United States Office of Water and SW 176C.18
Environmental Protection Waste Management October 1979
Agency Washington, D C 20460
Solid Waste
4>EPA European Refuse
Energy Systems
Evaluation of Design Practices
Volume 18
-------
n EPA
and State. ScL<.d ttcu>t£ Management Agencies
EUROPEAN REFUSE FIRED ENERGY SYSTEMS
EVALUATION OF DESIGN PRACTICES
Paris Issy-Les Moulineaux
France
thu 0^-Lcn 0^ Solid Wcu>t bkouJLd be a£tsu.bu£e.d to the. contAactoi
and not to the. Ofifiice. oft Solid Watte..
Copies will be available from the
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, VA 22161
Volume 18
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1979
Lr 3. Environ mental Protection Agency
Region v, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois COG04
-------
This report was prepared by Battelle Latxyratories, Columbus, Ohio,
under contract no. 68-01-4376.
Publication does not signify that.-the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of commercial products constitute endorsement by the U.S.
Government.
An environmental protection publication (SW-176c.l8) in the solid waste
management series.
Protection
-------
i
PREFACE
This trip report is one of a series of 15 trip reports on
European waste-to-energy systems prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. The overall objective of this investigation is to
describe and analyze European plants in such ways that the essential
factors in their successful operation can be interpreted and applied
in various U.S. communities. The plants visited are considered from
the standpoint of environment, economics and technology.
The material in this report has been carefully reviewed by the
European grate or boiler manufacturers and respective American licensees.
Nevertheless, Battelle Columbus Laboratories maintains ultimate responsi-
bility for the report content. The opinions set forth in this report are
those of the Battelle staff members and are not to be considered by EPA
policy.
The intent of the report is to provide decision making in-
formation. The reader is thus cautioned against believing that there is
enough information to design a system. Some proprietary information has
been deleted at the request of vendors. While the contents are detailed,
they represent only the tip of the iceberg of knowledge necessary to de-
velop a reliable, economical and environmentally beneficial system.
The selection of particular plants to visit was made by Battelle,
the American licensees, the European grate manufacturers, and EPA. Pur-
posely, the sampling is skewed to the "better" plants that are models of
what the parties would like to develop in America. Some plants were selected
because many features envolved at that plant. Others were chosen because
of strong American interest in co-disposal of refuse and sewage sludge.
The four volumes plus the trip reports for the 15 European
plants are available through The National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 22161. NTIS numbers for the volumes and ordering
information are contained in the back of this publication. Of the 19
volumes only the Executive Summary and Inventory have been prepared for
wide distribution.
-------
ii
ORGANIZATION
The four volumes and 15 trip reports are organized the the
following fashion:
VOLUME I
A EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
B INVENTORY OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANTS
C DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNITIES VISITED
D SEPARABLE WASTE STREAMS
E REFUSE COLLECTION AND TRANSFER STATIONS
F COMPOSITION OF REFUSE
G HEATING VALUE OF REFUSE
H REFUSE GENERATION AND BURNING RATES PER PERSON
I DEVELOPMENT OF VISITED SYSTEMS
VOLUME II
J TOTAL OPERATING SYSTEM RESULTS
K ENERGY UTILIZATION
L ECONOMICS AND FINANCE
M OWNERSHIP, ORGANIZATION, PERSONNEL AND TRAINING
VOLUME III
P REFUSE HANDLING
Q GRATES AND PRIMARY AIR
R ASH HANDLING AND RECOVERY
S FURNACE WALL
T SECONDARY (OVERFIRE) AIR
VOLUME IV
U BOILERS
V SUPPLEMENTARY CO-FIRING WITH OIL, WASTE OIL AND SOLVENTS
W CO-DISPOSAL OF REFUSE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE
X AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Y START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN
Z APPENDIX
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113
LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED
M. Defeche T.I.R.U. Offices, General Manager
M. Jullien T.I.R.U. Offices, Manager of Technical Services
M. Rameaur T.I.R.U. Plant, Plant Manager
M. Cherdo T.I.R.U. Plant, Assistant to the Plant Manager
Walter J. Martin J. Martin Gmbh, Munich, W. G.
Sid Malik Universal Oil Products, Chicago USA
George Stabenow Consultant to UOP, E. Stroudsburg PA. USA
M. J. Collardeau Head of the Division "Residus Urbains" (Urban Waste)
French Ministere de la Culture et de 1'Environment
M. Finet T.I.R.U. Head of the Division of Pollution Control
A. Monterat City of Paris, Assistant to the Chief of the
Cleaning Service
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IV
SUMMARY
The Issy-les-Moulineaux (ISSY) plant is located in a western
suburb of Paris along the Seine River. It is owned by the City of Paris.
However, it is operated by the Service du Traitment Industrial des Residus
Urbans (TIRU) a profit oriented division of the federally owned Electricitie
de France (EOF).
Issy is one of three thermal reduction facilities in Paris. Issy
itself is the third plant at its location; other plants having been built
in 1903, 1928 and this plant in 1962.
Four furnaces originally designed to burn 15 tonnes per hr each
now are overloaded at 20 tonnes per hr each. This results in 1976 average
consumption of 1,431 tonnes (1,574 tons) per day being burnt on the Martin
reverse reciprocating grates.
The plant was chosen for this survey because of the long history
of successful innovation to extend furnace life. The report discusses
extensively how various high alumina and silicon carbide blocks and plastic
material have extended the life of the furnace combustion chamber. Down-
stream boiler corrosion has been reduced with metal tube shields, air
deflection baffles, plastic high alumina, plastic silicon carbide re-
fractory, wide pass tube redesign and manual tube cleaning.
Depending on seasonal demand and prices, steam produced will
first pass through a backpressure turbogenerator and then either through a
condensing turbine or to the district heating system. The electricity is sold
to TIRU's parent EOF for general distribution. Steam is sold to TIRU's sister
company Compagnie Parisimne de Chauffage Urbain (CPCU) which in turn sells the
steam to its district heating customers. Issy, in 1975, produced 12.3
percent cf the total CPCU requirements.
Flue gases pass through 2-field electrostatic precipitors. The
plant n2^ ures full air emissions every month to verify compliance and to
monitor .aeral plant operating conditions.
Economically, Issy is one of the better plants in Europe. Total
annual e>.'. ts (including amortization; total about $13 per Lor - "-i.i.. f cf
these coses are recovered through sale of electricity and sceam. The
resultant net cost is about $6.50 per ton.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OVERALL SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION
Geography
Governmen
SOLID WASTE PRACTICES
ATIC
N
and Industry
s
e Generation
e Collection
e Transfer and/or Pretreatment
e Disposal ... ...
FSTEM
Page
1
1
1
1
A
4
4
8
. . . . 9
9
9
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM
Background.
Beginning of Subject System 12
Building Subject System 13
Availability for Operation 13
PLANT ARCHITECTURE 18
Plant Setting 18
Environmental Setting (non-pollutant aspects) 18
Plant Hygiene 18
REFUSE FIRED STEAM GENERATOR EQUIPMENT 21
Waste Input 21
Weighing Operation 21
Provisions to Handle Bulky Wastes 22
Waste Storage and Retrieval 23
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
Page
Furnace Hoppers and Feeders 25
Primary Air Source (Underfire Air) 27
Secondary Air (Overfire Air) 30
Burning Grate 30
Ash Discharger 35
Fly Ash Handling 37
Clinker Discharge Roll 39
Clinker Handling and Scrap Processing 39
Furnace Wall (Combustion Chamber) 39
Furnace Wall (First and Second Passes) 41
Superheater (ThirdPass) 45
Boiler (Convection Section 47
ENERGY UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT 48
Electricity Generation 48
C.P.C.U. District Heating Steam Inputs 4g
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT 59
Furnace Exit Conditions 59
Precipitator Characteristics 59
Induced Draft Fan 63
Stack Construction 64
PERSONNEL AND MANAGEMENT. 65
ECONOMICS 67
Capital Investment 67
Annual Financial Figures 67
FINANCE 73
REFERENCES 74
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
FIGURE 6-1. SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION OF THE PARIS-ISSY-LES
MOULINEAUX PLANT 2
FIGURE 6-2. WASTE GENERATION AREA AND TREATMENT PLANTS OF THE
PARIS, FRANCE PLANTS THAT TREAT URBAN WASTE .... 3
FIGURE 6-3. LONG-TERM GENERATION RATES OF SOLID WASTE IN PARIS
AND ITS SUBURBS 5
FIGURE 6-4. WEEKLY AND SEASONAL PATTERN OF SOLID WASTE COLLEC-
TION IN THE GREATER PARIS AREA . . '. 7
FIGURE 6-5. EVOLUTION OF THREE BASIC SOLID WASTE TREATMENT
METHODS 10
FIGURE 6-6. VIEW OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE PARIS: ISSY-LES-
MOULINEAUX PLANT 19
FIGURE 6-7. SCALLOPED ARCH OF PARIS: ISSY TIPPING AREA .... 20
FIGURE 6-8. PLAINT SCHEMATIC TO SHOW UNDERFIRE AIR SYSTEM OF
MARTIN 26
FIGURE 6-9. REFUSE TUMBLING ACTION OF MARTIN GRATE 31
FIGURE 6-10. MARTIN THREE RUN GRATE SYSTEM 34
FIGURE 6-11. MARTIN ASH DISCHARGER 36
FIGURE 6-12. MARTIN ASH DISCHARGER DUMPING INTO VIBRATING CONVEYOR
AT PARIS: ISSY 38
FIGURE 6-13. REAR VIEW SHOWING ASH CONVEYOR FROM THE RFSG PLANT
TO THE ASH RECOVERY FACILITY AT PARIS: ISSY .... 40
FIGURE 6-14, ISSY ALUMINA BLOCKS SURROUNDING BOILER TUBES .... 42
FIGURE 6-15. PLASTIC SILICON CARBIDE SURROUNDING BOILER TUBES . . 42
FIGURE 6-16. TYPICAL DEPOSITS CAREFULLY REMOVED FROM THREE WALL
TUBES AT PARIS-ISSY 43
FIGURE 6-17a. ISSY METAL WASTAGE ZONES AND AREAS OF CORRECTIVE
SHIELDING 44
FIGURE 6-17b. ISSY NEW SECOND PASS DEFLECTOR BAFFLE TO PROTECT
THIRD PASS SUPERHEATER 44
FIGURE 6-18. ISSY SHIELDS FOR BOTTOMS OF SUPERHEATER TUBES ... 45
-------
TABLE OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page
FIGURE 6-19. ISSY OLD AND NEW SUPERHEATER SPACING 46
FIGURE 6-20. CONTROL ROOM AT PARIS-ISSY 49
FIGURE 6-21. STEAM DISTRIBUTION AND RETURN CONDENSATE PIPES OF
C.P.C.U. IN PARIS 54
FIGURE 6-22. STEAM PRODUCED BY TIRU (SOLIDWASTE FUELED) AND BY
C.P.C.U. (FOSSIL FUELED) IN PARIS 55
FIGURE 6-23. APPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT OF DUST LOADING AND
MOISTURE IN A GAS STEAM 61
FIGURE 6-24. CRINITE WELDED BEADS ON FAN BLADES AT PARIS:
ISSY 63
FIGURE 6-25. ORGANIZATION CHART OF TIRU IN PARIS 66
FIGURE 6-26. UNIT PRICES FOR ELECTRICITY AND STEAM IN PARIS
(TIRU) 71
FIGURE 6-27. UNIT PRICES FOR ELECTRICITY AND STEAM IN PARIS
(TIRU) ....... 71
FIGURE 6-28. REVENUE AND EXPENSE COMPONENTS FOR THE FOUR TIRU
PLANTS 72
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 6-1. SOURCE AND AMOUNT OF GREATER PARIS WASTE
TABLE 6-2. DESTINATION OF WASTE COLLECTED IN THE GREATER PARIS
AREA 11
TABLE 6-3. AVAILABILITY OF ISSY'S TOTAL SYSTEM 14
TABLE 6-4. DISPOSITION OF BOTTOM ASH, SCRAP METAL AND FLY
ASH 15
TABLE 6-5. STEAM PRODUCTION, LOSSES, SALE AND AVAILABILITY . . 16
TABLE 6-6. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, LOSSES SALE AND AVAILA-
BILITY 17
-------
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Page
TABLE 6-7. STEAM PRODUCTION, LOSSES, SALE AND AVAILABILITY . . 50
TABLE 6-8. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, LOSSES SALE AND
AVAILABILITY 51
TABLE 6-9. HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL PRODUCTION, SALES, PURCHASES
AND INTERNAL CONSUMPTION 52
TABLE 6-10. PRODUCTION FOR C.P.C.U. DISTRICT HEATING USES,
PRODUCTION CAPACITY, CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND
ANNUAL ACTUAL STEAM PRODUCTION ... 53
TABLE 6-11. C.P.C.U. DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK FACTS 57
TABLE 6-12. C.P.C.U. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF CUSTOMERS .... 58
TABLE 6-13. AIR POLLUTION TEST RESULTS ON AN UNSPECIFIED
FRENCH PLANT 62a
TABLE 6-14. FRENCH REFUSE FIRED STEAM GENERATOR AIR POLLUTION
TEST RESULTS 62b,c
TABLE 6-15. FINANCIAL RESULTS OF TIRU 1976 OPERATIONS AT THE
PARIS: ISSY PLANT (THOUSANDS OF FRENCH FRANCS) . . 68
TABLE 6-16. FINANCIAL REUSLT OF TIRU 1976 OPERATION AT PARIS:
ISSY PLANT (FRENCH FRANCS PER REFUSE INPUT
TONNE) 69
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OVERALL SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
Figure 6-1 displays the overall system schematic for
the Issy plant.
COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION
Geography
The Issy plant is located in the Southwest of Paris along the
Seine River as can be seen in Figure 6-2. The area along the river is
flat but sufficiently above the river water level so that no excavation
ground water problems were experienced.
Actually the name "issy-les-Moulineaux" comes from the Paris
suburb of that same name. The map also shows the location of the three
other major facilities: Ivry, St. Ouen and Romanville. Ivry is similar
to Issy. St. Ouen is an older 360,000 tons per year rotary kiln. The
Romanville facility is now only a transfer station having ceased burning
operations in 1969. Much of the Romanville waste is transferred to Issy
at night. Throughout the report, reference will be made to the interaction
of all four facilities.
The greater Paris metropolitan area population is 7,750,000;
while that of the City of Paris is 2,790,00. Issy, a suburb, has a population
of only 52,000. The remainder of the population is in the 53 other Parisian
suburbs.
Government and Industry
The employment pattern in government and industry is diverse and
balanced as one would expect of France's capital city and largest city.
Heavy industry does not contribute much waste to the Issy plant.
With one exception, the city of Paris has a parallel organizational
position with the other 54 suburbs. The plant, therefore, is not run by the cities
of Paris or Issy, but by a Federally chartered organization: Electricite' de France.
Actually the operations are controlled by its somewhat independent unit:
Service du Traitement Industriel des Residus Urbains (TIRU). Much of the
-------
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FIGURE 6-2 . WASTE GENERATION AREA AND TREATMENT PLANTS
FOR THE PARIS, FRANCE PLANTS THAT TREAT
URBAN WASTE
-------
information in this report was supplied by the officials of this "Service
for the Industrial Treatment of Urban Waste".
The one exception mentioned is that the Department of Seine financed
and built the Issy plant. Several years ago, General DeGaulle rearranged
governmental activities so that the City of Paris now owns the units but has
no operational responsibilities.
SOLID WASTE PRACTICES
Solid Waste Generation
TIRU's four plants received 1,651,112 tons of residential, commercial and
light industrial waste in 1976 from Paris and the 54 suburbs. This is
a 0.73 percent increase from the previous year. Since 1972, refuse from
Paris and the suburbs has been declining in volume as can be seen in
Figure 6-3 and Table 6-1.
Industrial waste as a proportion of the total is very little. This
has likely lead to the rather low calorific value of the waste. The
prohibition of kitchen disposal units naturally causes the wet garbage portion
of the waste to rise. Local officials report that the Issy lower heating
value normally ranges from 1700 to 1900 Kcal/kg (3420 Btu/pound)
[7955 kj/kg] (referred to LHV = lower heating valvue).
The manufacturer, however, designed the plant for a much wider
range: 900 to 2500 Kcal/kg (1620 to 4500 Btu/pound) [3768 to 10,467 kJ/kg](all LHV)
Figure 6-4 presents the weekly and seasonal pattern of collection
("incineration and landfill also) . Note the sharp drop in collections during
the July through September period. The pattern is opposite in many U.S.
cities where summer generation is often high.
PVC content in Paris waste ranges from 1 to 1.7 percent.
Solid Waste Collection
Refuse is collected in standard refuse collection trucks. However.
some material is received at Issy in 30m3 (40 yd3) transfer trailers from Romafciville,
the transfer station Northeast of Paris.
Paris has 750 trucks bringing refuse to all four plants. Of these,
O T
180 are electric. Forty are only 6 or 8m (8 or 10 ydj) for collecting
-------
COLLECTION OF HOUSEHOLD WASTES
Millions of Tonnes
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1 500
1 400
1 300
1 200
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on narrow streets. Most, however, are 16 m (20 yd ) traditional European
garbage trucks.
The electric trucks mentioned above can travel 50 km (30 miles)
on a charge. A typical route is 5 km (3 miles) while the typical distance
to unload and return to the garage is 15 km (9 miles). Thus the truck
must be recharged about every two runs.
The schedule of collection is rather unique. The City of Paris
public vehicles deliver to Issy between 6 and 8 a.m.; seven (7) days per
week. These same public workers spend the remainder of the working day
sweeping the streets in their assigned neighborhoods. Suburban and private
vehicles deliver between 9 and 12 a.m.
Of the 5,000 collection workers, 70 percent are foreign; many
being from Senegal, Algeria and other parts of Africa. There have been
increasing numbers of French workers in recent years.
Each of the 55 communities is responsible for its respective
collection. The cities either publicly collect or license private haulers.
The City of Paris publicly collects its residential and commercial waste
but subcontracts its truck fleet maintenance to a private firm.
The collection fees in most communities are assessed pro-
portionally to real estate taxes once the year's financial results are
declared and accepted. The typical household collection fee would be
about 350 Fr fr/tonne ($65.86/ton). The collection costs had been rising
15 percent per year but rose only 5 percent last year.
Solid Waste Transfer and/or Pretreatment
During 1976, 59,700 tonnes (65,670 tons) of refuse were routinely
collected in the Romanville transfer station area and then sent to Issy
for incineration. Due to respective plant outages, Ivry sent 14,800 tonnes
(16,280 tons) to Issy while St. Ouen sent 900 tonnes (990 tons).
Bulk refuse is collected several times a year and is directly
landfllled.
There are no major source separation programs or recycling centers.
-------
Solid Waste Disposal
The long term trend of three disposal alternatives (incineration,
composting and landfilling) is shown in Figure 6-5). Incineration was in
vogue before World War II (WW II) and regained posture after 1960 with the
advent of the water tube wall incinerator (80.5% of the total in 1976).
Composting, prevalent before and after WW II is no longer an alternative
in the Paris greater metropolitan area (0.0 of the total in 1976). Landfilling
has only been a volume activity since WW II, but has now only a minimal
position among disposal alternatives (10.5% of the total in 1976).
The refuse is taken to one of the four plants shown in Table 6-2.
Issy-les-Moulineaux, Ivry and St. Ouen are refuse fired steam generators
while Romasnville is an old incinerator converted to a transfer station. About
47 percent of the Romasnville waste is incinerated. The rest is landfilled at
Bouqueval.
Referring back to Figure 6-2, the Issy trucks travel one way (as
the crow flies) up to 8 km (5 miles) towards the center of Paris and
up to 13 km (8 miles) out to the suburbs. The Romanville transfer
trailers must travel 15 km (9 miles) one way on expressways but through
the center of Paris.
TIRU is responsible for operations at all four facilities as a
metropolitan regional activity.
There is no codisposal of sewage sludge at the Issy plant.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM
Background
Paris is commonly known to be a large historical urban metropolitan
center. As a result, the structure of the community with respect to solid
waste collection and dispoal was established decades ago.
The first Issy incineration facility was built in 1903. The plant
had three refractory lined batch ovens with no heat recovery capability.
A second plant was built on adjoining land in 1928. This plant consumed
about 230,000 tons/year in six continuous feed furnaces. This plant did
recover energy with its three 6 mw turbines producing a total of 18 mw.
-------
10
Thousand of Tonnes
FIGURE 6-5. EVOLUTION OF THREE BASIC SOLID WASTE
TREATMENT METHODS
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In 1946, EDF-TIRU assumed operational responsibility for the
plant.
This second Issy plant was closed in 1955 and demolished in 1962.
From 1955 through 1965 much of the Southwest Paris area's waste was then
composted andlandfilled. (See the previous bulge in the iandfilling
methods. (Figure 6-5).
Beginning of Subject System
In 1960, Parisians voted to build their third Issy plant. TIRU
organized the bidding and called for separate contracts on everything except
the "chute-to-I.D. fan". Other contracts were for civil engineering, feed-
water system, turbines, chimnpvs, ash recovery, landscaping, etc.
When asked why Martin was chosen, officials made the following
reply.
(1) Local officials were most impressed by the Martin grate as
seen in Sao Paulo, Brazil. (However, Sao Paulo heats only
combustion air, not steam.)
(2) Martin suggested to use the new Issv plant for experimentation
both by Martin engineers and by TIRU staff. (This arrange-
ment has facilitated the development of the TIRU staff into
one of the best local operating organizations in Europe.)
(3) In the point system evaluation procedure, Martin was granted
ten points over competition for its thermal efficiency.
Martin had previous experience in coal plants.
(4) Integration of a grate and boiler system was not new to Martin.
At that time, the concept was fairly new to some of the other
competitors. TIRU wanted an"integrated" refuse fired steam
generator as contrasted with a grate followed by a waste heat
boiler.
(5) In 1962, the biggest unit in France was the 8 ton/hour facility
at St. Ouen (Volund's grate followed by a rotary kiln).
TIRU, however, wanted a very large unit. Martin, with its modular
three multiple runs could offer a 15 ton/hour system. With
limited land available for more units and with TIRU's desire
for efficiently produced electricity, they opted for Martin.
-------
13
The above was cause for Martin to be chosen despite Martin's
"chute-to-I.D. fan" price being 50 percent higher than some of the competition.
Building Subject System
The total 1962 capital investment cost was 110,000,000 Frfr
($22,700,000) including a negligible amount to destroy the unused second Issy
plant.
There were few notable aspects or interruptions associated with
the construction.
Availability for Operation
Percent availability is a definitional matter where one must pay
careful attention to the numerator and denominator as displayed in the
following four tables 6-3 to 6- 6 .
Table 6-3 Total system (Furnace/boiler)
Table 6-4 Ash handling
Table 6-5 Steam production
Table 6-6 Electricity production.
By having a concise display of pertinent operating data, the
reader can better develop his own ratios regarding (1) a total refuse
fired steam generator (2) that produces ash, (3) much steam for district
heating, and (4) a moderate amount of electricity. Some information in
these tables will be repeated and discussed in later relevant sections.
In Table 6-4 a footnote refers to some bottom ash being sent to
Ivry in 1976. This was done because Ivry has a metal recovery system for
processing furnace residue.
-------
14
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16
TABLE 6-5. STEAM PRODUCTION, LOSSES,
SALE AND AVAILABILITY
Month of December
(Tonnes of Steam)
Basic production of steam exiting
boilers (50 bars, 410°C)
Loss at pressure relief valve
Technical sampling and losses
Available from boiler
Condensing turbines
Auxiliary condenser
Losses to atmosphere
Other losses
1976
86,772
(1,026)
(3,256)
82,490
(11,609)
(72)
(614)
1975
81,294
(4,077)
77,217
(3,879)
(338)
(2,380)
Year
1976
964,718
(14,598)
(38,580)
911,540
(129,435)
(1,238)
(437)
(6,241)
of
1975
940,377
(3,503)
(43,172)
893,702
(113,623)
(538)
(660)
(35,082)
Sales to C.P.C.U/1)
for district heating
Average hourly vaporization
during operation
Hours available of equipment
to produce steam
Boiler availability
Percent utilization if
boiler is available
Tonnes of steam per tonne
of refuse
70,195
70,620
786,671
743,799
33.2
29.5
33.2
31.9
2,880 2,875 30,567 30,348
96.7 96.6 87.0 86.6
75.3
1.62
70.7
1.69
78.9
1.67
77.5
1.67
Source: TIRU Statistics.
(1) C.P.C.U. is the City of Paris Urban Heating Company.
-------
17
TABLE 6-6. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, LOSSES
SALE AND AVAILABILITY
Month of December
(Mega watt-hours)
Production from counterpressure
turbines
Production from condensing
turbine
Total production
Purchase from C.I.M.E.
Total available
Internal uses of electricity
Electricity sale to C.I.M.E.
Internal consumption (Mw-h)
of electricity per tonne
of refuse burned
Counterpressure turbine actual
hours
Condensing turbine actual hours
Counterpressure turbine hours
available
Condensing turbine hours
available
Counterpressure turbine availability
Condensing turbine availability
Counterpressure turbine utilization
during availability
Condensing turbine utilization
during availability
Production of electricity (Kw-h)
per tonne of steam entering the:
Counterpressure turbine
Condensing turbine
1976
3,960
2,041
6,001
61
6,062
(1,752)
4,310
0.032
679
534
744
744
100
100
59.1
17.3
48.0
175.8
1975
3,576
696
4,272
0
4,272
(1,608)
2,664
0.033
744
219
744
510
100
68.6
53.4
8.6
46.3
179.4
Year of
1976
43,597
23,826
67,423
300
67,723
(19,654)
48,069
0.033
8,382
5,033
8,602
8,602
97.9
97.9
56.3
17.4
47.8
184.0
1975
42,418
20,157
62,575
219
62,794
(18,753)
44,041
0.033
8,531
4,016
8,613
7,961
98.
90.
54.
15.
47.
177.
3
9
7
9
5
4
Source: TIRU Statistics.
-------
18
PLANT ARCHITECTURE
Plant Setting
The plant is situated beside the highway along the Seine
River. The major rail tracks, seen in Figure 6-6, are inland and on the
plant's other side. Light industry surrounds the plant.
Environmental Setting (non-pollutant aspects)
Considering the industrial setting, the plant has little objection-
able noise. As with virtually all refuse fired steam generators, the
negative pressure minimizes odor. Vegetative landscaping is modest but
done in good taste.
Plant Hygiene
Being a large plant, one man is assigned to keep clean the exposed
tipping area shown in Figure 6-7. The scalloped ceiling and arch to the
tipping area is one of the most sophisticated architectural features ob-
served in the European plants.
As in other well designed and operated plants, no specific
or routine measures are needed to control rodents or insects.
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19
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21
REFUSE FIRED STEAM GENERATOR EQUIPMENT
Waste Input
Household, commercial and light industrial wastes are consumed
in the raw state, i.e., directly from the garbage truck. An unusual waste
delivery pattern affects operations. Wet domestic and commercial refuse collected
by public officals arrives in the morning. However, dry industrial refuse
collected by private haulers arrives in the afternoon. Crane operators are
thus required to be more diligent in their mixing activities.
Each furnace was originally designed for 15 tonnes (16.5 tons)
per hour. The rating was later raised to 17 tonnes (18.7 tons) per hour.
However, in 1975, the throughput in "active furnaces" averaged 19.1 tonnes
(21.0 tons) per hour and in 1976, the average was 19.9 tonnes (21.9 tons)
per hour. This overloading does strain the system and TIRU officials are
concerned about the long term maintenance effects.
For the total system that processed 522,404 tonnes in 1976, this
equates to 1,431 tonnes (1,574 tons)per day on a seven day burning basis.
The system is designed to handle waste with a lower heating value
(LHV) of 900 to 2500 K cal/kg (1600 to 4500 Btu/pound) [3769 to 10,6471
K Joules/kg]. Samplings in 1975 and 1976 reveal a 1700 to 1900 mean value.
Because the operators have continuous readings of weight processed and steam
produced, continuous LHV are available.
The PVC content ranges from 1.0 to 1.7 percent.
Weighing Operation
A weighing station is centered on the tipping floor situated at
6.5 m (21.3 feet) above the River Seine (see exterior room in Figure 6-5),
opposite the charging doors. The mechanical scale has excellent accuracy
and has >.posed no unusual maintenace problems. The government officially
tests and recalibrates the scales once per year.
-------
22
Provisions to Handle Bulky Wastes
Bulky wastes (stoves, bedsprings, etc.) are not normally sent to
the Issy plant. The plant can accept almost any size material that can get
into a traditional garbage truck. Industrial waste generators sign a con-
tract where they agree not to deliver bulky liquid and other hazardous
waste to the TIRU plants. Several times per year, special bulky waste
collections are held.
However, if bulky wastes are taken to Issy, the scale operator
can order the driver to offload onto an open area and thus the oversized
pieces never enter the pit. The Martin hopper, feed chutes, grate, and
ash handling systems can, however, accomodate very large objects, but the
eventual bottleneck is often the ash discharger.
One notable and unbelievable example was a fully assembled Fenwick
forklift truck that was found inside the furnace and on the grate. Because
it could not pass through the ash handling system, it was removed by
first cutting it into pieces.
Also other undesirable objects do enter the pit and may require
the following actions:
(1) If in the pit, pull large objects up to small platform
next to and at the level of the hopper. Using welding torch
cut the object into smaller pieces. Drop pieces into the
hopper for normal processing.
(2) Using the crane bucket, use hoods and rope to pull the bucket
back to the truck tipping door.
(3) Use long rakes and hooks for dislodging in the hot furnace.
(4) Use shorter rakes and hooks at the end of the ash discharger.
(5) Assess penalties against the waste generator.
(6) If the waste generator continues to send undesirable material
to the plant, cancel his disposal privilege for 2-3 months.
Unfortunately, the pit area is not designed for a crane to simply
pick up the bulky or hazardous object for setting aside on the floor. Martin
engineers recommend that such provisions be made at future plants.
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23
Waste Storage and Retrieval
3 3
Nine (9) doors open to the 6000 m (7850 yd ) pit that holds
2,500 tonnes (2,750 tons) when level. When refuse is stacked above the
tipping floor level, 5,000 tonnes (5,500 tons) can be stored. There-
fore, 3 to 4 days waste can be stored.
Concern was expressed about spontaneous combustion when 2 to 3
days supply accumulate in the pit. Another source of fires is sparks from
constructive welding to repair the crane or bucket and destructive welding to
destroy large bulky refuse.
For small fires, the truck-tipping floor mounted hoses are sufficient,
The local fire department is called out for large fires.
The traveling bridges are inspected each morning. Ten elec-
trical contacts must be maintained. Repairmen can replace contacts until
too many have failed. It is the welding of these contacts that has
caused several pit fires. Then the entire assembly must be replaced.
" If future designers wish to avoid downtime" plant officials
recommended "they should consider two independent bridges where each has
individual circuits and are on different elevations."
The polyp bucket has two kinds of cable. One U-shaped strand lifts
and lowers while the other U-shaped strand opens and closes the bucket. The
cables last anywhere from 2 days to 1 month.
Cables are inspected every Friday to avoid calling in repairmen
over the weekend. Even this does not insure failsafe weekends. If a cable
is fraying or has kinks near the bucket, the cable is shortened by the
operations staff, not maintenance. Four people often spend 3-4 hours
repairing opening-closing cable. Two people can repair the lifting and
lowering cable in 1-1/2 hours.
The crane is equipped with a Bourdon dynamometer. This load
cell measures current in amperes, in the static position, just above
the hopper and immediately before discharging. The crane has a capacity
3 3
of 10 tonnes. The buckets are 5m (6.5 yds ) and can carry 3-3 1/2
tonnes (3.9 tons).
-------
24
A fertilizer plant within the same monolithic structure can be seen
above the railroad tracks in the previous Figure 6-6. These same cranes can
take material from the bunker to the fertilizer plant that produces
tonnes (20 to 30 tons) of fertilizer per hour. The fertilizer can be stored
3 3
in a separate 400m (525 yd ) bunker.
-------
25
Furnace Hoppers and Feeders
The hopper opening has dimensions of 6.25 m (20.5 feet) by 4.0 m
(i3.12 feet). The hopper tapers off to the chute having dimensions of 1.438 m
(4.72 feet) by 6.25 m (20.5 feet). Normally, the hopper is kept empty while
the feed chute is full as can be seen in Figure 6-8. The chute has a
water cooled jacket. There is also a horizontal water-cooled cut off gate to
minimize burnback. Finally, there is a water-cooled arch connecting the
combustion chamber.
Not typical of most Martin plants, Issy plant experiences frequent
burnback on startup about 90 percent of the time. Burnback on shutdown
is not quite as frequent. In Martin's newer Zurich plant, steam nozzles at
the chute's rear and bottom propel the refuse out onto the. grate, thus
minimizing burnback.
The chute has one access door for easy maintenance during outage
of the incinerator.
Of the four Issy furnace feeding systems, one is hydraulic (150 bar)
and three are electro-mechanically driven. Plant officials value the systems
as about equal. Martin officials admitted their initial skepticism regarding
hydraulic feeders as proposed by TIRU. However, Martin now normally recommends
the hydraulic feeders. A key feature is that the hydraulic system responds
better to a jamming object without breaking. A mechanical system will more
easily break. The main problem with the hydraulic system is oil loss.
Each of the three runs per furnace has two feeder mechanisms; an
upper and a lower ram or pusher. The furnace feeder total width is 6.3 m
(20.67 feet), i.e., 3 x 2.10 m. The cross section of the fuel entry into the
furnace is 8.82 m2 (94.9 ft2) having dimensions of 6.3 x 1.4 m (20.67 x 4.6 feet)
Each pusher is provided at its front end with high-grade heat-
resisting chromium steel alloy bars 12 mm thick and at its rear end with a
10 mm thick steel plate, which is reinforced to withstand the impact of
refuse falling from the hopper. Each pusher is supported at its front end
by sliding noses, and at its rear end by roller bearings on each side and
guided by a vertical roller bearing. Each pusher is operated by a hydraulic
cylinder.
The control of the feeding device is over a range of more than
i to 10. The control equipment is mounted in the hydraulic control cabinet
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26
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27
together with the control equipment of the grate. The feeder control is of
the auto-manual type whereas the manual operation may be done locally
from the control room as specified.
In some more recent systems arrangements are made such that
the refuse level within the chute at the minimum allowable level can be
measured by a radioactive device and indicated in the crane operating cab
and in the main control room.
Primary Air Source (Underfire Air)
Primary air is pulled in from the bunker through vents between the
hoppers as can be seen in Figure 6-1. Each incineration unit is furnished
with one Pratt forced draught (FD) fan with a 100,000 Nm3/hour capacity
(62,210 scfm). The air pressure is 550 mm of water (21.7 in).
The fan is of the radial flow type with inlet vane control.
The fan housing is provided with one inspection door. The wall of the
housing is reinforced by external fins.
The impeller is statically and dynamically balanced. The bearings
are provided with a special seal to prevent the ingress of dust, with oil
level indicators and with local thermometers fitted with maximum temperature
contacts. The shaft of the fan is made of forged steel.
Since the combustion air is drawn from the refuse bunker, a certain
content of solid particles in the combustion air with subsequent deposition,
fouling and unbalance of the impeller is taken into consideration. Therefore,
cleaning with water, and replacement are simple and quick. This fan delivers
the air to the grate via a steam air preheater with controlled by-pass.
The undergrateairpressure is controlled constant of 40.0 mbar (16 in water)
-------
28-29
hy means of fan inlet vanes. They by-pass control damper
enables the combustion air to be heated to the temperature required for the com-
bustion process. With the by-pass damper closed, a maximum combustion air
temperature of 200 C (392 F) can be reached.
Ducts for undergrate air and for front and rear overfire air
nozzles are branched downstream of the air preheater.
For each furnace, the air is distributed to 21 plenum chambers (7 plenum
chambers per run and 3 runs per furnace). All compartments have individual
orifices covered by dampers. All dampers are remote controlled and actuated
by a servo-motor-driven mechanism. Each damper can be individually regulated
if this is necessary for particular fire-bed conditions, but normally all dampers
together will be remote controlled.
The desired C02 content in the gases and the combustion process
itself, under all load conditions is maintained economically by remote control
of the air dampers from the control room.
Siftings are pneumatically removed from the plenum's bottom in
time with an auto clock. The system is manually controlled from the floor
or can be semi-automatically controlled from the control room. The sittings
removal system is unique to Issy and will not likely be duplicated elsewhere.
The plenum chambers are inspected once per year. Wall thickness is
measured near the air entrance and the siftings collector exit, Blasts
of air with small abrasive glass, etc., are erosive.
-------
30
Secondary Air (Overfire Air)
The secondary air is supplied by a fan having an output of
3 3
(16,500 ft /min) and rated at 28,000 Nm /hr. The air is delivered to two
rear wall rows. Each row has 16 nozzles.
Another separate secondary (or tertiary) air system starts with a fan
3 3
having an output of (26,000 ft /min) and rated at 44,000 Nm / hr. This
air is delivered to a single row of four (4) nozzles located 1 to 2 m
(3 to 6 feet) above the front wall nose.
Both secondary air systems together provide 20 to 25 percent of the
total air consumed.
In the past, there has been some radiation burning of the nozzles.
Plant people pointed out that air should be passing through the nozzles at
all times. But even with the radiation burning, they never have had to
replace any nozzles.
Burning Grate
The Martin "Reverse Reciprocating" Stoker grate is inclined down-
ward from the feed end towards the clinker discharge end and comprises
alternately fixed and moving steps of grate bars. The activated steps move
slowly counter to the downhill refuse movement.
In this manner, the fuel bed is constantly agitated, rotated, and
again leveled out. The glowing mass is pushed back from the main burning
area tox^ards the front or feeding end of the grate. The different phases
of combustion i.e., drying, volatilizations, ignition, and burn-out thus
take place at the same time in close contact with one another. Freshly fed
refuse is quickly dried out and ignited from below by the base fire always
existing at the grate front end. (See Figure 6- 9).
The incinerator grate is set at an angle of 26° and is 6.3 m wide
2
by 8.4 m long having a projected grate surface area of 53 m and an
2
active grate surface of 60 m . It consists of three runs (sections) having
-------
31
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32
15 active steps, each alterative step being of the movable type operated
by the hydraulic grate mechanism. Each run has 100 mm (4 inch) wide grate
bars.
The grate bars consist of a wear and high-heat resisting 16 percent
chrome steel alloy. Air entering the grate bars passes through the
serpentine channels in the underside of the bar before passing through the
air slot (less than 2 mm wide) between adjacent bars into the fuel bed.
The static air pressure resistance to air flow thus created is higher than
that of the refuse layer on the grate. As a result, the undergrate air
is uniformlv distributed over the area of each grate zone.
-------
33
The Martin Stoker is subdivided lengthwise into seven compart-
ments to which undergrate air is admitted through damper openings of
different sizes in accordance with air supply requirements over the whole
grate surface. The opening angle of these dampers is selected by a central
controller and is proportioned to the desired heat release. Each section
of grate with its air plenum and siftings hoppers are supported by a
structural steel system of ample strength to carry all of its parts and a
2
refuse bed of 500 kg/m unit weight. Grates and supports are sufficiently
strong to withstand the impact of freely falling refuse from the top of
the feed hopper and bulks of slag from the furnace walls, respectively.
The burned-out residue travels slowly down the grate under
constant agitation. After reaching the grate end, a slowly rotating
clinker roll seizes the residue and dumps it into the quench pit. (See
Figure 6-10). This gentle grate action reduces dust and charred-paper
generation from the fire bed. This helps reduce dust carried through the
boiler and into the precipitator. The grate action also prevents the
formation of excessive hot spots and excessive clinker bui3d-up and helr>r>
to produce a residue having only about 3 percent unburned carbon. Side
faces of the bars are machined to achieve even, uniform widths of air gaps
between adjacent bars and are arranged to prevent spreading or bunching of
individual bars. At the sides of the grat.; sections, self-compensating
expansion blocks precent binding of the fr te bars due to heat expansion.
This helps to maintain a constant air gap arid ensures that the openings
for combustion air are limited to approximately 2 percent of the grate
area surface. The air openings in the Martin grate bar design are fixed
at the front of the bar so that the combustion air spreads over the whole
underside surface of the firebed, regardless of any dense objects. To
break up clinker formation, some of the bars have a pyramid head fixed on top.
At the upper and lower end of each stroking movement, the adjacent
bars in all grate steps will move, by mechanical action, a distance of
-------
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about 20 mm to each other, and this movement prevents blockage of the air
gaps.
The operator at Issy has much flexibility in grate control
primarily because the grate strokes can be varied anywhere from 7 to 80
per hour.
Above the main burning zone, the combustion gases are turbulated
by overfire air jets admitted at high velocity, resulting in a thorough
burn-out of the gases. The combustion gases are directed towards the green
refuse just introduced to promote its drying and ignition. This is achieved
by the rear arch the nose of which projects far into the furnace, and the
overfire air nozzles arranged below this arch.
During 12 years of operation, the Issy plant has replaced on the
average 60 to 70 grate bars per year per furnace out of a total 900 bars per
furnace capacity. Extreme figures have been a low of 40 bars per year up to
a maximum of 100 bars per year. The procedure for replacement of individual
bars of the grate can be achieved without disturbing the grate as a whole.
Martin has a continuing maintenance contract with TIRU. Martin
formally inspects each furnace once per year. In recent years, Martin has
noted moderately high grate maintenance problems on the grate mainly because
of the overload, i.e., designed for 15 tonnes per hour and running at 20
tonnes per hour.
The movable bars are mechanically activated. While the Battelle team
was on location, a most complex failure took place. Sittings and clinker
had been collecting in the final plenum of one of the runs. Coincidentally,
a wall tube at the top of the second boiler pass burst. Water
cascaded down through the second pass fly ash hopper and down onto the
lower grate bars and clinker roll. The water, flyash, sittings and clinker
formed a concrete like hard mass. Finally, the mass become so hard that
the mechanical rotary cam driver burst.
Ash Discharger
The Martin Ash Discharger (See Figure 6-11) receives the slag
from the grate as well as the sittings from the different sections of the
grate and the fly ash from the two boiler pass hoppers. The water bath
forms an air-tight seal. The whole slag and ash discharging equipment is
able to handle the largest pieces delivered by the charging chute.
-------
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The inside cross sectional dimensions are 2 x 1 m (6.6 x 3.25 feet).
The discharge output can be 6.3 tonnes (7 tons).
The remaining water content in the slag and ash is about 15 percent.
Water replacement for the relatively small water quenching bath is limited
to the water evaporated and carried away with the clinker. This explains
the very low water consumption rate of about 100 litres/1000 kg of refuse i.e.,
about 2000 kg/h of wafer when burning 20 t/h of refuse. There is no water
flowing through the discharger and no polluted water effluent.
Under the discharger mouth, slightly inclined gri'ds of 400 mm
mesh are provided through which clinker falls onto a vibrating conveyor
whereas bulky objects (mostly tins and barrels) are held back by the grid and
may easily be removed by the personnel and dumped into carts or containers
standing by. (See Figure 6-12).
The replaceable wearing plates are of 12 mm and 15 mm thickness.
All parts are designed to withstand wear and tear during the operation period
of at least 8000 hours.
The drive of the ash discharger is protected by an overload
protection and the discharging capacity is controlled by an infinitely
variable speed regulation in the hydraulic distribution cabinet. The
forming of excessive vapor is prevented. The ash discharge has a grate
valve at the bottom of the trough for evacuation for maintenance purposes.
The trough itself is constructed of steel plates with thickness of 10 mm
and suitably reinforced.
Fly Ash Handling
The coarse fly ash collected in the hoppers under the boiler passes
is conveyed to the ash discharger via screws. On the other hand, the fine
ash collected in the E.P. is not led into the ash discharger but rather
into fly ash silos. The purpose is to avoid fouling of the ferrous scrap
which is extracted from the refuse clinker. The fly ash collected in these
silos is moistened by conditioning screws and discharged onto the clinker
in the clinker pit.
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Clinker Discharge Roll
A full-width variable-speed residue discharge roll is fitted at
the end of the grate to regulate the depth of refuse bed on the grate and
to control the rate of residue discharge. The grate speed can be adjusted
to suit the nature of refuse so that optimum mixing of the fuel layer can be
obtained for fluctuations in load and composition.
The clinker roll is of heavy construction with replaceable cast
iron segments. The material is designed to resist heavy abrasion and the
temperature likely to be encountered at this point of the grate.
A chute is provided at the end of the grate to direct burned-out
residue to the ash discharger. The bottom end is submerged in the water
contained in the ash discharger quench trough to ensure a gas seal and to
prevent ingress of cold air to the incinerator. The chute is lined with
steel plates bolted to form an abrasion resistant surface and it is fabri-
cated in thick plate adequately stiffened. An access door is included in
the lower section of the chute to facilitate access above the water level in
the ash discharger trough.
Clinker Handling and Scrap Processing
As can be seen in Figure 6-13, clinker exits by conveyor and
enters the processing plant on the left of the picture. The ferrous metal
is extracted with a magnet and clinker is sorted by size to produce a road
base material which is sold. The remaining material is trucked to a landfill.
Furnace Wall (Combustion Chamber)
Issy is an excellent example of the historical development of
the Martin recommended furnace.
Stage 1 Refractory Brick Walls. The sidewalls of the combustion
chamber and the first and second pass were orginally water tubed, backed by
refractory brickwork. Because of flame impingement, corrosion occured on
the bare water tubes, which caused furnace side wall tubes to burst after 5,000
to 6,000 hours, resulting in problems to the boiler. Perhaps material was
also adhering to the refractory brickwork. For whatever reasons, TIRU decided
to change the furnace wall.
-------
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-------
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Stage 2. Alumina Blocks Surrounding Boiler Tubes. The boiler
tubes of the combustion chamber side walls were 70 mm(2.8 in) in diameter,
the tube wall thickness was 4 mm(0.16 in) and the spacing was 160 to 180 mm
(7 in). As a corrective measure, a shaped silicon carbide Carborundum block
was designed and used as shown in Figure 6-14. These were installed from the
stoker area up to the secondary air jets.
Cement was used to bond the blocks together. While the ash
would not easily stick to the special blocks, it did stick to the cement
mortar. Eventually in operation or in cleaning the slag, fused with the
cement, would come offpulling with it the cement mortar. Combustion
air could then penetrate to the tubes. Eventually blocks began to fall.
This system thus had to be replaced.
Stage 3. Plastic Silicon Carbide Surrounding Boiler Tubes. The
third effort upon removal of the blocks was to apply ten (10) tons of plastic
silicon carbide. A basically dry cement mixture of SiC and 8 percent II~0
was packed and rammed around the tubes a,s shown in Figure 6-15. The material
was called Carbofrax SiC798B.
In 1966, two men worked for 2 weeks to install this plastic
material. It should have lasted 5 years. The ash on slag stuck to the
walls and would fall when the walls were cleaned. The plastic had nothing
to stick to.
Stage 4. Studded Boiler Tubes Covered with Alumina. The fourth
and current stage is use of welded studs covered with 42 percent Al 0.,
plastic refractory. The alumina is cheaper than the silicon carbide and
the binder bonds better at lower temperatures. The more expensive SiC has
better wear once a proper bond is made. However, sometimes it is difficult to
heat it for a long time-at-high temperature for a complete SiC bond. Wear has
been much better with the Stage 4 approach. During scheduled downtime,
maintenance people simply add more refractory around the studs in loosened,
cracked, or fallen areas.
Furnace wall (First and Second Passes)
These two empty radiation passes have a heating surface area of
280 m2 ( 3013 ft2). The corresponding furnace volume is 290 m (10,235 ft3).
-------
42
FIGURE 6-14. ISSY ALUMINA BLOCKS SURROUNDING BOILER TUBES
Refractory Brickwork
Fireside
PlyWOOd is removed after the
plastic refractory has set
FIGURE IS-15. PLASTIC SILICON CARBIDE SURROUNDING BOILER TUBES
-------
A3
-------
44
Stage 1. Original Bare Water Tube Walls. Originally the tubes
were bare. The diameter was 70 mm (2.8 in) with a 4 mm (0.16 in) wall thick-
ness. After 15,000 hours, many of the tubes had severe metal wastages or
burst altogether. Thin or burst areas are shown in Figure 6-17a. Typical
deposits carefully removed from the wall tubes are shown in Figure 6-16.
t
Pass
FIGURE 6-17a. ISSY METAL WASTAGE ZONES AND AREAS OF CORRECTIVE SHIELDING
Hypothetical reasons for metal wastage vary from (1) flame impinge-
ment, (2) alternating reducting-oxidizing atmospheres abrasive gases with
high velocity.
Stage 2. Protective Shields Around Water Wall Tubes. Shields
were then applied to these sensitive areas.
Stage 3. Metal Deflector Baffles in Second Pass. Because the super-
heater in the third pass was suffering erosive metal wastage, a metal deflectoi
baffle was installed near the turning point at the bottom of the second pass
as shown in Figure 6-17b.
New Deflector
Baffle
Former Erosion
Point
FIGURE 6-17b. ISSY NEW SECOND PASS DEFLECTOR BAFFLE TO
PROTECT THIRD PASS SUPERHEATER
-------
Stage 4. Plastic Silicon Carbide Surrounding Water Tube Wall.
To further reduce metal wastage, Carborundum's Carbofrax S1C798B was applied in
1977.
Superheater (Third Pass)
Stage 1. (Original Design and Result). The superheater tubes are
hung vertically in the third pass. The original superheater tubes were
38 mm (1.5 in) in diameter. The original design had 56 rows of tubes.
Conditions of combustion and running the units at 17 to 20 tonnes
( 19 to 22 tons) per hour instead of the rated 15 tonnes (16 tons) per hour
overloaded the superheater tubes with deposits. With less cross-sectional
space to travel through, the gas velocity was three times faster than design.
The coating of the superheater passage forced much gas to the
outside and along the wall. Naturally the lower corner of the far super-
heater suffered from the very high velocity and volume of gas with particulate
per unit time. The baffles, discussed in the second pass section were one of
several solutions implemented after flow model studies were completed.
Stage 2. (Shields for Bottoms of Superheater Tubes). A new shield
design was tried from 1967 to 1971. The two portions of Figure 6-18 depict the
shield arrangement.
i __. J
Liquid Phase
Cement
4mm Thick Cast
Iron Shield
Dew Point Corrosion
FIGURE 6-18. ISSY SHIELDS FOR BOTTOMS OF SUPERHEATER TUBES
-------
The shields vertically cover the lower one and one-half tubes
as shown. The cast iron shields were 4 imn(0.16 in)thick. The void was
packed with a Narcoset (North American Refractories) liquid phase filler
cement.
This new shielding was supposed to protect the superheater tubes
for 4 to 5 years. However, superheater tubes began failing after 2 years
or 11,000 hours. In an unusual manner the failure was attributed to the
steam soot blowernot from erosion or regular corrosion but from conden-
sation. The steam would condense and absorb into the Narcoset packing.
Thus the occasionally wet packing would hygroscopically corrode the metal
tube.
When the above effect was analyzed, the shields were discontinued.
But erosive metal wastage continued.
Stage 3.(New Superheater with Wide Passes). The basic overloading
apparently could not be relieved. Finally in 1973» a new superheater was
installed. Normal slag deposits were later removed.
The 56 rows of superheater tubes were replaced by' 31 rows. The
tube diameter was increased from 38 mm (1.6in) to 44.5 mm (1.8 in). The
old tubes were spaced as shown in Figure 6-19., as compared with the new
spacing.
-oooo " OOOOOO
OOOOOO
OOOOOO
Old New
FIGURE 6-19. ISSY OLD AND NEW SUPERHEATER SPACING
Stage 4. Manual Cleaning of Superheaters. With the wider
spacing between tubes, Issy has gone to manual cleaning of superheater
-------
47
Boiler (Convection Section)
The convection section is 4m wide and 7.5m (24.6 feet) high.
The section is 18 rows deep where each row has 40 tubes across; total
surface = 1110 m2 = 11950ft2.
Jn this Tssy unit, the sootblowers have not been as much of a
problem as the high velocity directional changes. As discussed before, the
furnaces are consuming a third more refuse as called for in the original
design. With limited boiler dimensions, the additional gases must flow faster.
Thus, on turning direction, the abrasive gases erode convection tubes more
rapidly as was true of the superheater section. We do not mean to overemphasize
this effect because tube failures are only beginning after 25,000 hours.
Economizer
Flue gases rise up through four bundles of economizer tubes that
are in the six (6th) pass. Falling steel shot is the method for cleaning
the boiler tubes. Because flue gas temperatures are low, little ash fusion
occurs.
A sootblower might be too effective. The plant people were
concerned about water slugs and a nozzle malfunction associated with sootblowing.
-------
48
ENERGY UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT
Steam leaving the superheater enters first (1) the counterpressure
(backpressure) and then (2) the condensing turbine. Each then, produce
electricity. The energy still in the steam leaving the counterpressure
turbine is partly used for district heating.
Referring to steam numbers as presented in "Table 6-5, Repeated1'
note that 964,718 tonnes (1,063,420 tons) of steam were produced in 1976.
Steam condition was specified at 50 bars (725 psi) and 410 C (770 F). After the
pressure relief valve and other losses 911,540 tonnes (1,004,800 tons) remained fo:
constructive uses.
Electricity Generation
Similarly by referring back to "Table 6- 6 Repeated", results are
shown for the two turbines.
Counterpressure (Backpressure) Turbine-Generator. The
counterpressure turbine-generator set is rated at 9 mw. Figure 6-20
shows the control room.
The unit produced 43,597 mw in 1976 or 2/3 of Issy's output, an
increase of 2.8 percent over 1975. Steam flowed through the unit for 8,382
hours but was available for 8,602 hours out of a possible 8,784 hours. The
availability was thus 97.9 percent.
Because electricity was not always required, the 'generator's capacity wa
used only 56.3 percent of the time. The unit produced 47.8 kw-hr of electricity
per tonne of steam entering the turbine.
Condensing Turbine (Low Pressure). The other turbine,
the low pressure condensing turbine-generator set, is rated at 16 mw.
This unit while rated higher only produced 1/3 of Issy's output.
This was 18.2 percent higher than in 1975. Steam flowed through
the unit for 5,033 hours but was available for 8,602 hours out of
a possible 8,782 hours. The availability was thus 97.9 percent as
well.
Because of the high demand for district heating steam, this
generator's capacity was used only 17.4 percent of the time. The unit produced
184.0 kw-hr of electricity per tonne of steam entering the turbine.
-------
49
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TABLE 6-7. STEAM PRODUCTION, LOSSES,
SALE AND AVAILABILITY
(For Convenience This Table Is Repeated from Page 16)
(Tonnes of Steam)
Moiith of December
"1976" 197J~
Year of
1976
1975
Basic product-ion of steam exiting
boilers (50 bars, 410C'C)
Loss at pressure relief valve
Technical sampling and losses
Available from boiler
Condensing turbines
Auxiliary condenser
Losses to atmosphere
Other losses
Sales to C.P.C.!1/1)
for district heating
Average hourly vaporization
during operation
Hours available of equipment
to produce steam
Boiler availatilitv
of rcf"
86,772 81,294 964,718 940,377
(1,026) (14,598) (3,503)
(3,256) (4,077) (38,580) (43,172)
82,490 77,'217 911,540 893,702
(11,609) (3,879) (129,435) (113,623)
(72) (1,238) (538)
(338) (437)
(614) (2,380)
(660)
(6,241) (35,082)
70,195 70,620 786,671 743,799
33.2
29.5
33.2
31.9
2,880 2,875 30,567 30,348
96.7 96.6 87.0 86.6
75.3
1.62
70.7
1.69
78.9
1.67
77.5
1.67
Source: TIRU Statistics.
(1) C.P.C.U. is the City of Paris Urban Heating Company.
-------
51
TABLE 6-8. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, LOSSES
SALE AND AVAILABILITY
(For Convenience This Table Is Repeated From Page 17)
Month of December
(Mega watt-hours)
Production from counter-pressure
turbines
Production from condensing
turbine
Total production
Purchase from C.I.M.E.
Total available
Internal uses of electricity
Electricity sale to C.I.M.E.
Internal consumption (Mw-h)
of electricity per tonne
of refuse burned
Counterpressue turbine actual
hours
Condensing turbine actual hours
Counterpressure turbine hours
available
Condensing turbine hours
available
Counterpressure turbine availability
Condensing turbine availability
Counterpressure turbine utilization
during availability
Condensing turbine utilization
during availability
Production of electricity (Kw-h)
per tonne of steam entering the:
Counterpressure turbine
Condensing turbine
1976
3,960
2,041
6,001
61
6,062
(1,752)
4:310
0.032
679
534
744
744
100
100
59.1
17.3
48.0
175.8
1975
3,576
696
4,272
0
4,272
(1,608)
2,664
0.033
744
219
744
510
100
68.6
53.4
8.6
46.3
179.4
Year of
1976
43,597
23,826
67,423
300
67,723
(19,654)
48,069
0.033
8,382
5,033
8,602
8,602
97.9
97.9
56.3
17.4
47.8
184.0
1975
42,418
20,157
62,575
219
62,794
(18,753)
44,041
0.033
8,531
4,016
8,613
7,961
98.
90.
54.
15.
47.
177.
3
9
7
9
5
4
Source: TIRU Statistics.
-------
52
Both Turbine-Generators. Table 6- 9 shows the five year history
of electricity production, sales, purchases and internal consumption.
TABLE 6-9. HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL PRODUCTION, SALES,
PURCHASES AND INTERNAL CONSUMPTION
Production
Purchases From C.I.M.E.
Internal Consumption
Sales to C.I.M.E.
1972
89,633
153
18,935
70,851
1973
83,655
121
19,866
63,910
1974
72,903
491
18,780
54,614
1975
62,575
219
18,753
44,041
1976
67,423
300
19,654
48,069
Perhaps for street lighting, the Issy plant purchased 300 mw-hr from the
other E.D.F. subsidiary for distribution: C.I.M.E. This gives a gross
67,423 mw-hr. Interestingly 29 percent of the electrical production
(19,654 mw-hr) was used internally. This left 48,069 mw-hr for sale back
to C.I.M.E. Internal consumption of electricity was 0.033 mw-hr per tonne
of refuse burned.
C.P.C.U. District Heating Steam Inputs
To properly understand Issy, it is important to understand the
total steam inputs to Issy's major steam (not electric) customer, C.P.C.U.
C.P.C.U is the single distributor of district heating steam regardless of
the fuel.
C.P.C.U., also an E.D.F. subsidiary uses fossil fuel to
prodace steam
An old T.I.R.U. power plant, closed in 1973, did supply
a minor amount of steam to the network
T.I.R.U., a subsidiary of E.D.F. produces steam from refuse.
Table 6-10 shows the maximum hourly capacity of the key organizational
contributors.
Thus, all three T.I.R.U. refuse-fired plants only account for
?9 to 1.3 percent of total C.P.C.U. demand. Issy, in 1975, produced only
I/,"1 -'.'rcent of the total C.P.C.U. requirements.
-------
53
TABLE 6-10. PRODUCTION FOR C.P.C.U. DISTRICT HEATING
USES, PRODUCTION CAPACITY, CLIMATOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS AND ANNUAL ACTUAL STEAM PRODUCTION
Hourly Installed Capacity (Tonnes /Hour)
C.P.C.U. (Fossil Fuel)
E.D.F. (Steam from Old
Power Plant)
T.I.R.U. (Refuse)
1971
1,690
300
245
1972
1,840
300
245
1973
1,870
300
280
Production Capacity
(Tonnes/Hour) 2,235 2,385 2,450
Climatological Conditions
Average 7-Month
Heating Season
1971
1972
Temperature °C 7.38 7.82
Degree Days 2252 2168
Annual Actual Production Used
District Heating (Thousand
C.P.C.U. (Fossil Fuel)
E.D.F. (Closed)
Issy (Refuse)
Ivry (Refuse)
Saint-Ouen (Refuse)
Inconsistencies
Actual Steam Production
1971
2,963
306
i
1,670
4-
0
4,939
1972
3,957
97
603
639
411
3
5,710
1973
1974
2,470
295
2,765
1974
6.92 8.42
2349 2031
by C.P.C.U. for
Tonnes/Year)
1973
4,095
240
653
767
392
2
6,149
1974
3,697
224
644
784
403
(3)
5,747
1975
2,510
295
2,805
1975
7.39
2250
1975
4,029
744
852
415
0
6,040
1976
787
767
404
-------
54
C.P.C.U's growth in demand was about 10 percent per year until
the oil crisis. Their own oil fired plants then became less competitive.
Customers in new buildings returned to consideration of small electric or
gas fired heating systems.
The steam is distributed in insulated pipes as shown in Figure
6-21. The return condensate pipe is in the same tunnel.
The monthly pattern shown in Figure 6- 22 clearly shows that all
three of the TIRU refuse fired plants provide the base load. Only during
the important August vacation, does the TIRU production fall to 90,000
tonnes (99,000 tons) per month compared to 210,000 tonnes (231,000 tons) in
January. The fossil fueled C.P.C.U. steam production plants are clearly
peak loading plants.
COUPE D UN CANIVEAU
FIGURE 6-21. STEAM DISTRIBUTION AND RETURN CONDENSATE
PIPES OF C.P.C.U. IN PARIS
-------
55
tonnes
1 000 000
900 000
800 000
700 000
600 000
500 000
400 000
300 000
200 000
100000
C.P.C.U. 4310167
T.I.R.U. 1958089
6 268 256 t
JANV. FEV. MARS AVRIL MAI JUIN JUIL. AOUT SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
FIGURE 6-22. STEAM PRODUCED BY TIRU (SOLIDWASTE FUELED)
AND BY C.P.C.U. (FOSSIL FUELED) IN PARIS
-------
56
The 5-year history describing the C.P.C.U. district heating
network is portrayed in Table 6-11. In December 31, 1975, the trunk
line was 196 km (122 miles) long while the branch lines were only 29 km
(18 miles) long for a grand total of 225 km (140 miles).
The heat density has been gradually rising up to 13.1 kilo therms
per hour per kilometer of pipe. The return condensate percent averages
about 91 percent.
By 1975, 3,208 buildings were receiving steam 2,561 kth/hour
were being delivered.
Slightly over a third of the energy goes to residences and a
third to offices as seen in Table 6-12'..
-------
57
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-------
59
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
The four furnaces, with four Lurgi electrostatic precipitators
(ESP) feed into two chimneys, (See Figure 6-1)
Furnace Exit Conditions
Each boiler supplies 130,000-150,000 Nm3/hr of 300 C (572 F)
temperature combustion gases.
A typical boiler exit gas composition adjusted to 7 percent
CO is as follows:
* Particulates 2000 to 5000 mg/Nn)3
CO 7 percent
0 11 percent
N 69 percent
* HO 13 percent
'2
SO 100 to 400 mg/Nm
NO 100 to 200 mg/Nm
X 3
HCP. 1100 to 1600 mg/Nm
HF traces
The particle size distribution less than 10 uM is 7,5 percent to
10.0 percent.
Precipitator Characteristics
Disregarding the hopper, each precipitator is 15.5 m ( 51 feet)
high 9.2 m ( 30 feet) wide and 10.2 TD ( 33 feet) deep, A dividing
guilotine damper wall is inside each precipitator. This permits half a
precipitator to operate if the other half is damaged.
Thedesignwas not preceeded by a flow-model study.
The average flow velocity in the ESP is 0.925 ro (3 feet) per second.
Two perforated plates at the ESP entrance uniformly distribute the gas. The
units have two (2) fields in series. Each unit has a collection plate surface
of 4320 cm.The plates are approximately 40 cm (16 in.) wide and curved at each
edge. These collector plates are spaced 20 cm (8 in.) from the wires.
Falling hammers clean the plates.
-------
60
The output voltage is 76,000 volts and the output current is
0.42 'amperes. The capacity is 30 Kva.
The pyramidal fly ash hoppers have no method for heating. Fly
ash is removed pneumatically. Ivry also has pneumatic removal but later
Martin installations have used screws to remove flyash. Efficiency was
guaranteed at 98 percent.
A notable philosophy of TIRU management is that full air pollution
stack tests are conducted once per month. Three men do the sampling after
the induced draft fan (just ahead of the stack) while the gas is in a
horizontal flow. Issy uses fewer points than the standard 48 points used
at Ivry. The testing aparatus is portrayed in Figure 6-23.
Gas passes through cyclones and quartz filters for 10 minutes at
each point. Tests on the four Issy furnaces in late February, 1977, showed
3
particulates at 36 to 59 mg/Nm adjusted to 7 percent CO certainly within the
3
80 mg/Nm limit on particulates.
During the emission tests, the crew also measures the energy lost
in the residue's unburnt carbon as well as other losses. Refuse weight
measurements from the crane's load cell are carefully taken and recorded
during the tests. This information permits the monthly calculation of the
LHV of refuse.
Performance of the ESP's was only a problem during shakedown and
initial startup operations. The frequent starts and stops likely caused
moisture to condense and corrosion to occur; but mainly at the ESP's
front end. Wire breakage was the resultant effect. Now routine maintenance
inspection during scheduled shutdowns and minor parts replacement are all
that is needed. In recent years of normal operation, the ESPs are almost
100 percent reliable.
In the past and at some unknown French furnace (codes were used),
detailed air pollution tests were made. Results are presented in Table 6-12 and
Table 6-13 because some very unique pollutants were tested.
-------
61
Heated Box
Quartz Fiber
Filter
Probe
Measuring Section
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
^
1
J
4
u
i f
'
Manometer
a
L
Gas Flow Meter
Pump
Immersed Flask Cooler For Condensibles
I.F.GLND
T-"i' Water
FIGURE 6-23.
APPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENT OF DUST LOADING AND
MOISTURE IN A GAS STEAM (Courtesy Traitment Industrial
des Residus Urbans)
-------
62a
TABLE 1J. AIR POLLUTION TEST RESULTS ON AN UNSPECIFIED FRENCH PLANT
Date (1977)
Rate of Incineration
Rate of Steam
Production
Temperature at Furnace
Roof
Temperature at Boiler
Exit
Volume leaving ESP
Humidity Leaving ESP
Emission Leaving ESP
co2
°0
2
Particulates (@ 7% CO
S02 and SO (@ 7% C02)
NO and N02 (@ 7% C02)
ECU (@ 7% CO,,)
2
Units
(refuse tonnes/
hour)
(steam tonnes/
hour)
(° c)
(°C)
(Nm3/hour)
(%)
(%)
) (Mg/Nm3)
(Mg/Nm3)
(.Mg/Nm )
(Mg/Nm3)
No. 1
2/28
20.11
30.82
880
334
100,190
12.2
6.1
11.0
42
126
97
1,335
Furnace
No. 2
2/25
19.16
32.46
928
308
95,250
13.1
6.5
10.8
36
130
141
1,509
No. 3
2/23
15.73
28.97
956
388
97,910
16.8
7.1
9.4
59
132
138
1,744
No. 4
2/22
18.43
31.11
896
283
108,910
11.9
6.2
11.1
47
139
163
1,074
Source: TIRU Division Controle Technique
Section Laboratoire et Essais
-------
62b
TABLE 6-14. FRENCH REFUSE FIRED STEAM GENERATOR AIR POLLUTION
TEST RESULTS
Item
Measurement and Unit
GENERAL
Code Letter
Furnace Capacity
Average Throughput
Heat Recovery
Air Pollution Control
Chimney Elevation
FURNACE
Gas Composition Exiting From Boiler
CO 2
°2
Water Vapor
Excess Air
Gas Temperature
Exit of Hearth
Exit of First Pass
Entrance to ESP
Exit from ESP
Volume Discharge of Gas to Chimney
Period of Sampling
ESP Efficiency
Amount of Particulates Entering the ESP
H
17 tonnes per hour
16 tonnes per hour
Yes
Electrostatic precipitator
80 meters
8.8%
11.5%
130 g/Nnf
120 %
850 C
755 C
295 C
275 C
67,000 Nm3/hour
26 hours
96 %
1,585 Mg/Nm
-------
6?c
TABLE 6-14.(Continued)
Item Measurement and Unit
POLLUTANTS EMITTED TO THE CHIMNEY
(Adjusted to 7 % C02>
Particulates
Particulates leaving ESP 50 mg/Nm
Fraction Soluble in Water 7 %
Fraction Soluble in Organic Solvents 0.1 %
Inorganic Gases
HC£ A30 mg/Nm3
S02 80 mg/Nm3
H2S04 2 mg/Nm3
NO 40 mg/Nm3
Organic Gases
Acids (an acid form HCOOH) \
Aldehydes
Ketones 1
Alcohols i 2.6 mg/Nm3
Phenols and polyphenols
Aliphatic compounds \
Cyclic and polycyclic compounds
Diverse organic compounds of N,S and C£ 0.2 mg/Nm-'
Acid condensate 117 milliequiv grams
H+/dm3
pH 1
-------
63
Induced Draft Fan
The I.D. fans are also manufactured by Pratt and are located at
ground level just before the chimney.
To increase the longevity of the fan, "Crinite" material was
specifically welded to the fan blades as depicted in Figure 6-24. The
wear is then on the welded beads instead of the fan blades. As the beads
then can be rewelded during routine maintenance.
FIGURE 6-24. CRINITE WELDED BEADS ON FAN BLADES AT PARIS: ISSY
-------
64
Stack Construction
The two chimneys are built of reinforced concrete.
-------
65
PERSONNEL AND MANAGEMENT
Electricitie' de France (E.D.F.) is France's national electric
company and is owned by the Federal government. In 1946, E.D.F. established
the Service du Traitment Industriel des Residus Urbans (T.I.R.U.) for the
purpose of operating refuse-fired steam generators.
Products from the T.I.R.U. plants were to be:
Electricity sold to T.I.R.U.'s sister company, C.I.M.E.
which is E.D.F.'s electricity distribution subsidiary.
Steam sold to a separate organization, Compagnie Parisimne
de Chauffage Urbain (C.P.C.U.).
It is important to understand how all of these large organizations
relate. With that understanding, the personnel and management situation of
T.I.R.U. and it's Issy plant can be placed on its proper perspective. As
indicated earlier in the report, the City of Paris has a parallel contractual
relation as do 54 other metropolitan communities.
The T.I.R.U. organization chart is shown in Figure 6-25. Mr.
Defeche is the Chief of the Service T.I.R.U. The plant managers report
to him as does Mr. Jullien, Director of the Technical Department. The
other positions are shown including Mr. Finet, head of the Pollution Control
Section.
-------
66
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-------
67
ECONOMICS
Capital Investment
The Paris:Issy-les-Moulineaux plant was built in 1962 for
110,000,000 Fr ($22,700,000). The plant was built on the previous Issy
incinerator site so the land cost nothing. Roughly 600,000 Fr fr ($120,000)
was spent to tear the old plant down and level the area.
Annual Financial Figures
Tables 6-15 and 6-16 display the 1976 expense and revenue
figures for Issy. The tables respectively present the total numbers in
Fr fr and Fr fr/tonne.
The tables are unusual in that traditional "labor", "materials",
etc. accounts are separated according to activities such as "testing and
verification", "training and safety", etc.
Key figures of this table are summarized below:
Total Basis
(OOO's)
Fr fr
27,060
14,065
41,125
20,091
-$*
5,574
2,897
8,471
4,139
Per Tonne Basis Per Ton Basis
Fr fr/T
45.99
23.90
69.89
34.14
$/T*
9.47
4.92
14.39
7.03
$/Ton
8.52
4.43
12.95
6.33
Operating and Maintenance
Expenses
Other Expenses
TOTAL EXPENSES
Sales of Electricity and
Steam
Sales of Road Ash and 828 170 1.41 .29 .26
Metal
TOTAL REVENUE
NET COST
20,919
20,206
4,309
4,162
35.55
34.34
7.32
7.07
6.59
6.36
* Converted at $0.206 equals 1 French franc.
** Converted at .9 Tonne equals 1 ton.
-------
68
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-------
70
A per ton expense figure of $12.95 is an accomplishment for
which the staff of TIRU can be most proud. Selling electricity and steam
for districtiheating at $6.59/refuse ton have enabled TIRU to
recover about half of their costs. The net cost figure of $6.36 is one
of the best figures in Europe.
Financial details covering the period 1962 through 1976 are
pictured in the several remaining figures.
Figures 6-26 and 6-27 show the unit sale price pattern for
electricity and steam. The upper line shows the inflated current francs,
while the bottom line shows the same results but in constant 1962 francs.
The jump in the last 3 years was caused by a TIRU labor settlement being
at a higher increase than the general level of French inflation.
Total expenses and revenue components are shown in the following
figures. Figure 6-28 shows current francs while and also in-1962
constant francs. These figures parallel a Battelle observation about RFSG
revenues in both Europe and in North America. Generally speaking, a system
that has a heavy load of district heating (and possibly summer cooling)
will have greater revenue than a system making only electricity.
Practically speaking, however, it may be more difficult to
institutionally develop a district heating market and pure electrical
production may be the only alternative. The reason for lower revenues
from electricity sale is that the RFSG plant must compete with conventional
fossil fueled or nuclear power plants 100 times bigger. In most countries,
there is a national grid of economically produced power that forces a low
sale price for electricity.
-------
71
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-------
72
100
FRANCS COURANTS
CHARGES TOTALES
t
avec prix contractuel
de vente a C.P.C.U.
ELECTRICITE
AUTRES RECETTES
FRANCS CONSTANTS
CHARGESTOTALES
avec prix contractuel
de vente a C.P. C. U.
VAPEUR
-4-
CTR
AUTRES RECETTES
10
FIGURE 6-28i REVENUE AND EXPENSE COMPONENTS FOR THE FOUR TIRU PLANTS
-------
73
FINANCE
The 110,000,000 Frfr ($22,700,000) was financed by the City of
Paris's larger general obligation bond sold to insurance companies and
other large investors. Payments on the 20-year bond began in 1964 at a
6.5 percent interest rate. The rate has fluctuated and is currently
8 percent.
-------
74
REFERENCES
(1) Defeche, J.; Director of TIRU Das neue Mullkraffwerk Issy-les-Moulineaux
(The new refuse incineration plant at Issy-les-Moulineaux) appearing
in the processing-preparation magazine Aufbereitungs-Technik,
January 8, 1967, Volume 7, pp 375-381.
(2) Defeche, J. et al, EOF TIRU, 1976, Servicie du Traitement Industriel
des Residus Urbains, Rapport D'Activita (The TIRU 1976 Annual Report).
(3) Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urban (CPCU) (Small brochure showing
1976 operating results for the Paris Company for Urban District Heating.
(4) Circulaire du 6 June 1972, Relative airx Usines D' Incineration de
Residus Urbains (The newly proclaimed environmental regulations for
incinerators).
(5) Quelques resultats cutnules pour la France entiere (Some cumulative
statistical results for all of France regarding solid waste disposal
alternatives used) T.S.M. - L'EAU November 1975-Supplement.
(6) Devis Programme Type Pour la Miso au Concours des Installations
D*Incineration de Residus Urbains - Cahier des Prescriptions Speciales
(Work program standard, Vendors' proposals for construction are to be
responsive to these specific items.) 31 pages
(7) "Interet economique de la recuperation d' energie par incineration
d'ordures menageres" Report of the working group "Incineration des
ordures menageres avec recuperation d'energie" of the agency for energy
economics (Economic interest in the recovery of energy from incineration
of household wastean intense econometric analysis). Techniques et
Science Municipales No.10-76 Supplement
(8) Inventaire des installations de traitement des ordures menageres.
(Inventory of Installations for Treatment of Household Wastes).
Plan from the Ministere of the Quality of the Life Techniques et
Sciences Municipales No. 11-75 Supplement.
-------
75
DEFINITIONS AND ABREVIATIONS
C.P.C. Cahier des Prescriptions Communes (The book of
Community regulations)
C.P.S Cahier des Prescriptions Speciales (The book of
special regulations referring to mineration).
T.I.R.U. Service du Traiteraent Industrial des Residus Urbains
(Service for the industrial treatment of urban waste)
E.D.F. Electricitve de France (The French government owned
electric public utility).
C.P.C.U Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain
(The Paris Company for Urban district heating).
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-------
TABLE EXCHANGE RATES FOR SIX EUROPEAN COUNTRIES,
(NATIONAL MONETARY UNIT PER U.S. DOLLAR)
1948 TO FEBRUARY, 1978(a)
1943
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1.9 54
1955
1955
1957
1953
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
196"
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978 (Feb.)
Denmark
Kroner
(D.Kr.)
4.810
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.920
6.914
6.914
6.914
6.914
6.906
6.908
6.906
6.386
6.902
6.911
6.921
6.891
6.916
7.462
7.501
7.492
7.489
7.062
6.843
6.290
5.650
6.178
5.788
5.778
5.580
France
Francs
(F.Fr.)
2.662
3.490
3.499
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
4.199
4.906
4.909
4.903
4.900
4.900
4.902
4.900
4.902
4.952
4.908
4.948
5.558
5.520
5.224
5.125
4.708
4.444
4.486
4.970
4.705
4.766
W. Germany
Deucsch Mark
(D.M.)
3.333
4.200
4.200
4.200
4.200
4.200
4.200
4.215
4.199
4.202
4.178
4.170
4.171
3.996
3.998
3.975
3.977
4.006
3.977
3.999
4.000
3.690
3.648
3.268
3.202
2.703
2.410
2.622
2.363
2.105
2.036
Netherlands
Guilders
(Gl.)
2.653
3.800
3.800
3.800
3.800
3.786
3.794
3.829
3.830
3.791
3.775
3.770
3.770
3.600
3.600
3.SOO
3.192
3.611
3.614
3.596
3.606
3.624
3.597
3.254
3.226
2.324
2.507
2.689
2.457
2.280
2.176
Sweden
Kroner
(S.Kr.)
3.600
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.180
5.130
5.180
5.173
5.173
5.181
5.180
5.185
5.186
5.200
5.148
5.180
4.180
5.165
5.180
5.170
5.170
4.858
4.743
4.588
4.081
4.386
4.127
4.670
4.615
Switzerland
Francs
(S.fr.)
4.315
4.300
4.289
4.369
4.285
4.288
4.285
4.285
4.285
4.285
4.308
4.323
4.305
4.316
4.319
4.315
4.315
4.318
4.327
4.325
4.302
4.318
4.316
3.915
3.774
3.244
2.540
2.620
2.451
2.010
1.987
(a) Exchange Rate at end of period.
Line "ae" Market Rate/Par or Central Rate.
Source: International Financial Statistic; 1972 Supplement; April, 1978, Volume
XXXI, No. 4, Published by the International Monetary Fund.
1828r
------- |