United States        Office of Water and     SW 176C.11
Environmental Protection    Waste Management     October 1979
Agency          Washington, D.C. 20460

Solid Waste	



European Refuse  Fired



Energy Systems
Evaluation of Design Practices
Volume 1 1

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          Pn.tpu.bticat4.on >tAAue  fan. EPA
        and State. Sotid Itia&te,  Management
      EUROPEAN REFUSE FIRED ENERGY  SYSTEMS

          EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRACTICES

      Co-Disposal Refuse  and Sewage Sludge Plants
              Dieppe and  Deauville,  France
Thib tnJip n.epont. (SW-/76c./7)  deAcnibe* won.k
. the. O^xcce OjJ Sotid Wa&te. undeA contract no. 68-01-4376
 and x-6  fLe.pn.odu.ced at> n.ec.ej,v'e,d faom the. c-ontsiacton..
 Tke fi-LndingA Akoutd be attn^ibuted to the c.ontsia.cton.
         and not to the O^lce  o& Sotid Watte.
           Copies will be available from the
       National  Technical Information Service
             U.S. Department  of Commerce
               Springfield, VA   22161
                     Volume 11
          U.S. C"",viron,r,GntaI  Er.QtectiQtt
          FI.:47:o:i \', Library
          233 South Dearborn Street
          Chicago,  Illinois  60604  •
                                   *'•*

        U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                         1979

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         This report was prepared by Battelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio,
under contract no.  68-01-4376.

         Publication, does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies  of the U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,  nor does
mention of commercial products  constitute endorsement by the U.S.
Government.

       An environmental  protection publication (SW-176c.ll) in the solid waste
management series.

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             TRIP REPORT
                  to
    DIEPPE (AND DEAUVILLE), FRANCE,
PLANTS COFIRING REFUSE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE

            on the contract

 EVALUATION OF EUROPEAN REFUSE-FIRED
  STEAM GENERATOR DESIGN PRACTICES

        September 20-22, 1977

                  to

  U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

           February 15, 1978
       EPA Contract No. 68-01-4376
          EPA RFP No. WA-76-B146
                  by
   Richard Engdahl and Philip Beltz
               BATTELLE
         Columbus Laboratories
            505 King Avenue
         Columbus, Ohio  43201

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                                    i
                                 PREFACE

          This trip report is one of a series of 15 trip reports on
European waste-to-energy systems prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.  The overall objective of this investigation is to
describe and analyze European plants in such ways that the essential
factors in their successful operation can be interpreted and applied
in various U.S. communities.  The plants visited are considered from
the standpoint of environment, economics and technology.
          The material in this report has been carefully reviewed by the
European grate or boiler manufacturers and respective American licensees.
Nevertheless, Battelle Columbus Laboratories maintains ultimate responsi-
bility for the report content.  The opinions set forth in this report are
those of the Battelle staff members and are not to be considered by EPA
policy.
          The intent of the report is to provide decision making in-
formation.  The reader is thus cautioned against believing that there is
enough information to design a system.  Some proprietary information has
been deleted at the request of vendors.  While the contents are detailed,
they represent only the tip of the iceberg of knowledge necessary to de-
velop a reliable, economical and environmentally beneficial system.
          The selection of particular plants to visit was made by Battelle,
the American licensees, the European grate manufacturers, and EPA.  Pur-
posely, the sampling is skewed to the "better" plants that are models of
what the parties would like to develop in America.  Some plants were selected
because many features envolved at that plant.  Others were chosen because
of strong American interest in co-disposal of refuse and sewage sludge.
          The four volumes plus the trip reports for the 15 European
plants are available through The National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia  22161.   NTIS numbers for the volumes and ordering
information are contained in the back of this publication.   Of the 19
volumes only the Executive Summary and Inventory have been prepared for
wide distribution.

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                                    ii
                               ORGANIZATION
          The four volumes and 15 trip reports are organized the the
following fashion:

          VOLUME I

A  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
B  INVENTORY OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANTS
C  DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNITIES VISITED
D  SEPARABLE WASTE STREAMS
E  REFUSE COLLECTION AND TRANSFER STATIONS
F  COMPOSITION OF REFUSE
G  HEATING VALUE OF REFUSE
H  REFUSE GENERATION AND BURNING RATES PER PERSON
I  DEVELOPMENT OF VISITED SYSTEMS

          VOLUME II
J  TOTAL OPERATING SYSTEM RESULTS
K  ENERGY UTILIZATION
L  ECONOMICS AND FINANCE
M  OWNERSHIP, ORGANIZATION, PERSONNEL AND TRAINING

          VOLUME III

P  REFUSE HANDLING
Q  GRATES AND PRIMARY AIR
R  ASH HANDLING AND RECOVERY
S  FURNACE WALL
T  SECONDARY (OVERFIRE) AIR

          VOLUME IV

U  BOILERS
V  SUPPLEMENTARY CO-FIRING WITH OIL, WASTE OIL AND SOLVENTS
W  CO-DISPOSAL OF REFUSE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE
X  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Y  START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN
Z  APPENDIX

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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                    Page
LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED	    1
SUMMARY	    2
STATISTICAL SUMMARY—DIEPPE ONLY	    3
OVERALL SYSTEM SCHEMATIC 	    6
COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION	    8
SOLID WASTE PRACTICES	    9
     Collection	    9
     Solid Waste Disposal	   10
     Sewage Treatment	   10
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM	   12
PLANT ARCHITECTURE	   14
REFUSE-FIRED STEAM GENERATING EQUIPMENT	   17
     Waste Input	   17
     Furnace Hoppers 	   22
     Grate	   23
     Furnace Wall	   24
     Fire-Tube Boiler—Dieppe	   25
     Fire-Tube Boiler—Deauville 	   26
     Primary Air	   26
     Secondary Air	   27
     Air Preheater	   27
     Boiler Water Treatment	   27
COFIRING EQUIPMENT 	   29
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT	   37
     Chimney	   37
EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT 	   39
POLLUTION CONTROL ASSESSMENT 	   43

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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

                                                                    Page

PERSONNEL AND MANAGEMENT	   47

ECONOMICS	   48
     Capital Investment	   49
     Operating Costs	,	   49
     Revenue	   50

REFERENCES	   51


                              LIST OF TABLES

                                                                    Page
TABLE 10-1.  APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF TWO SAMPLES OF REFUSE
  RECEIVED AT DIEPPE IN 1975 '(COURTESY OF THERMICAL-INOR)	   18

TABLE 10-2.  RESULTS OF CALCULATION BY KRINGS OF HEAT BALANCE
  FOR DIEPPE PLANT	   33

TABLE 10-3.  APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND LOWER HEAT VALUE OF SOME
  TYPICAL RAW SEWAGE SLUDGES ACCORDING TO EBERHARDT	   34

TABLE 10-4.  SUMMARY FOR 1976 OF REFUSE-SLUDGE BURNING PLANT
  OPERATION AT DIEPPE.  TABULATION PREPARED BY PLANT OPERATORS,
  THERMICAL-INOR, IN FULFILLMENT OF THEIR OPERATING CONTRACT WITH
  THE CITY	   40

TABLE 10-5.  DIEPPE WASTEWATER PLANT SUMMARY FOR 1976.  TABULATION
  BY THERMICAL-INOR, IN FULFILLMENT OF THEIR OPERATING CONTRACT WITH
  THE CITY	   41

TABLE 10-6.  ANNUAL REFUSE INCINERATOR OPERATING RESULTS FOR DIEPPE-
      1972-1976  (COURTESY VON ROLL, LTD.)	   42
                             LIST OF FIGURES

                                                                    Paee
FIGURE 10-1.  OVERALL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE DIEPPE PLANT FOR
  COMBINED PROCESSING OF COMMUNITY WASTEWATER AND REFUSE  	    7

FIGURE 10-2.  DIEPPE REFUSE-SLUDGE COFIRINQ PLANT (COURTESY
  VON ROLL, LTD.)	    15

FIGURE 10-3.  DEAUVILLE REFUSE-SLUDGE COFIRING PLANT  (COURTESY  ,
  OF INOR S.A.)	    16

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                       LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

                                                                    Page

FIGURE 10-4.  COMPARATIVE CROSS SECTIONS OF DIEPPE AND DEAUVILLE
  REFUSE-BURNING PLANTS (COURTESY OF CITIES OF DIEPPE, DEAUVILLE,
  AND VON ROLL, LTD.  AND INOR S.A	   19

FIGURE 10-5.  DIEPPE CONTROL ROOM WITH CRANE CONTROL PEDESTAL
  AT REAR AT WINDOW OVERLOOKING REFUSE PIT	   20

FIGURE 10-6.  DESUVILLE CONTROL ROOM.  THE CRANE CONTROL
  PEDESTALS AT LEFT ARE AT A LARGE WINDOW OVERLOOKING THE REFUSE
  PIT (COURTESY INOR, S.A	   21

FIGURE 10-7.  TOP OF TWO LUWA SLUDGE DRYERS AT DIEPPE
  (COURTESY OF VON ROLL, LTD.)	   30
FIGURE 10-8.  CUTAWAY DRAWINGS SHOWING PRINCIPLE OF LUWA DRYER
  (COURTESY OF VON ROLL, LTD.)	   31

FIGURE 10-9.  PLOT BY EBERHARDT OF RELATION OF COMBUSTIBLE
  AND ASH CONTENT OF DRY SEWAGE SLUDGE TO ITS LOWER HEAT VALUE .  .   35

FIGURE 10-10.   KRINGS RESULTS OF TESTS IN 1973 AT DIEPPE ON
  THE EFFECT OF TYPE OF SLUDGE AND SLUDGE FEED RATE ON THE
  EFFICIENCY OF THE LUWA THIN-FILM DRYER	   36

FIGURE 10-11.   REPLACEABLE CAST ALLOY STEEL VANE WHICH IMPARTS
  SPIN TO THE GASES ENTERING EACH COLLECTION TUBE OF THE PRAT
  MULTIPLE CYCLONE DUST COLLECTOR	   38

FIGURE 10-12.   RESIDENTIAL AREA AND COUNTRYSIDE VIEWED FROM
  ROOF OF DIEPPE PLANT	   44

FIGURE 10-13.   RESIDENCES VIEWED THROUGH TRUCK ENTRANCE AT
  DEAUVILLE PLANT	   45

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                         LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED

M. Jean Fossey                        Dieppe Plant Manager
M. Bernard Montdesert                  Dieppe Plant Chief Engineer
M. Aime Marchand                      Director, General des Services
                                        techniques, Dieppe
M. Hervee                             Asst. Manager, Deauville Plant
Beat C. Ochse                         Project Engineer, Von Roll, Ltd.,
                                        Environ. Eng. Div., Zurich
John M. Kehoe, Jr.                     Vice President and General
                                        Manager, Wheelabrator-Frye,
                                        Inc., Energy Systems Div.,
                                        Hampton, N.H.
David B. Sussman                      Project Monitor, U.S. EPA,
                                        Resource Recovery Div.,
                                        Washington, D.C.

      The authors are  pleased to acknowledge  the considerable assistance
provided by the above  individuals  in the  conduct of this  visit and  in
subsequent review of this report.

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                                 SUMMARY

        Although the Dieppe and Deauville  plants are small,  120 metric
tons per day each,  and  do not use water-tube-wall  boiler  construction,
they are examples of a relatively new waste-to-energy system  in which  the
steam generated  by  burning refuse under very simple fire-tube boilers is
used in a patented system to dry sewage sludge in steam-heated, thin-film
dryers. When dried,  the  sludge then becomes a low-energy  fuel. Thus,  these
systems provide all   of their own  energy  to dispose of both community
refuse  and sludge in an environmentally clean manner.
        The  two  plants  are identical  in  many  respects. However, they
differ  significantly in three ways:
        (1)    The  older plant,  Dieppe  (1971), uses mechanical dust
               collectors; Deauville has  electrostatic precipitators.
               Although the  Dieppe emissions meet current local
               standards,  the newer Deauville plant (1976) is equipped to
               meet possibly more stringent regulations  of the future.
        (2)    The Dieppe furnaces employ a sloping water-cooled baffle
               in the furnace,  the Deauville  furnaces are open and not
               baffled
        (3)    Dieppe uses  two LUWA thin-film dryers for  sludge  but
               Deauville relies on the high availability of one, larger
               dryer of  the same type.

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                       STATISTICAL SUMMARY—DIEPPE ONLY
Community Description:
  Area (square kilometers)
  Population (number of people)
  Key terrain feature
    60
 8,000
 Hilly
Solid Waste Practices:
  Total waste generated per day (tonnes/day)
  Waste generation rate (Kg/person/day)
  Lower heating value of waste (Kcal/kg)
  Collection period (days/week)
  Cost of collection (local currency/tonne)
  Use of transfer and/or pretreatment (yes or no)
  Distance from generation centroid to:
    Local landfill (kilometers)
    Refuse-fired steam generator (kilometers)
  Waste type input to system
  Cofiring of sewage sludge (yes or no)
    50
     1.3

     5

    No
Resid.,  Indus.
   Yes
Development of the System:
  Date operation began (year)
  1971
Plant Architecture:
  Material of exterior construction
  Stack height (meters)
Concrete, Steel
    35
Refuse-Fired Steam Generator Equipment:
  Mass burning (yes or no)
  Waste conditions into feed chute:
   Yes

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                 STATISTICAL SUMMARY—DIEPPE ONLY
  Moisture (percent)
  Lower heating value (Kcal/kg)
Volume burned:
  Capacity per furnace (tonnes/day)
  Number of furnaces constructed (number)
  Capacity per system (tonnes/day)
  Actual per furnace (tonnes/day)
  Number of furnaces normally operating (number)
  Actual per system (tonnes/day)
Use auxiliary reduction equipment (yes or no)
Pit capacity level full:
  (tonnes)
  (m3)
Crane capacity (one):
  (tonnes)
  (m3)
Feeder drive method
Burning grate:
  Manufacturer
  Type
  Number of sections (number)
  Length overall (m)
  Width overall (m)
Primary air-max (Nm'/hr)
Secondary air-overfire air-max (nr/min)
Furnace volume (m )
Furnace wall tube diameter (cm)
                          o
Furnace heating surface (m )
Auxiliary fuel capability (yes or no)
Use of superheater (yes or no)
    60
     2
   120
    63
     1
    63
    No
   750

     U.25
     1.5
Hydraulic

Van Roll
Reciprocating
     2
     8
     2
    83
    80
No wall tubes

   Yes
    No

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                       STATISTICAL SUMMARY-DIEPPE ONLY
  Boiler
    Manufacturer
    Type
Firetube
    Number of boiler passes
    Steam production per boiler (kg/hr) (max)
    Total plant steam production (kg/hr) (max)
    Steam temperature ( C)
    Steam pressure (bar)
  Use of economizer (yes or no)'
  Use of air preheater (yes or no)
  Use of flue gas reheater (yes or no)
  Cofire (fuel or waste) input
  Use of electricity generator (yes or no)
Energy Utilization:
  Medium of energy transfer
  Temperature of medium ( C)
  Population receiving energy (number)

  Pressure cf medium (bar)
  Energy return medium
Sacoma
Vertical

     1
 7,500
15,000
   180
    10
    No
   Yes
    No
   Yes
    No

Steam
   180
Sludge Drying
Only
    10
Pollution Control:
  Air:
    Furnace exit conditions:
      Gas flow rate (Nm^/hr)
                                 o
      Furnace exit loading (mg/Nm )
      Chimney particulate emission (mg/Nnr)
22,000

   320

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                         OVERALL SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

        Figure 10-1  shows a diagram of the Dieppe plant. As  will  be  seen
throughout this  report,  the Deauville plant is not identical but is
similar to Figure 10-1 in many ways. The Dieppe refuse plant was  started
up in November,  1971, the wastewater plant in February,  1971.  The
Deauville refuse plant began regular operation in early 1976.

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 1.   Waste-water inlet meter         12.
 2.   Grit-oil  separator             13.
 3.   Primary settling basin         1A.
 U.   Aeration  tank                  15.
 5.   Secondary settling basin       16.
 6.   Discharge water                17.
 7.   Rav sewage pump                18.
 8.   Digester                       19.
 9.   Thickener                     20.
10.   Sludge pump                    21.
11.   Digester  heater-punjps-gas      22.
     meter
                  Gas holder
                  Refuse bunker
                  Refuse feed hopper
                  Sludge tank
                  Vertical thin-film dryer
                  Incineration grates
                  Waste oil burner
                  Quench channel for residue
                  Boiler
                  Dust collector
                  Chimney
      FIGURE 10-1.
OVERALL SCHEMATIC  DIAGRAM  OF THE  DIEPPE
FOR  COMBINED PROCESSING OF COMMUNITY
WASTEWATER AND REFUSE
PLANT

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                           COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION

        Both Dieppe and Deauville are small resort towns  with beaches on
the English  channel and  are  about 70 miles (110 km)  apart .  Dieppe,
permanent  population of 26,000,  has been an important  industrial port
since Roman  times because  of its excellent harbor, "one of the safest and
deepest  harbors on the English Channel". It has become an  important port,
rail, and industrial manufacturing center. Deauville  is  a very clean
seaside  resort town on rolling  land near Trouville and  Le  Havre at the
mouth  of the Seine.
        It was  natural that in  order to preserve and enhance the  resort
feature  of their existence,  the  two  towns would be especially interested
in handling their wastewater and solid wastes in a clean manner.
        Solid waste at the  Dieppe plant is received from a  12 km (7 mi)
radius  area which includes Neuville and five other  villages and many
industries in very hilly terrain.  The total population  served is about
48,000. Approximatey 10 percent of the refuse  received is  industrial.
Unique waste at the rate of  1.5  tonne/day comes as fiberglass,  resin, and
paint wastes  from the Renault Alpine Sportscar Body Factory. The  paint
comes  in 25 kg (55 Ib) plastic bags. Vinyl upholstery scraps did come from
a local plant but if too much is  charged at once, it melts and clogs the
grate; hence, the amount of  this material accepted had to be limited.
        In Deauville (permanent  population at 6,000)  is  surrounded by
adjacent communities with a  permanent population of 20,000. However, in
the summer the  wastes from 200,000 vacationers on a typical summer day
must be  processed. There is  no industrial waste in Deauville.

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                          SOLID WASTE PRACTICES

        The  total solid  waste received  at  Dieppe  is about 19,000
tonnes/yr  (20,900 tons/yr), of which  about 10 percent is industrial.
Sewage sludge handled is  from 40,000 inhabitants,  a rate of about 5,500
nr/day (1,903,000 gal/day) of digested  sludge.  The total receipt  at
Deauville is unknown but because of the 10-fold increase in population
served during the few summer months, many difficult and  variable operating
problems are posed for the  plant staff.
        At both plants in summer, there  is a marked increase in empty
seashells from kitchen wastes.

                                Collection

        For the Dieppe-Neuville area,  there are  eight city collection
trucks plus  three  small open  trucks which, until October  1,  1977,
collected daily 6 days per  week. After  October 1, 1977,  collections were
to be  every 2 days.  Other suburbs also send in truck  loads irregularly,
and on Sunday mornings special collections are made from restaurants. The
past practice of picking  up and dumping open bins at the  collection point
was to be replaced October  1 by use of  polyvinyl chloride bags provided  by
the city.
        Each  household and business  receives a separate charge on their
tax bill for refuse and sewage service  which is based at their metered
water consumption.
        No bulky refuse is accepted  at Dieppe larger than 1 meter (3-3
ft).

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                                    10
                            Solid Waste Disposal

         Landfill is used for the combustion residue from Dieppe  and  for
bulky and demolition waste.  Some industrial waste is collected by a
private  contractor, shredded, and then landfilled.  The city makes  no
charge for use of the landfill.

                              Sewage Treatment

         At both plants, Dieppe and Deauville, the waste  burning plant is
adjacent  to the modern sewage plant  so that the energy released as  steam
from the  burning  of refuse can be utilized in partially  drying  the
digested  sludge which then can be  disposed of by burning with the  solid
waste.(1'2)
         At Dieppe, the wastewater from a population of about 40,000 and
at a flow rate of about 5,500 nr/day (1,903,000 gal/day) is clarified,
aerated,  digested for 30 days, and  chlorinated in the following steps:

                                             	Volume	
                                              m         gals
Primary Clarification Basin                     950     328,700
Agitated Aeration Tank                          815     281,990
Secondary Decanters                           1,050     363,300
Digester                                     1,250     432,500
Thickener                                      280      96,880
Chlorination  Basin                              108      37,368

         The  water discharged from this  system  has a BOD  of about 30
except  in the mornings when  discharges from the local abattoir  raise the
final BOD to  15.

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                                   11
         Dieppe's sludge at about 96  percent water content is piped to two
steam-heated,  thin-film dryers in the refuse  plant where  it is dried to
about 48  percent water and  then burned as described later.  At  Deauville,
there is only  one sludge dryer.
         Methane-rich gas, collected  from  the digester, is stored  in a 125
 o          3
nr (4,412 ft ) gas holder.  The 64 percent  methane-rich gas  is  burned to
maintain  the  digester temperature at 80 C  (176  P) and to  provide space
heating  in the plant and offices. The gas production rate  is  about 500
m3/day (17,650 ft3/day).

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                                   12
                         DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM

         Prior to the construction of the Dieppe plant in  1970-1971,  the
city and surrounding communities deposited their solid wastes in various
uncontrolled landfills. Sewage  treatment begun in 1934  was by  primary
settling only.  Because of smokey fires  at the landfills and the growing
scarcity of  available landfill area,  discussions began  in city  council
late  in 1967  on feasible means to  upgrade  their waste management
        (2)
methods.     Composting was considered but not pursued because of the lack
of assured  local markets for the product.  District heating was considered
but only two factories in the  vicinity  could have used the  steam.
Electricity generation was discussed but Electricite de France could not
guarantee revenue for the electricity produced.
         M.  Jean Fossey, who is  now plant manager, was, at the time  of the
discussions, a member of city council. M. Marchand, then Director  General
o-f Technical Services for the  City  of Dieppe,  became interested  in the
patented process developed by Von Roll, Ltd. This process uses the  heat in
steam from  waste-fired boilers  to partially dry sewage sludge in  vertical
thin film dryers and then to burn the sludge with the  refuse. A decision
was made in November, 1968,  to build a steam  generating refuse burner to
begin operation in about 18 months  or about May, 1970.  Also, in April,
1969, it was decided to build, adjacent,  a  modern wastewater treatment
plant to begin operation about April,  1971. The plants were sized for a
community  of  about 18,000 people  producing refuse and 10,000 people
producing  sewage.  INOR  S. A. (Societe de  Construction d'Usines
d'Incineration  d'Ordures  Menageres), the Von  Roll licensee  in France for
this type of combined system, was selected to build them.  Because it was
the first  full-scale combined  plant of this  type, Von Voll  offered it at
an introductory price.
         On the strength of the decision at Dieppe in 1969  to build  this
pioneering  plant, the city of Brive in southern  France, population  55,000,
invited  bids on a combined  facility in late 1969. By December,  1970, eight
qualified bids had been received  at Brive. In July, 1971.  INOR  S. A. was

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                                  13
awarded a  contract  for  the  refuse  burner  and  ODA  (Omnium
d'Assainissement),  a French water treatment firm, was  given the contract
for the  wastewater plant.  The Brive refuse burner  began operating in
September, 1973> 2  years after the Dieppe plant  and  the  wastewater plant
in February, 1975.
         The plants are  operated for the city under a 20-year contract
with the  group Thermical-INOR.
         The prospect for clean handling of both solid and liquid wastes
at Dieppe and Brive probably were an  important guide to  Deauville, which
decided  to follow suit.  The new Deauville facility was built on the  site
of the old city sewage treatment plant. The Deauville  wastewater plant
began  operating in  197U and the refuse burning plant  early in 1976.

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                             PLANT ARCHITECTURE

         The  two Dieppe plants are located together in an industrial  zone
on the site  of an old landfill unused for 15 years  along the small river
of Arques,  about 2 km  (1.3  mi)  south of Dieppe.  The site occupies 1.7
hectares  (M.2  acres), about 3 or H m  (7 to 13 ft) above  sea level. Because
of the alluvial nature  of  the river valley and  the  site's history  as a
landfill,  152  concrete piles, about  16 m (52 ft) deep had to be installed
to support  the  waste-burning structure and equipment. The building walls
and pit  walls  are relatively thin to minimize  the total  weight on the
piling.
         Figure 10-2 shows  the  Dieppe waste-burning plant. It is partly
made of cellular concrete to minimize  weight plus metal  panels supported
on a  steel structure. It is  26 m  (85 ft) tall. The chimney is 35 m (115
ft) tall.
         Figure 10-3 shows  the  Deauville plant which  is also formed of
concrete and  coated steel panels  and located on a gently  sloping hillside.
Inside  and outside it is an unusually attractive plant  with bright colors
used to give  emphasis to the various types of equipment.

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                         15
FIGURE 10-2.
DIEPPE REFUSE-SLUDGE COFIRING PLANT
(COURTESY VON ROLL, LTD.)

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                                  17
                   REFUSE-FIRED STEAM GENERATING EQUIPMENT

                               Waste Input

         The Dieppe plant receives  principally household waste plus some
industrial  waste. No waste is  accepted larger than 1 m (3.3 ft),  and there
is  no shear or other pretreatmtnt.  Refuse is delivered  on public and
private vehicles on weekdays  from 8:00 to 11:00 a.m.,  and from 2:00 to
5:00 p.m. One man is assigned  to operate,the scale.
         Table  10-1 shows the  results of analysis of two typical samples
of refuse received in 2 winter months of 1975.
         Figure 10-4 shows cross sections of the Dieppe  and  Deauville
re fuse-burning  plants.
         The Dieppe plant pit has a  capacity when level  full at 750 m
(26,475ft^). Above the pit is  a single 4.25 tonne (4.7  ton) crane, built
by  Reel, carrying a 1.5 m  (  53   ft ) clam shell bucket. The Deauville pit
capacity is 700 m . At both the Dieppe and Deauville plants, the crane is
controlled from the control  room, a  common feature to minimize manpower
needs at small  plants in Europe. Figures 10-5 and 10-6  show the control
rooms.
         At Deauville, it has been  found that lack of a spare  crane is a
distinct disadvantage when crane repairs are needed  during the summer
period, when maximum operation  is needed.  At Dieppe,  the  crane cables
needed  replacement after 1  year due  to numerous startup problems  in
learning to  operate the crane in such a way as to minimize cable damage.
The new  cables,  made by Casar especially for the  Dieppe plant,  are
automatically  lubricated and are formed of thick wires inside and finer
ones outside which are wound alternately in opposite directions to avoid
twisting.

-------
                                                  18
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                                                                   19
                                                                                      2.  Outdoor tipping area
                                                                                      2.  Refuse pit
                                                                                      3.  Ciane and bucket
                                                                                      4.  Feed hopper
                                                                                      5.  Sludge storage tink
                                                                                      6.  Sludge pu*i.ps
                                                                                      7.  Sludge dr>ers
                                                                                      8.  Dried sludge conveyor
                                                                                      9.  Incineration grates
                                                                                     10.  Furnace
                                                                                     11.  Oil burne
                                                                                     12.  Blower fo dryer vapors
                                                                                     13.  Primary a r blower
                                                                                     14.  Residue q ench cn-innel
                                                                                     15.  Residue c n
                                                                                     16.  Boiler
                                                                                     17.  Water-cooled condenser
                                                                                     18.  Steam drum
                                                                                     19.  Dust collector
                                                                                     20.  Induced draft fan
                                                                                     21.  Chimney
                              Dieppe,  Started  Operation  in 1971
                                                          Deauville,  Started Operation  in  1976
 6.
 7.
 S.
 9.

10.
11.
12.
33.
14.

16.
17.
IB.
Cra.te
Refuse bur, -
Te&A hop pi.-
W .ter s ic r^^e
Sludge d^vct
Dr\ • i e? v. 11 st b- rwe:
SLJC.I 'ars a:r blov-c-r
}..rnjc
KesiOue qui ^c". clianncl
Stevn drum
Boiler
Shot  c] oaning  fetde-
Cnimnp.
Electrostatic  prccipita'or

Ind-c^o draft  fan
Transfcrrcr loom
Sludge sLora;t:
         FIGURE 10-4.
                           COMPARATIVE CROSS  SECTIONS OF DIEPPE  AND DEAUVILLE  REFUSE-
                           BURNING PLANTS  (COURTESY  OF  CITIES OF DIEPPE   DEAUVILLE
                           AND  VON ROLL,  LTD.  AND INOR  S.A.)

-------
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-------
FIGURE 10-6.
DEAUVILLE CONTROL ROOM.  THE CRANE CONTROL
PEDESTALS AT LEFT ARE AT A LARGE WINDOW
OVERLOOKING THE REFUSE PIT
(COURTESY INOR, S.A.)

-------
                                  22
         At  Dieppe,  the  crane lifts a load and automatically positions the
bucket above one or another of the  two  furnace hoppers. At Deauville,  a
similar  automatic control system has been temporarily by-passed because
the bucket  damaged a railing near the hoppers.  Also at Deauville,  the
winter load is so light that several days  are  required to accumulate
enough  refuse  to  support one furnace operation.  Thus, some refuse  is
stored  so long that fermentation begins in the pit. The resultant vapors
generated are  corrosive when they  condense  on  the electrical control
contacts which  has caused control failures.
         The lightweight cellular  concrete  pit walls at Dieppe  are
reinforced  by  steel columns  to withstand occasional impact from the loaded
bucket.
         At  Dieppe,  there are five  temperature  sensors at door height,
above the pit to detect pit fires.  Small pit  fires are  handled  by  using
the  clam shell bucket to lift the burning material into one of the furnace
hoppers. Larger  fires are controlled by internal  or external (city)
fire-fighting  equipment. When a temperature  sensor detects a temperature
rise, it actuates a recording which  announces, "There  is a fire  in the
pit".
         The procedure for  starting a fire  in a furnace at Dieppe is to
ignite the  bucket load of highly  combustible refuse,  drop it  into the
furnace  hopper,  and then feed it onto the grate by opening the horizontal
flap doors  at the bottom of the hopper. Once  a fire erupted in  a  hopper
when  600 kg (1,320  Ib) of butter was charged at once. Well mixed with
other refuse, it would have caused less problem.

                             Furnace Hoppers

         As  seen in Figure 10-^, the hoppers at both plants are  similar, 2
m  by U m  (6.5 by  13 ft)  at  top  and at  the  base  of the  chute, the
dimensions  are  1.6 m by  1.2  m (5.2 by U  ft),  with the  juncture between
hopper and  chute sealed by  a flap damper  to prevent burnback. This method
of feeding  and  sealing is impractical for much larger  plants  where Von

-------
                                  23
Roll uses a  vibrating feeder to feed from  the  chute to  the furnace.  At
both plants,  the chute is  water jacketed but a thermocouple in the  jacket
at Deauville indicates that water flow to  the jacket for cooling is seldom
needed.  Some  wet-type corrosion was visible on the jackets.
         Although  as shown in Figure  10-1, at Dieppe, the refuse appears
to fall  directly on the main burning  grate,  actually there is the  same
arrangement  as  at Deauville where a reciprocating type of  feeder has been
placed  in the furnace to feed the main burning  grate. There is  no
combustion air supplied to the feeder.
                                  Grate
         The grate  used at Dieppe  is  the older Von Roll design  using
alternately  reciprocating parallel sections.  The material is
nickel-chromium  cast iron. Feed capacity is  3  tonnes/hr (3-3 tons/hr)
maximum,  2.8 tonnes/hr normal. The total  grate is 2 m wide and a  total of
8 m long in two  steps.  Steam-preheated air is used at both plants. There
are two air zones under each step, a total of four zones.
         About one half of the Dieppe grate has been replaced in 7 years.
Some worn main grate bars can be moved to the  burnout grate for  less
strenuous service.  Because of the moderate rate of receipt of refuse at
Dieppe, only one furnace is operated  at a  time,  leaving ample  time for
grate maintenance.  Operation is switched between furnaces about every  3
weeks. There  has  not been any grate blockage by melted material and
neither grate has been cleaned for 3 years. The unburned carbon content of
the residue ranges from 3 to 4 percent except when large amounts  of  moist
waste  such  as grass cut'tings are  burned. Grate wear is thought  to be
accelerated by the relatively high proportion of sea shells in the  refuse
during summer months.
         There is no separation  of  ferrous  or other material  from the
quenched  grate residue.

-------
                                  24
                               Furnace Wall

         There are two major reasons  why the relatively  new Dieppe and
Deauville furnaces are not  water-tube walled:
         (1)    The burning of  only  partially dried sewage  sludge has a
               cooling effect in  the furnace; hence,  extensive wall
               cooling is  not  needed.
         (2)    The steam  generated for heating the sludge dryers needs to
               be at  only moderate pressure;   hence, a much simpler
               refractory wall furnace and cheaper  firetube waste heat
               boiler can  be used.
         Accordingly, the  only furnace cooling  at Dieppe is the diagonal
furnace  baffle shown  in Figure  10-U.  This baffle is  formed of spaced,
sloping  tubes about 120 mm (U.7 in) apart,  which  supports bricks shaped to
fit the  tubes. An estimated 100-150 C (180-170  F) gas  temperature drop
occurs as  the  gases  flow  upward along the  underside of the sloping baffle
then pass through the spaced tubes  above the baffle and  turn toward the
vertical  firetube boiler inlet. It  is estimated that about one sixth of
the total heat is absorbed  by the baffle.
         As the gases turn downward  around the top  of  the baffle, they
decelerate causing the larger flyash particles to  fall  out  and deposit on
the  sloping baffle.  The  buildup  of such deposits causes  the top-side
cooling  surface to become ineffective.  Also, removal  of  the accumulated
deposit  has  been difficult.  The top  and  bottom headers for the tubes in
the furnace baffle are studded  with  MO mm (1.6 in) studs and covered with
80 mm (3.1 in)  of Plibrico castable  refractory.
         At Deauville, designed  about  5  years  later,  there is  no
water-cooled baffle. The  furnace volume is also  much  less than at  Dieppe,
which is about 80 m (2,823 ft3), and the furnace  gases  at Deauville  pass
directly to the vertical firetube boiler.
         The  main furnace wall  at both plants is  500 mm (1.6 ft) thick and
is enclosed  in a 3 mm thick outer steel casing to minimize infiltration of
air. The fireside portion of the  wall is built of  65  percent alumina

-------
                                   25
brick. No  bricks have had  to  be replaced except one row of brick in the
nose of the front arch after 5 year's operation.  Occasionally, broken
bricks are patched with Plibrico plastic refractory rammed into place.
Explosions  of some types of refuse cause  some  refractory  damage  and  push
water out  of the clinker quench channel under the furnace.   Occasionally,
some of the formed bricks in the water-cooled sloping baffle need to be
replaced.
         The use of refractory instead of water-tube walls entails some
loss of thermal  efficiency but this loss  is not important  at  either plant
so long as  there is ample steam generated to dry the sludge.
         Each furnace has a 6 million calorie/hr oil burner,  but  they are
never used.

                          Fire-Tube Boiler—Dieppe

         The vertical boilers  at Dieppe were  built  by  Sacoma with a
heating  surface of 240 m2 (2,582 ft2). They are 6 m (19-7 ft) tall and 1.8
m (5.9 ft)  outside diameter.  The 38? tubes are  52 mm  (2  in) inside. The
boilers were designed to produce 7-5 tonne/hr (15,510 Ib/hr) of steam at
16 bar (1,600 kPa)  232 psia . The saturated  steam temperature  is 180 C
(356 F). Actually the boilers operate at a pressure of about  10 bar (1,000
kPa)  145 psia  and an output of 6.5 tonnes/hr (14,000 Ib/hr). Feedwater
temperature is 140 C (284 F).
         Design gas flow rate  was 22,000 Nm3/hr (12,947 scfm) .  The  flue
gas temperature  leaving the boiler was about 350 C (662 F)  when the plant
started up.  However,  it was  found necessary to inject 5,000nr/hr (2,943
cfm) of secondary air by means of six nozzles  located  in  the front wall.
This air diluted the flue  gas and caused the boiler exit gas temperature
to drop to  about 280 C (536 F).  Such a high exhaust temperature represents
a substantial thermal loss  but since there is ample heat for drying the
sludge and, at present, no other use for  the heat, the loss is not serious
for this  particular plant.

-------
                                  26
        Every 3 months, each  boiler  is drained and completely  cleaned
internally  and externally by the plant staff using brushes and other small
tools.

                        Fire-Tube Boiler—Deauville

        The Deauville boilers are  of the same design,  manufacture, and
capacity as at  Dieppe but  the  flyash deposits are cleaned from the boiler
tubes by falling steel shot  pellets which are fed periodically into the
top of  the boiler.  After the  shot fall through the tubes, they then fall
along with the  dislodged ash  into  a  conical hopper situated directly
beneath the  boiler. The  shot are then separated by  gravity from the
lighter  flyash and the shot  are  recirculated in a high velocity air stream
to the  top  of  the boiler for another cleaning cycle.
        In addition to  this cleaning process, the experience had been
that every 10 weeks it was  necessary to hand clean persistent ash deposits
from the tube  surfaces. However, in April, 1977, the staff began regularly
to blow into  the  furnace a fine  inorganic dust known as Gamlenite 8  in
order to soften the ash deposits  in  the tubes so that  the shot would
remove  them and hand cleaning would not be necessary. About 2 to 3 kg  (JJ.5
to 6.5  lb) is blown in with air  every 2 or 3 hours.  According to the
staff,  this additive has so far  been entirely successful in making  the
tube deposits  so friable that they  are readily  removed  by the shot, thus
eliminating the need for hand cleaning.
        At Deauville, the exhaust  gas is continuously  monitored  for  CO
content and  will later  also be monitored  for 0  . An  opacity meter  is
unsatisfactory  because the readings  are in  error due to  rapid soot
accumulation on the instrument window.

                                Primary Air

        At both plants, the combustion air is drawn from above the bunker
at a point  shown in Figure 10-4  in  the inner bunker  wall  a short distance

-------
                                  27
below  thehoppers. The  Sovent  centrifugal blowers provide  a flow rate of
19,410 Nm /hr  at  20 C (11,440  cfm at 68 F) at a maximum pressure  of  150 mm
water  (1,1)71   Pa). It is heated  by means of a steam heated  heat exchanger
to 150 C (302  F).
         The negative  pressure in the  furnace  ranges from 15 to  20 mm
water (147 to  196  Pa).
                               Secondary Air

         Initially, the Dieppe furnaces were operated without  overfire air
but later  front-wall jets  were added,  supplied by a blower with maximum
capacity of 5,000 Nm3/hr (2,943 scfm)  at 150 mm water (1,170   Pa).
         The approximate  point of injection of secondary air through six
jets in each sidewall at the Deauville plant is shown in Figure 10-4.

                               Air Preheater

         At both plants, the primary air is preheated to about 150  C (302
F) by  a  steam-air heater made by Favier. At Dieppe, it uses an  estimated
maximum of  600  kg/hr (1,320 Ib/hr)  of  saturated steam at 190 C (374  F) and
can heat up to 16,000 Nm /hr (9,416  scfm). The approximate heat  exchanger
dimensions  are  1 m by 1.5 m by 90 mm (3.3 ft by 4.9 ft by 3-5  in), and the
                           2          2
heating surface is 252  m   (2,712  ft ). In  one of the two heaters at
Dieppe, some tubes failed after 5 years, apparently due to a manufacturing
defect,  and was replaced.  There  is  evidently some erosion of some  of the
tubes  by excessive velocity of the  condensing steam; hence,  in  future
modifications, 12 mm (0.5 in) diameter tubes would be replaced by 25 mm (1
in) tubes.

                           Boiler  Water Treatment

         At Dieppe, water analysis  and treatment is handled by an outside
contractor (BEZ),  which sends a  specialist every 2 months to analyze the
water  and  replenish the treating chemicals.  Flow  rate  through the

-------
                                   28
feedwater treatment  system is  2.5 m  /hr  (865 gal/hr). In March, 1973t the
following water analysis results were  obtained:
Oxygen
Alkalinity
Total Allkalinity
Chloride Ion (mg/1)
pH
P2°5
N2H2
After
Treatment
Trace
0
27
17
7-5
—
— -
Feed-
Water
0.6
3
9
1
9.6
—
— -
Boiler
Water
0
260
298
234
11.7
100
1,000
Conden-
sate
0
1
3
0
9.3
—
__

-------
                                   29
                           COFIRING EQUIPMENT

         This cofiring  system  patented  world-wide by  Von Roll for
steam-drying and cofiring sewage sludge  with refuse was  guaranteed at
Dieppe  to  handle 75 percent  refuse  and 25 percent dried sludge (by
weight). At  Dieppe, there are  two vertical LUWA dryers about 0.6 m (1.9
ft) inside  diameter having a nominal drying capacity of 900 liters/hr (238
gal/hr) of  digested sludge  having  a water content of 92 percent. At
Deauville,  there  is only one larger LUWA dryer having a nominal capacity
of 1,100 liters/hr (271 gal/hr). Normally it  operates at 900 liters/hr,
2'4-hours/day  in the summer and  M  to 6 hours/day in the winter.  Evidently,
for  the newer Deauville  plant, the  reliability of the LUWA dryer was
deemed such that  redundancy was unnecessary. Dieppe was the first to use
the LUWA dryer for sewage sludge.
         Figure   10-7 shows the two dryers of the LUWA dryer. The inside of
                                                                      p
the dryer is  a smooth stainless steel cylinder having a surface of 5.3 m
(57 ft2)  heated  to about 180 C (356 F) by saturated steam. The sludge is
delivered to  the  dryers by a dosing pump which sprays it  against the hot
surface which  is  rapidly scraped  clean by  vertical  rotating blades
attached to a central shaft rotating at 250 rpm.  Centrifugal force keeps
the boiling  sludge against the hot steel surface as the blades force  it to
rotate.  Gravity causes the drying sludge particles to drift downward along
the steel  heating surface. The  product falling from the  bottom of the
dryer onto  a  belt conveyor is partially dried sludge agglomerations having
UO to 15 percent moisture. A television  camera sighted on the conveyor
enables  the control room operator to monitor the  sludge flow.
         The  conveyor delivers  the granules to a chute leading to the
refuse pit  from which the  crane  operator lifts a mixture  of refuse and
sludge  to  the furnace hoppers.   To eliminate dryer exhaust odor, the wet
vapor from  the dryers is fed to  the upper  part of the furnaces. At the
Deauville plant,  to avoid having  droplets returned to the furnace with the

-------
                       30
FIGURE 10-7.
TOP OF TWO LUWA SLUDGE DRYERS AT
DIEPPE (COURTESY OF VON ROLL, LTD.)

-------
                        31
FIGURE 10-8.  CUTAWAY DRAWINGS SHOWING PRINCIPLE OF LUWA
              DRYER (COURTESY OF VON ROLL, LTD.)

-------
                                  32
vapors, a  steam-heated vapor reheater is  used to dry the vapor before it
is injected  into  the furnace. At Dieppe,  a radioactive  sludge  feed
indicator was installed but  it  is no longer  used.
        An unknown amount of excess steam is sent to a river water-cooled
condenser,  the condensate from  which is returned to the boiler.
        Krings     has prepared Table 10-2 in which he  estimated the
amount of  excess  heat generated by the Dieppe plant under three different
rates of operation. In that  calculation,  no explicit allowance was made
for the heat value of the partially  dried sludge. That is a realistic
policy for  sludge having a moisture  content of 40  percent  or more. For
although the partially dried sludge  does release  some heat when burned,
the amount  released from the sludge is not a large proportion of the  total
liberated in  the furnace.
        Table  10-3, from Eberhardt    , shows the heat value of various
raw sludges.  Figure  10-9 from Eberhardt 3  shows  the  relation  of heat
value to  ash  and combustible  content. From this, it  is  evident that
although the  combustible portion of dry sludge may have a lower heat  value
of up  to 10,000 Btu/lb (5,555 Kcal/kg),  it is usually so diluted  by ash
and water that the net heat  value is low.
        In 1973,  tests were run at Dieppe, one result of which was  Figure
10-10 by Krings showing the  efficiency of the LUWA  dryers.  Three of the
lowest points  near the center of the figure show the results from  fresh,
undigested sludge. This indicates that this  digested  sludge was more
readily dried than the raw  sludge.
        Some difficulty  is experienced at both plants when  fibrous
materials clog the dryer feeding system.

-------
                                            33
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                                  34
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                             35
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FIGURE 10-9.   PLOT BY EBERHARDlO)  OF RELATION OF
                COMBUSTIBLE AND ASH CONTENT  OF DRY
                SEWAGE SLUDGE TO  ITS  LOWER HEAT VALUE

-------
                          36
 -4_U

           Efficiency ojf.the dryer1..+...
                                  I  ;  i   L  ' L •  i_
                                    ,    -h-fT-r-;
FIGURE 10-10.
KRINGS(l) RESULTS OF TESTS IN 1973
AT DIEPPE ON THE EFFECT OF TYPE OF
SLUDGE AND SLUDGE FEED RATE ON THE
EFFICIENCY OF THE LUWA THIN-FILM
DRYER
7  Water
i!  Fresh Sludge - 97 Percent Water
0  Digested Sludge - 98 Percent Water
A  Digested Sludge - 95 Percent Water
Q  Digested Sludge - 92 Percent Water

-------
                                  37
                        POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT

         Flue gas dust is  removed  from the Dieppe  gases by a vane-type
56-tube, multiple  cyclone separator following each boiler built by Louis
Prat of Paris.  The design flow rate is 22,000 Nm3/hr (12,947 scfm)  Inlet
temperature was  350 C (662 F) but after secondary  air jets were added  in
the front wall, it dropped to  280 C (536 F). Pressure drop at 350 C  is  62
mm water. Figure  10-11 shows  a  155 mm diameter cast alloy vane for
imparting spin to the gases entering each of  5Jo  collector tubes in the
dust collector.  It is warranted to collect 92 percent of the dust,  giving
an emission of 400 mg/m  at M50 C (8H2 F). The  initial measured emission
was 320 mg/Nm3 (0.27 lb/1,000  lb gas).
         The  collected dust  falls  continuously  through a lock chamber
controlled by two  cam-operated cast  iron flap valves into a screw which
discharges  it  to the grate residue  quench channel. The staff are well
aware  that failure  to keep this lock chamber  gas  tight will  allow
reentrainment of the collected ash with consequent vane and tube erosion.
The flap valves are serviced every 6 months to assure their tightness.
         The newer plant  at Deauville  does not  have a  multicyclone but
uses instead an  electrostatic precipitator which has an inherently higher
collection efficiency.

                                 Chimney

         At Dieppe,  the chimney is 1.4 m (H.6 ft) diameter steel, unlined,
reaching 35 m (115 ft) above  ground.  It is estimated that corrosion will
require stack replacement approximately every 7 years.
         Chimney construction at  Deauville  is  the same except that a
simple  perforated wall  muffler was added at the top because of local  noise
complaints.

-------
38
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-------
                                   39
                      EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

         The  operating group,  Thermical-INOR, is required by its  contract
with the  city of Dieppe to  gather and submit performance data for the
refuse  and wastewater plants.  Tables 10-M and  10-5 show the refuse  plant
results  for  the year 1976.  The total  two-furnace operating time of 6,228
hours is  35 percent based on a total of  two times 8,760 hours/year.  Based
on a 5-1/2 day week, the operation time is M5 percent.  As  indicated early
in this report,  the Dieppe plant was sized in anticipation of considerable
growth  in load.
         Table  10-6 summarizes the refuse  plant operation over  the 5
years,  1972-1976. Load and performance  have been  quite steady over that
period.

-------
40

IEPPE.
OPERATION AT E
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-------
                        POLLUTION CONTROL ASSESSMENT

        The Dieppe and Deauville plants meet the French emission limits
for particulates which are on  a  sliding scale as follows:
Each
Furnace
Capacity,
tons/hr
Less than 1
1-4
1-7
Above 7
Particulate Emission,
at 7% CO2
mg/Nm
1,000
600
250
150
lb/1000 Ib gas
0.83
0.50
0.21
0.12
         A  plant operating at  less than 100 tonnes/day must record only
opacity.  Above 100 tonnes, CO,  CO  , and 0- must be  recorded.
         Compliance is established by an initial  test by organizations
licensed to  do  testing. Such groups are Apave, Socotec, or CHERCHAR,  the
research  branch of Charbonnage de  France (the French Bureau of Mines).  In
addition,  there  is an annual plant  inspection including examination of
clinker quality and stack opacity  records. At Dieppe,  the opacity meter
was made  by Mobray.
         Any  wastewater  from the refuse plant is sent to the adjacent
sewage treatment plant.  The  grate residue goes  to a  regularly covered
landfill. There is no leachate control.
         There is no French regulation on plant noise. Some local areas
have regulations. Dieppe has none.
         Both plants are in industrial areas  but are also near some
residences. Figure 10-12 shows some nearby residences viewed from the roof
of the Dieppe plant. Figure 10-13  shows neighboring residences viewed

-------
44
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-------
45
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-------
                                  46
through  the  truck entrance of  the  Deauville plant. At Deauville,  some
noise complaints were raised; hence,  a silencer was  added  to the top of
the chimney  although the noise  100 m (328 ft)  from  the plant was said to
measure only  40 dB.

-------
                                 47
                           PERSONNEL AND MANAGEMENT

         M. Jean Fossey, Dieppe Plant Manager,  is  an employee of  INOR S.
A. (Societe  de construction  d'usines, pour  1'incineration des ordures
menageres)(Firm for Construction of Facilities  for the Incineration of
Community  Refuse),  the Paris industrial organization which built and,
along with  Thermical, operates the  plant for the city of Dieppe.
         M.  Fossey had  experience in the merchant marine. His assistant
manager has pressure vessel experience and can also serve as a mechanic
and welder. They direct the work of 14 other staff as follows:
         •    Three control room and crane operators*
         •    Three furnace room operators*
         •    One electrician*
         •    One scale operator*
         •    One mechanic*
         •    One assistant mechanic
         •    Two aides (for cleaning and housekeeping)
         •    One driver (loads and  hauls clinker)
         •    One wastewater plant operator
         •    Three furnace room operators.
         Originally, the workweek was 48 hours.  Now it is 42. There are
usually six men on  a shift. French law  requires that wherever high
pressure steam  is used, at least two men must be on duty.
         The total  annual staff cost  in 1976 was  about  850,000 FFr
($178,500 § 4.76 FFr/$). To this must be added  social benefit  costs  which
total about 50  to 55 percent.
* Can also serve as shift foreman.

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                                48
                                 ECONOMICS

                             Capital Investment

         The general contract  in 1969 for building  the refuse plant
structure without equipment or land was for 1,532,771 FFr ($294,764 § 5.20
FFr/$). The  installed equipment raised the total refuse plant cost
including the sludge dryers to 6,400,000 FFr ($1,230,769 § 5.20 FFr/$).
         From the time  the tender  was made in 1969 until the plant was
commissioned  in 1970, the final price  was up about 16  to 18  percent
because of inflation.
         In Reference  2,  M. Marchand  reported  that  the wastewater
treatment  plant cost 4,980,000 FFr ($957,692). The  total  cost? of
11,380,000  FFr  ($2,188,462)  was financed in 1970  as follows:

                                                     Dollars S
                                    French Francs     5.2 FFr/$
         State  30-Year Debentures       2,170,000       417,308
         Federal Grants                3,202,528       615,871
         Borrowed From National         5,000,000       961,538
           "Caisse des Depots"
         Dieppe Tax Reserve            1,000,000        192,308
           TOTAL                      11,372,528     2,187,025

The loan from Caisse des  Depots was a 30-year loan at 4.5 percent.
         In 1971, additional purchases were made  of a'second crane, weigh
station,  furniture, ash truck,  refuse  containers,and workshop and tools
for about 700-800,00(5 FFr.  This money was advanced by INOR  to be paid back
over 20  years  at an annual charge for principal  and  interest of 75,873 FFr
($14,591).

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                                  49
                              Operating Costs

         The annual  operating  costs for 1976  to process  14,891 tonnes
(16,381 to-.j; of refuse  were as  follows (in terms of 1976 currency):
Payments to INOR to amortize  1971 loan
Fixed operating allowance
Proportional operating allowance up to
  1,400 tonnes
Operating allowance for additional 892
  tonnes
Fixed maintenance allowance
Variable maintenance allowance up to
  14,000 tonnes
Maintenance allowance for  additional 892
  tonnes
  SUBTOTAL*
Value added top of 17.6 percent
  TOTAL
 French
 Francs
   75,873
  600,157
  282,664

   41,186

  123,104
   44,979

    5.041

1,173,004
  193.095
1,290,226
Cost in $
4.76 FFr/$
  15,933
 126,033
  59,359

   8,649

  25,852
   9,446

   1.059

 246,331
  40,550
 270,948
         For 1976,  this  total operating cost was 86.64 FFr/tonne ($18.19  §
4.76 FFr/$).  This  is  higher than the original charge, 53 FFr/tdnne because
of inflation over the  past  6 years.
         For  operation of  the wastewater  treatment  plant,  the city
originally paid 0.24  FFr/m . At  present, it  pays Thermical-INOR 0.3189
FFr/m3 ($0.184/1,000 gal).  For the 1,740,190 m3 treated in 1976, this  came

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                                   50
to 554,9^6.6 FFr  ($116,539 § 4.76 FFr/$). Thus, the operation of the total
complex cost the city 1,845,189.4 FFr  ($387,490 § 4.76 FFR/$)  in 1976. A
city  tax is adjusted  to  pay these costs.  The participating towns pay
Dieppe in proportion to the amount of waste handled.

                                 Revenue

         Private haulers pay 110 FFr/tonne ($19.09/ton) to Thermical-INOR
to deliver  refuse to  the  plant. Of  this tipping fee, 8 FFr are then paid
by Thermical-INOR  to the city.

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                                51
                              REFERENCES
(1)   Krings, J.,  French experience with facilities for  combined
     processing  of municipal  refuse and  sludge, Proceedings,
     CRE-Conference on Conversion of Refuse to  Energy, Montreaux,
     Switzerland, November 3-5, 1975-

(2)   Marchand,  A., Boues d'egout  +  ordures = machefers  (sludge  plus
     refuse equals clinkers), Reprinted  by Von Roll AtJ, Zurich, From
     T.S.M.  - L'Eau, October,  1972,  pp 381-391-

(3)   Eberhardt, H.,  European  practice in refuse and sewage sludge
     disposal by incineration, Proceedings, 1966 National Incinerator
     Conference, ASME, New York, May,  1966, pp 12H-143.

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                 TABLE    .   EXCHANGE RATES FOR SIX EUROPEAN COUNTRIES,
                            (NATIONAL MONETARY UNIT PER U.S.  DOLLAR)
                            1948 TO FEBRUARY, 1978(a)

1943
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1955
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1963
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978 (Feb.)
Denmark
Kroner
(D.Kr.)
4.810
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.914
6.914
6.914
6.914
6.906
6.908
6.906
6.886
6.902
6.911
6.921
6.891
6.916
7.462
7.501
7.492
7.489
7.062
6.843
6.290
5.650
6.178
5.788
5.778
5.580
France
Francs
(F.Fr.)
2.662
3.490
3.499
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
4.199
4.906
4.909
4.903
4.900
4.900
4.902
4.900
4.902
4.952
4.908
4.948
5.558
5.520
5.224
5.125
4.708
4.444
4.486
4.970
4.705
4.766
W. Germany
Deutsch Mark
(D.M.)
3.333
4.200
4.200
4.200
«.200
4.200
4.200
4.215
4.199
4.202
4.178
4.170
4.171
3.996
3.998
3.975
3.977
4.006
3.977
3.999
4.000
3.690
3.648
3.268
3.202
2.703
2.410
2.622
2.363
2.105
2.036
Netherlands
Guilders
(Gl.)
2.653
3.800
3.800
3.800
3.800
3.786
3.794
3.829
3.830
3.791
3.775
3.770
3.770
3.600
3.600
3.600
3.592
3.611
3.614
3.596
3.606
3.624
3.597
3.254
3.226
2.824
2.507
2.689
2.457
2.280
2.176
Sweden
Kroner
(S.Kr.)
3.600
5.180
5.180
5.130
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.173
5.173
5.181
5.180
5.185
5.1S6
5.200
5..L48
5. 180
4.180
5.165
5.180
5.170
5.170
4.858
4.743
4.588
4.081
4 . 386
'4.127
4.670
4.615
Switzerland
Francs
(S.Fr.)
4.315
4.300
4.289
4.369
4.285
4.288
4.285
4.285
4.285
4.285
4.303
4.323
4.305
4.316
4.319
4.315
4.315
4.318
4.327
4.325
4.302
4,318
4,316
3.915
3.774
3.244
2.540
2.620
2.45.1
2.010
1.987
(a)  Exchange Rate at end of period.

    Line "ae" Market Rate/Par or  Central  Rate.

    Source:  International Financial  Statistics:   1972 Supplement; April,  1978,  Volume
    XXXI,  No. 4, Published by the International Monetary Fund.
 ft US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1979 -620-007/6308
                                                                       yo 1828k

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