European Refuse Fired Energy Systems Evaluation Of Design Practices Volume 15 Wuppertal Refuse Fired Power Plant, Wuppertal, West Germany


           United States       Office of Water and      SW 176C.15
           Environmental Protection    Waste Management      October 1979
           Agency         Washington, D.C. 20460
           Solid Waste	

>EPA     European Refuse Fired

           Energy Systems


           Evaluation of Design Practices


           Volume 15

-------

-------
P*epufa&cea&ton ,64.4ue ^on. EPA tibx.asu.eA
and State. SoLid Watte. Management Age.ncA.eA
EUROPEAN REFUSE FIRED ENERGY SYSTEMS

EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRACTICES

Wuppertal Refuse Fired Power Plant
Wuppertal, West Germany
T/z/ci tsu,p K.
-------
This report was prepared by Battelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio,
under contract no. 68-01-4376.

Publication does not^si^nt/y that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. tfvvirSnmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of commercial products con£t£tute endorsement by the U.S.
Government.

An environmental protection publication (SW-176c.l5) in the solid waste
management series.
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are indebted to the following who were of in-
valuable help in gathering the information for this report:
Werner Schlottraan, Vereinigte Kesselwerke
Hans Norbisrath, project engineer, Vereinigte Kesselwerke
Sedat Temelli, assistant plant manager and chief engineer
Klaus Feindler, Grumman Ecosystems, Inc.
Peter Ahrens, plant financial manager
Edgar Buchholz, plant technical manager*
Volkswirt Horst Masanek, plant commercial manager
* Mr. Buchholz was interviewed on a previous October, 1976 trip.
** Mr. Masanek was not interviewed but should be mentioned because
of his responsibilities.
-------
i
PREFACE

This trip report is one of a series of 15 trip reports on
European waste-to-energy systems prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. The overall objective of this investigation is to
describe and analyze European plants in such ways that the essential
factors in their successful operation can be interpreted and applied
in various U.S. communities. The plants visited are considered from
the standpoint of environment, economics and technology.
The material in this report has been carefully reviewed by the
European grate or boiler manufacturers and respective American licensees.
Nevertheless, Battelle Columbus Laboratories maintains ultimate responsi-
bility for the report content. The opinions set forth in this report are
those of the Battelle staff members and are not to be considered by EPA
policy.
The intent of the report is to provide decision making in-
formation. The reader is thus cautioned against believing that there is
enough information to design a system. Some proprietary information has
been deleted at the request of vendors. While the contents are detailed,
they represent only the tip of the iceberg of knowledge necessary to de-
velop a reliable, economical and environmentally beneficial system.
The selection of particular plants to visit was made by Battelle,
the American licensees, the European grate manufacturers, and EPA. Pur-
posely, the sampling is skewed to the "better" plants that are models of
what the parties would like to develop in America. Some plants were selected
because many features envolved at that plant. Others were chosen because
of strong American interest in co-disposal of refuse and sewage sludge.
The four volumes plus the trip reports for the 15 European
plants are available through The National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 22161. NTIS numbers for the volumes and ordering
information are contained in the back of this publication. Of the 19
volumes only the Executive Summary and Inventory have been prepared for
wide distribution.
-------
ii
ORGANIZATION
The four volumes and 15 trip reports are organized the the
following fashion:

VOLUME I

A EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
B INVENTORY OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANTS
C DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNITIES VISITED
D SEPARABLE WASTE STREAMS
E REFUSE COLLECTION AND TRANSFER STATIONS
F COMPOSITION OF REFUSE
G HEATING VALUE OF REFUSE
H REFUSE GENERATION AND BURNING RATES PER PERSON
I DEVELOPMENT OF VISITED SYSTEMS

VOLUME II
J TOTAL OPERATING SYSTEM RESULTS
K ENERGY UTILIZATION
L ECONOMICS AND FINANCE
M OWNERSHIP, ORGANIZATION, PERSONNEL AND TRAINING

VOLUME III

P REFUSE HANDLING
Q GRATES AND PRIMARY AIR
R ASH HANDLING AND RECOVERY
S FURNACE WALL
T SECONDARY (OVERFIRE) AIR

VOLUME IV

U BOILERS
V SUPPLEMENTARY CO-FIRING WITH OIL, WASTE OIL AND SOLVENTS
W CO-DISPOSAL OF REFUSE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE
X AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Y START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN
Z APPENDIX
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
SUMMARY 1

STATISTICAL SUMMARY 2

COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION 5

Geography 5

Government and Industry 5

SOLID WASTE PRACTICES 7

Solid Waste Generation and Collection Activities ....... 7

Solid Waste Transfer and/or Pretreatment ........... 7

Solid Waste Disposal 7

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM 9

REFUSE-FIRED STEAM GENERATOR EQUIPMENT 10

Furnace Hopper and Feeder 14

Burning Grate 15

Furnace Wall (Combustion and First Pass Radiation Chambers) . 17

Heat Release Rate 19

Excess Air 20

Superheater 20

Boiler (Convection Section) 24

Econoroi zer 24

Boiler Water Treatment 24

Primary Air Supply , 24

Secondary Air 25

Energy Utilization Equipment 25
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)

Page

POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT - . 27

Precipitator 27

Induced Draft Fan 27

Stack Construction 29

Solid Residues 29

Wastewater Discharge , 29

POLLUTION CONTROL ASSESSMENT 32

Noises ........ 32

PERSONNEL AND MANAGEMENT 34

ENERGY MARKETING 36

ECONOMICS 37

Capital Investment 37

Operating Costs 37

Revenues 40

REFERENCES 41

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1. Estimated Burning Volume Dimensions and Heat Release
Rates for Each of the Four Wuppertal Furnaces 21

Table 4-2. Composition of Sicromal Steel Used for Shielding Tubes
from Hot Corrosive Gases 23

Table 4-3. Precipitator Characteristics 28

Table 4-4. Status of Construction Expenditures - Wuppertal - as of
December 31, 1975 38
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4-1. Region Served by Wuppertal MVA (Mullverbrenungsanlage)
[Waste-burning plant] 6

Figure 4-2. Private Roadway Leading to the Weigh Station for the
Wuppertal plant 8

Figure 4-3. Map of Wuppertal Plant 11

Figure 4-4. Cross-Section of Wuppertal Plant 12

Figure 4-5. Six Druir Walzenrost (Roller Grate); also Commonly
Known as the Duesseldorf Grate. 16

Figure 4-6. Underside View of Wuppertal Plant Highlighting the
Air Cooled Steam Condensers and the Stack 30

Figure 4-7. Wuppertal Plant Showing, in Top Portion, the Air-
Cooled Steam Condenser Housing at Rear of Plant and
Below the Privately Operated Residue Processing Plant 31

Figure 4-8. Downward View from the Wuppertal Plant Showing the
Nearby Country Club and Swimming Pool 33

Figure 4-9. Wuppertal Organization Chart 35
-------
SUMMARY

In several ways the Wuppertal plant is unique. It is so new
(1976) that it is not yet fully operational. It promises to be a successful
operation if enough additional waste can be supplied to effect economies
of scale. It is perched on a hillside, remote from the city, which
undoubtedly increased its foundation and construction costs. A meandering
road, serving the plant only, connects it to the roadway network. It is
located directly above a public swimming pool in the adjacent valley
which will demand very clean, quiet operation in the summer season. No
community heat is supplied but electricity for city use is generated
seven days per week. The residue is sold to a private processor located
in a valley adjacent to the plant and apparently a ready market is found
for most of the sized residue. A scrubber system is being installed to
meet federal regulations of HCl and HF emission. Meanwhile, the plant has
operated at little over half capacity, hence initial unit costs are high.
-------
STATISTICAL SUMMARY
Community description:
Area (square kilometers)
Population (number of people)
Key terrain feature
100
444,000
very hilly
Solid waste practices:
Total waste generated per day (tonnes/day)
Waste generation rate (Kg/person/day)
Lower heating value of waste (Kcal/kg)
Collection period (days/week)
Cost of collection (local currency/tonne)
Use of transfer and/or pretreatment (yes or no)
Distance from generation centroid to:
Local landfill (kilometers)
Refuse fired steam generator (kilometers)
Waste type input to system
Cofiring of sewage sludge (yes or no)
0.9
1900-2600
5-1/2

No
adjacent
M.S.W. & Industrial
No
Development of the system:
Date operation began (year)
1976
Plant architecture:
Material of exterior construction
Stack height (meters)
concrete
70
Refuse fired steam generator equipment:
Mass burning (yes or no)
Waste conditions into feed chute
Moisture (percent)
Lower heating value (Kcal/kg)
Volume burned:
Capacity per furnace (tonnes/hr)
Number of furnaces constructed (number)
yes

1900-2600 Kcal/kg

15
4
-------
Capacity per system (tonnes/day) 1440 max
Actual per furnace (tonnes/hr) 13
Number of furnaces normally operating (number) 2
Actual per system (tonnes/day) 624
Use auxiliary reduction equipment (yes or no) Yes , for bulky refuse
Pit capacity level full: °nly
(Tonnes)
(m3) 10,000 max. 18,000
Crane capacity:
(tonnes) 10 ea.
(m3) 7
Feeder drive method Hydraulic
Burning grate:
Manufacturer Vereinigte Kesselwerke
Type Roller
Number of sections (number) 6
Length overall (m) effective 14.27
Width overall (m) 3.5
3
Primary air-max (Nm /hr) 97,200
3
Secondary air-overfire aii-max (Nm /hr) 19,800
Furnace volume (m )
Furnace wall tube diameter (mm) 57
2
Furnace heating surface (m )
Auxiliary fuel capability (yes or no) Yes
Use of superheater (yes or no) Yes
Boiler
Manufacturer Vereinigte Kesselwerke
Type Natural Circulation
Number of boiler passes (number) 4
Steam production per boiler (kg/hr) 46,000
Total plant steam production (kg/hr) actual 90,000
Steam temperature (C) 350
Steam pressure (bar) 28.4
-------
Use of economizer (yes or no) Yes
Use of air preheater (yes or no) No
Use of flue gas reheater (yes or no) No
Cofire (fuel or waste ) input No
Use of electricity generator (yes or no) Yes
Type of turbine condensing
Number of turbines (number) 2
Steam'consumption (kg/hr) 107,000
Electrical production capacity per turbine (kw) 20,000
Total electrical production capacity (kw) 40,000
Turbine back pressure (bar) 0.12*
User of electricity ("Internal" and/or "External") Both
Energy Utilization:
Medium of energy transfer
Temperature of medium (C)
Population receiving energy (number)
2
Pressure of medium (kg/m )
Energy return medium
None
Pollution control:
Air:
Furnace exit conditions
3
Gas flow rate (m /hr)
Furnace exit loading (mg/Nm )
100,000
-------
COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION

Geography

The area of Wuppertal-Remschied, Figure 4-1, is extremely hilly.
It has an area of approximately 100 km2 (38.6 mi ), the center of which is
about 28 km (17.A mi) east of Duesseldorf. Population density is approxi-
2 2
mately 5440/km (2100/mi ). Manufacturing is the predominant productive
activity in the area.
In 1929, the city of Wuppertal had been formed by the combination
of two cities in the narrow valley (tal) of the Wupper River—Barmen, popu-
lation 187,000 and Elberfeld, population 112,000. The area of Barmen
stretches along 4 mi (6.5 km) of the Wupper. High wooded hills surround it.
At Barmen in 1907,-the first municipal incinerator in Germany was
built. It operated for about 40 years.

Government and Industry

Barmen, which became part of Wuppertal in 1929, was one of the
most important manufacturing centers of Germany early in the century.
Ribbon weaving was the chief industry; chemicals, buttons, rugs, and
pianos were also made.
-------
WUPPERTAL
RFMSCHF1D
FIGURE 4-1. REGION SERVED BY WUPPERTAL MVA
(MULLVERBRENUNGSANLAGE) [WASTE-
BURNING PLANT]
(Courtesy MVA Wuppertal Gmbh)
-------
SOLID WASTE PRACTICES

Solid Waste Generation and Collection Activities

Figure 4-2 shows the vicinity of the Wuppertal plant.
Public collection vehicles collect household refuse once per week
and deliver it to the plant 7 hours per day, 5 days per week at the rate of
110,000 tonnes (121,000 tons) per year. Private vehicles handling primarily
commercial and industrial waste deliver to the plant 8 hours per day, 5-1/2
days per week at the rate of 68,000 tonnes (74,800 tons) per year. The
plant burns refuse 7 days per week. Of the publicly-collected waste, about
94,000 tonnes (103,400 tons) per year is generated by Wuppertal and 16,000
tonnes (17,600 tons) per year by Remscheid. The total public and private
collection—178,000 tonnes/yr (195,800 tons/yr)—corresponds to a generation
rate of 0.9 kg/capita-day (2 Ib/capita-day).
Private vehicles must dump into special containers for that purpose
which are later picked up and emptied into the pit.

Solid Waste Transfer and/or Pretreatment

There are no transfer stations. There is no pretreatment of waste
except for bulky wpste which is cut up by a Lindemann hydraulically driven
she&r adjacent to the refuse pit.

Solid Waste Disposal

Plant residue is processed by a private company at the foot of the
hill on which the plant is located. Discards from that processing are
deposited in a sanitary landfill immediately adjacent to the residue
processing plant.
-------
H
2
PH
H
PS
W
eu
PH
w
H
o
fa
O
I — i
H
-------
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM

The two industrial communities of Wuppertal and Remscheid, popu-
lation 409,000 and 135,000, respectively, began discussion in 1969 and 1970
on the possibilities for a combined facility for disposal of their solid
wastes. At first, the deep valley adjacent to the present plant site was
considered for landfill because it contained a water-filled quarry later
abandoned in 1973.' However, the life of that landfill was estimated to
be only 10 years. Then the use of an incinerator was considered which
would increase the life of the landfill for the residue to about 30 years.
This method was then agreed on and bids were invited. The VKW walzenrost
(roller grate) system was selected because other examples in Germany showed
effective burnout, low maintenance rates, and high availability. Construction
began in October, 1971. Because of the well established technology for
flue-dust removal from combustion gases which have been partially cooled
by heat-recovery boilers, this technique was adopted.
In April, 1972, construction was halted because of the new Federal
requirement that flue-gas scrubbers should be incorporated to control the
emissions of chlorides and fluorides. Construction resumed 10 months later
and the plant was completed in September, 1975. Operation began in January,
1976. Industrial waste from both communities was first accepted at the
plant on February 16, 1976.
There was some minor local objection to the siting of the plant
near the top of a deep valley adjacent to a community swimming pool.
However, this did not affect plant plans. Composting had been briefly
considered but because of the proportion of inorganic industrial waste
expected, this alternative was not pursued.
The Plant Manager is Dipl. - Ing. Edgar Buchholz. The Assistant
Plant Manager and Chief Engineer, Mr. Sedat Temelli, began work at this
plant while it was still under construction in 1974. His prior experience
was with the Duer boiler manufacturing company- now a part of Babcock Werke.
The cost of the plant was borne in the amount of 75 percent by
Wuppertal and 25 percent by Remscheid.
(1) See References, page 41.
-------
10
REFUSE-FIRED STEAM GENERATOR EQUIPMENT

Figure 4-3 shows a map of the Wuppertal plant. Figure 4-4 shows
a cross-section of the plant.
This plant is not yet up to full capacity for reasons that will
be explained later. At the moment, the plant receives about 227,760 tonnes/
yr (250,536 tons/yr), which is weighed on either one of two scales. A
separate scale is used to weigh the residue which is trucked away. The
scales were reliable for the first 3 months, then the electronic system
became faulty.
The lower heat value of the waste received is estimated to range
from 900 to 2600 Kcal/kg (1620 to 4680 Btu/lb) with an average in the range
of 2200 to 2300 Kcal/kg (3960 to 4140 Btu/lb) [9210 to 9630 KJ/kg]. The
waste is about one-third industrial and two-thirds residential.
They are negotiating with the neighboring towns of Solingen and
Mettman to obtain more waste.
Where the scale operator observes bulk refuse in a truck, the
driver is instructed to deliver it to a Lindemann shear adjacent to the
pit. This shear operates from 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. With no storage
location for bulky wastes, trucks must, at times, wait until the shear is
free. A new storage bunker is planned. There are 2 shear operators, one
of whom does cleaning and maintenance work from 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m.
3
The nominal capacity of the shear at 1 tonne per 20 m density is
3
approximately 150 m /hr of normal bulky refuse. From the shear, the cut refuse
flows by gravity into the pit.
The refuse pit has a level-full capacity of 10,000 m (353,100
3 3
ft or 13,078 yd ). The estimated maximum piled up capacity is approximately
18,000 m3 (63,558 ft3 or 23,540 yd3). At a compressed and settled density
3 3
of 645 Ib/yd (0.462 tonnes/m ), this represents a maximum storage volume
of 8316 tonnes (9148 tons), about 7-1/2 days' supply based on three-unit
operation with the unit held as spare.
There are two Ridinger cranes (no longer being manufactured) of
10 tonnes each. There are two control cab locations, one on either wall
of the pit. But only one cab and one crane are now in use; hence, there
is one operator per shift plus a reserve operator.
-------
11
FIGURE 4-3. MAP OF WUPPERTAL PLANT
1. Weigh station
2. Conference room
3. Machine shop and electrostatic precipitator
4. Boiler room
5. Refuse bunker
6. Tipping floor and bulky waste shear
7. Entrance ramp
8. Turning apron
9. Chimney
10. Air-cooled condenser
-------
-£

*=\ -^
01
C
6
•rH
I-1
O
ed condenser
rH
O
o
CJ
1
r<
•H
<
washer
cn
co
00

o)
3
i-H
Pn
r-room crane
o
4-1
CO
^i
0)
e
0)
o
Ol
o.
X
m
g
o
o
rH
>4H

00
C

T^
H
CJ
O
rH
O
rH
CO

O
e
01
(H

^rl
cn

01
r*^
C
3

01
CO
3
MH
01
PS
e bucket
c
CO
u
CJ

01
CO
3
UH
0>
PS
01
O.
O.
O
JG
T3
QJ
01

(11
CO
3

01
oS
throat
•o
01
01
MH

01
cn
3
MH
01
PS
e, "Duesseldor
4J
CO

V-i
01
rH
i-H
o
PS
O
CO

0)
C
CU
00

E
ct)
01

w
)H
o
01
C
o
o

0)
3
-o
•H
cn
01
oi
age Wuppertal i
rH
a
co
cn
oo
c
3
G
G
01

l-i

01
3
s
3

O
O
PS
w
O
w
t/2

-------
13
The polyp-type crane buckets lift approximately 6 m (7.8 yd ) .
3 3
Replacement polyps will have a capacity of 7 m (9.2 yd ).
The crane operator can remotely control one of two water nozzles
from each control cab for supression of pit fires. These have not been
needed to date.
To provide an approximate measure of refuse fired, there are
four pressure transducers on the bucket with digital readout and recording
in the cab. The totals are tabulated for each shift.
After the crane operator loads a bucket and selects a desired
hopper, the crane travel to a position above that hopper is automatic but
the operator must then press the unloading button.
The polyp is serviced once per month. The crane cables are
rotated every 3 months and they last 6 months.
-------
14
Furnace Hopper and Feeder

The top of the four furnace hoppers are each 5 by 5 m (16.3 by
5.7 ft) in cross section. Water cooling of the chutes is available in the
lower part but is used only when the temperature becomes too high. A lifting
type of damper can close off the chute if burnback occurs.
Each stoker has an automatic hydraulic ram-driven feeder which
can be controlled from the control room. Normally it strokes 15 times
per hour. The length of stroke can be varied from 20 to 50 cm (5 to 12 in)
by adjustment at the feeder. So far the feeders have had no problems.
On some occasions, during initial operation, there was back-burning in
the chute caused by loosely packed wood waste which allowed the flames
to move upward in the chute. The solution has been for the crane operator
to mix the refuse and to charge the hoppers in such a way that the chutes
are kept packed full. Repeatedly, here it was emphasized that the most
important worker in the plant is the crane operator.
-------
15
Burning Grate

Figure 4-5 shows the "walzenrost" (roller grate) which was
developed beginning in 1961 at the Flingern Power Plant, in Duesseldorf,
using a four-roller pilot grate applied to an old formerly coal-burning
furnace. It is manufactured by the Vereinigte Kesselwerke in Duesseldorf
and is generally known as the "Duesseldorf Grate". It provides a sloping
fuel bed as do most European mass-burning grates for refuse. Instead of
using oscillating or reciprocating grate bars to agitate the burning
material and to move the incombustible residues down the slope, the
walzenrost moves the bed by slow rotation of the 1.5m (4.92 ft) diameter
drums which are formed of cast iron grate sections. Thus, there is
opportunity for a slow tumbling action of the refuse which helps to keep
the fibrous mass loose, exposing new burning surface and allowing for
a continual redistribution of the upward flow of primary air throughout
the bed.
The drums rotate at an adjustable speed of about three to six
revolutions per hour. Instead of being continuously exposed to the hot
fuel bed, each grate bar rotates through a cool zone about half of the
time. Thus, for minor repairs to the grates, the temperature on the
underside of the grate is low enough to enable workmen to repair it while
it iw operating.
Each grate roll is formed of ten sections, each of which contains
60 curved grate bars. The consoles at both sides above the rollers are
cast of chrome-nickel alloy to resist abrasion. All grate bars are cast
iron. There are six rolls per furnace at Wuppertal.
The gap between adjacent rolls is filled by a cast iron wiper
bar spaced about 5 to 10 mm from the adjacent roll. This bar is strong
enough to shear off refuse in the gap.
Normal wear of the seal gradually widens the gap which allows
larger and larger pieces of refuse to fall through. Therefore the wiper
seals are readjusted approximately three times a year. A screw conveyor
removes the residue from underneath the grate. This area is inspected
once per week and cleaned every four to six months.
-------
16
-.tMfUSMJ'JiRiii^Uii^-klVc^SU.V^i'i-Jls^SSJuSft

•jiji^V^----^^.^—--^^^-^;
->»S>i'i'i5x
-------
17
The roller shafts are hollow steel. Asbestos air seals at each

end of the shaft require replacement every five or six years. Each roller
constitutes a separate supply zone for primary air. The air enters the
interior of the roll from both ends and from underneath and flows through
the many small gaps between the interlocking grate bars. The amount of
air flow through each roll can be adjusted.
As the burning refuse moves down the slope, the rotative speed of
each successive roll is adjusted so as to keep the fule bed thickness
approximately uniform. Mr. Karl Meier of VKW has provided the following

information:
"In our older roller cage construction - in a part of the com-
bustion zone (rollers 2 and 3) - melted light metals, together
with siftings, through the self-cleaning effect of the grate
bars, entered the grate cages and were not removed laterally
in one complete revolution. This occurrence is avoided in our new
construction. Our current roller grate design heat release
rates are for grates which are essentially wider, which therefore
permits higher firing rates, and these are planned for all United
States projects. These firing rates are used in the refuse burning
plant at Wuppertal, which has been in trouble-free operation since
1975."
Startup is by means of No. 2 fuel oil fired in two sidewall
burners to attain furnace outlet temperature of 800 C (1A72F) required by
German law before refuse can be fired.
Furnace Wall (Combustion and
First Pass Radiation Chambers)
These four furnaces are thoroughly water cooled in accordance

with the design and operating experience accumulated by VKW and its

customers at the Duesseldorf plant and various other plants. The 57 mm

(2.3 in) wall tubes are made of ST 35.81 steel, A mm (0.157-inch thick),

and by means of welded fins they form a continuous membrane wall.

At the lower part of the combustion chamber, adjacent to the

roller grate, pre-cast carbofrax blocks are used.

To protect the wall tubes of the combustion chamber from attack

by high temperature flame impingement, they are studded and then covered

with silicon carbide. Initially, part of the coating is 50% SiC and

another part uses 80% SiC. For purposes of observation, the amount and
-------
18
type of each coating varies in each furnace. They consider this an ex-
periment to observe which meets their conditions best. Later they will
settle on the type and arrangement which performs best for future use when
any replacements are needed.
As an extension of the protection afforded by the SiC, the
same coating is carried upward along the walls of the radiation chamber
for two or three meters (6.5 to 9.8 ft). The heating surface of the
combustion chamber plus the coated and uncoated radiation chamber is
2 2
stated by the manufacturer to be 775 m (8331 ft ). Other surfaces
in each of the four steam generating systems are stated to be as follows:
Superheater 260 m2 (2795 ft2)
Convection - .
tradition section 1734 m (8665 ft )
Economizer 640 m2 (6889 ft2)
Total 2634 m2 (28349 ft2)
Water-washing of the boiler heating surfaces is partially
used periodically for cleaning. There has been no slag buildup anywhere
in the system. Hence, only fine ash deposits need to be cleaned off.
Some other waste-burning furnaces might require periodic cleaning of
heavy deposits of fused ash and slag that adheres strongly to the sidewalls
of the combustion chamber.
As has been pointed out earlier, because of the fact that the
flue-gas scrubbing system is not yet operational at Wuppertal, only two
furnaces are operated at a time so as to limit the discharge of acid gases
to the atmosphere. Thus, since the beginning of plant operation in
January, 1976, and up to the time of our visit, May 20 and 26, 1977, or
during an elapsed time of about 11,000 hours, each of the four boilers
has operated only about 4000 to 5000 hours. While the intermittency
of operation would not preclude excessively intense operation of each
boiler during brief periods, the practical matter is that alternate
means had obviously, already previously been employed for disposal of the
525,600 tonne/yr. which is the theoretical full time capacity of all four
units potentially now available. Hence, with the two-unit operation now
-------
19
in practice which burned in 1976, a total of about 178,000 tonnes, the
alternate disposal facility probably has been operated less intensively
than it was before this MVA was built. Thus, there is as yet no great
need nor perhaps much pressure from any quarter to operate the MVA units
more intensively. (Actually, as designed, this plant was intended to
operate only three boilers at a time, leaving the fourth unit for
maintenance and standby).
From Mr. Temelli's previous experience in the boiler industry
he indicated that he is fully aware of the multiple problems of corrosion,
erosion, and trequent maintenance requirements of combustion and thermal
equipment when it is severely overloaded. He explained that because of
the variable nature of refuse, if the nominal load per furnace is 15
tonnes per hour (16.5 tons/hr), peaks will be encountered of 18-19 tonnes
per hour. To avoid the added maintenance resulting from such peaks,
these units are now operated at an average rate of 13 tonnes per hour
(14.3 tons/hr) or about 13 percent under rating. Since there is no
immediate need to more fully load these units, they will probably continue
to be operated conservatively.
So far there has been no tube corrosion observed after nearly
6000 hours operation of each unit. They are designed to deliver steam at
the rate of 46,000 kg/hr (101,200 Ib/hr) [50.6 tons/hr] at a temperature of
350 C (662 F) and 28 bar [392 psig] absolute.

Heat Release Rate

o
Heat release rates are as follows. The grate area is 43.74 m
2
(535.4 ft ), corresponding to a grate width of 3.5 m (11.48 ft). The total
furnace volume up to the throat where the gases enter the radiation chamber
3 3
is 158 m (5580 ft ). Since the walls of the radiation chamber are, to a
large extent, studded and coated with various compositions of silicon carbide,
it is evident that, as in most similar plants, the designers did not
expect the burning to be completed in the main furnace. Accordingly, for
the purpose of estimating volume heat release rate, half of the height of
the radiation chamber up to the beginning of the turn of the gases toward
-------
20
the superheater has been assumed to serve as combustion volume; that is, one
half of 117 m3 (4132 ft3) or 58.5 m3 (2066 ft3) is added to the estimated
furnace volume of 158 m (5580 ft ) for a total assumed, active, combustion
volume of 276.5 m3 (7646 ft3).
Table 4-1 shows the resulting estimated dimensions and rates.
The grate burning and heat release rates seem moderately high.
The estimated volume release rate is conservative. The lack of slag
adhesion to the furnace walls in significant quantities is a result of
the refuse composition. Also, the relatively high excess air used coupled
with the excellent cooling effect of the relatively large furnaces could
be important.
Excess Air

It is Mr. Temelli's practice to operate with a furnace exit gas
composition of nine to eleven percent oxygen to avoid formation of CO.
He feels that if 0? were to drop to seven percent and lower, CO would
form in appreciable quantities which might increase the danger of chloride
corrosion. While recognizing that high.excess air reduces boiler efficiency,
the preference at this plant is "long life rather than optimum performance".
This is a common although not universal policy among many operators of
waste to energy plants in Europe. A few still strive to find practical
ways to increase energy-recovery efficiency without increasing boiler-
furnace maintenance costs—thus maximum steam temperature and minimum
practical excess air are still sought in some plants. However, the
inherent variability of refuse as a fuel means that the optimum conditions
may frequently be unavoidably exceeded, hence prudence would dictate that
the trend toward conditions of maximum efficiency should be cautious steps.

Superheater

As shown in Figure 4-4 when the gases reach the top of the radiation
chamber, which constitutes the first pass, they turn through 180° at moderate
-------
21
TABLE 4-1. ESTIMATED BURNING VOLUME DIMENSIONS
AND HEAT RELEASE RATES FOR EACH OF
THE FOUR WUPPERTAL FURNACES
Grate area
Grate area
Furnace volume
Furnace volume
Radiation chamber volume
Radiation chamber volume
Furnace plus 1/2 rad. ch. vol.
Furnace plus 1/2 rad. ch. vol.
Lower heating value
Total daily firing rate tonnes/day
Total daily firing rate tonnes/hr
Firing rate per boiler tons/hr
2
Grate burning rate Kg/m -hr
2
Grate burning rate Ib/ft -hr
2
Grate heat release rate kcal/m -hr
2
Grate heat release rate MJ/m -hr
2
Grate heat release rate Btu/ft -hr
Volume heat release rate kcal/m -hr
3
Volume heat release rate MJ/m -hr
3
Volume heat release rate Btu/ft -hr
49.74 m2
535.4 ft2
158 3
m
5580 ft3
'.17 m3
4132 ft3
216.5 m3
7646 ft3
2250 kcal/kg
Design Rate as
Rate Now Operated
360 312
15 13
16.5 14.3
302 267
62 54.7
678,500 588,000
2,841 2,462
250,160 216,780
155,890 135,704
653 566
17,520 15,180
-------
22
velocity and flow downward through the superheater sections which consist
of two banks in series of horizontal tubes installed in a sinuous manner.
The nine rows of tubes in the first section are formed of carbon steel
designated ST. 35.8 II. The last two rows in the second section are
formed of alloy steel designated 15 mo 31. This is the point of maximum
steam temperature. Their outside diameter is 51 mm (2.0 in) and wall
thickness is 4 mm (0.152 in). The tubes are not staggered in the gas
flow but are in-line with the center lines of the rows 225 mm (8.8 in)
apart. The superheater is cleaned by steam blowers which initially
2
operated at 15 bar (15.3 kg/cm ) [218 psig] . However, because of well-
known experiences elsewhere with the high velocity of steam blowers having
a cutting or erosive action on adjacent tubes, these blowers are now
2
operated at a reduced pressure of 10 bar (10.2 kg/cm ) [145 psia]. Also,
the tubes likely to be eroded by the steam are covered on the exposed side
by 6-mm thick (0.24 in) half-round steel shields made of Sicromal. So
far the shields tried of Sicromal eight and nine did not last long.
Sicromal 10 seems to be better. Table 4-2 shows the composition and
properties of Sicromal.
The estimated gas temperature leaving the furnace radiation
section is 830 C (1526 F). As the gas enters the superheater it has cooled
to about 720 C (1328 F).
The unobstructed cross-sectional dimensions of the radiation
pass are 3.805 m wide by 4.475 m deep (12.5 by 14.7 ft). Of the superheater
pass, the corresponding dimensions are 3.805 m wide by 3.337 m deep (12.5
by 10.8 ft).
Superheat temperature control is provided by a spray-type
attemperator between the two sections. Attemperators are spray
devices that inject pure demineralized water into the steam
flow so that steam temperature can be controlled to plus and minus 5° C.
Maximum steam temperature ahead of the attemperator is estimated to
be 420 C (788 F).
It has been observed that the presence of cross-over pipes
near the top of the superheater form a "shadow" of dust deposition on
the superheater about 152 mm to 200 mm (6-8 in) deep. If the gas tempera-
ture at that point increases, that deposit becomes hard.
-------
23
-------
24
Boiler (Convection Section)

As the gases flow downward from the bottom of the superheater
they are again turned through an angle of 180° and flow upward through the
boiler convection section. The unobstructed cross-sectional dimensions
of this pass are 3.805 m wide by 3.150 m deep (12.5 by 10.3 ft). The
sinuous tubes are made of 35.8 I steel and are 57 mm in diameter with
4 mm wall (2.2 in, 0.157 in). The centerline spacing of the in-line
tubes is 150 mm (5.9 in). Those tubes nearest the soot blowers are pro-
tected by Sicromal shields in the same way as described earlier for the
superheater.

Economizer

As shown in Figure 4-4 the gas flow is downward through the
economizer. The tubes are also 35.8 I steel, 38 mm in diameter (1.5 in)
with 3.6 mm wall (0.14 in). The in-line rows are spaced 110 mm (4.3 in)
on centers. The gas temperature leaving is about 220-240 C (428-464 F).

Boiler Water Treatment

Water treatment is provided by the usual deionizing and deaerating
equipment.

Primary Air Supply

The primary air is drawn from near the top of the refuse bunker
to provide a positive inward flow of fresh air to the bunker area. Each
furnace has a separate radial blower made by Buettner-Schilde-Haas of the
3
Babcock group. Each can supply up to 100,000 Nm /hr (58,860 scfm) at
140 mm water static pressure (5.5 in). The supply of air to each of the six
grate rollers is controlled by a manual damper. A record is made every
1/4 hour of each damper setting. So far, there have been no problems with
the primary air system.
-------
25
Perhaps because the operation of only two boilers at a time at
moderate rate, the rate of primary air induced to flow through the bunker
has been too low to prevent vapor accumulation at times and annoying
condensation on all surfaces in the bunker area. To alleviate this,
separate exhaust ventilating fans are used.

Secondary Air

One radial blower for each furnace takes air from near the top
3 3
of the boiler room at a rate of 5.5 m /sec (20,000 Nm /hr) [11,650 scfm].
The available air pressure is 800 mm water static (31 in). This air is
supplied to a total of 60 overfire air jets which are 50 mm in diameter
(2 in). There are two rows of jets close together in the front wall, and
two more rows in the forward portion of the slanting rear wall. All of
these jets are directed downward at an angle. The front wall jets are
just below the nose of the front wall shown in Figure 4-4 so that their
downward direction provides somewhat opposed mixing to the burning gases
rising upward out of the furnace. The rear wall jets are just below the
nose of the rear wall and are directed slightly downward into the
initial burning zone of the furnace.
3
Actual secondary air flow ranges from 12,000 to 14,000 Nm /hr (7,000
to 8200 scfm). Normally the dampers controlling secondary air are not
changed. Mr. Temelli explained that certain other plants also had ter-
tiary air jets positioned half way up in the radiation chamber to try
to combat tube corrosion near the top of that chamber but that at this
plant, because of the relatively modest steam temperature, £33 C satura-
ted (451 F) at 28.4 bar (403 psig) and 350 C (662 F) superheated, tertiary
air was not believed to be necessary.

Energy Utilization Equipment

The only use of the steam generated is to make electricity in
two turbo-generators capable of producing 20 mw each. Maximum steam
-------
26
consumption of each is 107 tonnes/hr (235,700 Ib/hr). Specific design
steam consumption is 5.35 kg/kw-hr (11.8 Ib/kw-hr). Exhaust to air-
2
cooled condensers is 0.12 bar (U.12 kg/cm ) [1.7 psig]. The output is
supplied at 10,000 volts to the city electrical system.
The condensate returns from the condenser at an average temper-
ature of 52 C (126 F). In order to heat it to 110 C (230 F) before
returning it to the boiler, it is mixed with about 10 t/h (22,000 Ib/hr)
of steam extracted from the turbines.
-------
27
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT

The pollution control equipment at this plant is unique in
that the four conventional electrostatic precipitators are followed by
two scrubbers to remove most of the HC1 and HF emitted. At the time of
the plant visit, May 1977, the scrubber system was still under construc-
tion, hence, no data are available on scrubber performance. The
performance criteria is that emission of HC1 shall not exceed 100 mg/Nm
corrected to 7% C0_. The ducting is arranged so that when, as normal,
three units are burning, the gases from only two will pass through the
scrubbers. The unscrubbed hot gases will then be mixed with the cool,
scrubbed gases, about 60 C (140 F), for purposes of reheat to about
200 C (390 F) to augment exhaust plume buoyancy and invisibility.

Precipitator

The four electrostatic precipitators were manufactured by
Buettner-Schilde-Haas under license from Svenska Flaktfabriken. They
are 7.95 m high, 7.15 m wide, and 10.2 m deep (26 x 23 x 33 ft). Table
4-3 shows the precipitator design characteristics. Construction was
not preceded by a flow model investigation. No performance data were
available at the time of the visit, May 1977.
At first there was some problem with ash buildup in the fly-
ash hoppers but an increased slope of the hopper sides eliminated that
problem.

Induced Draft Fan

Initially, there was some problem from vibration of the induced
draft fans caused by dust deposits on the blades. Improved control of
burning appears to have eliminated that problem.
-------
28
TABLE 4-3. PRECIPITATOR CHARACTERISTICS

Gas flow rate
Maximum gas temperature
Clean gas conditions »
(at 220CI428 F] and 11% 0 )
Number of fields
Projected collecting surface
Residence time
Particle drift velocity
Free gas flow area
Gas flow velocity
Number of power packs
Input power
Operating voltage
Power
Current
Power consumption
Hopper heaters (2)
SI units
100,000 Nm3/h
290 C
100 mg/Nm3
2
2,810 m2
7.0 sec
8. 24 cm/s
48.8 m2
1.03 m/s
2
380 V/50 hz
45 KV
46 KVA
600 mA
27.6 kw
220 V/8 kw
ENG. units
58,860 scfm
554 F
0.044 gr/scf
2
30,230 ft2
7.0 sec
0.23 f/s
525 ft2
3.4 f/s
2
380 V/50 hz
45 KV
46 KVA
600 mA
27.6 kw
220 V/8 kw
Source: Courtesy of Vereinigte Kesselwerke.
-------
29
Stack Construction

The single masonry chimney, 100 m (328 ft) high, is built of
ceramic block known as Asplit 0. The top 15 m (50 ft) is built of less
expensive Asplit CN.
The chimney was designed with a top inside diameter of 3.3 m
(10.8 ft) but until the fifth boiler is installed, a ceramic block
nozzle has been built inside the stack top to reduce the exit diameter
to 2.7 m (8.9 ft). This constitutes an area reduction of 33 percent
which, for the expected three-unit operation in the immediate future,
will provide the same exit velocity and plume rise as the expected
later four-unit operation after a fifth and final unit becomes available
as standby. As seen in Figure 4-6 the top of the chimney is painted
black to cope with any staining that may occur.

Solid Residues

The grate residue and collected flyash drop into a quench
tank from which the wet solids are carried out by a platen type ash extractor
system to the ash bunker. From there a crane lifts the residues to trucks
which deliver them to a private processing firm immediately below the
plant. Part of this operation is shown in Figure 4-7 . The private
operator pays DM 1.50 per tonne ($0.60/ton) of residue. In this outdoor
cleaning and sizing operation the residue is upgraded to a useful raw
material which apparently is in much demand.

Wastewater Discharge

The principal waste water leaving the plant is that carried
down the hill in the quenched residue.
-------
30
o
z
O to
M

O H
M
W Q
•< tO
hJ Cd
f\, ^i
to

O
O
o
M
to
w
own)
EEC PQ
H "-'
g
-------
31
o
z
t—I
CO
t>
O H
[£J p^
CO
2 O
W 2
Q M
2
O
CO
CO
U W
O
S O
< OS
W P-
H
co td
Q
W
O
CO
O W
00=

I (3
pi w
i-H H
H c
i
- p"
2 pJ
O W
M H
H <
K
O W
H pa
O
** >—-s
O W
2 P3

S O
o 2
sa <
CO
H
H 2=
2 <
J O
<
H PC
Prf <
W
Pi
-------
32
POLLUTION CONTROL ASSESSMENT

At the time of the visit the scrubbers were not yet com-
pleted and the precipitators had not been tested. The appearance of
the stack plume and plant was extremely clean and attractive.
A striking and very unique indication of the need to keep
this plant clean is that a public swimming pool is within clear sight of
the plant in the narrow valley below. Figure 4-8 , showing the pool,
was photographed from the plant conference room window. The distance
from the plant property to the pool is about 120 m (400 ft).
Noises
The new Federal regulation on noise near an industrial facility
limits it to 35 dba. With two units operating, this plant is close to
that limit. Accordingly, it is expected that sound absorbent louvers
will need to be installed beneath the condenser which was purposely
built in the elevated position shown in the previous Figure 4-7
to allow space for installation of sound absorbent surfaces.
-------
33
»^ -.;ia&irr/j
% T \ '-^-K.^
o
§
H

< O
J 2
os w
w
p ( £*}
&< 2
D <

W D
K J ^
H U ,c
O.
2 >• «
O OS (--
OS H bO
fc 2 O

3 O O
H O .E
M DJ
0)
Q OS
OS <
< W
2 W «
O X CO
O H ^
oo
I
tt!

O
-------
PERSONNEL AND MANAGEMENT

Figure 4-9 shows the organization chart for the Wuppertal
plant.
The plant operates 24 hours per day, three shifts, seven
days per week. The individual work-week is 40 hours.
There are 100 employees. The average shift workers are paid
DM 25,000/yr including fringe benefits ($ll,000/yr at DM 2.27/$). The
total annual payroll is DM 37 x 10 ($16.28 x 10 ).
The commercial manager and supervisor have additional off-site
duties with the Wuppertal City Administration. Mr. Masanek is also re-
sponsible for Wuppertal's Transportation Department. Mr. Hilkes only
works for the plant 60% of his time.
Data processing is done on a Niksdorf System 8000 located at
the plant.
-------
35
GMbH Board of Advisors

12 people appointed by two towns
Autsichtsrat
Commercial Manager
Volkswirt Horst Masanek
\
Commercial Supervisor
Herr Hilkes
Personnel
Purchasing
Assistant
Technical Manager
Edgar Bucholz
Financial Manager
Peter Ahrens
Technical Supervisor
Sedat Temelli
Data Processing
Accounting
Chief Engineer
Oper. Economics
Master Boiler Operators
3
Shift Foremen
5
Shiftworkers
40
Repair Crew
Scale Operator
2
FIGURE 4- 9 . WUPPERTAL ORGANIZATION CHART
-------
36
ENERGY MARKETING

The only energy sold from this plant is electricity whic-h is
sold to the local public power network at a price ranging from 2.6 pf
to 4.9 pf/kw-hr ($0.011 to $0.022 per kw-hr).
-------
37
ECONOMICS
Capital Investment

The plant cost DM 126 x 106 in 1975 ($51.2 x 1Q6 at DM 2.46/$).
This vas financed as follows:
Millions of Millions of
1975 DM 1975 $
State Grant (N. Rhein - Westphalia) 24 9.7
7.5%, 18-yr loan, Municipal Savings Bank 40 16.3
6%, 18-yr loan, Federal Bank 20 8.1
7%, 4-yr loan, Vereinigte Kesselwerke 12 4.9
Commercial loan to be arranged for scrubbers 12 4.9
Commercial loan for final payment to VKW 12 4.9
Prefinancing from cities of Wuppertal, Remscheid 6 2.4
Total 126 51.2
The column of dollar costs was calculated using an exchange rate
of DM 2.46/$.
Table 4-4 shows the distribution of construction and equipment
expenditures up to December 31, 1975, when the plant was nearly completed
but not yet operational. Construction work on the scrubber system was
still underway during the plant visit in May 1977. The currency conversion
used in Table 4- 4 was the mid-1977 rate of DM 2.27/$ about the time of
the visit.
The land was previously owned by the city and is valued at
DM 10 x 106 ($4.1 x 106).

Operating Costs

Because the plant is still under construction in the scrubber
area and is therefore operating on a reduced schedule of only half of
full capacity, costs are not yet well established. The estimated cost
for 1976 was DM 79.80/tonne ($32/ton) after credits are taken for sale of the
residue and electricity.
-------
38
TABLE 4-4. STATUS OF CONSTRUCTION EXPENDITURES-
WUPPERTAL - AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1975

Buildings, structures
Planning — Kesselwerke
Main contract with Vereinigte
Advance payments to Vereinigte
Excavation - foundation
Turbine I - 1.5 km
Transformer - power line
Feedwater tank
Residue crane
Weigh scale
Offices, office equipment
Supporting walls (required on hillside site)
Scrubbers
Miscellaneous
Air-cooled condenser II
Turbine II
Landfill
Total Construction as of December 31, 1975
Construction Interest Payments
Interest to Vereinigte Kesselwerke
Interest on other loans
Miscellaneous interest
Deutsch
Marks
530,678.82
1,196,223.05
54,400,000.00
1,007,121.20
2,154,521.80
2,686,816.17
3,305,595.40
149,109.73
236,991.87
937,780.18
240,379.49
2,521,616.57
4,619,810.24
123,613.24
2,110,150.84
2,008,323.89
84,120.65
71,312,853.14
5,240,600.00
2,289,121.68
233,336.72
Thousands of Dollars
at DM 2.27/$
233
526
23,980
443
948
1,182
1,454
66
104
413
106
109
2,033
54
928
884
37
34,458
2,306
1,007
103
-------
39
TABLE 4. (Continued)
Deutsch Thousands of Dollars
Marks at DM 2.27/$
Premiums
Sub-total
Total expenditures through December 31, 1975
Total estimated final cost of completed plant
Estimated final cost per daily tonne of capacity
158,470.00
7,921,528.40
86,234,381.54
126,000,000.00
87,500 (DM/tonne)
70
3,485
37,943
55,440
42,350 ($/ton)
Source: Translated from 1975 Financial Report of
MVA Wuppertal GMBH, March 1977.
-------
40
It is hoped that with the plant operating at nominal capacity in 1978,
the cost will decrease to DM 65 or 70/tonne (826 or 28/ton).
They estimate a "fixed"6perating cost regardless of through-
put of DM 20 x 10 per year ($8.8 x 10 ). This fixed portion would
amount to DM 50/tonne ($20/ton) if the expected three units ran at
capacity 365 days per year.
Revenues
In 1976 the revenue from the sale of electricity was DM 3.5 x
106 (1.54 x 106 at DM 2.27/$). Tipping fees totalled DM 16.5 x 106
($7.26 x 10 ). For an expected 220,000 tonne annual throughput, these
totals translate to an income of DM 90.91/tonne ($36.36/ton). However,
the actual tonnage in 1976 was much less.
Each household served pays an annual fee of DM 230 for rental
3
of a 110 t (3.89 ft ) container that is emptied once per week. Estimated
expected public collection in Wuppertal was 110,000 tonnes in 1976 but
actual public collection was only 94,000. Remscheid collected 16,000.
Private haulers brought 68,000 for a grand total of only 178,000 tonnes
(195,800 tons).
Income is DM 1.5/tonne ($0.55/ton) of residue.
-------
41
REFERENCES
(1) Financial or Business Report 1975, Refuse Burning Plant, Wuppertal
GMBH, dated March, 1977.

(2) B. W. Westphal and H.G. Norbisrath, Mullverbrennungsanlage Wuppertal,
Energie. Vol. 11, 1973.
-------
-I *
§1 i!
X
o.

*J
o;

o
H-

c
o
LL.
•*-*
O>

C
o

^*
o.

13
O
I—
|

S.
Ol

c
o

CO
CM

4-1
Ol
Ol
W—

i.
Ol

CO
o
n

i/i
u
01
1

4J
01
Oi
u.

o
01
Ol
X-

0>
t-
10
3

in
L.
0>

Ol
u
10
v 3
cr

en
CM
O

4J
I
01

fO
3
cr

01
Ol

Ol
1C
3
cr
i/i

U
Oi
u.

3
U

w
S.
01
0.
E

r~
•a
0

en
CO
CM
o

VI
i.
Ol
1
u
3
u

01
Ol

3
U

^
?>
o
o

ifi
Ol

u
c

in
S-
4J
o

•^

ft—

•=•_

CSJ

^
'i

^*
^5 c^ r\j
r*i c\J o

-o "o
S. *-*
m

^-*
(J ft* f>

3 *O *^
u ^J E

s- s.
O> O> i«
O ftJ C>
£ E *J

U U E

H ^" 1-^
33 —
U U ^

G\
O O\
^r CO o-*
VO LTJ O

O O •—

Vt C/l

r*^
|

4-1
u
o>
.c

in
C

IB
I.
Cl
u
Ol
o

-s
01
ec
-------

VI
4-1

C
13

o
i-
4->
tv
s:
i/>
OC XI
o £'
i- «
(_ ) ^-^
<
u. •—

z
O vi
_ 3
on vi
cr i-
U.) £
z
O VI
O 4->

"c
=5
x:
vi
"*"
crJ
c|
ui

X
a
«xT
3

•M
O>
CD
3

L.
U.
4-1
^
>
c
0
u

0
1-

X
'a.

4J XI

3
£

4-»
OI
a

o
£

g
t-
u.

*J
1.
OI
>
c
o
o
•2

CO
CM
O
o
d
3
4->
CO
c
o
f"
>f_
E

i.
0)
o.
(/I
•o
c
3
0
CL

3
O
*o

I.
01
CL

i
K3
S.
01
0
c

VI
E
2
cn
^_

E
3
4->
CO

c
o
^
"s

I
l/>
1
i

g
IT)
O

i!
3
C
"e.
i.
OI
0.

4-1
01
01
14-
u
XI
3
U

I.
3
0
x:

s.
Ol
o.

(/t
i.
OI
4^
OI
g

XI
3
U

ON
&
V£

1-
3
i?
i_
g.

(O
^
Of
4^
I
u

XI
3
U

OI
4^
3
C
"e
t-
S.

4^
01
U
K-
U
XI
3
U

«!•
<£>
CM
d

OI
4-1
3
.,_
E

&_
OI
o.
v:
C
0
m
Ol

OI
4_>
3
C

E
S.
OI
O.

fl
t-
Ol
4-1

LO
CO
r^
fry

OI
4->
3
C

S.
Ol
c.
IA
&-
Ol
*J

01
4J
3
C
1
!_
S.
VI
C
0
10
cn
*\j
«•
~ rr,
8 SI -
o W
*-> £
o o
£ =

£ £
3 3
o- cr
V) VI

s_ s-
Ol Ol
S. D.
I/I V)
•o -a
c c
II
1
I- f
01 *J
Ol 01
E W

Ol Ol
t. l~
(O fO
3 3
cr cr
VI VI

I. S-
S.S.

V, g
ID 1C I.
S- U 01
cn o>4->
O O 01
i— ^ E

jt -*

m
•— o
. t^
m O
S d

i
i- t-
01 •>J
4-> C
01 Ol
E U
Ol 0>
1. S-
•D CO O
!T»C3LOSOCnO'S*€M
AO^rCOOLnOO
r-ddddr-od
c x: x; x
u u u u
c c c c i-
»- i- ^- ^ 01
4-1
01 oi oi oi re
*" « *" «- *
333 S Ol M-
o- er cr cr <-" o
Irt (/i v> VI ID
vi vi £ vi
I- t- I- Ol 01 W i-
oioioiki-oi<>-oi
O.Q.CLOIOIO.04^
x: x: o>
l/!V1(/!Q.CLt/IVlE
TJ"O"O VI V1X> 01^-
cccoocx:,—
333EE3U1—
ooo4-i4->oc-^
Q.O.CLIDIDO.->-E

^
Ol
4->
9J
£

01
V.
10
3
o-
VI
V) i- VI VI
oi oi • — *—
S* Q. ID ID
Ol U 0
x; tn vi vi L« i^
0. C ID ID Jf .12
vi o CL 0. To ^0
04JOVIOVIS2
EX—S-— '-vivi
4-ioi--iD^-ioSm

VI t- LO (/I
4) QJ _ p..
i- CX fO fQ
QJ U U
.C (/> O v> O v» U U
3C ^- U r- i. VI VI
+JQJ**-fO-^-4-ioe:f- 1
S.a.a.iDiDcl-<-E |
•o
OI
>
OI
ce
-------

•S
5
u]
«^-
k.
. I

f i |
«Ci
1
§! 5
ynl 5
£C t.
UJ 41

O m

i
in
"it
LU

>,
"5.
"- X
*«* .A
i

o
H-

|
3

>>
'a.
•"- X

|
i.
41
§

3
CD
5
CO OQ O
o\ o\ 2 § ao
" ** " °

1
I

21
3
3 *•> 3 a 3
ea X 09 co ee
!§
L.
I
2
1
U
3 in
o a 4>
S3 1

« iq in -^- o •**

ri
CM r- m
CM CM O • lf>
to in o un in
CM CM o in tn
odd 2 d

§
en
o
^f

4)
VI O.
gin
01
T "? "k
O *» O

O X 4) O
1 1 i 1 1

•g
i
k

a
3 ** 3 3 3
_» as *» -J <->
s Z 03 ea as

^
1

3
CO

i
I

jff>

in
3
O

<£
CM

O
J<
k
S

|
k

3
ea

r*»
^
«n

k
|

3
S3

CM
d

in
1

u
1
k

3
09

CO
w
O
d

k
i

cr
in
k

a
a
4)

41
cr
in

in
41
I

Ik
•^

t
i
cr
in

41
k
O
•B

k
JC
1
H-
VI
2.

2
09

M
^
d

k
^

3
U
k

3
A
k
41

i
3
U
1

in
4)
"k
O

| k
2

1
4)
I
a
u

k
S.
in
4>
k
e
to
1*

k
1
<*.
3
U
k
SI

cr>
d
in
t~

^
1

3
i

1
k
41
i

^
u
4>

in
k

vn
e
CM

k
41

1
3
U
k
g.

1
0
in
in
73
c
3
i

§
1
£

«.

CO
d
C
CO
VO
XJ
*W
3
U
1

in
e

a
u>
-,

°
^
41

3
U
k
41
C.
m
a

GO
CM
CM

U
O
CM

i
3
U
k
0.

in
(O
0

03
vO

*j
3
U
&
C

41
o

ca
u
c
•g
1/1

>
-------
TABLE . EXCHANGE RATES FOR SIX EUROPEAN COUNTRIES,
(NATIONAL MONETARY UNIT PER U.S. DOLLAR)
1948 TO FEBRUARY, 1978(a)

1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1953
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
196-
1965
1966
1967
1963
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978 (Feb.)
Denmark
Kroner
(D.Kr.)
4.310
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.914
6.914
6.914
6.914
6.906
6.908
6.906
6.886
6.902
6.911
6.921
6.391
6.916
7.462
7.501
7.492
7.489
7.062
6.843
6.290
5.650
6.178
5.788
5.778
5.580
France
Francs
(F.Fr.)
2.662
3.490
3.499
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
4.199
4.906
4.909
4.903
4.900
4.900
4.902
4.900
4.902
4.952
4.908
4.948
5.558
5.520
5.224
5.125
4.708
4.444
4.486
4.970
4.705
4.766
W. Germany
Deutsch Mark
(D.M.)
3.333
4.200
4.200
4.200
4.200
4.200
4.200
4.215
4.199
4.202
4.178
4.170
4.171
3.996
3.998
3.975
3.977
4.006
3.977
3.999
4.000
3.690
3.648
3.268
3.202
2.703
2.410
2.622
2.363-
2.105
2.036
Netherlands
Guilders
(Gl.)
2.653
3.800
3.800
3.800
3.800
3.786
3.794
3.829
3.830
3.791
3.775
3.770
3.770
3.600
3.600
3.600
3.592
3.611
3.614
3.596
3.606
3.624
3.597
3.254
3.226
2.824
2.507
2.689
2.457
2.280
2.176
Sweden
Kronor
(S.Kr.)
3.600
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.173
5.173
5.181
5.180
5.185
5.186
5.200
5.148
5. ISO
4.180
5.165
5.180
5.170
5.170
4.858
4.743
4.588
4.081
4.386
4.127
4.670
4.615
Swiczerland
Francs
(S.Fr.)
4.315
4.300
4.289
4.369
4.285
4.288
4.285
4.285
4.285
4.285
4.308
4.323
4.305
4.316
4.319
4.315
4.315
4.318
4.327
4.325
4.302
4.318
4.316
3.915
3.774
3.244
2.540
2.620
2.451
2.010
1.987
(a) Exchange Race at end of period.

Line "ae" Market Rate/Par or Central Rate.

Source: International Financial Statistics: 1972 Supplement; April, 1978, Volume
XXXI, No. 4, Published by the International Monetary Fund.
*US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1979 -620-007/6309
yo 18280
-------