
Mathematically, it may be verified that
SFF = 2)
20
-------
where
SFF
i
L
sinking fund factor, yearly basis
annual interest rate earned in sinking fund
useful lifetime of process, years
For the convenience of the user, tabular values of SFF for a
range of values of i and L are presented in Appendix B.
In the case of a bond issue for the initial investment, interest
on the bond issue must also be recognized as an expense and can
conveniently be considered part of the annual fixed charges on
depreciable capital investment. Including this charge,
FCDC = SFF (DC)
(BDC)
where
FC
DC
SFF
DC
i
B
B
DC
annual fixed charges on depreciable capital
investment
sinking fund factor
depreciable capital investment
interest rate for bond
amount of bond issue for depreciable capital
investment
In most cases, a common useful lifetime is established for all
equipment in the process and referred to as the useful process
lifetime. In special cases, such as having a process composed
of two sub-processes, individual lifetimes may be established
for each. Thus if a power generation station of general utility
was completed simultaneously with a highly specialized process
of limited lifetime, the power station would be amortized over
21
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a longer period of time than the specialized process.
Nondepreciable capital investment includes the cost of land,
the working capital, and the salvage value. Capital for these
items would frequently be included in a bond issue and thus a
fixed charge for interest on the portion of the bond for non-
depreciable capital investment would have to be included. Land
costs and working capital are theoretically recoverable at any
time, are not depreciable, and thus do not have corresponding
fixed charges. Salvage value represents a credit (i.e. a
negative fixed charge) which is obtainable at the end of the
useful lifetime. It may thus be included as a negative fixed
charge after annual amortization using the sinking fund factor.
In summary:
FC
NC
= iB (BNC) - SFF (SV)
4)
where
FC
NC
BNC
SFF
SV
= annual fixed charges on nondepreciable capital
investment
= annual interest rate for bond
= amount of bond issue for nondepreciable capital
investment
= sinking fund factor
= salvage value
The annual fixed charge for rent, FCR, must be determined on
a process by process basis because of its potential variability.
Annual fixed charges for insurance and property taxes are
determined from the annual rate established times the amount
of investment applicable.
22
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Thus
and FCpT - rpT IpT 5)
where
FCT = annual fixed charge for insurance
rT = annual insurance rate
I, = investment on which insurance is applicable
FCpT = annual fixed charges for property taxes
rpT = annual rate for property taxes
IpT = investment on which property tax is applicable
Knowledge of local regulations and rates is required before
FCT and FCpT can be evaluated.
The annual fixed charge for lump sum royalties , licenses,
and fees, as these items are appropriate, is obtained by
amortization using the sinking fund factor. Thus
FCL = SFF (CL) 6;>
where
PC, = annual fixed charge for lump sum royalties, licenses,
and fees
SFF = sinking fund factor
C. = amount of lump sum royalties, licenses, and fees
acquired at beginning of project
23
-------
The total annual fixed charge is the sum of the component
parts:
FC = FC^o + FCXIO + FC^ + FCT + FC™ + FC
DC + ^LNC + ^LR + *LI + ^PT + *LL 7)
where
FC = total annual fixed charge
and the annual fixed charge
FCj-jp is on depreciable capital
FCj,p is on nondepreciable capital,
FCn is for rent,
FCj is for insurance,
FCpT is for property taxes, and
FCL is for lump sum royalties, licenses, and fees.
Direct operating costs are very process dependent and thus are
best estimated by:
1. Detailing the annual quantity required for each element of
the direct operating cost,
2. Establishing the per unit rate for each element,
3. Computing the annual cost of each element as the product of
the quantity and rate, and
4. Summing over all elements to obtain the total.
Elements such as raw materials, residual waste disposal, utilities,
royalties, fees, or contractual services, can not be generalized
on the basis of an equipment list only. These must therefore
be determined on a process by process basis.
24
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Average operating labor and maintenance requirements may,
however, be estimated on the basis of an equipment item list.
For the convenience of the user, the average requirements
for each installed equipment module included in the accompany-
ing Data Manual have been examined and have been included as a
part of the data for each.
Indirect operating costs are industry, location, and process
dependent and are best handled by developing a check list
of the varied elements involved and subsequently estimating
each on a process by process basis.
In addition to the annual process costs discussed above, other
cost and credit elements must be considered if annual profit,
directly or indirectly, is to be considered.
Frequently, of particular importance in the construction (or
addition) of environmental protection facilities by a profit
making concern is the income tax credit. This element reflects
the reduction in taxable income realized by the depreciation
of the environmental protection facility. Viewed in an
alternative way, the tax credit can also be considered as an
element for partial compensation of the annual process cost,
thereby reducing the net cost of the environmental protection
facility to a profit making concern.
The rules for determining tax credit are administered by the
Internal Revenue Service and in any particular instance may
become detailed and involved. As a result, the discussion
here will be limited to basic principals which can be used
to estimate the tax credit.
The value of the annual tax credit may be estimated using:
TC = d t (DC) 8)
25
-------
where
TC = annual tax credit
d = annual depreciation rate
DC = depreciable capital investment
t = income tax rate
One of four methods is generally used to determine the annual de-
preciation rate consistent with the provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code. These methods are:
1. Straight line depreciation,
2. Double declining depreciation,
3. Sum-of-digits depreciation, and
4. Double declining switching to straight line depreciation.
For straight line depreciation , a constant percentage is taken
over the entire lifetime of the facility:
dSL . vrr. 9)
where
d^, = annual straight line depreciation percentage
LT = lifetime of facility for tax purposes in years
Total depreciation is thus achieved with the straight line method
In the double declining method, the depreciation rate is twice
the straight line rate as applied to each year's remaining un-
depreciated investment. It thus varies from year to year.
Mathematically,
dDD = C1-—-)7"1 (20° ) */yr. 10)
T L
26
-------
where
d^^ = annual double declining depreciation percentage
LT = lifetime of facility for tax purposes in years
y = year ranging from 1, ..., L>
Although higher than the straight line percentage initially,
total depreciation does not occur in the double declining
method.
The sum-of -digits method specifies the depreciation rate to be
the ratio of the useful remaining life at the beginning of the
year divided by the sum of the integers 1, ..., L™. It con-
sequently varies with time and may be expressed mathematically
as :
200 (LT - y+1)
d = - i - %/ yr. 11)
bU LT (LT + 1)
where
dQn = annual sum-of -digits depreciation percentage
OlJ
LT = lifetime of facility for tax purposes in years
y = year ranging from 1, ..., LT.
For double declining switching to straight line, the initial
high percentage of double declining is coupled with the total
depreciation of straight line to yield a composite rule. The
maximum tax credit using this method , accounting for the time
value of money ,is obtained by switching to straight line at the
year which is the next larger integer value than , L^ + -^
27
-------
Letting M represents this number:
200 (LT - y + 1)
d = LT (LT + 1)
%/yr for 1^ y^M ^
100 Cl - 4 7"1 t/yr for M- y^ LT
LT - M - 1
where
dp = annual composite depreciation percentage
M = first year of straight line usage
LT = lifetime of facility for tax purposes in years
y = year ranging from 1, ..., LT
Alternate procedures, shorter lifetimes for tax purposes, or
even additional tax credit could possibly be considerations
for enhancing environmental protection. Speculation on these
possibilities is left to the user.
For the convenience of the user, depreciation schedules indicating
the percentage per year as well as the cumulative percentage
indicating the percentage depreciated to that time are presented
in Appendix C.
In Section VIII: ESTIMATION OF THE ANNUAL COST OF A SINGLE
EQUIPMENT MODULE, further detail together with a suggested
worksheet are presented for estimating the elements of the
annual cost and tax credit of a single installed equipment
module. Section X : ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL PROCESS COST
considers the estimating procedure for a process. In both
instances, the relevancy of the accompanying Data Manual is
explicitly considered.
28
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PROCESS PROFITABILITY
Many of the elements which enter into the estimation of
profit have been discussed above. Below, those additional
elements which must be considered are discussed and all
required elements are collected into an estimate of profit.
Process income is realized by the sale of marketable products
each having a projected volume per year and an average per
volume price. The annual gross profit or return may be
defined as the annual amount of sales less all the elements
of the annual process cost with the exception of the salvage
value credit and the amortization of the capital investment.
Annual gross profit is thus the profit before income taxes
and depreciation. In equation form:
S =
u. V- ; all products i
13)
where
S =
ui
Vi
annual sales
per volume price of product i
annual volume of sales for product i
and
G = S - / iR (B) + FCD +
where
G =
S =
i
B
B =
FC
R
B
R
+ FCpT +DOC + IOC)
14)
annual gross return or profit,before income taxes
and depreciation
annual sales
annual interest rate on bond
amount of bond
annual fixed charge for rent
29
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FC-, = annual fixed charge for insurance
FCpT = annual fixed charge for property taxes
DOC = annual direct operating costs
IOC = annual indirect operating costs
Annual net profit is obtained by applying income taxes and
depreciation to the annual gross return. Thus, neglecting
the complexity and intricacies of the income tax laws and
of detailed depreciation accounting,
P = G - d (DC) - FCT
Si LI
- t (G - dT (DC)) 15)
where
P = annual net profit
G = annual gross profit
d = annual depreciation rates used for accounting
purposes (i.e. sinking fund factor)
DC = depreciable capital investment
PC, = amortization of one time royalties, fees, etc.
t = net average of the annual income tax rate
dT = annual depreciation rate used for tax purposes
dTt(DC) = annual tax credit
As previously indicated d , the annual depreciation rate used
for accounting purposes, May be evaluated using the sinking
fund factor and d™, the annual depreciation rate for tax
purposes, is generally chosen as being either straight line,
double declining, the sum of digits, or a composite approved
by the Internal Revenue Code. If salvage value can be expected
to be appreciable, an annual credit for it could also be placed
in the evaluation of the net profit.
30
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A number of methods are used to evaluate the profit position
of a processing system.
The annual rate of return is computed by dividing the annual
profit by the amount of the investment. Basing the return
on the net profit and the installed process cost including
working capital
R = 100 P/IPC 16)
where
R = annual rate of return, as a percentage
P = annual net profit
IPC = installed process cost (include working
capital if not already included)
Alternately, the rate of return before taxes, the rate of
return based on the average annual undepreciated income,
etc. might be used for the evaluation of a profit position.
Another index used is the payout time, generally defined as
being the ratio of the installed plant cost divided by the
annual sales.
t = IPC/S 17)
where
t = , payout time in years
IPC » installed plant cost (generally working
capital is excluded)
S = annual sales
31
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In contrast to the rate of return for which the higher the
percentage the more attractive the investment is, a lower
value of the payout time is more attractive than a higher
value.
Payout time may alternatively be based on profit rather
than sales or on the average undepreciated investment rather
than the installed process cost.
An index known as the venture profit has also found use in
industry. The annual venture profit is obtained by sub-
tracting from the annual net profit a minimum acceptable
return on the required investment. Expressed in equation
form:
where
V =
i
V -
p =
m
IPC
m
(IPC)
18)
annual venture worth
annual net profit
minimum acceptable rate of return
installed process cost (including the working
capital)
The larger the venture profit, the more attractive the project
would be. A venture profit of zero would be a lower acceptable
bound and would indicate that the profit is just sufficient to
meet the minimum acceptable rate of return. Using the venture
profit, two projects having different factors of risk could be
compared by assigning a higher minimum acceptable rate of
return to the one of higher risk.
Regardless of the annual profit index chosen, comparison of
potential alternatives may still be difficult because sales,
operating costs, depreciation, taxes, etc., and hence profit,
may change from year to year. What is required for comparison
in such cases is an expression for the total profit obtainable
32
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over the entire project lifetime for each alternative.
At first glance, it would appear that the simple arithmetic
sum of annual profits would suffice. In reality such is not
necessarily the case because of the time value of money. As
an example, $100 now invested at 6% interest for one year
will be worth $106 one year from now, $112.36 two years from
now, etc., if compounded each year; or stating the equivalent
but in an alternate way, if money can be invested at 6% com-
pound interest per year, a profit of $100 now is equivalent to
a profit of $106 one year from now, to a profit of $112.36 two
years from now, etc. Thus, in order to be able to compare
monies at different times, it is first necessary to bring them
all to the equivalent amounts at one given time.
For profit, the most convenient time at which to evaluate
profits spread over a period of years is the time of project
initiation, commonly referred to as the present for con-
venience .
If money is worth 100 i % per year, the venture profit at the
end of year one, V]_, has a present value of V1/(i + i); the
venture profit at the end of year two, v~2, has a present value
of Vo/(1+1)2; etc. Or, in general, defining the venture worth
the present value of all venture projects over the lifetime
as
of the project:
where
W =
Vk =
i =
L =
Vi
V2
TTTrpr
V
L
(l+i)L
V
k=l
19)
venture worth or the present value of all
venture profits over the lifetime of the
project
venture profit at the end of year k realized by
operations during year k
interest rate earned on money
lifetime of project in years
33
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Substituting in the definition of the venture profit, relating
it back to the gross profit, using the sinking fund factor for
the depreciation of depreciable capital for accounting purposes,
and algebraically manipulating the equation for the venture
worth, it may be verified that
J-J f 1 J- *\ f~* -«-) J J /* r\ J"< A
W = £ d-t)Gk + ^ dt>kt(DC) 20)
k=l (l + i) k=l
] (i - i) (DC + WC)
DC
(wc) +[ - j (sv)
where
W = venture worth
L = project lifetime in years
t = income tax rate
i = interest rate earned on money
G, = gross profit for year k
= annual depreciation rate for tax purposes for year k
DC = depreciable capital investment
i = minimum acceptable rate of return
WC = working capital
SV = salvage value
34
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In equation 20, significance can be given to each term
comprising the venture worth.
1. The first term represents the present value of the portion
of the gross income which is not taxed.
2. The second term represents the present value of the tax
credit after it has been applied at the given income tax
rate and to the amount of depreciable capital investment.
3. The third term represents the present value of the return
on investment over and above the acceptable rate of return.
4. The fourth term represents the present value of all the
contributions made to the sinking fund. By the definition
of the sinking fund, this is the amount of the depreciable
capital investment.
5. The fifth term is the present value of the working capital,
and
6. The sixth term is the present value of the salvage value.
Although developed assuming potential sales and thus potential
profit, venture worth may be applied if such is not the case.
It will, of course, be negative but the less negative it is,
the less the total project cost will be over its lifetime. To
illustrate the simplifications which may be incorporated, assume
1. Sales are zero so that
Gk = -FCk - DOCk - IOCk,
2. The minimum acceptable rate of return is the available
interest rate, and
3. Salvage value is negligible.
35
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Under these assumptions which are reasonable for a non-pr fit
environmental protection facility placed in a profit making
concern:
W =
k=l
L
k=l
(1-t) (FCV + DOCV + IOC,)
- DC
21)
(we)
where
W =
L =
+ =
i =
FCk =
DOCk -
iock =
DC =
Vlc =
we
venture worth
project lifetime in years
income tax rate
available interest rate
fixed charges for year k
direct operating cost for year k
indirect operating cost for year k
depreciable capital investment
annual depreciation rate for tax purposes in year k
working capital
36
-------
In equation 21,
1. The first term on the right represents the present value
of the net charge for annual operating costs ,
2. The second term represents the net tax credit as applied
at the given tax rate and to the amount of depreciable
capital investment required ,
3. The third term is the charge for the depreciable capital
investment, and
4. The fourth term is the present value of the charge for
working capital .
Of these terms, only the second poses a great problem in
evaluation. In particular, straight line, double declining,
sum-of-digits, or double declining switching to straight
line depreciation may be used and only for straight line is
the rate constant each year. For the convenience of the user,
this difficulty has been circumvented by preparing extensive
tables of:
L, d
/ t ,k , referred to as the discounted tax credit rate,
k-l (l+i)k
for a wide range of interest rates and depreciable lifetimes.
These values may be found in Appendix D.
One further computational aid is offerred for the case in which
the annual operating costs do not vary with time. In this case,
(l-t)(FCk + DQCk * IOCk) 22)
k=l
= - (1-t) (FC + DOC + IOC) r
37
-------
where
t = income tax rate
i = available interest rate
L = depreciable lifetime in years
FC = annual fixed charges, assumed constant over lifetime
DOC = annual direct operating cost, assumed constant over
lifetime
IOC = annual indirect operating cost, assumed constant over
lifetime
38
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SECTION V
SOURCE AND NATURE OF COST MANUAL DATA
SUMMARY OF COMPUTERIZED COST SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
The data presented in the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL
has been prepared using a computer-aided, detailed estimating
system. This system, C0$T® (Cost Oriented Systems Technique),
utilizes a detailed cost engineering/computer programming
technique known as "computerized cost simulation". Cost simu-
lation is essentially a method by which the costs for a pro-
posed facility are simulated by a stepwise procedure which
includes:
1. A detailed design of each equipment item including a com-
plete mechanical design according to the appropriate code
or standard (e.g. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME) Code for vessels, Tubular Equipment Manufacturers
Association (TEMA) for heat exchangers, etc.),
2. A simulation of the equipment item vendor's costing procedure
using vendor's cost structures,
3. A bulk (field) material quantity takeoff based upon equipment
item weights, base area, height, material of construction,
type, etc.,
4. A determination of the field labor manhours necessary to
install the bulk material quantities by work items which
relate field labor manhours by craft and crews to material
quantities and labor activities, and
5. A determination of the associated indirect costs for the
prime contractor's engineering and construction overhead.
Computerized cost simulation (or detailed estimating) is not
used by all computer-aided cost estimating systems. A short
review of other types of systems will place computerized cost
simulation in its proper perspective.
39
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COMPUTER-AIDED ESTIMATING TECHNIQUES
Computer-aided estimating systems can be generally divided
into three basic categories:
1. addition systems,
2. factored systems and,
3. detailed estimating systems.
The addition type system can be described as a big adding
machine. The computer is only used to correctly add up all
the user's supplied cost values (wage rates, material quanti-
ties, material unit costs, equipment costs, etc.). The addi-
tion system usually produces various summary reports by
account codes and is used as a cost control tool by the dif-
ferent departments in a company if and when the project is
given the "go sign" from management.
Addition type systems perform no data manipulation, cost
engineering logic, or cost analysis on the input data.
Factored estimating systems were developed as an answer to
supply some of the cost analysis required in the preparation
of estimates. This cost analysis usually takes the form of
an analysis of the equipment item types, equipment mix, ranges
of equipment classification costs, operating conditions (e.g.
temperature, pressure), to arrive at suitable factors for the
bulk material and labor costs. User required input varies
considerably for factored systems ranging from the user being
requested to supply all of the inputs necessary for the system
as in the addition system to information concerning the equip-
ment items such as equipment type, estimated costs, size, etc.
In the latter case the factored system relies upon its factored
analysis capability to develop the bulk quantities based upon
the user's supplied values, costs, and other quantities con-
cerning the equipment items.
40
-------
Factored systems are limited in their application to new and
novel processes since they can only apply cost engineering
analysis in a predetermined manner.
The detailed estimating system differs considerably from both
the addition and factored type systems. The detailed system
requires of the user less "definitive" type information con-
cerning the equipment items than either the addition or factored
systems. Instead of relying upon "pre-determined" factors, the
detailed system determines the cost of the equipment items by
civil and mechanical design algorithms for each equipment item.
This simulates the analogous operations at the contractor's
design and drafting department and the vendor's design shop.
The detailed system costs the equipment item the same way the
vendor does (buying material, applying fabrication labor to
material relationships to assemble the subassemblies, etc.), and
determines the bulk material quantities by a computer generated
material quantity takeoff. After obtaining all direct field
costs, indirect costs are calculated by appropriate costing
models representing current practices in contractor's shops.
The detailed system is based upon minimum user input. In fact,
it is designed to operate with less input than that required
for the addition or factored type systems.
The detailed estimating system can be programmed to automati-
cally inter-relate cost engineering relationships in order to
"build-up" such a relationship if required for an unusual or
atypical condition encountered in generating the estimate. The
detailed system does this without pre-determination on the part
of the user.
C0gT® SYSTEM COST STRUCTURE
The C0$T® System relies upon a cost structure which allows the
computer to simulate the contractor's design and costing pro-
cedures. This is a very important point because it is the
41
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contractor's cost which must be paid for the pollution control
facility. Therefore if one is estimating what the contractor's
cost is going to be, it should be done within a contractor's
type of cost structure, and not within a cost structure which
resembles the cost engineering methodology for process/economic
thinking at an operating company. Referring to the Cost
Structure Diagram (Figure 2), the C0$T® System's Cost Structure
closely follows the design contractor's work flow procedure.
Starting at the top with the process scheme and equipment
location being determined by the user of the System, all flow
of information is generated primarily from these two decision
elements.
EQUIPMENT COST
The C0$T® System contains many equipment cost models including
the most common processing equipment items such as centrifugal
pumps, heat exchangers, tray towers, etc., as well as some
special industry type items such as screw conveyors, floatation
machines, etc.
Each equipment cost model is a series of cost engineering
equations which can take user specified data on that equipment
item, mechanically (and civil design if required such as in the
case of some wastewater treatment facilities) design the item,
generate the material quantities required (e.g. number of plates,
nozzles, flanges, weld rod, trays etc. for a tray tower), develop
the required vendor's fabrication labor by craft (assemblers,
welders, foreman, grinder, machinist, lathe operator, etc.),
calculate the labor cost, machine burdens as a function of machine
tool operating time, shop overhead, office overhead, general and
administrative costs, profit, and summarizing all costs to obtain
the estimated purchased equipment cost of the equipment item.
To produce all of this output data for each equipment item, the
user need input as minimum data only the key equipment item
parameters. For example, minimum input necessary for a tray
tower is the tower diameter, number of trays, tray type and
material. All of these minimum input variables are known, even
at the early stage of process design. The tray tower diameter
42
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will be based upon a process consideration of throughput,
reflux ratio etc., and the number and type of trays will be
a function of the separation desired in the tower itself.
Material of construction for the trays and the tower shell
are also a process decision since they are based upon
material compatability with the particular processing fluid
involved.
While these inputs obviously are not all the information that
is required by the cost model to completely cost out a tray
tower, decisions can be made by the costing model to fill
in, so to speak, the blank spaces. It does this by the use of
a simple design input matrix. Default values for all required
values are selected from the input matrix (one matrix for each
equipment item type). Some default values for the tray tower
would be 15.0 psig design pressure 650°F design temperature
(400°F for nonferrous alloys), 24 inch tray spacing, 0.125 inch
corrosion allowance for tower shell, etc.
There are many inter-relationships (labor and material) for the
cost engineering variables which must be used in any particular
cost model. It should be emphasized that these material and
labor quantities are not bulk material and labor quantities but
are the vendors' labor and material quantities which are
eventually reflected in higher ordered costs (i.e.d. vendors'
estimated purchased equipment cost, installed equipment item cost)
The equipment cost model is the key to any detailed system since
the data necessary for the computerized material quantity take-
off is determined by the equipment cost models. For example,
in considering the tray tower, values of tower weight, height,
diameter, operating conditions of pressure and temperature, tower
and tray materials, etc. are required for the computerized bulk
material quantity takeoff for equipment setting and handling,
piping, concrete, steel, instrumentation, electrical, insulation,
and paint.
The bulk material quantity takeoff performed by the computer
internally without prior instructions from the user requires as
43
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input information equipment item sizes, weights, materials of
construction, and operating conditions generated by the equip-
ment cost models for each equipment item.
Each bulk account (equipment setting, piping, concrete, steel,
instrumentation, electrical, insulation, and paint) quantity
takeoff is determined separately by the Computer. In the
contractor's shop, setting, piping, concrete, steel, instru-
mentation, electrical, insulation and paint are usually
handled by separate groups within the estimating and design
and drafting departments. One of the reasons for this is
that the technology involved in the different bulk accounts
require different expertise and different cost engineering
methodology in the approach to the particular bulk quantity
takeoff. In the detailed estimating System the calculation
of these bulk quantities are also separated because the
methodology involved in each of these is quite different from
the others.
For example, the tower foundation and footing will be calculated
based upon the tower height, diameter, and weight values calcu-
lated by the tray tower cost model in addition to the soil load-
ing, soil type, wind loading and frost line given for the region
as user specified data or System as default values.
Instrumentation material (both primary and secondary) on the
other hand is determined by the System as a function of the
equipment item type (tray tower, packed column, heat exchanger,
etc.), material, operating conditions and certain instrumentation
related equipment sizes (e.g. number of tray tower trays, number
of shells in a heat exchanger bank). Using these instrumentation
related equipment sizes, the detailed estimating system can
generate a computerized representation of a piping and instru-
mentation drawing (Fold's) which it can use as its basis for
the instrumentation material quantity takeoff. In determining
secondary instrumentation material, the System defaults to a
standard 200 foot run from control room panel board to Operation-
al Unit or battery limit center.
44
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The piping material takeoff, which is perhaps the most critical
of all the bulk accounts, requires:
•• equipment item type and size (diameter, height, skirt
height) to determine pipe line lengths and fittings
• equipment item material and operating conditions (pressure
and temperature) to determine schedule numbers and flange
ratings
• equipment item type (tray tower,, pump, heat exchanger) to
determine the fittings and valves list
These material quantities are generated as piping data for each
individual equipment item.
Structural steel is determined as a function of equipment type,
typical building/structure type (housing the equipment, if any),
and facility type.
Insulation bulk quantities are functions of each individual
equipment type, size, design temperature, associated pipe area,
and associated total equipment area (for each equipment item).
Paint material is a function of the area to be covered, appli-
cation type, height above ground and other associated cost
engineering relationships for each equipment item.
The System's detailed development of bulk material quantities
based upon dimensions and other characteristics of the
individual equipment items and the equipment item mix itself
does not solve all the problems in preparing the computer
derived detailed estimate. One of the major problems is the
determination of field labor. The detailed estimating system
utilizes a work item concept to determine field labor manhours
by labor activity and craft. Work items are selected by a logic
matrix for each field labor activity. The work item is a
representation of a series of cost engineering equations which
45
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can relate field labor manhours to material quantities for a
specific labor activity by relationships developed from returned
field labor for such labor activities on recently completed
projects. These cost engineering equations usually concern the
field labor activities for a specific crew working at a specific
production rate. The production rate used by the C0$T® System
corresponds to a man working in the U.S. Gulf Coast Area (Region
6) 42 minutes per hour. The System's Gulf Coast is a composite
of return field costs from Baton Rouge and Lake Charles,
Louisiana, and Corpus Christi and Houston, Texas. The System
has built in features allowing adjustments to other regional
locations, wage rates, and/or productivities.
Work items are stored for all of the bulk accounts (equipment
setting, piping, concrete, steel, instrumentation, electrical,
insulation and paint).
Figure 3 describes a work item for field fabricating piping
connections. Notice that this work item makes allowances for
materials other than carbon steel by a machineability index.
The machineability index (MI) and reciprocal machineability
index (RMI) are fabrication labor indices developed to relate
differences in fabrication labor from a base material (usually
carbon steel) to other materials. MI and RMI indices have been
developed for the System for welding, handling and machining.
The selection of work items by a logic matrix enables the
System to choose the proper work item for each labor activity
required. Figure 4 describes the options open to the System
in selecting the concrete pouring activity for each individual
equipment item foundation. The automatic selection by the System
will be based upon the overall quantity of concrete required,
number of similar size foundations in the same Operational Unit,
and other pertinent data appropriate to the labor activity. We
can observe that the overall relationships which are sometimes
used in factored systems such as manhours per cubic yard or
dollars per cubic yard may be radically off from reality since
they can not take into consideration the effect of economy of
scale, forms reuse etc., which a detailed computer-aided estimat-
ing System can.
46
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ACCOUNT:
WORK ITEM:
Welded pipe connections for pipe under
8 inches nominal diaineler.
Piping
BY:
DATE:
H. G. Blecker
May 18,1971
DESCRIPTION:
Work item includes pipe layout, cutting, welding, and erection.
CREW MIX.
0.5 Foreman
4 Pipe wel dei s
1 Operating Engr
EQUIPMENT:
(4) 400-amp electric
welding machines
MATERIAL:
From production rate
PRODUCTION RATE (100% = 42 WORKING MINUTES PER HOUR)
Production per crew is 4 manhours/hour for the following:
Nominal Pipe Diameter
(inches)
_
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
Base Manhours
pe* Connection
(CSpipe)
1.10
1.36
1.70
2.47
2.38
2.88
3.50
4.00
4.05
5.05
5.98
7.75
Piping Labor Correction for other Materials'
Piping Labor =
1.2
1.1
Y 1.0
0.9
08
0
(0.7 x Rate ) +
*•-
0
^
*^~
[0.3 x MIW (X Material ) x Rate 1
1 V V
MIW (Carbon Steel)
,-•-"
.— —-
—- - —
.- -
•^•M*
JJ
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
PIPE OD (inches)
Figure 3
Typical Piping Work Item
47
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TASK
WORK ITEM
CREW MIX
SITE WORK <
TOTAL
nnNPRFTF —
MANHOURS
0r ™
t v
— tm mm
___
—
•MMH
^^^•H
MM^
••MM
^•MM
PREPARATION
EXCAVATION
. — _
PLACING
REINFORCEMENT
ERECTING
FORMS
POURING
CONCRETE
REMOVING
FORMS
CLEANING
FORMS
BACKFILL
CLEAN-UP
-\
\
\
\
\
— $ V.
—J
•\
\
\
\
\
V
•—5
— $
—5
— *
—
— _
•••«
_
—
Earthmoving
with tractors
and scrapers
Compacting
crawler tractor
Earthmoving with
crawler tractor
and bulldozer
c «• -»u
or draglines
Hand
excavation
Truck-hauling of
excavated material
Poured directly
from truck
Buggied from mixer
truck or hopper
Crane hoisted
from mixer truck
and buggied
Poured by
pipeline
Hauled by
powered cart
| 0.25 Foreman
— I — 1 Tractor operator
'— 1 Laborer
1 — 0.5 Foreman
I 1 Tractor operator
' 2 Laborers
p— 0.5 Foreman
— 1 Oiler
' 2 Laborers
1 0.5 Foreman
*— 4 Laborers
i 0.25 Foreman
1 « ,.
i I oanister
i 1 Foreman
— 3 Cement finishers
^— 1 Laborer
i 1 Foreman
— j— 4 Cement finishers
' 5 Laborers
4 Cement finishers
— 1 Power crane operator
' 5 Laborers
i 1 Foreman
— I 8 Cement finishers
' 1 Operating engineer
i 0.5 Foreman
— 7 Cement finishers
— 1 Operating engineer
Figure 4
Concrete Account Labor Activities
48
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Pouring concrete by truck will result in a higher resultant
manhour per cubic yard value as opposed to pouring large mass
pours by pipeline. On the other hand, the equipment rental
account for pouring concrete via pipeline will be incremented
by a higher dollar value when compared to pouring concrete by
truck.
INDIRECT COST
After the System has determined designs and costs for all
equipment items, developed bulk material quantity takeoffs
for all equipment items, and developed work crews and field
labor manhours for all the direct field labor activities,
the indirect costs must be accounted for.
Indirect costs can be divided primarily into two separate
groupings, prime contractors engineering and construction
overhead.
The prime contractor's engineering manhours consists of project
engineering, process engineering, design and drafting, procure-
ment, home office construction, and general services. In
addition to these engineering manhour costs, costs for payroll
burdens, engineering services and office indirects must be
applied to the manhour charges. Each of the manhour charges
associated with the engineering portion of the engineering costs
are calculated according to the same definitive type estimating
procedures used by contractors.
Project engineering is determined as a function of the overall
number of equipment items and ottal job size. Design and draft-
ing, however, will be a function of only the non-subcontracted
items in the facility. Each of the cost engineering relation-
ships for project engineering, process engineering, design and
drafting, procurement, home office construction and general
services are all determined separately, based upon different
relationships of cost and manhour quantities developed by the
System during the direct costing stage.
Construction overhead costs consist of fringe benefits, labor
burdens, field supervision, temporary facilities, field services,
49
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equipment rental, small tools and miscellaneous insurances,
etc. Just as the engineering costs relate primarily to the
equipment and direct material portion of the facility costs,
the construction overhead costs are calculated primarily as
a function of the field labor activities. Each of these (fringe)
benefits, labor burdens, etc.) are calculated separately while
accounts such as equipment rental which is a construction over-
head account is determined cumulatively as the System's estimate
is being prepared.
The C0$T® System determines indirect costs in an analogous
manner to the contractor.
METHOD OF DATA PRESENTATION IN DATA MANUAL
The data sheets for the installed equipment item modules in the
Data Manual are presented in a structured graphical and
tabular format. All the information shown are for installed
equipment item modules and were prepared using the C0$T® System.
The installed equipment item modules are presented in alpha-
betical order.
The first page for each installed equipment item tvpe contains a
graphical presentation of the installed base cost for the
equipment item in 1972 dollars. The installed base cost includes
all appropriate direct costs (equipment setting and handling,
piping and ductwork, concrete foundations and footings,
structural steel supports and platforms, primary and secondary
instrumentation, battery limit electrical items, insulation and
paint) and the associated indirect costs (prime contractor
engineering [project engineering, process engineering, design
and drafting, procurement, home office construction, general
services, payroll burdens, engineering services, and office
indirects] and construction overhead [fringe benefits, labor
burdens, field supervision, temporary facilities, field
services, equipment rental, small tools, insurance and miscel-
laneous costs]) .
A schematic representation of the equipment item is shown at the
left of the installed base cost plot. This will aid the user in
distinquishing between similar equipment items on process flow-
sheets that he is examining.
Adjustments to the installed base cost where applicable are shown
either graphically or in tabular format. These may include regional
50
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adjustments which will allow the user to move the installed
base cost data to a different regional location, and parametric
adjustments of pressure, temperature, flow, width, and other
appropriate parameters.
Material adjustments may be shown which will relate the installed
base cost to other common materials of construction or fabrication,
Design, adjustments may be shown which will relate the installed
base cost data to other generic types of items in the same general
category as the installed equipment item shown.
Following all the adjustment and base cost data will be a section
describing the specific costs included in the installed base cost.
An equation for calculating the installed costs in terms of the
installed base cost for 1972 dollars and all appropriate adjust-
ments (regional, parametric, material, design, etc.) will also
be shown for each installed equipment item module.
The use of these adjustments to the base cost is discussed in a
latter section of this User Guide.
The maintenance cost for a mature year of operation is shown
following the equation for determining installed equipment item
module cost. These ranges should be carefully analyzed by the
user since these are only averages and cover a wide range of
operating conditions, industries, corrosivity dependency, cycle
times, and maintenance crew efficiencies.
In analyzing the estimated maintenance cost of any facility,
this information should be modified to the appropriate portion
of the range that the user feels is applicable for the type
of industry and management evident for that industry and the
industry segment being examined.
Operation costs for each installed equipment item module is
given either as a statement mentioning "requires no operator
attention" or a range of operator per shift requirements. The
51
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statement "requires no operator attention" does not mean that
if many of these units are installed in the facility the
facility will be totally unmaned. The statement refers to
a situation where the operator per shift requirement for this
particular installed equipment item module is usually associated
with other types of operating equipment more dependent upon
operator attention, and as such, when estimating overall operator
per shift requirement are not considered in the overall estimate
since a sufficient number of operators per shift will be allocated
in the more operator loaded equipment item modules.
Three basic factors should be considered when determining the
operating cost of any facility. These are the labor rate,
operating conditions, and the type of industry. Each of these
greatly effects the range of operator per shift requirements.
Labor rates for operators may vary considerable from the
Southern U.S. to the northeastern urban corridor.
Operating conditions may vary considerably from facility to
facility within the same industry requiring either more or
less operator per shifts for the same activity.
The type of industry itself can determine the range in which
operator per shift attention will be allocated for a specific
installed equipment item module. For example, the food and
drug industry may be heavily loaded as far as operator per shift
allocation for certain kinds of equipment whereas the mining,
petroleum, and heavy chemical processing industries may be very
lightly loaded for the same equipment items.
Probable annual depreciation rate and expected equipment life-
time also vary from industry to industry and from equipment item
to equipment item in that particular industry.
Following the operation cost section on the data sheets in the
Data Manual, a table listing industry group, average depreciation
rate, and average expected lifetime will give the user a general
52
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range of values to use in estimating depreciation and equipment
lifetime.
Supplemental information concerning depreciation rate tables,
labor rates, material costs, forst lines and isotachs are
shown in other sections of the User Guide and Data Manual. The
depreciation rate tables shown in Appendix D in this User Guide
will enable the user to more definitively scope a particular
project with respect to the allowable depreciation rate that
could be expected from the Internal Revenue Service.
The Data Manual contains average field fabrication labor rates
for the various EPA regions.
Material costs for unusual kinds of equipment items are given
as a general guide in extrapolating the Data Manual costs to
materials either of exotic nature or not commonly fabricated
for those equipment items.
A map of the U.S. showing average frost lines in inches will
enable the user to more definitively scope differences in
particular regions with respect to items which are heavily
loaded in the concrete account. Costs for such items such as
equalization basins and aeration systems can be adjusted further
within the regional adjustments by examination and use of the
frost line information shown.
Isotachs showing wind loadings throughout the U.S. will enable
the user to vary costs within a particular regional location
as a function of the expected windloadings and windspeeds for
the particular location. Examination of some regions may show
windloading variations between 67 to 120 miles per hour. All
vertical type vessels will be greatly effected by these quantities
and the isotachs should be considered in areas where high wind-
loadings can be expected.
53
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SECTION VI
SCOPE OF COST MANUAL'S UTILITY
The remaining sections of this USER MANUAL are devoted to the
detailed presentation of recommended procedures for maximum
utilization of the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL. In
this section, a brief overview of each is given to introduce
the user to the scope of the cost manual's utility.
The ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COST MANUAL has been developed
to permit the rapid manual conceptual estimation of:
1. The installed cost of individual installed equipment
modules,
2. The annual cost of individual installed equipment modules,
3, The installed cost of environmental protection processes,
4. The annual cost of environmental protection processes, and
5. The potential profitability of environmental protection
processes.
INSTALLED COST OF INDIVIDUAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES
The cost data available to the user is presented in the
accompanying DATA MANUAL. By design, the data summarizes in
convenient, easily used graphical and tabular form the Mid-
1972 installed cost of selected equipment modules. Each equip-
ment module is defined so as to include an equipment item to-
gether with the accessories, foundations, etc. commonly associated
with the equipment item in a "norm" or typical process application.'
The Mid-1972 installed cost represents the best available averages
of the purchased cost of the equipment item, and accessories', the
labor and material costs for installation of the item and acces-
sories, as well as the contractor's engineering and overhead for
the item as of Mid-1972. It does not include the contractor's
fee, contingencies, or the cost of the land on which the equip-
ment module is to be placed. The installed cost is presented as
a function of the key cost parameter, generally a characteristic
size for the equipment, and adjustment parameters relating to the
location of the installation, material of construction, type of
54
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design, and pressure and temperature operating conditions. The
user must choose the value of all required parameters before
the installed equipment module cost can be determined and must
recognize, and determine independently, any additional costs
that may result from other than a "norm" application of the
installed equipment module. The user must also determine
independently the installed cost of equipment modules not
given explicitly in the DATA MANUAL.
Suggested worksheets and example evaluations are presented in
Section VII: ESTIMATION OF THE INSTALLED COST OF A SINGLE
EQUIPMENT MODULE. The difficult problem of cost escalation
is also addressed in this section, and a suggested worksheet
is presented which incorporates a composite cost escalation
factor based on the Marshall and Stevens Index and the Engineer-
ing News Record Construction Cost Index. The user must provide
estimates of these indexes in order to reasonably escalate costs.
ANNUAL COST OF INDIVIDUAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES
Estimation of the annual cost of individual installed equipment
modules is considered in detail in Section VIII: ESTIMATION OF
THE ANNUAL COST OF A SINGLE EQUIPMENT MODULE. Suggested work-
sheets together with illustrations are used to quantify the
estimation procedure. The user must supply pertinent data re-
lating to depreciation maintenance, operating labor, and utilities.
For the convenience of the user, supplemental data is given in
the DATA MANUAL for estimating depreciation, maintenance, and
operating labor requirements. The installed cost of the individual
equipment module serves as the starting point for the required
evaluations.
INSTALLED COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROCESSES
The installed equipment module concept permits the installed cost
of environmental protection processes to be estimated as the sum
of the individual installed equipment module costs for those in-
stalled equipment modules prese'nt in the process. In Section IX:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED PROCESS COST, the step-by-step procedure
is considered in detail and is illustrated using two processes.
The user must recognize, and independently determine, the installed
cost of items which can not be evaluated using the DATA MANUAL.
In addition, the user must specify the contingencies and contrac-
tor's fee as a percent of the bare plant cost and specify the cost
of the land required. Major discrepancies in the estimate will
occur if all items pertaining to the installed process are not
55
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included or if the application of installed equipment modules
is for other than "norm" applications. To minimize the pos-
sibility of error, the user should use a detailed equipment
list or a detailed flow diagram for the process and complete
an item-by-item check when estimating the installed process
cost.
ANNUAL COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROCESSES
Worksheets and illustrations are presented in Section X:
ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL PROCESS COST for the estimation of the
annual cost of environmental protection processes. Installed
process cost serves as the starting point for the estimation.
The recommended procedure parallels the approach used to esti-
mate the annual cost of individual equipment modules, but is
extended to include overall process factors such as raw materials,
administrative personnel and staff, insurance and property taxes,
etc. The user must have available knowledge of all pertinent
utilities, raw materials, staff requirements, insurance and
property tax rates, etc. Major discrepancies will occur if the
user fails to consider all factors which may contribute to the
annual process cost.
A detailed procedure is also presented for the determination of
the depreciation schedule for the process and for the estimation
of the annual tax credit. To quantify this information, the user
must specify a depreciation method as well as the expected life-
time for tax purposes of the process. The total discounted tax
credit of the process over its lifetime is detailed and may be
evaluated by the user upon specification of the available interest
rate on money. Supplemental depreciation rate data is presented in
tabular form for the convenience of the user.
POTENTIAL PROFITABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROCESSES
The pertinent elements contributing to the estimation of the
profit from a process are presented in worksheet form in Section
XI: ESTIMATION OF PROFIT. The common indices of rate of return,
payout time, gross profit, net profit, venture profit, and
venture worth are evaluated if the suggested procedure is used.
56
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The user must be able to estimate the annual process costs ,
the volume and price of sales, acceptable rate of return,
income tax rate and certain other items pertaining directly
to profit.
USE OF THE COST MANUAL
The user must accept the responsibility of insuring that all
pertinent information has been included in the various estimates
and that special items, that of necessity can not be included in
a finite worksheet or finite group of data, are covered in his
estimates.
The data and worksheets presented are designed to follow a
hierarchy with profit estimation requiring annual process cost
estimation, annual process cost estimation requiring installed
process cost estimation, and installed process cost estimation
requiring installed equipment module cost estimations. It is
thus advisable for the user to examine the remaining sections
of the USER MANUAL sequentially even though only one estimate
such as a profit projection, is desired.
For the convenience of the user, numerous blank worksheets are
given in Appendix A for each of the worksheets which have been
developed.
57
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SECTION VII
ESTIMATION OF THE INSTALLED COST OF A SINGLE EQUIPMENT MODULE
The information provided for the estimation of the installed
cost (1972 dollars) of a single installed equipment module
is presented in convenient, easy to use graphical and tabular
form in the Data Manual. As a rapid scan of the Data Manual
will reveal, two or more pages of information are included
for each installed equipment module.
The first page generally contains all of the pertinent graphical and
tabular data relating to the installed cost. The second
page contains two items relating to the installed cost:
1. The definition of the module which indicates all of the
elements which have been included in determining the
installed base cost, and
2. The equation which relates the installed cost to the
graphical and tabular data of installed base cost and
required adjustment factors.
For the convenience of the user, the Data Manual contains an
extensive index and cross reference to permit rapid access
to the installed equipment module of interest.
The installed cost of each module is presented as a function
of certain parameters, the exact nature of which depends on
the particular module. These parameters must be supplied by
the user.
For a number of the modules only two parameters are required
to determine the installed cost. These parameters are:
1. The key cost parameter, and
2. The number of the EPA Region for which the estimate is to
be made.
An example of a module of this type is the Equalization System
(ES). For this module, the installed cost is graphically
given as a function of the key cost parameter, capacity in
millions of gallons per day, for EPA Region 1. This cost,
since it pertains to Region 1 only, is called the installed
58
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base cost. In tabular form, the adjustment factor needed
for the other EPA Regions is given. This regional adjustment
factor is designated as FR. As indicated on the second page
of the data for ES, the installed cost in a given Region is
obtained by multiplying the installed base cost by the
regional adjustment factor. The Lagoon System (LS) and the
Aeration System (AS) are other examples of this type of
installed equipment module.
For the examples mentioned above, as well as all other modules,
the term installed base cost refers to the installed cost in
Region 1 for nominal applications of the module. In cases
such as the Equalization System, Lagoon System, and Aeration
System, all applications may be viewed nominal and thus only
the regional adjustment is required. For most installed
equipment modules, however, it is necessary to apply further
adjustment factors as outlined below to account for other than
nominal application. These adjustments may be given either in
graphical or tabular form depending on the individual module.
1. Design adjustment factor Fp:
This factor is required because there may be several alternate
physical designs for installed equipment modules having the
same generic name. An example is the Blender (BL) which may
be either a rotary or spiral ribbon design.
2. Material of construction factor FM:
This factor is required because several alternate materials of
construction may be used for that particular module. The Heat
Exchanger (HE) is an example of this type of module.
3. Pressure adjustment factor Fp:
The pressure adjustment factor is required to account for
design, and hence cost, differences which result because of
the operating pressure of the module. An example of this type
of module is the Ejector (EJ).
4. Temperature adjustment factor F™:
Differences in operating temperature frequently cause differences
in design and hence cost. The temperature adjustment factor is
used to account for these differences as the module Freezer (FR)
illustrates.
59
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5. Other adjustment factors:
For selected installed equipment modules, it is convenient
to define other adjustment factors to account for special
characteristics of the individual module. The Roller
Conveyer (CO-5) is an example where a width adjustment
factor FW is required. As another example, the Packed
Column (TW-6) requires a packing type adjustment factor Fv.
Jx
A review of the adjustment factors together with the appli-
cable equation relating installed cost to installed base
cost is required to determine the exact definition of nominal
application for each module.
In general, however, the simplest or most common design,
carbon steel for construction, ambient pressure, and ambient
temperature are the conditions chosen to reflect nominal
application.
In several cases, such as the Vertical Tank (VT), the Heat
Exchanger (HE-1, HE-2), and the Packed Tower (TW-5, TW-6,
TW-7) modules, several adjustment factors are required and
the nominal application may not be familiar to the user.
To minimize the chance of error, each adjustment factor
should be reviewed regardless of the amount of information
available to the user.
The installed cost information included in the Data Manual
was obtained using averages for typical installation schemes,
"norm" material and labor requirements and costs for each
installed equipment module as of mid-1972. Because costs
may vary considerably with time, it is essential to not use
the provided information in an indiscriminate manner to
estimate costs for years other than mid-1972.
Escalation of the mid-1972 cost data presented in the Data
Manual can be accomplished by application of the Marshall
and Stevens Equipment Cost Index to escalate material (equip-
ment and field material) costs into the future and the
60
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Engineering News Record Construction Cost Index to escalate
field labor into the future. A detailed procedure for doing
this is discussed in the last portion of this Section.
It should be noted that cost escalation using the recommended
procedure may be only approximate.Industrial innovations and
marked changes in the ratio of labor and material requirements
and costs may markedly change the .cost of individual installed
equipment modules from that projected using the averages
reflected by the recommended procedure.
In any given year variation among vendors or contractors cost
of individual installed equipment modules are inevitable.
The presented data for Mid 1972 thus must not be viewed as
absolute, but rather as the best average available for preliminary
cost estimating.
To permit the most rapid use of the information presented,
several work sheets have been developed. The nature of the
work sheets depends on the complexity of the estimation
procedure.
MODULES REQUIRING ONLY REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT
The suggested work sheet for equipment modules requiring
only a regional adjustment is given in Table 1. To illustrate
the use of this work sheet, consider the estimation of the
installed cost of an equalization system to handle 2 million
gallons per day in Re-gion #3 as of 1972. As indicated in the
completed work sheet given in Table 2, the following sequence
;of steps are successively completed:
1. The installed equipment module is specified. In this
case it is Equalization System.
2. The appropriate data sheets are located and recorded.
Simultaneously the definition and required factors are
reviewed to insure that the appropriate data and work
sheets have been selected.
61
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TABLE 1
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR ONLY)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:.
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:.
KEY COST PARAMETER:.
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:
ADJUSTMENT:
Regional FR =
1972 INSTALLED COST =(
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:.
INSTALLED COST =
(Installation Date)
)x($
= ($
) x ($
) = ($
62
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TABLE 2
WORK SHEET # /
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR ONLY)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:.
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:.
KEY COST PARAMETER:
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:
ADJUSTMENT:
Regional FR = ^ *'
1972 INSTALLED COST =(^
INSTALLATION DATE :
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST =
(Installation Date)
63
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3. The value of the key cost parameter together with its
units are then recorded. In this case, a system capable
of handling 2 million gallons per day is desired. (It
is essential that the key cost parameter be evaluted
in the units specified on the data sheets. Frequently,
conversion of the available data to the appropriate units
may be required.)
Referring to the Data Manual, a detention time of
approximately 14 hours has been assumed to determine the
capacity of the Installed Equalization System Module. Thus
1 million gallons per day capacity indicates approximately
2900 cubic yards of equalization system volume. If a de-
tention time of 28 hours were desired for the example system,
the installed base cost would have to be graphically evaluated
using a capacity of 4 million gallons per day, rather than 2,
to account for the doubling of the residence time and hence
required volume.)
4. From the provided graph, the 1972 Installed Base Cost is
evaluated knowing the key cost parameter. For the example
chosen, a value of $450,000 is obtained.
5. Next the regional adjustment factor, FR, is chosen from
tabular data. For the example, it is round to be 0.947 for
the Region #3. The value of FR and the region number are
noted.
6. 1972 Installed Cost is then computed as the product of the
1972 Installed Base Cost and the regional adjustment factor.
At this point, the equation given on the second sheet of data
is reviewed to insure that it confirms to the calculation
made. For the example, a value of $426,150 is computed. (To
minimize possible compounding of error after further com-
putations, the figure $426,150 is retained rather than round-
ing to a value such as $426,000. As a general rule, rounding
is reserved for the last stef.)
7. Subsequently the installation date is recorded and the cost
escalation factor, as detailed in the work given in Table 9,
is evaluated. Since the installation date for the chosen
example is 1972, the escalation factor is 1.00. Space is
provided for noting the number of the work sheet used for this
calculation if it is required.
8. Finally, the installed cost at the installation date is com-
puted as the product of the cost escalation factor and the
1972 installed cost. For the example, this computation
yields $426,150. Rounding, as the last step, to three
significant figures gives the recorded value of $426,000.
64
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MODULES REQUIRING MULTIPLICATIVE ADJUSTMENTS
The suggested work sheet for installed equipment modules
having several factors which are multiplied by the installed
base cost to yield the installed cost is given in Table 3.
This work sheet is applicable to the majority of the installed
equipment modules.
To illustrate the use of this work sheet, consider the esti-
mation of the installed cost in 1972 of a 30 inch diameter,
20 tray,sieve tray tower designed of carbon steel for opera-
tion at 500 psig and 400°F in Region #5. As a line by line
examination of the completed work sheet in Table 4 indicates,
the estimation procedure consists of the following steps:
1. The installed equipment module is specified. In this
case it is Tray Tower. V
2. The appropriate data sheets are located and recorded.
Simultaneously the definition and required factors are
reviewed to insure that the appropriate data and work
sheets have been selected.
3. The value of the key cost parameter together with its
units are then recorded. For the example, the key cost
parameter is the diameter of the column, namely 30 inches.
4. The graph of installed base cost versus key cost parameter
is then reviewed to see if additional parameters must be
specified before the installed base cost can be evaluated.
For the Tray Tower Installed Equipment Module, it is seen
that a second parameter, the number of trays, must be
specified. Noting that 20 trays are desired in the
example, the appropriate installed base curve, 20 trays,
is recorded on the work sheet. (Many modules have only
one characteristic curve as the Roller Conveyor, the
Fan, and the Horizontal Tank modules illustrate. For
others, including the Tray Tower and the Apron Conveyor
modules, the characteristic curves are related directly
to a physical characteristic such as number of trays or
width. Occassionally, it is most convenient to relate
the characteristic curves to the module design as the Pump
and the Vertical Tank modules illustrate.)
65
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TABLE 3
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:.
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($ )
ADJUSTMENTS:
1972 INSTALLED COST = C
JUSTMENT PRODUCT =
' ' 1 R
• • x =
• • X =
) ($
($
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = C
(Installation Date)
CTOR:
I
) x ( )
= ($
66
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TABLE 4
WORK SHEET # xf
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:.
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:.
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($ 4X^060 )
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional••
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT
1972 INSTALLED COST = (/./?& )
INSTALLATION DATE :
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = (./ *** )
(Installation Date)
67
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5. Having established the characteristic curve and the key
cost parameter, the 1972 installed base cost is deter-
mined from the provided graph. For the example chosen
a value of $62,000 is obtained.
6. The required adjustment factors are then reviewed again
and each is subsequently evaluated using the provided
graphical or tabular data. Each is simultaneously
recorded. For the example Tray Tower module, five
adjustment parameters are required. The regional adjust-
ment factor, FR, is found to be 1.080 for Region #5. The
design adjustment factor, FD , is found to be 0.874 for
sieve trays. FM, the material adjustment factor for
carbon steel (CS) is 1.000. At 500 psig, the pressure
adjustment factor, Fp, is evaluated as 1.25. The tempera-
ture adjustment factor, FT, is found to be 1.00 for 400°F.
7. The product of the adjustment factors is next computed to
yield a composite adjustment factor. For the example, a
composite value of 1.180 is obtained.
8. The installed cost in 1972 is computed by multiplying the
composite adjustment factor by the 1972 installed base
cost. A value of $73,160 is obtained for the example.
9. The cost escalation factor is next considered. Since the
installation date for the example is 1972, the value of this
factor is 1.000. (See the work sheet given in Table 9 for
the evaluation of the cos-t escalation factor if the installa-
tion date is other than 1972. Should the factor need to be
evaluated, the work sheet number would also be recorded.)
10. The installed cost at the installation date is computed
by multiplying the cost escalation factor by the 1972
installed cost. For the example, an installed cost of
$73,160 i-s obtained. Rounding as the last step, to the
nearest thousand yields the recorded value of $73,000.
MODULES REQUIRING ALTERNATE ADJUSTMENTS
Selected modules, including the Packed Column and the Centri-
fugal Pump modules, have specialized equations which relate
the 1972 Installed Cost to the 1972 Installed Base Cost. To
68
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handle these modules, the generalized work sheet given in
Table 5 is recommended. The chief distinction of this work
sheet is that the appropriate equation relating installed to
installed base costs is completed by the user on the basis
of the particular module chosen.
To illustrate the use of this work sheet, consider evaluating
the installed cost of a centrifugal pump in 1972 for Region #10
Assuming that the pump is to be made of stainless steel type
304, is to be of heavy duty design, and is to be capable of de-
livering 50 gallons per minute at a head of 60 feet, the
completed estimate as shown in Table 6 is readily made. The
procedure consists of the following steps:
1. The installed equipment module is specified. For the
example it is Centrifugal Pump.
2. The appropriate data, sheets are located and recorded.
Simultaneously the definition and required factors are
reviewed to insure that the appropriate data and work
sheets have been selected.
3. The value of the key cost parameter with its units are
then recorded. For the example, the key cost parameter
is the product of the design flow in gallons per minute
and the required head in feet and is evaluated to be 3000
gpm-ft.
4. If more than one installed base curve is given, the
appropriate one is selected and recorded. For the example
this particular step is not applicable. (See the Packed
Column module for an example for which this step would be
required.)
5. The 1972 installed base cost is then evaluated using the
characteristic installed base cost curve and the value of
the key cost parameter. For the example, the 1972
installed base cost is estimated as $5,100.
6. The required adjustment factors are next reviewed again and
each is subsequently evaluated using the provided graphical
or tabular data. Each is simultaneously recorded. For the
example, the regional adjustment factor,F^, for Region #10
69
-------
TABLE 5
WORK SHEET # DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER: ( )
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE ( )
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($ )
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional FR = ;
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Cost).
J
*
1972 INSTALLED COST = ( ) = ($
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR: ;
INSTALLED COST = ( * ) x ( ) = ($
(installation date)
70
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TABLE 6
WORK SHEET # 3 DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQUIPMENT MODULE :
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE ( — )
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($ 5^,
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional ................... F
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Costl
f
1972 INSTALLED COST = (
"^
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:X*** ;
INSTALLED COST = (X***) x
(installation date)
71
-------
is 1.030; the material adjustment factor, F^ for SS304
is 0.047; and the design adjustment factor, Fp, for heavy
duty is 1.101.
7. The data sheet is reviewed once again to see if any
additional parameters are required. For the example
centrifugal pump installed equipment module there are
none. (This is not always the case. The Packed Column
module, for example, requires that the packing volume be
given in the units of cubic feet.)
8. The next step is to record the characteristic adjustment
equation, taken from the last data sheet for the module,
which relates the 1972 Installed Cost to the 1972 Installed
Base Cost. For the example module, it is found that the
1972 Installed Base Cost must be multiplied by (FD + FM)and
FR to obtain the 1972 Installed Cost.
9. The 1972 installed cost is then computed using the character-
istic adjustment equation. A value of $6,030 is obtained
for the example centrifugal pump module.
10 The cost escalation factor is next considered. Since the
installation date for the example is 1972, the value of
this factor is 1.000. (See the work sheet given in Table 9
for the evaluation of the cost escalation factor if the
installed date is other than 1972. Should the factor need
to be evaluated, the work sheet number would also be recorded.)
11. The installed cost at the installation date is computed by
multiplying the cost escalation factor by the 1972 installed
cost. For the example, an installed cost of $6,030 is
obtained.
72
-------
ESCALATION OF INSTALLED COSTS
Escalation of the installed equipment module costs estimated
from the Data Manual is required if the installation date is other
than Mid 1972. Since this will frequently be the case, the user
should not minimize the importance, nor the difficulty, of
cost escalation.
Industrial innovations, design changes, different escalation
rates for individual classes of labor and material costs,
varying labor and material requirements, and the uncertain-
ties of predicting future economic indicators preclude a de-
finitive escalation of installed equipment module costs.
As a suggested reasonable procedure for the escalation of
installation costs, a cost escalation factor which considers
the labor to material ratio in an installed equipment module,
the Process Industries Average Marshall and Stevens Index,
and the Engineering News Record Construction Cost Index
has been developed. For the convenience of the user, the
range of the labor to material ratio for selected installed
equipment modules is presented in Table 7. The range results
because of changes in the labor to material ratio with size,
design, etc. In Table 8, the values of the Marshall and
Stevens Index and the Engineering News Record Construction
Cost Index from 1950 to date are summarized. These latter
values may be extrapolated into the future at the user's
own risk. The cost data in the Data Manual were developed
when the Marshall and Stevens Index was 330.0 and the
Engineering News Record Index was 1744.0.
The suggested procedure depends on whether or not the labor
to material ratio can be estimated.
73
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TABLE 7
LABOR TO MATERIAL RATIO FOR SELECTED INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES
Installed Equipment Module
Air Compressors
Air Conditioning Units
Air Dryers
Agitated Open Tanks
Agitated Pressure Tanks
Condensers
Conveyers
Centrifugal Pumps
Crushers
Crystallizers
Centrifuges
Cutters
Dryers
Dust Collectors
Drum Dryers
Evaporators
Electrical Generators
Ejectors
Elevators
Extractors
Filters
Feeders
Fans
Flakers
Flotation Machines
Freezer
Furnaces
0.330
1.332
0.767
0.410
0.299
0.437
0.966
0.414
0.988
0.952
0.968
0.859
0.825
0.755
0.837
0.336
1.224
0.868
0.886
0.962
0.992
0.997
0.987
0.829
1.021
1.000
0.616
L/M
- 0.872
- 0.592
- 0.571
- 0.643
- 1.147
- 0.483
- 1.113
- 1.031
- 1.021
- 0.965
- 0.937
- 0.838
- 0.846
- 0.695
- 1.389
- 0.898
- 0.975
- 1.121
- 1.083
- 1.049
- 1.084
- 0.674
74
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TABLE 7 (CONTINUED)
Gas Compressors 0.448 - 0.870
Gear Pumps 0.394 - 0.410
Heat Exchangers 0.227 - 0.766
Electric Heater 0.389 - 0.563
Heating Units 0.385 - 0.580
Hoists 0.706 - 0.729
Horizontal Tanks 0.405 - 0.586
Incinerators 0.924 - 0.965
Ion Exchangers 0.579 - 0.652
Kneaders 1.038 - 1.049
Mills 0.990 - 1.151
Mixers 1.040 - 1.196
Packaging Machine 0.889 - 1.047
Packed Columns 0.292 - 0.740
Presses 1.040 - 1.062
Pumps 0.318 - 0.720
Reactors 0.611 - 0.735
Rotary Dryers 0.898 - 0.956
Scales 1.000
Stacks 0.937 - 0.995
Turbines 0.937
Tray Towers 0.435 - 0.581
Vacuum Pumps 0.437 - 0.705
Vertical Tanks 0.252 - 1.142
Vibrating Screens 1.189 - 1.270
75
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TABLE 8
VALUES OF SELECTED COST INDICES
Year
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
The most
"Economic
Marshall and Stevens Process
Industries, Average
(1926 = 100)
167
178
179
181
184
189
206
224
228
232
237
236
237
238
241
244
252.2
262.9
273.1
285.0
303.3
321.3
326.8, 1st Quarter
330.6, 2nd Quarter
334.1, 3rd Quarter
336,7, 4th Quarter
330.0, Data Manual Costs
Engineering News Record
Construction Cost Index
(1913 = 100)
510
543
569
600
628
660
690
724
759
797
824
847
872
901
936
971
1021; 995.1, Jan. 13
1043.3; Jan. 19
1116.9, Jan. 18
1222.9, Jan. 16
1310.2, Jan. 15
1465.5, Jan. 14
1664.4, Jan. 17
1744.0, Data Manual Costs
1828.2, Jan. 11
recent values are to be found in the regular reports
Indicators" published in Chemical Engineering.
76
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For known labor to material ratios:
IC
.. - 0.5 (L/M)
ENR,.
MS
+ 0.5 (L/M) (
23)
1774.0
and, as a conservative estimate for cases where (L/M) is
unknown:
1C
ICMid'72
ENRx
(1744.0^
24)
where
1C
Estimated installed cost of installed equipment
module in Year X
72 = Estimated installed cost of installed equipment
module as of Mid 1972, the value relating to
the point in time when the cost data was
developed for the Data Manual
(L/M) = Labor to material ratio, dependent on installed
equipment module as tabulated in Table 7
MS = Marshall and Stevens Index, Process Industries
x Average with (1926 = 100) , for Year X. Cost
data was developed for the Data Manual at a
point in time when MX = 330.0
.A.
ENR.. = Engineering News Record Construction Cost Index
with (1913 = 100) for Year X. Cost data in the
Data Manual was developed when ENR = 1744.0
J\.
x
A suggested worksheet is presented in Table 9 for the escalation
of the installed cost of a single installed equipment module.
In Table 10 the procedure is illustrated by considering the
escalation of the 1972 installed Tray Tower Module cost cal-
culated in Table 4 to conditions where the MS Index is
77
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TABLE 9
WORK SHEET #
EVALUATION OF THE COST ESCALATION FACTOR
DATE:
EQUIPMENT MODULE
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE COST (Mid 1972)
INSTALLATION DATE
MS INDEX AT INSTALLATION DATE
(1946 = 100)
(L/M) RATIO j
MS ESCALATION FACTOR =(1.-0.5( ))( " /330)
(Set to 0.0 if (L/M) is not known)
ENR INDEX AT INSTALLATION DATE
(1913 = 100)
(L/M) RATIO ^
ENR ESCALATION FACTOR = 0.5( )( /1744)
(Set to 1.0 if (L/M) is not known)
COST ESCALATION FACTOR = (
ESTIMATED INSTALLED COST AT INSTALLATION DATE =
;Work Sheet #
= C )
= ( )
I
78
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TABLE 10
WORK SHEET #
DATE
EVALUATION OF THE COST ESCALATION FACTOR
EQUIPMENT MODULE
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE COST (Mid 1972)
INSTALLATION DATE
;Work Sheet #
MS INDEX AT INSTALLATION DATE
(1946 = 100)
(L/M) RATIO J.g'e
MS ESCALATION FACTOR = (1. -0 . 5 fa'f") ) (?&>/330)
(Set to 0.0 if (L/M) is not known)
ENR INDEX AT INSTALLATION DATE _
(1913 = 100)
(L/M) RATIO 0.£0 \
ENR ESCALATION FACTOR = 0 . 5 (?.&>) (//<
-------
340.0 and the ENR Index is 1850.0. A (L/M) ratio of 0.50
is assumed. An installed? cost of $75,940 is obtained
compared to $73,160 for Mid 1972.
80
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SECTION VIII
ESTIMATION OF THE ANNUAL COST OF
A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
As discussed in detail in the review in Section IV , POLLUTION
CONTROL ECONOMICS, annual costs may be broken into four
categories:
1. F|.xed charges,
2. Direct operating costs,
3. Indirect operating costs, and
4. If applicable, the tax credit arising from the depreciable
investment.
For a single installed equipment module, all of the separate
elements in these categories are not directly applicable. Several
are best applied to the process as a whole.
In Table 11 a suggested worksheet for the chief elements
contributing to the annual cost of a single installed equipment
module is given.
The worksheet is self-explanatory. However, a fe- ..LS are
worthy of examination from the standpoint of er 0 its use.
1. The estimate of the installed cost can ' ^erally be obtained
using the procedure discussed in Secti- VII: ESTIMATION
OF THE INSTALLED COST OF A INDIVIDUAL ^STALLED EQUIPMENT
MODULE.
2. Salvage value is generally assumed zero, unless definitely
warranted otherwise.
3. A table of the range of the expected lifetime of the
individual installed equipment modules is presented in the
Data Manual. In the Data Manual, classification as to industry
type is given to aid the user.
81
-------
TABLE 11
WORK SHEET #
DATE :
ESTIMATION OF THE ANNUAL COST OF A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
INSTALLED COST ($ )
SALVAGE VALUE -($
Worksheet #
)
DEPRECIABLE INVESTMENT ($ )
USEFUL LIFETIME years
SINKING FUND INTEREST RATE %/yr.
SINKING FUND FACTOR • ( )
FIXED CHARGE DEPRECIABLE INVESTMENT " ( )x($ . ) =($
FIXED CHARGE NONDEPRECIABLE SALVAGE VALUE = ( )*($ ) =' (J
Salvage
MAINTENANCE AS FRACTION OF INSTALLED COST ( , ) Value
f f
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR MAINTENANCE ( ) * ($ ) =($
OPERATORS REQUIRED PER SHIFT (
SHIFTS PER DAY ( )
ANNUAL OPERATOR SALARY + BURDEN =($ ) I
ANNUAL OPERATOR COST "($ )x( )x( ) < =($
SUPERVISOR REQUIRED PER SHIFT C
SHIFTS PER DAY ( )
ANNUAL SUPERVISOR SALARY + BURDEN I
ANNUAL SUPERVISOR COST =($ )*( )*( ) '($
FOREMAN REQUIRED PER SHIFT (
SHIFTS PER DAY ( . )
4
ANNUAL FOREMAN SALARY + BURDEN =($ )
ANNUAL FOREMAN COST =($ )x(' )XC
UTILITY QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT PRICE COST PER YEAR
( )x ( )= ($ )
)x ( )= ($ )
)x ( )= ($ )
)- ($ )
C
C
)x (
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR UTILITIES
TAX DEPRECIATION METHOD STRAIGHT LINE
DEPRECIATION LIFETIME years
DEPRECIATION RATE PER YEARC )
INCOME TAX RATE ( f ) {
TAX CREDIT " ( )x( )x(
TAX CREDIT CONTRIBUTION TO ANNUAL COST
ESTIMATED ANNUAL COST
($
"($
($
($
-($
($
82
-------
4. An extensive table of the sinking fund factor for a range
of expected lifetime and interest rates is given in
Appendix B.
5. Only the fixed charges for depreciable capital investment
and (the credit) for the salvage value are considered.
6. Maintenance including all labor, materials, and supplies
is assumed to be a fraction of the installed module cost.
For the convenience of the user, the approximate range of
this fraction is given in the Data Manual for each installed
equipment module.
7. Operators, supervisors, and foremen have been included in
estimating the labor for operating. For the convenience
of the user, the approximate range of the operator
requirements is given in the Data Manual for each installed
equipment module. It should be noted that these requirements
may vary markedly with the type of industry and some back-
ground should be reviewed before the specification is com-
pleted. The cost for supervisors and foremen is included
for completeness, realizing that they are more applicable
to larger portion of the process than a single installed
equipment module.
8. The utilities required may be listed separately and the
total cost for utilities evaluated if the quantity per
year and the unit price of each is specified by the user.
9. Raw materials requirements are not listed as they apply
more directly to the entire process.
10. Straight line depreciation is assumed in the evaluation of
the tax credit because the other methods of depreciation
result in rates which change with time. Appendix C may be
used to find the appropriate straight line rate once the
depreciation lifetime is specified.
EXAMPLE
To illustrate the procedure for estimating the annual cost of
a single installed equipment module consider the installed
Tray Tower Module used previously in Table 4 to review the
estimation of 1972 installed costs. The completed worksheet in
83
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Table 12 will be used for this illustration. Reviewing the
worksheet item by item, the estimation of the annual cost
consists of the following items:
1. The installed equipment module under consideration, Tray
Tower, is noted.
2. The installed cost of the equipment module as well as the
worksheet used for its evaluation are recorded. For the
Tray Tower module, the installed cost is estimated to be
$73,160 as determined using Worksheet #2 given in Table
4. It is pertinent to note that this estimate does
not include a reboiler or a condenser for the tower.
3. The salvage value is then estimated. For purpose of
preliminary estimating, a value of zero is assumed.
4. The depreciable capital investment is computed as the
difference between the installed cost and the salvage
value.
5. The expected useful lifetime in years is estimated.
Reference to the Data Manual for the Tray Tower Module
indicates that the expected lifetime is generally in
the range from 10 to 18 years depending on the application
as approximated by the indicated industry groups. For
purposes of illustration, 12 years is chosen.
6. The interest rate available for the sinking fund is recorded
next. A rate of 6%/yr. is assumed for the example.
7. The sinking fund factor is then determined from Appendix B
for the particular useful lifetime (i.e. depreciation
period) and interest rate available. For 12 years at
61 per year, a value of 0.05928 is obtained.
8. The annual fixed charge for the depreciable capital
investment is computed as the product of the sinking
fund factor and the depreciable capital investment. A
value of $4337 is obtained for the example.
9. The annul credit for the salvage value is computed as
the product of the sinking fund factor and the salvage
value. For the example, this credit is zero. (Other
84
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TABLE 1 2
WORK SHEET #
-2
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF THE ANNUAL COST OF A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
SJ
Worksheet #
ANNUAL FOREMAN SALARY
ANNUAL FOREMAN COST
BURDEN
($
($
)
)x( )x(
UTILITY QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT PRICE COST PER YEAR
( )x ( )= ($ )
)= C$ )
)= ($ )
($ )
)x (
)x C
)x (
)
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR UTILITIES
TAX DEPRECIATION METHOD STRAIGHT LINE
DEPRECIATION LIFETIMEj?^5_ years
DEPRECIATION RATE PER YEAR(&^#?3)
INCOME TAX RATE (.O.^O~] J
TAX CREDIT = G&Sfe)x(0.*£?.?)x( f 73;
TAX CREDIT CONTRIBUTION TO ANNUAL COST
ESTIMATED ANNUAL COST
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
INSTALLED COST ($7?/«^ )
SALVAGE VALUE -($ g> )
DEPRECIABLE INVESTMENT
USEFUL LIFETIME /% years
SINKING FUND INTEREST RATE ^ %/yr.
SINKING FUND FACTOR
FIXED CHARGE DEPRECIABLE INVESTMENT
FIXED CHARGE NONDEPRECIABLE SALVAGE VALUE = (0,O&
-------
annual fixed charges such as rent, insurance, etc.
discussed in Section IV: POLLUTION CONTROL ECONOMICS
are considered more appropriate at the process level
and thus are not included in the itemization for a
single installed module in the provided worksheet. The
user may choose to include them however if they can be
isolated for the individual installed equipment module).
10. Annual maintenance including labor, materials, and
supplies is next estimated as a fraction of the installed
equipment module cost. In the Data Manual, the approximate
range of this fraction is given for each installed equip-
ment module. For the Tray Tower module, this is estimated
to range from 7.35 to 10.71 percent with variation even
outside this range depending on the operating conditions,
the material being processed, and the type of industry.
For purposes of illustration, 8%/yr. is chosen.
11. The annual direct operating cost for maintenance is computed
using the installed cost and the annual rate per unit of
installed cost. For the example, $5,853 is computed.
12. The operator requirements per shift for the installed equip-
ment module are then estimated. Referring to the Data
Manual, approximately 0.25 operators are required per shift
for the Tray Tower module. Variation because of operating
conditions and material being processed can be expected
within the various industry groups.
13. The number of shifts per day for which operators are required
is noted next. For purposes of illustration three are
assumed.
14. The annual cost of a single operator, including hourly wages,
salary, and overhead burden as appropriate, is recorded under
ANNUAL OPERATOR SALARY AND BURDEN. For illustration, $10,000
is chosen.
15. The annual cost of operating labor is then computed as the
product of the operator requirements per shift, number of
shifts per day, and annual cost per operator. For the
example a value of $7,500 is obtained.
86
-------
16. The annual cost of supervisors and foremen is most appro-
to priately handled on the process level. For completeness,
23. however, the user may choose to include the fractional
allotment to individual equipment modules in the worksheet.
24. The annual individual requirements for each utility (fuel,
power, steam, cooling water, process water, compressed
air, etc. with subcategories for natural gas, coal, heating
oil, gasoline, etc.) may then be listed together with the
per unit price which must be paid. From knowledge of the
quantity required per year and the unit price, the cost
per year of each utility is computed. For the Tray Tower
module, utility requirements would probably be minimal.
Provisions for tower platform lighting, electricity and com-
pressed air for controls, etc. would probably be made on an
overall process basis. Major utility costs such as cooling water
for a condenser, steam for a reboiler, steam for a jet
to maintain a vacuum within the Tray Tower module, etc.
would be included in the analysis of the appropriate modules
which may be associated with the Tray Tower module.
25. The total annual direct operating cost for utilities is
obtained by summing the individual requirements.
26. To permit a rapid estimate of the annual tax credit, straight
line depreciation is assumed. Use of another depreciation
method would result in a credit which would vary throughout
the lifetime of the equipment module.
27. The lifetime for tax purposes is first noted. A value of
12 years is assumed for the example.
28. The depreciation rate per year, assuming straight line
depreciation, is obtained from Appendix C. For a lifetime
of 12 years, a value of 0.0833 is obtained.
29. The income tax rate, federal, state, local as required, is
next noted. For the example 0.50 is assumed.
30. The annual tax credit is computed as the product of the
depreciation rate, the income tax rate, and the depreciable
capital investment.
-------
31. The tax credit is then noted to result in a reduction of
the annual cost. For the example, the reduction computed
is $3,047.
32. The annual cost of the single installed equipment module
is then computed as the sum of the contributions from
lines 8, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23, 25, and 31. For the example,
a value of $14,643 is obtained.
88
-------
SECTION IX
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED PROCESS COST
In the accompanying Data Manual, installed equipment modules
reflecting the "norm" or typical application of individual
equipment items in a process system are defined and cost
data are given for each. By determining the equipment
modules required to describe the process system under con-
sideration, costing each module, and summing the module costs
together with costs not included in the modules, a reasonable
estimate of the installed process cost can be obtained by a
convenient, easy-to-use manual procedure. Notable limitations
of this technique relating to what constitutes "norm", are
discussed in Section III: INTRODUCTION.
Before using the technique developed, it is essential to know
which costs have and which costs have not been included in the
module costs.
The cost data for the installed individual equipment modules
presented in the Data Manual are best described as being the
contribution to the 1972 bare plant cost of individual process
equipment items. (The exact cost elements included vary
somewhat because of equipment type and thus are summarized in
the Data Manual for each module.) Consequently, the given
installed module costs include in 1972 dollars:
1. Cost of purchased equipment required for the module,
2. Cost of equipment handling, field erection, piping,
concrete, steel, instrumentation, electrical, insulation,
and paint required for installation of the module,
3. Prime contractor engineering for the module, and
4. Construction overhead as required for the module.
Costs which are not included and which must be independently
investigated and used together with the equipment module costs
in order to reasonably estimate the installed process cost are
89
-------
1. The cost of specialized equipment modules not included
in the Data Manual (see the Data Sheet Index
in the Data Manual for listings of those equipment modules
which are available),
2. The cost of items which are over and above those incor-
porated in a "norm" application of the equipment module
(this would include special piping, instrumentation, etc.)>
3. The cost of subcontracted elements such as buildings,
service facilities, etc,
4. The cost of buildings,
5. The cost of yard improvements,
6. The cost of auxiliary and service facilities*
7. The cost of land,
8. The contractor's fee,
9. The amount allocated for contingencies, and
10. The escalation of costs for an installation date other than
Mid 1972.
Item numbers 1 to 7 ennumerated above are determined on the
basis of the particular facility, type of facility, and
location chosen. The contractor's fee and contingencies are
negotiated costs with the contractor's fee generally in the
range of 2 to 7 percent of the direct and indirect costs,and
contingencies generally in the range of 8 to 20 percent of the
sum of direct plus indirect costs.
The recommended procedure for escalating the 1972 installed
equipment module costs is discussed in detail in Section VII:
ESTIMATION OF THE INSTALLED COST OF A SINGLE INSTALLED
EQUIPMENT MODULE.
In Table 13, a suggested work sheet for the estimation of the
installed process cost is given. Use of the worksheet involves
90
-------
TABLE 13
WORK SHEET #
DATE
ESTIMATION OF THE INSTALLED PROCESS COST
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
INSTALLED COST
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
TOTAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES COST
= ($
SPECIAL ITEMS
INSTALLED COST
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
TOTAL SPECIAL ITEMS INSTALLED COST
-($
BARE PLANT COST
= ($
PERCENT CONTINGENCIES
CONTINGENCIES
CONTRACTORS FEE AS A
CONTRACTORS FEE
COST OF LAND
TOTAL INSTALLED COST
OF BARE PLANT C
= ( /100)
PERCENT OF BARE
t
= ( /100)
OST
i
x($ ) =($ )
PLANT COST
j
x($ ) =($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
91
-------
the following chief steps:
1. Itemization of each installed equipment module and its
installation cost at the installation date. The work
sheets given in Tables 1, 3, 5, and 9 may be used as
applicable for the estimation of the individual installed
equipment module cost. If the list of modules is lengthy,
the work sheet given in Table 14 may be used for the
evaluation of subtotals.
2. The addition of the individual installed equipment modules
cost to obtain the total installed equipment modules cost .
3. Itemization of the installed cost of each special item such
as additions, subcontracts, cost of buildings, cost of
yard improvements, and cost of auxiliary and service
facilities. If this list is lengthy, the work sheet given
in Table 15 may be used for the evaluation of subtotals .
4. The addition of all the installed costs of the special items
to obtain the total special items installed cost.
5. Computation of the bare plant cost as the sum of the total
installed equipment modules cost and the total special
items installed cost.
6. Specification of the contingencies as a percent of the bare
plant cost.
7. Calculation of the cost for contingencies.
8. Specification of the contractor's fee as a percent of the base
plant cost .
9. Calculation of the contractor's fee.
10. Specification of the land cost.
11. Calculation of the total installed cost as the sum of the land
cost, the contractor's fee, contingencies, and the base plant
cost .
92
-------
TABLE 14
WORKSHEET #
DATE
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
INSTALLED COST
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
SUBTOTAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES COST
93
($
-------
TABLE 15
WORKSHEET # DATE
PROCESS
SPECIAL ITEMS INSTALLED COST
(3 )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
__. ($ J
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
, ($ )
($ )
SUBTOTAL SPECIAL ITEMS INSTALLED COST ($ )
94
-------
EXAMPLE NUMBER 1
To illustrate the use of this work sheet and the information
required for its use, consider the following example:
It is desired to estimate the total 1972 installed cost
Region #1 of a wastewater lagoon treatment process. The
process consists of three major parts:
1. The lagoon for which the installed cost, for excavation and
reseeding, is known to be $22,800,
2. Lagoon piping for which the installed cost is known to be
$1,120,
3. A pump building for which it has been determined that:
a. The subcontract cost to build the building is $4,300,
b. Flow samplers will be installed at a cost of $3,600,
c. Laboratory equipment totaling $1,800 will be placed in
the building, and
d. Two identical 10 psig rotary blowers, each with a
capacity of 240 cubic feet per minute, will be installed
in the building, and
4. Contingencies are estimated to be 101 of the bare plant cost;
the contractor's fee to be 3% of the bare plant cost; and
the land required for the process is available.
In Table 16, the steps involved in computing the total installed
cost of this process are given. First, the installed cost of
the rotary blowers are estimated, using the work sheet given in
Table 17, from the data in the Data Manual. An installed cost of
$6,800 in obtained for each. Next, the special items are listed.
The lagoon installed cost is known and thus need not be estimated,
Likewise, the flow samplers,laboratory equipment and pump
building construction costs are known. And, as the last item,
the installed cost of the lagoon piping is included recognizing
that the "norm" piping on the blowers would not include this
special piping. The total for the installed special items is
found to be $33,620.
95
-------
TABLE 16
WORK SHEET #
DATE
ESTIMATION OF THE INSTALLED PROCESS COST
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
Worksheet *
-.Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
INSTALLED COST
($
($ 6
($ )
($ )
($ )
TOTAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES COST
SPECIAL ITEMS
INSTALLED COST
t' ($
($
C$
C$
TOTAL SPECIAL ITEMS INSTALLED COST
BARE PLANT COST
PERCENT CONTINGENCIES OF BARE TuANT COST
CONTINGENCIES
t
(
/100)x ($ ^
CONTRACTORS FEE AS A PERCENT OF BARE PLANT COST
CONTRACTORS FEE
( 3 / 100 )
COST OF LAND
=($
TOTAL INSTALLED COST
96
-------
TABLE 17
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:.
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:.
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE C
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional • •
#er/?st/
= /
x
x
X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT =
1972 INSTALLED COST = (///X) ($
INSTALLATION DATE: //^
COST ESCALATION FACTOR: /.*ee>
J
INSTALLED COST = (/••*• )
(Installation Date)
97
-------
The bare plant cost is then computed to be $47,220. Con-
tingencies, computed as 10% of the bare plant cost, are
$4,722. The contractor's fee, computed as 3% of the bare
plant cost, is $1,417. Noting that that the land cost is zero,
the total installed cost is estimated to be $53,400 by summing
the bare plant cost, the contingencies, and the contractor's
fee.
This compares very favorably to the actual installed cost of
$48,500 for this facility (Kent Cheese Company EPA Grant 12060 DXF)
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2
As a second example illustrating the procedure for estimating
installed process cost, a treatment system for dyestuff and
organic chemical wastes has been chosen. For convenience, the
following process elements have been identified:
1. Thiosulfate oxidation
2. Ammonia storage
3. Phosphoric acid storage
4. Acid equalization
5. Limestone system
6. Settling basin
7. Alkaline equalization
8. Alkaline oxidation
9. Clarification
10. Control room and laboratory
11. Chlorination
12. Final settling
13. Post aeration basin
In Worksheet E2-21 given in Table 18, the 1972 installed
costs of individual installed equipment modules, as determined
98
-------
TABLE 18
WORKSHEET #
DATE
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
^ »/^S* 4>
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
'*t//> X^C/^
Worksheet #
- / • 4 • s
?#*/'/£ rfre'/0r .
Worksheet #
Worksheet #
^fsf^&jd**
Worksheet #
•s/«*/£ JrrA
Worksheet #
Worksheet #
Worksheet #
Worksheet #
>/^tf ^/*«<
Worksheet #
Worksheet
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
Worksheet #
Worksheet #
_; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
_; Worksheet #_
_; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
,*xX
C$
C$
($
($
X-T5" )
INSTALLED COST
($
($
($
($
c$
($
($
($
C$
C$
C$
c$
c$
($
SUBTOTAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES COST
99
($
-------
TABLE 19
WORK SHEET # ^Cf-/ DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQUIPMENT MODULE : SfAS/4" 'j£*J/ ' S%*tr **/
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE ( — )
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($ jf && )
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional ................... FR = / ; ^/
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Cost) C^
f
1972 INSTALLED COST = ( X -£ ^ 6* f »C? ^ ^ / ) = ($jj>//)
INSTALLATION DATE;
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = ( / ~) x
(installation date)
100
-------
TABLE 20
WORK SHEET # ^*-*X DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQU I PMENT MODULE :
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE ( — )
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional ................... FR = / ;
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Cost)
1972 INSTALLED COST =
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR: / ; —
INSTALLED COST = ( / ) x I
(installation date)
101
-------
TABLE 21
WORK SHEET
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE :
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE (
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($-7£
46O
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional• •
X
X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT
1972 INSTALLED COST = (X^-O
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:,
INSTALLED COST = ( /
(Installation Date)
102
-------
TABLE 22
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODU LE : X
DATA SHEET NUMBERS :
KEY COST PARAMETER :
(
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE C
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($ #* / *
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional••
• x
X
• X
• X
X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT =
I f
1972 INSTALLED COST = ( ) ($
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:.
INSTALLED COST = (
(Installation Date)
($
103
-------
TABLE 23
WORK SHEET
- S*
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE :
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER :
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($ j/jf
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional
/ ;
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = C /
(Installation Date)
! *
1972 INSTALLED COST = ( / ) (
c$
104
-------
TABLE 24
WORK SHEET # ^C/- £ DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQU I PMENT MODULE :
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER: 3 3
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE ( — )
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($/<£, ^* )
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional ................... FR = / ;
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Costal (^j J'J*)^
\
j
1972 INSTALLED COST = (/X^ 060(/. ^^.a^7) / )
INSTALLATION DATE :
COST ESCALATION FACTOR: / ;
INSTALLED COST =
(installation date)
INSTALLED COST = (./*)•*•
105
-------
TABLE 25
WORK SHEET §
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR ONLY)
EQUIPMENT MODULE :
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:
ADJUSTMENT:
Regional FR =
1972 INSTALLED COST =(
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST =
(Installation Date)
106
-------
TABLE 26
WORK SHEET #
- f
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($
S**
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional••
HR
x
X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = C
(Installation Date)
1972 INSTALLED COST = ( ) ($
INSTALLATION DATE:
($
107
-------
TABLE 27
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE: /Z*"''*?*''
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:.
KEY COST PARAMETER:.
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE (
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($ ^
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional••
X
X
X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT =
1972 INSTALLED COST =
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
-X
($
($
I
t
INSTALLED COST = ( / ) x
(Installation Date)
108
-------
TABLE 28
WORK SHEET # jfrS-S'0 DATE :
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:_
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:,
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE ( )
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($/«£
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional Fp
5>
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Cost")
\
1972 INSTALLED COST = (t/f,*0O(0.??<**•&.)/
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR: / ;
INSTALLED COST = ( */ ) x
(installation date)
109
-------
TABLE 29
WORK SHEET #
DATE :
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS :
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($
"'*
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional
X.
• X
X
X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT =
1972 INSTALLED COST =
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
C$ ^
INSTALLED COST = ( / )
(Installation Date)
110
-------
TABLE 30
WORK SHEET #
'DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE : -
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER: _ _
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional
> x
X.
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT
I F
1972 INSTALLED COST = C ) ($
INSTALLATION DATE:.
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = (
(Installation Date)
($
-------
TABLE 31
WORK SHEET I
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS i
KEY COST PARAMETER :
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE C
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ^^Z^OA O )
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional FR =
^g^fS-jAw X /p =
x^ =
x^ =
x =
x =
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT = '
1972 INSTALLED COST
INSTALLATION DATE;
c 7 )
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = ( /
f Installati on Date)
) *
112
-------
TABLE 32
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR ONLY)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:.
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:
ADJUSTMENT :
Regional ...... FR = / '.
1972 INSTALLED COST =( /
INSTALLATION DATE:.
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST «
(Installation Date)
'
)
J **•)
113
-------
TABLE 33
WORK SHEET # *- DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE ( )
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($***£ 0t>0 )
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Cost") (^ ?~'5» / ^
1972 INSTALLED COST
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR: / ; """"
INSTALLED'COST = ( /
(installation date)
114
-------
TABLE 34
WORK SHEET # *£>- DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQUIPMENT MODULE :
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER: // &>€>
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE (- - )
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional ................... FR =
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Cost).
1972 INSTALLED COST
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR: / ;
INSTALLED COST = ( /
(installation date)
115
-------
TABLE 35
WORK SHEET *
'DATE;
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER:
: /£'»<:
»<:*
C/V//)
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional
x
x
• x
• X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:.
INSTALLED COST = (
(Installation Date)
1972 INSTALLED COST = C ) ($
INSTALLATION DATE:
C$
116
-------
TABLE 36
WORK SHEET #
DATE :
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS :
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE (
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional
FR
/ ;
' x
X
X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT -
1972 INSTALLED COST =
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = ( /
(InstallatJon Date)
0,000}
($
($
117
-------
TABLE 37
WORK SHEET #
-------
TABLE 33
WORK SHEET #
'DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE :
DATA SHEET NUMBERS :
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional
x
X
X
X
X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:.
INSTALLED COST = (
(Installation Date)
I f
1972 INSTALLED COST = ( ) ($
($
119
-------
TABLE 39
WORKSHEET # ^S-JADATE
PROCESS
SPECIAL ITEMS. ,^ x ^. , , ^. INSTALLED COST
•
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
SUBTOTAL SPECIAL ITEMS INSTALLED COST ($
120
-------
TABLE 40
WORK SHEET #
DATE
ESTIMATION OF THE INSTALLED PROCESS COST
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
; Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
-.Worksheet #
-.Worksheet #
INSTALLED COST
($
($
($
($
TOTAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES COST
SPECIAL ITEMS
INSTALLED COST
TOTAL SPECIAL ITEMS INSTALLED COST
= ($
JiSJ/tfa/' &VH&A
/
ef/Jfit-iM ($-T/JTy
($
($
($
($
04*6 )
)
)
)
)
BARE PLANT COST
PERCENT CONTINGENCIES OF BARE PLANT COST
CONTINGENCIES
( /O /100) x ($/5fjjffttf)
t
3
CONTRACTORS FEE AS A PERCENT OF BARE PLANT COST
CONTRACTORS FEE = (
COST OF LAND
TOTAL INSTALLED COST
=($ — )
= ($/"//?J( W)
121
-------
using the Data Manual, are summarized. Worksheets #E2-1
to E2-20, given in Table 19 to 38, list the parameters for
each as well as the procedure used to determine the individual
installed equipment module costs of each. For a few of the
modules, such as shown on worksheets #E2-4 and E2-8,the Data
Manual did not span the desired range and the installed costs
had to be estimated in an alternative fashion. The user should
be aware that this may occassionally be the case and should
exercise extreme caution in extrapolating beyond the range
given in the Data Manual in order to avoid unreasonable estimates
because of marked design or construction changes. As shown in
Table 18, the total installed cost of the itemized installed
equipment modules is estimated to be $582,006.
In worksheet #E2-22 given in Table 39, the 1972 installed
costs of other necessary items not estimated using the Data
Manual are given. The total of these costs is $212,050.
In worksheet #E2-23 given in Table 40 the installed equipment module
costs and the cost of the special items are added, a 10% con-
tingency assumed, and a 3% contractor's fee added to yield a total
estimate of the installed process of $897,000. For the items
considered here, the installed cost of $897,000 is within 5%
of the contractor's definitive estimate in EPA Grant #12090
GLZ(Southern Dyestuff Company).
122
-------
SECTION X
ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL PROCESS COST
The pertinent elements contributing to the annual cost of a
process have been discussed in detail in Section IV: POLLUTION
CONTROL ECONOMICS. In this section, suggested worksheets for
the estimation of annual process cost are presented, their
use illustrated by example, and the elements of annual cost
reviewed to indicate the information which must be available
to the user before an estimate can be made.
The first part of the worksheet, given in Table 41, details the
contributions of annual fixed charges to the annual cost and
includes:
1. The annual fixed charge for depreciable capital, referred
to as the annual sinking fund payment,
2. The annual credit for salvage value,
3. The annual fixed charge for lump sum royalties, licenses,
and fees,
4. The annual charge for bond interest,
5. The annual charge for rent,
6. The annual charge for insurance, and
7. The annual charge for property taxes.
The second portion of the worksheet details the estimation of
the annual direct operating costs and includes the annual cost
of:
1. Raw materials,
2. Utilities,
3. Maintenance,
4. Operating labor, supervisors, and foremen
5. Contractual services,
123
-------
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
TABLE 41
PART 1 Of 4
WORKSHEET 1
DATE;
ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL PROCESS COST
PROCESS
INSTALLED PROCESS COST =($ ) Worksheet #
(Excluding Working Capital)
LAND COST •($ )(-)
SALVAGE VALUE -($ )(-)
DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT" ($
USEFUL LIFETIME YEARS
SINKING FUND INTEREST RATE t/vr.
SINKING FUND FACTOR ( . )
*
ANNUAL SINKING FUND PAYMENT ( )x(
1
SAIVir.T! V4T.I7P (f )
FIXED CHARGE FOR SALVAGE VALUE ( )x(
)
) - ($ )
L
r
) - -($ )
ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC. ($ ) 1 ]
FIXED CHARGE FOR ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC. ( )
AMOUNT OF BOND ISSUE ($ )
ANNUAL BOND INTEREST RATE_ f 4/yr.
ANNUAL BOND INTEREST = ( /100 )x($
ANNUAL RENT
INVESTMENT INSURED ($ ) .
ANNUAL INSURANCE RATE 4/yr. 1
+ . »
ANNUAL INSURANCE = ( /100 )*(< )
INVESTMENT PROPERTY TAXED ($ ) 1
ANNUAL PROPERTY TAX RATE */vr.
| t
ANNUAL PROPERTY TAX - ( /100)x($ )
x( ) • ($ )
1
r
) - ($ )
- ($ )
- ($ )
- ($ )
ANNUAL FIXED CHARGES
($
124
-------
TABLE 41
PART 2 of 4
RAW MATERIAL QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT PRICE COST PER YEAR
( ) x ($ ) = ($
C ) x ($ ) = ($
( ) x ($ ) = ($
( ) x ($ ) - ($
( ) x ($ ) = ($
C ) x ($ ) = f$
( ) x ($ ) _ = _ _C$
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR RAW MATERIALS
)
)
)
)
)
)
i
($ )
UTILITY QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT PRICE COST PER YEAR
( ) x ($ ) = {$
( ) x ($ ) = C$
C ) x ($ ) - ($
( ) x ($ ) = C$
( > ) x C$ ) _-_..($
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR UTILITIES
ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COST *
ANNUAL OPERATOR COST
SUPERVISORS REQUIRED PER SHIFT (
SHIFTS PER DAY ( )
ANNUAL SUPERVISOR SALARY + BURDEN ( ) 1
ANNAUL SUPERVISOR COST = ( ) x ( ) x (
FOREMEN REQUIRED PER SHIFT (
SHIFTS PER DAY ( • )
ANNUAL FOREMAN SALARY + BURDEN ( )
* I I
ANNUAL FOREMEN COST = ( ) x C ) X (
CONTRACTUAL SERVICE COST
C
(
(
(
(
ANNUAL COST CONTRACTUAL SERVICES AND MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
ANNUAL COST RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
ANNUAL COST OF ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC.
)
)
)
)
}
($ ^
($ )
($ )
)
) - ($ )
)
) = ($ )
)
\
- ($ )
- ($ )
• ($ )
ANNUAL DIRECT OPERATING COST
($
125
-------
TABLE 41
PART 3 of 4
POSITION NUMBER SALARY + BURDEN
C ) x ($ ) =
( } x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) =
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) =
C ) x ($ ) =
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x C$ ) -
ANNUAL COST ADMINISTRATION AND STAFF
SPECIAL ITEM
ANNUAL COST SPECIAL ITEMS
COST PER YEAR
($ )
C$ )
($ )
($ J
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
ANNUAL INDIRECT OPERATING COSTS
($
SUMMARY
ANNUAL FIXED CHARGES
ANNUAL DIRECT OPERATING COSTS
ANNUAL INDIRECT OPERATING COSTS
TOTAL ANNUAL COST EXCLUDING TAX CREDIT
($
($
($
($
126
-------
TABLE 41
PART 4 of 4
ANNUAL TAX CREDIT:
TAX DEPRECIATION METHOD
DEPRECIATION LIFETIME FOR TAX PURPOSES
DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT
INCOME TAX RATE
YEAR
= ($
DEPRECIATION
C
c
c
RATE (%/year)
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
/ 100 3
/ 100 )
/ 100, 3
/ 100 )
/ 100 3
/ 100 )
/ 100 )
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
( ) x
(\ „
J •"•
( ) x
C ) x
(•\ „
J •*•
C 3 x
( 3 x
( 3 x
( 3 x
( 3 x
( 3 x
(•\ „
) •*•
( 3 x
f "\ V
V. J *
C 3 x
C 3 x
c$
c$
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
ANNUAL TAX CREDIT
) - ($ )
) - (1 )
3 = ($ )
3 = ($ )
) - ($ 3
) - ($ )
3 - ($ )
3 = C$ )
) - ($ 3
) - ($ )
) • ($ )
) - ($ )
) - ($ )
) - CJ 3
) - ($ 3
) - ($ )
c$
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT:
TAX DEPRECIATION METHOD
DEPRECIATION LIFETIME FOR TAX PURPOSES_
INTEREST RATE %
DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT RATE (
INCOME TAX RATE ( ) 1
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT = ( ) x (
($
) X ($
C$
127
-------
6. Residual waste disposal, and
7. Royalties, licenses, fees, etc. which are operation
dependent.
The user should adopt a flexible attitude towards the inter-
pretation of these items so as not to preclude any costs which are
closely related to operation. Thus laboratory equipment and
supplies, not included in the installed process cost, may need
be considered with the items of a more permanent nature being
amortized over their useful lifetime to determine their annual
cost. Similarly, operating chemicals and supplies should be
included although they may not conform to one's general
concept of raw materials. If marked changes in production or
processing rate are expected during the lifetime of the process,
some of the pertinent operating costs may have to be evaluated
each year.
Supplemental worksheets, such as given in Tables 42 to 46, may
be used if the particular items of the annual direct operating
costs are numerous. They are particularly useful for estimating
maintenance and operator requirements by the detailing of
individual installed equipment module requirements using the
estimates for each presented in the Data Manual.
i
The next section of the worksheet deals with the estimation
of the annual indirect operating costs including:
1. Administrative personnel and staff, and
2. Special items such as medical facilities, office supplies,
safety and protection costs, communications, distribution
and marketing expenses, research and development costs, etc.
which may be applicable in individual cases.
The total annual cost excluding the tax credit is then
calculated as the sum of the annual fixed charges, the annual
direct operating costs, and the annual indirect operating costs.
128
-------
TABLE 42
WORKSHEET # DATE:
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL RAW MATERIAL COSTS
PROCESS
RAW MATERIAL QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT 1
( ) x ($
( ) x ($
( ) C$
C ) C$
( ) c$
( ) ($
( ) ($
( ) ($
( ) C$
( ) C$
( ) ($
C ) f$
( ) ($
( ) C$
( ) ($
( ) ($
C ) ($
( ) ($
( ) ($
DRICE
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
•)
]
)
)
)
)
COST PER YEAR
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= C$ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
TOTAL = ($
129
-------
TABLE 43
WORKSHEET #
DATE
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL UTILITY COSTS
PROCESS
UTILITY QUANTITY PER YEAR
( ) x
( ) x
C 1 Y
V. J A
( ) x
( ) x
( ] X
f ~\ Y
V. J •«•
(-1
) x
r "i -y
i J A
r I Y
i J A
( ] x
( ) x
( ) x
C ) x
( ) x
C ) x
( \ Y
I J A
( ) x
( ) x
( ) x
UNIT I
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
'RICE
) =
) =
) =
"i
J
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
}
•\
) =
) =
) =
-i
J
•\
J
-i
J
COST PER YEAR
($ )
($ )
($ J
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
C$ )
($ )
C$ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
TOTAL
($
130
-------
TABLE 44
WORKSHEET #
DATE
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COSTS
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT INSTALLED COST
MODULE
($ ) x
($
($
($
C$
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
C$
C$
C$
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) X
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
FRAC. MAINTENANCE
PER
YEAR
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
C ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
C ) =
( ) =
COST
PER
YEAR
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
TOTAL
= ($
131
-------
TABLE 45
WORKSHEET #
DATE;
EVALUATION OF MANUAL OPERATOR REQUIREMENTS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE OPERATORS SHIFTS
PER SHIFT PER DAY
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
( ) x c )
( ) x ( )
( ) X ( j
( ) X ( )
( ) X ( )
C ) x ( )
( ) x ( )
( ) x ( )
( ) x ( )
OPERATOR
REQUIREMENT
PER DAY
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= C )
= C )
— ( ~\
~ 1 )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
= ( )
- ( )
TOTAL
= (
132
-------
TABLE 46
WORKSHEET # DATE:
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL CONTRACTURAL SERVICES AND MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
PROCESS
ITEM COST PER YEAR
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
TOTAL = ($ )
133
-------
The next section of the worksheet details the calculation of
the annual tax credit for each year of the lifetime of the
process. For the convenience of the user the depreciation
rate is given in Appendix C as a function of the method of de-
preciation chosen and the depreciation lifetime. For all
but straight line depreciation the annual amount will vary
with time.
The calculation of the discounted tax credit (the present
value of all annual tax credits) is the last entry in the
worksheet. For the convenience of the user, the discounted
tax credit rate is given in Appendix D as a function of the
depreciation lifetime. Only for an interest rate of 0%/year
will the arithmetic sum of the annual tax credits be equal
to the discounted tax credit.
EXAMPLE
To illustrate the use of the worksheets for estimating the
annual cost of a process, the dyestuff and organic chemical
wastewater treatment process previously used as an example
will be chosen. Arbitrary values will be selected and duly
noted for information which can be highly location dependent.
Consider first the steps involved in estimating the annual
fixed charges as indicated in Worksheet #E2-24, Table 47.
1. The process under consideration, Dyestuff and Organic
Chemical Wastewater Treatment, is first noted.
2. The installed process cost, exclusive of working capital,
is then recorded. For the example, it is $897,300 as
determined using Worksheet #E2-23, Table 40.
3. The cost of land which entered into the determination of
the installed process cost is noted. For the example this
cost was assumed to be zero.
4. The expected salvage value of the process after its useful
lifetime is entered next. For purposes of the preliminary
estimate a value of zero is assumed.
134
-------
TABLE 4 7
PART 1 of 4
WORKSHEET It <£ xf " «* X DATE:
ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL PROCESS COST
b^^Ssy**** &**&/&6&£*'*Se'' X***4*e*"*
2.
TNSTAt.T.F.n PRnr.p.ss rnsT =(^%997.50ti] Worksheet # ^Z-,%3
(Excluding Working Capital)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
LAND COST "($ )(-)
SALVAGE
VALUE = ($ • )(-)
DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT3 ($/!f/^^«)
USEFUL
SINKING
SINKING
ANNUAL
SALVAGE
LIFETIME /•& YEARS
FUND INTEREST RATE & Jji/vr.
FUND FACTOR (^.^#p^»)
'
SINKING FUND PAYMENT (^.^^CWtf)x( /^^ ^«tf ) - ($./<£ .^w)
1
v^nip ft . •)
FIXED CHARGE FOR SALVAGE VALUE ( ~ )x(A^#
1-
CV^j = -($ )
ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC. ($ — ) J 1
FIXED CHARGE FOR ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC. ( — )
AMOUNT
ANNUAL
ANNUAL
ANNUAL
OF BOND ISSUE ($ " )
BOND INTEREST RATE %/yr.
BOND INTEREST = ( /100 )x($
RENT
x( ) = ($ . )
,
- ) . ($ — )
= ($ — )
INVESTMENT INSURED ($??ZJ&Q ) r
*7'j •'"^ ) r
19. ANNUAL INSURANCE RATE &•£ l/vr. 1
± y
20. ANNUAL INSURANCE = ( 0. 5 /100 )*($ ?9 7,***) = C$
21. INVESTMENT PROPERTY TAXED
22. ANNUAL PROPERTY TAX RATE _
23. ANNUAL PROPERTY TAX = (
24. ANNUAL FIXED CHARGES C$
's/,y°Q)—[
^o")lc7'[
135
-------
TABLE 47 (cont.)
PART 2 of 4
RAW MATERIAL
COST PER YEAR
_?*>.«$ /*/»/ C ) x
( ) x
( ) x
( ) x
( ) x
C ) x
C ) x
($ ) -
($ ) =
($ ) •
($ ) -
($ ) -
($ ) =
($ ) -
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR RAW MATERIALS
UTILITY _ QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT PRICE
"^ C "\ ~y
V. J **•
C ) x
( ) x
C ) x
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR UTILITIES
ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COST • jlSetr&df
ANNUAL OPERATOR COST
SUPERVISORS REQUIRED PER SHIFT
SHIFTS PER DAY
ANNUAL SUPERVISOR SALARY + BURDEN (
ANNAUL SUPERVISOR COST = (
FOREMEN REQUIRED PER SHIFT
SHIFTS PER DAY
ANNUAL FOREMAN SALARY + BURDEN (
ANNUAL FOREMEN COST = (
CONTRACTUAL SERVICE COST /tfjSC. /*
^&&0S&^P+TS cjg' 4/SJ&. (d'Sfft
^Jrsjik+y^Zy*' /yfc/*//! i
•^X^HASJ&S/e ^CS^lS/fff
($ ) =
($ ) -
($ ) .=
m
,« V
) x C )
) x ( )
V/LT**')
*'*&S*S*'
C$ ^ 3Sfij &b*G&ier*J-*t5-
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
___!$ }
($/^ 5X5')
COST PER YEAR
($ )
($ )
C$ )
...f! 1
($ £j^6CO}
($ /Z/CG}
( — • )
x ( ) - ($ . )
t «^MM^ ^
(. J
X ( ) « ($ )
C^-Ofe)
(y^^ec}
C )
f )
ANNUAL COST CONTRACTUAL SERVICES AND
ANNUAL COST RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
ANNUAL COST OF ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC.
MISCELLANEOUS
ITEMS " ($^^?^)
" (J ' J
- ($ )
ANNUAL DIRECT OPERATING COST
136
-------
TABLE 47 (cont.)
PART 3 of 4
POSITION
NUMBER
SALARY + BURDEN
COST PER YEAR
fj/o/A/Ce* ( rJt )
x^py/4'. £4f**s*j* (.'/^}
J?j£~s£c&(*^ )
'^ ) - ($ j£, #<»0 )
»«)-($ j&Ty* )
»^ ) - c$ ^r^)
) - c$ )
) « c$ )
) - c$ )
) - c$ )
) - c$ )
) • c$ )
(V%&^
c$ )
c$ )
c$ )
c$ )
c$ j
($ — )
ANNUAL INDIRECT OPERATING COSTS
SUMMARY
ANNUAL FIXED CHARGES
ANNUAL DIRECT OPERATING COSTS
ANNUAL INDIRECT OPERATING COSTS
TOTAL ANNUAL COST EXCLUDING TAX CREDIT
($ 6 oj
($
($
137
-------
TABLE 47 (cont.)
PART 4 of 4
ANNUAL TAX CREDIT:
TAX DEPRECIATION METHOD,,
DEPRECIATION LIFETIME FOR TAX PURPOSES
DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT
INCOME TAX RATE
YEAR
DEPRECIATION RATE (I/year)
( /£* 33 I 100 )
( /!< & I 100 )
( S*.
So
I 100
/ 100
/ 100
/ 100
/ 100 ) x
. / 100 ) x
r->y$ i 100 ) x
/ 100 ) x
/ 100 ) x
/ 100 ) x
/ 100 ) x
/ 100 ) x
100 ) x
/ 100 ) x
x
x
C )
X
x
ANNUAL TAX CREDIT
($ " ) = ($ 5^
($ ., ) = ($
($ ,. ) = ($
($ - ) = ($
($ « ) = ($
($ „ ) = ($
($ " ) = ($
($ " ) = ($
($ •• ) = ($
($ " ) = ($
($ " ) = ($
($ " ) = ($
($ '• ) = ($
($ " ) - ($
($ * ) = ($
($ ) = ($
($
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT:
TAX DEPRECIATION METHOD
DEPRECIATION LIFETIME FOR TAX PURPOSES
INTEREST RATE ^
DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT RATE
INCOME TAX RATE (•
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT = (0,£ ) x
j
138
-------
5. The depreciable capital investment is computed by sub-
tracting land cost and salvage value from the installed
process cost. For the example a value of $897,300 is obtained,
6. The next step involves the estimation of the useful life-
time of the process, namely the period over which it is
to be depreciated for accounting purposes. This value
may vary from industry to industry as suggested in the
Data Manual and might also be different for various parts
of the process, particularly if a general service facility
such as a power generation station or a water reservoir
has been included in the process. If the latter is the
case, the user should note the useful lifetimes and
corresponding depreciable capital investments separately.
For the example, a reasonable value of 15 years is
assumed for the entire process.
7. The interest rate on the sinking fund is recorded. A rate
of 6% is chosen for illustration,
8. Based on the useful lifetime and the interest rate on the
sinking fund, the annual value of the sinking fund factor
is determined from Appendix B. For 15 years at 6%/yr. a value
of 0.04296 is obtained.
9. The annual sinking fund payment is computed as the product
of the annual sinking fund factor and the depreciable capital
investment. For the example process this amounts to $38,550.
10. The salvage value is again recorded.
11. The annual credit for salvage value is computed as the
product of the sinking fund factor and the salvage value.
Zero is assumed in the example.
12. The cost of lump sum royalties, licenses, fees, etc. are
recorded. For the example process no charges were
applicable.
13. The annual fixed charge for lump sum royalties, licenses,
fees, etc., assuming amortization over the useful lifetime
of the process, is computed as the product of the sinking
fund factor and the lump sum.
139
-------
14. If a bond issue was used to finance a portion of the
installed process cost, the amount of the bond issue
is noted. In the example this is assumed not to be
applicable.
15. The annual bond interest rate is recorded.
16. The annual amount of the interest on bonds is computed
as the product of the amount of the bond issue and the
annual bond interest rate.
17, The annual expenditure for rented buildings, equipment,
etc. is entered into the worksheet next. In most cases
this annual expense amounts to 8-10% of the value of
the rented items except for specialized equipment where
it can be considerably higher. For the example this entry
is not applicable.
18. The amount of the investment to be insured is next
recorded. This will depend on the individual company,
location, age of facility, and perhaps local regulations.
An amount of $897,300 is selected arbitrarily for the
example.
19. The annual rate for insurance is noted next. In most
cases this amounts to 0.4 to 1% based on the installed
process cost. A value of 0.5% is arbitrarily chosen for
the example.
20. The annual expenditure for insurance is computed as the
product of the insured investment and the insurance rate.
For the example, $4,487 is obtained.
21. The amount of the investment subject to property tax is
noted. This can vary markedly with location. For
illustration only, $897,300 is chosen for the example.
22. The annual property tax rate is recorded. This is
generally in the range of 1-4% when based on the installed
process cost but must be recognized to be location depen-
dent. For illustration, a value of 2% per year is chosen
in the example.
140
-------
23. The annual expense for property tax is computed as the
product of the taxable investment and the local tax rate.
In the example, a value of $17,946 is obtained.
24. The annual fixed charges are then computed as the sum of
its component parts. A value of $60,983 is obtained for
the example process.
The step by step estimation of the annual direct operating cost
for the example process is given next.
1. The individual annual requirements for raw materials are
listed together with their unit prices. The annual cost
of each is then computed. For the example, the supple-
mental worksheet #E2-25 given in Table 48 is used to
illustrate the procedure. The current reported costs of
most raw materials may be found in the Oil, Paint, and Drug
Reporter if they are not available to the user.
2. The direct operating cost for raw materials is then computed
by summing the individual costs. For the quantities chosen
in the example, an annual cost of $99,315 is obtained.
3. The individual annual requirements for utilities are listed
together with their unit prices. The annual cost of each
is then computed. For the example, the only significant
utility is electricity for pumps. The total horsepower
requirement was estimated from the individual equipment
modules to be approximately 340 HP. This converts to
approximately 2,200,000 kw hr.assuming continuous operation.
Arbitrarily choosing $0.015/kw hr., a rate which will be
location dependent, the annual cost is estimated at $33,000.
Local utilities are the best source of the necessary cost
data if such information is not available to the user.
4. The annual direct operating cost for utilities is computed
by summing the individual costs.
»
5. The annual cost of maintenance is then estimated. For the
example, the supplemental worksheet E2-26 given in Table 49.
Each installed equipment module, its installation cost,
the fraction of the installation cost required for annual
maintenance (estimated using the Data Manual),and the re-
sulting annual maintenance cost are noted. A total of
141
-------
TABLE 48
WORKSHEET # ^'X-JJ' DATE:
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL RAW MATERIAL COSTS
PROCESS
RAW MATERIAL QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT
/#/*''*? ( J& /4>*sf ) x ($7k
/^feftto/e//? Jt*/4r<7/*ets5 ( £f 7b*s$ ) x ($xif
/fyff/0**//2 J 9 e/ £*>*>$ ( **^ *$><*& -) f $ ./-
^V^i/>^tf »«P£ ^/^ ( /-^ s&*ss ) ($.TJ!
^/jtf&Ji^'ASf ( ^^ /iTb T^TA/S } ($S.~
SSvsS'"* <£<*{ &%> C ^^* ) f$/*i
^^^^tf C &***;* •} f$^
C ) C$
( ) f$
C ) C$
C ) ($
( D f$
( ) C$
( ) f$
C ) C$
( ) ($
C ) C$
C ) ($
PRICE
6/S^
Y^su)
9 Sj -\
/y**j )
/s4*>}
)
)
)
)
)
)
}
)
)
)
COST PER YEAR
= ($ ?,&* )
= ($ 7*£ )
= c$ r^v )
= ($ */s*7S )
= ($ 'Vy- )
= C$ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
- (* )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
142
TOTAL = ($ ,,^
-------
TABLE 49
WORKSHEET #
DATE
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COSTS
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT
MODULE
INSTALLED COST
($
($
»-c/
($
($
($
($
C$
FRAC. MAINTENANCE
PER
YEAR
x
x
X
. ^>£>
COST
PER
YEAR
) =
) = ($
)
)
)
)
)
= ($
) =
) =
) =
) =
•\ t_
) =
) =
) =
) =
TOTAL
143
-------
TABLE 49 (cont.)
WORKSHEET #
DATE
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COSTS
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT
MODULE
:CfX-*x) ($
- iwj
6?J-/7)
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
INSTALLED COST
($
($
($*
($
C$
($
($
^^d
^^^
3
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FRAC. MAINTENANCE
PER
YEAR
COST
PER
YEAR
) =
) =
) =
) =
*\ —
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
TOTAL
144
-------
TABLE 49 (cont.)
WORKSHEET #
DATE
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COSTS
PROCESS
i
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT
MODULE
INSTALLED COST
($
($
($
, Joe
FRAC. MAINTENANCE
PER
YEAR
+<*
($
($
($
x (
F7^?
COST
PER
YEAR
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
**»)
//fSf^r: {^t-jtz) ($ ^5
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
*** ) ^ ( #.£>
) X (
) x (
) x (
) X (
) X (
) X (
) x (
-------
approximately $17,100 is obtained.
6. The annual cost of operator labor is then estimated. A
list of installed equipment modules together with an
estimate of the requirements for each (refer to Data
Manual for the usual range of requirements) may be made
using a supplemental worksheet. For the example chosen,
operator requirements are minimal on an item by item
basis. Requirements based on the overall process are
estimated to be 3 men per day to carry out the functions!
of operator, analytical technician, and material handler.
At an average salary of $5,500 per year, plus an additional
20% burden, the annual operator cost is estimated to be
$19,800.
7. The annual costs for supervisors and foremen are next
to detailed. For the example, negligible cost is assumed
14. because of the small operator requirements.
15. Annual contractual services together with miscellaneous
annual direct operating items are listed. For the
example, an annual amortized cost of $5,000 is estimated for
purchased laboratory (equipment not considered in evalua-
ting the installed process cost. A cost of $1,250 has
been assumed for a contract for laboratory maintenance
and repair. Also expendable laboratory supplies has been
listed as $1,000 a year.
16. The annual cost of contractual services and miscellaneous
items is then computed as the sum of the individual costs.
For purposes of the illustration, $7,250 is obtained.
17. The annual cost of residual waste disposal, if applicable,
is considered next. In most cases this would be evaluated
on a quantity per year, unit price, and, subsequently,
annual cost for each material requiring residual disposal.
For the example, this cost is assumed negligible.
18. The annual cost of royalties, licenses, and fees related
to rate of production, if applicable, is next entered.
For the example, this category is not applicable.
19. The annual direct operating cost is computed by summing its
component parts. A value of $176,465 results for the
sample calculation.
146
-------
The estimation of the annual indirect operating costs for the
example process follows on the worksheet. For purposes of
illustration, the following step by step procedure is used.
1. The individual requirements for administrative personnel
and staff are listed together with the annual salary and
burden of each. The annual cost of each requirement is
subsequently computed. For the example, the requirements
chosen for illustration include part time efforts by an
engineer, an analytical chemist, a lab technician, and
a secretary.
2. The annual cost for administration and staff is computed
by summing the individual requirements. For the illustra-
tion, an annual cost of $17,525 is obtained.
3. The annual cost of special indirect items is detailed next.
and For the example,none of the variety of possible expenses
4. under this category are detailed.
5. The annual indirect cost is computed by adding the annual
costs of administration, staff, and special indirect items.
For the illustration, $17,525 is obtained.
Adding, in the next section of the worksheet, the annual fixed
charges, the annual direct operating costs, and the annual
indirect operating costs, the annual process cost excluding the
tax credit is obtained. For the example evaluation, a total
estimate of approximately $255,000 is obtained.
The annual tax credits are computed next for the example.
1. The double declining switching to straight line depreciation
method is chosen for the example.
2. A depreciation lifetime for tax purposes of 15 years is
selected.
3. The amount of the depreciable capital investment ($897,300)
is recorded.
4. An income tax rate of 50% is assumed.
147
-------
5. The annual tax credit is then computed for each year in
the process lifetime by multiplying the annual depreciation
rate (determined from Appendix C) by the income tax rate
and the amount of the depreciable capital investment.
For the example the annual tax credit ranges from $59,805
in year 1 to $20,414 during the last years of the process
lifetime.
The last procedure illustrated for the example is the evaluation
of the discounted tax credit.
1. The depreciation method double declining switching to
straight line is chosen for the example.
2. A depreciation lifetime for tax purposes of 15 years is
selected.
3. An interest rate of 6% is arbitrarily assumed.
4. The amount of the depreciable capital investment ($897,300)
is recorded.
5. The discounted tax credit rate is found to be 0.71119 from
Appendix D.
6. An income tax rate of 50|/yr. is arbitrarily assumed.
7. The discounted tax credit is computed by multiplying the
discounted tax credit rate, the income tax rate, and the
amount of the depreciable capital investment. A value of
$319,075 is obtained for the example.
148
-------
SECTION XI
ESTIMATION OF PROFIT
The elements comprising profit as well as the more common
indices used to compare profit have been discussed in detail
in Section IV: POLLUTION CONTROL ECONOMICS. In this section
this information is re-iterated in worksheet form and step
by step instructions for completing the worksheets are given.
The first worksheet presented, Table 50, details the calcula-
tion of several annual indices of profit.
1. The process under consideration is first noted.
2. The various marketable products from the process are then
recorded, the market volume per year and the per volume
selling price of each detailed, and the annual sales
computed as the product of the volume and the per volume
price.
3. The total annual sales is computed as the sum of the annual
sales of each product.
4. The total annual process cost exclusive of the annual tax
credit, as determined in the worksheet given in Table 41,
is recorded.
5. The annual payments to the sinking fund for depreciable
capital investment and lump sum royalties, licenses, fees,
etc. as determined in the worksheet given in Table 41, is
listed.
6. The annual fixed credit (a positive number) for salvage
value, as determined in the worksheet given in Table 41,
is recorded.
7. The annual gross profit is evaluated as the total annual
sales, less the total annual process cost exclusive of the
annual tax credit, plus the annual sinking fund payments,
and less the annual fixed credit for salvage value.
8. The annual sinking fund payments are listed again.
149
-------
TABLE 50
WORKSHEET # DATE
ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL PROFIT INDICES
PROCESS
PRODUCT VOLUME PER YEAR PER VOLUME SALE PRICE ANNUAL SALES
( ) x ( ) = ( )
TOTAL ANNUAL SALES ($ ) (+)
TOTAL ANNUAL PROCESS COST (EXCLUSIVE OF ANNUAL ($ ) (-)
TAX CREDIT)
ANNUAL SINKING FUND PAYMENTS ($ ) (+)
ANNUAL FIXED CREDIT FOR SALVAGE VALUE ($ ) (-)
ANNUAL GROSS PROFIT ($ )(+)
ANNUAL SINKING FUND PAYMENTS ($ )(-)
ANNUAL TAX CREDIT ($ ) ( + )
INCOME TAX RATE
ANNUAL INCOME TAXES = ( ) x ( ) = ($ ) (-)
EXCLUDING TAX
CREDIT
ANNUAL NET PROFIT = ($)(+)
MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE ANNUAL RETURN RATE
WORKING CAPITAL
INSTALLED PROCESS COST
MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE ANNUAL RETURN = () + () x () = ($ )(-)
ANNUAL VENTURE PROFIT =
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE OF RETURN
100(ANNUAL NET PROFIT)/(INSTALLED PROCESS COST + WORKING CAPITAL)
100 ( )/( + )
PAYOUT TIME = (INSTALLED PROCESS COST/TOTAL ANNUAL SALES
= ( / ) years
150
-------
9. The annual tax credit, as determined from the worksheet
in Table 41, is listed for the year being considered
or a suitable average is chosen.
10. The annual income tax rate is recorded.
11. The annual amount of the income taxes,before the annual
tax credit is used to reduce the amount of the tax,is
computed as the product of the annual income tax rate
and the annual gross profit. (The total annual income
tax would be the amount before the tax credit less the
amount of the tax credit.)
12. The annual net profit is the annual gross profit, less
the annual sinking fund payments, plus the annual tax
credit, less the annual income taxes exclusive tax credit.
13. The minimum acceptable annual return rate is given next.
14. The amount required for working capital is then specified.
15. The installed process cost, as determined using the
worksheet given in Table 13, is recorded.
16. The minimum acceptable annual return is computed by
multiplying the minimum acceptable annual return rate
by the sum of the working capital and the installed
process cost.
17. The annual venture profit is computed as being the annual
net profit less the minimum accpetable annual return.
18. The annual percentage rate of return is computed as being
100 times the annual net profit divided by the sum of the
installed process cost and the working capital.
19. Payout time is computed by dividing the installed process
cost by the total annual sales.
In the general case where annual sales, annual process costs,
and annual tax credit change with time, the worksheet in Table
50 may have to be evaluated for each year. If this is done, the
venture worth of the process, defined as the sum of the present
value of the annual venture profits, may be computed.
151
-------
By definition:
W =
k = 1
where
W = venture worth
k = index indicating year
L = process lifetime, years
i = interest rate earned on money
V, = venture profit during year k
The step by step procedure for determining this sum is
determined in the worksheet given in Table 51.
Alternately the equation
w - J (1't)Gk
k=l (1+1JK k=l
- i) (DC + WC)
- DC
^L
(1-t)
•-TL
152
-------
TABLE 51
WORKSHEET #
DATE
ESTIMATION OF VENTURE WORTH
PROCESS
INTEREST
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
RATE i
PRESENT VALUE
FACTOR
l/(l+i) =(
1/d + i)2 =(
l/(l+i)3 -(
1/d + i)4 =(
i/Ci+i)5 -C
l/(l+i)6 =(
7
1/d + i)8 =(
l/(l+i)9 =(
l/(l+i)10=(
l/(l + i)n=(
l/(l+i)12=(
l/(l+i)13=(
l/(l+i)14=(
l/(l+i)15=(
) X
) X
) X
) x
) X
) x
) X
) X
) X
) X
) X
) X
) X
) x
) X
ANNUAL VENTURE
PROFIT
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
PRESENT VALUE
- ($
' ($
- ($
• ($
• ($
= ($
• ($
• ($
' ($
' ($
= ($
' ($
' ($
- ($
• ($
VENTURE WORTH = ($
153
-------
where
W = venture worth
L = project lifetime in years
t = income tax rate
i = interest rate earned on money
G, = gross profit for year k
^•f- v = annual depreciation rate for tax purposes for year k
\,, K
DC = depreciable capital investment
i = minimum acceptable rate of return
WC = working capital
SV = salvage value
can be used to evaluate the venture worth. Appendix D may be
used to evaluate the discounted tax credit rate.
k=l (l+i)
and, if Gt remains constant with k at G,
k=l
can be replaced by
L
ir
to simplify the calculation
154
-------
SECTION XII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was directed by Mr. Herbert G. Blecker. Assistance
in this effort by many individuals in and out of government has
been extremely helpful. We especially acknowledge those vendors
and contractors who have assisted in the effort. We are grateful
for the guidance provided by Mr. Paul Greenberger and other mem-
bers of the Environmental Protection Agency Staff.
155
-------
SECTION XIII
REFERENCES
1. Blecker, H. G. and Nichols, T. M., C0gT® System User's
Manual, Second Edition, ICARUS Corporation,Silver Spring,
Maryland, January 1973.
2. Jackson, G. S. and Blecker, H. G., Economic Evaluation of
Wastewater Management Systems by Computer,to bepresented
at the National Meeting of the American Association of
Cost Engineers, St. Louis, Mo., June 1973.
3. Blecker, H. G., From Process Flowsheet to Detailed Estimate,
presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
18th Annual All-Day Meeting, University of Delaware, March
27, 1973.
4. Blecker, H. G., Computer Simulation of Definitive Estimates,
to be presented at the National Meeting of the American
Association of Cost Engineers, St. Louis, Mo., June 1973.
5. Blecker, H. G., Cost Models: A Computerized Approach to
the Simulation of Equipment Cost,1972 Transactions of the
American Association of Cost Engineers.
6. Blecker, H. G., Simulation of Chemical Processing Plant
Investment by Computer,1972 Transactions of the Summer
Computer Simulation Conference, San Diego, California,
June 14-16, 1972.
7. Internal Revenue Service, Depreciation Guidelines and
Rules, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
August 1964.
8. Rase, H. F. and Barrow, M. H., Project Engineering
of Process Plants, John Wiley and Sons,Inc., New York,
N.Y. , May 1967.
9. Ludwig, E. E., Applied Process Design for Chemical and
Petrochemical Plants, Vol.I- III, Gulf PubTishing Company,
Houston, Texas, 1964.
156
-------
SECTION XIV
GLOSSARY
Adjustment Factor - An additive or multiplicative factor for
adjlisting installed base cost to obtain installed cost. The
adjustments may be regional (for location of installation),
design (for the type of design), pressure, temperature, cost
escalation, or other pertinent parameters.
Cost Escalation Factor - See Adjustment Factor, a composite
of the Marshall 6j Stevens Index and the Engineering News
Record Construction Cost Index.
Design Adjustment Factor - See Adjustment Factor.
E q u i pm ent 11em - A piece of processing equipment. Generally
refersto the piece as purchased and before installation.
Installed Base Cost - The installed cost for an equipment
module in a nominal location with nominal design and operating
characteristics.
Installed Cost - The cost including purchased equipment,
materialand labor requirements for installation, contractors
engineering and overhead. For processes, includes contractors
fee, contingencies, and land cost as well.
Installed Equipment Module - An equipment item together with
its usual accessories, all completely installed.
Key Cost Parameter - The single physical or capacity
characteristic of an installed equipment module which is
most directly related to installed cost.
Labor to Material Ratio - The ratio of labor to material
requirements in installed equipment module.
Pressure Adjustment Factor - See Adjustment Factor.
Regional Adjustment Factor - See Adjustment Factor.
Subcontract Cost - The fee paid to another by the contractor
for services, such as erecting a building, completing yard
improvements, etc.
Temperature Adjustment Factor - See Adjustment Factor.
157
-------
GLOSSARY
Additional glossaries may be found in
1. Industrial § Engineering Chemistry 52 (6), 69 (1960)
2. Industrial § Engineering Chemistry 5_2_ (7), 53 (1960)
3. J. H. Perry, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 4th Ed.,
pages 26-2, to 26-5.
158
-------
SECTION XV
APPENDICES
Page No
A. Blank Worksheets 160
B. Values of Annual Sinking Fund Factor 180
C. Values of Annual Depreciation Rate 186
D. Values of Discounted Tax Credit Rate 235
159
-------
APPENDIX A
BLANK WORKSHEETS
160
-------
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR ONLY)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:.
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:.
KEY COST PARAMETER:.
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:
ADJUSTMENT:
Regional FR =
1972 INSTALLED COST =(
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:.
INSTALLED COST p
(Installation Date)
)x($
)=($
($
) = ($
161
-------
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ARE MULTIPLIED)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:.
KEY COST PARAMETER:
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST:($ )
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional• •
x
x
• X
• X
• X
ADJUSTMENT PRODUCT
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR:
INSTALLED COST = (
(Installation Date)
I f
1972 INSTALLED COST = ( ) ($
($
($
162
-------
WORK SHEET # DATE:
ESTIMATION OF INSTALLED COST FOR A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
(GENERALIZED WORK SHEET)
EQUIPMENT MODULE:
DATA SHEET NUMBERS:
KEY COST PARAMETER: '( )
CHARACTERISTIC INSTALLED BASE COST CURVE IF APPLICABLE (
1972 INSTALLED BASE COST: ($ )
ADJUSTMENTS:
Regional
OTHER PARAMETERS:
CHARACTERISTIC ADJUSTMENT EQUATION:
1972 INSTALLED COST = (1972 Installed Base Cost).
j
f
1972 INSTALLED COST = ( ) = ($
INSTALLATION DATE:
COST ESCALATION FACTOR: ;
INSTALLED COST = ( * ) x ( ) = ($
(installation date)
163
-------
WORK SHEET #
EVALUATION OF THE COST ESCALATION FACTOR
DATE:
EQUIPMENT MODULE
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE COST (Mid 1972)
INSTALLATION DATE
MS INDEX AT INSTALLATION DATE
(1946 = 100)
(L/M) RATIO ^
MS ESCALATION FACTOR =(1.-0.5( ))( " /330)
(Set to 0.0 if (L/M) is not known)
ENR INDEX AT INSTALLATION DATE
(1913 = 100)
(L/M) RATIO }
ENR ESCALATION FACTOR = 0.5( )( /1744)
(Set to 1.0 if (L/M) is not known)
;Work Sheet #
= ( )
= ( )
COST ESCALATION FACTOR = (
ESTIMATED INSTALLED COST AT INSTALLATION DATE
164
-------
WORK SHEET »
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF THE ANNUAL COST OF A SINGLE INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
INSTALLED COST ($ )
SALVAGE VALUE -($
Worksheet #
ANNUAL FOREMAN SALARY
ANNUAL FOREMAN COST
BURDEN =($ )
($
)*( )x(
UTILITY QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT PRICE COST PER YEAR
( )x ( )= ($ )
)- ($ )
)= C$ )
( )x ( )= ($ )
)x (
)x (
)x C
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR UTILITIES
TAX DEPRECIATION METHOD STRAIGHT LINE
DEPRECIATION LIFETIME years
DEPRECIATION RATE PER YEARC )
INCOME TAX RATE ( + ) |
TAX CREDIT = ( )*( )*(
TAX CREDIT CONTRIBUTION TO ANNUAL COST
ESTIMATED ANNUAL COST
)
DEPRECIABLE INVESTMENT ($ )
USEFUL LIFETIME years
SINKING FUND INTEREST RATE t/yr.
SINKING FUND FACTOR ( )
FIXED CHARGE DEPRECIABLE INVESTMENT = ( )x($ ) =($
FIXED CHARGE NONDEPRECIABLE SALVAGE VALUE = ( )x($ )!=-($
Salvage
MAINTENANCE AS FRACTION OF INSTALLED COST ( ) Value
f f
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR MAINTENANCE ( ) * ($ ) =($
OPERATORS REQUIRED PER SHIFT (
SHIFTS PER DAY C )
ANNUAL OPERATOR SALARY + BURDEN =($ ) t
ANNUAL OPERATOR COST =($ )*( )x(
SUPERVISOR REQUIRED PER SHIFT C
SHIFTS PER DAY C )
ANNUAL SUPERVISOR SALARY + BURDEN I
ANNUAL SUPERVISOR COST •($ )x( )x( ) -($
FOREMAN REQUIRED PER SHIFT (
SHIFTS PER DAY ( . )
($
($
($
($
($
($
165
-------
WORK SHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF THE INSTALLED PROCESS COST
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #_
;Worksheet #
;Worksheet #
INSTALLED COST
__ ($ )
_ ($ )
__ ($ )
_ ($ )
($ )
TOTAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES COST =($
SPECIAL ITEMS
INSTALLED COST
($
TOTAL
SPECIAL ITEMS INSTALLED
BARE PLANT COST
PERCENT CONTINGENCIES OF BARE
f
CONTINGENCIES = (
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
COST =($ )
-(
PLANT COST
$ )
/100)x($ ) =($ )
CONTRACTORS FEE AS A PERCENT OF BARE PLANT COST
CONTRACTORS FEE = (
COST OF LAND
TOTAL
INSTALLED COST
,. . _i
/100)x($ ) =($ )
= ($ )
-($ )
166
-------
WORKSHEET #
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
; Worksheet #
DATE
INSTALLED COST
($ )
($ )
($ )
C$ )
($ )
($ )
C$ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
C$ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
SUBTOTAL INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULES COST
167
C$
-------
WORKSHEET #
PROCESS
DATE
SPECIAL ITEMS
INSTALLED COST
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
C$ )
C$ )
C$ )
SUBTOTAL SPECIAL ITEMS INSTALLED COST
168
C$
-------
PART 1 of 4
WORKSHEET fr
ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL PROCESS COST
DATE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
PROCESS
INSTALLED PROCESS COST =($ ) Worksheet #_
(Excluding Working Capital)
LAND COST -($ )(-)
SALVAGE VALUE -($ )(-)
DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT=
USEFUL LIFETIME YEARS
SINKING FUND INTEREST RATE %/yr.
SINKING FUND FACTOR (
ANNUAL SINKING FUND PAYMENT (
L_
SALVAGE VALUE ($ ) .
FIXED CHARGE FOR SALVAGE VALUE (
ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC. ($
FIXED CHARGE FOR ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC.
'AMOUNT OF BOND ISSUE
ANNUAL BOND INTEREST RATE
ANNUAL BOND INTEREST
ANNUAL RENT
INVESTMENT INSURED ($
ANNUAL INSURANCE RATE
ANNUAL INSURANCE = C
INVESTMENT PROPERTY TAXED
ANNUAL PROPERTY TAX RATE
ANNUAL PROPERTY TAX =
ANNUAL FIXED CHARGES
C$
)*(
J/yr.
/100 )*($
($ )
($
•($
($
($
/100)x($
($
($
169
-------
PART 2 of 4
RAW MATERIAL
QUANTITY
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
PER YEAR UNIT PRICE
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR RAW MATERIALS
UTILITY QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT PRICE
C ) x [$ 1
(
C
(
(
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
) x ($ )
COST PER YEAR
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
COST PER YEAR
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
.IS J.
($
DIRECT OPERATING COST FOR UTILITIES
ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COST
ANNUAL OPERATOR COST
SUPERVISORS REQUIRED PER SHIFT
SHIFTS PER DAY
ANNUAL SUPERVISOR SALARY + BURDEN (
($
($
($
ANNAUL SUPERVISOR COST =
FOREMEN REQUIRED PER SHIFT
SHIFTS PER DAY
C
)
D x (
)
($
ANNUAL FOREMAN SALARY + BURDEN ( )
* T 1
ANNUAL FOREMEN COST = ( ) x ( ) x (
CONTRACTUAL SERVICE COST
C
C
C
C
(
ANNUAL COST CONTRACTUAL SERVICES AND MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
ANNUAL COST RESIDUAL WASTE DISPOSAL
ANNUAL COST OF ROYALTIES, FEES, ETC.
) = C$ )
)
)
)
)
)
- C* )
- ($ )
- ($ )
ANNUAL DIRECT OPERATING COST
($
170
-------
PART 3 of 4
POSITION NUMBER SALARY + BURDEN
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) -
C ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) -
( ) x ($ ) =
( ) x ($ ) =
( ) x ($ ) -
ANNUAL COST ADMINISTRATION AND STAFF
SPECIAL ITEM
ANNUAL COST SPECIAL ITEMS
COST PER YEAR
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
C$ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
ANNUAL INDIRECT OPERATING COSTS
($
SUMMARY
ANNUAL FIXED CHARGES
ANNUAL DIRECT OPERATING COSTS
ANNUAL INDIRECT OPERATING COSTS
TOTAL ANNUAL COST EXCLUDING TAX CREDIT
($
($
($
($
111
-------
PART 4 of 4
ANNUAL TAX CREDIT:
TAX DEPRECIATION METHOD
INCOME TAX RATE
YEAR
IFETIME FOR TAX PURPOSES
PITAL INVESTMENT
E
DEPRECIATION RATE (4/year3
( / 100 3 x ( 3 x
( / 100 ) x ( ) x
( / 100 3 x ( ) x
( / 100 3 x ( ) x
( / 100 ) x ( 3 x
( / 100 3 x ( ) x
( / 100 3 x ( 3 x
C / 100 3 x ( 3 x
( / loo 3 x ( 3 x
( / 100 3 x ( ) x
( / 100 ) x ( 3 x
( / 100 ) x ( 3 x
( / 100 ) x ( 3 x
( / 100 3 x ( 3 x
( / 100 3 x ( 3 x
( / 100 3 x ( 3 x
C CREDIT:
[ON METHOD
.IFETIME FOR TAX PURPOSES
*
= f$ 1
V.**" J
ANNUAL TAX CREDIT
($)-($ 3
($)-($ 3
($)-($ 3
($ 3 = C$ 3
($ 3 - ($ 3
($ 3 - ($ 3
($ 3 = ($ 3
($ 3 - ($ 3
($ 3 = ($ 3
($ 3 = ($ 3
($ 3 = ($ 3
($ 3 = ($ 3
(*)-(* 3
($ 3 - (5 3
($ 3 - C$ 3
($ 3 - ($ 3
($ 3
INTEREST RATE
DEPRECIABLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT RATE
INCOME TAX RATE ( 3
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT - ( }
x (
($
3 x ($
($
172
-------
WORKSHEET #
DATE:
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL RAW MATERIAL
PROCESS
RAW MATERIAL QUANTITY PER YEAR UNIT
( ) X ($
( ) x ($
( ) f$
( ) C$
C ) ($
( ) ($
C ) ($
( ) C$
C ) ($
( ) ($
C ) ($
c ) c$
( ) ($
( ) ($
C ) ($
C ) ($
( ) ($
C ) ($
C ) C$
COSTS
PRICE
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
COST PER YEAR
= ($ 3
- ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
- ($ )
- ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
- ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
- ($ )
= ($ )
= ($ )
" ($ )
173
TOTAL
($
-------
WORKSHEET
DATE
EVALUATION OF
PROCESS
ANNUAL UTILITY COSTS
UTILITY QUANTITY PER YEAR
( ) x
(
C
(
(
c
(
c
(
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
c
(
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
} x
) x
) X
) X
) x
) x
) X
UNIT J
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
a
($
($
($
($
($
'RICE
) =
•i
J
) =
) =
1
J
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
) =
•\ -
•j _
COST PER YEAR
C$ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
TOTAL
174
-------
WORKSHEET #
DATE
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COSTS
PROCESS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT INSTALLED COST FRAC . MAINTENANCE COST
MODULE PER PER
YEAR YEAR
($ ) x ( ) = ($ )
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
C$ ) x C
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
($ ) x C
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
($ ) x (
C$ 1 x f
) = ($ )
) - ($ )
) « ($ )
) = ($ )
) = ($ )
) - C$ )
) - ($ )
) = ($ )
) - ($ )
D = ($ )
) = ($ )
) = ($ )
) = ($ )
) - ($ )
) = ($ )
TOTAL
= ($
175
-------
WORKSHEET #
DATE:
EVALUATION OF MANUAL OPERATOR REQUIREMENTS
INSTALLED EQUIPMENT MODULE OPERATORS SHIFTS OPERATOR
PER SHIFT PER DAY REQUIREMENT
PER DAY
C ) X ( ) - f }
C
(
(
C
c
(
c
c
(
(
(
(
c
c
c
(
c
) X (
) x (
) x (
) x (
) x (
) x (
) x (
) x (
) x (
) x (
) X (
) x (
) X (
) x (
) x (
) x (
) x c
) - ( )
) - C )
} - ( )
) - C )
) - ( )
) - C )
TOTAL
176
-------
WORKSHEET # DATE:
EVALUATION OF ANNUAL CONTRACTURAL SERVICES AND MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS
PROCESS
« ITEM COST PER YEAR
($ )
___ , ($ )
, ^__J ($ )
_ , ($ )
t ($ )
, ($ )
, , ($ )
. , _C$ )
____, ^ ($ D
TOTAL = ($ )
177
-------
WORKSHEET # DATE
ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL PROFIT INDICES
PROCESS
PRODUCT VOLUME PER YEAR PER VOLUME SALE PRICE ANNUAL SALES
( ) x ( ) = ( )
TOTAL ANNUAL SALES ($ ) (+)
TOTAL ANNUAL PROCESS COST (EXCLUSIVE OF ANNUAL ($ DC")
TAX CREDIT)
ANNUAL SINKING FUND PAYMENTS ($ ) ( + )
ANNUAL FIXED CREDIT FOR SALVAGE VALUE ($ ) (-)
ANNUAL GROSS PROFIT ($ )(+)
ANNUAL SINKING FUND PAYMENTS ($ )(-)
ANNUAL TAX CREDIT ($ ) (+)
INCOME TAX RATE
ANNUAL INCOME TAXES - ( ) x ( ) = ($ ) (-)
EXCLUDING TAX
CREDIT
ANNUAL NET PROFIT = ($ , .) O)
MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE ANNUAL RETURN RATE
WORKING CAPITAL
INSTALLED PROCESS COST
MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE ANNUAL RETURN = () + () x () = ($ ) (-)
ANNUAL VENTURE PROFIT =
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE OF RETURN
= 100(ANNUAL NET PROFIT)/(INSTALLED PROCESS COST + WORKING CAPITAL)
= 100( )/( * )
PAYOUT TIME = (INSTALLED PROCESS COST/TOTAL ANNUAL SALES
= ( / ) years
178
-------
WORKSHEET #
DATE:
ESTIMATION OF VENTURE WORTH
PROCESS
INTEREST
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
RATE i
PRESENT VALUE
FACTOR
I/ (1 + i) =(
l/(l+i)2 =(
I/ d+i)3 -(
1/d+i)4 -(
1/d+i)5 -C
l/(l+i)6 -(
i/d+i)7 -C
l/(l+i)8 =(
l/(l+i)9 -(
l/(l+i)10=(
l/(l + i)1:L=(
l/(l+i)12=(
l/(l+i)13-(
l/(l+i)14=(
l/(l+i)15=(
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) x
) X
) X
) x
) x
) x
) x
) X
) x
) x
ANNUAL VENTURE
PROFIT
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ , )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
($ )
PRESENT VALUE
VENTURE WORTH
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
($
179
-------
APPENDIX B
VALUES OF ANNUAL SINKING FUND FACTOR
180
-------
SINKING FUND DEPOSIT FACTOR
YEARS !
3
4
6
o
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
21
24
2^
24
25
2o
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
3b
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
5V
.00
.,33330
,*500u
.20000
.16667
.14280
.12500
.11111
.10000
.09091
.08333
.0769*
.07143
.06667
.06250
.0588*
.O555t>
.05263
.05000
.0476*
,l'454b
,0434u
.04167
.04000
,0384b
.0370-.
.03571
.03445
.03333
.03226
.0312b
.0303U
.02941
.02657
.02776
.0270.1
•0£63*
.02564
.02500
.02439
.U238i
.0232o
.0227.3
.0222*
.02174
.02l2b
! .02083
: .02041
: ,U200u
.25
.33250
.24907
.19900
.165&3
.14179
.12391
.11001
,09686
.08978
.08219
.07576
.07028
.06551
.06134
.057&6
.0543&
.05146
.04882
.04644
.04427
.04229
.04048
.03881
.03727
.03585
.03452
.03329
.03214
.03106
.03006
.02911
.02822
.02738
.02658
.02583
.02512
,0244c»
.02330
.02319
.02261
.02206
.02153
.02102
,0205i»
.02006
,01963
.01921
.01680
.50
.33167
.24813
,19801
.16460
.14073
,12263
.10891
,09777
,08866
.08107
.07464
.06914
.06436
.06019
.05651
.05323
.05030
.04767
.04528
,04311
.04113
.03932
.03765
.03611
.03469
.03336
.03213
.03098
,02990
.02889
,02795
.02706
,02622
,02542
.02467
.02396
.02329
.02265
.02204
.02146
.02090
.02038
.01987
.01939
.01893
.01849
.01806
.01765
INTEREST
(» PER
.75
.33085
.24721
,19702
,16357
.13966
.12176
,10782
.09667
.08755
.07995
.07352
.06801
.06324
.05906
.05537
.05210
.04917
.04653
.04415
.04198
.04000
.03816
.03652
,03498
.03355
.03223
.03100
.02985
.02877
.02777
.02682
.02593
.02509
.02430
.02355
.02284
.02217
.02153
.02092
.02034
.01979
.01927
.01877
.01628
.01783
.01739
.01696
.01656
RATE
fEAR)
1.00
.33002
.24628
,19604
,16255
.13863
,12069
.10674
,09558
,08645
.07885
.07241
.06690
.06212
,05794
.05426
.05098
.04605
.04542
.04303
.04086
.03889
.03707
,03541
,03387
.03245
.03112
.02990
.02875
.02768
.02667
,02573
.02484
.02400
.02321
.02247
.02176
.02109
.02046
.01985
.01928
.01873
.01820
.01771
.01723
.01677
,01633
.01591
.01551
1.25
.32920
.24536
.19506
,16153
.13759
.11963
.10567
,09450
.08537
,07776
.07132
,06581
.06103
.05685
.05316
.04986
.04696
.04432
.04194
.03977
,03780
.03599
.03432
.03279
.03137
.03005
.02882
.02768
.02661
.02561
.02467
.02376
.02295
.02217
.02142
.02072
.02005
.01942
.01882
.01825
.01770
.01719
.01669
.01622
.01576
,01533
.01492
,01452
1.50
.32838
.24445
,19409
.16053
,13656
.11858
.10461
.09343
.08429
.07668
.07024
.06472
.05994
.05577
.05208
.04881
,04588
.04325
,04087
,03870
.03673
.03492
.03326
.03173
.03032
.02900
.02778
.02664
.02557
,02458
,02364
.02276
.02193
.02115
.02041
.01972
.01905
.01843
.01783
.01726
.01672
.01621
.01572
.01525
.01480
.01436
,01396
.01357
1.75
.32757
.24353
.19312
.15952
.13553
.11754
.10356
.09238
.06323
.07561
.06917
.06366
.05888
.05470
.05102
.04774
.04482
,04219
.03981
.03766
.03569
,03389
.03223
,03070
.02929
.02798
.02676
.02563
.02457
.02358
.02265
,02177
,02095
.02018
.01944
.01875
.01809
.01747
.01688
.01632
.01579
.01528
.01479
.01433
.01389
.01347
,01306
,01267
2,00
.32675
.24262
.19216
.15853
.13451
.11651
.10252
.09133
.08218
.07456
.06812
.06260
,05783
,05365
.04997
.04670
.04378
.04116
.03878
.05663
.03467
.03287
.03122
.02970
.02829
,02699
.02578
,02465
,02360
.02261
.02169
.02082
.02000
,01923
.01851
.01782
.01717
.01656
.01597
.01542
.01489
.01439
.01391
.01345
.01302
.01260
.01220
.01162
2.25
.32594
.24172
.19120
.15754
.13350
.11548
.10148
.09029
.08114
.07352
,06708
,06156
.05679
.05262
.04894
.04568
.04276
.04014
.03778
.03563
.03367
,03188
.03024
.02872
.02732
.02603
,02482
.02370
.02265
,02167
.02076
.U1990
,01909
.01833
.01761
.01693
.01629
.01568
.01510
.01455
.01403
,01354
.01307
.01262
,01219
.01178
.01139
.01102
181
-------
SINKING FUND DEPOSIT FACTOR
D
E
P
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
YEARS
J
it
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
lo
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2b
27
2d
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
4i
44
45
4b
47
4t>
49
SO
<>.50
,3251i»
.2408^
.19023
.15650
.13250
.11447
.10046
.0892o
.08011
.07249
.06603
.1)6054
.05577
.05160
.0479J
.04467
.04176
.0391b
.03679
,0346b
.03270
.03091
.02920
.02777
,0263u
.02509
,0238-J
.0227B
.02174
.02077
.0198b
.01901
.01821
.0174b
.01674
.01607
.01544
.01484
.01427
.U137.J
.01321236
.01166
.01101
.01040
.00983
.00930
,00880
.00833
,00789
,00747
,00708
.00672
.00637
,00605
.00574
.00545
.00517
182
-------
SINKING FUND DEPOSIT FACTOR
YEARS
5
4
S>
b
7
8
9
10
11
12
15
1H
IS
ID
17
16
19
20
21
Zi
23
24
23
20
27
28
29
30
31
3£
33
34
35
36
37
3b
39
40
41
42
4i
44
4b
4b
47
46
49
50
5.00
..51721
.23201
.1B097
.14702
.1228*:
.10474
.09Q69
.0795U
.07039
.06283
,0564b
.05104
.04634
.04227
.03Q7u
.03555
.03275
,Ui024
.OfiSOu
.02597
.02414
.02247
,0209i
.Ol95t>
.01629
.01712
.01605
.0150b
.01410
.0132o
.01249
.01170
.01107
.01044
.00964
. 0092b
.0067o
.00620
.00764
.0073*
.U069*
.00664
. 0062o
.0059i
,0056i
.0053*:
.UuSOH
.00470
5.25
.3164J
.23115
.18007
.14610
.12189
.1037g
.0897&
.07«58
.06947
.06192
.05556
.05015
.045t8
. 041^2
.03766
.03473
.03194
.029'«5
.02722
.02521
.0233g
.02174
.02024
.01887
.017&1
.01646
.01540
.01442
.01351
.01268
.01190
.01118
.01051
.00989
.00931
.00677
•OOB2&
.00779
.00734
.00693
.00654
.00618
.00583
.00551
.OOSZl
.00493
.00466
.00441
5.50
.31565
.23029
.17918
.14518
.12096
.10286
.08884
,07767
.06857
.06103
.05468
.04928
.04463
.04058
.03704
.03392
.03115
.02868
.02646
.02447
.02267
.02104
.01955
.01819
.01695
.01581
.01477
.01381
.01292
.01210
.01133
.01063
.00997
.00937
,00680
.00827
,00778
.00732
.00689
.00649
.00611
.00576
.00543
.00512
.00"»83
.00456
.00430
.00406
INTEREST
<* PER
5.75
.31488
.22944
.17828
.14427
.12005
.10195
.06793
.07676
,06768
,06015
.05382
,04843
,04379
,03976
.03624
.03313
.03038
.02792
.02573
.02375
.02196
.02035
,01888
.01754
.01631
,01519
.01416
.01322
.01234
.01154
.01079
.01010
.00946
.00887
.00832
.00780
.00733
.00688
.00646
.00607
.00571
.00537
.00505
.00476
,00448
.00422
.00397
.00374
RATE
YEAR)
6.00
,31411
.22859
.17740
,14336
.11914
.10104
.08702
.07587
.06679
.05928
.05296
,04758
.04296
.03895
.03544
.03236
.02962
.02718
.02500
,02305
,02128
.01968
,01823
.01690
.01570
.01459
,01358
.01265
.01179
.01100
.01027
.00960
.00897
,00839
.00786
,00736
.00689
.00646
.00606
.00568
.00533
.00501
.00470
.00441
,00415
,00390
.00366
.00344
6.25
.31334
.22775
.17651
,14246
.11823
.10013
.08613
.07498
.06592
.05842
.05212
.0467&
.04215
.03816
.03467
.03160
,02888
.02646
.02430
.02236
.02061
.01903
.01759
.01629
.01510
.01401
.01302
.01210
.01126
.01049
.00978
.00912
.00851
.00794
.00742
.00694
.00649
.00607
.00568
.00532
.00498
.00466
.00437
.00410
,00384
.00360
.00338
.00317
6.50
.31258
.22690
.17563
.14157
.11733
.09924
.08524
.07410
.06506
.05757
.05128
.04594
.04135
.03738
.03391
.03085
.02816
.02576
.02361
.02169
.01996
.01840
.01698
.01569
.01452
.01345
.01247
.01158
.01075
.01000
.00930
.00866
.00806
.00751
.00701
.00653
.00610
,00569
.00532
,00497
,00464
.00434
.00406
.00380
.00355
.00333
.00311
.00291
6.75
.31181
,22606
.17476
.14068
.11644
.09835
.08436
,07324
.06420
,05673
.05046
,04514
.04057
.03661
.03316
.03013
.02745
,02507
,02294
.02104
,01933
,01778
.01639
.01512
.01396
.01291
.01195
.01107
,01027
,00952
,00884
.00822
.00764
.00710
.00661
.00615
.00573
,00534
.00498
.00464
.00433
.00404
.00377
.00352
.00329
.00307
.00287
.00268
7.00
.31105
.22523
.17389
.13980
.11555
.09747
.08349
,07238
.06336
.05590
.04965
.Q4434
.03979
.03586
.03243
.02941
.02675
.02439
.02229
,02041
.01871
.01719
.01581
.Ol"*5&
,01343
.01239
.01145
,01059
,00980
,00907
,00841
,00780
.00723
.00672
.00624
,00580
.00539
.00501
.00466
,0"434
.00404
.00376
.00350
.00326
.01304
,0"283
.00264
.00246
7.25
.31029
,22440
,17303
.13892
.11467
.09659
,08262
,07153
,06252
,05508
,04885
,04357
,03903
,03512
.03171
.02871
,02607
.02373
.02165
.01979
,01812
.01661
.01525
,01402
.01290
.01189
,01096
,01012
,00935
.00864
.00799
,00740
,00685
,00635
,00588
,00545
.00506
.00470
.00436
.00405
,00376
,00349
.00325
.00302
.00281
.00261
.00243
,00226
183
-------
SINKING FUND DEPOSIT FACTOR
0
E
P
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
P
E
ft
I
0
0
YEAKS ;
i :
4 I
5 S
J
d I
7 ;
a :
9 :
10 :
J
11 :
12 :
13 :
14 !
15 :
J
16 :
17 :
18 :
19 :
20 :
21 I
22 :
23 :
24 :
25 :
i
20 :
27 :
28 :
29 ;
30 :
31 :
32 :
33 :
34 !
35 :
•
36 :
37 :
3d :
39 5
40 :
s
41 S
42 :
43 S
44 ;
4& ;
46 :
47 :
4U :
49 :
so :
7.50
.30954
.22357
,l721b
.13804
.11380
.09573
.08177
.07069
.06170
.0542o
.04806
.0428U
.03829
.03439
.03100
,0280j
.02541
.0230^
.0210.J
.01919
.01754
,0160b
.01471
.01350
.01240
.01141
.01050
.00967
.0089<:
.OU82i
.00759
.00701
.00646
.00599
,0055b
.00514
.00476
.00440
.0040o
.00370
.00350
,0032b
.00301
.00279
.00259
.00241
.0022J
.00207
7.75
.30878
.22274
.17131
.13718
.11293
.09487
.08092
.06985
.06088
.05348
.04729
.04204
.03755
.03368
.03031
,02736
.02476
.02246
.02042
.01660
.01697
.01551
.01419
.01299
.01192
.01094
.01005
.00924
.00850
.00783
.00721
.00665
.00613
.00566
.00523
.00483
.0044&
.00412
.00381
.00352
.00326
.00302
.00279
.00256
.00239
.00222
.00205
.0019Q
8.00
.30803
.22192
.17046
.13632
.11207
.09401
,08008
,06903
.06008
.05270
,04652
.04130
.03683
.03298
.02963
.02670
.02413
.02185
.01983
.01603
.01642
.01498
.01368
.01251
.01145
.01049
.00962
.00883
.00811
.00745
.00685
.00630
.00580
.00534
.00492
.00454
.00419
.00386
.00356
.00329
.00303
.00280
.00259
,00239
.00221
,00204
,00189
,00174
INTEREST
(* PER '
8.25
.30729
.22110
.16961
.13546
.11122
.09317
.07925
.06821
.05928
.05192
.04577
.04056
.03612
.03229
.02896
.02606
.02351
.02125
.01926
.01748
,01589
.01447
.01319
.01204
.01100
.01006
.00920
.00843
.00773
.00709
,00651
,00597
.00549
.00504
.00464
.00427
.00393
.00361
.00333
.00306
.00282
.00260
.00240
.00221
,00204
.00188
.00173
,00160
RATE
TEAR)
8.50
.30654
.22029
.16877
.13461
.11037
.09233
.07842
.06741
.05849
.05115
.04502
.03984
.03542
.03161
.02831
.02543
.02290
.02067
.01870
,01694
,01537
,01397
.01271
.01156
.01056
.00964
.00881
.00805
.00737
.00674
.00618
.00566
.00519
.00476
.00437
.00401
.00368
.00338
.00311
.00286
,00263
.00241
.00222
.00204
.00188
.00173
.00159
.00146
6,75
.30580
.21948
.16793
.13376
.10953
.09150
.07761
.06661
.05772
.05040
.04429
.03913
.03473
.03095
.02767
.02481
.02231
.02010
.01815
.01641
.01*87
.01349
.01225
.01114
.01014
.00924
.00842
.00769
.00702
.00641
.00586
.00536
.00491
.00449
.00411
.00377
.00345
.00316
,00290
.00266
.00244
.00224
.00205
.00189
.00173
.00159
.00146
.00134
9.00
.30505
.21867
.16709
.13292
.10869
,09067
,07680
.06582
.05695
.04965
.04357
.03843
.03406
.03030
.02705
.02421
.02173
.01955
.01762
.01591
.01438
.01302
.01181
.01072
,00973
,00885
.00806
.00734
.00669
.00610
.00556
.00508
.00464
,00424
.00387
.00354
.00324
,00296
.00271
.00248
.00227
.00208
.00190
.00174
.00160
.00146
,00134
.00123
9.25
.30432
,21786
.16626
.13208
.10786
,08986
.07600
.06504
.05619
.04891
.04285
.03775
,03340
,02966
.02643
.02362
.02117
.01900
.01710
.01541
,01391
,01257
.01138
.01031
.00934
.00848
.00770
.00700
.00637
.00579
.00528
.00481
,00438
,00399
.00364
,00332
,00303
.00277
.00253
.00231
.00211
,00193
,00176
.00161
.00147
.00134
.00123
.00112
9.50
.30358
.21706
.16544
.13125
.10704
.08905
.07520
.06427
.05544
.01819
,0'*215
.03707
.03274
.02903
.02583
.02305
,02061
.01848
,01659
,01493
.01345
.01213
.01096
.00991
.00897
.00812
.00736
.00668
.00606
.00551
.00500
.00455
.00414
.00376
.00343
,00312
.00284
,00259
,00236
.00215
.00196
.00178
.00163
,00148
.00135
.00123
.00113
.Q0103
9.75
,30285
.21627
.16461
,13043
.10622
.08824
.07442
.06350
,05470
,04747
,04146
.03640
.03210
.02842
.02524
.02248
.02007
.01796
.01610
.01446
.01300
.01171
.01056
,00953
.00861
.00778
,00704
.00637
,00577
,00523
.00475
.D0431
.00391
.00355
.00322
.00293
.00266
.00242
.00220
,00200
.00182
.00165
,00150
.00137
,00125
,00113
.00103
,00094
184
-------
SINKING FUND DEPOSIT FACTOR
YEAHS
3
4
&
6
7
a
9
10
11
11
13
It
15
Ib
17
Id
19
20
21
22
23
24
2&
26
27
2d
29
30
31
32
33
34
3b
3b
37
3rt
39
HO
41
42
43
<*4
45
46
<47
4d
49
50
1
10.00
.50211
.21547
•1638U
.12961
.10541
.OS744
.07364
,0627b
.05396
.04676
.0407o
,0357b
.03147
.0278*:
.02466
.0219,4
.0195s
.01746
.01562
.01101
.01257
.01130
.01017
.0091o
,UOB2o
.0074s,
. 0067.4
.00606
.00550
.00497
.0045u
.00407
.00369
.00334
.00305
.00276
.00249
.00226
.00203
.OOlBo
.00169
.00154
.00139
.0012b
.OOllb
.U0104
,0009b
.00060
10.25
,30139
.21468
.162^8
.12879
.104&0
.086&5
.07287
.06200
.05324
.04607
.04011
.03510
.03086
.02722
.02410
.02139
.01903
.01697
.01516
.01356
.01215
.010^0
.00979
.00680
,0^792
.00713
, 006*3
.00580
.00523
.00472
.00427
.003S5
.00348
.00315
.00285
.0025s
.00233
.00211
.00191
.00173
.00157
.00142
.00129
.00116
.00106
.00096
.00087
.00079
10.50
.30066
.21389
.16218
.12798
.10380
.08587
,07211
.06126
.05252
.04538
.03945
.03447
.03025
.02664
.02354
.02086
.01853
.01649
.01471
.01313
.01175
.01052
.00943
.00846
.00760
,00683
.00614
.00553
.00498
.00448
.00404
.00364
.00329
.00297
.00268
.00242
.00218
.00197
,00178
.00161
.00145
.00131
.00119
.00107
.00097
.00088
.00079
.00072
INTEREST
(X PER
10.75
.29994
.21311
.16137
.12718
.10300
.08509
.07135
.06053
.05182
.04470
.03879
.03384
.02965
.02608
.02300
.02035
.01804
.01603
.01427
.01272
.01135
.01015
.00908
.00813
.00729
,00654
.00587
.00527
.00474
.00426
.00383
.00345
.00310
.00279
.00252
.00227
.00204
.00184
.00166
.00150
.00135
.00122
.00110
.00099
.00089
.00081
.00073
.00066
RATE
YEAR)
11.00
.29921
,21233
.16057
.12638
.10222
.08432
.07060
.05980
.05112
.04403
.03815
.03323
.02907
.02552
.02247
.01984
.01756
.01558
.01384
.01231
.01097
,00979
.00874
.00781
,00699
,00626
.00561
.00502
.00451
.00404
.00363
.00326
.00293
.00263
.00236
.00213
.00191
,00172
.00155
.00139
.00125
.00113
.00101
.00091
.00082
.00074
.00067
.00060
11.25
,29849
.21155
.15977
.12558
.10143
.08356
.06986
.05909
.05043
.04337
.03752
.03262
.02849
.02497
.02195
.01935
.01710
.01513
.01342
.01192
.01060
,00944
.00841
.00751
.0067Q
.00599
.00535
.00479
.00429
.00384
.00344
.00308
.00276
.00248
.00222
.00199
.00179
.0016Q
.00144
.00129
.00116
.00104
.00094
.00084
.00076
.00066
.00061
.00055
11.50
.29778
,21077
.15898
.12479
.10066
.08280
.06913
.05838
.04975
.04271
.03690
.03203
.02792
.02443
,02144
,01887
.01664
.01470
.01302
.01154
.01024
.00910
.00810
.00721
.00643
.00573
.00511
.00456
.00408
.00364
.00326
.00291
.00260
.00233
.00209
.00187
.00167
.00150
.00134
.00120
.00108
.00096
.00086
,00077
.00069
.00062
.00056
.00050
11,75
,29706
,21000
,15819
,12401
,09988
.08205
,06840
,05768
,04908
,04207
,03628
.03145
.02737
,02391
,02094
.01840
,01620
.01429
.01262
.01117
.00990
.00876
.00779
,00693
.00616
,00548
.00488
.00435
.00388
.00346
.00308
,00275
,00246
.00219
.00196
.00175
.00156
,00140
.00125
,00112
.00100
,00089
,00080
.00071
.00064
.00057
,00051
.00046
12.00
.29635
.20923
,15741
.12323
.09912
.08130
.06768
,05698
,04842
.04144
.03568
.03087
.02682
.02339
,02046
.01794
.01576
.01388
.01224
.01081
.00956
,00846
.00750
.00665
.00590
.00524
.00466
.00414
.00369
.00328
.00292
.00260
,00232
.0°206
.00184
.00164
.00146
.00130
.00116
.00104
.00092
.00083
.00074
.00066
,0"059
,00052
.00047
,0f>042
12.25
.29564
,20847
,15663
.12245
,09836
.08056
,06697
.05630
.04776
.04081
.03508
.03031
.02629
.02288
.01998
.01749
.01534
,01348
,01187
.01046
,00923
,00816
.00722
,00639
,00566
,00502
,00445
.00395
.00350
.00311
.00276
.T0246
.00218
.00194
,00173
.00154
,00137
,00122
.00108
.00096
.00086
,00076
.00068
,00060
,00054
,00048
,00043
,00038
185
-------
APPENDIX C
VALUES OF ANNUAL DEPRECIATION RATE
186
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-- a YEAR LIFETIME
YSAR
1
2
3
: STRAIGHT
: X/YEAR :
* •
: 33.33
; 33.33
I 33.33
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE *
33.33
66.67
100.00
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
66.67
22.22
7.
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES— n YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR !
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
25,00
50.00
75.00
100.00
: DOUBLE
: x/rEAR
: 50.00
: 25.00
: 12.50
: 6.25
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
50.00
75.00
87.50
93.75
: SUM OF
: %/YEAR t
• HO, 00
: 30.00
: ao.oo
: 10.00
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
40.00
70.00
90.00
100.00
: DOUBLE DECLINING
: /STRAIGHT LINE
; X/YEAR I CUMULA-
: i Tive *
: so.oo
: 2S.oo
: 12.50
1 12.50
50.00
75.00
87.50
100.00
188
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES— 5 YEAR LIFETIME
; STRAIGHT
t
YtAR ! X/YEAR :
: :
i
2
9
it
5
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
LINE :
:
CUMULA- :
TIVE K 5
20.00 :
to. oo :
60.oo :
eo. oo :
100.00 :
DOUBLE
H/YEAR
to, oo
24.00
it. to
8.6t
5. IB
DECLINING :
: CUMULA- :
: TIVE * :
to. oo :
64.00 :
78.1*0 :
87.04 :
92.22 :
SUM OF
IS/YEAR :
•
33.33
26.67
20.00
13.33
6.67
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
33.33
60.00
ao.oo
93.33
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
%/YEAR : CUMULA-
5 TIVE «
40.00
24.00
it. to
10.80
10.60
to. oo
64.00
78.40
89.20
100.00 '
189
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES— 6 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
I STRAIGHT
j
I */YEAR :
t *
I 16.67
: 16,67
: 16.67
J 16.67
: 16.67
1 16,67
LINE : DOUBLE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
16.67
33.33
50.00
66.67
83.33
X/YEAR
33.33
22.22
14,81
9.88
6.58
100.00 : 4,39
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
! TIVE X
33.33
55.56
70.37
80.25
86.83
91.22
: SUM OF
:
: X/YEAR :
! '•
: 28.57
: 23.81
: 19.05
: 14.29
: 9.52
1 4.76
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
28.57
52.38
71.43
85.71
95,24
100.00
DOUBLE
DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR
33,33
22.22
14.81
9.88
9,88
9.88
: CUMULA-
1 TIVE »
33.33
55.56
70.37
80.25
90.12
100.00
190
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-. 7 YEAR LIFETIME
YLAR
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
: STRAIGHT
t
: X/YEAR :
'•
t 14.29
: 14.29
: 14.29
: 14.29
: 14.29
: 14.29
J 14.29
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
14.29
28.57
42.86
57.14
71.43
85.71
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
28.57
20.41
14.58
10.41
7,44
5.31
100.00 : 3.79
DECLINING
! CUMULA-
: TIVE x
28.57
48.98
63.56
73.97
81.41
86.72
90.51
SUM OF
*/YEAR :
!
25.00
21.43
17.86
14.29
10.71
7.14
3.57
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
25.00
46.43
64.29
78.57
89.29
96.43
100.00
DOUBLE
DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR
28.57
20.41
14.58
10.41
8.68
8.68
8.68
J CUyULA-
1 TlyE X
28.57
48.98
63.56
73.97
82.65
91.32
100.00
191
-------
Z STRAIGHT LINE
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-- 8 YEAR LIFETIME
! DOUBLE DECLINING : SUM oF DIGITS
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
YEAR
i
it
i
5
6
7
8
X/YEAR :
:
12.56
12,90
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.90
CUMULA-
TIVE X
12,50
25.00
37.50
50.00
62.50
75.00
87.50
100.00
: X/YEAR :
: :
! 25.00
i 10475
t lo!s5
i 5.93
CUMULA-
TIVE X
25.00
57.81
68.36
76.27
82.20
86,65
89.99
1
t
\
t
t
t
t
X/YEAR 5
t
22\28
16^67
13489
11.11
8,33
5,56
£.78
CUMUUA"
TIVE x
22.22
1*1467
56.33
83 ,*33
91.67
97.22
100.00
; X/YEAR !
I 1
i 25.00
1 18479
i JU.06
1 7.9i
1 7.91
J 7,91
J 7.91
Tive x
25,60
M3.79
5?.fl»
68,36
76.27
92.09
100,00
!
»
\
t
t
i
i
i
t
192
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-- 9 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
i
2
H
5
6
7
6 1
9
STRAIGHT
K/YEAR ;
:
U.ii
11, ii
U.ii
U.ii
U. H
n.u
n, u
u.ii
LINE
DOUBLE
DECLINING ! SUM OF
DIGITS i DOUBLE
DECLINING
: ; { /STRAIGHT LINE
CUMULA- J WEAR
TIVE X
11.11
22.22
33,33
ti,'m
55.56
66.67
77.78
28.22
17.28
13, 1*1*
10.46
8.13
6.33
U.92
88,89 t 3,83
100,00
2.98
f CUMULA- t X/YEAR i
J TIVE * J :
22.22 : 20,00
39.51 > J7.78
52.95
63, 40
71,51
77.86
82,78
86,61
89.58
15.56
13,33
11.11
8,89
6.67
U.It <«
2.22
CUMULA- t X/YEAR
TIVE X
20.00
37.78
53.33
66.67
77.78
86.67
93.33
97,78
100.00
22.22
17.28
13.1*!*
10.1*6
8.13
7.12
7.12
7.12
7.12
J CUMULA-
: TIVjE X
22.22
39.51
52,95
63.1*0
71. 5<*
78.65 1
85.77
92.88
100.00 i
193
-------
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
STRAIGHT
X/YEA" :
:
10. 00
10. UO
10.00
10. 00
10. 00
10.00
10. 00
10. 00
10.00
10. 00
DEPRECIATION
SCHEDULES-.IO
LINE DOUBLE DECLINING SUM
CUMULA-
TIVE *
10.00 '
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
X/YEAR :
:
20.00
16.00
12.80
10.24
8.19
6.55
5.24
4.19
3.36
2.68
CUMULA-
TIVE X
20.00
36.00
48.80
59.04
67.23
73.79
79.03
83.22
86.58
89.26
X/YEAR
18.18
16.36
I1*. 55
12.73
10.91
9.09
7.27
5.45
3.64
1.82
YEAR LIFETIME
OF DIGITS
: CUMULA-
: TIVE »
18.18
34.55
49.09
61.82
72.73
81.82
89.09
94.55
98.18
100.00
DOUBLE
DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR
20.00
16.00
12.80
10.24
8.19
6,55
6.55
6.55
6.55
6.55
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
20.00
36.00
48.80
59.04
67.23
73.79
80.34
86.89
93.45
100.00
194
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—11 YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE *
9.09 9.09
9.09 18.18
9.09 27.27
9.09 36.36
9.09 45. "*5
9,09 54.55
9.09 63.64
9.09 72.73
9.09 81.82
9,09 90.91
9.09 100.00
. DOUBLE DECLINING
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
18.18 18,18
14,88 33,06
12.17 45.23
9.96 55.19
8.15 63.34
6.67 70.00
5.45 75.46
4.46 79.92
3.65 63.57
2.99 86.56
2.44 89.00
SUM Of DIGITS
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE *
16.fa7 16.67
15.15 31.82
13.64 45.45
12.12 57.58
10,61 68.18
9.09 77.27
7.58 84.85
6.06 90.91
4.55 95.45
3.03 98.48
1.52 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR ! CUMULA-
: TIVE x
18.18 18.18
14.88 33.06
12.17 45.23
9.96 55.19
8.15 63.34
6.67 70.00
6.00 76,00
6,00 82.00
6.00 88.00
6.00 94.00
6.00 100.00 :
195
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES--^ YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
2
3
H
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
8.33 8.33
B.33 16.67
6,33 25.00
8.33 33.33
8.33 HI. 67
8.33 50.00
8.33 58.33
8.33 66.67
6.33 75.00
8.33 83.33
8.33 91.67
8.33 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
*/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE *
16.67 16.67
13.89 30.56
11.57 "*2.13
9.65 51.77
8.0H 59.81
6.70 66,51
5.58 72.09
t.65 76.71*
3.88 80.62
3.23 83.85
2.69 86.54
2.2t 88,76
SUM OF DIBITS
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
15.38 15.38
It. 10 29.U9
12.82 1*2.31
11.5<* 53.85
10.26 6"*. 10
8.97 73.06
7.69 80,77
6.1*! 87.18
! 5.13 92.31
! 3.65 96.15
.
! 2.56 98.72
! 1,28 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR i CUM'JLA-
t TIvE X
16,67 16.67
13.89 3Q.56
11.57 <*2.13
9.65 51.77
8. 01* 59.81
! 6.70 66.51
5.58 72.09
5,58 77.67
! 5.58 83.26
! 5.58 88. B<*
:
! 5.58 9>*. >»2
: 5.58 100.00 :
196
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-.IS YEAR LIFETIME
YfcAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
i STRAIGHT
: X/YEAR :
I 7.69
I 7.69
: 7.69
: 7.69
: 7.69
I 7.69
J 7.69
: 7.69
: 7.69
: 7.69
: 7.69
; 7.69
: 7.69
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
7,69
15.38
23.08
30.77
38.46
46.15
53.85
61.54
69.23
76.92
84,62
92.31
100.00
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
15.38
13.02
11,02
9.32
7.89
6.67
5.65
4.78
4.04
3.42
2.89
2.45
2.07
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
15.38
2B.40
39.42
48.74
56.62
63.30
68.94
73.72
77.76
81.19
84.08
86.53
88.60
: SUM OF
1 X/YEAR :
: 14. a9
: 13.19
: 12.09
: 10.99
: 9.89
1 8.79
7.69
: 6.59
: 5.49
> 4.40
: 3.30
: 2.20
i 1.10
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE x
14.29
27.47
39.56
50.55
60.44
69.23
76.92
83.52
89.01
93.41
96.70
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR i CUMULA-
» TIVE X
15.38
13.02
11.02
9.32
7.89
6.67
5.65
5.18
5.18
5.18
5.18
96.90 : 5.18
100.00 t 5.18
15.38
28.40
39.42
48.74
56.62
63.30
68.94
74.12
79.30
84.47
89.65
94.82
100.00
197
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES--^ YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
12
13
14
STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR •. CUMULA-
: TIVE *
7.14 7.14
7.1"» 14.29
7, 11* 21.43
7. 11* 28.57
7.14 35.71
7. 11* 42.86
7. 11* 50.00
7, 11* 57.14
7. 11* 64.29
7. 11* 71.43
7.1^ 78.57
7. 11* 85.71
7. 11* 92.86
7.1<» 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
VYEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
14,29 14.29
12,24 26,53
10,50 37.03
9,00 46.02
7.71 53.73
6.61 60.34
5.67 66.01
4,86 70.86
4,16 75.03
3.57 78.59
3.06 81.65
2«6>2 8** 1 27
2.25 86,52
! 1,93 88.45
SUM OF DIGITS
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
13.33 13.33
12.36 25.71
10I4B 4?!&2
9.52 57.14
8.57 65.71
7.62 73.33
6.67 80.00
5.71 85.71
4.76 90.48
3.81 94.29
2.86 97.14
1,90 99.05
: .95 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING :
/STRAIGHT LINE !
X/YEAR ! CUMULA- '
1 TIvE X
14.29 14.29 :
12.24 26.53 :
10,50 37,03
9.00 46,02
7.71 53.73
6.61 60.34
S.67 66.01
4,86 70.86
4.86 75.72
4.86 80.58
4.86 85.43
4,86 90.29
4.86 95.14
4.86 100.00
198
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-.15 YEAR LIFETIME
TtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
: STRAIGHT
1 X/YEAR :
: 6.67
I 6.67
: 6.6?
I 6,67
: 6.6?
1 6.6?
: 6.67
t 6.67
t 6.67
: 6.67
t
t 6.67
; 6.67
t 6.67
I 6.67
: 6.67
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
6,67
13,33
20.00
26,67
33.33
40.00
46.67
53.33
60.00
66.67
73.33
80.00
86.67
93.33
100.00
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
13.33
11.56
10.01
8.68
7.52
6.52
5.65
4.90
4.24
3.68
3.19
2.76
2.39
2.07
1.80
DECLINING
! CUMULA-
: TIVE x
13.33
24,89
34.90
43.58
51.11
57.62
63.27
66,17
72.42
76.09
79,28
82.04
84.44
86.51
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
12,50
U,67
10,83
10.00
9,17
8.33
7.50
6.67
5,83
5.00
4.17
3.33
2.50
1,67
86.31 ! .83
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
12,50
24.17
35.00
45.00
54.17
62.50
70,00
76.67
82.50
87.50
91.67
95.00
97,50
99.17
. DOUBLE DECLINING '•
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR t CUMULA-
J TIVE X
13.33
11.56
10.01
8.66
7.52
6.52
5.65
4.90
4.55
4.55
4.55
4.55
4.55
4.55
100.00 t 4,55
13.33
2l».89
3i»,90
43.58
51.11
57.62
63.27
68.17
72.78
77.27
81.81
86.36
90.91 t
95.45 '•
100.00 *
199
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—ie YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
3
4
&
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
: STRAIGHT
:
: X/YEAR :
: :
! 6,25
: 6,25
I 6.25
: 6.25
: 6.25
: 6.25
: 6.25
I 6.25
: 6.25
t 6.25
: 6,25
: 6.25
I 6.25
i 6.25
: 6.25
:
I 6.25
LINE i
CUMULA-
TIVE X
6.25
12.50
18,75
25.00
31.25
37.50
43.75
50.00
56.25
62.50
68,75
75.00
81.25
87.50
93,75
100.00
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
12.50
10.94
9.57
8.37
7.33
6.41
5.61
4.91
4.30
3.76
3.29
2.88
2.52
2.20
1.93
1.69
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
12.50
23.44
33.01
41.38
48.71
55.13
60.73
65.64
69.93
73.69
76.98
79.86
82.38
84.58
86.51
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
11.76
11.03
10.29
9.56
8.82
8.09
7,35
6.62
5.88
5.15
4.41
3.68
2.94
2.21
1.47
88.19 .74
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
11.76
22.79
33.09
42.65
51.47
59.56
66.91
73.53
79,41
84.56
88.97
92.65
95.59
97.79
99.26
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR 1 CUMULA-
J TIvE X
12.50
10.94
9.57
8.37
7.33
6.41
5.61
4,91
4.30
4.30
4.30
4.30
4.30
4.30
4.30
4.30
12.50
23.44
33.01
41.38
48.71
55.12
60.73
65,64
69,93
74.23
78.52
82.82
87.11
91.41
95,70
:
100.00 :
200
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—17 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
t
2
3
i!
c
6
7
g
9
10
11
l2
13
14
15
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR :
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
5.88
16 5.88
17 5.88
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE *
5.88
11.76
17.65
23.53
29.41
35.29
41.18
47.06
52.94
58.82
64.71
70.59
76.47
82.35
88.24
94.12
DOUBLE
*/YEAR
11.76
10.38
9.16
8.08
7.13
6.29
5.55
4.90
4.32
3.81
3.37
2.97
2.62
2.31
2.04
1.80
100.00 1.59
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
11.76
22.15
31.30
39.39
46.52
52.61
58.36
63.26
67.58
71.40
74.76
77,73
80.35
82.66
84.70
: SUM OF
X/YEAR :
: :
11.11
10.^6
9.80
9.15
8.50
7.84
7.19
6.54
5.88
5.23
4.58
3.92
3.27
2.61
1.96
86.50 1.31
88.09 .65
DIGITS I
:
CUMULA- ;
TIVE X ;
11.11 :
21.57 :
31,37 :
40.52 !
49.02 t
:
56.86 :
64.05 :
70,59 :
76,47 :
81.70 ;
:
86.27 :
90,20 :
93,46 ;
96,08 :
98.04 :
t
99.35 i
100.00 :
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR 1 CUMULA-
J TIVE X
11.76
10.38
9.16
B.OB
7.13
6.29
5.55
4.90
4.32
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
11.76
22.15
31.30
39.39
46.52
52.81
58.36
63.26
67.58
71.63
75.69
79.74
83.79
87.84
91.90
95.95
100.00 i
201
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-.IB YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
J
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
: STRAIGHT
! X/YEAR :
: 5.56
: 5.56
: 5.56
: 5.56
I 5,56
I 5.56
I 5.56
? 5.56
! 5.56
: 5.56
'. 5.56
: 5.56
: 5.56
: 5.56
: 5.56
1 5.56
: 5.56
: 5.56
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
5.56
11.11
16.67
22.22
27.78
33.33
38.89
44.44
50.00
55,56
61.11
66.67
72.22
77.78
83.33
88.89
94.44
100.00
DOUBLE
*/YEAR
11.11
9.88
8.78
7.80
6.94
6.17
5.48
4,87
4,33
3.85
3.42
3.04
2.70
2,40
2.14
1.90
1.69
1.50
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE K
11.11
20.99
29.77
37.57
44.51
50.67
56.15
61.03
65.36
69.21
72.63
75.67
78.37
80.76
82.91
84.81
86.50
88.00
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
10.53
9.94
9.36
8.77
8.19
7.60
7.02
6.43
5.85
5.26
4.68
4.09
3.51
2.92
2.34
1.75
1.17
.58
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE »
10.53
20,47
29.82
36.60
46.78
54.39
61.40
67.84
73.68
78.95
83.63
87.72
91.23
94.15
96.49
98.25
99.42
DOUBLE DFCLlNINS :
/STRAIGHT LINE
' X/YEAR : CUMULA-
J TIvE X
11.11
9.88
8.78
7,80
6.94
6.17
5.48
4.87
4.33
3.85
3.85
3,85
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.85
100.00 : 3.85
11.11
20.99
29.77
37.57
44.51
50,67
56.15
61.03
65.36
69.21
73.05
76.90
80.75
84.60
88.45
92.30
96.15
100.00 •'•
202
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES--!? YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
CTi * O< IN) t-
6
7
e
g
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
STRAIGHT LINE
*/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE *
5.26 5.26
5.26 10.53
5,26 15.79
5.26 21.05
5.26 26.32
5.26 31.58
5.26 36.61*
5.26 42.11
5.26 47.37
5.2t 52.63
5.2* 57.89
5.26 63.16
5.26 68. <*2
5. £6 73.68
5.26 78.95
5.26 61*. 21
5.26 89.<»7
5.26 94.74
5.26 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
I TIVE X
10.53 10,53
9.42 19,91*
8,"*3 28.37
7.54 35.91
6.75 42.66
6,0<* US. 69
5. HO 54.09
4,83 58.93
4,32 63.25
3.87 67.12
3.1*6 70.58
3.10 73.68
2.77 76.45
2,48 78,93
2.22 81.14
1.98 83.13
1.78 84.91
1.59 86.49
1,42 87.92
SUM OF DIGITS
VYEAR '• CUMULA-
: TIVE x
10,00 10.00
9.47 19.47
8.95 28.1*2
8.42 36.81*
7,89 44.74
7.37 52.11
6.84 58,95
6.32 65,26
5.79 71,05
5,26 76.32
4.74 81,05
4.21 85,26
3,68 88.95
3.16 92.11
2.63 94.74
2.11 96.84
1.58 98.42
1.05 99.47
.53 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
VYEAR j CUMULA-
: TivE x
10.53 10.53
9.4a 19.94
8.43 28.37
7.54 35.91
6.75 42.66
6.04 48.69
5.4Q 54.09
4.83 58.93
4.32 63.25
3.87 67.12
3.65 70.77
3.65 74.43
3.65 78.08
3.65 81.73
3-. 65 85.39
3.65 89.04
3.65 9a,69
3.65 96.35
3.65 10Q.OO
203
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-.ZO YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
; STRAIGHT
: X/YEAR :
: 5.oO
5.00
: s.oo
5 5.00
: s.oo
! 5.00
: s.oo
: s.oo
: 5.oo
: s.oo
! 5.00
: s.oo
; s.oo
: s.oo
: 5.00
: s.oo
: s.oo
: s.oo
: 5.00
: s.oo
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
15.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
10.00
9,00
8.10
7.29
6.56
5.90
5.31
1.78
1,30
3.67
3.49
3.14
2.82
2.54
2,29
2.06
1.85
1.67
1.50
100.00 : 1.35
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
10.00
19.00
27.10
34,39
40.95
46.86
52.17
56.95
61.26
65.13
68.62
71.76
74.58
77.12
79.41
81.17
83.32
81.99
66.49
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
9.52
9.05
8.57
8.10
7.62
7.14
6.67
6.19
5.71
5.24
4.76
4.29
3.81
3.33
2.86
2.38
1.90
1.13
.95
87.81 : .48
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
9.52
18.57
27.14
35.21
12.86
50.00
56.67
62.86
68.57
73.81
78.57
82.66
86.67
90.00
92.86
95.21
97.14
98.57
99.52
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR 1 CUMULA-
J TIvE X
10.00
9.00
8.10
7.29
6,56
5.90
5.31
1.78
4.30
3.87
3.49
3.49
3.49
3.49
3,49
3.49
3.49
3.49
3.49
100.00 ; 3,49
10.00
19.00
27.10
34.39
40.95
46.86
52.17
56,95
61.26
65.13
68.62
72.11
75.59
79.08
82,57
86.05
89.54
93.03
96.51
100,00
204
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—21 YEAR LIFETIME
!
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1>
15
16
17
18
19
£0
21
STRAIGHT LINE
*/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE *
4.76 4.76
4.76 9.52
U.7& 14.29
4.76 19,05
4.76 23.81
4.76 28.57
4.76 33.33
4.76 38.10
4,76 42.86
4.76 47.62
4.76 52.38
4.76 57.14
4.76 61.90
4.76 66.67
4.76 71.43
4.76 76.19
l».76 80.95
1,76 85.71
U.7& 90. t8
i».76 95.2"*
H.7& 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
9.52 9.52
8.62 18.14
7.80 25. 91*
7.05 32.99
6,38 39.37
5.77 45,15
5.22 50.37
4.73 55.10
4.28 59.37
3.87 63.24
3.50 66.74
3.17 69.91
2.87 72.78
2.59 75.37
2.35 77.71
2,12 79.84
1.92 81.76
1,74 83.49
1.57 85.07
1.42 86.49
1.29 87,78
SUM OF DIGITS
VYEAR : CUMUL.A-
: TIVE »
9,09 9,09
8.66 17,75
8.23 25,97
7.79 33,77
7.36 41,13
6.93 48,05
6.49 54.55
6.06 60,61
5.63 66.23
5.19 71.43
4.76 76.19
4.33 80.52
3,90 84,42
3.46 87.88
3.03 90.91
2.60 93.51
2.16 95.67
1.73 97,40
1.30 98.70
.87 99.57
.43 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
*/YEAR 1 CUMULA-
: TIVE x
9.52 9.52
8.62 18.14
7.80 25,94
7.05 32.99
6.38 3g.37
5.77 45.15
5.22 50.37
4.73 55.10
4.28 59.37
3.87 63.24
3.50 66.74
3.33 7Q.07
3.33 73.39
3.33 76.72
3.33 80.05
3.33 83.37
3.33 86.70
3.33 90.02
3.33 93.35
3.33 96.67
3.33 100.00
205
-------
DEPRECIATION scHEDULES--2a YEAR LIFETIME
:
YtAR
1
2
3
14
5
6
7
S
Q
10
11
12
13
1<»
15
16
17
18
19
20
£1
22
STRAIGHT LINE
IS/YEAR : CUMUlA-
: TIVE *
1.b5 1.55
1.55 9,09
1.!>5 13.6i»
1.55 18.13
1.&5 22.73
"4.55 27.27
1,55 31,82
4.55 36.36
1,55 HO. 91
1.55 15.15
1.55 50.00
1.55 51.55
1.55 59.09
1.55 63,61
1.55 68.16
1.55 72.73
; 1.55 77.27
[ 1.55 81.83
! 1.55 86.36
! 1.55 90,91
I
; 1.55 95.15
1 1.55 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
VYEAR ! CU'-IULA-
: TIVE x
9.09 9.09
8.26 17.36
7.51 21.87
6.83 31.70
6,21 37,91
5.61 13.55
5,13 18.68
1.67 53,35
1.21 57.59
3,86 61.15
3.50 61.95
3.19 68.11
2.90 71.03
2.63 73.67
2.39 76.06
2.18 7&.21
1.98 80.22
1.80 82.01
1.61 83.65
1.19 65,14
1.35 86,19
1.23 67.72
SUM OF DIGITS
VYEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE *
8.70 8.70
8.30 17.00
7.91 21.90
7.51 32.11
7.11 39.53
6.72 16.25
6.32 52.57
5.93 58.50
5.53 61.03
5.11 69.17
1.71 73.91
1.35 78.26
3.95 82.21
3.56 85.77
3,16 88.93
2.77 91.70
2.37 91.07
1,98 96.05
1.58 97.63
1.19 98.81
.79 99.60
.10 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
VYEAR i CUMULA-
1 TIvE %
9.09 9.09
8,26 17.36
7.51 21.87
6.83 31.70
6.21 37.91
5.61 13.55
5,13 18.68
1.67 53,35
1.21 57.59
3.86 61.15
3.50 61,95
3.19 68.11
3.19 71.32
3.19 71.51
3.19 77.70
3,19 80,88
3.19 81.07
3.19 87.25
3.19 90.11
3.19 93.63
3.19 96,81
3.19 100.00
206
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—23 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
»'
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE *
it. 35 4.35
i*.35 8.70
4.35 1-3. 04
4.35 17.39
<».35 21.71*
i».35 26.09
if. 35 30.1+3
it. 35 31*. 78
it. 35 39.13
it. 35 43.48
H.35 47.83
11.35 52.17
it. 35 56.52
It. 35 60.87
It. 35 65.22
it. 35 69.57
it. 35 73.91
4,35 78.26
it. 35 82.61
H, 35 66.96
4.35 91.30
t.35 95.65
It. 35 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
8.70 8.70
7.94 16.64
7.25 23.88
6.62 30.50
6.04 36.55
5.52 42.06
5,04 47,10
4.60 51.70
4.20 55.90
3.83 59,74
3.50 63.24
3.20 66.43
2.92 69.35
2.66 72.02
2.43 74.45
2.22 76.67
2.03 78.70
1.85 80.55
1.69 82.24
1.54 83.79
1.41 85.20
1.29 86.49
1.18 87.66
SUM OF DIGITS
X/YEAR '• CUMULA-
: TIVE x
8.33 8.33
7.97 16.30
7.61 23,91
7.25 31.16
6.88 38.04
6.52 44.57
6.16 50.72
5.80 56,52
5.43 61.96
5.07 67.03
4.71 71,74
4.35 76.09
3.99 80.07
3.62 83.70
3.26 86.96
2.90 89.86
2.54 92.39
2.17 94.57
1.81 96.38
1.45 97.83
1.09 9B.91
.72 99.64
.36 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR t CU^ULA-
: TIVE x
8,70 8.70
7.94 16.64
7.25 23.88
6.62 30.50
6.04 36.55
5.52 42.06
5.04 47.10
4.60 51.70
4.20 55.90
3.83 59.74
3.50 63.24
3.20 66.43
3.05 69.49
3.05 72.54
3.05 75.59
3.05 78.64
3.05 81.69
3.05 84.74
3.05 87.79
3.05 90.85
3.05 93.90
3.05 96.95
3.05 100.00
207
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-.^ YEAR LIFETIME
Y£AR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
13
l4
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
; STRAIGHT
1
: X/YEA" :
: 4.i7
: 4.i7
: 4.i7
: 4.i7
: 4,i7
i
: 4.17
: 4.i7
: 4.i7
: 4.i7
J 4.17
! 4.17
: 4.17
: 4.i7
; 4.i7
: 4,i7
1 4 17
: 4,i7
: 4,i7
J 4, 17
: 4.i7
I 4.17
: 4,i7
: 4.17
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
4.17
8.33
12,50
16.67
20.83
25.00
29.17
33.33
37.50
41.67
45.83
50.00
54.17
58.33
62.50
66.67
70.83
75.00
79.17
83.33
87.50
91,67
95.83
100.00
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
8.33
7.64
7,00
6.42
5.88
5.39
4,94
4.53
4.15
3.81
3.49
3.20
2.93
2.69
2.46
2.26
2.07
1.90
1.74
1.60
1.46
1.34
1.23
1.13
DECLINING
} CUMULA-
: TIVE x
8.33
15.97
22.97
29,39
35.28
40.67
45,61
50,15
54.30
58.11
61.60
64.80
67.73
70.42
72.89
75.15
77.22
79.12
80,86
82,45
83.91
85.25
86.48
87. 6*
I SUM OF
: X/YEAR :
: a.oo
t 7.67
! 7.33
: 7.00
6.67
I
: 6.33
6.00
» 5,67
: 5.33
: 5.00
: 4,67
! 4,33
: 4,00
: 3,67
t 3,33
3,00
: 2,67
: 2,33
: 2.00
: 1.67
i 1.33
: i.oo
: .67
: .33
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE x
8.00
15.67
23.00
30.00
36.67
43.00
49.00
54.67
60.00
65.00
69,67
74.00
78.00
81,67
85.00
88.00
90.67
93.00
95,00
96.67
98.00
99.00
99.67
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR J CUyULA-
! TIvE X
8.33
7,64
7.00
6.42
5.88
5.39
4,94
4.53
4.15
3.81
3.49
3.20
2.93
2.93
2.93
2.93
2.93
2.93
2.93
2,93
2.97
2.93
2.93
2.93
8.33
15.97
22.97
29.39
35.28
40.67
45.61
50.15
5i».30
58.11
61.60
6(4.80
67.73
70.67
73.60
76.53
79.47
82.40
85.33
88.27
91.20
97.' 07
100.00
208
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—25 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
4.5
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR J
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4. 00
4,00
4.00
4.00
4,00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
4.00
8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
24,00
28.00
32.00
36,00
40.00
44.00
48.00
52.00
56.00
60.00
64.00
68.00
72.00
76.00
80.00
64.00
88.00
92.00
96.00
100.00
DOUBLE
VYEAR
8.00
7.36
6,77
6.23
5.73
5.27
4.85
4.46
4.11
3.78
3.48
3.20
2.94
2.71
2.49
2.29
2.11
1.94
1.78
1.64
1.51
1.39
1.28
1.18
1.08
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
8.06
15.36
22.13
28.36
34,09
39.36
44.22
48.68
52.78
56.56
60.04
63.23
66.17
68.88
71.37
73.66
75.77
77.71
79.49
81.13
82.64
84.03
85.31
86.48
87.56
: SUM OF
: X/YEAR :
: 7.69
: 7.38
: 7,08
t 6.77
: 6.46
t 6.15
S 5.85
: 5.54
: 5.23
: 4.92
: 4.62
t 4.31
4,00
: 3.69
: 3.38
J 3.08
: 2.77
: 2.46
: 2.15
: 1,85
l.t>4
: 1.23
: .92
: .62
: .31
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
7.69
15.08
22.15
28.92
35.38
41.54
47.38
52.92
58.15
63.08
67.69
72.00
76.00
79.69
83.08
86.15
88.92
91.38
93.54
95.38
96.92
98.15
99.08
99,69
100.00
: DOUBLE DECLINING
: /STRAIGHT LINE
t X/YEAR J CUMULA-
: j TIVE x
: a. oo
: 7.36
: 6.77
: 6.23
S 5,73
: 5.27
: 4.85
: 4.46
4.11
J 3. 78
1 3,48
: 3.20
: 2.94
: 2,82
! 2.82
: 2.82
i 2.82
: 2.82
: 2.82
: 2.82
! 2.82
! 2.82
: 2.82
: 2.82
2.82
8.00
15.36
22.13
28.36
34.09
39.36
44.22
48.68
52.78
56.56
60,04
63.23
66.17
68.99
71.81
74.63
77.45
80.27
83.09
85.91
88.72
91.54
94.36
97,18 :
100.00 :
209
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES--26 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
Z
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
a
23
25
26
: STRAIGHT
1 X/YEAR :
: 3,u5
: 3.e5
: 3.65
: 3.85
: 3.8?:
1 3.85
J 3.85
: 3.85
: 3.85
: 3.85
: 3.85
: 3.85
: 3.85
• 3,05
t 3.85
! 3.65
: 3.85
: 3.65
: 3.65
\ 3.85
! 3.85
I 3.85
5 3.85
: 3.85
: 3,85
! 3.85
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
3.85
7.69
11.54
15,38
19.23
23.08
26.92
30.77
34.62
38.46
42.31
46.15
50.00
53.85
57.69
61.54
65.38
69.23
73.08
76.92
80.77
84,62
68.46
92.31
96.15
100.00
DOUBLE
Jb/YEAR
7.69
7.10
6.55
6.05
5.58
5.16
4.76
4.39
4,05
3.74
3.45
3,19
2.94
2.72
2.51
2.32
2.14
1.97
1.82
1.68
1.55
1.43
1.32
1.22
1.13
1.04
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
7.69
14,79
21.35
27.40
32.98
38.14
42.90
47.29
51.34
55.09
58.54
61.73
64.67
67.39
69.90
72,22
74.35
76,33
78.15
79.83
81, 3B
82.61
84.13
85.35
86.48
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
7.41
7.12
6.84
6.55
6.27
5.98
5.70
5.41
5.13
4.84
4.56
4.27
3.99
3.70
3.42
3.13
2.85
2.56
2,28
1.99
1.71
1.42
1.14
.85
.57
67.52 : .28
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
7.41
14.53
21.37
27.92
34,19
40,17
45.87
51.28
56.41
61.25
65.81
70.09
74.07
77.78
81.20
84.33
87.18
89.74
92.02
94.02
95.73
97.15
98.29
99.15
99.72
100,00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
1 TIVE X
7.69
7.10
6.55
6.05
5.58
5.16
4.76
4.39
4.05
3.74
3.45
3.19
2.94
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2i72
2.72
2.72
2.72
7.69
14.79
21,35
27.40
32.98
38,14
42,90
47.29
51.34
55.09
58.54
61.73
64.67
67.39
70.11
72.83
75.54
78.26
60.98
83.70
86.41
8g.l3
91.85
94.57
97.28
100,00
210
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-.Z? YEAR LIFETIME
Y6.AR
1
2
3
4
5
f>
7
8
9
10
ll
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
*o
21
22
23
24
25
26
£7
: STRAIGHT
1 X/YEAR :
2 *
: 3.70
: 3.70
: 3.70
: 3.70
: 3.70
1 3.70
; 3.70
: 3.70
: 3.70
: 3.70
i 3.70
: 3.70
: 3.70
! 3,70
: 3.70
: 3.70
3.70
: 3.70
: 3.78
: 3.70
: 3.70
; 3.70
3.70
: 3.70
: 3.70
•
: 3.70
: 3.70
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
3.70
7.41
11.11
14.81
18.52
22.22
25.93
29.63
33.33
37.04
40.74
44.44
48.15
51.85
55.56
59.26
62.96
66,67
70.37
74.07
77.78
81.48
85.19
88.89
92.59
96.30
100.00
DOUBLE
*/YEAR
7.41
6.86
6.35
5.88
5.44
5.04
4.67
4.32
4.00
3.71
3.43
3.18
2.94
2.72
2.52
2.34
2.16
2.00
1.85
1.72
1.59
1.47
1.36
1.26
1.17
1.08
1.00
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
7.41
14.27
20.62
26.50
31,94
36,98
41,65
45.97
49,98
53.68
57.11
60,29
63.23
65,95
68.48
70,81
72.97
74.98
76.83
78.55
80,13
81.61
82.97
84.23
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
7.14
6.88
6.61
6,35
6.08
5.82
5.56
5.29
5.03
4.76
4.50
4.23
3.97
3.70
3.44
3,17
2.91
2.65
2.38
2.12
1.85
1.59
1.32
1.06
85.40 .79
86.48 .53
87.46 .26
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
7.14
14.02
20.63
26.98
33.07
38.89
44.44
49.74
54,76
59,52
64.02
68.25
72.22
75.93
79.37
82.54
85.45
88.10
90.48
92.59
94.44
96.03
97.35
98.41
99.21
99.74
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR t CUMULA-
t TIVE X
7.41
6.86
6,35
5.88
5.44
5.04
4.67
4.32
4.00
3.71
3.43
3.18
2,94
2.72
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2,62
7.41
14.27
20.62
26.50
31.94
36.98
41.65
45,97
49.98
53.68
57.11
60.29
63.23
65.95
68.57
71,19
73.81
7&,43
79.05
81.67
84.29
86.91
89.52
92.14
94.76
97.38
100.00
211
-------
DEPRECIATION scHEDui_Es--28 YEAR LIFETIME
YLAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
it
15
16
17
18
19
20
£l
22
23
24
^5
26
«:7
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—29 YEAR LIFETIME
ttAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
£2
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
: STRAIGHT
:
I */YEA« :
: :
: 3.45
: 3.45
J 3.45
; 3.45
: 3.45
! 3.45
: 3.45
: 3.45
: 3.45
t 3.45
1 3.45
! 3.45
I 3.45
: 3.45
: 3.45
! 3.45
: 3.45
: 3.45
; 3.45
J 3.45
!
: 3.45
; 3.45
: 3.45
: 3.45
; 3.45
•
: 3.45
: 3.45
; 3.45
: 3.45
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE *
3.45
6.90
10.34
13.79
17.24
20.69
24.14
27.59
31.03
34.48
37.93
41.38
44.83
48.28
51.72
55.17
58.62
62.07
65.52
68.97
72.41
75.86
79.31
62.76
86.21
89.66
93.10
96.55
100.00
DOUBLE
»/YEAR
6,90
6,42
5.98
5.57
5.18
4.82
4.49
4.18
3.89
3.63
3,39
3.14
2.93
2.72
2,54
2.36
2.20
2.05
1.91
1.77
1.65
1,54
1.43
1,33
1.24
1,16
1.08
1.00
,93
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
6.90
13.32
19.30
24.86
30.04
34.87
39.36
43.54
47.44
51.06
54,44
57.58
60.50
63.23
65.76
68.12
70.32
72.37
74.28
76.05
77.70
79.24
80.67
82.00
83.25
84.40
85.48
86.48
87.41
: SUM OF
:
: VYEAR :
: :
: 6.67
: 6,44
1 6.21
! 5.98
5.75
J
: 5.52
: 5.29
! 5.06
: 4.83
: 4.60
t 4.37
: 4.14
I 3.91
t 3.68
: 3.45
3.22
! 2.99
: 2.76
I 2.53
: 2.30
J
! 2.07
: 1.84
: i.6i
: 1.38
: 1.15
t
J .92
I .69
: ,46
: .23
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE *
6.67
13.10
19.31
25.29
31.03
36.55
41.84
46,90
51.72
56.32
60.69
64.83
68.74
72,41
75,86
79.08
82.07
84.83
87.36
89.66
91.72
93.56
95.17
96.55
97.70
98.62
99.31
99.77
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
VYEAR : CUwULA-
J TIvE X
6.90
6.42
5.98
5.57
5,18
4,82
4.49
4.18
3.89
3.63
3.38
3.14
2.93
2.72
2.54
2,45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2,45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
6.90
13.32
19.30
24.86
30.04
34.87
39.36
43.54
47.44
51,06
54.44
57.58
60.50
63.23
65.76
68.21
70.65
73.10
75.55
77.99
80.44
82.88
85,33
87.77
90.22
92.66
95.11
97.55
100,00
213
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—SO YEAR LIFETIME
YE.AR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
i&
27
28
29
30
: STRAIGHT
1 X/YEAR :
: 3.33
t 3.33
: 3.33
: 3.33
J 3.33
} 3.33
J 3.33
i 3.33
'. 3.J3
: 3.33
1 3.33
: 3.33
: 3.33
: 3.33
: 3.33
1 3.33
: 3.33
: 3.33
: 3.33
3.33
! 3.33
3.33
: 3.33
I 3.33
: 3.33
! 3.33
; 3.33
: 3.33
! 3.33
I 3.33
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE *
3.33
6.67
10.00
13.33
16.67
20.00
23.33
26.67
30.00
33.33
36.67
40.00
43.33
46.67
50.00
53.33
56.67
60.00
63.33
66.67
70.00
73.33
76.67
80.00
83.33
86.67
90.00
93.33
96.67
100.00
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
6.67
6.22
5.81
5.42
5.06
4.72
4.41
4.11
3,84
3.53
3.34
3.12
2.91
2.72
2.54
2.37
2.21
2.06
1.93
1,80
1.68
1.57
1.46
1.36
1.27
1.19
1.11
1.03
.97
.90
DECLINING :
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
6.67
12.89
18.70
24.12
29.18
33.90
38.30
42,42
46.26
49.84
53,18
56.30
59.22
61.94
64.47
66.84
69.05
71.12
73.04
74.84
76.52
78,08
79.54
80.91
82.18
83.37
84,48
85.51
86.48
87.38
SUM QF
X/YEAR I
6.45
6.24
6.02
5.81
5.59
5.38
5,16
4.95
4.73
4.52
4.30
4.09
3.87
3.66
3.44
3.23
3.01
2.80
2.58
2.37
2.15
1.94
1.72
1.51
1.29
1.08
.86
.65
.43
.22
DIGITS ;
CUMULA-
TIVE X
6.45
12.69
18.71
24.52
30.11
35.48
40.65
45.59
50.32
54.84
59.14
63.23
67.10
70.75
74.19
77.42
80.43
83.23
85.81
88.17
90.32
92.26
93.98
95.48
96.77
97.85
98.71
99.35
99.78
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING :
/STRAIGHT LINE !
X/YEAR : CUMULA- 1
: TIVE * t
6.67
6.22
5,81
5.42
5.06
4.72
4.41
4.11
3.84
3.58
3.34
3.12
2.91
2.72
2.54
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
6.67 :
12.89 :
18.70 :
24.12 !
29.18 :
33.90 8
38.30 1
42.42 !
46.26 !
49.84 !
53.18 :
56.30 :
59.22 :
61.94 !
64.47 :
66.84 '•
69.21 t
71.58 !
73.95 :
76.32 :
78.68 !
si.05 :
83.42 :
85.79 :
88.16 !
90.53 :
92.89 !
95.26 :
97.63 :
100.00 :
214
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—31 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20
~t
{SI -M
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-^ YEAR LIFETIME
rtAR
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
^j
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR :
3,13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3,13
3.13
3.13
3,13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
LINE : DOUBLE
CUMUUA- : */YEAR
TIVE X :
3.13 : 6.25
6.25
9.38
12.50
15.63
16.75
21.88
25.00
28.13
31.25
34.38
37.50
40.63
43.75
46.68
50.00
53.13
56.25
59.38
62.50
65.63
68.75
71.68
75,00
78.13
81.25
64.38
87.50
90.63
93.75
96.88
5.86
5.49
5.15
4.83
4.53
4.24
3.98
3.73
3.50
3.28
3.07
2.88
2.70
2.53
2.37
2.23
2.09
1.96
1.83
1.72
1.61
1.51
1.42
1.33
1.24
1.17
1.09
1.03
.96
.90
100.00 : .85
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE %
6.25
12.11
17.60
22.75
27.58
32.11
36.35
40.33
44.06
47.55
50.83
53.90
56.79
59.49
62.02
64.39
66.62
68.70
70.66
72.49
74.21
75.82
77.34
78.75
80.06
81.33
82.49
83.59
64.61
85.57
66.46
87.32
! SUM OF
! X/YEAR :
• *
: 6.06
: 5.67
> 5.68
: 5.49
: 5.30
: 5.11
: 4.92
8 4.73
: 4.55
: 4.36
: 4,i7
: 3.96
: 3.79
: 3.60
3.41
! 3.22
: 3.03
: 2.84
! 2,65
: 2.46
j
: 2.27
: 2.08
: 1.89
: 1.70
: 1.52
! 1.33
: 1.14
J .95
: ,76
8 .57
: .38
: .19
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
6.06
11.93
17.61
23.11
28.41
33.52
38.45
43.18
47.73
52.08
56.25
60.23
64.02
67.61
71,02
74,24
77,27
60,11
82,77
65,23
87.50
89,56
91,48
93,18
94.70
96,02
97,16
98.11
98.86
99.43
DOUBLE DECLINING :
/STRAIGHT LINE '
X/YEAR : CUMULA- I
: TIVE « t
6,25
5.86
5.49
5.15
4.83
4.53
4,24
3.98
3.73
3.50
3.28
3.07
2,88
2.70
2.53
2.37
2.23
2.23
2.23
2,23
2.23
2.23
2,23
2.23
2.23
2,23
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.23
99.81 1 2.23
100.00 : 2.23
6.25 t
12.11 :
17,60 S
22.75 :
27.58 !
32.11 !
36.35 :
40.33 !
44.06 :
47.55 :
50.83 :
53.90 :
56.79 8
59.49 :
62.02 :
64.39 t
66.62 t
68.84 !
71.07 J
73.29 !
t
75.52 !
77.75 :
79.97 :
82.20 t
fl4. 42 :
86.65 !
88.87 5
9i.io :
93.32 :
95.55 S
97.77 !
100.00 :
216
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—33 YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
23
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—34 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
4
&
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
il
25
26
27
28
*9
30
31
32
33
34
: STRAIGHT
: X/YEAR :
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
Z 2.91
2.91
I 2.91
: 2.91
! 2.91
: 2.91
j 2.91
: 2.91
2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
1 2.91
: 2.91
• 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
! 2.91
: 2.91
s 2.91
2.91
: 2.91
: 2.91
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
2.94
5.88
8.82
11.76
14.71
17.65
20.59
23.53
26.47
29.41
32.35
35.29
38.24
41.18
44.12
47.06
50.00
52.94
55.88
58.82
61.76
64.71
67.65
70.59
73.53
76.47
79.41
82.35
85.29
88.24
91.18
94.12
97.06
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
5.88
5.54
5.21
4.90
4.62
4.34
4.09
3,85
3.62
3.41
3.21
3,02
2.84
2.67
2.52
2.37
2.23
2.10
1.98
1.86
1.75
1.65
1.55
1.46
1.37
1.29
1.22
1.14
1.08
1.01
.95
.90
.85
100.00 t .80
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.88
11.42
16.63
21.53
26.15
30.49
34.58
38.1*3
42.05
45.46
48.67
51.69
54.53
57.20
59.72
62,09
64.32
66.42
68.40
70.25
72.00
73.65
75.20
76.66
78.03
79.32
80.54
81.69
82.76
83.78
84.73
85.63
86.47
87.27
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
5.71
5.55
5.38
5.21
5.04
4.87
1.71
1,54
1.37
4.20
1.03
3.87
3.70
3.53
3.36
3.19
3.03
2.86
2.69
2.52
2.35
2.18
2.02
1.85
1,68
1.51
1.31
1,18
1.01
.84
.67
.50
.34
.17
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE *
5.71
11.26
16.64
21.85
26,89
31.76
36.47
41.01
45,38
49.58
53.61
57.48
61.18
64.71
68.07
71.26
74.29
77,14
79.83
82.35
84.71
86.89
88,91
90.76
92.44
93,95
95.29
96.17
97.48
98.32
98.99
99.50
99.83
DOUBLE DECLINING s
/STRAIGHT LINE :
VYEAR : CUMULA- :
J TIVE % :
5.88
5.54
5.21
4.90
4.62
4, 34
4.09
3.85
3.62
3.41
3.21
3.02
2.84
2.67
2.52
2.37
2.23
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2,10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
100.00 : 2.10
5.88 :
11.42 :
16.63 :
21.53 :
26.15 :
30.49 :
34.58 :
38.43 :
42.05 :
45.46 !
48.67 t
51.69 :
54.53 :
57,20 !
59,72 !
62.09 :
64.32 !
66.42 !
68.52 :
70.62 :
72.72 :
74.82 !
76.91 5
79.01 !
81.11 |
83.21 :
85.31 !
87.41 :
89.51 :
9i.6i :
93.70 :
95.80 I
97.90 :
100.00 :
218
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—35 YEAR LIFETIME
1
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1Z
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
<^2
23
24
Zb
26
27
20
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE K
2,86 2.66
2.8& 5.71
2.86 8.57
2.86 11. 43
2.86 1H. 29
2.66 17. 11*
2.86 20.00
2.86 22.86
2.86 25.71
2.86 28.57
a. 66 31.43
2.36 34.29
2.86 37.14
2.86 40.00
2.86 42.86
2.86 45,71
2.86 48.57
2.86 51.43
2.86 54.29
2.86 57.14
2.66 60.00
2.66 62. S6
2.86 65.71
2.86 68,57
2.86 71.43
2.86 74.29
2.86 77.14
2,fa& 80.00
2.86 82.86
2.66 85.71
2,86 88.57
2.86 91.43
2.66 94.29
a, 66 97.14
2,86 100,00
DOUBLE DECLINING
*/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.71 5.71
5.39 11.10
5.08 16.18
4.79 20.97
4.52 25.49
4.26 29,75
4.01 33,76
3.79 37,55
3.57 41.11
3.36 44.48
3.17 47.65
2.99 50.64
2.82 53.46
2,66 56.12
2,51 58.63
2.36 60.99
2.23 63.22
2.10 65,32
1.98 67.31
1.87 69.17
1.76 70.94
1.66 72,60
1.57 74.16
1,48 75.64
1.39 77.03
1.31 78.34
1.24 79.58
1.17 80.75
1.10 81.85
1.04 82.88
.98 83.86
.92 84.79
.87 85.65
.82 86.47
! .77 87.25
SUM OF DIGITS
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.56 5.56
5,40 10,95
5.24 16.19
5.08 31.27
4.92 26.19
4,76 30,95
4,60 35.56
4,44 40.00
4.29 44.29
4.13 48,41
3.97 52.38
3,81 56.19
3.65 59.84
3.49 63.33
3.33 66.67
3,17 69.84
3.02 72.86
2.86 75.71
2.70 78.41
2.54 80.95
2.23 83.33
2.22 85.56
2.06 87.62
1.90 89.52
1.75 91.27
1,59 92.86
1,43 94.29
1,27 95.56
1.11 96.67
.95 97.62
,79 98.41
,63 99.05
,48 99,52
,32 99,84
,16 100,00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CLIMULA-
! TIVE X
5,71 5.71
5.39 11.10
5,08 16.18
4.79 20.97
4.52 25.49
4.26 29.75
4.01 33.76
3.79 37.55
3.57 41.11
3.36 44.48
3.17 47.65
2.99 50.64
2.82 53.46
2,66 56.12
2.51 58.63
2.36 60.99
2.23 63.22
2.10 65.32
2.04 67.36
2.04 69.40
2.04 71.44
2.04 73,48
2.04 75.52
2,04 77.56
2.04 79.60
2.04 81.64
2.04 83.68
2.04 85.72
2,04 87.76
2,04 89.80
2.04 91,84
2,04 93.88
2.04 95.92
2.04 97.96
! 2.04 100.00 I
219
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—35 YEAR LIFETIME
YE.AR
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
e
9
10
u
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
a
£2
23
24
25
k&
tf
28
29
JO
31
32
ii
34
35
36
: STRAIGHT
:
! X/YEAR :
: :
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
Z 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
t
i 2.78
! 2.78
» 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
i
i 2.78
J 2.78
! 2.78
: 2.78
! 2.78
j
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
! 2.78
2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
! 2.78
•
; 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
: 2.78
:
: 2.78
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
2,78
5,56
8.33
11.11
13.89
16.67
19.44
22.22
25.00
27.78
30.56
33.33
36.11
38.89
41.67
44,44
47.22
50,00
52,78
55,56
58.33
61,11
63.89
66.67
69.44
72.22
75.00
77.78
80.56
83.33
86,11
88.89
91.67
94,44
97,22
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
5.56
5.25
4.96
4,68
4.42
4.17
3.94
3.72
3,52
3.32
3.14
2.96
2.80
2.64
2,50
2.36
2,23
2.10
1.99
i.&a
1.77
1.67
1.5S
1.49
1.41
1.33
1.26
1.19
1.12
1.06
1.00
.94
.89
.84
.80
100.00 i .75
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE %
5.56
10.80
15.76
20,44
24.86
29.03
32.98
36,70
40,22
43.54
46.67
49.64
52.43
55.08
57.57
59.93
62.16
64.26
66,24
68.12
69.89
71.56
73.14
74.64
76.04
77.38
78.63
79.82
80.94
82.00
83.00
83.94
84.64
85.68
86.47
87.23
:
•
:
:
•
:
:
:
:
:
!
j
:
:
!
;
:
•
•
:
t
•
•
:
:
•
:
!
:
:
:
•
!
:
SUM OF
X/YEAR !
5.4l"
5.26
5.11
4.95
4.80
4.65
4.50
4.35
4.20
4,05
3.90
3.75
3.60
3.45
3,30
3.15
3,00
2.85
2.70
2.55
2.40
2.25
2,10
1,95
1.80
1.65
1.50
1.35
1.20
1.05
.90
.75
.60
.45
.30
.15
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
5.41
10.66
15.77
20,72
25.53
30.18
34,68
39,04
43.24
47.30
51.20
54.95
58.56
62.01
65.32
68,47
71.47
74.32
77.03
79.58
81.98
84.23
66.34
88.29
90,09
91.74
93.24
94.59
95.80
96.85
97.75
98.50
99.10
99.55 :
99.85 J
DOUBLE DECLINING t
/STRAIGHT LINE :
X/YEAR j CUMULA- :
t TIvE X !
5.56
5.25
4.96
4.68
4.42
4.17
3.94
3.72
3.52
3.32
3.14
2.96
2.80
2.64
2.50
2.36
2.23
2,10
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
1,99
1.99
1.99
100.00 • 1,99
5.56 :
lo.eo :
15.76 :
20.44 :
24.86 :
:
29.03 !
32.98 !
36,70 :
40.22 :
43.54 :
46.67 I
49.64 :
52.43 :
55.08 :
57.57 !
:
59.93 :
62.16 i
64.26 :
66.24 :
68.23 :
t
70.22 :
72.20 I
74.19 I
76.17 :
78,16 t
:
80.14 :
S2.13 :
S4.li :
86.10 :
88.09 :
90.07 t
92.06 :
94.04 :
96.03 :
98.01 :
•
100,00 :
220
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—37 YEAR LIFETIME
r,AR
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
•. STRAIGHT
! X/YEAR ••
: 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
5 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
! 2.70
; 2.70
: 2.70
: 2,70
! 2.70
: 2.70
J 2.70
: 2.70
! 2.70
! 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
! 2.70
I 2.70
2.70
: 2.70
: 2.70
1 2.70
: 2.70
J 2.70
{ 2.70
I 2.70
! 2.70
: 2.70
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE *
2.70
5.41
8.11
10.81
13.51
16.22
18.92
21.62
24.32
27.03
29.73
32.43
35.14
37.84
40.54
43.24
45.95
48.65
51.35
54.05
56.75
59.46
62.16
64.86
67.57
70.27
72.97
75.68
78.38
81.08
83.78
86.49
89.19
91.89
94.59
97.30
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
5.41
5.11
4.84
4.58
4.33
4.09
3.87
3.66
3.47
3.28
3.10
2.93
2.77
2.62
2.48
2,35
2,22
2.10
1.99
1.88
1.78
1,68
1.59
1.51
1.42
1.35
1.27
1.21
1.14
1.08
1.02
.97
.91
.86
.82
.77
100.00 ! .73
DECLINING
S CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.41
10.52
15.36
19.93
24,26
28.35
32.23
35.89
39.35
42.63
45.73
48.67
51.44
54.07
56.55
58.90
61.12
63.22
65.21
67,09
es.37
70.55
72.14
73.65
75,07
76.42
77.70
78,90
80.04
81.12
82.14
83.11
84.02
84.88
85.70
86.47
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
5.26
5.12
4.98
4,84
4.69
4.55
4.41
4.27
4.13
3.98
3.84
3.70
3.56
3.41
3.27
3.13
2.99
2.84
2.70
2.56
2.42
2.28
2.13
1.99
1.85
1.71
1.56
1.42
1.28
1.14
1.00
.85
.71
.57
.43
.28
87.20 I .14
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
5.26
10.38
15.36
20.20
24,89
29.45
33.85
38.12
42.25
46.23
50,07
53.77
57.33
60.74
64.01
67.14
70.13
72.97
75,66
78.24
80.65
82.93
85.06
87.06
88.90
90.61
92.18
93.60
94.88
96.02
97,01
97.87
98.58
99.15
99.57
99,86
100.00
DOU3LE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
J TIVE X
5.41
5.11
4.84
4.58
4.33
4.09
3.87
3.66
3.47
3.28
3.10
2.93
2.77
2.62
2.48
2.35
2.22
2.10
1.99
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
5.41
10.52
15.36
19.93
24.26
28.35
32.23
35.89
39.35
42.63
45.73
48.67
51.44
54.07
56.55
58.90
61.12
63.22
65.21
67.14
69.03
71.01
72.94
74.87
76.81
78.74
80.67
Ba.60
84.54
86.47
88.40
90.34
92.27
94.20
96.13
98. 0>
100.00
221
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—38 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
4
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
£7
29
30
32
33
34
35
56
37
38
STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CUMUU-
: TIVE x
2.63 2.63
2.b3 5.26
2.63 7.89
2.63 10.53
2,63 13.16
2.63 15.79
2.63 18.42
2.63 21.05
2,63 23.66
2.63 26.32
2.63 28.95
2.63 31.58
2.63 34.21
2.63 36.84
2.63 39.47
2.63 42.11
2.63 44.74
2.63 47.37
2.63 50.00
2.63 52.63
2.63 55.26
2.63 57.89
2.63 60,53
2.63 63.16
2.63 65.79
2.63 68.42
2.63 71.05
2.63 73.68
2,63 76.32
2.63 78,95
2.63 81.58
2.63 84.21
2.63 86.84
2.63 89.47
: 2.63 92.11
1 2.63 94.74
I 2.63 97.37
I 2.63 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
X/YEAR ! CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.26 5.26
4.99 10.25
4.72 14.97
4.48 19.45
4.24 23.69
4.02 27.70
3.81 31.51
3.60 35.11
3,42 38.53
3.24 41.76
3.07 44,83
2.90 47.73
2.75 50.48
2.61 53.09
2.47 55.56
2.34 57.90
2.22 60.11
2.10 62.21
1.99 64.20
1.88 66.09
1.78 67.87
1.69 69.56
1.60 71.16
1.52 72.68
1.44 74,12
1,36 75,48
1.2? 76.77
1.22 77.99
1.16 79.15
1.10 80.25
1.04 61.29
.98 82.27
.93 83.21
.88 84.09
.84 84.93
,79 85,72
,75 86,47
.71 87.19
SUM OF DIGITS
%/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.13 5.13
4.99 10.12
4.86 14.98
4.72 19.70
4.59 24.29
4.45 28,74
4.32 33.06
4.18 37.25
4.05 41.30
3.91 45.21
3.78 48.99
3.64 52,63
3,51 56.14
3.37 59.51
3.24 62.75
3.10 65.86
2,97 68.83
2.83 71.66
2,70 74.36
2.56 76.92
2.43 79.35
2.29 81.65
2,16 83.81
2.02 85,83
1.89 87.72
1.75 89,47
1.62 91.09
1.46 92.58
1.35 93.93
1.21 95,14
1,08 96.22
,94 97.17
.81 97.98
,67 98,65
.54 99.19
.40 99.60
.27 99.87
.13 100,00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
WEAR 1 CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.26 5.26
4.99 10.25
4.72 14.97
4.48 19.45
4.24 23.69
4.02 27.70
3.81 31,51
3.60 35.11
3.42 38.53
3.24 41.76
3.07 44.83
2.90 47.73
2.75 50.48
2.61 53.09
2.47 55.56
2,34 57.90
2.22 60.11
2,10 62.21
1.99 64.20
1.88 66.09
1.88 67.97
1.88 69.85
1.88 71.74
1.88 73.62
1.88 75.51
1.88 77.39
1.88 79.27
1.88 81.16
1.83 83.04
1.86 84.93
1.88 86.81
1.88 88.70
1.88 90.58
1.88 92.46
1.88 94.35
1.88 96.23
1.88 98.12
1.88 100.00 I
222
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES--39 YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
ii
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
£0
it
£2
£3
24
£5
£6
£7
£8
£9
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
; STRAlSHT
: X/YEAR :
: 2.b&
2.56
: 2.56
: 2,56
: 2.56
! 2.56
t 2.56
J 2,56
I 2.56
: 2.56
! 2,56
: 2.56
t 2.56
: 2.56
I 2.56
1 2.56
S 2.56
; 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
I 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
! 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
• 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
: 2.56
1 2.56
t 2.56
I 2.56
: 2.56
I 2.56
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE *
2.56
5.13
7.69
10.26
12.82
15.38
17.95
20.51
23.08
25.64
28.21
30.77
33.33
35,90
38.46
41.03
43.59
46.15
46.72
51.28
53.85
56.41
58,97
61,54
64.10
66,67
69.23
71.79
74.36
76.92
79.49
82.05
84.62
87.18
89.74
92.31
94.87
97.44
100.00
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
5.13
4.67
4.62
4.38
4.15
3.94
3.74
3,55
3,37
3.19
3.03
2.87
2.73
2.59
2.45
2,33
2.21
2.10
1.99
1.89
1.79
1.70
1.61
1.53
1.45
1.38
1.30
1.24
1.17
1.11
1.06
1.00
.95
.90
.86
.81
.77
.73
.69
DECL1NINS
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.13
9.99
14.61
18.99
23.14
27.08
30.82
34.37
37.74
40.93
43.96
46.83
49.56
52.15
54,60
56.93
59.14
61.23
63.22
65.11
66,90
68.59
70.20
71,73
73.18
74.56
75.86
77.10
78.27
79.39
80.45
81.45
82.40
83.30
84.16
84.97
85.74
86.47
87.17
SUM OF
X/YEAR I
5.00
4,87
4.74
4,62
4,49
4.36
4,23
4,10
3.97
3,65
3.72
3.59
3.46
3.33
3.21
3.08
2.95
2.82
2.69
2.56
2.44
2.31
2.18
2.05
1.92
1.79
1,67
1.54
1.41
1.28
1.15
1.03
.90
.77
.64
.51
.38
.26
.13
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
5.00
9.87
14.62
19.23
23.72
28.08
32.31
36.41
40.38
44,23
47.95
51.54
55.00
58.33
61.54
64.62
67.56
70.38
73.08
75,64
78.08
80,38
82,56
84.62
86.54
88.33
90.00
91.54
92.95
94,23
95.38
96.41
97.31
96.08
98.72
99.23
99.62
99.87
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
IS/YEAR J CUMULA-
1 TIVE X
5,13
4,87
4.62
4,38
4.15
3.94
3,74
3.55
3,37
3,19
3,03
2.87
2.73
2.59
2,45
2.33
2.21
2,10
1,99
1,89
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,64
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,84
1,84
1.84
1.84
1,84
l.BJ*
1,84
1.84
1,84
1,84
1,84
5.13
9.99
14,61
18.99
23.14
27.08
30.82
34.37
37.74
40.93
43.96
46.83
49.56
52.15
54.60
56.93
59.14
61.23
63.22
65.11
66.94
68,78
70,62
72.45
74,29
76.13
77.96
79.80
81.64
83,47
85.31
87.14
88.98
90.82
92.65
94.49 !
96.33 :
98.16 :
100.00 :
223
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEOUUES--HO YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
£1
H
23
£4
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
: STRAIGHT
: 2.50
t 2.50
: 2.50
J 2.50
i 2.50
: 2.50
I 2.50
I 2.50
: 2.50
I 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
i 2.50
: 2.50
J 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
: 2.50
> 2.50
! 2.50
1 2.50
i 2.50
t 2.50
: 2.50
J 2.50
t 2.50
I
t 2.50
: 2.50
i 2.50
2.50
I 2.5"
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE *
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50
25.00
27.50
30,00
32.50
35.00
37.50
40,00
42.50
45.00
47.50
50.00
52.50
55.00
57.50
60,00
62.50
65.00
67.50
70,00
72.50
75.00
77.50
80.00
82.50
85.00
87.50
90.00
92.50
95.00
DOUBLE
*/YEAR
5.00
4.75
4.51
4.29
4,07
3.67
3.68
3,49
3.32
3.15
2.99
2.84
2.70
2.57
2.44
2.32
2.20
2.09
1.99
1.89
1.79
1.70
1,62
1.54
1.46
1.39
1.32
1.25
1.19
1.13
1.07
1.02
.97
.92
.87
.83
.79
.75
97.50 : .71
100.00 : .68
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
5.00
9.75
14.26
18.55
22.62
26.49
30.17
33.66
36.98
40.13
43.12
45.96
48.67
51.23
53.67
55.99
58.19
60.28
62.26
64.15
65.94
67.65
69.26
70.80
72.26
73.65
74.97
76.22
77.41
78.54
79.61
80.63
81.60
82.52
83.39
84.22
85.01
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
4.88
4,76
4,63
4.51
4,39
'-i.27
4.15
4.02
3,90
3.78
3,66
3.54
3.41
3.29
3.17
3.05
2.93
2.80
2.68
2.56
2.44
2.32
2.20
2.07
1.95
1.83
1,71
1.59
1.46
1.34
1.22
1.10
.98
.85
.73
.61
.49
85.76 : .37
86.47 : .24
87.15 I .12
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
4.88
9.63
14.27
18.78
23.17
27.44
31.59
35.61
39,51
43,29
46.95
50.49
53.90
57.20
60,37
63.41
66.34
69.15
71.83
74.39
76,83
79.15
81.34
83.41
85,37
87.20
88.90
90.49
91.95
93.29
94.51
95.61
96.59
97.44
98.17
98.78
99.27
99.63
99.88
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
I TIVE X
5.00
4.75
4,51
4.29
4.07
3.87
3.68
3.49
3.32
3.15
2.99
2.84
2.70
2.57
2.44
2.32
2.20
2.09
1.99
1.89
1,79
1.79
1.79
1,79
1,79
1.79
1.79
1,79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1,79
1.79
1,79
1.79
1,79
1.79
1.79
1.79
5.00
9.75
14.26
18.55
22.62
26.49
30.17
33.66
36.98
40.13
43.12
45.96
48.67
51.23
53.67
55.99
58,19
60,28
62.26
64.15
65.94
67.74
69.53
71.32
73.11
74.91
76.70
78.49
80.28
82.08
83.87
65.66
67.45
89.25
91.04
92.83
94.62
96.42
98.21
100.00
224
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—4i YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2**
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
3*
35
36
37
38
39
40
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR :
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.**
2.**
2.4*
2.**
2.**
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2,4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.**
2.4*
2.44
2.4*
2.4*
2.**
2.**
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.4*
2.**
2.4*
2.4*
2.**
2.4*
2.4*
2.**
2.**
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
2,*4
4.88
7.32
9.76
12.20
14.63
17.07
19.51
21.95
24.39
26.83
29.27
31.71
34.15
36.59
39.02
41.46
43.90
46.34
48.78
51.22
53,66
56.10
58.54
60.98
63.41
65,85
68,29
70.73
73.17
75.61
78.05
60,49
82.93
65,37
87.80
90.24
92.68
95.12
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
4,68
4.64
4.41
4.20
3.99
3.80
3,61
3,4*
3.27
3.11
2.96
2.81
2.66
2,55
2.42
2.30
2.19
2.08
1.98
1.69
1,79
1.71
1.62
1.5*
1.47
1.40
1.33
1.26
1.20
1.1*
1.09
1.04
.98
.94
.89
.85
.81
.77
.73
97,56 : ,69
I
100.00 ! .66
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
4.88
9.52
13.93
18.13
22,12
25.92
29.54
32.97
36.24
39.35
42.31
45.13
47.80
50.35
52,77
55.07
57.27
59.35
61.33
63.22
65.01
66.72
68.3*
69.89
71.36
72.75
74,08
75.35
76.55
77.69
78.78
79.82
80.80
81.74
82.63
83.48
84.28
85.05
8b.78
86.47
87.13
: SUM OF
': X/YEAR :
: 4.76
! 4.65
t 4.53
: 4.4i
! 4.30
i
: 4.18
: 4.07
: 3.95
: 3.83
: 3.72
;
t 3.60
t 3.48
3.37
: 3,25
: 3.14
: 3.02
: 2.90
: 2.79
2.67
! 2.56
: 2.44
2.32
: 2.21
: 2.09
; 1.97
I
1 1.86
: 1.7*
1.63
: LSI
: 1.39
1 1.28
1 1,16
1.05
I .93
I .81
j
: .70
: .SB
: .46
I .35
I .23
f
: .12
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE x
4.76
9.41
13.9*
16.35
22,65
26.83
30,89
34,84
38.68
42.39
45.99
49,48
52.85
56.10
59.23
62.25
65.16
67.94
70.62
73.17
75.61
77.93
80.1*
82.23
84.20
86.06
87,80
89.43
90.94
92.33
93.61
94,77
95,82
96,75
97.56
96.26
98.84
99,30
99,65
99.88
100.00
t DOUBLE DECLINING :
; /STRAIGHT LINE :
: X/YEAR i CU^ULA- '•
; : TIVE x i
: 4,88
: 4,64
', *.*!
: *.2o
: 3.99
J
! 3,80
: 3.6i
I 3,*4
: 3.27
: 3.11
•
: 2,96
: 2.8i
: 2.68
: 2.55
: 2.42
! 2.30
2.19
; 2.08
: 1.98
: 1.89
1 1,79
: 1.75
1.75
1.75
: 1.75
t
; 1,75
', 1.75
: 1.75
1.75
: 1.75
1 1.75
: 1.75
: 1.75
: 1.75
: 1,75
•
: 1.75
! 1.75
: 1.75
: 1.75
: 1.75
J
J 1.75
4,88 I
9.52 J
13.93 1
18.13 f
22.12 :
1
25.92 »
29.5* !
32.97 :
36.24 !
3g,35 !
1
42.31 »
45,13 «
*7.80 1
50.35 :
52.77 :
55.07 t
57.27 !
59.35 t
61.33 :
63.22 :
65.01 :
66,76 !
68.51 '•
70.26 :
72.01 !
;
73.76 »
75.51 I
77.26 !
79.01 :
80.76 J
82.51 1
84.26 :
86.01 t
87,75 1
89.50 :
J
91.25 I
93.00 !
94.75 J
96.50 !
98,25 :
f
lOo.OO <
225
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES--^ YEAR LIFETIME
«.
1
2
3
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
11
15
16
17
18
19
£0
21
22
23
-::1
^5
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
31
35
36
37
38
39
10
11
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR :
2,38
2.36
2,38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2,38
2.38
2.38
2.36
2,38
2.38
2.38
2,38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2,38
2,38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2,38
2,38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
2.38
1.76
7.11
9.52
11.90
11.29
16.67
19.05
21.13
23.61
26.19
28.57
30.95
33.33
35.71
38.10
10,18
12.86
15,21
17.62
50,00
52,38
51.76
57.11
59.52
61.90
61.29
66.67
69.05
71.13
73.81
76.19
78,57
80.95
83.33
85.71
88,10
90,18
92.86
95.21
97.62
100.00
! DOUBLE
: X/YEAR
! 1.76
: 1.51
: 1.32
: 1.11
J 3.92
! 3.73
'. 3.55
: 3.38
3.22
J 3.07
I 2.92
: 2.78
: 2.65
! 2,53
: 2.11
i 2.29
: 2.18
! 2.08
: 1.98
: i.es
: 1,79
: 1.71
1 1,63
: 1,55
: Lie
J 1.11
: 1.31
: 1.28
: 1,21
: 1,16
i 1,10
1 1.05
: 1,00
: .95
t .91
J
1 .86
: ,82
: .78
: ,75
: .71
1 .68
I .61
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE %
1,76
9.30
13.62
17.73
21,65
25.38
28.93
32.32
35.51
38.61
11,53
11.32
16.97
19.19
51.90
51.19
56.37
58.15
60.13
62.31
61.11
65.82
67.11
68,99
70.17
71.88
73.22
71,19
75.71
76.86
77,96
79.01
80.01
80.96
81.67
82.73
83.56
81.31
85.09
85.80
86.17
87.12
: SUM OF
: X/YEAR :
: i,65
: 1.51
: 1.13
1 1.32
t 1.21
I 1.10
t 3.99
: 3,88
: 3.77
: 3.65
! 3.51
! 3.13
! 3.32
3.21
( 3.10
: 2.99
5 2.S8
2.77
! 2.66
: 2.55
! 2.11
! 2,33
; 2.21
: 2.10
! 1.99
: use
: 1.77
1 1,66
: 1.55
! 1,11
: 1.33
J 1,22
1 1,11
1 1.00
! ,89
t
t ,78
: .66
1 .55
: .11
1 .33
1 ,22
: .11
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
1.65
9.19
13,62
17.91
22.15
26,25
30,23
31.11
37.87
11.53
15.07
18.50
51.83
55.01
58.11
61.13
61.01
66.78
69.11
71.98
71.12
76.71
78.96
81.06
83.06
81.91
86.71
88.37
89.92
91,36
92.69
93.91
95.02
96.01
96.90
97.67
98.31
98.69
99.31
99.67
99.89
100.00
: DOUBLE DECLINING :
: /STRAIGHT LINE '
j X/YEAR j CUMULA- :
t I TIvE X 5
1 1.76
t 1.32
> 1,11
I 3.92
: 3.73
: 3,55
: 3,38
: 3,22
! 3,07
: 2.92
J 2.78
! 2.65
: 2,53
! 2.11
I 2,29
> 2,18
: 2,08
1.98
! 1.88
I 1,79
1,71
1 1,71
t 1.71
I 1,71
: i.7i
J 1,71
1,71
I l',71
! 1.71
: i.7i
J 1,71
S 1,71
1 1.71
1
J 1,71
! 1,71
J 1,71
Z 1.71
: i.7i
t 1.71
J 1,71
1.76
9.30
13.62
17.73
21.65
25.38
28.93
32.32
35,51
38,61
11.53
11.32
16.97
19.19
51.90
5it,19
56.37
58.15
60,13
62.31
6i*,ll
65.82
67.52
69.23
70.91
72.65
7H.36
76.07
77.78
79.19
81.20
82.91
81.62
86.33
88.01
89.71
91.15
93.16
91.87
96.58
98.29
100,00
226
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—43 YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
13
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
4l
42
43
STRAIGHT
fc/YEAR !
:
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2,33
2,33
2.33
2,33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2,33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2,33
2,33
2,3?
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2,33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.33
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
2.33
4.65
6.98
9.30
11.63
13.95
16.28
18.60
20.93
23.26
25.58
27.91
30.23
32.56
34.88
37.21
39.53
41.86
44,19
46.51
48.64
51.16
53.49
55.81
58.14
60.47
62,79
65.12
67.44
69.77
72.09
74,42
76.74
79.07
81.40
83,72
86.05
68,37
90.70
93.02
95.35
97.67
DOUBLE
*/YEAR
4.65
4.43
4.23
4.03
3.84
3.67
3.50
3.33
3.18
3,03
2.89
2,75
2,63
2.50
2,39
2.28
2.17
2,07
1.97
1.88
1.79
1.71
1,63
1.56
1.48
1.41
1.35
1,29
1.23
1.17
1.11
1.06
1.01
,97
.92
,88
.84
,80
.76
,73
.69
.66
100.00 : ,63
DECLINING :
1
; CUMULA- :
: TIVE x :
4.65 :
9.09 !
13.31 :
17.35 :
21,19 J
I
24.86 t
28.35 t
31. 68 t
34.86 :
37.89 I
}
40.78 J
43,53 1
46.16 J
46.66 1
51.05 :
J
53.33 :
55.50 :
57.57 1
59.54 :
61.42 t
63.22 I
64.93 :
66.56 :
68.12 !
69.60 t
1
71.01 I
72.36 J
73.65 !
74.87 1
76.04 :
J
77,16 '.
78.22 I
79.23 :
80,20 :
81.12 1
1
82,00 <
82.83 :
83.63 :
84.39 :
65.12 I
(
65,81 t
86.47 :
87.10 I
SUM OF
4.55
4.44
4.33
4.23
4.12
4,02
3,91
3.81
3.70
3,59
3.49
3.38
3.28
3.17
3.07
2.96
2.85
2.75
2.64
2.54
2.43
2.33
2.22
2.11
2.01
1.90
1.80
1.69
1.59
1.48
1.37
1.27
1,16
1.06
.95
.85
.74
.63
.53
.42
.32
.21
.11
DIGITS ; DOUBLE DECLINING J
I /STRAIGHT LINE t
CUMULA- ; VYEAR t CUMULA- J
TIVE X : J TIvE « i
4.55 ; 4.65
8.99
13,32
17.55
21.67
25.69
29.60
33.40
37.10
40.70
44.19
47,57
50,85
54.02
57.08
60.04
62.90
65.64
68.29
70.62
73.26
75.58
77,80
79.92
81.92
83,83
85,62
87,32
88.90
90.38
91.75
93.02
94.19
95.24
96.19
97.04
97.78
98.41
98,94
99.37
99.68
99.89
100.00
4.43
4.23
4.03
3.84
3.67
3.50
3.33
3,18
3.03
2.89
2.75
2.63
2,50
2.39
2.28
2.17
2.07
1.97
1.88
1.79
1.71
1,67
1,67
1,67
1,67
1.67
1.67
1,67
1,67
1,67
1.67
1.67
1,67
1.67
1.67
1,67
1.67
1,67
1,67
1.67
1,67
1,67
4.65 I
9.09 :
13,31 !
17.35 !
21.19 :
1
24.86 1
28.35 J
31.68 I
34,86 I
37,89 !
1
40.78 I
43.53 «
46.16 »
48,66 !
51.05 1
t
53.33 t
55.50 :
57.57 :
Sg.54 J
61.42 !
63.2? I
64.93 1
66,60 >
68.27 1
69.94 !
}
71.61 "'
73.28 !
74.95 J
76.62 t
78.29 1
t
79.96 1
81.63 1
83.30 I
84.97 »
86.64 I
t
88.31 1
89.98 :
91.65 :
93.32 :
94.99 1
1
96.66 t
98.33 J
100.00 t
227
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—44 YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
STRAIGHT LINE
,
K/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
2.27 2.27
2.27 it, 55
2.27 6.82
2.27 9.09
2.27 H.36
2.27 13.64
2.27 15,91
2.27 16.16
2.27 20.45
2.27 22.73
2.27 25,00
2.27 27.27
2.27 29.55
2.27 31.82
2.27 34.09
2.27 36.36
2.27 38. 6i»
2.27 40.91
2.27 1*3,18
2.27 45,45
2. £7 47,73
2.27 50.00
2.27 52.27
2.27 54.55
2.27 56,82
2.27 59,09
2.27 61,36
2.27 63.64
2.27 65.91
2.27 68,18
2.27 70.45
2.27 72.73
2.27 75.00
2.27 77.27
2.27 79.55
2.27 81.82
2.27 64.09
2.27 86.36
2.27 88.64
2.27 90.91
2.27 93.18
2.27 95.45
2.27 97.73
2.27 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
VYEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
4.55 4.55
4.34 8,88
4.14 13.03
3.95 16.98
3,77 20.75
3.60 24,36
3.44 27.79
3,28 31.08
3.13 34,21
2,99 37.20
2.85 40.05
2.72 42,78
2.60 45.38
2.48 47.86
2.37 50.23
2.26 52.49
2.16 54.65
2.06 56,71
1.97 58.68
1.88 60.56
1.79 62.35
1.71 64,06
1.63 65,70
1.56 67.26
1.49 68.75
1.42 70.17
1.36 71.52
1.29 72.82
1,24 74.05
1.18 75.23
1.13 76.36
1.07 77.43
1.03 78.46
.98 79.44
.93 80,37
.89 81.26
.85 82.12
.81 82.93
.78 83.70
.74 64,45
,71 85,15
,67 85.83
.64 66,47
! .61 87.09
SUM OF DIGITS |
1
X/YEAR : CUMULA- i
: TIVE x i
4.44 H.HH f
4.34 8.79 :
4.24 13,03 :
4.14 17.17 |
4.04 21,21 I
I
3.94 25.15
3.84 26.99 |
3.74 32.73 I
3.64 36.36 |
3.54 39,90
3.43 43.33
3.33 46.67
3.23 49.90
3.13 53.03
3.03 56.06
2.93 58.99
2.83 61,82
2.73 64.55
2.63 67.17
2.53 69,70
2,42 72.13
2,32 74,44
2.22 76,67
2.12 78,79
2,02 80.81
1.92 82.73
1.82 84.55
1.72 86.26
1.62 87,68
1.52 89.39
1.41 90.81
1.31 92.12
1.21 93.33
1.11 94.44
1.01 95.45
.91 96.36
.81 97.17
.71 97.88
.61 98.48
.51 96.99
.40 99.39
.30 99.70
.20 99.90
.10 100.00
DOUSLE DECLINING :
/STRAIGHT LINE »
X/YEAR J CUMULA- »
J TIVE X !
4,55 i»,55 I
4.34 a. 88 1
4,14 13,03 I
3.95 16,98 1
3,77 20.75 :
J
3,60 214.36 !
3,44 27.79 t
3,28 31.08 I
3.13 34.21 1
2,99 37.20 J
2.85 40.05
2,72 42.78
2.60 45,38
2.48 47.86
2.37 50.23
2,26 52.49
2,16 54.65
2.06 56.71
1.97 58.68
1.88 60.56
1.79 62.35
1.71 6H.06
1,63 65.70
1.63 67,33
1.63 66.96
1.63 70.60
1.63 72.23
1.63 73,86
1.63 75.50
1.63 77,13
1.63 78.77
1.63 80.40
1.63 82.03
1.63 83.67
1.63 85.30
1.63 86.93
1,63 88.57
1,63 90.20
1.63 91.83
1.63 93.47
1.63 95.10
1.63 96.73
1.63 98.37
1,63 100.00 !
228
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES-^S YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
e
9
10
11
12
13
I*
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
ei
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
a
it
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR ! CUMULA-
: TIVE x
2.22 2.22
2,22 4.44
2.22 6.67
2.22 6.89
2.22 11.11
2.22 13.33
2.22 15.56
2.22 17.78
2.22 20.00
2.22 22.22
2.22 24.44
2.22 26.67
2.22 28.69
2.22 31.11
2.22 33.33
2.22 35.56
2.22 37.78
2.22 40.00
2.22 42.22
2.22 44.44
2.22 46.67
2.22 48.89
2.22 51.11
2.22 53.33
2.22 55.56
2.22 57.78
2.22 60.00
2.22 62.22
2.22 64.44
2.22 66.67
2.22 68.89
2.22 71.11
2.22 73.33
2.22 75.56
2.22 77.78
2.22 80.00
2.22 82.22
2.22 84.44
2.22 66.67
2.22 86.89
2.22 91.11
2.22 93.33
2.22 95.56
2.22 97.78
2.22 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
X/YEAR : CUMULA-
: TIVE x
4.44 4.44
4.25 8.69
4.06 12.75
3.88 16.63
3,71 20.33
3.54 23.67
3.38 27.26
3.23 30.49
3.09 33.58
2.95 36.53
2.82 39.35
2.70 42.05
2.53 44.62
2.46 47.08
2.35 49.44
2.25 51.68
2.15 53,83
2.05 55,86
1,96 57.84
1.87 59,72
1,79 61,51
1,71 63.22
1.63 64,85
1.56 66.42
1.49 67.91
1.43 69.33
1.36 70,70
1.30 72.00
1.24 73.24
1.19 74.43
1.14 75.57
1.09 76.66
1.04 77.69
.99 78.68
.95 79,63
.91 80.54
.87 81.40
.83 82.23
.79 83.02
.75 83,77
.72 84.49
.69 85.18
.66 85.84
.63 66.47
,60 87.07
! SUM OF DIGITS
X/YEAR t CUMULA-
: TIVE x
4.35 4.35
i 4.25 8.60
! 4,15 12.75
4.06 16.81
3.96 20.77
• 3.66 24.64
3.77 28.41
3,67 32,08
3.57 35,65
3.4B 39.13
3.38 42.51
! 3.29 45.80
! 3.19 48.99
3.09 52.08
3.00 55.07
2.90 57.97
2.80 60.77
2.71 63.48
2.61 66.09
2.51 68.60
2.U2 71.01
2.32 73.33
2.22 75.56
2.13 77.66
2.03 79.71
1.93 81.64
1.64 63,48
1,74 85.22
1.64 86.86
1.55 68.41
1.45 89.86
1.35 91.21
1.26 92,46
1.16 93,62
1.06 94.69
.97 95.65
.87 96.52
.77 97.29
.68 97.97
.58 98.55
.48 99.03
, .39 99,42
,29 99.71
.19 99.90
.10 100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR 1 CUMULA-
t TIvE X
4.44 4.44
4.25 6.69
4.06 12.75
3,88 16.63
3.71 20.33
3,54 23.87
3.38 27.26
3.23 30.49
3.09 33.56
2.95 36.53
2.82 39.35
2.70 42.05
2,58 44.62
2.46 47.08
2.35 49.44
2.25 51.68
2.15 53.83
2.05 55.88
1.96 57.84
1.87 59.72
1.79 61.51
1.71 63.22
1.63 64.65
1.60 66.45
1.60 68.05
1.60 69.65
1.60 71.24
1.60 72.84
1.60 74.44
1.60 76.04
1.60 77.63
1.60 79.23
1.60 80.83
1.60 82.43
1.60 84.02
1.60 85.62
1.60 87.22
1.60 66.82
1.60 90.41
1.60 92.01
1.60 93.61
1.60 95.21
1.60 96.80
1.60 96.40 :
1.6Q 100,00 >
229
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—46 YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
It
15
16
17
19
19
20
2l
22
23
24
25
26
27
«!8
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
j7
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
STRAIGHT
X/YEA« !
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2,17
2.17
2,17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2,17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2,17
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE %
2.17
4.35
6.52
8.70
10.87
13.04
15.22
17.39
19.57
21.74
23.91
26.09
28.26
30.43
32.61
34.78
36.96
39.13
41.30
43.48
45.65
47.83
50.00
52.17
54.35
56.52
58.70
60.87
63.04
65.22
67.39
69.57
71.74
73.91
76.09
78.26
80. "*3
82.61
84.78
86.96
89.13
91.30
93. 4B
95.65
97,83
100.00
J
t
:
.
;
:
•
•
t
;
1
;
•
:
;
:
:
•
:
;
t
!
:
;
j
:
i
:
:
:
:
5
:
•
:
:
j
:
j
:
i
:
:
j
:
s
:
j
i
t
:
•
:
:
;
t
j
DOUBLE
X/YEAR
4.35
4.16
3,98
3,81
3,64
3.48
3.33
3.19
3.05
2.91
2.79
2.67
2.55
2,44
2.33
2,23
2.13
2.04
1,95
1.87
1.79
1.71
1,64
1.56
1.50
1.43
1.37
1,31
1.25
1.20
1.15
1. 10
1,05
1.00
.96
.92
.88
.84
.80
.77
.73
.70
.67
.64
.61
.59
DECLINING I
t
! CUMULA- !
: TIVE x i
4.35 :
8.51 !
12.48 :
16.29 :
19.93 t
!
23.41 :
26.71* :
29.93 :
32.97 i
35.89 5
!
38.67 :
41.34 I
43.89 :
46,33 1
48.66 !
J
50.90 1
53.03 !
55,07 !
57,03 1
58.89 1
'
60,68
62,39 1
64,03 1
65,59
67.09
68,52
69,89
71.20
72.45 1
73.65
74.79
75,89
76. 9H
77, 94
76.90
79.82
80.69
81.53
62.34
83.10
83. 84
84.54
85.21
85.86
86,47
87.06
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
:
4,26
4.16
4,07
3.98
3,89
3.79
3.70
3.61
3,52
3.42
3,33
3,24
3.15
3,05
2.96
2.87
2,78
2.68
2,59
2.50
2,41
2,31
2,22
2,13
2.04
1,94
1,85
1,76
1,67
1.57
1,48
1,39
1,30
1.20
1.11
1.02
.93
,83
.74
t ,65
1 ,56
I .46
1 .37
I .28
« ,19
1
: ,09
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE *
4.26
8.42
12,49
16,47
20,35
24.14
27,84
31.45
34,97
38.39
41.72
44,96
48.10
51.16
54,12
56,98
59,76
62.44
65.03
67.53
69.94
72.25
74. H7
76.60
78,63
80.57
82.42
84,18
65.65
87.42
88.90
90.29
91,58
92.78
93.89
94.91
95.84
96.67
97.41
98.06
98.61
99.07
99.44
99.72
99,91
100.00
: DOUBLE DECLINING :
1 /STRAIGHT LINE
: VYEAR : CUMULA-
! 1 TIVE X
.
5
1
t
1
]
!
:
:
:
i
:
•
5
i
:
•
*
t
I
!
!
!
1
t
;
I
1
>
:
t
t
t
:
i
i
<
:
:
;
:
:
:
!
t
!
J
:
:
J
t
t
4,35
4,16
3,98
3.81
3.64
3,48
3.33
3,19
3,05
2,91
2,79
2,67
2,55
2,44
2.33
2,23
2,13
2,04
1.95
1,87
1.7P
1,71
1,64
1,56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1,56
1.56
1,56
1.56
1,56
1,56
1,56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1,56
1.56
1,56
1,56
4.35
8.51
12,48
16.29
19.93
23.41
26.74
29.93
32.97
35.89
38.67
41. 34
43.69
46.33
48,66
50.90
53.03
55.07
57.03
58.89
60,68
62.39
64.03
65.59
67.15
68.72
70.28
71.85
73.41
74.98
76.54
78.10
79.67
81.23
82.80
84.36
85.92
87.49
89.05
90.62
92.18
93.74
95.31
96.87
98,44
100,00
230
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—17 YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
1
5
6
7
e
9
10
11
12
13
H
15
16
17
IB
19
20
Zi
22
23
il
£b
26
27
28
i9
30
31
32
33
31
35
36
i7
38
39
10
11
12
13
11
15
16
17
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR :
2.13
2.13
2.13
2,13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2,13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2,13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2,13
2.13
2.13
2.13
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
2.13
1.26
6.38
8.51
10.61
12.77
11.89
17,02
19.15
21.28
23.10
25.53
27.66
29.79
31.91
31,01
36.17
38.30
10.13
12.55
11,68
16.81
18,91
51.06
53.19
55.32
57.15
59.57
61.70
63,83
65.96
68.09
70.21
72.31
71.17
76.60
78.72
80.85
82.98
85.11
87.23
89.36
91.19
93.62
9b.71
97.87
100.00
! DOUBLE
J
t X/YEAR
1
: i,26
: i.o7
! 3.90
: 3,73
1 3.58
•
! 3.12
! 3,28
: 3,ii
> 3,01
I 2,83
1
! 2,75
: 2,6i
1 2.53
: 2.12
t 2,31
! 2,22
: 2.12
; 2.03
: 1.95
: 1,86
*
: 1,78
! 1.71
: 1.63
I 1.57
: 1,50
i
: 1.13
: 1,37
: 1.32
1 1,26
! 1,21
i 1,15
1 1,11
: 1,06
1 1,01
I .97
t
I .93
I ,89
I .85
! .82
! .78
1
J .75
: .72
: .69
: ,66
: .63
1
! .60
I .58
DECUINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
1.26
8.33
12.23
15.97
19.51
22.97
26.21
29.38
32.39
35.26
38.02
10.66
13.18
1b.60
17,91
50.13
52.25
51.28
56.23
58.09
59.88
61.58
63.22
61.78
66.28
67.72
69.09
70.1J
71.66
72.87
71.03
75.13
76.19
77.20
78.17
79.10
79.99
80,81
81.66
82.11
83.18
83.90
81.59
85.21
85.37
86.17
87.05
SUM OF
X/YEAR !
1.17
1,08
3.99
3.90
3.81
3.72
3.63
3.55
3,16
3.37
3,28
3.19
3.10
3,01
2.93
2,81
2.75
2.66
2.57
2.18
2.39
2.30
2,22
2.13
2,01
1.95
1.86
1.77
1.68
1,60
1.51
1.12
1.33
1.21
1.15
1.06
.98
.89
.80
.71
.62
,53
.11
.35
.27
.18
.09
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
1.17
8.21
12.23
16.13
19.95
23.67
27.30
30.85
31.31
37.68
10.96
11,15
17.25
50.27
53.19
56.03
58.78
61.11
61,01
66.19
68.83
71.19
73.10
75.53
77.57
79.52
81.38
83.16
81.81
86.11
87,91
89,36
90.69
91.93
93.09
91.15
95.12
96.01
96.81
97.52
98.11
98.67
99.11
99.17
99.73
99,91
100.00
DOUBLE DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
X/YEAR J CUMULA-
J TIvE X
1.26
1,07
3,90
3,73
3.58
3.12
3,28
3.11
3,01
2,88
2.75
2,61
2.53
2.12
2.31
2.22
2.12
2.03
1,95
1.86
1.78
1.71
1,63
1.57
1,53
1.53
1.53
1,53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1,53
1.53
1,53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1,53
1.53
1.53
1.26
8.33
12.23
15.97
19.51
22.97
26.21
29.38
32.39
35.26
38.02
10.66
13,18
15.60
17.91
50.13
52.25
51.28
56.23
58.09
59.85
61.58
63,22
61.78
66.31
67,85
69,38
70,91
72.11
73.97
75.50
77.03
78.56
80,09
81.63
83,16
81.69
86.22
87.75
89.28
90.81
9a,31
93.88
95.11
96.91
98.17
100.00
231
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—48 YEAR LIFETIME
Yt-AR
1
2
3
4
b
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
a
23
^5
26
i7
28
«:9
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
i9
40
41
42
43
44
45
%6
47
48
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR :
;
2.08
2.08
2,08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2,08
2.08
2.08
2,08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2,08
2.08
2,08
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE *
2.08
4,17
6.25
8.33
10.42
12.50
14. 5B
16,67
18.75
20.83
22.92
25.00
27.08
29.17
31.25
33.33
35.42
37.50
39,58
41.67
43.75
45.83
47.92
50.00
52.08
54.17
56,25
58,33
60,42
62.50
64.58
66.67
68.75
70.83
72.92
75.00
77.08
79.17
81.25
83.33
85.42
87.50
89.58
91.67
93.75
95.63
97.92
100,00
t
.
•
;
•
I
i
}
;
1
|
)
;
j
1
:
j
;
t
i
«
!
j
•
•
;
:
;
•
;
;
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t
I
j
s
1
|
j
!
j
j
!
:
t
j
t
i
t
i
DOUBLE
*/YEAR
4.17
3.99
3.83
3.67
3,51
3,37
3.23
3,09
2,96
2,84
2.72
2.61
2.50
2.40
2,30
2,20
2.11
2.02
1.94
1,86
1.78
1.70
1.63
1.57
1,50
1.44
1,36
1.32
1.27
1.21
1.16
1,11
1.07
1.02
.98
.94
.90
.86
.83
.79
.76
,73
.70
.67
.64
,61
,59
.56
DECLINING
! CUMULA-
! TIVE %
4.17
8.16
11.99
15.65
19.17
22.54
25.76
28.86
31,82
34.66
37,38
39.99
42.49
44.89
47.19
49.39
51.50
53,52
55.45
57.31
59.09
60.79
62.43
63.99
65.49
66.93
68.31
69.63
70.89
72.11
73.27
74.38
75.45
76.47
77.43
78.39
79.29
80.16
80.98
81.78
82.53
83.26
83.96
84.63
85.27
65,88
86,47
87.03
I
.
;
•
I
J
1
|
!
S
t
1
I
:
t
«
i
;
:
s
{
|
;
I
!
!
S
;
:
:
:
|
i
!
1
i
>
1
I
:
;
1
1
;
:
:
i
j
:
t
SUM OF
X/YEAR :
4.08
4.00
3.91
3.83
3.74
3.66
3.57
3,49
3.40
3.32
3,23
3.15
3.06
2.98
2.39
2.81
2.72
2,64
2.55
2.47
2.38
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.04
1.96
1.87
.79
.70
.62
.53
.45
1.36
1.28
1.19
1.11
1.02
.94
.85
.77
.68
.60
.51
.43
,34
.26
.17
,09
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
4.08
8.08
11.99
lb.82
19,56
23.21
26.79
30.27
33.67
36.99
40.22
43.37
46.43
49.40
52.30
55.10
57.82
60.46
63.01
65.48
67.86
70.15
72.36
74.49
76.53
76.49
80.36
82,14
83.84
85.46
86.99
88.44
89.80
91.07
92.26
93.37
94.39
95.32
96.17
96.94
97,62
98.21
98.72
99.15
99.49
99.74
99.91
100,00
DOUBLF DECLINING
/STRAIGHT LINE
*/YEAR I CUMULA-
! TIvE X
4.17
3.99
3.63
3.67
3.51
3.37
3.23
3,09
2,96
2.84
2,72
2.61
2.50
2.40
2,30
2.20
2.11
2.02
1,94
1,86
1,78
1.70
1.63
1.57
1.50
1.50
1.50
1,50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1,50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
4.17
8.16
11.99
15.65
19.17
22.54
25.76
28.86
31.82
34.66
37.38
39.99
42,<»9
44.89
47.19
49.39
51.50
53,52
55,>»5
57.31
59,09
60.79
62. t3
63.99
65. "*9
66.99
68.49
69.99
71.49
72.99
74.49
75.99
77.50
79.00
80.50
82.00
83.50
85.00
86,50
88.00
Bg.SO
91.00
92.50
94.00
95.50
97.00
98.50
100.00
232
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES--*? YEAR LIFETIME
YEAR
1
2
i
*
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
11
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
<:2
23
il
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Jl
35
36
37
38
39
40
*l
42
43
4*
45
46
47
48
49
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR :
2.0*
2.0*
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.0*
2!o1
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2,01
2.01
2.0*
2.01
2.0*
2.0*
2,0*
2.0*
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2,01
2,01
2.0*
2,01
2,01
2.01
2.01
2.0*
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2,0*
2.0*
2.01
2.01
2.01
2,01
LINE
CUMULA-
TIVE X
2.0*
*.08
6.12
8.16
10,20
12.2*
14.29
16.33
18.37
20.41
22.15
2*.*9
26.53
28.57
30.61
32.65
3*. 69
36,73
38.78
40.82
42.35
44.90
*6.94
48.98
51.02
53.06
55.10
57.1*
59.18
61.22
63.27
65.31
67.35
69.39
71,13
73, *7
75,51
77.55
79.59
81.63
83,67
85.71
87.76
89.80
91.8*
93.88
95,92
97,96
100,00
1 DOUBLE
S X/YEAR
: 4.08
J 3.92
3.76
I 3.60
: 3.*5
: 3.31
: 3.18
J 3.05
1 2.92
S 2.81
I
: 2.69
: 2.58
! 2.48
: 2.37
! 2,28
i
: 2.18
: 2.10
: 2.01
: 1.93
: 1.85
: 1.77
: 1,70
: 1.63
J 1.57
: 1.50
! 1.44
1.38
; 1.32
1.27
: 1.22
t
8 1,17
: 1.12
: i.os
: 1.03
J .99
i
1 .95
I .91
J .87
1 .6*
i ,80
1
J .77
J .74
1 .71
1 .68
> ,65
J
t ,63
! .60
: ,58
1 .55
DECLINING
: CUMULA-
: TIVE x
4.08
8.00
11.75
15.35
18.81
22.12
25.30
28.35
31.27
34.08
36,77
39.35
41.83
44.20
46.48
48.66
50.76
52.77
54.70
56.55
58.32
60,02
61,65
63,22
64,72
66.16
67.5*
68.86
70.1*
71.35
72.52
73.65
74,72
75.75
76.7*
77.69
78.60
79.48
80.31
81.12
81.89
82.63
83.3*
84.02
84.67
S5.29
85.89
86. *7
87,02
: SUM OF
t
| X/YEAR :
: 4.00
: 3.92
: 3.8*
: 3.76
: 3.67
! 3.59
: 3.51
! 3.43
! 3.35
J 3.27
{
: 3.18
: 3.10
I 3.02
: 2.9*
: 2,86
J
: 2,78
: 2.69
: 2.61
! 2.53
: 2.45
! 2.37
: 2.29
I 2.20
2.12
: 2.04
> 1.96
: 1.88
: i.eo
J 1.71
: 1.63
J
t 1.55
» 1.47
: 1.39
: i,3i
: 1,22
j
i i.i*
t 1.06
t .98
1 .90
t ,82
1
» .73
S ,65
J .57
I ,*9
J .41
1
1 .33
» .24
! .16
t ,08
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
4.00
7.92
11.76
15.51
19,18
22.78
26.29
29.71
33.06
36.33
39.51
42.61
*5.63
*8.57
51.43
54.20
56.90
59.51
62.0*
64,49
66.86
69.1*
71.35
73, *7
75.51
77, *7
79.35
81,11
82.66
8*. *9
86.0*
87.51
88.90
90.20
91. *3
92.57
93.63
9*. 61
95.51
96.33
97.06
97.71
98.29
98.78
99.18
99,51
99.76
99,92
100,00
DOUBLE DECLINING I
/STRAIGHT L'NE :
X/YEAR t CUMULA-
1 TIVE X
4.08
3,92
3,76
3.60
3.45
3.31
3.18
3.05
2,92
2,81
2.69
2.58
2.48
2,37
2.28
2.18
2.10
2.01
1.93
1.85
1.77
1.70
1.63
1.57
1,50
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
l.*7
l.*7
1.17
1.17
1,17
1,17
l.*7
l.*7
1.17
1,17
1.17
1.17
1.17
4.08
8,00
11.75
15.35
18.81
22.12
25.30
28.35
31.27
3*. 08
36.77
39.35
11.83
44.20
16.18
48.66
50.76
52.77
5*. 70
56.55
58.32
60.02
61.65
63.22
6*. 72
66.19
67.66
69.13
70.60
72.07
73,5*
75.01
76.18
77.95
79.12
80.89
82,36
83.83
85.30
86.77
88.2*
89.71
91.18
92.65
9*. 12
95.59
97.06
98.53
100,00
233
-------
DEPRECIATION SCHEDULES—so YEAR LIFETIME
YtAR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
STRAIGHT
X/YEAR :
•
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2,00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
49 2.00
bO 2.00
LINE : DOUBLE
t
CUMULA- 1 X/YEAR
TIVE X
2.00 4.00
4.00 3.84
6.00 3.69
6.00 3.54
10.00 3.40
12.00 3.26
14.00 3.13
16.00 3.01
18.00
20.00
22.00
24.00
26.00
28.00
30,00
32.00
34.00
36.00
38.00
40.00
42.00
44.00
46.00
48.00
50.00
52.00
54.00
56.00
58.00
60.00
62.00
64.00
66.00
68.00
70.00
72.00
74.00
76.00
78,00
80.00
82.00
84.00
86.00
88.00
90.00
92.00
94.00
96.00
98.00
100.00
2.89
2.77
2.66
2.55
2.45
2.35
2.26
2.17
2.08
2.00
1.92
1.84
1.77
1.70
1.63
1.56
1.50
1.44
1.38
1.33
1.28
1.22
1.18
1.13
1.08
1.04
1.00
.96
.92
.88
,85
.81
.78
.75
.72
.69
.66
.64
.61
.59
.56
.54
DECLINING
1 CUMULA-
: TIVE x
4.00
7,84
11,53
15.07
18.46
21.72
24.86
27.86
30.75
33.52
36. IS
38,73
41.18
43.53
45.79
47.96
50.04
52.04
53.96
55.80
57.57
59.27
60.89
62.46
63.96
65.40
66.79
68.11
69.39
70.61
71.79
72.92
74.00
75.04
76.04
77.00
77.92
78,80
79,65
80.46
81.24
82.00
82.72
83.41
84.07
84.71
85.32
85,91
86,47
87.01
! SUM OF
:
1 X/YEAR !
: :
1 3.92
1 3.84
J 3.76
J 3.69
: 3.61
!
: 3.53
: 3.45
: 3.37
: 3.29
: 3.22
t
t 3.14
: 3.06
: 2.98
: 2.90
! 2.82
I
: 2.75
: 2.67
: 2.59
: 2.51
: 2.43
5
: 2,35
: 2.27
: 2.20
: 2.12
: 2.04
:
J 1.96
: 1,88
: i.so
: 1.73
: 1.65
t
: 1.57
: 1.49
: 1.41
: 1.33
: 1.25
J
: 1.18
: 1.10
S 1.02
: .94
: .86
: ,78
: .71
: .63
: .55
: .47
:
J .39
I .31
! .24
: .16
.08
DIGITS
CUMULA-
TIVE X
3.92
7.76
11.53
15.22
18.82
22.35
25.80
29.18
32.47
35,69
38.82
41.68
44.86
47.76
50.59
53.33
56.00
58.59
61.10
63.53
65.88
68.16
70.35
72.47
74.51
76.47
78.35
80.16
81.88
83.53
85.10
86,59
88.00
89.33
90.59
91.76
92.86
93.88
94.82
95.69
96.47
97.18
97.80
98.35
98.82
99.22
99.53
99.76
99.92
100.00
:
i
s
I
i
i
:
t
!
:
•
•
i
t
:
>
t
:
:
:
•
•
•
•
•
•
«
J
:
•
•
•
;
:
•
*
*
:
:
;
I
•
:
;
•
I
!
:
:
i
i
!
:
:
i
t
DOUSLE DECLINING J
/STRAIGHT LINE 1
X/YEAR J CUMULA- 1
: TIVE x :
4.00
3.84
3,69
3.54
3,40
3.26
3.13
3.01
2.89
2.77
2.66
2.55
2.45
2.35
2.26
2.17
2.08
2.00
1.92
1.84
1.77
1.70
1,63
1.56
1.50
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1,44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1,44
1,44
1,44
1.44
1.44
1,44
4.00 J
7.84 »
11.53 !
15.07 1
18.46 !
i
21.72 1
24.86 !
27.86 :
30.75 !
33.52 :
1
36.18 :
38.73 :
41.18 t
43.53 I
45.79 :
:
47.96 :
50.04 :
52.04 .!
53.96 :
55.80 !
I
57,57 t
59.27 5
60.89 :
62.46 !
63.96 :
:
65.40 :
66.84 :
68.29 I
69.73 :
71.17 i
72.61 :
74.05 :
75.49 :
76.93 :
78.38 :
79.82 !
81,26 t
82.70 !
84.14 :
85.58 :
•
87.03 t
88.47 t
89.91 :
91,35 !
92.79 1
t
94,23 t
95.68 I
97.12 :
98.56 I
100.00 ?
234
-------
APPENDIX D
VALUES OF DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT RATE
235
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
STRAIGHT LINE DEPRECIATION
YEArtS
1
4
b
0
7
a
9
10
11
12
1J
It
15
16
17
lei
19
20
21
Zi
23
24
29
20
27
20
29
30
31
32
33
34
3b
36
37
36
39
to
41
4a
43
44
4b
1b
47
40
49
50
.00
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.UOOOu
l.UUOQu
l.OOOOu
I.OOOOU
l.OOOOU
1.00000
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
i.oooou
I.OOOOU
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
i.ouoou
l.UUOOu
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
1.00000
l.OOOOu
1.00000
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
i.oooou
l.OOOOb
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
I.OOOOU
l.OOOOu
l.UUOOu
l.OOOOu
i.uooou
.25
.99502
.99378
.99254
.99130
.99007
.98Q84
.987&1
.9S&38
.98516
.98393
.98271
.gsi'tg
.98028
.97906
.97785
.97664
.97543
.97422
.97302
.97181
.97061
,96941
.96821
.96702
.96583
.96463
.96345
.96226
.96107
.95989
.95871
.95753
.95635
.95518
.95400
.95283
.95166
.95049
.94933
.94bl6
.94700
.94584
.94468
.94353
.94237
.94122
.94007
.93892
.50
.99008
.98762
.98517
,98273
.98029
.97787
.97545
.97304
.97064
.96824
.96586
.96348
.96111
.95874
.95639
,95404
.95170
.94937
.94704
.9447?
.94242
.94012
.93782
,93554
.93326
.93099
.92872
.92647
.92422
.92198
.91974
.91751
.91529
.91308
.91088
.90868
.90649
.90430
,90213
.89996
.89780
.89564
.89349
.69135
.88922
.88709
.88497
,88285
INTEREST
(K PER
.75
.98518
.98153
.97789
.97426
.97066
.96707
.96351
.95996
.95642
.95291
.94941
.94593
.94246
.93902
.93559
,93217
.92878
.92540
.92204
.91869
.91536
.91205
.90875
.90547
,90220
.89895
.89572
.89250
.88930
.88611
.88294
.87979
.87665
.87352
.87041
.86732
.86424
.86117
.85812
.85509
.85207
.84906
.84607
.84309
,84013
.83718
.83425
.83133
RATE
YEAR)
1.00
,98033
.97549
.97068
.96591
.96117
,95646
.95178
.94713
.94251
.93792
.93336
.92883
.92434
.91987
.91543
.91101
.90663
.90228
.89795
.89365
.88938
,68514
,88092
.67674
.67258
.86844
.86434
.86026
.85620
.85217
.84817
.84419
.64024
.83632
.83242
.62854
,62469
,62067
.81706
.81329
.60953
.60580
.80210
.79642
.79476
.79112
,78751
.78392
1.25
.97551
.96951
.96357
.95767
.95182
.94601
.94026
.93455
.92889
.92327
.91771
.91218
,90670
.90127
.89588
.89053
.88523
.87996
.87475
.86957
.86444
.85934
.85429
.84928
.84431
.83937
.83448
.82963
.82481
.82004
.81530
.81060
.80594
.80131
.79672
.79217
.78765
.78317
.77873
.77432
.76994
.76560
.76129
.75702
.75278
.74857
.74440
.74026
1.50
.97073
.96360
.95653
.94953
.94260
.93574
.92895
.92222
.91556
.90896
,90242
.89595
.88955
.88320
,87692
.87070
.86453
.85843
.85239
,84640
.84047
,83460
,82878
.82302
.81732
.81167
.80607
.80053
.79504
.78960
.78421
.77887
.77359
.76835
,76316
,75803
.75294
.74790
.74290
.73795
.73305
.72820
.72338
.71662
.71390
.70922
.70458
.69999
1.75
.96599
.95774
.94957
.94150
.93352
.92563
.91783
.91012
.90250
.89496
.88751
.88014
.87286
.86566
.85653
.85149
.84453
,83764
.83084
.82410
.81745
,81086
.80435
.79791
.79155
.78525
.77902
.77286
.76677
.76075
.75479
.74889
.74306
.73730
,73160
.72595
.72037
,71486
.70940
.70400
.69865
,69337
.68814
.68297
.67785
.67279
.66778
.66282
2.00
.96129
.95193
,94269
.93357
.92457
.91568
.90691
.89826
.88971
.88128
.87295
.86473
.85662
.e^sei
.84070
.83289
.82518
.81757
.81006
.60264
.79531
.78808
.79094
.77389
.76692
,76005
.75325
.74655
.73993
.73339
.72693
.72055
.71425
.70802
,70188
,69581
,68981
.68389
.67804
.67226
.66655
.66091
,65534
.64983
,64440
.63902
.63372
.62847
2.25
.95663
.94618
.93589
.92575
.91575
.90590
.89619
.88662
,87719
.86790
.85874
.84971
,84081
.83204
.82339
,81487
.80647
,79819
.79002
.78107
.77403
.76621
.75850
.75089
.74339
.73599
.72870
.72151
.71442
.70743
.70053
.B9373
.68702
.68041
.67388
.66745
.66110
.65484
.64866
.64257
.63656
.63063
.62478
.61901
.61332
,60770
,60216
,59669
236
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
STRAIGHT LINE DEPRECIATION
YEAKS
J
4
b
o
7
B
9
10
11
12
14
It
Ib
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3d
39
40
HI
42
43
44
45
46
47
to
49
50
£.50
.9&201
.9404',
,92917
.9160.;
,9070o
.89627
.8856b
,u752i
.B&49.J
.(J548J.
.t>448o
.o350o
,d254
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CRFDIT
STRAIGHT LINE DEPRECIATION
0
E
P
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
YEAKS
3
4
a
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
la
ly
2u
2l
2£
23
24
25
26
27
2B
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
4 a
49
50
: b.oo
.9077s
,o6649
.6&590
.a459o
.6266,!
•bU79u
.7897o
.77217
.75513
.7386U
.7225o
.70705
.09196
,o773o
.b631o
.b494<:
.63607
.62311
.61053
.a983t
.3S64o
.57494
.5&37o
.55289
.54233
.53200
.52211
.5124.:
.50299
.4938j
.48493
.47626
.46783
.45963
.45166
.44389
.43633
.42896
.42181
.41484
.40804
.40143
.39496
.3887U
.38257
.37661
.37079
.3651.:
5.25
.90351
.88136
.85994
.83923
.81919
.79980
.78104
.76288
.74531
.72830
.71183
.69588
• fiBO^S
.66547
.65097
.63692
.62331
.61011
.59732
.58V91
.57288
.56122
.54990
.53892
.52826
.51792
.50785
.49813
.48866
.47947
.47054
.4618?
.45344
.44524
.43728
.42954
.42201
.41469
.40757
.400^4
.39390
.38734
.38095
.37474
.36868
.3627g
.35705
.35146
5.50
.89931
.87629
,85406
.83259
.81165
.79182
.77247
.75376
.73569
.71821
.70131
.68497
.66917
.65389
.63909
.62478
.61093
.59752
.58454
,57i9&
.55978
.54799
.53656
.52548
.51474
.50434
,49424
.48446
.47497
.46576
.45682
.44815
.43973
.43156
,42362
.41591
,40843
.40115
.39408
.38721
.38054
.37404
,36773
.36159
.35561
.34980
,34414
.33863
INTEREST
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
STRAI6HT LINE DEPRECIATION
D
E
p
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
YEAKS
3
4
b
b
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
Ib
16
17
lo
19
2U
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2d
29
30
31
32
33
3^
35
36
37
SB
39
to
446l
,o250b
.o0637
.b8847
,b7134
.35494
.b392a
,b241b
,b097<:
,4958o
.4826u
.4&96b
.4576*:
,4458u
,4346u
,4237s
.41333
.4033,:
.39366
.34*441
,3754o
.J6689
.3586^
.35064
.34290
. -53550
.32841
.32151
.3l48o
.30844
.30224
. 29624
,<;904u
,2B48b
,i:794b
,27
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
STRAIGHT LINE DEPRECIATION
0
E
P
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
P
E
R
I
0
0
YEARS
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
aa
2<*
30
31
3^
33
34
3b
36
37
3d
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
»7
4a
49
so
10,00
.B289S
.79247
.75810
.7258B
.69549
.0666?
•o398y
,ol44o
,5904o
• 3078.L
,5464i
.52619
.50707
.4689o
,47l8o
.4556,}
.4402o
,42560
.41184
.3987*
.38623
,3743o
.3630o
.35234
.3421.;
,3323o
.32309
.31423
.30577
.2977U
.28996
.23261
.27555
.26879
.
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING DEPRECIATION
0
E
P
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
YEAKS
i
4
&
6
7
b
9
10
11
12
13
14
Ib
16
17
18
19
20
21
2^
23
24
2b
26
27
20
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
4&
46
47
40
49
50
,00
,9629o
,93750
.92224
.91221
.90514
.8998*
.89584
.89263
.89001
,8o78t
.68602
,o844o
.08311
.88193
,b809u
.87990
,8791o
,a7B4<:
,fa777o
.07713
,o766u
,o7610
,d7564
.87521
,o748i
.0744:,
.07411
.6737S.
.87349
,B732i
,8729s
,o727U
.87247
,8722s
.8720S
,8716s
,8716o
,t)714y
,8713k
,B7Ub
.07101
,o708o
.8707^
,87059
,o704o
.07034
.07025
.87011
.25
.95964
.93345
.91747
.90671
.89891
.89294
.86316
.88422
.88088
.87798
.87543
.87315
.87107
.86917
.86742
.8657?
.86423
.86278
.86139
.3600?
.85880
.85758
.85640
.85526
.85415
.85307
.85201
.8509s
.8499s
.8489g
.84802
.8470&
.84613
.8452Q
.8442g
.84339
.8425Q
.84162
.8407s
,33989
.83904
.83820
.83736
.83653
.83571
.3348g
.83408
.83328
.50
,95634
.92944
,91275
.90128
.89277
.88608
.63060
.87595
.87191
.86831
.86506
.36208
.85931
.85672
.85427
.85195
.84972
.34759
.84552
.34353
.34159
.83970
.83785
.83604
.83427
,83253
.83082
.82914
.82748
.82585
.82423
.82264
,82106
.81949
,81795
.81642
.81490
.81339
.81190
.81042
.80895
.80748
.30603
.60459
.80316
.80174
.80032
,79692
INTEREST
(* PER
.75
.95306
.92546
,90807
.89590
.88669
.87932
.87315
.86781
.86309
.85882
.85489
.85124
.84781
.84456
.8414&
.83849
.83562
.83284
.83014
.82751
.82491*
.82242
.81996
.81753
.31515
,81280
.81049
.80821
,80596
.80373
,80153
,79935
,79719
,79505
.79293
.79083
.78875
,78669
,78464
,78260
,76058
.77858
.77659
.77461
.77265
.770&9
.76875
,76683
RATE
YEAR)
1.00
.94981
.92151
,90343
.89058
,88069
.87264
.86580
.85981
,85442
.84950
.84493
.84064
,83657
.83269
,82397
,82538
,82190
.81851
.31521
.81199
.80833
.80573
.30269
.79969
,79675
.79384
.79097
.78814
.78534
,78257
.77984
.77713
.77445
.77179
.76916
,76655
.76397
,76140
.75886
,75634
,75384
.75135
.74889
.74644
,74401
,74160
,73920
.73682
1.25
,94657
.91759
.89883
.88531
.87477
.86606
.85656
.85192
.84590
.84035
.83516
.83025
.32558
.82110
.81679
,81261
.80855
.80459
,80073
,79695
.79324
.78960
.78602
.78250
.77903
.77560
.77222
.76889
.76559
.76233
.75911
.75592
.75277
.74965
.74655
.74349
.74046
.73745
.73447
.73151
.72858
.72568
.72280
.71994
.71710
.71429
.71150
.70673
1.50
.94336
.91370
.89428
.88011
.36891
.85956
.85143
.84417
.83753
.83137
.82558
.82009
.81484
.60979
.80491
.80017
.79557
.79107
.78668
.78237
.77815
.77400
.76993
.76591
,76196
.75806
.75421
.75041
.74666
.74296
.73929
.73567
.73209
.72855
,72504
.72157
.71814
.71474
.71137
.70803
.70472
.70145
.69820
.69499
.69180
.66864
.68551
.68240
1.75
.94016
.90985
,88977
.87495
,86312
,85314
.84440
.83653
.82930
.82255
.81619
.81013
.30432
.79873
.79331
.78805
,78293
.77793
.77304
.76824
.76354
.75892
,75438
.74991
,74551
.74117
.73689
.73267
,72851
.72439
.72033
.71632
.71235
.70843
.70456
.70072
.69693
,69318
.68947
,68580
.68216
.67856
,67500
,67147
,66798
,66452
,66109
.65770
2.00
.9^699
.90602
.88531
.86985
.85740
.84681
.83747
.82901
.82121
.81390
.80698
.80038
.79404
.78793
.79200
.77624
.77063
.76515
.75979
.75454
.74939
.74433
.73936
.73447
.72965
.72491
.72024
.71563
.71109
.70661
.70216
.69782
.69351
.68925
.68504
.68088
.67677
.67271
.66870
.66473
.6&080
.65692
.65308
.64929
.64553
.64181
.63813
.&3450
2.25
.93384
.90222
.88088
.86481
.85174
.84056
.83064
.82161
.81325
,80540
,79795
.79083
.78398
.77737
,77096
.76473
.75866
.75273
.74693
.74125
.73568
.73021
.72484
.71956
.71436
.70925
.70422
.69926
.69437
.68955
.63480
.68012
.67549
.67093
.66643
.66198
.65759
.65326
.64898
,64475
.64057
.63645
,63237
.62834
.62435
.62041
.61652
,61267
241
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
OOUSl-E DECLINING DEPRECIATION
YEAkS
3
it
b
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
lo
17
Id
19
20
21
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.68879
.63351
.o783i
.67319
.66814
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.64867
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.6393,5
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2.75
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.80715
.79773
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.74967
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.69124
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.63672
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.58980
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.92450
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.83517
.82229
.81072
.80009
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.78079
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.73189
.72458
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.70367
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.68407
.67779
.67163
.66558
.65964
.65379
.64605
.64241
,63686
.63139
.62602
.62073
.61552
.61040
.60535
.60038
.59548
.59066
.58590
.58122
.57661
.57206
.56757
.56315
.55880
.55450
INTEREST
<* PER
3,25
.92143
.88733
.86357
.84514
.82978
.81636
.80427
.79313
.78272
.77288
.76350
.75451
.74585
.73748
,72936
.72148
.71380
.70632
.69901
.69187
.68489
.67805
.67136
.66479
.65836
.65204
.64585
.63976
.63379
.62792
.62215
.61648
.61091
.60543
.60004
,59474
.58952
,58439
.57934
.57437
.56947
.56466
,55991
.55524
.55064
.54611
.54164
.53724
RATE
YEAR)
3.50
.91838
.88368
.85934
.84035
,62444
.81050
.79790
.78628
.77540
.76510
.75529
.74588
,73681
.72805
.71957
.71132
.70330
.69548
.68786
.68041
.67313
.66601
.65904
,65232
,64553
.63898
.63255
.62625
.62007
,61399
.60803
.60218
.59643
,59078
.58523
.57978
,57441
,56914
.56396
.55886
.55385
,54891
,54406
.53929
.53459
.52996
.52541
.52093
3.75
.91535
.88005
.85514
.83560
.81917
.80472
.79163
.77953
.76820
.7574?
.74723
.73742
.72797
.71884
.70999
.7014J
.69306
.68493
.67700
.66927
.66172
.65434
.64712
.64006
.63314
.62637
.61973
.61323
.60686
.600&0
,59447
.58845
.58255
.57675
.57106
.56547
.55998
.55459
.54929
,54408
.53897
.53394
.5290Q
.52414
.51936
.51466
.51004
.50549
4.00
.91233
.87646
.85099
.83091
.81396
,79901
.78544
.77288
.76111
.74996
.73932
.72912
.71930
.70982
.70064
.69173
.68308
.67465
.66645
.658^5
.65061*
.64302
.63557
.62828
.62116
.61419
.60736
,60068
,59413
.58772
,58143
,57527
.56922
,56330
,55748
,55178
,54618
,54068
,53529
,52999
.52479
,51968
,51467
,50974
.50490
.50014
,49516
,49086
4,25
,90934
,87289
,84687
,82626
.808SO
,79337
,77934
.76634
.75414
,74258
.73156
,72099
,71082
,70100
,69150
,68229
.67334
,66464
,65618
,&i»793
,63988
,63203
.62437
.61688
.60957
,60242
.59542
.58857
.58187
,57532
.56889
,56260
.55644
,55040
.54448
,53867
.53298
,52740
,52192
,51655
.51128
.50610
.50103
,49604
,49115
,48634
.48162
,47699
4.50,
.90636
.86935
.8*279
.82166
,80371
.78780
.77331
.75968
.74727
.73533
,72393
.71301
,70250
.69237
.63256
.67306
.66385
.65489
.64618
.63770
.62943
.62138
.61352
.60585
.59836
.59104
.58389
.57690
.57006
.56337
.55683
,55042
,5!»415
.53802
.53200
.52611
.52034
.5l<*69
,50914
.50371
.49838
.49316
.43803
.1*8300
,47807
.47323
.46848
,46382
4.75
.90341
.86583
.83874
.81711
.79867
,78230
.76738
.75353
.74052
,72820
.71645
.70519
.69436
.68392
.67383
.66406
.65458
.64538
.63644
.62775
.61928
.61103
.60299
.59515
.58750
.58004
.57275
.56562
.55867
.55186
.54522
.53871
.53235
.52613
.52004
.51408
.50324
.50252
.49692
.49141*
,4«607
,48080
,47564
,47058
.46562
.46076
.45599
,45131
242
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING DEPRECIATION
D
E
P
R
£
c
1
A
T
I
0
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29
30
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36
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5,00
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,6270g
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.59932
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.57474
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.55910
.55157
.54423
.53707
.53008
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.47403
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.45773
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,43756
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.89465
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.82682
.80372
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,76620
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,73501
.72090
.70752
.69479
.68260
,67090
.65963
.64877
.63827
.62812
.61828
.60874
.59946
.59050
.58176
.57327
.56500
.55696
.54913
,54150
.53407
.52682
.51976
.51287
.50614
,49958
.49317
.48692
."*8060
.47484
.46900
.46330
.45773
.45228
.44695
.44173
,43663
.43164
.42676
.42197
.41729
INTEREST
(X PER
5.75
.89177
.85204
.82291
.79934
.77907
.76097
,74441
.72902
.71456
.70086
.68732
.67535
.66338
.65187
.64078
.63007
.61971
.60969
.59998
,59056
.58142
.57255
,56393
,55556
.54741
,53948
,53176
.52425
.51693
.50980
.50235
.49607
.48946
.48301
.47672
.47058
.46458
.45873
.45301
.44742
.4419?
.43663
.43141
.42631
.42133
,41645
.41167
,40700
RATE
YEAR)
6.00
.88890
.84866
,81904
.79501
.77431
.75580
,73886
,72311
.70832
.69431
.68098
.66824
.65602
.64427
.63296
.62205
.61150
.60131
.59144
.58187
.57260
.56360
.55487
.54639
,53814
.53013
,52233
,51475
.50737
.50018
.49318
,48636
,47971
,47323
,46691
,46075
,45473
.44887
,44314
.43755
.43208
.42675
.42154
.41644
,41146
.40659
.40183
.39718
6.25
.88605
.84530
.81520
.79072
.76959
.75069
.73338
.71729
.70217
.68787
.67426
.66125
.64880
.63683
.62531
.61421
.60349
.59313
.58311
.57341
,56401
,55490
.54607
.53749
.52916
.52107
.51321
.50556
,49812
,49089
,48385
.47699
.47031
.46381
.45747
.45129
.44527
.43939
.43366
,42807
.42261
.41726
.41207
.40699
.40203
.39717
.39243
.38760
6.50
.88322
.84196
.81139
.78647
.76493
.74564
.72797
.71155
.69612
,68153
.66765
.65440
.64171
.62954
.61782
.60654
.59566
.58515
.57499
.56517
.55566
.54644
.53751
.52885
.52045
.51229
.50437
.49667
.48919
.48191
.47484
.46795
.46125
.45473
,44838
,44219
.43616
.43028
.42455
,41896
.41351
.40820
.40301
.39794
.39299
.38816
.38344
.37883
6.75
,88041
,83865
,80762
,78227
,76032
.74066
.72264
.70589
.69016
,67529
.66116
.64767
,63477
.62239
.61049
.59904
.58801
.57736
,56708
.55714
,54752
.53821
.52920
.52046
.51199
.50377
,49580
,48806
.48054
,47323
.46613
.45923
.45251
,44598
.43962
.43342
,42740
.42152
,41580
,41022
,40478
,39948
.39431
.38926
.38434
.37953
.37483
.37025
7.00
.87762
.83537
.80388
,77810
.75576
.73573
.71737
.70031
,68429
.66916
.65478
.64107
,62796
.61539
.60332
.59171
,58053
.56975
,55935
.54931
.53960
.53020
.52111
.51231
.50378
.49551
.48750
.47972
.47217
.46484
.45771
.45080
.44407
.43753
.43117
.42498
,41896
.41309
.40738
.40182
.39639
.39111
.38596
.38094
.37604
.37125
.36659
,36203
7.25
.87464
.83211
,80017
,77397
.75125
.73086
.71217
.69481
,67851
,66312
.64851
,63458
.62127
.60853
.59630
.58454
.57323
,56233
.55182
.54167
.53183
.52241
.51325
,50439
.495S1
.48750
.47945
.47164
.46406
.45671
.44958
,44265
,43592
,42938
.42302
.41684
,41092
,40497
.39928
.39373
.38833
,38307
,37794
,37294
.36807
.36332
,35868
,35416
243
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING DEPRECIATION
YEAr(S
J
4
5
0
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
11
lb
16
17
Id
19
20
21
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24
2b
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27
26
29
30
31
32
33
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37
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39
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47
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7.50
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.B2887
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.68936
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,3971s
.39147
.3B59S
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7.75
.86933
.82566
.79235
.76584
.74237
,72130
.70198
.68404
.66721
,65133
.63628
.62195
.60628
.59521
.58268
.57065
.55910
.54799
.53729
.52698
.51703
.50743
.49816
.48921
,48055
.47217
.46406
.45621
,44861
.44123
,43409
.42716
.42043
,41391
,40757
,40141
.39543
.38961
,38396
.37846
.373H
.36790
.36283
,35789
.35308
.34639
.34302
.33937
8.00
.86661
.82247
.78923
,76184
.73001
,71660
.69698
.67876
.66169
.64558
,63032
,61581
,60197
,58874
,57608
.56393
.55227
.54106
.53028
.51990
.50989
.50024
.49092
.46193
.47323
,46483
.45671
.44884
.44123
.43386
.42671
.41979
.41307
.40656
.40023
.39410
.36813
.38234
.37671
.37124
.36591
.36074
.35570
.35079
,34601
.34136
,33683
.33241
INTEREST
<* PER
8.25
.86390
.81930
.78565
.75787
.73368
.71196
,69205
,67356
.65624
.63992
.62446
,60977
.59577
.58240
.56961
.55735
,54559
,53430
.52344
.51299
.50292
.49322
.4B367
.47484
.46613
.45771
.44957
.44170
,43408
.42671
.41957
.41266
.40595
.39945
.39315
.38703
.38109
.37532
,36972
.36428
,35898
,35394
.34883
.34396
.33922
,33460
.33011
.32573
RATE
YEAR)
8.50
.86120
.81616
.78209
.75394
.72941
.70737
.68717
.66843
.65088
.63435
.61870
,60384
,58969
.57619
,56328
,55091
.53906
.52769
.51676
,50625
.49613
.48639
.47700
.46795
.45922
.45078
.44263
.43476
.42715
.41976
.41265
.40575
.39906
,39258
,38630
.38020
.37429
.36855
.36298
.35756
.35230
.34719
.34222
,33738
.33268
.33810
.32364
.31930
8.75
.85852
,81303
,77857
.75004
.72518
.70283
.68236
.66337
.64559
.62886
.61303
.59801
.58372
.57009
.55707
.54461
.53267
.52122
.51023
.49967
.4895J
.47973
.47032
.46124
,45249
.44405
.43590
.42803
.42042
.41306
,4059«
,39906
.39239
.38593
.37967
.37360
.36772
.36201
.35646
.35108
.34586
.34078
.33584
.33104
,3263s
.32183
.31741
.31311
9.00
.85586
.80994
.77507
.74618
.72099
.69835
.67761
,65838
.64039
.62346
,60746
.59228
.57786
.56411
.55098
.53843
.52641
.51490
.50385
.49324
.48305
.47324
.46380
.45471
.44595
.43750
.42935
.42148
.41388
.40654
.39944
.39257
.38592
.37949
.37325
.36721
.36136
.35568
.35017
,34483
,33964
.33459
.32969
,32493
.32030
,31'oBO
.31142
.30715
9.25
.85321
,80686
,77160
.74236
.716S5
,69392
,67292
,65345
,63525
,61814
,60197
,58666
.57210
,55824
.54501
.53238
,52029
,50872
,49762
,48697
,47674
.46691
,45745
,44835
,43958
.43114
.42299
.41513
,40754
.40021
.39313
,38628
.37966
.37325
.36705
.36104
.35521
.34957
,34409
.33878
.33363
.32862
.32376
,31904
,31445
.30998
,30564
,30142
9.50
.85058
.80380
,76817
,73858
.71275
.68954
.66829
.64859
.63019
.61290
.59658
.53112
.56645
.55248
.53916
.52645
.51430
,50267
.49153
,=,8084
.47058
.46073
.45126
.4^215
,43338
,42494
.41680
.40895
.40138
.39407
.38701
.38018
.37359
.36721
.36103
.35505
,34926
.34365
.33821
.33294
,32782
.32285
,31803
,31335
,30880
,3"437
,30007
,29588
9.75
.84797
,80077
,76476
.73483
.70870
,68521
,66371
,64380
.62521
.60774
.59127
.57568
.56089
,54683
,53343
.52064
,50843
,49675
.48557
,47405
.46457
.45471
.44523
.43612
.42735
.41891
,41078
,40295
.39539
.38810
,38106
.37427
,36770
.36135
,35521
.34926
.34350
.33793
.33253
.32729
.32221
,31728
.31250
.30785
.30334
.29895
,29469
.29055
244
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING DEPRECIATION
D
E
P
R
E
C
t
A
T
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0
N
YEAKS io.OO
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5
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lo
17
Id
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2*
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
3o
37
3u
39
to
m
42
43
44
4i>
4t>
47
»»a
49
50
,b4537
.7977o
.76137
' .73111
,7046o
,t>b09j
.05919
.63907
.62029
,0U26o
,5860s
,b7034
,b5544
.S412t>
.5278U
,b!49a
.60269
.49090
,4797b
,n690U
,45871
,44883
,43934
,4302o
,42147
.41304
.4049<1
.39711
.36957
.38231
.3752V
.J685«:
.3619*
.35567
,3495o
.3436s
,3379-i
.33239
.32702
.3218,:
,3l67b
,3iiey
,3071s
.30254
.29807
,2937<:
.28950
,<;e54u
10.25
.84278
.79477
.75802
.727"*3
.70071
.676&9
.65473
,634l»Q
.61544
.59766
,58091
.56508
.55008
,53584
.52229
.50938
.49706
.48530
.47405
.46329
.45298
.44309
.43360
.424"»9
.41574
.40732
.39922
.39143
.38391
.37667
.36969
.36295
,356'H
.35016
.34408
.33820
.33252
.32702
.321&9
.31653
.31153
.306&8
.30197
.297"!
.29296
.2BB&7
.28449
. 280^2
10.50
.84022
.79180
.75469
,72378
.69678
.67251
.65032
.62980
.61067
.59273
.57585
.55991
,54482
.53049
.51687
.50391
.49155
.47975
,46848
.45770
,44738
.43749
,42800
,41890
.41016
.40175
.39367
.38590
.37841
.37120
,36"*24
.35753
.35106
.34481
.33877
.33293
.32728
.32182
.31653
.31141
.30644
.30163
.29697
,29244
,28805
.28379
,27%4
.27562
INTEREST
(* PER
10.75
.83766
.78885
.75139
.72017
,6928s
.66837
.64596
.62525
.6059&
.58788
.57088
.55483
.53964
.52524
.51156
.49855
.48615
.47433
.46303
.45224
,44191
.43201
.42253
.41344
,40471
,39633
.38827
.38052
,37306
.36587
.35895
.35227
.34583
.33961
.33361
.32781
.32220
,31677
.31152
,30644
.30152
.29675
.29212
.26764
,28328
.27906
.27496
.27097
RATE
YEAR)
11.00
.83512
,78593
,74812
.71659
,68903
.66428
.64166
.62076
,60131
,58310
.56598
.54983
.53456
.52009
.50635
,49330
.48086
.46901
.45770
,44689
.43656
,42667
,41720
.40812
.39940
.39104
.38300
.37528
.36785
,36069
.35380
.34716
.34075
.33457
,32860
,32284
.31727
.31188
,30667
.30163
.29675
,29202
,28743
.28298
.27867
.27449
,2704?
.26648
11.25
.83260
.78302
.74487
.71304
.68522
.66023
.63741
.61634
.59673
.57839
.56115
.54491
.52956
.51503
.50124
.48814
.47568
.46380
.45248
.44167
.43133
.42145
.41199
.40292
.39423
.38589
.37787
.37018
.36277
.35565
.34879
.34218
.33581
.3296?
.32374
.31801
.31248
.30714
.30197
.29696
.29212
.28743
.28288
,27848
.27421
.27006
.2660*
.26213
11.50
.83009
,78013
.74165
.70953
.68144
.65623
,63321
,61197
,59221
.57374
,55640
,54007
.52465
,51006
.49622
.48309
.47060
,45871
,44737
.43656
.42623
.41635
,40690
.39785
.38918
.38086
.37287
.36520
.35783
.35074
.34392
.33735
.33101
.32491
.31902
.31333
,30784
.30253
.29740
,29244
.28763
,28298
.27848
.27411
.26988
.26577
.26179
.25792
11.75
,82760
,77727
,73846
.70604
,67771
,65227
,62906
.60765
.58776
.56917
.55173
,53531
.51982
.50518
.49130
.47813
.46562
.45371
.44237
.43155
.42123
,41136
,40193
.39290
,38425
.37596
.36800
,36036
,35302
.34596
.33918
,33264
.32634
.32026
,31442
,30878
,30332
,29806
,29297
.2S804
,28328
,27867
,27420
,26988
.26568
,26162
.25767
.25384
12,00
,8?512
,77442
.73529
,70259
,67401
,6'*83&
,6?496
.6^339
.56336
.56466
.5*712
,53063
.51508
,50038
.48646
.47327
,46073
,44882
,43747
.'('666
,41634
.40649
.39707
,38806
,37944
.37117
.36325
.35564
,34833
.34131
.33456
.32806
.32180
.31577
.30996
.30435
.29B94
.29371
.28866
.2S378
.27905
,27448
.27006
.26577
.26162
.25759
.25368
.ZtW)
12.25
.82265
.77159
.73215
.69917
,67034
,64448
.62091
,59919
,57903
.56021
.54259
.52602
.51041
.49566
.48171
.46849
.45595
,44402
.43267
.421B7
,41156
.40173
.39233
.38334
,37474
.36651
.35861
,35103
.34376
.33678
,33006
.32360
.31738
.31139
,30562
,30005
,29468
.28949
,28448
.27963
,27495
.27042
.26603
.26178
,25767
.25368
,24981
,24605
245
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
SUM OF DIGITS DEPRECIATION
VEAK&
J
H
5
6
7
&
9
10
11
led
u
It
lo
lb
17
la
19
20
21
22
2J
24
23
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3d
39
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
SUM OF DIGITS DEPRECIATION
TEAKS
•9
4
^
b
7
t)
9
10
11
ia
id
14
ib
16
17
16
19
20
21
Z
2t>
27
2b
24
30
31
32
33
34
35
3o
37
3a
39
40
41
42
43
44
4t>
46
47
4d
49
&0
2.50
,9b98b
.95211
.941»4o
.93691
.v294s
,92207
.91479
.90759
.90044
,t)934o
.d365i
.07963
.b728o
• at>61o
,o595b
.d530e
.d465b
,e401o
,e338t>
,o276u
.0214J
,d!534
,ai»93l
.6033b
,7974o
.79164
,7858o
.78019
.77450
.7690u
.76350
.75807
.75269
.74737
.7421*
.7369.;
.73170
.72669
.72167
•7167U
.7U7U
.7069,:
.70211
.69733
,b9264
.c.879',
.08330
.07683
2.75
.9560Q
.94754
.93920
.9309y
.92285
.91484
.90693
.89913
.89142
.86382
.87632
.86892
.86161
.85439
.84727
.84024
.8333Q
.82645
.819&9
.81301
.806*1
.7999Q
.79348
.78713
,76086
.77467
.76856
.76252
.75656
.750&7
.74485
.73910
,73343
.7278a
.72229
.71682
.Til"*!
.70607
.70080
.69558
.69043
.68535
.68032
.67535
.670"*4
,6655g
.66079
,65605
3.00
.95217
.94301
.93399
,92510
.91633
,90770
.89918
.89079
,88252
.87436
.86632
.85839
.85058
,84287
.83527
.82778
.82039
.81310
.80591
,79883
.79184
.78494
.77814
.77143
,76481
.75828
.75184
.74549
.73922
.73303
.72693
.72091
.71496
,70910
.70331
.69760
.69196
,68639
.63090
.67548
.67012
,66484
.65962
.65447
.64939
.64437
,63941
,63"*52
INTEREST
(X PER
3.25
.94836
.93852
.92882
.91928
.90989
.90064
.89154
.88258
.87375
,86506
,85650
,84807
,83977
.83159
.82354
,81561
.80779
.80010
.79251
,78504
,77768
.77043
.76328
,75624
,74930
.74246
,73572
.72907
.72252
.71607
,70970
,70343
.69725
.69115
,68514
.67921
,67336
.66760
.66192
.65631
,65078
.64533
.63995
,63465
,62942
.62425
.61916
,61414
RATE
YEAR)
3.50
,94459
.93406
.92371
.91354
.90353
,69369
.88401
,87449
.86513
.85592
.84686
,83795
,82919
.82056
.81208
.80373
.79551
.78743
.77947
.77164
.76393
.75635
.74888
.74153
,73429
.72716
.72015
.71324
.70644
.69974
.69314
,68664
.68024
.67394
.66773
,66161
,65559
,64965
,64380
,63804
,63236
.62676
.62124
,61581
.61045
.60517
,59996
.59483
3.75
.94084
.92965
.91865
.90785
.89724
.B8682
.87658
.86653
.85665
.84694
.83741
.82803
,81882
.80977
.80088
.79213
.78354
.77509
.76678
.75961
.75058
.74268
.73492
.72728
.71977
.71238
.70511
.69796
.69093
.68401
.67721
.67051
.66391
.65743
.65104
.64476
.63858
,63249
.62650
.62060
.61479
.60907
.60344
.59789
.59243
.58705
.58175
.57653
4.00
.93712
,92526
.91363
.90222
.89102
,88004
.86926
.85868
.84830
.83812
.82812
.81830
.80867
.79921
.78992
.78080
.77185
.76306
.75442
,7"594
.73761
.72942
.72138
.71348
.70572
.69809
.69059
.68322
.67598
.66887
.66187
.65499
.64823
.64158
.63504
.62861
.62229
.61607
.60996
.60394
.59802
.59220
.58647
.58084
.57529
.56983
.56446
.55917
4.25
,93343
,92092
.90866
,89665
.88488
.87335
,86204
,85096
,84009
.82944
,81900
,80876
,79872
.78887
,77922
.76974
.76045
.75133
.74239
.73361
,72500
.71654
.70825
.70010
,69211
.68426
.67656
.66899
.66156
.65427
.64710
,64007
.63315
.62636
.61969
.61314
.60670
.60037
,59414
.58803
.58202
.57611
,57030
,56459
.55898
.55346
.54803
.54269
4.50
.92976
,91661
,90374
.89114
.87881
,86674
,85492
.8"*335
.83202
.82092
.81005
,? 1940
,78897
.77876
.76875
,75894
,7"»932
.73990
.73067
.72161
.71274
.70404
.69551
.68714
.67894
.67089
,66299
.65525
,6«765
,6'+020
.63288
.62570
.61866
.61174
.60496
.59829
.59175
.58532
.57901
.57282
,56673
.56075
,55488
,5<*911
.5*345
,53788
.53240
.52702
4.75
.92612
,91234
.89886
.88569
.87281
.86021
.84790
.83585
.82406
.81254
.80126
.79022
,77942
,76885
.75850
.74838
.73846
.72876
.71925
.709""
,70082
,69169
.68314
.67457
.66617
,65794
.64988
.64197
.63422
.62663
.61918
.61188
.60472
.59769
,59080
,58404
,57742
.57091
.56453
,55827
,55212
,54609
,54016
,53435
,52864
.52304
.51753
,51213
247
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
SUM OF DIGITS OtPRECIATIoN
3 :
4 :
5 S
6 ;
7 :
a :
9 :
10 t
11 :
12 ;
13 :
14 S
ib :
ib ;
17 :
la ;
19 :
20 :
21 i
22 :
23 :
24 ;
25 ;
26 :
27 :
20 :
29 :
30 :
3i :
32 :
33 :
34 ;
35 :
36 :
37 :
3d :
39 :
4o :
41 :
42 :
43 :
44 :
45 J
46 I
47 :
48 :
49 :
50 :
5,00
.92251
.9081u
,o940j
,b802*
.06680
.d5377
.04097
.o264o
.81624
.60429
.7926.;
.78121
.7700o
.7591o
.74849
•73BOo
,7278o
.71786
.70810
.e985o
.0092.}
.08009
.67114
,t,623a
,o538l
.64541
.63719
.62914
.6212o
,b!354
.60597
,5905o
.5913U
.58416
.5772U
.57037
.56367
.55711)
.55065
.54434
.53614
.53207
.52610
.5202o
.5l45<£
.50889
.5033/
.4979o
5.25
.91892
.90390
.68925
.87496
.86101
,84741
.83414
.82118
.80854
.79619
.78414
,77237
.76088
.74965
.73869
.72798
.71751
.70728
.69728
.68751
,67796
,66862
,659<»9
.65056
.64182
.63328
.62492
.61674
.60873
.60090
,59323
,58572
.57837
.57H8
.56413
.55723
.55047
.54384
.53736
.53100
.52476
.51866
.51267
.50680
.50104
.49540
.48987
.48444
5,50
,91535
.89973
.83450
.66967
.85522
.84113
.82740
.81401
.80095
.78822
.77581
.76370
.75188
.74035
.72910
.71812
.70740
.69694
.68672
.67674
,66699
.65747
.64817
.63908
.63020
,62152
,61304
,60474
,59663
.58870
.58094
.57335
,56593
.55867
.55156
,54460
.53779
.53113
.52460
.51821
.51195
.50582
.49982
,49394
,48817
.48253
.47699
.47156
INTEREST
(X PER '
5.75
.91182
.89559
.87981
.86444
.84949
.83493
.62075
.80694
.79349
.78039
.76762
.75518
,74306
.73124
.71972
.70849
,69753
.68684
.67642
.66625
.65632
.64663
.63718
.62795
.61893
.61013
.60153
.59314
.58493
.57691
.56908
.56142
.55394
.54662
.53946
.53246
,52562
,51692
,51237
,50595
.49968
,49354
,48752
.48164
.47587
,47023
.46470
.45926
RATE
fEAR)
6.00
.90830
.89149
.87515
.85927
.84382
.82880
.81419
.79997
.78614
.77268
.75958
.74683
.73441
.72232
.71054
,69906
,68788
.67699
.66637
.65602
.64593
.63609
.62649
,61713
,60800
,59909
.59039
.58191
,57362
.56553
.55763
.54991
,54237
.53501
.52781
.52078
.51391
.50719
.50062
,49419
.46791
.48176
,47575
.46987
.46411
.45847
.45296
.44756
6.25
.90481
.88742
.87054
.85415
.83822
.82275
.80772
.79311
.77891
.76510
.75168
.73863
.72593
.71357
.70155
.68985
.67846
.66737
.65658
.64606
.63582
.62584
.61611
.60663
.59739
.58839
.57960
.57103
.56268
.55452
.5465?
.53880
.53122
.52382
.51660
.50954
.50265
.49592
.48934
.43291
.47662
.47048
.46447
.45860
.45285
.44723
.44174
.43636
6.50
.90135
.88339
.86597
,84907
,83268
.81677
,80133
,78634
.77179
.75765
,74392
.73057
.71761
.70500
.69275
.68084
.66925
.65798
.64702
.63635
.62597
.61586
.60602
.59643
,58710
.57800
.56914
.56051
.55209
.54388
.53588
,52808
.52047
.51304
,50579
.49872
.49181
,48507
.47849
.47206
.46579
,45965
,45366
,44780
,44207
.43647
.43100
.42565
6.75
.89790
.87938
.86144
.84406
.82721
,81087
.79503
.77967
.76477
.75031
.73628
.72267
.70945
,69661
,69414
.67203
.66026
,64882
,63770
,62689
,61638
.60615
.59620
,58652
.57710
,56793
.55900
,55031
.54184
.53359
.52555
.51772
.51008
.50263
.49537
.48829
,48138
,47464
,46807
,46165
.45538
.44926
,44328
,43745
.43174
.42617
.42072
,41540
7.00
,69449
,87541
.85696
.83909
.82179
.80504
.78882
.77310
.75786
.74310
.72878
.71490
,70144
.68838
.67570
.66340
,65146
.63986
.62860
t 61 766
.60703
,59670
.58666
.576S9
.56740
,55816
,54917
.54043
.53192
.52363
.51556
.50771
.50005
.49260
.48533
.47824
.47134
,46460
.45804
,45163
.44538
.43928
,43333
.42751
,42184
,41630
.41068
.40559
. 7.25
.89109
.87147
,85251
.83417
.81644
.79928
.78268
,76661
,75106
,73600
.72141
.70728
.69358
.68031
,66744
.65496
,64286
.63112
.61972
,60866
.59792
.58750
.57737
.56753
,55797
.54867
,53964
.53085
.52231
.51399
.50590
.49803
.49037
.48290
.47564
.46856
.46166
.45494
,44838
.44200
.43577
,42969
,42376
.41798
.41234
.40683
.40145
.39620
248
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
SUM OF DIGITS DEPRECIATION
D
E
p
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
YEAK&
3
4
5
b
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
lo
17
18
19
20
21
2«i
23
24
23
26
27
2«
29
30
31
32
33
31
3b
36
37
3tt
39
to
Hi
42
43
44
4b
46
47
46
49
5U
7.50
.B»77^
.B6757
.34810
.02930
.dill*
,7935y
.7766.4
.7602,:
,7443o
.72901
,7141o
.09979
,6B56o
,b724o
,6593a
,6467i
.03443
.02257
.bllOb
. 3990o
.b6903
,b785o
,bbB3o
.5584,;
,b488u
.b394Q
.b3039
,b2157
,b!29*
,b046o
.4965D
.48867
.48101
.47354
.4662o
.4b92i
.4523<:
.4456,:
.43909
.4327.:
.4265*
.4204/
.41H57
.4088^
.4032.:
.3977.*
.39240
.3871*
7.75
.88437
.86369
.84374
.82449
.80591
.7879?
.770&5
.75392
.73776
.72214
.70704
.69244
.67831
.66465
.65142
.63862
.62623
.61422
.602^9
.59132
.58040
.56981
.55953
.54957
.53990
.53052
. 521*1
.51256
.50397
.495^2
.48751
.47962
.47196
.4645Q
.45725
.45019
,44332
.43664
.43013
.42379
.417&2
.41160
.4057i»
.40003
.39445
.38902
.38372
.37655
8.00
.68105
.85984
.63941
.81971
.80073
.78242
.76475
.74771
.73126
.71537
.70003
.68521
.67089
.65704
.64366
.63071
.61818
.60606
.59433
.53297
.57196
.56130
.55097
.54096
.53124
.52183
.51269
.50382
.49522
.43686
.47875
.47086
.46320
.45576
.44852
.44148
.43464
.42798
.42150
.41519
.40905
.40307
.39724
,39157
.38603
.38064
.37539
.37026
INTEREST
(X PER
8.25
.87775
,85603
.83512
.81499
.79561
.77693
,75893
,74158
.72485
.70871
.69314
.67811
.66360
.64959
.63605
.62296
.61032
.59809
.58626
.57431
.56374
.55301
.54263
.53257
.52283
.51338
.50422
.49534
.48673
,47637
,47026
.46238
,45474
.44731
.44009
.43307
.42625
.41962
.41317
.40690
,40079
.39485
.38906
.38343
,37794
.37259
.36738
.36230
RATE
YEAR)
8.50
.87447
.85224
.83087
.81032
,79054
.77151
.75319
.73554
.71854
.70216
,68637
.67114
.65645
.64227
.62859
.61538
,60262
.59029
.57837
.56685
,55571
.54494
.53451
.52441
.51464
.50517
.49600
.48711
.47850
.47014
.46204
,45417
.44654
,43913
.43194
.42495
.41816
.41156
.40514
.39890
,39283
.38693
.38118
.37559
.37015
.36484
.35968
.35464
8,75
.87121
.84848
.82666
.80569
.78553
.76615
.74751
.72958
.71232
.69571
.67970
.66428
.64942
.63510
.62128
.60795
.59509
.5826?
.57067
.55908
.54789
.53706
.52660
.51647
.50668
.49719
,48801
.47912
.47051
.46216
.45407
.44622
.43661
.43122
.42405
.41709
.41033
.40377
.39739
.39119
.38516
.3793Q
.37359
.36805
.36265
.35739
.35227
.34728
9.00
.86797
.84476
.62248
.80110
.78057
.76086
.74191
.72371
.70620
.68936
,67315
.65755
.64253
.62806
.61412
.60067
.58771
,57521
.56314
.55150
.54025
,52938
,51889
.50874
.49892
.48943
.48025
.47136
.46275
.45441
.44634
.43851
.43092
.42356
.41642
.40949
.40277
.39624
.38990
.38374
.37775
.37194
.36628
.36078
.35542
.35021
.34514
.34020
9.25
.86476
.84106
.81834
,79656
.77567
.75563
,73639
,71791
.70016
.68310
.66670
.65093
.63576
,62115
.60709
.59355
.58050
.56792
,55579
.54409
.53280
,52190
.51137
.50120
.49136
,48168
.47270
.46382
.45522
.44690
.43884
,43104
.42347
.41614
,40904
.40215
.39546
.38697
,38267
.37655
.37061
,364fl3
.35922
.35377
.34846
,34330
,33828
,33339
9.50
.86157
.83739
.81424
.79207
.77082
,75046
.73093
.71219
.69421
.67694
,66036
,64443
.62911
.61438
.60020
. 5*656
.57343
.56078
.54860
.53635
.52552
.51459
.50405
.49387
.48404
.47454
.46536
.45649
.44790
,43960
.43157
,42379
,41626
.40896
,40189
,39503
.38838
.39194
.37568
.36960
.36371
,35798
.35241
.34700
,34175
.33663
.33166
.32682
9.75
.85840
.83375
.81017
.78762
.76603
.74535
.72554
.70655
.68835
,67088
.65412
.63803
.62258
.60773
.59345
,57972
,56651
.55380
.54156
.52977
,51841
,50746
,49690
,48672
,47688
,46739
.45822
,44936
.44080
.43252
.42451
.41676
.40926
,40200
,39496
,38815
.38154
.37513
.36892
.36289
.35704
.35136
.34584
.34048
,33527
.33021
,32528
.32049
249
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
SUM OF DIGITS DEPRECIATION
D
e
p
R
E
C
I
A
T
1
0
N
P
E
R
I
0
0
YEArtS
3
4
b
b
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
2b
2o
27
2b
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3d
39
40
41
42
43
44
4t>
40
47
4t)
49
50
•
i
;
|
{
5
;
;
J
1
;
:
.
;
•
|
;
;
;
•
|
;
;
•
•
.
;
•
;
j
I
1
j
J
s
:
*
i
;
•
,
5
:
t
»
|
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;
1
i
10.00
.65523
.630U
.60614
.78321
.76l2o
.7<»03u
.72021
.70099
.68257
.0649.1
. 61790
.63174
.6l61o
.60120
.5868.}
,b730<;
,55974
,5<»69/
.53469
.52280
.51140
.SOOSi
.48994
.47973
.4699i
.46043
.45127
.4424o
,43389
,42564
,4l76o
,40994
.40247
.39523
.38825
.37491
.36853
.36230
, oS64o
,3505V
,3449o
.33949
,33416
.3290.:
.32401
.3191,5
.01439
10.25
.85212
.82655
.80215
.77884
.75658
.73531
.71496
.69550
.67687
.65903
.64194
.62556
.60986
.59479
.58033
.566t5
.55311
.54029
.52796
.51611
.50470
.49372
.46314
.47295
.46313
.45365
,44451
.43569
.42718
,41895
.41100
.40332
.39589
,38870
.38175
.37501
.368t9
.36217
.35605
.35012
.34436
.33677
.33335
,32809
.32298
,31602
.31320
.30851
10.50
.64901
.82299
,79819
,77452
,75194
.73037
.70977
.69008
.67125
.65324
,63600
.61949
.60366
.58850
.57396
.56000
.54661
.53375
.52139
.50951
,49808
.48709
.47651
.46633
.45651
.44705
.43793
.42914
,42065
,41245
.40454
,39689
,38950
,38235
,37544
.36875
,36227
,35600
.34993
,34404
.33833
,33279
.32742
.32221
.31715
.31224
.30746
,30283
INTEREST
(* PER
10.75
,84592
.81946
.79426
.77024
.74734
.72550
.70465
.68474
.66572
.64754
.63015
.61351
.59758
.58232
.56770
,55369
.54024
,52734
.51495
,50305
.49162
.48062
.47004
,45986
.45006
.44062
,43153
.42275
.41430
.40613
.39825
.39065
.38329
.37619
.36932
,36267
,35624
.35002
.34399
.33615
.33249
.32701
.32169
,31652
.31152
,30665
,30193
.29734
RATE
YEAR)
11.00
.84286
.81596
.79037
.76600
.74279
.72068
.69959
,6791*7
.66026
.64192
.62439
.60763
.59160
.57626
.56157
.54750
.53401
.52107
.50866
.49674
,48530
.47430
.46373
.45356
.44378
,43436
.42529
.41654
.40812
.39999
.39215
.38458
.37727
,37021
.36336
.35678
,35040
.34422
,33824
,33245
,32684
,32141
,31614
,31102
,30606
.30125
,29658
,29204
11.25
.83981
.81248
.78651
.76180
.73829
.71591
.69459
.67426
.65488
.63638
.61872
.60185
.58572
.5703Q
.55555
.54142
.52789
.51493
.50249
.49057
.47912
.46812
."»5756
.44741
.43765
.K2825
.41921
.41050
.<»0210
.39401
.38621
.37866
.37142
.36440
.35762
.35107
.34473
.33860
.33267
.32693
.32137
.31598
.31076
.30570
.30079
.29603
.29140
.28691
11.50
,83678
,80903
.78268
.75764
.73384
.71120
.68965
.66913
.64957
.63093
.61314
.59616
.57995
.56445
.54964
.53547
.52190
.50891
.49646
.48453
.47308
.46209
.45154
.44141
.43167
.42230
.41328
.40461
.39625
.38620
.38044
.37295
.36573
.35876
,35202
.34552
.33923
.33315
.32727
.32158
.31607
.31073
.30556
.30055
.29569
,29097
,28640
,28196
11,75
,83378
.80561
.77889
.75352
.72943
.70654
.68477
.66406
.64434
.62555
.60765
.59057
.57427
.55871
,54384
,52963
,51603
.50302
,49056
. 47862
.46717
,45620
,44566
.43555
,42583
.41649
,40751
.39887
,39055
.38254
.37482
.36738
.36020
.35327
.34659
.34013
,33389
.32786
,32203
.31639
,31093
,30564
,30052
.29556
,29074
.28608
.28155
.27716
12.00
.83079
.80221
.77512
.74944
.72507
.70194
.67995
.65906
,63916
,62026
.60224
,58507
,56869
,55306
.53815
.52390
.51027
,49724
.48478
.47284
,46140
,45044
.43992
.42983
.42014
,41083
.40188
.39328
.38500
,37703
.36935
.36195
,35482
,3'»794
.34130
.33490
.32871
,32273
.31694
.31135
,30594
.30070
,29563
,29072
.28596
.2*134
.27686
.27252
12.25
.82782
,79884
.77139
,74540
.72076
,69738
,67519
,65412
.63409
.61504
,59691
,57965
,56320
,54752
.53256
.51827
.50463
.49159
.47912
.46713
.45575
.44480
.43431
.42424
,41458
.40530
,39639
.38783
.37959
,37166
.36403
.35668
.34959
.34276
,33617
,32981
,32367
,31774
,31201
,30647
,30110
,29592
,29089
,26603
.28132
,27675
.27232
,2680?
250
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING/ STRAIGHT LINE DEPRECIATION
YEANS
w
H
5
&
7
3
9
10
11
12
14
If
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2£
23
24
2b
2o
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
3<4
3t>
3b
37
3d
39
40
41
4i
43
44
ft>
4o
f7
48
49
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l.OOOOu
I.OOOOU
I.OOOOU
l.OOOOu
l.uOoOu
l.OCQOu
i.ooooo
l.OOoOu
l.OOQOU
l.OOOOu
I.OOOOU
l.OOOOu
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
l.UOQOU
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOQOu
l.UUOOU
1.00000
l.OOQOu
l.OOOOu
l.uOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
i.oaoou
i.ooooo
i.oooou
i.oooou
i.oooou
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
1.00000
i.ooooo
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
I.OOOOO
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
l.OOOOu
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l.OOOOu
l.OUOOu
l.OOOOu
so : i.oooou
.25
,99b4o
,99b33
.99432
.99328
.99228
.99125
.99025
.98924
.9882f
.98723
,9862i*
.98523
.9B424
,98324
.98225
.98125
.98027
,97927
.9762g
.9773Q
.97632
.97534
.97436
,9733s
.9724Q
.97142
.970"*5
.96947
.96851
.96753
.96657
.965&0
,9646(»
,9&3&7
.96271
.96175
,9607g
.95983
,9588s
.95792
.95697
,95bOi
.95506
.95"*ll
.95317
.95222
.95128
.95033
.50
,99283
.99071
.98870
,90664
,98466
.98263
.98067
.97867
.97671
. 97473
.97278
.97082
.96888
.96693
.96501
.96307
.96116
.95923
.95733
. 955*2
,95353
.95163
,94976
.94787
,94600
.9441J
.94227
.94041
,93857
.93672
.93438
.93304
.93122
.92939
.92758
.92576
.92396
.92216
,92037
.91856
,91680
,91501
.91325
.91147
.90972
.90795
,90621
,90446
INTEREST
<* PER
.75
.98928
.98612
.98313
.98008
,97714
.97414
.97124
.96838
.96540
.96249
.95963
.95675
.95392
.95106
.94826
.94543
.94265
.93985
.93709
.53432
.93159
.92885
.92614
.92342
.92074
.91805
.91539
.91272
.91006
,90744
.90483
.90221
.89962
.89703
.89446
.89189
.88935
.88680
,8642s
.88176
.87926
.87676
.87428
.87181
.86935
.86690
.86446
.86203
RATE
VEAR)
1.00
,98575
.98157
,97762
.97359
.96972
.96578
.96196
,95809
.95432
.95050
.94677
.94301
,93933
,93561
,93197
.92831
.92471
,92110
.91754
.91397
.91046
.90693
,90346
,89998
.89655
,89311
.88972
.88633
,68297
,87962
,87631
,87299
,86972
.86645
.86321
.85998
,85678
.85359
.65043
.84727
,84415
.BU103
.83794
,83486
.83181
.02877
.B2575
.82274
1.25
.98225
.97706
.97216
.96718
.9624Q
.95754
.95284
.94807
.94344
.93876
.93420
.92960
.92510
.92058
.91615
.91170
.90733
.90295
.89865
.391*34
.69010
.88585
.88168
.87750
.87336
.86926
.86521
.86115
.85716
.85316
.84922
.64529
.84141
.83753
.83371
.82989
.82612
.82236
.81865
.81U94
.81126
.80762
.80402
,80042
.79686
.79331
,78981
.78631
1.50
.97877
.97259
,96676
.96085
.95517
.94942
,94386
,93823
.93277
.92726
.92190
,91650
.91123
.90594
.90076
.89557
.89048
.88536
.88039
.67538
.87047
,86556
,86074
.85592
,85118
,84644
.64178
.83713
,83256
.82799
.82349
.81900
.81458
,81017
.80583
.80150
.79723
.79297
.78878
,78459
,78047
.77636
.77230
.76826
,76428
,76031
,75639
.75249
1.75
.97532
.96816
.96142
,95458
,94804
.94141
,93502
.92856
,92230
.91600
,90987
.90371
.89770
.89168
.86580
.87991
.87414
.86836
,86273
.S5709
.85156
.84603
.84061
.63520
.82989
.82459
,81939
.81420
.80910
.80402
.79902
.79404
.78914
.78427
.77947
.77469
.76998
,76529
,76068
.75609
.75157
.74707
.74263
.73822
,73387
.72955
,72528
,72104
2,00
.97189
.96376
,95613
,94839
.94100
,93353
.92633
.91906
.91203
,90496
,89810
.89121
.88451
.87779
.87124
.8&U69
,85830
.85190
,8<»565
. 83942
.33331
.82722
.82125
.81531
,80948
.80367
.79797
.79230
.78673
.78119
.77574
.77033
.76501
.75972
.75452
.74934
.74426
.73920
.73423
.72929
,72443
' .71959
.71484
.71011
.70546
.70084
.69629
.69177
2.25
.96848
,95940
.95089
.94227
,93406
.92575
.91777
,90973
.90196
.89415
,88658
.87900
.87163
.86426
.85708
,84992
.84292
.83595
.82913
,82234
.81571
,80910
,80263
.79619
,78989
,78362
,77747
.77136
,76538
,75942
.75359
, "74779
,74209
,73644
,73089
,72538
,71996
.71459
.70931
,70407
.69891
,69380
,68878
,68379
.676B8
.67402
,66923
.66448
251
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING/STRAIGHT LIN£ DEPRECIATION
D
E
P
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
P
E.
R
I
0
0
YEAKS j 2.50
•» : ,y651u
4 ! ,9550u
b
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
10
17
la
19
20
21
a
2J
24
25
26
27
2o
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
3&
37
3o
39
40
41
42
43
44
4b
46
47
4tt
49
.9457u
,9362i
.9272U
.91809
.9093s
.40055
.09207
.6835o
.0753.;
.6b70a
.65907
.8510o
.64331
.6355o
.62801
.62044
.6l31b
,uU58b
.79872
.79165
.7847u
.77782
,7710o
.76439
.75783
,75l3b
.74496
.73867
.7324o
.72634
.72032
.7l43b
.70849
.70269
.69699
.6,913.+
.6858U
,b«03u
.67491
«b695o
.b643l
,b59U
.bb40u
,o489j
.b439s
50 ; .b390<:
2.75
.96174
.95079
.94056
.93024
.92043
.91054
.90106
,69154
.88236
.87317
.86429
.85542
.84681
.83823
.82990
.8216Q
.81353
.8055Q
.79768
.73990
.78232
.77479
.76744
.76015
.75303
.74596
.73905
.7322Q
,72550
.71686
,71236
.70592
.699&2
.69337
.68725
.68119
.67525
.6693?
.66361
.6579Q
.6523Q
.6467^
.64132
.63594
.63066
.62544
.62030
.61523
3.00
.95840
.94654
.93547
.92433
.91374
.90309
.89290
,88267
.87283
.86300
.85350
.84402
.83485
.82571
.81685
.80804
.79948
.79097
.78269
.77443
.76648
.75855
.75082
.74315
.73568
,72827
.72104
.71387
.70688
.69995
.69318
.68648
.67992
.67344
.66709
.66082
.65467
.64859
.64264
,63676
,63099
.62529
,61970
.61418
.60876
.60340
.59815
,59296
INTEREST RATE
(X PER YEAR)
3,25 3.50
.95506
,94232
.93043
.91848
.90714
.89576
.88486
.87396
.86348
.85302
.84293
,83288
.82317
.81351
.80414
.79485
.78583
.77688
.76819
.75957
.75119
.74288
,73480
,72680
,71900
.71129
.70376
.69632
.68906
.68188
.67487
.66794
.66117
.65448
.64794
.64148
.63516
.62892
.62282
.61678
.61088
.60505
.59934
.59370
,56816
.58272
.57738
,57210
,95179
.93814
.92544
.91270
.90063
.88852
.87695
.86540
.85430
.84324
.83259
.82199
.81176
.80160
.79177
.78202
.77257
,76321
.75413
.74514
,73641
.72777'
,71936
.71105
,70297
,69496
,68720
,67951
,67201
,66461
,65739
.65027
,64331
.63645
.62974
.62313
.61666
.61028
.60405
.59790
.59189
,58595
.58015
,57442
.56882
.56329
.55788
,55254
3,75
.94851
.93400
.92050
,9069s
.89419
.88138
.86917
.85697
.84528
.83365
.82246
.81134
.80062
.78999
.77972
.76955
.75970
.74996
.74051
.73113
.72212
.71317
.70447
.69589
.68755
.67931
.67129
.66339
.65569
.64809
.64069
.63340
.62628
.61927
.61243
.60568
.59910
.59261
.58627
.58003
.57393
.56791
.56204
.55625
,5505s
.54500
.53954
.53416
4.00
.94526
.92988
,91561
.90133
.88784
.87435
,66150
,84869
,83643
.82425
,81254
.80093
.76974
.77867
,76798
.75741
.74719
,73709
.72731
.71766
.70830
.69907
.69011
.68128
,67270
,66425
.65603
.64793
.64005
.63229
.62473
.61729
.61004
.60290
.59595
.58909
.58241
.57584
.56942
.56310
.55693
.55086
.54493
.53909
.53339
.52778
.52229
.51688
4.25
.94203
,92580
.91077
.89574
,86156
.86741
,85395
.84055
.82774
,81503
.80283
.79074
.77912
,76762
.75654
.74560
.73503
,72460
.71451
.70457
,69494
.68545
.67626
.66720
.65841
.64976
.64136
.63309
.62506
.61715
.60946
.60190
.59454
.58730
.56024
.57331
.56655
,55990
.55343
.54705
.54084
.53472
.52876
.52289
.51717
.51153
,50603
,50062
4.50
.93882
.92176
.90597
.89021
.87537
.86057
.84651
.83254
.81920
,80598
,79331
.78078
.76874
,75684
.74539
.73410
.72321
.71247
.70210
.6Q189
.68201
.67229
.66288
.65362
.64465
.63583
.62727
,61885
,61068
.60265
.59485
.5^718
.57973
.57240
.56528
.55827
.55146
.54476
.53824
.53183
.52558
.51944
.51345
,50757
.50183
.49620
,49069
.46528
4.75
.93563
.91775
.90121
.88475
.86925
,85382
.83919
.82467
.81081
,79711
,78399
.77103
.75859
.74633
.73453
.72291
.71171
.70069
.69006
,67960
.66950
.65957
.64997
.64053
.63139
,62241
.61372
,60517
.59689
,58875
.58086
.57311
.56558
.55818
.55100
.54395
.53709
.53035
.523BO
,51736
.51110
,50495
,49895
,49307
.48733
.48170
.47621
.470B1
252
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING/ STRAIGHT LINE; DEPRECIATION
YEARS
3
H
b
6
f
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
21
22
23
24
2b
2o
27
26
29
30
31
34
33
34
3b
30
37
30
39
40
41
HZ
"0
44
Ha
>*b
47
4tt
49
5U
5.00
,9324o
.9137/
.t)965u
.67934
.6632U
.64717
.63197
.6169*
,b025o
.7884U
.77480
.76149
.74866
,7360o
.72394
.71201
.70050
.06923
.67836
.&6770
.65739
.64727
.63749
.62739
.ol86i.
,o095u
.6006o
.b920j
.b836o
,b754<:
,b674b
,5596^
,b5204
,5446u
.b3737
.b302o
.b2339
. 1)166.5
.blOOb
.5036.:
.4973b
.4911V
.48520
.47934
.4736U
.46799
.46251
.45714
5.25
.92932
.909B2
.89184
.87399
.85723
.64061
.82487
.8093Q
.79448
.77986
.7659Q
.75215
.73898
.72603
.713&1
.7014Q
.68966
.67813
.66704
.65615
.64566
.63537
.62543
.615&9
.60628
.59706
.58614
.57939
.57093
.56263
.554&0
.54673
.53909
.53161
.52435
.5172i«
.51033
.50356
.4969g
.49054
.48427
.47813
.47215
.46629
.46059
,45t>00
.44955
.4442J
5.50
.92619
.90590
.88722
.86870
.85134
.83413
.81787
,80160
.78653
.77148
.75713
.74301
.72951
.71625
.70353
.69106
.67908
.66733
.65603
.64496
.63430
.62385
.61378
.60391
.59439
.58507
.57606
.56724
.55871
.55035
.54227
.53436
.52669
.51916
.51191
.50478
.49767
.49110
.48452
,47809
.47183
.46571
.45975
.45392
.44825
,44269
.43727
.43197
INTEREST
(X PER
5.75
.92309
.90202
.88265
.86347
.84551
.82775
,81097
.79442
.77872
.76326
.74653
.73407
.72025
.70669
.69371
.68096
.66878
.65683
.64534
,63410
,62329
.61270
.60251
.59253
.58291
.57351
.56442
.55554
.54695
.53856
.53044
.52250
.51481
.50729
.50000
.49287
.48596
.47920
.47264
.46622
,45999
.45389
,44796
,44216
,43652
,43100
,42562
.42036
RATE
YEAR)
6.00
.92000
.69816
.87811
.85829
.33976
.62145
.80418
.78716
.77104
.75519
.74011
.72531
.71119
.69735
.68412
.67117
.65876
.64661
,63496
,6?357
.61261
.60191
.59160
.58154
.57183
.56236
,55321
.54428
.53565
,52722
.51908
.51112
.50342
.49589
.48861
,48149
,47459
,46784
,46130
.45491
,44870
,44263
.43674
.43098
.42537
,41989
,41456
,40935
6.25
.91693
.89434
.87362
.85317
,83407
.81523
,79748
,78002
.76349
.74726
.73184
.71673
.70233
.68823
.67477
.66160
,64900
.63668
.62487
,61334
.60227
.59145
.58106
.57091
.56113
.55160
.54240
.53343
.52477
.51632
.50816
.50019
.49249
.48497
.47769
.47059
.46370
.45698
.45047
.44411
.43793
.43190
.42605
.42033
,41477
.40933
.40405
.39889
6.50
.91389
.89054
.86917
.84810
.82846
.80910
.79089
.77299
.75607
.73949
.72374
.70833
.69366
.67932
.66564
.65227
.63949
.62702
.61507
.60341
.59223
.58132
.57084
.56062
.55080
.54121
.53198
.52298
.51430
.50583
.49767
.48970
.48200
.47449
.46723
.46015
.45329
.44660
.44012
.43379
.42766
.42167
.41585
.41018
,40467
.39928
.39405
.38894
6.75
.91086
,88678
.86477
.84309
.82291
.80304
,78439
.76608
.74878
,73185
,71580
,70011
,68518
.67061
.65672
.64318
.63023
.61761
.60554
.59377
,58249
.57150
.56096
,55068
.54080
.53118
.52192
.51290
,50421
,49574
.48757
,47961
,47193
,46444
.45720
.45014
.44332
.43666
.43021
.42393
.41784
.41189
.40613
.40050
,39504
.38970
.38453
.37947
7.00
.90785
.88305
.S6040
.83813
.81742
.79707
.77798
.75927
.74161
.72435
.70801
.69205
.67689
.66210
.64802
.63430
.62121
.60846
.59628
.58441
.57305
.56198
.55138
.54105
.53114
.52149
.51221
.50318
.49448
,48602
.47786
.46991
.46225
,45478
.44757
.44055
.43376
.42714
.42073
.41449
.40845
.40255
.39683
,39126
.38585
.3B057
.37545
.37044
7.25
.904B6
,87934
,85607
.83323
.81201
.79118
.77166
.75257
,734?7
.71699
.70036
.68415
.66877
.65378
.63953
.62565
.61242
.59955
.58726
.57531
,56387
.55275
.54210
.53174
.52179
.51212
.50283
.49380
.48511
.47665
.46851
.46058
.45294
.44551
.43833
.43134
.42459
,41801
.41165
,40546
.39946
.39361
.38795
.38243
.37707
.37185
.36678
.36184
253
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING/ STRAIGHT LINE DEPRECIATION
D
E
P
R
E
C
I
A
T
I
0
N
YEARS
3
4
5
b
7
0
9
10
11
1^
14
14
13
16
17
16
19
20
21
Zi.
2-t
24
2b
2b
27
20
29
30
31
32
34
34
35
36
37
3o
39
4o
-------
DISCOUNTED TAX CREDIT
DOUBLE DECLINING/STRAIGHT LINE DEPRECIATION
YEAK&
j
i*
b
0
7
6
9
ID
11
12
1$
14
15
16
17
la
19
20
21
if.
23
2t
2b
2o
27
2d
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3B
39
40
41
42
4i
44
43
46
47
4d
49
50
10.00
.87319
.64043
.bllOu
,7»25J
.7564*:
,7311o
.70780
.68525
.0614311
.64407
.6251o
.60694
,b6983
.57340
.55791
. 5430u
.b289o
.51539
.50257
.49020
.4785*:
.45650
.44621
.43637
.42689
.41764
,4007b
.39270
.38499
.37753
.37039
.36347
.35684
.35041
.341(24
.33825
.33249
.32691
.32150
.31631
,3112o
.30637
.30164
,<;970j
.29261
.^6829
10.25
.87042
.83707
.80712
,77ttl9
.75171
.72bl3
.7024g
.67970
.65651
.63810
.6190i»
.60071
.58351
.5669s
.55143
.53640
.52238
.50882
,4959g
.48366
.4719&
.46071
.45002
.43972
.42992
.42048
.41147
.40279
.39449
.38648
.37882
.37142
.36433
.35748
.35089
.34453
.33841
.3324s
,3267s
.3212&
.31593
.31076
.30578
.30094
.29627
.29173
.28734
.28307
10.50
.86767
.83372
.80327
.77391
.74705
.72115
.69723
.67420
.65281
.63224
.61304
.59459
.57730
.56070
.54510
.53011
.51598
.50241
.48958
.47725
.46557
.45434
,44368
,43342
.42365
.41425
.40529
.39666
,38841
.38046
.37265
.36551
.35847
.35167
.34515
.33884
.33278
.32691
.32126
.31580
.31052
,30542
,30049
,29571
.29109
,28660
.20226
.27805
INTEREST
(.% PER
10.75
.86493
.83040
,79946
,76966
.74245
.71622
.69204
.66878
.64720
.62647
,60714
.58858
.57121
.55455
,53889
,52388
,50973
.49615
.48332
.47101
.45934
,44814
.43751
.42728
.41756
,40821
.39929
.39071
.38251
.37462
,36706
.35977
.35279
.34605
,33959
.33334
.32733
.32152
.31593
.31052
.30531
,30025
.29538
.29065
.28609
.28165
.27737
.27321
RATE
YEAR)
11.00
.66220
,82710
.79568
.76546
,73789
.71136
.68692
,66344
.64168
.62079
.60134
.58269
.56524
.54852
.53282
.51778
.50362
.49003
.47721
.46491
.45328
.44210
.43150
.42132
.41164
.40233
.39347
.38493
.37679
.36895
,36145
.35422
.34729
.34061
.33420
.32801
.32206
.31631
.31078
,30542
,30026
.29526
.29044
.28577
.28126
.27608
.27264
.26853
11.25
.85950
.82382
.79193
.76130
.73339
.70656
.68187
.65818
.63621*
.61521
.59564
.57690
.55938
.54261
.52688
.51181
,49764
.48406
.47125
.45697
.44736
.43622
.42566
.41552
.40588
.39662
.38781
.37933
.37124
.36345
.35601
.34883
,34196
,33534
.32899
.32285
.31696
.31127
.30579
,3004g
.29538
.29041*
.28567
.28105
.27659
.27226
.26808
.26401
11.50
.85681
.82057
.78822
.75718
.72893
.70161
.67689
.65299
.63089
.60973
,59005
.57122
.55364
.53682
.52106
.50597
.49180
.47823
.46543
.45317
.44159
.43048
.41996
.40986
.40028
.39107
.38230
.37388
.36584
.35811
.35072
,34361
.33680
.33023
.32393
.31786
.31202
.30638
.30096
.29571
.29066
.28577
.23106
.27649
.27206
.26730
.26366 ,
.25965
11.75
.85414
.81734
.78453
.75311
.72453
.69713
.67197
,64788
,62562
.60433
.58455
.56564
,54800
.53114
,51535
.50026
.48608
.47252
.45975
.44752
.43596
,42490
.41441
,40436
.39482
.38566
.37695
.36858
,36060
.35293
.34560
.33854
.33178
.32527
.31903
.31301
,30723
.30165
.29628
.29109
.28609
,281?6
.27659
.27208
.26772
.26349
,25940
.25543
12.00
.85148
.81414
.78088
.74907
.72017
.69250
.66711
.64284
.62043
,59901
.57914
.56016
.54247
.52557
.50977
1*9467
.43050
.46695
.45419
.44199
.43047
.41945
.40901
,39900
.39951
.38041
.37175
.36343
.35551
.34789
.34062
.33362
.32692
.32047
.31428
.30832
.30259
.29707
.29175
.28662
. 23167
.27689
.27227
.26781
.26349
.25931
.25527
.25135
12.25
.848B4
.81096
.77726
.74507
.71586
.68792
.66232
,63787
.61531
.59379
.57382
.55478
.53704
.52012
,50430
,48919
,47503
.46150
,44877
.43660
.42512
.41413
,40374
,39378
.3B434
.37529
.36669
.35843
.35056
.34300
.33578
.32884
.32220
.31580
.30967
.30377
.29809
.29262
.28736
.2B228
.27738
.27265
.26809
.26367
.25940
,25527
,25128
.24740
*U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1973-546-309/62
255
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
w
Capital and Operating Costs of Pollution Control
Equipment Modules User Guide (Volume I)
Herbert G. Blecker, Theoddre W. Cadman
ICARUS Corporation
Silver Spring, MD
21AQJ
68-01-0717
Environmental Protection Agency,
report number, EPA-R5-73-023a, July 1973.
The User's Guide describes the scope of the cost manual on installation
and operation of pollution control equipment modules. Illustrative examples
are given enabling the user to prepare estimates of conceptual environmental
protection processes using the companion Data Manual. Emphasis is placed upon
the determination of the installed and annual costs of individual process
equipment modules, determination of the installed and annual process costs, and
evaluation of the porential process profitability in those cases where profit
is a motive.
*Cost Analysis, *Costs, *Pollution Abatement, Cost Comparisons, Economics,
Annual Costs, Construction Costs, Operating Costs, Estimated Costs, Manuals,
*Engineers Estimates
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON, D C 2O24O
Fred H. Abel
Environmental Protection Agency
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