SO LID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Abstracts from the Literature
1975-1978

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SOLID   WASTE   MANAGEMENT

 Abstracts from the.Literature, 1975--1978


 SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
  This publication (SW-783) was prepared
       by the-Office of Solid Waste
   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                   1979

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An environmental  protection publication (SW-783)  in the solid
waste management series.  Minor typographic errors and format
inconsistencies in computer printouts herein are  not corrected,
in the interest of expeditious availability of this information

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                       CONTENTS

                                                          Page
Introduction  	     1
Section  1.   General  	     3
         2.   Analysis, Research and Development  	    17
         3.   Industrial Practices  	    48
         4.   Plant Design	    52
         5.   Processing	    62
         6.   Composting	    86
         7.   Land Application and Agricultural Uses  ...    94
         8.   Co-Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Municipal
              Solid Wastes	121
Appendix A.  Abbreviations 	   131
         B.  Quantitative Measurements  	   133
         C.  Language Codes	134
         D.  Hierarchic Terms  	   135
         E.  Geographic Terms  	   146
         F.  Document Category Codes  	   148
                             iii

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                           INTRODUCTION


     This document makes available in  printed  form one of the eleven
major subject categories of the solid  waste management literature
abstracted and stored on computer by the  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency.  A decision to close the computerized  abstracting activities
of the Solid Waste Information Retrieval  System  (SWIRS)  in 1979 was
influenced by rising costs and moderate growth of requests from users.
However, EPA's Office of Solid Waste has  undertaken to publish the
1975 through 1978 data; abstracts from earlier years may appear in
some sections.  The SWIRS monthly abstracts series formerly published
are no longer available.


                              User Requests

     The basic documents listed in the abstracts as "Retained in SWIRS
library" may be requested via interlibrary loan through  recognized
libraries.

     This abstracts series will not cover publications of EPA's Office
of Solid Waste.  Instead, users may request the catalog  Solid Waste
Management: Available Information Materials, which covers the years
1966 to present.   Address the request  to: Solid Waste Information, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,  26 West  Saint Clair Street, Cincinnati,
Ohio  45268.  The above catalog.includes  indexes by subject, author,
and title, with order blanks.


                Format, Abbreviations, and Typographic Errors

     In the interest of making the data available expeditiously, the com-
puter printout is being reproduced without change of minor typographic
errors.  Main abbreviations and acronyms  are listed in the appendixes.

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                               Section  1
                              GENERAL
    (1) SWTRS ACC.NO.:  047440
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEJOitY:   16   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   li
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  The institutional  challenyes  to  residual
management.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Wright cv
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Disposal of fcesidues  on  Land.  Proceedings:
National conference on Disposal ot Residues  on  Land,  St.  Louis, HO,
Sep.  13-15, 1976.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Legal, regulatory, social and  political
institutional challenges to residuals management  are considered.
Industrial residues are oeiug produced  in increasing quantities and
complexities as the result of ooth public and private sector
activities. The disposal or residues on land is basically contralled by
state regulations on  solid waste, municipal  sludge,  and municipal
refuse. Pollution control efforts that  are based  on  a media approacn
complicate the institutional frame tor  residuals  managenent and
control. The role of  different levels of  government  and the private
sector in their disposal is discussed.  (Retained  in  SHIRS library).
    (12) KEYhOHDS:  GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRY;  INSTITUTION; MANAGEMENr;
BEFUSE; REGULATIONS;  RESIDUE; SLUDGE
    (14) HIERARCH TERNS:  1LF/2FF; 1MA/2TQ
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS46494
    (16) CITATION:  Rockville, MD, Information Transfer  Inc., 1977.
p.1-4.
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  046975
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Health and nuisance considerations:  the  basis of
legal constraints in sludge management.
   (1)  AUTHOR:  Walker HR
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:  Third National Conference  on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami  Beach, FL,  Dec.
14-16, 1976.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Legal constraints on  sludge management  in  the  form
cf private legal actions 
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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  046973
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Hhat's in  a  name?  - Chicago's Nu Earth
distribution program.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Alter JH
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:   Third National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization,  Miami Beach, FL, Dec,
1H-16,  1976.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) GEO.  AREA:   1US/2IL/3CJ   (10) PUB. YEAR:
1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The "Nu Earth" program which merchandises sludge  in
Chicago, IL is described. The treatment and management of sludge by  the
Betropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago are discussed.
Becognizing the demand for Nu Earth,  a  sludge distribution policy has
been initiated that offers tree delivery to any person living in Cook
County who requests one truckload or more. The distribution procedure
is detailed. Three categories of  users  are noted (individuals,
•unicipalities, and large users). It is estimated that it costs between
155 and $60 per dry ton to produce  and  distribute Nu Earth. (Retained
in SHIRS library).
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  ECONOMICS; ILLINOIS; MANAGEMENT; SLUDGE; TREATMENT;
UTILIZE
   (1U)  HIERARCH TERHS:   1EC/2C6; 1SP/2UT; 1TV
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS46026
   (16)  CITATION:  Rockville, HD, Information Transfer Inc.,  1977.
p.93-95.
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO. :   046968
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2) SUBJ.Ty.PE:   G
    (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   Sludge, public opinion, agencies, litigations.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Eauer  WJ
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:   Third National  Conference on
 Sludge  Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL,  Dec.
 14-16,  1976.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  GfiO. AfaEA:   1US/2II   (10)  PUB.  YEAfi:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The experiences of a  consulting engineering firm in
 Chicago,  IL,  with practical aspects of sludge manageaent are  reported.
 Sludge,  public  opinion, agencies, and litigation are among  the issues
 discussed.  The  use of  sludge for agricultural purposes is viewed  as a
 controversial subject  from the political and public  agency  points of
 view. The cost  of sludge management is considered to be adversely
 affected  by precautions tanen to guard against hypothetical hazards,by
 interference  from citizen groups, and by the failure to recognize
 sludges'as  a  valuable  resource from which  useful products can be
 derived.  Recommendations to inform the public on tne beneficial aspects
 of  sludge application  are offered.  Case  studies are  cited to  illustrate
 public  misunderstanding, unscientific approaches of  researchers
 regarding digested sludge, and political exploitation.  (Retained  in
 SHIfiS library) .
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; ECONOMICS; LAW; MANAGEMENT; PUBLIC;
 SLUDGE
    (14)  HIERABCH  TERMS:   1MA/2T(J; 1PV; 1SP
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS46021
    (16)  CITATION:  Rockville, MD, Information Transfer Inc.,  1977.
 p.69-73.

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                                  GENERAL
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  046951
   (2)  DOHESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   £2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T
   (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR:   Information Transfer  Inc
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  Proceedings:  Third  National  Conference on Sludge
Hanaqenent Disposal and Utilization, Miami  Beach,  i'L,  Dec.  14-16,  1976.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) GEO.  AREA:   1US/2FL  (10)  PUB.  YEAH:   1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Disposal and utilization aspects of sludge
•anaqeaent were the focus or a national  conference  held in Hiaui  Beacn,
FL, on December 14-16, 1976. The  conference'was sponsored by tns  Energy
Research and Development Administration,  the Environmental Protection
Agency,  the National Science Foundation,  and Information Transfer Inc.
Forty-three presentations were Bade that dealt  with such topics as
sludqe treatment, sludge transport, sludge  composting,  sludge
irradiation, the disposal of municipal sludge on  land,  the potential
for sludqe reclamation and recovery, institutional  considerations in
sludge management, health and nuisance considerations  in sludge
lanagement, combustion processing of sludge, biological effects of
irradiation with high-eneryy electrons,  anaerobic sludge digestion,
sludge research, and energy production from solid waste. (Retained in
SHIRS library).
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; FLORIDA; MANAGEMENT;  RECLAMATION; SLUDGE;
UTILIZE
   (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1HA/2TQ; 1SP/2DP;  1SP/2UT
   (15)  STIMS  ACC.NO.:  00346004
   (16)  CITATION:  Rockville, ML), information Transfer Inc., 1977.  210
P-
    (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:   046705
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   2«   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Sludge management alternatives.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Herson A
    (6)  BOOK  TITLE:   In Laud Based Sewage Sludge Management  Alternatives
 for Los Angeles:   Evaluation and Comparison.
    (8)  NTIS  NO.:   PB-262 423
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  GEO. AREA:   1US/2CA/3LS   (10) PUB.  YEAR:
 1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   Four appendixes to a  report on land based  sladge
 nanagement alternatives for Los Angeles, California,  provide
 information  on various facets of sludge disposal, energy requireaents,
 and environmental  impacts. The alternatives include agricultural  use  or
 sludge,  evaporation ponds, and landfill ing. These sludge management
 alternatives are  reviewed in the first appendix. In the  second
 appendix,  energy  requirements associated with the alternatives  are
 classified in terms of sludge processing,  sludge transportation,  and
 sludge  disposal.  Air pollution emissions are calculated  for stationary
 source  emissions  from  power generation and for vehicle emissions  in  the
 third appendix. The fourth appendix lists  flora and fauna in  the
 Antelope Valley area of California,  the site where sludge management
 alternatives are  being considered for potential application.  (Retained
 in  SHIRS library) .
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   AGRICULTURE;  Alfi; ANIMAL; CALIFORNIA;  DISPOSAL;
 EMISSION;  ENERGY;  ENVIRONMENT; EVAPORATION; MANAGEMENT;  POLLUTION;
 SANITARY LANDFILI;  SLUDGE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE; VEGETATION
    (14)  HIEFARCH TERMS:  1AI/2AN; 1EC/2C6;  1EN/2UT; 1EP;  1SP/2DP
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS45757
    (16)  CITATION:   Washington, DC,  Office  of Water Research and
 Technology,  Jun.  1976.   p.98-127.

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  046256
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   16   (2)  3UBJ.TYPE:   G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  In search of  a  national  sludge  management
policy.
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Sludge Magazine  1(1) :11,  13,  15,  17, 40,
Jan.-Feb. 1978.
   (10) LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) PUB. YEAR:   1978
   (11) ABSTRACT:  The division ot  sludge  management  responsibility
between different offices or the Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA)
is discussed. Each office, with its  own  statutory requirements, public
constituents, and bureaucratic biases,  is  trying to  set  a coordinated
sludge management policy. Primary responsibility for  policy rests in
the Office of Hater and Hazardous Materials. Other EPA offices with
sludge responsioilities are: ulater  planning and Standards; Water
Program Operation; Water Supply; Solid  Waste; Air and Waste Hanagement;
Toxic Substances; Besearch and Development; and Planning and
Hanagement. The sludge related responsibilities of each  are noted,  as
are the regulations and requirements they  are developing. EPA has
created the Residual Wording Group  in  an attempt to cut  across
interoffice politics. The group, charged with resolving  sludge
•anagement policy problems, consists of  representatives  from each of
the mentioned EPA offices, other federal agencies with an interest in
sludge management practices participate on working group subcommittees.
Pending massive EPA reorganization,  the Working Group represents the
agency's best hope for a comprehensive and consistent sludge management
policy.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  CONSTRUCTION; JiPA;  FEDERAL;  GOV ERilHEtiTJ HAZARDOUS;
LAND;  MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; SLUDGE;  SPREADING
   (14) HIERARCH TERMS:   1MA/2F* ;  1PP;  1SP
   (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS45307
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  045370
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   17   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Alternatives  to ocean dumping.
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In  Ocean Dumping in  the  United  States -  1977.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Alternatives to the disposal  of  waste by  ocean
 dunping are explored. Ocean dumping  criteria promulgated by  the
 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are  discussed.  It  is noted  that,
 where these criteria are not met,  alternatives ror  the  ultimate
 disposal of waste must  be adopted to minimize unreasonable degradation
 to the marine environment. In EPA Region II  and  Kegion  III,  the goal is
 to phase out the dumping of sewage sludge  in the  ocean  by 1981. The
 city  of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is required to end ocean  dumping by
 1981. A master plan has been developed to  select  and  implement
 alternatives.  In Philadelphia and other cities,  various  alternatives
 fceing considered for waste disposal  include  the  application  of sludge
 to cropland and forests,  composting, the production ot  a highway
 aggregate material from sludge, land based techniqeus,  and incineration
 and pyrolysis. Major projects funded by EPA  research  and development
 programs to study municipal sludge technology and health effects  are
 cited,  and construction grants funding sludge management studies  are
 listed.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; DUMPING;  EALTH;  MANAGEMENT;
 HONICIPALITY;  OCEAN; REGIONAL;  RESEARCH; SEWAGE;  SLUDGE
    (14)  HIEBABCH TERMS:  1DF/2DS;  1KB; 1OA/2GF;  10A/20G
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS44417
    (16)  CITATION:  Washington, uc, U.S. Environmental Protection
 Aqency,  Mar. 1977.  p.57-65.

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                                  GENERAL
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO. :  045312
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   14   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
    (3) ARTICLE  TITLE:  Uncle Sam  wants  you to enlist in army of
policymakers.
    (4) AUTHOR:   Mackay BB Jt
    (6) JOURNAL  TITLE:  Solid wastes Hgat/Hetuse uemoval J
    (10) LANGUAGE:   EN   (10) PUB.  SCEifi:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:   The provisions ot the Resource Conservation ind
Recovery  Act, Public Law  94-580  are discussed. The Act calls toe the
participation of the private sector in  the development of rules for
refuse collection,  transportation,  conversion or disposal. The disposal
cf  nonrecoverable waste  residues  is also covered by the Act. Solid
waste  is  described  as  refuse,  garbage,  sludge fron a waste or water
supply treatment plant or air  pollution facility and other discarded
•aterials but does  not include solid or dissolved material from
donestic  sewage, in  irrigation return flows or industrial discharges
which  are point sources  subject  to section 402 of the Federal Hater
Pollution Control Act. In general,  the  Act seeks participation to
define performance  levels for  solid haste management practices,
protection  of  the environment, waters and air and dumping regulations.
At  the present  time there ace  25  Federal agencies involved in water
regulation  alone. Industry is  urged to  participate in the making of
policy.
    (12) KEYWORDS:   AIK;  COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; ENVIRONMENT; FEDERAL;
INDUSTRY; LAW;  MANAGEMENT; BEFUSE;  SLUDGE; HATER; WATERWAY
    (14) HIERAHCH TERHS:   1AC/2AK; 1CC/2CL; 1DD/2DN; 1LB/2LB;  1WA/2HH
    (15) STIHS  ACC.HO.:   OOS44359
    (16) CITATION:   19(2):46,  52-53, Dec. 1976.
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  044926
   (2)  DOHESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   14   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:   G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Governmental  regulation  and  impact.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Italiano ML
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Marine Haste  Disposal in the New York Bight -
Public Policy, Environmental Impacts, and  Alternative  Futures.
   (8)  NTIS NO.:  PB 255 222   (8) REPORT NO.:   HLI-76/1
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) GEO. AHEA:   1US/2NY  (10)  PUB.  YEAS:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The involvement of governmental  entities in
regulating barge waste disposal  in the  New York Bight  is discussfed.  The
Federal program regarding barge  waste disposal  centers around a permit
system mandated by Public Law 92-532. Different permit levels are used
for different waste types, with  more damaging waste types requiring  a
•ore stringent permit according  to specific criteria.  The Environmental
Protection Agency is authorized  to designate disposal  sites for
damaging waste. The Federal program  for  the Bight  includes the
relocation of disposal sites and a sludge  management program.
Activities of the Army Corps o±  Engineers,  the  Environmental Protection
Agency,  the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and  State
and local agencies pertaining to barge  waste disposal  are detailed.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; DUMPING; ENGINEERING;  EPA;  FEDERAL;
GOVERNMENT; INSTITUTION;  INTERNATIONAL;  LAND; LAW;  LOCAL; MANAGEMENT;
NEH YORK;  OCEAN; PYROLYS1S; REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; Sl'ATE
   (14)  HIERARCH TEEMS:  1LB/2LB; 1HA/2MB;  1MA/2MD;  1MA/2HG
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS43971
   (!«)  CITATION:  Syracuse, NY, State  University  of New York College
cf Environmental Science and Forestry, Master's Thesis, Mar. 1976.
p. 172-201.

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE  PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  044820
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  Hunicipal Sludge  Management:   EPA Construction
Grants Prograa An Overview of the Sludge  Management Situation, aCD-30.
18) REPORT NO.:  EPA-430/9-76-009
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PJB. YEAR:   1976
   (11)  ABSTEACT:  Under  the Federal  Hater Pollution Control Act
Auendments of  1972, Congress authorized  EPA $18 billion in grant
authority to help municipalities construct publicly owned wastewater
treatment works  through fiscal  year  1977.  The funding authority is
expected to be continued  for several  nore years.  An integral part of
alaost any wastewater treatment plant is  the sludge management system.
Besidual solids  are produced in nearly every unit process of
conventional wastewater treatment and a  significant proportion of both
capital outlay and 0 and  H costs of  conventional  sewage treatment is
associated with  sludge production, conditioning and disposal facilities
and operations.  As manager ot tne EPA Construction Grants Program, the
Office of Hater  Program Operations  (OWPO)  is involved with municipal
sewage sludge  management  activities  and  concerned with the problems
coamunities are  facing with sludge disposal. This paper is a summary'of
available information on  municipal sewage sludge  production and
alternatives for the disposal/utilization of municipal sewage sludge
and OHPO activities in this area.  (Hetained in SHIES library).
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;  ENVIRONMENT; EPA; INCINERATION;
H4NAGEMENT; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; OLEAN;  PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE;
UTILIZE
   (14)  HI£HARCH TERMS:   1EA/2EA;  1MA/2MH; 1PK; 1SD; 1SI/2S2
   (15)  STI8S  ACC.NO.:  OOS43865
   (16)  CITATION:  Washington,  DC, U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency,  April  1976.  64 p.
    (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  044514
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   16   £2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Local governments suare wastes handling
 innovations.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Bartolotta HJ
    (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Solid Hastes  Hanagement/fifiJ
    (10) LANGOAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The article gives a  brief survey of new or unique
 programs that have been developed  in various cities to collect, process
 and dispose of solid wastes. Other  wastes managers may rind these
 programs useful. Examples are given  from:  Evanston, Illinois, recycling
 quality office paper; Port fceches,  Texas,  using plastic bags for
 collection; Torrington, Wyoming, the construction of a baler and
 talefill facility; Manhattan Beacu,  California, t&e use of an automatic
 safety device to stop a refuse trucK when it encounters an obstacle in
 backing up; Largo, Florida, a sludge disposal plant which turns sludge
 into soil conditioner pellets which  are then sold, Lancaster, Texas, a'
 positive incentive plan for tiieir  refuse collection division; Heirton,
 B. Va., the use of special safety  glasses for collection crews.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  BALING; C3LLECIION;  DISPOSAL;  FERTILIZER; INCENTIVE;
 MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PAPER; RECLAMATION; REFUSE; SAl'ETY; SANITARY
 IANDFILL; SLUDGE; TRUCK
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1SI/2S2;  1BB;  1CC/2CH; 1DO/2DO; 1E3/2EF;
 1FA/2EY; 1MA/2MD; 1 SI/233
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS43559
    (16) CITATION:  20(3):56, 72, March  1977.
                                    8

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                                    GENERAL
     (1)  SHIRS  ACT.NO.:   044J55
     (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T
     13)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   Characterization of ul tin ate disposal and
 resource/recovery  methods.
     (4)  AUTHOR:   Hyatt  JK
     (5)  CORiORATE AUTHOR:   ingiiieering-Science, Inc
     (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Sludge Processing,  Transportation and
 Disposal/Resource  Recovery:  A Planning Perspective.  (8) REPORT BO.:
 HtD 12-75-01   (9)  CONTRACT NO.:  68-01-3104
     (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  PUB. YEAS:  1975
     (11)  ABSTRACT:   Ultimate sludge  disposal methods are discussed,
 including  sanitary landfills, sludge recycling, land reclamation. Haste
 disposal ponds, and ocean disposal. Five resource recovery methods are
 available  when  viewing sludge as a  resource. They involve incineration,
 pyrolysis,  lime recalciuation, composting, and sludge reuse. For each
 method  ot  ultimate sludge disposal, consideration is given to the
 following:  operational characteristics, waste characteristics, siting
 and environaental  considerations, suitability of disposal, control and
 monitoring, and cost.  Marketing factors in the recycling of sludge are
 examined .
     (12)  KEYWORDS:   COMPOSTING; CONTROL; DISPOSAL; DRYING; HEAT;
 INCINERATION; LAND; LIKE; HANAGEMENT; HARKKT; MONITOR; OCEAN;
 PYROLYSIS;  RECLAMATION; RESOURCE; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE
     (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1EA/2EA; 1LA; 10A/20G; 1HG; 1SD/2SH; 1SI/2S2
     (15)  ST1MS ACC.NO.:  OOS43399   (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Unite PE Jr
     (16)  CITATION:   Washington, DC,  U.S. Environmental Protection
 Agency,  Dec.  1975.  p.79-157.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:   044351
    (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SUBJ.TYPt:   S; T
    (4) AUTHLiR:  Hyatt  JM
    (5) CORPORATE  AUTHOR:   Engineering-Science,  Inc
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  Sludge  Processing,  Transportation and
Disposal/Resource  Recovery: A  Planning Perspective.  (8)  REPORT NO.:
WPD 12-75-01   (9)  CONTRACT  NO.:  68-01-3104
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB.  YEAR:   1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A methodology  for use in  the evaluation of
alternatives for  the ultimate  disposal of residual waste generated by
municipal  waste water  treatment plants is reported. It  considers
technical, economic, social, and  institutional  factors  relevant to the
review of  alternatives. Residual  waste  is characterized, and handling
and treatment processes are discussed and evaluated in  relation to
qualitative and quantitative changes in residual waste. The following
sludge handling and treatment  processes are  detailed: thickening,
stabilization, conditioning, dewatering,  and drying and reduction.
Liquid, gaseous, and solid  waste  streams produced in the course oi
treatment  are examined. Rail,  pipeline, barge,  and truck modes of
transport  are analyzed. Environmental,  operational, and institutional
constraints on the use of ocean disposal,  lagoons, sanitary landfills,
sludge recycling,  and  land  reclamation  are noted. Consideration is
given to t he management ot  a sludge  control  and monitoring program.
(Retained  in SWIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CONTROL; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; INSTITUTION; LAGOONS;
LAND; MANAGEMENT;  MONITOR;  MUNICIPALITY;  OCEAN; PLANH1HG; RECLAMATIOH;
RESIDUE; RESOURCE; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE; SOCIO-ECONOMIC;
TRANSPORT; TREATMENT;  HASTE WATER
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:   1MA/2MH; 1MJ/2H8; 1MK; 1SI/2SY; 1SI/2S2;
1SI/2S8
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS43395   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  white PE Jr
    (16) CITATION:  Washington,  DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, bee. 1975.  188 p.

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                 SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   043939
    12)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   21*  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   LA/OMA project.  Initial Analysis of Candidate
 Systems and Preliminary Site Identification.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  GSO,  AREA:  1US/2CA  (10) PUB. YEAfi:  1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The results of an analysis of candidate sludge
 management systems and an inventory of information regarding potential
 sites  for the land application of sevage sludge are presented. The
 analysis and  inventory constitute two suJjelement s of the overall LA/OHA
 (Los  Anqeles/Orange  County Metropolitan Area)  sludge project in
 California. Haste  water treatment and sludge management agencies in  the
 LA/OMA region are  examined.  Estimates of the capital, operating, and
 •aintenance costs  of various sludge management systems are given.
 Possible sludge management schemes incorporated in each system are
 noted.  Data on the production  ot  sludge in the region are provided.
 Sludge processing  activities are  examined, with particular emphasis  on
 sludge thickening, stabilization, conditioning, dewatering, drying,  and
 reduction and solvent extraction. Consideration is given to sludge
 transportation, utilization, and  disposal. Types of sites invetigated
 for sludge reuse or  disposal are  described, A comparison of 18 sludge
 management systems is made,  (Retained in SHIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CALIFORNIA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LAND; MANAGEMENT;
 EBOCESS; SITES; SLUDGE; STABILIZAriON; TRANSPORT; UTILIZE
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1HA;  1SI/2S3; 1SI/2S8
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS42981
    (16) CITATION:  Newport Beach, CA, CH2« Hill, Apr.  1977.   322 p.
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  043792
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEuOBY:  24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency policy-on
aunicipal sludges.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Seabrook BL
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:  USA/USSR  Symposium  on the
Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Vastewater Sludge,  Moscow, USSfi,
Bay 13-16, 1975.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  PUB. YEAR:   1975
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Measures being considered by the U.S.  Environmental
Erotection Agency (EPA) to control the  utilization or disposal of
municipal sludge are examined. Provisions  of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 are detailed.  The effluent
limitation applicaole to municipal waste water treatment plants is
secondary treatment. EPA defines secondary treatment  as  a maximum 30
day average of 30 milligrams per liter  of  5  day biochemical oxygen
demand and suspended solids and a maximum  7  day average  of 45
•illiqrams per liter of 5 day biochemical  oxygen demand  and suspended
solids.  The research program of EPA is  described. Key issues in the
management of municipal sludge are noted.  Land application is viewed  as
a major sludge utilization method because  it conserves  organic Batter,
nitrates, phosphates, and certain essential  trace elements. Various
methods used to apply sludge to land are reported. Other methods for
the disposal of sludge are discussed. These  incluie landfill,
incineration, and ocean disposal. Data  on  the quantity  and disposition
of sludge in the United States are tabulated.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; SPA; INCINERATION;  LAND; MANAGEMENT
KITROGEN; OCEAN; PHOSPHATE; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLUDGE;  UTILIZE
   (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  IRE; 1SI/2S2;  1SI/2S9
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS42835   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Whittington
WA
   (16)  CITATION:  Washington, DC, U.S.  Environmental protection
Agency,  Hay 1975.  p. 1-7.
                                10

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                                  GENERAL
    (1)  SWISS ACC.BO.:  043791
    (2)  DOHESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  Proceedings:  USA/USSR Symposium on the Handling,
 Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge, Moscow, USSR, Bay 13-16,
 1975.
    (10) LAHGDAGE:  EH  (10)  6EO. ABE*:  1US; 1AI/2RU   (10) PUB. TEAR:
 1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A 1975 joint conference involving the United States
 and the Soviet Union addressed the handling, treat»ent, and disposal of
 waste water sludge. The conference was held in Moscow. Sixteen
 presentations at the conference were concerned with such topics as
 municipal sludge, sludge incineration systems, the manage*ent of oil
 sludge, the management and disposal of residuals from  industrial waste
 water treatment, sludge considerations in the handling of industrial
 effluent, thickening and dewatering waste water sludge by the
 vibrofiltration method, municipal sludge management in the United
 States, inorganic suspended sludge dewatering, centrifugal sludge
 dewatering, thermal drying of dewatered sludge, aerobic stabilization
 of activated sludge, sludge thickening, dissolved air  flotation sludge
 thickening, the utilization of municipal sludge in agriculture, and the
 dependence of the dewatering process on agueous properties of sludge.
 (Retained in SWIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AEROBIC; AGRICULTURE; DBIIHG; EFFLOEHT;
 IHCIltBRATIOll; INDUSTRY; HANAGEMEBT; HUBICIPALITT; OIL; PROCESS;
 RESIDUE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; THERMAL; TREATMENT; us; USSR;
 UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
    (14) BIERARCH TERMS:  1PM; 1SI; 1TG
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS42834
    (16) CITATION:  Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental  Protection
 Agency, Hay  1975.  147 p.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  043545
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   16   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   T
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  Residual waste  Hanagement  fiesearch  and Planning
fro-jects.   (8)  REPORT NO.:  EPA-440/9-76-003  (9)  CONTRACT NO. •
B803313-01-1
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This book contains selected abstracts of projects
that are underway or that have been  completed, and  publications that  are
available on the subject of residual wastes  and  their impact of  ground
and surface waters.  They are arranged by types of  residual wastes and
are further catagorized into tne various kinds,  i'he abstracts ace
cross-referenced where necessary. The abstracts  provide  project  or
publication identification, a briet  summary,  the status  of the  project,
point of contact and/or source ot information, and acquisition details.
this handbook is oriented for an audience who  may have  diverse
backgrounds in technical management  skills.  (Retained in SWIRS
library) .
    (12) KEYWORDS:  BIBLIOGKAPUY;  DISPOSAL; ECOKOHICS; GOVERNMENT;
INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT;  PLANNING; POLLUTION; RECLAMATION;  REGIONAL:
BESEARCH; BESIDUE;  SLUDGE
    (14) HIERABCH TERMS:   1DD/2DL; 1EA/2EA; 1MA/2ME; 1SB;  1SI/2S^
   (15) STIMS ACC.HO.:   OOS42588
   (16) CITATION:  Washington,  DC,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Sept.  1976.   3U5 p.
                                  11

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                  SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1) SWIHS ACC.NO.;  04J510
    (2) DOMESTIC:  0   (2) CATEUOHY:   21   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Internat ioual aspects of  residuals management.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Richardson RW Jr
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Smitu, J. L. , and  E.  H.  Bryan,  eds.
Proceedings:  Wiliiamsburg Conference  on  Management of Wastewater
Residuals, Williamsburg, VA, Nov. 13-14,  1975.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) G20. AREA:   1CD; 1EU;  1EU/21JU; 1MX- 1US
(10) PUB. YEA8:  1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  International aspects  of  waste  management,  water
reuse, and waste water handling are  considered.  It is  noted that the
problems associated with waste  water renovation, management, disposal,
and handling are becoming more critical around  the world. A 1974
conference pertaining to waste  water renovation  and management is
cited. Represented at the contereuce were Scotland, England, Denmark,
the Netherlands, West Germany, Hungary,  Mexico,  Canada,  Israel, and the
United states. Recommendations made  at  the conference  were ained at
researchers and public and private administrators  involved in  residual
Management,  one recoamendation was that adequate source  controls oe
established and economical pathogen  inactivation systems be developed
for waste water based sludge. Another  recommendation was that  waste
wa*er reuse standards provide levels of protection that  are comparable
with other risks deemed acceptable oy  society. The role  of the
Rockefeller Foundation in residual management research projects is
examined.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ADMINISTKArION; DISPOSAL;  INTERNATIONAL; MANAGEMENT;
PATHOGEN; PRIVATE; RESEARCH; RESIDUE;  SLUDGE; STANDARD;  WASTE  HATES
    (14)  HIERARCH TEBMS:  1KB/2EF; 1MA/2SC; 1SI
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS42553
    (16)  CITATION:  Washington, OC, National  Science Foundation, 1977.
p. 145-147.
    0)
    (2)
    (3)
    CO
    (6)
    (10)
SHIRS ACC.NO.:  042999
DOMESTIC:  F  (2)  CATEGORY:   16   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   T
ARTICLE TITLE:  Waste water treatment in New  Zealand.
AUTHOR!  Gunn IW
JOURNAL TITLE:  Water Pollution Control
 LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) GEO. AREA:   1NZ   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:   The  protection of water quality in New Zealand, with
a population just over  three  million and a high animal population is
described. The  quality  of  the waters is valued by the public and the
problems  of indiscriminate discharge of untreated community waste water
has largely been overcome.  The  planning and construction of large
numbers of community  treatment  plants prior to the introduction of
specific  national water quality control legislation has demonstrated
the public responsibility  o£  local authorities. Industry has lagged
behind the local authority construction effort but is expected to catch
up in the next  decade.  Tht design, operation and maintenance of waste
water treatment plants  is  to  a  very high standard. This situatian has
recently  received public attention by the awakening of environmental
concern that has developed nationally.  Apart from some problem areas,
the natural waters  in New  Zealand are of high quality. The biggest
challenge facing the  designers  of treatment plants is to satisfy the
public throughout the country that the expansion of existing services
and the implementation  of  new schenes will not lower environmental
quality.  A discussion and  a reply are included.
    (12) KEYWORDS:   EFFLUENT;  ENVIRONMENT; MANAGEMENT; NEW ZEALAND;
OXYGEN; QUALITY; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; HASTE WATER; WATERWAY
    (14) HIERASCH TERMS:  1ED; 1MA/2BB;  1SI/2S2
    (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:   OOS42042
    (16) CITATION:   74 (4) : 448-456, 1976.
                                  12

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                                    GENERAL
      (1)  SWIES ACC.NO.:   041658
      (2)  DOMESTIC:   o  (2)  CATEGORY:  16   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   G
      (4)  AUTHOR:   Bastian KK  (10)  GEO. ABEA:   1HA/2MB;  1SI   (10)  PUB.
   YEifl:   1977
      (11)  ABSTRACT:  The involvement of almost  every segment  of  the
   Office  of Water and Hazardous Materials, and  almost  every  other office
   in  U. S.  Environmental Protection Agency in the sludge  management arena
   is  detailed. Recently, activities have greatly increased in the areas
   of  regulating ocean disposal. Federal pretreatment guidelines
   development. 208 planning activities, hazardous materials
   investigations  and their concecn in sewage treatment residuals (i. e. ,
   sewage  sludge)  and proper management schemes. The OVIPO  activities
   described in this paper can be expected  to continue  and to increase as
   guidance is developed on the best available land based technologies for
   sludge  management.
      (12)  KEYwoBDS:  CONSTRUCTION; DISPOSAL; EPA; GBANT;  MANAGEMENT;
   EEOGRAH;  SLUDGE; UTILIZE; WATclR
      (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1GC
      (15)  STIMS SCC.HO.:  00340702
      (13)  DOC.CIT.:  Bastian, K. K. Municipal sludge management: i.PA
   construction grants program. In Loehr, R. C.  Land  as a Waste Management
   Alternative: Proceedings of tne 1976 Cornell  Agricultural  Waste
   Banaqement Conference. Ann Axoor, Ml, Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc.
   , 1977. p. 673-689.


    (1) SWIBS  ACC.NO.:   G41W7
    (2) DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  ChTEviORY:   24  (2)  SUbJ.TYPE:   S; T
    (4) AOTHUR:  Robson  CM   (10)  U^-O.  AREA:  IMA  (10)  PUB. YEAR:   1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:   Issues  addressed at a  1975  seminar on sludge
 disposal a le  delineated.  Tae  -iiudoe aaadling and  disposal session  or
 the seminar was intended  to  provide information to practicing engineers
 in contrast to tne researca  orientation of a najor portion of the
 overall seminar. Five speakers were invited to participate and
 represented Federal aud State  agencies., the consulting engineering
 field, ana equipment aanutacturers. A representative of xhe
 Environmental  Protection  Agency was the keynote speaker  and introduced
 the topics to  be covered  by  thti other speakers. He considered sludge
 treataent  and  sludge disposal  tecnniques and  equipment such as
 dewatenng devices  available  to remove water trom  sluage, tne vacuum
 filter, belt  lilter presses,  plate  and frame iilter  presses, and
 centrifuges.  Other  concepts  aauressea oy the keynote speaker concerned
 pathogen reduction, wet oxidation,  anu incineration. The renaming  xour
 seainar presentations covered  the treatment 01  sludge processing
 sidestreaas,  energy conservation  through incineration, land spreading
 of- liquid  aunicipal siuage, ana the treatment  ot  sludge for land
 disposal.
    (12) KEYrfOSDS:   CONFt'RifcCE ;  uISPOSAL; BANAGEilENT;  SLUDGE; TREATMENT
    (1U) HIERARCH TEHMS:   1bl/2S2
    (15) S'l'IHS  ACC.NO.:  OOS40091
    (18) DOC.CIT.:   Kobson, C.  M.  Summary of tne ASCE seminar on sludge
 disposal,  in  U.S.  Environ»entai  Protection Agency.  Proceedings; the
 1975 national Conference on Municipal Sludge Management and Disposal,
 Anaheim,  CA,  Aug.  18-20,  1 v»75. Kockvi^le,  HD,  Information Transier,
 Inc.    1975.  p. 109-114.


    (1)  SWIhS  ACC.NO.:   041046
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  c^rEtou*:  24  (2) SUBO.TYH::  G
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Wright DR   (10) GKO. AREA:   1HA  (10)  FOB. YtAB:   1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:   Inrormation on the status ot sludge aanaueiaent
updated5 c™»U^6d/t a  19-?*  C0n£etence "  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is
updated. Conments  fron authors ot presentations at the 197U conference
are presented.  Ihe  comments are concerned  with  the thickening oi
                                   13

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE


sludge;  anaeroMc  digester operation at tne Metropolitan Sanitary
District ot Greater  Caicago, Illinois; a comparison  of diffused  air
aerobic  digestion  with pure oxygen digestion ot waste activated  sludge;
pressure filtration  of municipal waste water solids  in Cedar  Rapids,
Iowa; heat  treatment and incineration; drying  ot sludge for marketing
as fertiliser;  utilization of digested chemical sewage sludge on
agricultural lands in Ontario, Canada; economic aspects of sludge
irrigation; sludge management in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania; sludge
disposal by incineration at the Allegheny  County Sanitary  Authority in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; sludge handling  and  disposal at  the Blue
Plains  treatment plant of the District of  Columbia;  the energy
conservation and recycling prograa of the  Metropolitan Sewer  Board in
Minneapolis-St . Paul, dinnesota; the sludge management systea for  St.
Louis,  Missouri; and a summary ol a conference on the pretreatment and
ultimate disposal of waste water solids that was held on Bay  21  to 22,
 1974  at Rutgers University.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CANADA; CHICAGO; CONFERENCE; DATA; DISPOSAL;
DISTRICT OF COLOBbIA; ECONOMICS; ILLINOIS; IOWA; MANAGEMENT;  MINNESOTA;
MISSOURI;  ONTARIO; PENNSYLVANIA; SLUDGE; ST LOUIS;  SYSTEM
    (14)  HIKRARCH TERMS:   1S1/2S2
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS40090
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Wright, D. R. Updating  the  1974  Pittsburgh
conference. In U. S. Environmental Protection  Agency. Proceedings; the
 1975  national Conference  on  Municipal Sludge xlanagement  and Disposal,
 Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18-20,  1975.  fiockville,  MD,  Information  Transfer,
 Inc.  ,   1975. p. 101-108.


   (1) SBTRS ACC.NO.:   041033
   (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGOitY:   ^4  (2) SUBJ.TYPt:  S;  T   (10)  GBO.
AREA:  1MJ/2M8;  1PM   (10)  PUB. YEAR:   1975
   (11)   ABSTRACT:  The  proceedings  of a  conference on municipal  sludge
management and disposal which was held in Anaheim,  California, August
18 to 20,  t»75,  are  presented, conference attendees  represented  both
governmental and private interests. Thirty-three major presentations
•ere made  at the conference. They were concerned with such issues  as
the impact of  industrial waste watei  pretreatment on sludge management,
a model  inuistrial waste ordinance  in California,  institutional
problems 01  small  treatment plants, regional  waste water solids
management program in  the  Los Angeles and Orange County  metropolitan
area of  California,  computerized evaluation of  sludge handling and
disposal costs, socioeconoaic factors in urban sludge disposal,  sludge
management alternatives lor coastal cities, energy  conservation
practices  in aunicipal  sludge management, burning municipal sewage
sludge along  with  mixed municipal refuse, high  energy radiation  in
sludge treatment,  management  of  municipal waste water treatment
residuals, pyrolysis  of sewage sludge, sludge  pyrolysis for energy
recovery and  pollution  control,  ecological  impact  of municipal sludge
land disposal, plant  uptake 01 heavy  metals from sewage sludge applied
to laud, effect of sewage  sludge or etfluent  application to soil,
environmental  effects  of sludge  disposal in sanitary landfills,  health
impacts  of land sludge  disposal, theraophilic  digester operations,  use
of methane from sludge  digestion, processing  and economic aspects of
heat dried sludge, and  composting of  raw sludge. (Retained in  SMIRS
library)
   (12)   KEYWORDS:  BOSTON ; CALIFORNIA; COLORADO; CONFERENCE; COUNTY;
DENVER;   DISPOSAL;  MANAGEMENT;  MASSACHUSETTS;  MUNICIPALITY;
PENNSYLVANIA;  PHILADELPHIA;  PKOiiLims;  PYROLYSIS; SLUDGE;
SOCIO-ECONOMIC; TREATRENT
   (14)   HIERARCH TERMS:   1 SI
   (15)   ST1MS  ACC.NO.:   OOS40077
   (18)   DOC.CIT.:  0.  S. Environmental Protection  Agency. Proceedings;
the 1975 National  Conference  on  Municipal Sludge Management and
Disposal,  Anaheim, CA,  Aug.  18-20,  1975. hockville,  MD,  Information
Transfer,  inc. , 1975.  257 p.
                                    14

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                                 GENERAL
     (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:   040798
     (2) DOMESTIC:   F   (2)  CATEGORY:   09   (2)  SUbJ.TYPE:  S; T
     (4) AUTHOR:   Davies  Dfi  (10)  GiiC.  AREA:  1TF  (10) PUB. YEAH:  1976
     (11) ABSTRACT:  The  national  hazardous waste problem and the
 unavoidable need to transport  liquid  wastes for ott site disposal are
 described. Practical  measures  for  tne avoidance of  hazards during
 transportation are given,  including:  (1)  accurate waste description;
 (2) correct vehicle design and selection;  (3)  vehicle marking; and  (4)
 effective technical control and  emergency procedures. Practical case
 studies are presented describing incidents that have arisen and the
 conclusions to be  drawn  from them.  Three tables, one figure and three
 appendices are presented.
     (12) KEYWORDS:  CHEMICAL; CONTROL;  EFFLUENT;  ENVIKOttSBNT; HAZARDOUS;
 INCINERATION;  LIQUID; MANAGEMENT;  POLLUTION; SAFETY; SANITARY LANDFILL;
 SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; TRANSPORT; TREATMENT
     (14) HIE BARCH TfiBMS:   1HA
     (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:   OOSJ9842  (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  flackay GA
     (18) DOC.C1T.:  Davies, 0.  H. ,  and  G.  A. Mackay. Recent
 developments in  the transport  of liquid wastes.  Journal of Hazardous
 Materials, 1 (3):199-214,  Nov.  1976.
   (1)  SHIRS ACQ.NO. :  040021
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  0   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:   S;  T  (10)  PUB.
YEAR:  1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  A representative of  the  Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago, Illinois discusses  hazardous waste
management at a public meeting held by  the  Environmental Protection
Agency on December  11, 1975 in San Francisco,  Califorriia.  The
utilization of municipal sewaye sludge  in the  agricultural  sector for
fertilizer and low fertility soil reclamation  is investigated.
Consideration is given to the definition  of what constitutes hazardous
waste,  responsioility for waste management,  municipal  sewage sludge,
safety precautions at municipal sludge  application  sites,  chemical
analysis of sludge, generation of methane from sludge,  and  labeling. A
detailed discussion on sludge production, ultimate  sludge disposal
alternatives, land spreading, incineration,  ocean disposal, and
landfill operations is provided. Data on the properties of  sludge are
presented. Soil and crop responses to the application  o£ sludge on land
are explored, and supporting data are included.  It  is  recommended that
Bunicipal sewage sludge not be considered as a hazardous waste and that
land utilization be adopted as the best available method for handling
large quantities of municipal sewage sludge.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; ANALYSIS; CHICAGO;  COHFEflENCE;  DATA;
DISPOSAL; EPA; FERTILIZES; HAZARDOUS; ILLINOIS;  MANAGEMENT;
HUNICIPALITi; PHS; RECLAMATION; SAFETY; SEWAGE;  SLUDGE;  TREATMENT;
UTILIZE
   (15)  STIMS i\CC.NO.;  OOS39065
   (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Lynam, B. T. Representing the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago, on hazardous waste  management. In Worsen,
A. S. ,  P. A. Savage, and C. A. Baggatts, eds. Proceedings; the 1975
Public Meetings on Hazardous Waste Management, Newark,  NJ,  Kosemont,
IL, Houston, TX, and San Francisco, CA, Dec.  1975.  v.  2. Office of
Solid Waste Management Programs Publication SH-9p.  Washington,  U. S.
Environmental Protection agency, 1976.  p. 1604-1636.
                                  15

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                  SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE


   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  039271
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  0  (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   G   (10)  FOB.
TEAR:  1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Problens associated  with the  disposal of  sludge are
discussed, with eaphasis on sludge disposal in metropolitan  areas.
Chicaqo, Illinois and its suburbs are  spending more than $30 million
each year to transport sludge by barge  to  locations as  distant as 200
ailes.  Los Angeles, California pumps a  najor  portion  of its  sludge into
the Pacific Ocean. One sanitation expert estimates that elevating a
sewage handling operation from primary  to  secondary treatment can mean
a 50 to 1,000 percent increase in a facility's sludge output. The
National Science Foundation calculates  that the  United  States generates
about 300 million tons of wet sludge per year. The Environmental
Protection Agency estimates that national  sludge disposal  costs may
exceed $1 billion annually. It is pointed  out that many communities are
not yet subjecting all  their  sewage to secondary treatment,  a step they
are mandated to achieve by  1977 according  to  Federal  law.  Federal
officials state that they understand the problems faced by major cities
but that they are required by law to protect  the public against the
health and environmental dangers posed by  improper sludge  disposal. The
Federal Government  is spending about $3 million  in  1976 to conduct
research on ways to dispose  or sludge.  However,  new  sludge disposal
techniques involve  environmental or economics disadvantages that must
be overcome before  they can  be feasibly implemented  in  many cities.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   CALIFORNIA; CHICAGO; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
ENVIRONMENT; FEDERAL;  HEALTH; ILLINOIS; LOS ANGELES;  MANAGEMENT;
PROBLEMS;  PUBLIC;  REGULATIONS; RESEARCH; SLUDGE
    (15)  STIMS  ACC.NO.:  OOSJ8315
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:   Rapoport,  0. Tae  sludge nightmare. Parade, 21-22,
Cct. 31,  1976.


   (1) SklBS ACC.NO.:   033955
   (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  21  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   T    (10) FOB.
YEAR:   1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:  This paper describes tne industrial  residue policy
program and activities of  the Canadian Environmental  Protection
Service. Geographic distriuution, clue ate. and multi-jurisdictional
areas contribute significantly to the  problems involved in the
development of a national  policy for the management  and disposal of
industrial wastes. The  Federal Government  has sole responsibility for
waste management in areas  wnere Federal wor/cs or activities  are
involved a nd in the Northwest and Yukon Territories.  In other areas,
the Federal Government eitner shares responsibility  with the Provinces
or acts as a liaison. Ket>idue treatment and disposal  tecnnology
research and development has  included  studies of sludge composition and
characteristics, saapling  aethodoiogy,  heavy  metal constituents in
sludges, sludge dewateriny processes,  and  the disposal  of  municipal
sludge on  land or by incineration. Recent  programs have emphasized the
reduction, containment, and reuse of industrial  residues at  the source.
Current research on industrial waste management  includes studies of the
use of line sludge in the  treatment, ol  acid mine tailings, metal
stabilization and recovery, methods for disposal of  acid sludge irom
waste oil  reclamation,  problems, involved in the  control of radioactive
leach ate f u>m tailing ponds,  and the methods  for disposal  of
contaminate] dredgingt,. The Wastewater  Technology Centre has conducted
much of the research on municipal and  industrial sludge management.
{This document is retained  in the SwIKS library. )
   (12) KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS;  BIBLIOGRAPHY; CANADA; CONTROL;  DISPOSAL;
GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRY; HAHAGtMtNT ; POLLUTION;  PROBLEMS;  RECLAMATION;
RESEARCH;  RtSIDUK; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
   (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS32999
   (18) DOC.CIT.:  SchuidtKe. N. u. .  and  J.  R.  Honteith.  Industrial
residue policy program and activities  oi the  Environ mental Protection
Service of Canada. In Proceedings; National Conference  on  Management
and Disposal of Residues from the Treatment of Industrial  Wastewaters,
Washington, D. C. , Feb. J-5, 1975. Rockville, Maryland, Information
Transfer, Inc. p. 17-24.


                                16

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                                Section 2
           ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  048380
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   21  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S;  T
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Solid and hazardous waste research division.
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In  Report of Progress 1976-1977 Municipal
Environmental Research  Laooratory.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  PUfl. YEAR:  1978
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The  status of research initiated by tne
Environnental Protection  Agency's Municipal  Environmental Research
Laboratory as of 1976-1977 is examined.  Eesearch is conducted by the
solid and hazardous waste division of the laboratory in three
functional areas: disposal technology, hazardous waste, and resource
iccovery. Topics of special concern in the division's research
activities are:  waste Characterization and decomposition, pollutant
transport, pollutant control, pollutant  treatment,  codisposal,
environmental assessment, renedial action for inoperative sites,
landfill alternatives,  and economic analyses. Projects involving
resource recovery pertain to refuse derived  fuel, resource  recovery
facilities,  technology  assessnents,  cofiring of sewage sludge,
(reprocessing,  selected types of waste,  and  environmental impact.  Toxic
and hazardous waste treatment research focuses on technical and
economic assessments, environmental impact assessments, and treatment
technologies. (Retained in SblKS library).
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; EPA;  HAZARDOUS; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH;
BESOOKCE; TECHNOLOGY
   (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1HC; 1RP;  1ER
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   005471+34
   (16)  CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency,  Say  1978.  p.7-25.


   (1)  SWISS ACC.NO.:  048379
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY;   21  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S;  T
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:   Report of Progress 1976-1977 Municipal
Environmental Eesearch  Laboratory.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  PUB. YEAR:  1978
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Accomplishments of the Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory within the Environmental Protection Agency as of
1976-1977 are reviewed. The laboratory is the agency's research arm for
the development of technology, systems,  and processes to prevent,
control, and treat pollutants taat affect communities and
municipalities.  Its mission embraces the development and demonstration
cf cost effective methods in the areas of sewage and wastewater, solid
and hazardous waste, public drinking water supplies, and community
environmental management. Research activities of the laboratory's solid
and hazardous waste division are classified  as waste characterization
and decomposition,  pollutant transport,  pollutant control,  pollutant
treatment, codisposal,  environmental assessment, remedial action for
inoperative sites,  landfill alternatives, and economic analyses. The
wastewater research division is concerned with wastewater sludge
composting,  purification  of domestic wastewater, unsteady state stream
todels,  various treatment processes, systems engineering and
evaluation,  and technology development.  Other research activities
pertain to water supplies and international cooperation. (Retained in
SHIBS library) .
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  EPA; HAZARDOUS;  MANAGEMENT; RESEARCH; SEWAGE; SOLID;
BASTE MATER; WAT EH
   (14)  HIEBARCH TERMS:  1HC; 1MA/2MB; 1RP;  1SJ
   (15)  STIBS ACC.NO.:   OOS47433
   (16)  CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency,  May 1978.  76 p.

                                   17

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  047414
   (2)  DOMESTIC;  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  1fa   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Los Angeles faces several sludge  management
problems.
   (U)  AUTHOR:  Davis B
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Hater Wastes Engring
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EM  (10)  GSO. AKEA:   1US/2CA/3LS   (10)  PUB.  YEAB:
1978
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Sludge management alternatives are  being considered
in Los Angeles, California. These are:  long distance  transport,
coaposting/sludqe recycle centers, thermal  processing,  ocean disposal,
separate secondary sludge processing, and baseline "no project."
Discussions of a regional approacu to sludge  management  problems  iu the
area were initiated in 1973 among local  management agencies and the
state and federal governments, culminating  in 1974 in  a  joint pa Hers
agreement to establish the LA/OMA Project.  The  $3.4  million project has
teen underway on a full scale basis since  1975, accomplishing a report
en the state of the art of sludge processing  and disposal,  numerous
demonstration projects, and six alternative management concepts
formulated for evaluation. Demonstration projects  have involved
processing, transportation, and ultimate disposal  elements. Initial
evaluation of candidate systems focused  on  quantitative  factors
comparing the attributes of the systems  in  terms of  regional cost,
energy use and production, air emissions,  and gross  land requirements.
Qualitative factors, such as system reliability and  flexibility,  social
and environmental concerns, and implementation capability were
preliminarily identified Lor later analysis.  Detailed analysis of the
concepts and  development oi specific  projects for  further analysis will
follow. Concurrently,  environmental evaluations are  being conducted to
provide the information necessary to  make informed decisions as to the
environmental conseguencefc of the projects.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CALIFORNIA;  ECONOMICS;  LOS ANGELES; MANAGEMENT;
SLUDGE; TREATMENT
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:   1MA/2MB;  1MA/2TQ;  1 SP
    (15) STI«S ACC.HO.:  00546467   [15)  SECONDARY  AUTHORS:  Haug ET
    (16) CITATION:   15(U):37-40, 42, Apr. 1978.


    (1)  SWIfiS  ACC.NO.:   046994
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATKGOKY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYP2;  G
    (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   EPA's research,  development and  demonstration
 program  for sludge  processing  and disposal.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Farrell  JB
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In Proceedings:   Third National conference on
 Sludge  Management Disposal and  Utilization,  Miami Beach, FL, De~
 14-16,  1976.
    (10) LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:   A  sludge  research, development, and  demonstration
 program of  the  Environmental Protection Agency has been underway in
 Cincinnati, OH,  since 1967 to  investigate sludge processing  and
 disposal.  The program  is  divided  into three  parts: sludge  processing
 and  treatment,  sludge  conversion,  and beneficial utilziation and
 disposal,  problem areas encoutnered  in  the program are  identified.
 Sludge  disposal processes,  including  disinfection, dewatering, and
conversion, are detailed.  Incineration  and sludge  utilization on land
are  discussed.  (Retained  in  SWIHS  library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:   CONVERT;  DISPOSAL; EPA;  INCINERATION; LAND;
 BASAGEHENT; PROCESS;  RESEARCH;  SLUDGE;  UTILIZE
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:   1MA/2FF;  1uP;  1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS46047
    (16) CITATION:   Rockville, flD,  Information Transier  Inc., 1977.
p.208-210.
                                     18

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                       ANALYSIS,  RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
    (1) SWISS  ACC.NO.:   04b9fa5
    (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2) SUBJ.TYPii:   G
    f3) ARTICLE  TITLE:   Social and institutional considerations for
choosing  sludge management strategies.
    (4) AUTHOR:   Shull  hD
    (6) BOOK TITLE:   In  Proceedings:   Ihiru National  Conference on
Sludge Management  Disposal and Utilization, rtiam  Beach,  FL,  Dec.
1H-16, 1976.
    (10) LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:   Social and institutional parameters  in  tae selection
cf  sludge management strategies are reviewed. Concepts  embodied in
regional  residuals management are discussed. The regional  residuals
management process is  characterized by the following descriptors:
structured, comprehensive, guasiguantitative, participatory,  iterative,
converging, and open.  In the design of a feasible  strategy for
residuals management,  consideration must be given  to physical methods,
i iplementation  incentives, and institutional arrangements.  A  matrix
approach  to residuals  management strategics is described  that
encompasses intended physical effects, indirect physical  efrects, ease
ct  administration,  scheduling factors, economic effects,  and  political
factors.  (Retained in  SKIliS  library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:   MANAGEMENT; REGIONAL; RESIDUE;  SLUDGE
    (14) HIEEAHCH TERMS:   1MA/2KI;  1ftA/2TQ; 1ST
    (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:   OOS46018
    (16) CITATION:   Sockville, no,  I uiorma ti or. Transfer  Inc.,  1977.
f. 58-62.
   (1)  SHIES ACC.NO.:  046952
   12)  DOHESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  EPA's sludge  management program: new
responsibilities and challenges.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Meyers S
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:   rhitd National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal  and  Utilization,  Hiami Beach, FL, Df3.
14-16,  1976.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB.  KEAfi:  1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Factors  afrecting policies and prograas of the
Environmental Protection  Agency  (EPA)  related to sludge management  are
examined. Two ma-jor events  ard  noted,  the passage of the fiesource
Recovery and Conservation Act ox  1976  and the creation of EPA's
Residual Sludge Working Group.  The  1976  act  clarifies EPA's authority
over the land disposal 01 sludge. Provisions of tae act are detailed,
»ith attention given to the permit  program established to aanage the
disposal of potentially Hazardous materials  from their i-oint of origin
to their final disposition  and  to the  phasing out of open dumps. It is
envisioned that EPA policies and  programs will pertain to the
establishment of guidelines tor solid  waste  management, tecunical
assistance to states and  localities,  hazardous waste, planning and  open
dumps,  and public participation,  forking group activities center around
four major tasks:  (1) identification of  technical,  scientific, and
programmatic problems and issacs;  (2)  coordination of ongoing programs;
(3)  development and recommendation  of  further programs; and  (4)
development, coordination,  and  recommendation of residual sludge
management policies.  (Rctaiutd  in S'rtlKS  library).
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  EPA; LAW; 3ANAJEMENT; SLUDGE
   (14)  HIEKAHCH T£S.1S:   1LF/2±'f ;  1flA/2FF; 1SP
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OUS46005
   (16)  CITATION:  Rockville, «D, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.1-2.

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING,  DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1) SWIBS ACC.HO,:   046541
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   21  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:   Researchers  have their season in the sun.
    (6) JOUR HAL TITLE:   Chemical  Meek
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  PUB. TEAR:  1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Highlights  of a  national meeting of the American
Chemical Society are presented.  Several researchers reported that old
newspapers, wood chips, and  pulp may now be converted into chemical raw
materials. Other reports  conserned: advances in homogeneous catalysis;
the discovery of high levels of  potentially carcinogenic nitrogen
containing heterocyclic compounds in the retorting effluent of oil
shale; the disinfection of municipal waste sludge with high energy
electron beams; new synthetic  sweeteners; and advances in biomedical
and materials sciences.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CHBHICAL; CONFERENCE; DISEASE; EFFLUENT; ELECTRICAL;
HEALTH; HONICIPALITY; NEWSPRINT; NITROGEN; OIL; PULP; REFUSE; RESEARCH;
SLUDGE; STEBILIZE; HOOD
    (1ft) HIEHARCH TERMS:  1PD/2IN/3UT; 1PD/2NE; 1HP
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS45592
    (16) CITATION:  122(12):31, Bar. 22, 1978.


    (1)  SWIES ACC.NO.:  046369
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  0  (2)  CATEGORY:   01   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Eusby  MR
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  A  Complete  Disposal-Recycle Sclieiae for Agricultural
 Solid Hastes.
    (8)  NTIS NO.:  PB-271 714   (B)  tEPuBT NO.:  EFA-600/2-77-089  (9)
 CONTRACT NO.:  E-802739
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) PUB. YEAB:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  An  anaerobic digestion process was applied to the
 production of methane  gas and a stabilized sludge» from cow aianure and
 fara clippings in laboratory  pilot  plants and a full scale (2,000 gal)
 digester system. The quantity and  quality of gas produced, the
 biochemical and chemical oxygen demands, and the nutritional value of
 the digested sludge for  both  laboratory and full-scale plants were
 evaluated. The process was  successfully operated in all plants,
 producing 62% methane  dry gas.  In  all samples, the chemical and
 biological oxygen demands were  reduced in plant effluents compared to
 influents. A nutritive study  of digested sludge was completed utilizing
 rats; it found that anaerobically  processed organic wastes were
 consumed readily and will support  aniaal growth. (Retained in SHIHS
 library) .
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGBICULrU&Ji;  ANAi&OBIC;  ANIMAL;  CONVERT; DIGESTION;
 DISPOSAL; FERTILIZER;  FOOD; MANUKE;  METHANE; PROCESS; RECLAHATION;
 BEFUSE DERIVED FUEL; SLUDGE;  SOLID;  UTILIZE
    (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:   1AG/2PT;  1AG/2UT;  1DP/2AG; 1EN/2RD;  1fiG
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS45419   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Noraan R;
 iragitt G
    (16)  CITATION:  Ada,  OK, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Bay
 1977.  51 p.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  016042
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  F  (2) CATEGORY:  20   (2)  SUBJ.TTPE:   T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Rohstoffe und Energie ans  Hull.  (Raw materials
 and energy from waste).
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Hasch R
    (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Hull und Abfall
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  GH   (10) GEO. AREA:   1EU/2GN   (10)  PUB. YEAR:  1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The First International  Symposium  on Materials and
 Energy from Refuse was held in Antwerp on Oct.  21 and 22, 1976. Of the
                                      :o

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                       ANALYSIS,  RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
papers presented, the following were representative.  Dr.  S.  Bysman
spoke on the Garrett pyrolysis process which is  used  to obtain
materials and heating oil from rubbish. This process  is divided  into
two steps, preparation and pyrolysis. C. Melan spoke  about the slagging
pyrolysis solid waste conversion process which is  being tested by the
Andco-Torrax installation in Luxemburg-Leudelfingen.  Dr.  E.  K. Robinson
discussed the partial oxidation of refuse using  the Purox system
(rubbish is gasified with oxygen instead of air).  R.  Basch presented a
paper on a process for obtaining nethane fron waste materials. Dr. B.
G. Kreiter discussed energy recovery from municipal and industrial
waste. Other topics discussed were: design and experience in refuse
incineration with heat recovery; energy from refuse;  sludge
incineration in the Dordrecht purification plant;  separate collection
of domestic wastes compounds; principles of air  classification;
fluidized bed mixing and segregation in solid refuse  treatment;  plant
plastification methods; and tin recycling from secondary  waste.
(Original text in German) .
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CONFERENCE; ENERGY; GERMANY;  METHANE;  MUHICIPALITY;
OXIDATION; OXYGEN; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; PROCESS; PYROLYSIS;  RECLAMATION;
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL; SLAG; SLUDGE;  SOLID; WASTE  HEAT
    (1i») HIERAECH TERMS:   1EN/2RD;  1HH; 1IN/2PY;  1RG
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS45092
    (16) CITATION:  9(2):49-51, Feb.  1977.


     (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  0*16035
     (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) S0BJ.TYPB:   S;  T
     (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Earthworms  and electrons:  technology's  "outer
 limits".
     (4) AUTHOR:  Krzeminski J
     (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Sludge Magazine
     (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1US/2HH/3BT; 1US/2HH  (10) PUB.
 YEAF:  1978
     (11) ABSTRACT:  At Boston's Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant,
 a pilot program is being conducted by the Massachusetts  Institute of
 Technology to study the use of irradiation in disinfecting  municipal
 sludge. And, at a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in Hew Mexico,
 irradiated sludge is being mixed with feed and  fed to animals to
 determine nutritive value and harmful effects.  Both  processes are
 described. While bacteria destruction through electron treatment has
 been clearly demonstrated, destruction of viruses has not been  as
 effective. Electron treatment has shown no effect on heavy  metals in
 sludge. The Deer Island systea can handle about 100,000  gal/d of
 sludge. Capital costs and costs per dry ton are calculated. There is
 evidence that electron treatment night improve  the reliability  of
 digestion and promote the dewatering of municipal sludge. Problems
 concerning public acceptance of irradiated sludge processing are
 discussed.
     (12) KEYWORDS:  ANIMAL; BACTERIA; BOD; BOSTOH; CHEMICAL; DIGESTION;
 ECONOMICS; ENERGY; FEED; LABORATORY; MUNICIPALITY; RADIATION; SLUDGE;
 STERILIZE; TOXIC; TREATMENT; VIRUS
     (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1SP/2C6; 1SP/2IP; 1TH
     (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS45085
     (16) CITATION:  1(1):31-34, Jan.-Feb. 1978.


     (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   OH 5368
     (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  17  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
     (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Baseline and monitoring  surveys of dump  sites.
     (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In Ocean Dumping in the United States - 1977.
     (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  GEO. AREA:  1DS/2DE;  1DS/2NY (10)  PUB.
YEAB:  1977
                                   21

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Coastal  assessment surveys were performed to provide
a technical basis for  determining  the feasibility of waste disposal by
ocean dumping. The surveys  were  inititated in 1974 under the authority
of the Marine Protection, Besearch,  and Sanctuaries Act of 1972  (as
amended) . They were conducted  at a  sewage sludge dump site in the Hew
York Bight, two  active ocean dumping disposal sites off Delaware Bay, a
mixed industrial waste dump site in  Delaware, a Gulf of Hexico
incineration site, and two  radioactive waste dump sites. The results of
surveys at these sites are  detailed  in terms of what has been
accomplished and what  remains  to be  done. Uses for the findings of the
surveys are examined.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  DELAWARF; DISPOSAL; DUMPING; INCINERATION; INDUSTRY;
LAW; MONITOR; MUNICIPALITY; NEW  YORK; OCEAN; RADIOACTIVE; SEWAGE;
SITES; SLODGE
    (14) HIFRARCH TERMS:   1OA/20C;  1OA/20F; 10A/2OG
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44415
    (16) CITATION:  Washington, DC,  o.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Bar. 1977.  p.41-49.
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  045312
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CAIEGOHY:   14   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Uncie Sam  wants  you to enlist in array of
policymakers.
   (4)  AUTHOH:  MacScay Bb Jr
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Solid Pastes  Rgmt/Refusfe Removal J
   (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB.  YEAS:   1976
   (11) ABSTRACT:  The provisions of  the Resource Conservation and
Eecovery Act, Public  Law 94-580  are  discussed. The Act calls for the
participation of tne  private sector  in  the development of, rules for
refuse collection, transportation,  conversion or disposal. The disposal
cf conrecoveratie waste residues  is  also covered by the Act. Solid
waste is described as retuse,  garbage,  sludge from a waste or water
supply treatment plant or aic  pollution facility and other discarded
materials but does not include solid  or dissolved material from
domestic sewage, in  irrigation return flows or industrial discharges
which are point sources subject  to section 402 of the Federal Mater
Pollution Control Act. In general,  the  Act seeks participation to
define performance levels for  solid  waste managemtnt practices,
protection of the environment, waters and air and dumping regulations.
At the present time  there are  25  federal agencies involved in water
regulation alone. Industry  is  urged  to  participate in the making of
policy.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  Alfi; COLLECTION;  DISPOSAL; ENVIRONMENT; fEDE8AL;
INDUSTRY; LAW; MANAGEMENT;  DEFUSE;  KLUDGE; WATER; WATERWAY
   (14) HIERARCH TERMS:   1AC/2AK; 1CC/2CL; 1DD/2DN; 1LB/2LB; 1W&/2HH
   (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS44359
   (16) CITATION:  19(2) :46, 52-5J,  Dec. 1976.


    (1) SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   044919
   (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  17   (2) SUBJ.TYPB:  S; T
   (4) AUTHOR:  Italiano ML
   (6) BOOK TITLE:   Marine  Waste Disposal in the New Tork Bight -
Public Policy, Environmental  Impacts, and Alternative Futures.
   (8) NTIS  NO.:  PB 255 222   (8) REPORT NO.:  MLI-76/1
   (10) LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  GFO. AREA:   1US/2NJ; 1US/2NY   (10) PUB.
YEAR:   1976
   (11)  ABSTPACT:  This program  and policy review examines the range  of
factors contributing to the problems of ocean dumping in  the New York
Bight  and related environmental  impacts. Marine water of  the New York
Bight  apex receives  a significant amount of urban waste that is
                                    22

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                       ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT

discharged at discrete ocean disposal sites, fro*  vaste  water outfalls
enptying into the Bight apex, and to the Hew Tork/Hew  Jersey  estuary  as
Municipal and industrial waste water. Sediment and water fro» sludge
and dredge spoil disposal contain high levels of coliform bacteria.
Benthic fauna are different at sludge and dredge sites fro* those in
surrounding areas, and finfish ingest sludge naterials and are
afflicted with a fin rot disease. Land disposal of sludge and thermal
processes with proper emission controls and dewatering are discussed  as
feasible alternatives to ocean dumping. The trend  of submarine sludge
and dredge spoil movements is correlated with water currents, heavy
•etal organic matter, and coliforn bacteria distribution. It  is noted
that no constructive public policy to control waste disposal  existed
before the 1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries  Act and
that alternative Methods of disposal will take tine, proper
coordination, and large sums of money to implement. (Retained in SWIRS
library) .
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACID; BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL; CHEMICAL; DISPOSAL;
DBEDGER; ENTIROHMENT; FEDERAL; GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRY; METAL;
MUNICIPALITY; NEW JERSEY; HEW YORK; OCEAN; PH; PHYSICAL; POLLUTION;
PYROLYSIS; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1BA; 1ED; 1LB/2LB; 1OA/2OC; 10A/2OF; 1OA/20G
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS4396U
    (16) CITATION:  Syracuse, NY, State University  of New York College
of Environmental Science and Forestry, Master's Thesis,  Mar.  1976. 288
p.


   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  044904
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CAIEGOKf:   24  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   S
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Carbon, nitrogen and metal  transformation  in
soil cores amended with sewage sludge.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Sommers LE
   (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR:   Purdue University
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Nitrogen and Metal Contamination  of natural
waters from Sewage Sludge Disposal on Land.
   (8)  STIS NO.:  PB 264-089  (8)  REPORT NO.:  89
   (9)  GRANT NO.:   14-31-001-4081
   (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN  (10)  tdB. YEAK:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:   Intact soil cor,es were employed  to  determine the
rate and extent of carbon, nitrogen,  and metal tra nsf or nation after the
addition of sewage sludge to soil.  The etfect of soil  and  sludge  type
and various management practices and environmental  conditions on  the
decomposition of organic carbon was assessed. The  extent of
decomposition decreased from 24 percent at 22.4 metric tons per half
acre to 11 percent at 89.6 metric tons per half acre,  as increasing
amounts of sewage sludge were  added in single applications. Surface
application and liming of tue  soil surface to the  pH level of 7  did not
significantly alter the amount of organic carbon evolved.  Incubation
experiments with soil cores showed that the decomposition  of  organic
carbon fell within a relatively narrow range. Soil  samples were
obtained from all cores Hollowing a 1 year incubation  period  and  were
subdivided into depth increments and analyzed for  organic  carbon  and
total nitrogen. The amount oi  total nitrogen present in  columns at the
end of the incubation period was estimated to construct  nitrogen
balance sheets for sludge amended and control soils. Metal movement was
assessed by an analysis ot different soil depths and water leachate
samples.  Soils ranging in texture from sand to silty clay  loam were
able to retain copper,  cadaiuai,  zinc, lead, and nickel applied in
sludge,  preventing leachate below the 0 to 7.5 centimeter layer  of
sludge incorporation.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:   CARBON; DECOMPOSE; EARTH; LEACH; MANAGEMENT;  HETAL;
KITROGEN;  ORGANIC; SLUDGE; WATEK
   (1U)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1H*;;  13I/2SX;  1SJ
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OUS439U9  (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Nelson DH;
terry RE
   (16)  CITATION:   Washington, DC,  U.S. Department  of  the  Interior,
Dec. 1976.  p.80-97.

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                      SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  EWIRS  ACC.NO.:   044872
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2) CATEGORY:   2ft   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Municipal  waste treatment process effluents and
residues.
    (5)  CORPORATE  AUTHOR:  Environmental  Quality  Systems, Inc
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In  Disposal of  Wastewater Residuals. V.1.
    (10)  LABGOAGE: EH   (10)  GEO.  AREA:   10S/2DC   (10)  FOB. TEAR:  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT: Municipal waste  treatment processes are examined
with  emphasis on  efflnents  and residues. Topic headings ^include: sewage
treatment, effect of industrial wastes,  sludge handling treatment, and
residue generation.  Data in the form of  tables is  given on such topics
as  characteristics and  constituents of sludge and  nutrient content of
domestic sludges. Process descriptions are presented hich includes:
tapered aeration, high  rate, complete mixing, and  pure oxygen
treatment. Industrial wastes and  sludge  handling are discussed in some
detail. Data  is given.
    (12)  KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; DATA;  EFFLUENT; BETAL; MUNICIPALITY;
PROCESS;  RESIDUE; SLDDGE; TREATMENT; WASTEWATER
    (14)  HIERARCH  TERHS:  1HJ/2M8; 1SI/2SX
    (15)  ETIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS43917
    (16)  CITATION: Washington, DC,  National Commission on Water
Quality,  Barch 1976. p.III-1  to  111-86.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  044820
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) SDBJ .TYPE:  G
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  Hunicipal Sludge Management:  EPA Construction
Grants Program An Overview of the Sludge Management Situation,  HCD-30.
(8) REPORT NO.:  EPA-430/9-76-009
    (10) LAHGOAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Under the Federal Water Pollution Control  Act
Amendments of 1972, Congress authorized EPA $18 billion in grant
authority to help municipalities construct publicly owned wastewater
treatment works through fiscal year 1977. The funding authority is
expected to be continued for several more years. An integral  part of
almost any wastewater treatment plant is the sludge management  system.
Residual solids are produced in nearly every unit process of
conventional wastewater treatment and a significant proportion  of both
capital outlay and O and M costs of conventional sewage treatment is
associated with sludge production, conditioning and disposal  facilities
and operations. As manager of the EPA Construction Grants Program, the
Office of Water Program Operations  (OWPO) is involved with municipal
sewage sludge management activities and concerned with the problems
communities are facing with sludge disposal. This paper is a  summary of
available information on municipal sewage sludge production and
alternatives for the disposal/utilization of municipal sewage sludge
and OWPO activities in this area. (Retained in SWIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; BPA; INCINERATION;
MANAGEMENT; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; SLDDGE;
UTILIZE
    (14) HIERAHCH TEHBS:  1EA/2EA; 1MA/2MH; 1PK;  1SB; 1SI/2S2
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS43865
    (16) CITATION:  Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, April 1976.  64 p.
                                    24

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                       ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
   (1)  SWIHS ACC.NO.:   04U817
   (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
   (U)  AUTHOR:  Shea TG
   (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR;   ». K.  Gates and Associates, Inc
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  Hastewater  Sludge Utilization and Disposal Costs.
(8) REPORT NO.:  EPA-430/9-7b-015  (9)  CONTRACT NO.:  P5-01-205
   (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:  A flow  sheet describing various sludge utilization
and disposal alternatives  is presenter!.  Amortized capital and 0 and  fl
costs are shown for plant  capacities ranging from 1 to 1000 MGD. Froa
this information preliminary comparisons of the cost effectiveness of
various sludge utilization and  disposal alternatives can be made. The
report provides supplementary information which when combined with the
Technical Report:  A Guide  to the  selection of Cost-Effective Bastewater
Treatment Systems, EPA-430/9-75-002  and Costs of Wastewater Treatment
ty Land Application provides construction grant applicants with
information for preliminary  cost  comparisons of various wastewattr
management alternatives.  Data is  included. (Retained in SHIRS library).
   (12) KEYWORDS:  AIR; DIGESTION;  DISPOSAL;  ECONOMICS; FILTEfi;
FLOTATION; INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT;  OCEAN;  i-KOCESS; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLUDGE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE;  VACUUH;  WASTEWATiiE
   (14) HIEBARCH TERMS:   1DD/2DH;  1EA/2EA; 1 SI/239
   (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS43«62   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Stockton  JD
   (16) CITATION:  Washington,  DC,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Sept. 1975.  13 p.
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  044429
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  F   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SDBJ.TYPE:  G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Standing  committee  on the disposal of sewage
sludge.
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Water Services
   (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1 EU/2UK  (10)  PUB. YEAR:  1977
   (11) ABSTRACT:  Great Britain's  Standing Committee on the Disposal
cf Sewaqe Sludge  (Department of  the Environment)  is reviewing economic,
technical, public health, and environmental aspects of sewage sludge
disposal with a view to issuing  recommendations on sound practises.
Subcommittees pursue specific disposal  areas of land, ocean, air
(incineration) , and economic aspects of disposal.  The disposal to land
^subcommittee has examined effects of sludge on soil,  crops, man, and
animals. The ocean disposal subcommittee instigated a review of
disposal by dumping and by pipeline. The incineration subcommittee
issued a guestionnaire to those  operating  sludge or sludge and refuse
incinerators. The need for more  research on all aspects of disposal is
emphasized. The economics subcommittee  is  producing costs of different
nethods, identifying disposal constraints,  identifying networks or
processes for sewage sludge treatment and  disposal, and collating
information as a background tor  economic decision  making.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; DUMPINU; ECONOMICS;  EUROPE; GREAT BRITAIN;
HEALTH; INCINERATION; INFORMATION;  LAND; OCEAN; PIPELINE; BESEAKCH;
SAFETY; SLUDGE
   (14) HIERAHCH TERMS:  1EB/2EF;  1SI/2S2;  1S1/2S4
   (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS43473
   (16) CITATION:  81 (976):335,338,  June 1977.

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  044356
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Evaluation procedures,  criteria,  and
constraints.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Hyatt JH
   (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR:  Engineering-Science,  Inc
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Sludge Processing,  Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery:  A Planning  Perspective.   (8) REPORI NO.:
HPD 12-75-01   (9) CONTRACT NO.:  68-01-3104
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  PUB. YEAH:   1975
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  A planning framework  within which  residual waste
disposal and/or reuse alternatives  can be  selected and evaluated is
presented. Residual waste processing  and disposal and reuse
alternatives are described and illustrated.  Sludge producing and sludge
handling unit  processes are examined. Criteria for evaluating
alternatives are given. Ihey are concerned1with economic aspects of
residual waste disposal and management,  the  impact of residual waste
processing and disposal on environmental guality  (water, air, land,
flora and fauna, 'aesthetics, public health,  the community, and resource
conservation), feasibility  (financial feasibility, public
acceptability, land use compatibility,  and ease of implementation), and
performance  (effectiveness and reliability,  adaptability, and calamity
resistance)  .
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  AIR; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL;  ECONOMICS; EFFLUENT;
MANAGEMENT; PLANNING;  PROCESS; RESIDUE;  SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER;
HATER
   (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:   1MA/2MH;  1SI/2SY;  1SI/2S2
   (15) STIHS  ACC.NO.:  OOS43400   (15|  SECONDARY  AUTHORS:  White PE Jr
   (16)  CITATION:  Washington, DC,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Dec.  1975.   p. 158-180.


   (1)  SHIRS  ACC.NO.:  044355
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S; T
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Characterization of  ultimate  disposal and
resource/recovery methods.
   (4)  AUTHOR:   Hyatt  JM
   (5)  CORPORATE  AUTHOR:  Engineering-Science, Inc
   (6)  BOOK  TITLE:   In Sludge Processing,  Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery:  A Planning  Perspective.    (8) REPOKT NO.:
HPD 12-75-01   (9) CONTRACT NO.:   68-01-3104
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB.  YEAH:   1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:  Ultimate sludge  disposal methods  are  discussed,
including sanitary landfills, sludge  recycling, land reclamation,  waste
disposal  ponds,  and  ocean disposal.  Five resource recovery methods are
available wfcen viewing sludge as  a  resource. They involve incineration,
jyrolysis,  lime  recalcination, composting,  and sludge reuse. For each
•ethod  of ultimate sludge disposal,  consideration is given to the
following:  operational characteristics,  waste characteristics, siting
and environmental considerations,  suitability of  disposal, control and
ionitoring, and  cost.  Marketing  factors in  the recycling of sludge are
examined.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  COMPOSTING; CONTROL;  DISPOSAL; DRYING; HEAT;
INCINERATION;  LAND; LIME; MANAGEMENT;  MARKET; MONITOR; OCEAN;
EYBOLYSIS;  BECLAMATION; RESOURCE; SANITARY LANDFILL;  SLUDGE
   (14)  HIEEARCH TERMS:   1EA/2EA;  1LA;  1OA/20G; 1RG;  1SD/2SH; 1SI/2S2
   (15)  STIMS  ACC.NO.:  OOS43399   (15|  SECONDARY  AUTHORS:  Hhite PE Jr
   (16)  CITATION:  Washington, DC,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Deq.  1975.   p.79-157.
                                   26

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                        ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
    (1)  SBIRS  ACC.NO.:   044351
    (2)  DOBESTTC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (U)  AUTHOR:  Hyatt  JB
    (5)  CORPORATE  AUTHOR:   Engineering-Science, Inc
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   Sludge Processing, Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery:   A  Planning Perspective.  (8) REPORT NO.:
WPD  12-75-01   (9)  CONTRACT NO.:  68-01-3104
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A methodology  for use in  the evaluation of
alternatives  for  the ultimate disposal of residual waste generated by
municipal vaste water  treataent plants is reported. It considers
technical, economic, social,  and  institutional factors relevant to the
review  of alternatives. Residual  waste is characterized, and handling
and  treatment processes are  discussed and evaluated in relation to
qualitative and quantitative  changes in residual waste. The following
sludge  handling and  treatment processes are  detailed: thickening,
stabilization, conditioning,  dewatering, and drying and reduction.
Liquid, gaseous,  and solid waste  streams produced in the course of
treatment are examined. Rail, pipeline, barge, and truck modes of
transport are analyzed. Environmental, operational, and institutional
constraints on the use of  ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills,
sludge  recycling,  and  land reclamation are noted. Consideration is
given to the  management of a  sludge control  and monitoring program.
(Retained in  SHIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CONTROL;  CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; INSTITUTION; LAGOONS;
LAND; HANAGEHENT;  SONITOR; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN; PLANNING; RKCLAHATION;
RESIDUE; RESOURCE; SANITARY  LANDFILL; SLUDGE; SOCIO-ECOBOBIC;
TRANSPORT; TREATHENT;  WASTE  HATER
    (14) HIERARCH  TERMS:   1MA/2MH; 1BJ/2B8; 1HK; 1SI/2SY; 1SI/2S2;
1SI/2S8
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS43395   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  White PE Jr
    (16) CITATION:  Washington,  DC,  U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Dec.  1975.   188 p.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  0442t>5
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   2<4   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Econoai.cs ot  transporting  wastewater sludge.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Hillmer TJ Jr
    (6)  JOUBNAL TITLE:  Public Works
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  PUB. YEAH:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  From data on costs incurred  in sewage sludye
utilization systems in 15 areas across the  United States,
characteristics of a  typical ''molal" wastewater treatment facility
which applies its sludge to land were developed.  Community  officials
can use this model system to compare costs  or existing  landspreading
operations in their communities; to assess  the  cost  of  their coauaunity
landspreading system more realistically; or, as a planning  aid in the
initiation of a new system.  Itie model community treats  an average flow
of 10 mqd and generates 800 tpy ol stabilized sludge as dry solids.  For
a 12 mile round trip daily aaul, the cost would be about $35.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; iiCONJMICS;  HAUL; LAND;  MANAGEMENT;  SEWAGE;
SLUDGE;  WASTE WATER
    (14)  HIER4HCH TERMS:  1SI/2S1; 1SI/2S9;  1TF/2TG
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  00ci43309
    (16)  CITATION:  108(9) :110-11 1, Sept. 1977.
                                     27

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.SO. :  01*1*222
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPii:  G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Intangible aspects of sludge management.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Dick RI
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Process Selection for Optimal Management of
Regional Wastewater fiesiauals.
   (9)  GRANT NO.:  ENV 75-15751-A01
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) PUB.  YEaR:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Nonguantitiable  factors to consider hhen evaluating
alternative sludge management schemes are discussed, it is pointed out
that intangible costs other tnan  direct costs influence decisions on
sludge management alternatives. Indirect costs result from a second set
of activities made possiole or brought about by sludge management
practices. Social costs  usually affect common property and involve an
ill defined or  national  population.  An example of an indirect  cost is
the decrease  in  the  value  of  land close to a sludge disposal facility.
Examples of social costs potentially related to sludge treatment and
disposal are  reductions  in the quality of life- brought about by the
influence of  sludge  disposal  practices on air, land, and water
resources. Both  indirect and  social costs and benefits are analyzed.
Special consideration  is given to the indirect and  social costs of
sludge management by land  application and.to operational
characteristics of components of  sludge management  options.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS;  ECONOMICS; LAND; MANAGEMENT; SLUDGE;
SPBEADING
    (14) HIEBA8CH  TERMS:   1EA;  1MA/2MU; 1 SI
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS4J265   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Simmons  UL;
Ball RO
    (16) CITATION:  Newark, i)E, University of  Delaware, Oct.  1976.
p. 138-159.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  044216
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   2U   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  The  integrated sludge management program.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Dick fil
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Dick, d.  I.,  D.  i.  Simmons, and R. 0. ball.
trocess Selection for Optimal  Management of Regional Hastevater
Residuals.
    (9)  GRANT NO. :  ENV 75-15751-A01
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB.  YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Computer routines were  utilized to calculate the
performance and costs of  various  sludge management schemes. The
routines were referred to collectively  as  the integrated sludge
nanagement program (ISMP). Tney  were written in Fortran IV and included
subprograms for determining the  performance of sludye production
processes; the performance of  sludge treatment, utilization, and
disposal processes; the characteristics of feed streams for each
process;  and whether stable performance computations were achieved in
process chains that involved the  return of flow to the waste water
treatment system. The relationship  between the ISSP and an optimization
program for the selection and  integration  of sludge management
processes is described and illustrated.  Performance equations ror each
waste water and sludge handling  process are contained in subroutines,
with constraints on the design or performance of a process formulated
as mathematical functions. Information  transfer in tae ISMP is
discussed.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  COMPUTER; tSLONOMICS;  MANAGEMENT; 8 ATHEflATICAL MODEL;
EBCCESS;  PROGRAM; RESIDUE; SLUDGE;  TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WASTE HATEK
    (14)  HIEKARCH TERMS:   UE;  1CG;  1MA/2MH;  1SI; 1SI/2S1
    (15)  SUMS ACC.NO.:  OOS43259   (15)  SECONDABY AUTHORS:  Siomons DL;
Eall HO
    (16)  CITATION:  Newark, DL, University  of Delaware, Oct. 1976.
p.8-12.
                                  28

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                     ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
    (1)  SWISS  ACC.NO.:   044215
    (2)  DOHESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGOhY:   21   (2)  SOBJ.TYPK:  S; T
    (4)  AUTHOK:   Dick  HI
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   Process  Selection for Optimal Management of
 Beqional  Hastewater  Residuals.
    (9)  GRANT  NO. :   ENV  75-15751-A01
    (10) LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:   Optimization procedures and performance and cost
 •odels  were employed  to develop a technique for the integration of
 sludqe  management  processes  associated  with the application of sludge
 on  land.  The  approach used for  the optimum selection and integration of
 processes was to develop mathematical expressions which describe the
 performance of  each  process  as  a function of basic design and
 operational parameters  and waste water  and sludge properties. It was
 also necessary  to  develop expressions for the capital and operting
 costs of  each process as a function  of  its size and/or operational
 characteristics.  A digital computer  was then used to identify the
 optimum manner  for' combining processes, based on mathematical
 descriptions  of the  performance and  cost of each component of sludge
 nanaqement. The influence of design  and operational practices on the
 physical  characteristics of  sludge was assessed, and physical
 properties affecting  thickening and  dewatering were found to be of most
 significance. Design  and operational variables influencing the physical
 properties of sludge  were mean  cell  .residence time in the activated
 sludqe  process, combining two types  of  sludge of known physical
 quality,  anaerobic and aerobic;  stabilization, and conditioning and
 elntritiation.  (Retained in  SWIKS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:   COMPUTEK; DESIGN; ECONOMICS; LAND; HANAGEMENr;
 BATHEHATICAL  MODEL;  PROCESS; KESIDUE; SLUDGE; SPREADING; HASTE WATEH
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1
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                      SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:  043799
    (2)  DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SDBJ.TTPE:  T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Hunicipal  sludge  management  research  program in
the U.S.A.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  SBith JE
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:  USA/USSR Symposium on the
Handling, Treatment and Disposal  of Wastewater Sludge, Moscow, DSSR,
Hay 13-16, 1975.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO.  AREA:   los   (10) PUB. TEA'S:  1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Government and industry involvement in the
management of municipal sludge in the United States is described.
Environmental constraints imposed by the nature of  sludge are
considered. Constituents of environmental concern are noted  as trace
metals,  bacteria, viruses, intestinal parasites, process chemicals
contributed by industry, nutrient materials, organics, and
polychlorinated biphenyls. Various sludge handling  alternatives  are
discnssed. The impact of upgrading waste water treatment by  the
addition of chemicals on sludge production and the  impact of chemical
addition in primary treatment on  sludge handling are assessed. Research
projects are cited which deal with lime stabilization, autothermal
thermophilic aerobic digestion, ash conditioning, the thermal
conditioning of sludge, top feed  rotary vacuum filtration, moving belt
filter  presses, pressure filtration of sludge, pyrolysis, and wet
oxidation of digested sludge.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CHEHICAL; COMPOSITION; FILTER; LIME; METAL;
HICROORGANISM; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC; OXIDATION; POLYCHLOBINATED;
PYROLYSIS; RESEARCH; SLDDGE; STABILIZATION; THERHOPHIL; OS
    (14)  HIERABCH TERHS:  1PB; 1RE; 1SI
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS42842  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:.  Rosenkranz
WA
    (16)  CITATION:  Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency,  Bay 1975.  p.68-77.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  043798
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  19  (2) SOBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Thickening and dewatering of vaste water sludges
 by vibro filtration method.
    («) AUTHOR:  Dwinslcih EV
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:  OSA/USSR Symposium on the
 Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge, Hoscow, USSR,
 Bay 13-16, 1975.
    (8) NTIS NO.:  PB 258 169
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) FOB. YEAH:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The results of theoretical and experimental
 investigations of the waste sludge dewatering process using a model of
 continuous gravity vibrofiltration are presented. Hunicipal and
 industrial sludge was used, and metal screens were employed as
 filtering media. Filling filtration funnels were employed to study the
 relationship between filtration rate and vibration parameters. The
 vibrofiltration process occurred in two stages in the absence of excess
 static pressure. First, the layer of vibrofluidized sludge formed on
 the filtering screen. The resistance of this layer to filtration
 depended on the degree of its fluidization. Second, a reduction in the
 sludge layer occurred due to the separation of filtrate. A mathematical
 model of both stages was obtained on the basis of the linear law of
 filtration. The final moisture content of  sludge was found to depend on
 the acceleration and frequency of vibrations. The solids content in the
 filtrate was dependent on the vibration parameters of porous media.
 Technical and economic calculations indicated that the use of sludge
 vibrothiekening with consequent heat drying or incineration minimized
 the requirement for complicated and expensive conditioning processes
                                     30

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                       ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
prior to Mechanical devatering.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  DRYING;  EQUIPMENT; FILTER; INDUSTRY; MATHEMATICAL
MODEL; MUNICIPALITY;  PROCESS;  SLUDGE; VIBRATION
    (1«») BIER ARCH TERMS:   1EE/2ES;  1PM; 1SI/2S7
    (15) STIHS ACC.HO.:   OOS42841
    (16) CITATION:  Washington, DC,  U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Hay  1975.  p.63-67.
    (1)  SWISS ACC. NO. :  043504
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   19   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  '£
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Integration of unit  operations in Wastewater
 residuals management.
    (4)  AUTHOfi:  Dick RI
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Smith, J. L. , and  E.  H,  Bryan, eds.
 Proceedings:  Williamsburg Conference on  Management  of Wastewater
 Residuals, Hilliamsburg, VA, Nov.  U-14,  1975.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. fEAfi:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The management  of residuals  from  waste water
 treatment processes is considered. Techniques used for the  treatment,
 reclamation,, and disposal of sludge  are categorized  according to their
 purpose: thickening, stabilization,  conditioninj,  dewatering, thermal
 combusion, disinfection, transportation,  reclamation, and ultimate
 disposal. The optimal integration  ot sludge  treatment and disposal
 processes requires that the tate of  each  sludge constituent in each
 process be known, the effect of siudga  properties  on process
 performance be understood, the influence  of  operational variables upon
 process performance be predictable,  and the  cost of  each process as a
 function of its capacity and other design features be documented.
 Additional information is provide! in the form  of  attachments on types
 of sludge, plausible flow diagrams for  sludge treatment and disposal
 schemes, and the modeling ol process performance on  the basis of
 fundamental factors which influence  process  behavior.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  DESIGN; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;  INFORMATION;
 MANAGEMENT; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;  RESIDUES;  SLUDGE;  THEATHENT; HASTE
 WATER
    (14)  HIEP.ARCH TERRS:  IEA/^EA;  1EE/2ES;  1KA;  1P«;  1SI/2S2
    (15)  STIM5 ACC.NO.:  OOS425U7   (15)   SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Simmons DL
    (16)  CITATION:  Washington, OC, National  Science  Foundation, 1977.
 p.83-92.
                       043605
                     (2)  CATEJOHY:  02   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   G
                       Optimization of continuous subsurface injection
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO. :
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:
cf sewage sludge.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Ward HC
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Smith, J. L. , and  E.  H.  Bryan,  eds.
Proceedings:  Hilliamsburg Conference on  Management  of Wastewater
fiesiduals, Williamsburg, VA, Nov.  13-14,  1975.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AfcKA:   1US/2CD   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The development of strategies  for incorporating
economic and environmental factors into  the  design and management of a
subsurface injection system is reviewed.  Dynamic  programming,  a method
for optimizing staged decisions, is used  as  a basis  for determining how
nuch sludge to inject each year and how  ouch it will cost.
Environmental and economic constraints are incorporated into the
decision making process performed by dynamic programming. The dynamic
programming model requires such inputs as land  costs in a community,
machine costs, crop benefits, sludge characteristics,  and environmental
                                    31

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE


 linitations and operational  characteristics.  The  result is the
application rate and disposal  cost  per  day per ton of sludge for a
 coBBunity. The results  of  applying  the  model in Boulder, Colorado are
 presented. It is concluded that  the  model is valuable,  since various
 operational configurations of  subsurface injection systems can be
 balanced against cost and  environmental impact.
    (12) KEYWORDS:   ANALYSIS;  COLORADO;  CROP; DESIGN; ECONOMIC;
 ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT;  LAND;  MANAGEMENT; PROGRAMMING; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
    (14) HIEEARCH TERMS:   1E12/2ES;  1SI/2S7; 1SJ
    (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:   00542548  (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Lortis JL
    (16) CITATION:   Washington, DC,  National Science Foundation,  1977.
 p.93-105.

    (1)  SHIES ACC.NO.:   043503
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORIC:   21   (2)  •SUBJ.TXPE:   S; T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   High  energy  electron irradiation of wastewater
residuals.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Trump JG
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In  Smith,  J. L. ,  and E. H.  Bryan,  eds.
Proceedings:  Hilliamsburg conterence on Management of  Wastewater
Besiduals, Hilliamsburg, VA, Nov.  U-14, 1975.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  GEO. AREA:   1US/2MA/3BO  (10)  PUB. *EAR:
 1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The  use of  penetrating ionizing radiation tor the
inactivation of viruses  and  the  destruction of bacteria and other
pathogenic agents in waste water and  sludge is discussed.  It is felt
that sludge presents the most  difficult disinfection problem in the
management of waste water  and  its solid residuals.  The  concept of using
ionizing energy for the  disinfection  of sludge is  explored. Mechanisms
by  which disinfection can  be accomplished by an economic and physically
feasible dose of ionizing  energy delivered by high energy electrons.
The proposed electron research facility of the Deer Island Waste Water
Treatment Plant in Boston, Massachusetts is detailed.  Various
experiments on virus inactivation by  electron irradiation are cited.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL; ENERGY; FACILITY; ION;
HANAGEMENT; MASSACHUSETTS; PATHOGEN;  RESEARCH;  SLUDGE;  VIRUS; WASTE
SAT EH
    (14) HIEE1RCH TERMS:   1EE/2ES;  1HF;  1PC;  1PM;  1RE;  1SI/2S6
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:   OOS42546
    (16) CITATION:  Washington, DC,  National Science Foundation, 1977.
F.65-82.

    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   043502
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2) CAT-EGOSY:   02   (2)  SUBJ.TiPE:   S
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Role of viruses  in management of environmental
risks.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Metcalf TG
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Smith,  J. L.,  and E.  H.  Bryan, eds.
Proceedings:   Nilliamsburg Conference on Management of  Wastewater
Besiduals,  Hilliamsburg, VA, Nov. 13-14,  1975.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The control of virus pathogens  in waste water liguid
residuals by high energy electron irradiation was  studied. Five et.teric
viruses were used in a number  of inactivation studies.  Viruses analyses
were made on samples collected by virus concentrator methods. Viruses
were recovered from all filters  used  in the collection  process
(clarification and adsorption) by eiution.  Radiation studies with the
five test viruses showed varying degrees of  radioresistance.  Tne most
radioresistance was exhibited  by the  Coxsackievirus B3, while the least
radioresistance was exhibited  by the  Ecovirus 6. The radiosensitivity
of Poliovirus 2 was not influence! by the suspension of virus in waste
treatment plant effluent. The  radiation dose  required for  tue
inactivation of virus was  proportional  to the number of virus particles
presented.  It was estimated that virus  concentrations up to 95 percent
                                   32

-------
                       ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
 cf the number tnterinq one sewaje treatment plant wtre removed in taw
         KEYKORDS:  ANALYSIS; FILTER; LIQUID; MANAGEMENT; PATHOGENS;
 BESIDUE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; VIKUS; HASTE HATER
     (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  Ud; UE/2±,S;  1 MA;  1«F; 1PC;  1 SI/236
     (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  00342545
     (16)  CITATION:  fcashinyton, DC, National  Science  Foundation,  1977.
 p.53-6U.


    (1) SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   043497
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  21   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T
    (4) AUTHOR:  Smith  JL
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  Proceedings:   Williamsbarg Conference on Management
of Hastewater Residuals, Williamsburg, VA, Nov.  13-1*,  1975.
    <10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)   FOB. IBAB:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The  proceedings of a  conference on waste water
residual management are reported.  The conference  was  held in
Williamsburg, ?irginia  on November 13 and 11, 1975. Its primary  focus
was  on research sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
Conference presentations dealt with the  following topics: continuous
subsurface injection of waste water residuals; subsurface injection of
waste water residuals on soil and  ground water; survival of pathogens
in soil; role of viruses in  the management of environmental risk; high
energy electron irradiation  of waste water residuals; integration of
unit operations in waste water residual  management; optimization of
continuous subsurface  injection of sewage sludge; legal aspects  of land
application of waste water residuals; industrial  concerns in residual
management; sludge disposal  by soil injection; planning for the
ultimate disposal of waste water residuals; and international aspects
of residual management. (Retained  in SWIRS library).
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CONFERENCE; DISPOSAL; GROUND WATER;  INDUSTRY;
INFORMATION;  INTERNATIONAL;  LAND;  LEGAL; MANAGEMENT;  MUNICIPALITY;
PATHOGEN; PLANNING; RECLAMATION; RESIDUE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; UTILIZE;
VIRUS; WASTE  WATEF
    (14)  HIERARCH TBSWS:  1BE/2ES;  1GD; 1MA/2HC;  1HA/2BD; 1HF; 1SI/2S2;
1SJ
    (15)  ST1HS ACC.NO.:  OOS42540   (15) SECONDARY  AUTHORS:   Bryan EH
    (16)  CITATION:  Washington, DC, National Science Foundation,  1977.
162  p.
    (1)  SWIRS  ICC.NO.:   043208
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   10   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Standards  for viruses in  effluents,  sludges, and
ground  and surface waters.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Sproul  00
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In  Baldwin, L.  B., J.  H. Davidson,  and  J. F.
Gerber,  eds.  Virus Aspects of Applying  Municipal  Waste to  Land.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB.  YEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Necessary elements of standards for  viruses in  water
and sludge are detailed. Four reasons for  the establishment of
standards for viruses in water and  sludge  are cited:  (1)  human health;
(2) reduction in the treatment of water  by subsequent downstream
industrial and municipal users;  (3)  maintenance  of recreational and
economic opportunities; and (4) improvement  of public confidence in the
ability  of public officials to control the environment. The
establishment of virus  standards  nay be  based on cause  and  effect
relationships, analytical detection limits,  or treatment technology.
Standards of the fiorld  Health Organization and the U.S. Public Health
Service  and in South Africa and Canada for viruses in drinking water
are noted, as well as standards in  Montgomery County, Maryland for
viruses  in treated effluent. Goals  for viruses in  water and sludge are
identified.
                                      33

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   EFFLUENT;  GROUND WATER;  HEALTH;  HDBAN;  INDUSTRY;
 MUNICIPALITY;  RECREATION  AREA;  SLUDGE;  STARDARD;  VIRUS
    (14)  HIERARCH TERHS:   1LB/2LA;  1HF;  1SI/2S4
    (15)  STIHS  ACC.NO.:  OOS42251
    (16)  CITATION:   Gainsville,  FL,  Univeristy of  Florida,  (1977).
 p.131-135.

    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  043203
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:   10   (2)  SDBJ.TYPE:   S
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Surface  application  of  municipal  sludges.
    (4) AUTHOR:   Cliver DO
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Baldwin,  L.  B.,  J. B. Davidson, and J.  F.
Gerber,  eds.   Virus Aspects of  Applying Municipal Waste  to Land.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   The tendency of  viruses  in  waste water to sediment
with  sludge during  sewage treatment is  investigated. Viruses of concern
in  waste water are  those  eaanating  from the intestines of humans.
Intestinal viruses  exhibit a strong association with fecal solids.
Feces are comprised of undigested food  residues, bacterial cells, and
sloughed epithelium from  the intesines. Viruses in  primary sludge are
likely to be the result of cells or cell fragments  from  the intestinal
epithelium, while viruses in  waste  activated sludge are  generally
associated with  microbial cells and products. Depending  on the type  of
waste water and  processes used  to treat it, some viruses in sludge may
be  adsorbed onto colloidal mineral  particles. The treatment of sludge
by  anaerobic digestion and its  disposal are considered.  The mobility of
viruses  in sludge is  explored.  Risks that may be  incurred  in the
disposal of sludge  on land are  examined. It is concluded that  viruses
present  in sludge will not pose a significant public health hazard as
long  as  sludge is worked  into soil  at a properly  selected  disposal
site.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   FBCES; FOOD; MUNICIPALITY; RESIDUE;  SEWAGE; SLUDGE;
TREATHENT; VIRUS; WASTE WATER
    (14)  HIERARCH TERHS:   1HB; 1MF;  1PC; 1SI/2SX;  1SI/2SY
    (15)  STIBS  ACC.NO.:  OOS42246
    (16)  CITATION:   Gainsville,  FL,  University of  Florida,  (1977).
 p. 77-81.


    (1) SWTBS ACC.NO.:  043196
    (2) DOBESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   10   (2)  SDBJ.TYPE:   S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Viral pathogen inactivation  during treatment  of
municipal wastewater.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Balina JF
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Baldwin, L.  B.,  J. B. Davidson, and J.  F.
Gerber,  eds.   Virus Aspects of  Applying Municipal Waste  to Land.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   The technology of  virus  removal  and inactivation
during the treatment of municipal waste water  and in the handling of
sludge is examined. Processes involved  in waste water treatment are
outlined. The  removal of viruses during primary treatment and
biological treatment and by activated sludge,  trickling  filter, and
oxidation pond systems is discussed.  The final unit treatment  process
for municipal  waste water prior to  discharge into the natural
environment is disinfection. The effect of  the anaerobic digestion of
sludge on virus  inactivation is explored. Virus removal  in advanced
waste  treatment  is  addressed. Advanced  treatment systems include
coagulation and  flocculation, sedimentation, filtration  using  either
sand  or  diatomaceous earth, adsorption  on activated carbon, and
disinfection,  it is concluded that  municipal waste  water treatment
plants incorporating primary sedimentation,  biological treatment, and
disinfection can produce an effluent  that is low in enteric animal
viruses. Anaerobic digestion of organic sludge is also effective  in
virus  inactivation.
                                   34

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                      ANALYSIS,  RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT

    (12)  KEYWORDS:  MUNICIPALITY; PATHOGEN; SLUDGE; TRBATHENT;  WASTE
 RATER
    (14)  BIERARCH TBRHS:  1HB ; IMF; 1SF/2SS;  1SF/2SD
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS42239
    (16)  CITATIOH:  Gainsville, FL, Dniversity of Florida,  (1977).
 p.9-23 .

    (1) SHIBS  ACC.NO.:   042640
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SDBJ.TYPB:  S
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:   Inactivation of viruses daring anaerobic sludge
digestion.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Bertucci  JJ
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:   J  Water Pollution Control Federation
    (10) LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  GEO.  AREA:  1US/2IL/3CH  (10) POB. YEAH:
1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:   The  in activation of viruses during anaerobic sludge
digestion was examined. The  possibility of  increased vims burden to
the environment  caused  by land application  of digested municipal sludge
iras a  major  concern of  the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Ch icago at its Fulton County Land  Reclamation site in central Illinois.
Viruses in wastewater are adsorbed  and concentrated by sludge floe
during the activated sludge  process,  and are carried into the anaerobic
digestion process.  The  virus inactivation potential of the digestion
process «as  investigated  by  using  five viruses and laboratory-scale
digestion units. The viruses studied  included coliphage MS-2,
poliovirus—1,  coxsackie viruses A-9 and B-4, and echovirus-11. Average
individual virus inactivation  rates were found to range from 74.9 to
97.1 percent  after  24 hoars  to 93.7 to 99.9 percent after 48 hoars.
    (12) KEYWORDS:   AHABBOBIC;  CHICAGO; DIGESTION; E»?IBONBBNT;
HAZARDOUS; ILLINOIS; LAND; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; PROGRAM; RECLABATIOS;
SLUDGE; TIHE;  ?IH0S
    (14) HIERARCB TERMS:  1SF/2SO;  1SI/2SY
    (15) STIHS  ACC.NO.:  OOS41683   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Lue-Hing C;
Sedita SJ; Zenz D
    (16) CITATION:   49(7):16"42-1651, July 1977.

    (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO. :   0425J2
    (2)  DOHESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   19   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Current and future studies  on  advanced  waste
 treatment in Japan.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Kashiwaya A
    (6)  BOOK  TITLE:   In Proceedings:   Fourth  United  States/Japan
 Conference on Sewage Treatment Te~nnology, Cincinnati,  OH,  and
 Sashington,  DC,  Oct.  23-24 and Oct.  28-29,  1975.   (8)  REPORT  NO.:
 EPA-600/9-76-023
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  GEO. AREA:   1AI/2JA   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Studies on advanced  waste treatment  in Japan  are
 examined.  Six objectives of advanced  waste  treatment  studies  in  the
 country  are  identified:  (1)  experiment  for  upgrading  secondary effluent
 from the  activated sludge process;  (2)  experiment  with  tertiary
 treatment processes for phosphorus removal from  secondary effluent; (3)
 experiments for the removal ot residual organic  matter  troa secondary
 effluent;  (4) experiments on biological nitrification  and
 denitrification processes;  (5) experiments on tne  removal of  amaonia by
 physicocheraical processes; and (6)  experiments  on  the  removal  of
 inorganic substances  in sewage. Although the statement  is made that
 about 300 sewaqe treatment plants in  existence  rely on  biological
 processes using conventional or modified activated  sludge processes,  it
 is noted  that most plants constructed  in the future will employ  the
 conventional activated sludge process  as the secondary  treatment
 process.  The role of  the central government  of  Japan  in studies  on
 advanced  waste treatment is discussed.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLUDGE;  EFFLUENT;  GOVERNMENT;  JAPAN;
 MANAGEMENT;  PROJECTION; BESEARCH; StHAGE; SLUDGE;  TREATMENT
    (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1MA/2MB;  1PM;  1SF
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  00541^75
    (16)  CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental  Protection
 Agency,  Oct. 1976.   p.116-119.


                                  35

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL  OR USE
    (1)  SiilRS ACC.NO. .:   04^528
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATSJOHY:   24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (3)  AfiTICLE TITLE:   Sludge production and solid loading balance in
 the Nishiyana STP,  Nagaya.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Annaka  T
    (6)  BOOK  TITLE:   lu  Proceedings:   Fourth United States/Japan
 Conference on Sewage Treatment Technology, Cincinnati, OH, and
 Washington,  DC, Oct.  23-24  dnd Oct.  28-29, 1975.   (8) REPORT NO.:
 EPA-600/9-76-023
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  GhO.  ARLA:   1AI/2JA   (10) PUB. YEAR:  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   Long ranye measurements were initiated at the
 Nishiyama sewaqe  treatment  plant  in Nagoya, Japan to obtain accurate
 information  on sludge  production  and its quality in sewage treatment
 plants.  Operational parameters of tne Nishiyama plant are rioted.
 Eguipnent and devices  installed in  the plant for measurements included
 three electromagnetic  flow  meters for measuring solid concentrations in
 sludge.  Turbidimeters and total oxygen concentration meters are
 scheduled for installation  to measure the concentrations of suspended
 solids and organic matter on a continuous basis. The results of
 preliminary  measurements  are presented with regard to primary sludge
 production,  sludge production through the activated sludge process, and
 increases in sludge production by chemical addition. Scheduled
 measurements of sludge  production and its quality are noted. Tabular
 data and graphical illustrations  on the  characteristics of sludge and
 wastewater are provided.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   ANALYSIS; DISPOSAL; EQUIPMENT; .FACILITY; JAPAN;
 MANAGEMENT;  MEASUREMENTS; MUNICIPALITY;  OPEBATIONS RESE.AKCH; OR3ANIC;
 SLUEGE;  TREATMENT;  VOLUME
    (14)  HIEKAHCH  TERMS:  1HA/2MH; 1SI/2SX; 1SI/2S2
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS41571   (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Kashiwaya a
    (16)  CITATION:   Cincinnati, OH,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
 Agency,  Oct. 1976,   p.46-58,
    (D
    (2)
    (3)
plant.
    CO
    (6)
       SHIRS ACC.NO.:  042527
       DOBESTIC:  D   (2) CATFGORY:   24   (2)  S0BJ.TYPE:  S; T
       ARTICLE TITLE:  The treatment and  disposal at Toba treatment
       AUTHOR:   Tasuda  S
       BOOK TITLE:   In  Proceedings:   Fourth CTnited  States/Japan
Conference on Sewage Treatment  Technology,  Cincinnati, OH, and
Washington, DC,  Oct. 23-24 and  Oct.  28-29,  1975.  (8)  REPORT HO.:
T?PA-600/9-76-023
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EH   (10)  GEO.  AREA:   1AI/2JA  (10)  FOB. TERR:  1976
    (11)  ABSTEACT:  Sludge treatment  facilities in Kyoto, Japan are
discussed, with  particular emphasis  on  toxic substances and heavy
netals in the disposal  of sludge  and the reuse of sludge ash. An
outline  o± the city's sladge treatment  facilities is presented.
Operational data on  the solids  balance  for  each treatment process,
thickening tanks, digestion  tanks, dewatering facilities, and
incinerators are given . It is shown  that the concentrations of toxic
substances and heavy metal in inflowing sewage and  effluent at
facilities in Kyoto  are quite low, although they tend to be adsorbed
and concentrated in  sludge.  Since ferric chloride is added tor
coagulation of sludge,  the concentration of iron is particularly high.
Wet cyclone scrubbers are used  to treat exhaust gas from incinerators.
Analytical data  on the  presence of toxic substances and heavy metals in
various  sludge samples  are tabulated, as well as the results of an
analysis of exhaust  gas. The reuse of sludge ash as a soil conditioner
and as a material for road construction is  considered.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; ASH; CONCENTRATION; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
GASSES;  INCINERATION; INCINERATOR; JAPAN; MANAGEMENT; HETAL;
MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE; TOXIC;
TREATMENT
                                    36

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                      ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
    (14) RJERARCH TERHS:   1IB/2IW;  1BA/2HD; 1SI/2ST; 1SI/2S2
    (15) STIHS ACC.HO.:   OOSU1570
    (16) CITATION:  Cincinnati,  OH,  O.S. Environmental Protection
Aqency, Oct. 1976.   p.33-45.


    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  042523
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYfE:   S; T
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In Proceedings:  Fourth  United  States/Japan
 Conference on  Sewage Treatment  Technology, Cincinnati,  OH, and
 tiashington, DC, Oct. 23-24 and  Oct.  28-29,  1975.   (8)  P.EPORT NO.:
 EPA-600/9-76-023
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AfaEA:   1AI/2JA;  1 US   (10) PUB. YEAB:
 1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Papers presented  at  the Fourth United states/Japan
 conference on  sewage treatment  technology,  which  was  held in
 Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington,  DC,  from October  23 to 29, 1976 are
 given. Delegations information  is  also  given.  Principal topics of the
 conference were status  of  pura  oxygen  use,  sludge handling and disposal
 by heat treatntnt,  incineration and  land disposal,  urban stocmwater
 technology, automation  and instr uma ritation,  use and reuse of activated
 carbon, filtration,  phosphorus  reaoval,  industrial waste treatment
 progress, reuse and  disiniection.  Tke  U.S.  delegates  discussed aspects
 cf the Federal Water Pollution  Law (P.L. 92-500)  including planning,
 urban runoff,  permits,  pretreatmeiit, and construction grant status.  The
 Japanese delegation  discussed  environmental  improvement in Japan,
 coaprehensive planning,  pretreatment and case histories of industrial
 waste. Discussions  follow  conference presentations.  (Retained in  SHIRS
 library)
    (12) KEYWORDS:   CONFERENCE;  DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY;  JAPAN; SAMAGtaENT;
 SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY;  TREATMENT;  US;  HASTE WATER
    (14) HIE EARCH TERMS:   1HA/2MC;  1SF;  1 SI/252
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:   OOS41566
    (16) CITATION:   Cincinnati,  U.S.  Environmental Protection Ajency,
 Oct.  1976.  669  p.


    (1) SHIRS ACL.NO.:   042200
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE;  Organic  matter  and heavy metal uptake.
    (4) AUTHOR:   Kirkham  MB
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Compost  Science
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Research is  discussed concerning the effect of
 organic natter  (sewage sludge,  manure,  composts,  crop residues, peat)
 en heavy  metal availability. Indigenous  soil organic  matter and that
 added to  sewage, manures, composts,  etc.  bind  heavy elements in soil.
 Kost heavy metals associated with  soil  organic matter are in stable and
 insoluble combinations and are  unavailable for plant  uptake.  Soil
 organic matter's ability to tiold heavy  elements necessary for growth
 for a long time and release tuem to  crops as needed is one of its most
 iaportant benefits. Incubation  of  organic matter  in soil before
 planting  decreases heavy metal  uptake.  Hetdls  in  composted sludge are
 less  available to plants than metals in  digested  sludge. Soil organic
 natter reduces plant uptake of  radioisotopes and  can  play a role in
 disposal  of radioactive  wastes. Opinions vary  concerning the protective
 effect of organic matter in sludge added to  soil.  However, much
 research  indicates that  practices  which  maintain  high organic matter
 contents  in soil reduce  plant uptake of  metals added  to soils treated
 with  sludge.  Fifty-seven articles  are reviewed.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; COMPOST;  CROP;  DISPOSAL; EARTH;  EFFECT;
 IEBTILIZER; LITERATURE;  MANURE; METAL;   ORGANIC; SEWAGE;  SLUDGE;  UTILIZE
    (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1SI/2S2;   1SI/2SU; 1SJ
    (15) STIBS  ACC.NO.:   OOS41244
    (16) CITATION:  18(1): 18-21, Jan.-Feb. 1977.
                                  37

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   041254
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   16  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G   (10) GEO.
 AREA:   1US/2CA/3LA  (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  A  program undertaken to develop a regional sludge
 •anagement  plan for  the Los Angeles/Orange County metropolitan area
 (LA/OHA)  of California  is detailed.  The report is concerned with phase
 cne  of  the  program,.  Sludge management problems in the area are
 considered, with  three  ma3or waste  water treatment agencies identified:
 City of Los Angeles,  Los Angeles County sanitation districts, and
 Orange  County sanitation districts.  The objectives of sludge treatment
 are  discussed.  These  include the decomposition of organic natter and
 the  destruction of harmful organisms and the removal of as ouch
 •oisture as possible  to make sludge  easier to transport and less
 problematic for disposal and recycling purposes. 'The LA/OMA program is
 detailed for  the  reuse  or disposal  of residual solids resulting from
 industrial  and nunicipa-1 waste water treatment. A major objective of
 the  proqrao is to produce a recommended plan for sludge treatment and
 disposal with public  participation.  Sludge management alternatives are
 delineated, including incineration,  pyrolysis, separate waste  activated
 sludge, copyrolysis  with refuse, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 pyrolysis system,  the basic extractive sludge treatment dehydration
 process,  the  multiple effect evaporation process, dewatering for
 landfill or agriculture, sludge recycling centers, evaporation ponds,
 remote  dewatering for landfill or agriculture, liguid sludge for
 agriculture,  soil reclamation,  thermal conditioning and anaerobic
 digestion,  ocean  disposal, exportation, and wet air oxidation. Each
 alternative is evaluated in terms of its economic and environmental
 feasibility.  (Retained  in SHIfiS library)
    (12)  KEYHORDS: CALIFORNIA;  COUNTY; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LOS
 ANGELES;  MASAGEMENT;  PROCESS;  PROGRAM; RECLAMATION; REGIONAL;  SLUDGE;
 THBATMENT
    (14)  HIEHARCH  TERMS:  1MA/2M£; 1SI/2S2
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS4029ti
    (18)  DOC.CIT.: LA/OMA project: 'phase 1 report. Los Angeles,
 California  State  Hater  Resources Control Board, Aug.  1976.  171 p.
   (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  041045
   (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   30   (2)  SUBJ.TYPj*:  S; T
   (4) AUTHOR:  Miller GW   (10)  GEO. AREA:   IfcC:  1MA/2MD  (10) PUB.
YEAR:  1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:  Energy  costs  of  waste water treatment and sludge
disposal are investigated.  Municipal inventories  of energy consumption
were made  in Indianapolis,  Indiana  and  Nashville, Tennessee. The
purpose of these inventories was to determine the extent of the energy
problem in waste water treatment. Based on  the results of the
inventories, a study  was conducted  to evaluate digester gases as an
energy source. Consideration was given  in the study to digester gas
uses, technological factors involved in the use of digester gas,
•unicipal  experience  in digester gas utilization, cost analysis o±
sludge handling at the Blue Plains  waste water treatment plant in the
District of Columbia, and  the  potential impact of bioconversion on
natural energy demands. It  is  concluded that energy consumption in
waste wate r treatment plants in  general and sludge disposal in
particular is a major consumer in municipal government operations. The
recommendation is made tnat large waste water plants which process
sludge by  anaerobic digestion  should analyze the  cost effectiveness of
utilizing  all digester gase£>.  fiore  study of energy balances in waste
water treatment and disposal is  also recommended.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  CONSERVATION; DIGKSTOR;  DISPOSAL; DISTRICT Of
COLUMBIA;  ECONOMICS;  ENERGY; FACILITY;  GASSES; INDIANA; MANAGEMENT;
PROJECTION; SLUDGE; SURVEY; TKNNESScE;  TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WASTE HATER
                                    38

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                       ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS :  1 SI
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS40069
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Killer, G.  Vt. fcnergy conservation  practices in
 municipal iiudge management. In U. S. Knvironatmtal Protection Agency.
 Proceedings; the 1975  National conference  on Municipal Sludge
 Management and Disposal, Aiah«sia, CA, Aug.  18-20,  1975. Hockville,  HD,
 Inforiaation Transter.  Inc. , 1^)75. p. 91-100.
     (1)  SHIRS  ACC.NO.:   0410t»1
     (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   16   (2)  SOBJ.TTPEr  6
     («)  AUTHOR:   Bursztynsky  T  (10)  6EO.  AREA:   10S/2CA/3LA  (10)  FOB.
 YEAR:   1975
     (11)  ABSTRACT:  Sludge management options for coastal cities in the
 Los Angeles area of  California  are  addressed. The average daily
 production of waste  water sludge  by California  coastal communities, as
 reported in 1973,  was  1,251  metric  tons.  The three largest discharges
 of  waste water  flow  were  the city of Los  Angeles, Los Angeles County,
 and Orange County. On  the basis of  projections  of coastal agencies in
 California, it  is  estiBated  that  the general adoption of secondary
 treatment will  result  in  the production of  4,000 aetric tons of sludge
 per day by 1995. Changes  to  be  expected in  sludge characteristics  fro*
 the most commonly  used  unit  processes and sludge processing unit
 performance characteristics  are delineated. Sewage sludge disposal
 criteria are  examined,  and the  need to  systematicallyevaluate and
 quantity the  environmental impact of alternative courses of action
 related to sludge  management is stressed. Alternatives evaluated for
 major coastal discharges  in  the Los Angeles area include ocean-dumping,
 processing for  sale, local landfilling, landfilling at remote sites,
 evaporation ponds, land reclamation, and  incineration. For each
 alternative,  appropriate  treatment  such as  anaerobic digestion and
 sometimes centrifuge dewatering is  assumed  for  primary and secondary
 level waste water  treatment  sludge. Costs are compared for the various
 alternatives. Tabular data are  provided on  changes in sludge
 constituents  through basic processing;  sludge processing unit
 performance;  regulations  affecting  sewage solids disposal at the
 Federal, State, and  local levels; emission  and  equipment criteria
 relating to sewage solids disposal  to the atmosphere; land disposal
 criteria; liquid waste  disposal criteria; and ocean discharge criteria.
     (12)  KEYWORDS:  CALIFORNIA;  CODNTY;  CRITERIA; DUMPING; ECONOMICS;
 HARBOR; LOS ANGELES; HARAGEMERT;  MUNICIPALITY;  OCEAN; SANITARY
 LABDFILL; SLUDGE
     (1U)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1HA/2MD; 1OA/2OF;  1SI/2S2
     (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOSH0085   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Davis J
     (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Bursztynsky, T.  , and  J. Davis. Sludge management
 alternatives  for coastal  cities,  in 0.  S. Environmental Protection
 Agency. Proceedings; the  1975 National  Conference on Runicipal Sludge
 Management and  Disposal,  Anaheia, CA, Aug.  18-20, 1975. Kockville, BD,
 Information Transfer, Inc. ,  1975.  p. 65-72.


   (1) SWIfiS ACC.NO.:   041039
   (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2) CATEGQtfY.:  2<*   (2)  SObJ.TYft:   S;  i
   (U) AUTIOR:    Snith V (K>)   U!O. AhBA:   1SI/2S1;  1SI/2S2  (10)  FOB.

   (11)   ABSTRACT:   A computfiri.zed  technique  for  evaluating the  costs  of
sludge hanoling and disposal  is  reported.  The basic  computational
program  in the technique is tue  executive  program  which  contains
subroutines for  all liquia and sludge treatment  processes. Two  basic
types of  auuicipal  waste water treatment plants  are  included  in the
computerize! program: primary  sedimentation  plants,  and  activated
sludge plants. Procedures  lor  computing  tne  mass and concentration  ot



                                     39

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
sludge produced in liquid  handling processes are outliaed.  Subroutines
which characterize individual sludge handling processes  are presented.
Alternative sludge handling schemes are considered and estimated costs
tor each alternative  are  given. Various sludge treatment processes
considered in  the computerozea technique include lime stabilization,
gravity thickening, air flotation thickening, anaerobic  digestion,
aerobic digestion, elutriation, vacuum filtration, centrifugation,
sludge dying beds, multiple neartn incineration, and the hauling and
spreading of liquid sluuge . Detailed cost data are tabulated for the
alternative sludge treatment schemes, costs for treating and disposing
of sludge are  shown to range iron about $30 per ton for  anaerobic
digestion followed by dewatering on sand drying beds to  over $100 when
sludge is dewatered by vacuum filtration or centrifugation  and then
incinerated.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  COMPUTES; jjATA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;  MANAGEMENT;
PROGRAMMING; SLUDGE;  TREATMENT
   (14) UIERARCH TKRMS:  MlA/2Kt
   (15) STiflS  ACC.NO.: 00b400b3   (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Eilers RG
   (18) DOC.C1T.:  Smith,  K. , and R. G. tilers. Coaputer evaluation of
sludge handling and disposal cttits. Xn U. S. Environmental  Protection
Agency. Proceedings;  the  1 y"75 National Conference on Municipal Sludge
Management and Disposal,  Arkiheu», CA, Aug. 18-20, 1975.  Hocjtville, M D,
Information Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p. 30-59.
   (1) SKI IS ACC.NO.:   04103a
   (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:  Ifa   (2) SDBJ.TYPE:   G
   (4) AUTHOR:   burack  D  (10)  GEO. AREA:  1US/2CA   (10)  PUB. YEAR:
1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:  A  waste watei solids manageaent program  for Los
Angeles ana Orange counties in California  is detailed.  Federal and
State regulations  on  sludge disposal are noted, with  emphasis on
California's plan  to  prohibit the ocean disposal of  sludge  and Federal
requirements to  upgraae Municipal waste water treatment plants. Tne
regional waste water  solicit, Management program, funded  by a Federal
grant ana  conducted by  waste water agencies in the region,  the State of
California, an/21X>; 1HA/2MA; 1WA
   (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:   OGi>400b2
   (18) UOL.CIT.:  Burack, D. Regional vastewater solids management
program Lo E, Angeles-Orange County metropolitan area.  In U.  S.
Environien tal  Protection Agency. Proceedings; the 1975  National
Conference on  Sunicipal Sludge Management  and Disposal, Anaheim, CA,
Aug.  18-20 , 1975.  Rockvilie, aD, ln£ormation Transfer,  Inc. , 1975. p.
26-29.
                                    40

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                     ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
    (1) StIRS ACC.NO.:  041033
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T  (10)  GEO.
AREA:  1HJ/2H8;  1PM   (10) PUB.  TEAR:   1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The proceedings  of a  conference on municipal sludge
management and disposal wnich was held in Anaheim, California,  August
18 to 20, 1975,  are presented.  Conference attendees represented both
governmental and private interests. Thirty  three  najor  presentations
were Bade at the conference. They were concerned  with such  issues as
the impact of industrial waste  water pretreatment on sludge management,
a model  industrial waste ordinance  in California, institutional
problems of small treatment plants, regional waste water solids
Management program in the Los Angeles and Orange  County metropolitan
area of  California, computerized evaluation  of  sludge handling  and
disposal costs,  socioeconoaic factors in urban  sludge disposal, sludge
management alternatives for coastal cities,  energy conservation
practices in municipal sludge management, burning municipal sewage
sludge along with mixed municipal refuse, high  energy radiation in
sludge treatment, management of municipal waste water treatment
residuals, pyrolysis of sewage  sludge, sludge pyrolysis for energy
recovery and pollution control, ecological  impact of municipal  sludge
land disposal, plant uptake of  heavy metals  from  sewage sludge  applied
to land, effect  of sewage sludge or effluent application to soil,
environmental effects of sludge disposal in  sanitary landfills, health
impacts  of land  sludge disposal, thermophilic digester  operations,  use
of methane from  sludge digestion, processing and  economic aspects of
heat dried sludge, and composting of raw sludge.  (Retained  in SWIRS
library)
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  BOSTON; CALIFORNIA; COLORADO;  CONFERENCE; COUNTY;
DENVER;  DISPOSAL; MANAGEMENT; MASSACHUSETTS; MUNICIPALITY;
PENNSYLVANIA; PHILADELPHIA; PROBLEMS; PYROLYSIS;  SLDDGE;
SOCIO-ECONOMIC;  TREATMENT
    (14)  HIEBARCH TERMS:  1SI
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS40077
    (18)  DOC.CIT-:  0. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proceedings;
the 1975 National Conference on Municipal Sludge  Management and
Disposal, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18--20,  1975. Rockville, HD, Information
Transfer, Inc. , 1975. 257 p.
    (1)  SHIfiS ACC.NO.:   040855
    (2J  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   10   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S  (10)  GEO.
 ABEA:   HJS/2NJ;  10S/2NY/3U*   (10)  PUB.  TEAK:  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Toxic  materials  measured  in sludge from the New York
 City  and New Jersey  metropolitan area are reported.  The measurements
 show  that toxic  organic concentrations  are low, although the materials
 are persistent and could  pose  lougterm  hazards to the soil or surface
 water  supplies.  Spills  ot  toxicants to  sewer systems could result in
 high  levels  in sludge.  It  is  recommended that sludge be monitored
 regularly to detect  excessive  toxic loads, it a toxicological problem
 is  discovered, contaminated sludge  can  be destroyed by combustion or
 disposed of  in permanent  holding basins to prevent further mobility of
 toxicants.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS;  CHEMICAL;  CONCENTRATION; CONTROL; LEACH;
 MANAGEMENT;  MEASUREMENTS;  MONITOU;  NEW  JEHSEJ;  NEW YORK; ORGANIC;
 PLANNING;  PROGBAM; REGIONAL;  SLUDGE;  TOXIC;  HASTE WATER
    (14)  HIERABCH TKBMS:   1SI;  1T£>
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39399
    (18)  DOC.CIT. :  Toxic organics.  In Phase  2 Report of Technical
 Investigation of Alternatives  for New York-New Jersey Hetropolitan Area
 Sewage  Sludge Disposal  Management Program. Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and
 McKee,  June  1976.  p. VIII. 23-VIII.  25.
                                  41

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1) SWIBS SCC.NO.:  039635
    (2) DORESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   16   (2) SUBJ.TYPF:  T   (10) P0B .
TEAK:  1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The existing and  future sludge disposal  problem in
Knorville, Tennessee was investigated, and six aa^or sludge management
plans  were developed. The plans were derived and evaluated  by  utilizing
a methodology previously developed by the 0. S. Environmental
Protection Agency. The plans detail  the  processing, transportation, and
ultimate disposal subsystems necessary to meet environmental
operational, and institutional constraints found in the study  area. In
addition, costs of the various subsystems and the overall costs of the
plans  were determined.  (Retained  in  SHIRS library)
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  COUNTY; DEMONSTRATION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
ENVIRONMENT; FACILITY; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; OPEBATIONS RESEARCH;
PLANNIHG; PROCESS; REGIONAL; SLUDGE; TENNESSEE; TRANSPORT
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS38679
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Neptune, M. D.  ,  B. Wyatt, and H. Heil.
Demonstration of a planning perspective  for waste water sludge
disposition, Knoxville/Knox County.  Environmental Protection
Publication EFA-H40/9-76-001a. Washington, O. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1975.  176  p. (Distributed by the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, as PB  250  936. )


    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  039600
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   30   (2) StJBJ.TYPB:  S; T   (10) P0B.
YEAR:  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Power requirements for sewage treatment are examined
together with a calculation of the power generation potential  of
methane  derived from sewage sludge digestion. Methane  is generated from
the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. The use of methane is.
examined and it is shown that a typical  sewage works should  be able to
provide  a sizable portion of its own energy requirements from  the
source.  Predictions which were based on  an n. S. Environmental
Protection Agency report are compared with power consumption data from
waste  water treatment plants in Paris and several South African cities.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANAEROBIC; COMPARISON; CRITERIA; DATA; DIGESTIOH;
ELECTRICAL; EPA; FRANCE; GENERATION; METHANE; MUNICIPALITY;  PARIS;
POSER; EEHAGE; SLUDGE; SODTH AFRICA; TREATMENT; OTIL1ZB; BASTE HEAT
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS3864U
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Hansford, G. S. The power requirements for  waste
disposal. Chetnsa, 2(4) :70-72, Apr. 1976.


    (1) SHIRS  ACC.NO.:   039376
    (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S;  T  (10)  FOB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  A comprehensive characterization  and evaluation  are
performed  of  disposal and  utilization practices for  sludges from
municipal  waste water and  water  treatment plants.  The nature and
quantities of  the  sludges  are discussed, such  as  sludge settling  and
flow characteristics, chemical composition,  specific resistance,  and
calorific  and  fertilizer  values  of sludge.  Insofar  as quantity of
sludge generated from municipal  wastevater  treatment  plants throughout
the United States, it is  estimated at  120 Ib/capita/year or over  13
million  tons/year  on a  dry solids basis. Ultimate  disposal of sludge  is
one of the most complex problems in  sanitary engineering due to
tightening of  water,  air,  and land pollution control  standards,  and
demographical  problems  involving rapid  urbanization.  Numerous sludge
handling and  treatment techniques are detailed:  these include (1)
sludge purification,  coagulation,  or softening,  and  ditomite earth
waste characteristics;  (2)  sludge concentration by  gravity, flotation,
centrifuge thickening;  (3)  sludge stabilization  by aerobic/anaerobic
digestion, composting,  lagooning,  heat,  electrical  and/or  chemical


                                    42

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                       ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
treatment, and solvent extraction ;  (4) sludge  dewatering by sand bed,
centrifuge, vacuum filtration, filter/plug  presses,  and vibration; (5)
sludge redaction by incineration  and  pyrolysis methods. Sludge
transport, and economics of sludge  disposal/reuse are discussed.
 (Document retained in SHIRS library)
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COMPOSITION; DIGESTION;  DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
FERTILIZER; MUNICIPALITY; PROBLEMS; PURIFICATION; QUANTITY; RBD0CTION;
SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; TRANSPORT; TREATHENT; UTILIZE
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS38420
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Hecht, N. L. , D.  S.  Duvall, and  A. S. Rashidi.
Characterization and utilization  of aunicipal  and utility sludges and
ashes, v. 2. Municipal sludges. Environmental  Protection Publication
EPA-600/2-75-033b. Cincinnati, D. S.  Environmental Protection Agency,
Hay 1975. 240 p.  (Environmental Protection  Technology Series. )


    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  03928U
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  2«   (2) SOBJ.TYPE:  6  (10)  FOB.
TEAR:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Sludge «anage»ent  at  the Municipal level is
addressed. Alternatives for the disposal of sludge or for using  it in
some constructive way are considered. Incineration is a volume
reduction technique used to diminish  sludge to an easily disposed of
sterile ash residue, generally placed in sanitary landfills. Cities
located near oceans have historically used  these as  convenient disposal
sites for sewage sludge. Sludge can be buried  in a sanitary landfill,
either separately or along with municipal solid waste. Alternative uses
of sludge from municipalities are noted, including energy recovery,
agricultural use, use of dried or composted sludge,  use of liguid
sludge, and cropland use. When using  sludge on croplands, consideration
must be given to monitoring the presence of heavy metals and pathogens.
Sludge can also be used for land  reclamation.  Legislative aspects of
sludge management and disposal are  discussed.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; DUHPING; INCINERATION; LEGAL;
MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN;  SANITARY LANDFILL;  SLUDGE; UTILIZE
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS38328
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  HcHulty, H.  ,  and  L.  Sharpe. Municipal sludge: what
shall we do with it? Washington,  DC,  League of women Voters, 1976. 8 p.


     (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO. :   039160
     12)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGOK*:  21   (2)   SUBJ.TYPE:   5   (10)  fUB.
  YEAR:   1976
     (11)  ABSTRACT:   An  interim  summary of current research  dealing  with
  the  effects  of chemical fixation on  disposal or hazardous  industrial
  waste  residues and  flue gas  clesulfurization  (FGD) sludges  is presented.
  Present  research involves both leiching and  physical  tests  of  raw and
  chemically  fixed industrial  wastes and  FGD sludges. The  intent at  the
  study  is  to  examine the potential  environmental impact  of  raw  sludge
  disposal  and  to assess  the technical merits  of sludge fixation as a
  disposal  pretreatment  process.  Both  objectives are being accomplished
  ty leachate  testing, which can  tie  evaluated  by comparison  to the raw
  sludges and  by durability testing,  which  reflects the environmental
  stability of  the fixed  products. Major  points oi discussion are  the
  •ethods for physical and  chemical  analyses,  documentation  of the
  various sludge  fixation processes,  and  a  discussion of physical  and
  chemical  data  that  are  presently available.
     (12) KEYWORDS:   CHEMICAL; rfASAKDOUS; INDUSTRY; LEACH; MANAGEMENT;
  BESEABCH; RESIDUE;  SLUDGE; STABILIZATION;  SULFUR; TREATflENT
     (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:  OOS3820U
     (18) DOC.CIT.:   Mahloch, J. L.  ,  D.  E.  Averett,  and H. J. Bartos,
  Jr.  Pollutant  potential of raw and chemically fixed hazardous
  industrial wastes and flue gas desulfurization sludges - interim
  report. Environmental Protection Publication  EPA-600/2-76-182.
  Cincinnati, U.  S. Environmental  Protection Agency,  July  1976. 117 p.
  (Environmental  Protection Tecnnology Series.  )


                                    43

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                  SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SWIBS ACC.NO. :  039096
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   08  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T   (10) PUB.
YEAB:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Economic factors associated with the transport or
liquid sewage sludge by tank truck, are discussed. Data are  presented on
the actual costs of sewage sludge utilization systems at 15 sites in
the United States during 1975.  A model was developed to characterize
the typical U. S. waste water treatment facility and incorporated land
application in sludge disposal.  The model system was designed for
community officials who would like to figure the costs of their
community's landspreading system in a nore efficient manner, desire to
coapare their community's system with that of a typical U.  S.
community, or are interested in initiating such a system in their
community. Using the model, community officials can assess  basic
economic factors in the liquid hauling of sewage sludge. The model
incorporates physical and economic characteristics of a waste water
treatment syytem or facility. Utilization of the model is detailed. It
is concluded that transporting liguid sewage sludge by tank truck is an
economical method of disposal and an environmentally safe one  when
properly managed.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LAND; LIQOI0; MANAGEflENr;
SBBAGE;  SIMULATION; SITES; SLUDGE; TRANSPORT; TRUCK
   (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:   OOS38140
   (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Hillaer, T.  J. , Jr. Transporting liquid sewage
sludge by tank truck: an economic perspective. Compost Science,
17 (4):28-32, Sept. /Oct. 1976.
    (1) SwTRS ACC.NO.:  038201
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) SOBJ.TYPB:  T   (10)  PUB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The advantages of new developments in municipal and
industrial sludge incineration are discussed. Sludge processing
technology is examined in relation to its impact upon air  quality of
incineration and reclamation units. Benefits of sludge processing by
incineration and reclamation units are noted, based on studies
conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency and industry. The
utilization of ash from incineration processes is  examined,  and
projects are cited which illustrate such use. The  air quality impact  of
sludge incineration is assessed in terms of a comparison of  automobile
pollution emissions with exhaust emissions from sludge thermal
equipment. Energy reclamation from sewage plants is considered,  and
three sludge handling and disposal systems are described that are
designed with a closed circuit energy loop to conserve fuel  (Granite
City, Illinois; Chesapeake-Elizabeth, Virginia; and Western  Branch,
nary land) .
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ENERGY; EPA; IHCISEBATION; INDUSTRY; HUHICIPALITY;
RECLAMATION; S1UDGE; TECHNOLOGY
    (15) STIHS ACC.BO.:  OOS37245
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Sebastian, F. P.  , Jr. New developments in
incineration of industrial and municipal sludges.  In Langworthy, V. W.
, ed. Proceedings; Third Annual Pollution Control  Conference of  the
Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association,  Apr.  1-1,
1975. Ann Arbor, HI, Ann Arbor Publishers, Inc. ,  1975. p. 783-795.
                                   44

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                     ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
    (1) EWIRS ACC.NO.:  038196
    (2) POHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   30   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   T   (10)  FOB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Energy recovery from solid waste  is  addressed by the
administrator of the Metropolitan Baste Control Commission  in  the Twin
Cities area of Minnesota. The commission spends 55 percent  of  its
annual operating budget for sludge disposal. An investigation  was
initiated by the conmission in  1971  to evaluate the  recovery of  energy
fro* solid waste. Nine candidate energy recovery  systems were  chosen
and subjected to environmental  impact evaluation. Legislative
considerations were incorporated in  the investigation,  with emphasis  on
the Federal Water Pollution Control  Act of  1972.  The commission  decided
upon the following systems to solve  sludge  disposal  and energy problems
in the Twin Cities: waste heat  recovery and thermal  conditioning
systems, fertilizer and soil conditioner production, upgrading of
existing incinerator based systems,  and pyrolysis of a  combination of
sludge and solid waste. A detailed description of the pyrolysis  process
and associated equipment is presented in relation to refuse receiving,
processing, and storing; mixing and  drying; pyrolysis;  gas  cleaning and
storage; and char processing. The results of testing with the  pyrolysis
process are presented, as well  as the results of  economic analysis.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; EQUIPMENT;
IN?EST1GATIOB; MINNESOTA; MUNICIPALITY; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION;  SLUDGE;
SYSTEM
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS37210
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Dougherty, B. J.  Energy  recovery  through integration
of sludge and solid waste processing. In Langworthy, V. W.  , ed.
Proceedings; Third Annual Pollution  Control Conference  of the  Water and
Wastewater Eguipment Manufacturers Association, Apr. 1-4, 1975.  Ann
Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor Publishers, Inc. , 1975. p.  709-726.
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  Ojd022
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  F  (2)  CATEGORY:   16   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  G   (10) PUB.
YEAR;  1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The water industry in England is reviewed  in
relation to waste water treatment. The Water Resources Act of  1973
provided for a restructuriny of water services in England and  Kales in
order to meet growing demands for more water, improved quality of
effluent discharges, and better protection for fisheries and  water
amenities.  The new structure of water treatment is compared to the old
structure.  Research and experimentation are being carried out  to
inprove existing methods at waste water treatment  (domestic sewige and
industrial effluent), meet demands tor better water quality,  and
improve the quality of final effluent discharged to rivers and other
receiving waters. The Hater hesearch Council provides the necessary
coordinating function for such research and experimental work.
Treatment processes for waste water are detailed, along with  advanced
sethods of treatment that are being considered or adopted in  the United
Kingdom. Consideration is qiven to the agricultural use of sludye,
solid waste management, and recovery from waste.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  GREAT BRITAIN;  INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; QUALITY;
SLUDGE;  TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WATEB
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS37066
   (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Kershaw, a. A.  The water industry: a review relating
to waste treatment,  process Biochemistry, 12(2):J7-39, UU, Mar. 1976.
                                   45

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                  SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO. :  OJ7613
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SUEJ.TYPE:   G   (10)  PUB.
YEAR:  1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Although sludge treatment and disposal  already
accounts for 25 to 50 percent of the total  cost of  wastewater
nanaqement in the United States, it is estimated that  sludge  production
froB wastewater treatment will doable in  the next  10  to 15 years. Yet
the tecnnoloqy of water plant waste treatment  is in its infancy.  At the
present time, sludge handling is oased on borrowed  technology and is
limited generally to land disposal, ocean dumping,  and iagooning.
Resource recovery has been limited to only  a very  few  large municipal
and industrial plants. Chicago has recently embarked  on a  large scale
land application project designed to reclaim strip  ained land in  Fulton
County, Illinois. Salem, Oregon, hauls liquid  digested sludge by  truck
for application to croplands in the area. Chicago,  Milwaukee, Houston,
and Winston-Saleu  are operating successful drying/marketing  systems
using waste activated sludge. Los Angeles and  Washington,  D.  C. , are
two cites marketing. Long-term resource recovery goals  include
developing technology to produce polymer  coagulation,  lime sludge
pelletization, and magnesium carbonate coagulation. Co-pyrolysis  and
co-incineration of sludge with solid waste  art also promised  areas for
the future because these methods would not  reguire  supplemental fuel.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT; PROJECTION; PYSOLY5IS;
SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT; VOLUME; WATER
   (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOSJ6657
   (18) DOC.CIT. :  Haines, R. F. Sludge  - where will  we put it? Water 6
Wastes Engineering, 13(7):60-66, July 1976.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  0375U5
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   30   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T  (10)  PUB.
YEAR:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The contents  of  a handbook on resource recovery froa
solid waste are  discussed.  The  purpose  of the handbook is to present
for the benefit  of municipal  decisionmakers the results of a study
supported by the National Science Foundation which had as its major
objective the  critical assessment of advanced technologies tor the
economic utilization  of  municipal solid waste. Emphasis in the handbook
is  placed upon advanced  systems  tor energy recovery in the form of
electric power,  steaa, fuel gas, combustible liquid, or solid refuse
derived fuel.  Engineering judgments are given concerning the
operational reliability  and environmental impact of the technologies
evaluated. Economic  merits  of  resource  technology are compared in terms
cf  such guantitative  determinants as investment requirements, operating
charges, revenues from the  sale  of  recovered energy and reclaimed
materials, and the net aaortized disposal cost per ton of municipal
solid waste. A principal objective  of the handbook is to aid public
officials in discriminating among available technological alternatives
when specifying, evaluating,  or  selecting the most cost effective
resource recovery system for  a  given set of conditions and constraints.
The handbook is  organized according to  the following topics:
characteristics  of municipal  solid  waste, economic comparison of energy
recovery processes,  economic  factors in materials recovery,  biocaeinical
conversion process,  guides  for  decisionmaking, and appendices which
provide additional information  on financial aspects of resource
recovery.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS;  JATA;  DISPOSAL; DRYING; ECONOMICS; ENERGY;
FUEL; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY;  OCEAN;  PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY
    (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:   OOS36589
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Benziger,  J.  B.  , B. J. Bortz, and H. Neamatalla.
fiesource recovery technology  ior urban decision makers. New  York,
Columbia University,  Jan. 1976,  118 p.
                                   46

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                       ANALYSIS, RESEARCH,  AND DEVELOPMENT
    (1) SW1RS ACC.NO.:  035514
    (2) DOHfiSTIC:   D   (2) CATEGORY:   Ib   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   I  (10)  PUB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This article reports the results  of  a study
comparing  the ocean dispersion  and  land disposal  alternatives available
for the disposal of waste  water solids  fron Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Tftese solid wastes consist of  sludge  from  waste water treatment plants,
grit, screenings,  and  scum. The sea dispersion  alternatives examined in
this study included:   dispersiiiy  tnicKened  digested  solids 11. 5
nautical mi from Cape  May, New  Jersey;  dispersing uiitaickened digested
solids at  this same location;  and dispersing unthicKened digested
solids at  a point  50 nautical  ai  from Cape  Hay. Land disposal options
studied included:  dispersing  liguia sludge  by sprinkler irrigation,
plow-in techniques, or tanker  application;  dispersing sludge caKe fay
trenching, landfilling, or spreading  and incorporating; and composting.
Sludge tra JBportation  alternatives  available include pipelines, trucks,
unit trains, and barges. Data  are presented on  .the costs of various
disposal options.  The  stuay concluded that  consideration of
environmental factors, costs,  and operational simplicity indicated that
ocean disposal of  digested solids should continue to be conducted under
controlled conditions  with appropriate  monitoring.
    (12) REWORDS:  COMPARISON;  DATA;  DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
INVESTIGATION; LAND; MANAGEMENT;  OCKAh; PENNSYLVANIA ; PHlLADELPdIA;
SEWAGK; SLUDGE; SOLID; TR A biSPOKl'
    (15) ST3MS ACC.NO.: OOS34559
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Guarino, C.  F. , M.  .U.  Nelson, S. A. Townsend, T. E.
Wilson, and E. F.  Ballotti . Lu.na  and  sea solids management alternatives
in Philadelphia. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
47 (11) :255 1-2564,  Nov. 1975.


    (1) SWIRS ACC.BO.:  033020
    (2) DOHBSTIC:   ¥   (2) CATEGORY:   16   (2)  SUBJ.TTPEr   T  flO)  PUB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  General economical and ecological aspects of waste
disposal and recycling are described. At the present stage of technical
development, waste incinerator  plants with  daily  capacities over 10 to
15 tons are economical, and many  new  incinerator  plants are also able
to handle fuel oil, industrial  wastes,  slaughterhouse wastes, and,
even, sewage sludge. The volume of  the  wastes to  be  incinerated can be
substantially reduced  by limiting the use of disposable articles, and
by preliminary sorting of the municipal waste.  It is possible to
recover amines, phenols, propylene, carbohydrates, nitrogen, and
phosphoric acid from municipal  wastes.  Low-sulfnr crude oil is obtained
from municipal wastes  in a new  recycling plant  in San Diego,
California. Pyrolysis  of municipal  wastes,  as studied at Battelle
Institute, yields  gasoline, carbon, heavy oil,  and combustible gas. The
waste heat from the incinerator flue  gases  can  be utilized for steam
generation for remote  heating,  or for electricity generation. Waste
incineration, composting, and wastewater treatment are  combined  in the
waste treatment plant  of the City of  Olten  where  wastes are crushed,
scrap iron is separated out, and  the  remaining  wastes is subsequently
subjected to short-term biological  stabilization. The waste thus
treated is separated into a compostable part and  into another part that
is incinerated together with sewage sludge  from a nearby wastewater
treatment plant. (Text in German)
    (12) KEYWORDS:  BIOLOGICAL;  COMBIHED; COHPOSTING; EUROPE; GERMANY;
IHCIHERATION; HOHICIPALITY; OIL; PYFOLTSIS;  RECLAHATIOH; REPOSE;
SLUDGE; SYSTEM; BASTE  HEAT
    (15) STIHS ACC.HO.:  OOS32064
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Rnebner, R.  Oekonomie und Omweltschutz bei der
Abfallverwertung. Economy and environmental  protection  in waste
disposal. Gesundheitstechnik,  (3):52-5«, 1975.
                                   47

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
                               Section 3
                      INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  045460
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  it  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SUbJ.TYPE:   T
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Central racility  will handle  sludge rrom three
water treatment plants.
   (U)  AUTHOR:  McTighe TC Jr
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Puulic Works
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) GnO.  AhiA:   1US/2NY   (10)  PUB. Y-fiftE:   1978
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  An $8 million  central processing  tacility for  the
treatment of alum sludge is Deing built  in  New  York  state  jointly by
the Monroe County Water Authority, the City ot  hochester,  and Eastman
Kodak Company. This will lit. tae first time  an authority, a
municipality, and a private industry have joined  together  in this way.
(Presently the three aqencj.es have separate plants producing, about 3
agd alum sludge which contains about 10,000 Ibs  of waste solids.)   A
study was initiated to consider tae feasibility  of a joint pollution
abatement program and to develop  an economical  system  ior  treatment and
disposal of wastes troai the three water  treatment plants which would
satisfy local, state, ana  federal standards. The  recommended process
for treatment and disposal of alum sludge from  the plants  will be
adopted. It includes individual Backwash wastewater  handling facilities
at each plant, followed by secondary treatment  at a  central facility.
The facility's pressure filter is the largest single ^iece of equipment
at the facility and the largest of its type anywhere.  To finance  the
project, the City is issuing general ooligation  bonds  and  the County
Authority arid Eastman Kodak are issuing  revenue  bonds.  Central
processing plant annual costs will ce distributed among the agencies
tased on usage.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  ALUM; AUTHORITY; BOND; CONTROL; ECONOMICS; FACILITY;
FEDERAL; FILTER; INDUSTRY; LOCAL; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; NEW YORK;
POLLUTION; PRIVATE; SLUDGi.; STANDARD; STATE; TREATMENT;  WASTE H&TEfi
   (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  13I/2S3;  1SI/2S7;  1TG
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS44D08   (15)  SECONDARY  AUTHORS:   DyJisen JE;
Gruninger Hfl
   (16)  CITATION:  109(11:40-42,  Jail. 1978.
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  043010
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   12   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   T
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Ledbetter RH
   (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR:  U.S. Army  Eng.  Waterways  Experiment Sta
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:   Design considerations for pulp  and  papermill sludge
landfills.  (8) REPORT NO.:  EPA-600/3-76-111
   (9)  GRANT NO.:  EPA-IAG-D5-F657
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  PJB.  YEAR:   1976
   (11)  ABSTSACT:  Procedures  for tae engineering design and control of
pulp and paper mill  sludges disposal landfills are  presented.
Inportance of engineering design  is  stressed  in good industrial waste
iranagement, so that  efficient  design parameters will contribute to
economic and environmental benefits. To  form  the basis  for engineering
design of sludge material, the methodologies  and theories of soil
aechanics were applied. The manual is specifically  written for paper
•ill personnel of technical background  but with little  or no exposure
to the soil mechanics discipline. Particular  reference  is made to: the
nature and disposal  of paper industry primary sludges;  retainiag
structures for sludge; consolidation, settlement and slope stability;
and a field experimental sample.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; DESIGN; DISPOSAL; EARTH; ENGINEERING;
GEOLOGIC; INDUSTRY;  LAND; MANAGEMENT; MANUAL; PAPEri; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL;
EULE: SLUDGE


                                    48

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                              INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES

    (14)  HIE8ARCH TEfiMS:   1IC;  1«A;  1P6/2PD/3PA; 1SJ
    (15)  STIHS ACC.SO.:  OOS42053
    (16)  CITATION:  Cincinnati,  OH,  U.  S.  Environaental Protection
 Agency,  Dec. 1976. 151 p.  (Ecological  Research Series.)


    (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  042946
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  T
    (14) ADTHOR:   Crunpler £P Jr
    (6) BOOK  TITLE:   Management of Metal-finishing  Sludge.   (8)  HEPOfiT
 NO.:   EPA/530/S8-561
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) PUB. 1CEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The disposal of  metal  bearing sludge  from treatment
 of  netal finishing  wastfrwater and the state  of the art of technology
 which  can possibly manage the sludge are  discussed.  Implementation of
 »etal  precipitation as tne best available technology to  meet effluent
 guidelines  will  increase the amounts of sludge reguiring disposal.
 Disposal techniques,  recycle and waste reduction technology are
 reviewed.  (Retained in SWIuS library).
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  EFFLUENT; MANAGEMENT;  METAL; RECLAMATION;  SLODGE;
 HASTE  WATER
    (14)  HIEBARCH TERMS:  1DD/20L; 1HE; 1SI/2S2
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS41989
    (16)  CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH,  U.S. Environmental Protection
 Agency,  1977. 61 p.

    (1) SWIKi ACC.NO.:  041563
    (2) DOMJESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  2u   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Lin LJ  (10) I.H3. AhEA:   1SI/2SY   (10) tUB. YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  A study concerning the kinetics,  performance and
 operational stability ox tne Kaasanatnau-Gaudy model  was nade in an
 attempt  to  better the operational control of  the coapletely mixed
 oxygen activated sludye process  (CMOAS) .  Ten  steady  state sets of the
 CKOAS  syston were conducted in tne  study. The present node ot operation
 using  the nodel with constant  recycle biological solias concentration,
 5,000  and 10,000 «g/l, permitted attaining a  reasonably  steady state
 condition with  respect to  aerator biological  solids  and etfluent
 filtrate chemical oxygen demand. All of tne  data were analyzed and
 presented on tabular form  or in  a graphical  plot to illustrate the
 operational characteristics ot the  process.  The influent substrate  was
 an  actual industrial organic wastewater  (soft drink  waste) . The value
 of  the Sludge Volume Index was in tne range of 37. 0 to 58. 5 and
 provided good settleaoility or sludge.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLUDGE; COD; INVESTIGATION; KINETICS;
 OXYGEN;  RECLAMATION; SIHULAl'IOh; SOLID; STABILIZATION; SYSTiM;
 TREATMENT
    (14)  HI1BAKCH TUfMS:   11C/^1Z
    (15)  ST J«S ACC.NO.:  GOS40007   (1b) SECONDAKY AUTHORS :  Yang PY
    (18)  DOL.CIT.:  Liu, L. J.  ,  and P. Y. Yang. The application ot
 constant r&cycie solids concentration  in  completely mixed oxyyen
 activated slud.je processes. Biotechnology and Bioeng ineering,
 la (12) ;1t>95-1711, Dec. 197t>.

    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   041531
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   12   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Eye JD   (10) GEO.  AREA:    1SL;  VIA  (10) PUB. Y£4R:
 1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Literature  pertaining  to waste  management in  the
tanrinq  and  leather finishing  industries  is reviewed. Literature
reviewed includes that  which outlines  the basic regulations developed
under Public  Law  92 500 as  they apply  to  tanneries  using direct
discharqe and that literature  which  describes regulations  in other
countries. Articles concerning  implications of pollution control
legislation and  the desirability  of  finding beneficial uses tor
fleshings and shaving are  noted.  Technologies to improve the tanning
processes account for the  majority of  the reviewed  literature.
Processes described include: use  of  organic acids  for picKling and
chrome tanninq; reuse of lime sultide  unhairing liquors; recovery of
sulfide  from  unhairing  liquors;  and  biodegradation  of chrome tannery

                                   49

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                    SEWAGE  SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
 nastes  in an extended aeration unit.  A  mathematical description of
 biological oxidation  and sludje dewaterincj processes is presented and
 surface and diffused  aeration for  oxidation ot  tannery wastes is
 discussed.  Fifteen articles  and publications are reviewed.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   ACID;  AEHATION;  BIOLOGICAL;  CHKOMIOH;  CONTKOL;
 CBTIHG;  IHDUSTKY;  LAW;  HANkGErtENT;  ORGANIC; OXIDATION; POLLUTION;
 fROCESS;  SLUDGE; TANNERY WASTfi
    (14)  HIEHAECH TEfiHS:   1LB/.2LD
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.;   OOS40575
    (18)  DOC.CIT. :   Eye,  J.  D.  Industrial wastes: tannery waste
 aanaqenent. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
 48(6):1280-1282, June 197fa.
    (1)  SWIRS »CC.HO.:   037206
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   12   (2)  SOB J .TYPE:   T  (10)  PUB.
 YEAH:  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  A technique is  described  for reclaiming zinc  fro*
 industrial sludge at a  rayon  plant  in Front  Royal,  Virginia. For 25
 yrs,  sludge fro*  the plant  had been stored in  settlement ponds close to
 the Shenandoah River. Although leakage  into  the river never occurred,
 the proximity of  sludge posed a potential pollution hazard. Evaporation
 was considered for zinc reclamation but was  ruled out due to high
 energy costs. A technique was adopted for reclaiming zinc in which
 sludge is heated  enough to  convert  zinc hydroxide from a gel into
 crystals. This heating  process allows water  to escape fro* the mixture
 through a filter. Other sludge constituents  (cellnlosics and calcium
 suitate)  are removed by secondary  filtration and  discarded. After
 hydrogen  peroxide is added  to oxidize residual iron, the zinc sulfate
 solution  is ready to be recycled into the rayon manufacturing process.
 The new process reclaims  about 300,000  to 100,000 Ibs of zinc monthly
 from  approximately 10 million gallons of accumulated sludge. The rayon
 manufacturing company believes that it  can recover its $3. 5-million
 investment in the technique within 30 months. The company expects to
 recover $50 million worth of  zinc  from  its sludge beds during the next
 10 yrs.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CONPOSITION; FILTER; BEAT;  HETAI,; HUNICIPALITY;
 PLAST-INDUSTRIAL: POLLUTION;  PROCESS; PURIFICATION; RECLAMATION;
 SLUDGE; STORAGE;  VIRGINIA;  WATERWAY
    (15)  STIRS ACC.NO.:  OOS36251
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Anon.  How  one company turns sludge into zinc  worth
 millions. Resource Recovery and Energy  Review, 3(2):13, Mar. /Apr. 1976.
    (1) SWIHS ACC.NO.:  034025
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  12   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T   (10) PUB.
YEAH:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The waste treatment process at the lucy Ellen
Candies plant at Sullivan, Illinois, is described. The carbohydrate
wastes consist of molding starch, hydrolyzed thin boiling starch, and
various sugars. Initially, the wastes from the plant upset the settling
qualities of the activated sludge in the City's treatment plant and
caused complaints. The first efforts to reduce plant discharges to the
City treatment plant involved improved house-keeping and candy
processing procedures. Floors in the starch casting rooms were vacuumed
rather than hosed down to the sewers and machines were adjusted to
allow recovery of waste starch. Changes in cooking schedules with fewer
container washouts reduced carbohydrate wastes by 50 to 60 percent. An
activated sludge waste pretreatnent system was installed, and its
operation is described. Preliminary plans and cost estimates for the
                                   50

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                             INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
 three systems considered are also reported. A unique  feature  was  that
 liae sludge from a water treatnent plant was added  to the  activated
 sludge to help the latter settle.
     (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLUDGE; CARBOHYDRATE;  COMBINED;  BCONOHICS;
 FOOD PROCESSING; MUNICIPALITY; PBOCESS; SEWAGE;  SLODGE;  SYSTEH;
 TBEATBFBT; HASTE WATER
     (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS33069
     (18) DOC.CIT.:  Hatfield, W. D. Candy waste treatment.  Industrial
 Wastes, 22(2):20-22. 32, Bar/Apr. 1974,
    (1)  SWIRb ACC.NO.:  033951
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGOkY:   U   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   T   (10)  PUB.
 YEAR:   1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  This publication contains aiwut 35 papers  delivered
 to the National Conference on Management ana Disposal of Residues  treat
 the Treatment of  industrial Hastewaters. The conference  was divided
 into  the f olioMing areas oi concern: institutional sludge management
 considerations; inorganic resiuue systems; and disposal. Sone specific
 areas  oi concern  include:  hazardous waste management.; sludge
 dewatering ; waste water reuse systems; the recovery o± protein  values
 from  industrial wastes; laud disposal problems and technology;  and the
 stabilization of  hazardous wastes. Tne papers were presented  by
 personnel irom various  governaental agencies, private industries,  and
 research or educational institutions. (This document is retained in the
 SWIRS  library. )
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CONTROL; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; HAZARDOUS; INDUSTRY;
 MANAGEMENT ; PLANNING; POLLUTIOt,; PROBLEMS; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;
 RESIDUE; SLUDGE;  TREA'lrtENT
    (15)  STIilS ACC.NO.:   005329%
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Proceedings; National Conference on Management  and
 Disposal oi Residues torn the Treatiueiit of Industrial Wastewaters,
 Washington, D. C. , Fei>.  3-5, 15*75. Rockville, Maryland, Information
 Transfer, Inc. 274 p.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  033713
    (2) DOMESTIC:  F   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:   T  (10)  PUB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  In leather factories,  acids,  alkalis and salts are
used in the leather production process which contributes to water
pollution due to the large amounts of organic substances discharged as
liquid wastes. This is especially true in Hyogo  prefecture in three
cities, Himeji, Takino, and  Kawanishi, where all leather factories
which account for 60 to 70 percent of the conntry*s leather production
are densely located. Laboratory tests of  leather factory sludge
extracted from the urban waste management site of these areas include:
incineration tests, reduction tests, and  re-oxidation tests of reduced
products. A study report of  reduced  ash management for use as landfill
and retrieval of calcium chloride is presented.  (Text in Japanese)
    (12) KEYWORDS:  INCINERATION; JAPAN; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC;
POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; SLUDGE; TANNERY WASTE; WATER
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS32757
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Kashihara, T. Seika kogyo yori haisetsu sareru odei
no shori to sairiyo ni tsuite. Sludge disposal exhausted from the
leather factory and its reuse. PPB,  6(7) :23-29,  July 1975.

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
                                Section 4
                            PLANT DESIGN
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  048303
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  F  (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
   (3)  AETICLE TITLE:  Nutrient control by plant, modification at El
laqo,  Texas.
   (U)  AUTHOR:  Earth EF
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  J Hater 'Poll Contr Federation
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  GEO. AREA:  1US/2TK  (10) PUB. YEAH:  1978
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  A high quality effluent was obtained by capital
additions to a small trickling filter plant to control effluent BOD
demand,  suspended solids, pnospaorus and nitrogen.  All existing
facilities were utilized in  tnis advanced waste treatment design. rhe
processes which control phospnorus  by metallic salt addition to the
primary settler, carbonaceous removal by means of trickling filters,
nitrogenous oxygen demand oy suspended growth second stage
nitrification, nitrogen removal fcy  attached growth  column
denitrifiedtion and tertiary solids removal by granular media
filtration are described in  detail. Also discussed are various aspects
of the decision making process.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  BIOLOGICAL; BOU; CHEMICAL; EFFLUENT; FILTER;
HANAGEMENT; METAL; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; PLANNING;  SALT; SLUDGE; TEXAS
   (14)  HIEHAHCH TERMS:  1SJV2BP; 1SP/2CI; 1sr/2MP
   (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:   OOS47J57  (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Byan BW
   (16)  CITATION:  50(7) : 1768-1785, Jul . 1978.
    (i) SSTRS ace.no.:  047911
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   2«   (2) SUBJ.TTPE:  S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Treating sludges.
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Environ Science Tech
    (10) LANGUAGE:  BN   (10> FOB. YEAR:   1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The treatment of  municipal ana  industrial  wastewater
sludge in a kiln with molten salt for the removal  of toxic metals,
organic compounds, gases, and particulates is explored. Salts used
consist of alkali salts, snlfates, and oxides. Together with  calcium
oxide, these salts can, for example, reduce sulfur dioxide in a  gas
stream fro* 700 ppm to three ppa. Collected sulfur dioxide can be
reacted with aluminum oxide to produce valuable  aluminum  snlfate. Toxic
organics, including nitrogen containing  organics in hnaan waste,  are
decomposed. Aside from a somewhat involved distillation process  needed
to recover cadmium and mercury, it may be possible to  recover up  to 95%
of antimony, chromium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. Problems  with
sewage sludge involve not only pathogens but also  heavy metals and
toxic elements that are hard to decompose* Hetals  and  toxicants  raise
serious gnestions about land disposal. Alternative and innovative
technology for wastewater treatment  is detailed, based on the
experience of a project in the Central Contra Costa Sanitation District
in California. An additional furnace is  planned  to copyrolyze refuse
derived fuel with sludge. The refuse derived fuel  will be made from
municipal refuse. Technological aspects  of recovery processes and land
disposal are evaluated.
    (12) KFTHORDS:  CALIFORNIA; FUEL; ISDOSTRT; HETAL;  HTJS1CIPALITT;
PATHOGEH; BECLAflATION; REFUSE DERIVED; SALT; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY;  TOXIC;
HASTB WATER
    (1<») HIERARCH TERHS:  1ET/2ST;  1SP/2HP;  1TH
    (15) STIBS ACC.KO.:  OOS46963
    (16) CITATION:  12(5):511-512, May  1978.
                                    52

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                                PLANT DESIGN
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  047786
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  F   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
   (3)  ABTICLE TITLE:  Uroven  provozovani a pece o zakladni  prostredKy
vere-jnych kanalizaci  v CSR.  (Level  of exploitation and operation
responsibility of basic sewage systems  in Czechoslovakia).
   (4)  AUTHOB:  Koukolik O
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Vodni dospodarstvi
   (10) LANGUAGE:  CZ  (10) PUB.  YEAR:   1976
   (11) ABSTRACT:  The status  of  the basic sewage systems in
Czechoslovakia was reviewed. Presently,  about 50% ot the sewage network
is beinq used in populated areas, and is estimated to rise to  84* by
the year 2000. Over 50S or the old  pipelines need to be replaced, and
prorated cost estimates are provided. Tables present data on total
network size, amount  of treated wastewater, costs, repair expenditures,
and worker's salaries over the periods  1961-2000, 1964-1974, 1971-1974,
and the cost of treatment plant mechanization for the period 1970-2000.
Suggestions for technoloyical, managerial, and fiscal improvements  of
the Czechoslovakian sewagt network  are- also included. (Original text in
Czechoslovakia n) .
   (12) KEYWORDS:  CZECHOSLOVAKIA;  MANAGEMENT; 3EKAGE; SLUDGE;
1REATMENT
   (14) HIEEARCH TE8HS:  1EC/2C6;  1EU/2CZ; 1 HA/21B;  1SJ/2AN
   (15) STIHS ACC.HO.:  OOS4biJ40
   (16) CITATION:  26(5) : 123-126, 1976.


   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  045678
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  F   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SCBJ.TYPE:  G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Zkusenosti-i,  provuzu cistiren odpadnich vod.
(Experience from waste treatment  plant  operation).
   (4)  AUTHOB:  Zvejska M
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Vodni dospodarstvi
   (10) LANGUAGE:  CZ   (10) GEO.  AREA:   1EU/2CZ  (10)  PUB. YEAR:  1976
   (11) ABSTRACT:  The experiences  of the first mechanicobiological
waste treatment plant, with complete sludge and gas treatment and
disposal, are presented. The plant,  in  Ostrava, Czechoslovakia,
beqanoperations in 1957. The operations of the different parts of
equipment are described, and performance,  operational reliability,
durability and technical parameters  evaluated. Hechanical treatment and
biological treatment  are dealt witti  separately. Optimal management  and
personnel conditions  are included.  (Original text in Czechoslovakian).
   (12) KEYWORDS:  BIOLOGICAL;  CZECHOSLOVAKIA; DISPOSAL; EQUIPMENT;
MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL; SEWAGE;  SLUDGE;  TREATMENT
   (14) HIERAHCH TEEMS:  1EE/2Ei; 1PD;  1SI/2SY; 1SI/2S7; 1TG
   (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS44727
   (16) CITATION:  26 (4) : 100-102, Apr.  1976.
    (1)  SW1RS ACC.NO. :   045440
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   F  (2)  CATEGORY:  16   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   I
    (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   BasingstoKb sewage  treatment works,  1961-1975.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Axtell fij
    (6)  JOURNAL  TITLE:   Public Health Engr
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  GEO. AHEA:   1EU/2UK   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   An  overview is given  of the design  and  operations of
 the  Basinstoke  sewage  treatment works from 1961  through  1975,  with
 technical  details  and  discussion. The present system is  located
 downstream  of Basinstoke  in the Loddon Valley on  the River  Loddori to
 which  sewage gravitates by means of two  trunk sewers.  The  new  works
                                   53

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
 were designed to treat sewage from a  population  of.  80,000 together with
 trade wastes from existing and new industrial areas,  with effluent
 discharge into the river, rne system  consists of inlet works,
 stormwater treatment tanks,  primary settlement tanks  (radial flow),
 aeration tanks (for biological treatment) ,  final settlement tanks
 (circular), tertiary treatment aicrostrainers, sludge treatment by
 heated digestion and drying, and  power  distribution equipment.
 Technical data are listed on annual operating results,  monthly
 analytical results for sludge digestion and toxic metals in liguid
 sludge, contractors, capital expenditures and costs,  and unit
 descriptions. Discussion ot  tne systems focused  on  design problems,
 effluent standards, and  final sludge  disposal.
     (12) KEYHOBDS:  DESIGN; fiFFLUENI;  EQUIPMENT;  GREAT BRITAIN;
 MANAGEMENT; SEWAGE; SLUDGE;  TREATMENT
     (14) HIERAHCH TERMS:   1MA/2NH;  1SF;  1 SI/253
     (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS44488
     (16) CITATION:  4(1):4-14, 22,  Jan.  1976.


     (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO. :  044746
     (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CA'1'tGOHY:  19   (2)  SUBJ.TYfE:   G
     (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  $10 Million Kodak coabustible  disposer helps to
 pay for itself.
     (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Resource Kecovery and Energy Review
     (10) LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  GEO.  AKEA:   10S/2NY/3RO  (10)  PUB. YEAR:
 1975
     (11)  ABSTRACT:  A $10 Billion  combustible-waste  disposal unit,
 developed by the Eastman Kodak company,  is  discussed. The disposer
 helps to pay for itself by reclaiming heat,  producing steam and
 recovering silver.  The waste disposer combines three  operations:  (1)  a
 refuse section, which includes a  shredder;  (2) a sludge drying section
 which uses heat generated by its  own  operations  by  burning the refuse
 and sludge in a suspension tired  toiler. The plant  produces 77,000
 pounds of steam each hour which is used  to  drive a  steam turbine, that
 generates electricity.  The bottom ash froa  the boiler and the fly ash
 from the electrostatic precipitators  contain silver residue from  some
 of the manufacturing processes. Only  a  small fraction of the original
 waste,  not more than 3 percent,  has to  be disposed  of in the end. The
 hurdles during the eight years of development and the process used in
 the disposer are discussed.
     (12)  KEYWORDS;  DISPOSAL; DRYING;  EQUIPHENT;  NEW YOiJK;  RECLAH ATIOH;
 SHflEDDING;  SLUDGE;  UTILIZE;  WASTE HEAT
     (14)  HIEBARCH  TEEMS:  1EE/2EX;   1IA/2IR;  1ME/2MI; IRQ
     (15)  STIttS ACC.NO.:   00343791
     (16)  CITATION:  2(6):14-15, Nov.-Dec. 1975.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  044642
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATBGORT:   06  (2)  SOBJ.TTPB:  G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Composting  industrial and Municipal wastes paper
•ill and city treatment plants.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Heir DR
    (6) JOURHAL TITLE:  Compost Science
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  GE°- AREA:  1US/2HA  (10)  FOB. TEAR:  1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A proposal by the Montachuse (Hass.)  Regional
Planning Commission to compost the paper mill and city wastewater
treatment plants sludges is  highlighted. Fitchburg, Hass has two
advanced plants: an activated carbon absorption plant serving the paper
industry; and a two stage activated sludge and chemical precipitation
plant, serving the rest of the city. The Commission proposes to initate
a pilot project nsing the fibrous  paper sludge, dewatered below 50
                                    54

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                                PLANT DESIGN
percent as the bulking agent  instead of more expensive products in
composting the city's sludge. This proposal is an alternative to
incineration or landfill. It  would result in substantial savings,
eliminate pollution, conserve energy and provide a free humus soil
conditioner to residents.
    (12) KETWOBDS:  COMPOST;rCOHPOSTIHG; FERTILIZES; IHDOSTHT;
HASSACHOSETTS; MOIUCIPALITT ;  PAPER; PLAHT-IHDTJSTBIAL; REPOSE; SLUDGE
    (10) HIERAHCH TEHBS:   1CE/2CW;  1CF/2C2; 1CF/2C9; 1CF/2DB;
1PB/2PD/3PC;  1SI/2S2;  1SI/2S9
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:   OOS43687
    (16) CITATIOS:  18(4):27,  July-Aug. 1977.
     (1) SWIES ACC.NO.:   OUU533
     (2) DOMESTIC:   F   (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  T
     (3) ARTICLE  TITLE:   A  future  for automatic sludge withdrawal.
     (4) AUTHOR:   Ching  CW
     (6) JOUBNAL  TITLE:   Hater  Services
     (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) i>UB.  YEAR:  1977
     (11) ABSTRACT:  One aspect  of  automation in normal sewage treatment
 works  is considered:, removing  sludge from the primary sedimentation.
 The advantages  of  Ham  Baker's  Automatic Sludge withdrawal equipment are
 discussed. These include:  (1)  the system is fully automatic,  (2)
 termination is  related to sludge  density; (3)  the quantity and  quality
 of sludge  is improved  over a  manual control system;  (4)  automatic
 control ensures that  multiple  desludging is possible with no extra
 staff  or equipment;  (5)  the system  is designed to be fail safe;  (6)
 there  is an electrical indication for failure of the sensing device;
 (7) as sludqe  is discharged into  a  chamber against a balancing  head,
 the velocity is reduced and thus  coring in tht sedimentation is
 unlikely;  (8)  the  average solids  Content is increased;  (9) the  system
 is stable  and  will accept normal  solids without adverse effect. Baker's
 equipment  offers a simple approach  to a problem that has plagued sewage
 works  managers  for years.  It  will eliminate what used to be a thankless
 task and allow  better  utilization of labor than was previously
 experienced.
     (12) KEYWORDS:  AUTOMATIC;  CONIROL; EQUIPMENT; MANAGEMENT;
 SEDIMENTATION;  SEWAGE;  SLUDGE;  TREATMENT
     (14) HIE8ARCH TEEMS:   1SJ/2M8; 1SF/2SW; 1SI/2S3; 1SI/2S7
     (15) STIHS  ACC.NO,:   OOS43578
     (16) CITATION:  81(970):505,  Aug. 1977.
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   042529
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   19  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Basic conception of automation and
 instrumentation  in sewage treatment  plant.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Suguki  A
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In  Proceedings:   Fourth United States/Japan
 Conference on Sewage Treatment  Technology, Cincinnati, OH, and
 Washington, DC,  Oct. 23-24 and  Oct.  28-29, 1975.   (8)  REPORT NO.:
 EPA-600/9-76-023
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GKO.  AREA:  1AI/2JA  (10)  PUB. YEAK:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Characteristics  of wastewater  treatment processes
 are examined  in  relation  to the use  of instrumentation and automation
 at sewage treatment  plants. Both  the guantity and Duality of sewage
 flow  vary significantly,  regardless  of the optimum conditions of a
 sewage  treatment process.  Altaough  mechanical and physical treatment
 processes such as screening and sedimentation are included in
 wastewater treatment, biological  treatment is noted as important for
 wastewater treatment in Japan.  Basic concepts involved in the
                                   55

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
 application  of an automated wastewater treatment system are detailed.
 An explanation of automated aspects of the following elements of sewage
 treatment is given:  pumping stations, preliminary sedimentation tanks,
 and chlorination tanks.  Planned studies in Japan on the development of
 automated systems for the control of sewage treatment plant operation
 are cited.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AUTOMATIC;  BIOLOGICAL; DESIGN; EQUIPMENT; FACILITY;
 JAPAN;  MANAGEMENT;  PLANNING; PEOCESS ; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
    (1U)  HIEHAHCH TEEMS:   1EE/2ES; 1MA/2MB; tPH; 1SI/2S2
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS41572
    (16)  CITATION: , Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
 Agency,  Oct. 1976.   p.61-71.
    (1)  SKIDS  ACC.NO.:  040395
    (2)  DOHBSTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:   G  (10)  GEO.
AREA:   1DS/2CA   (10) P0B. YEAR:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  In an area characterized  by  high ambient air
temperatures  and occasional  sandstorms,  the  Valley  Sanitary District of
Indio,  California, has found that a  dependable  compressed air supply is
•ore essential to satisfactory wastewater  treatment by  the activated
sludge  process, than would normally  be true. The plant  has a design
capacity of 5 mgd and design loadings of 5,963  Ib of BOD and 7,210 Ib
of suspended  solids per day. There are four  primary settling tanks, each
70 by 20 ft in plan and having a  10  ft side  water depth. These
discharge to  four aeraion basins  each  160  by 20 ft  by 12 ft deep. Each
of the  four secondary settling tanks is  84 by 20 by 10. 5 ft deep.
Following treatment by the activated sludge  process, the wastewater is
directed to a chlorine contact tank  located  adjacent to the common
effluent channel of the secondary settling basins.  Other than
occasional sand storms that  cause some problems in  the  lines, there
have been no  unusual difficulties in the nearly two years of operation.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLODGE; BOD;  CALIFORNIA; CLIHATE; DESERT;
DESIGH; FACILITY; MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; SLODGE
    (14) HIEHARCH TERHS:  1SI/2S7
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS39439
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Desert area activated sludge plant.  Public Works,
107(2) :86, 1976.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  039636
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGOBY:   16   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   T  (10)  PUB.
 YEAR:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This study  is  an  investigation of the wastewater
 treatment and  sludge  disposal  methods of 18  plants in the
 Ohio/Kentucky/Indiana region as a means of testing an application of a
 methodology previously developed  by  the U. S.  Environmental Protection
 Agency. The plants selected for analysis represent about 80 percent of
 the total treatment capacity of the  region;  individual plant capacities
 range  from 35,000 to  120  million  gpd. In application of the
 methodology, various  sludge management  alternatives are analyzed in
 terms  of technical feasibility, costs,  environmental impacts,
 sociopolitical implications, and  other  factors pertinent to regional
 scale  planning.  For each  of the plants  (15 now operating and 3
 proposed) a case history  is developed and suitable sludge disposal
 alternatives identified.  In addition, four alternatives are presented
 for region wide sludge management systems. (Retained in SWIES library)
    (12) KEYBO8DS:  COMBINED; DEMONSTRATION;  DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
 INDIANA; KENTUCKY; MANAGEMENT; OHIO;  OPERATIONS EESEABCH; PLANNING;
 REGIONAL; SLODGE
    (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:  OOS38680
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Neptune, M. 0. ,  and B. Toftner. Demonstration of a
                                    56

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                               PLANT DESIGN
  planning  perspective  for waste water sludge disposition,
  Chio/Kentucky/Indiana.  Environmental protection Publication
  EPA-4U 0/9-76-0 Olb.  Washington, U.  S. Environmental Protection Agency,
  Jan.  1976.  283  p.  (Distributed by  the National Technical information
  Service,  Springfield.  VA,  as PB 250 684. )
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   039071
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   i>  (2)  CATKGOKY:   12   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T   (10) PUB.
 TEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   Eastman Kodak Company has completed a $10 million
 combustible  waste  disposal unit tnat reclaims heat, produces steam, and
 recovers silver. The waste disposal system combines three operations:
 {1) a   refuse handling section, which has a capacity to break  up  as
 •any as 180  tons/day of paper,  packaging wastes and general plant
 trash;  (2) a sludge drying section  which uses heat, generated  by  its
 ciin operations,  to flash dry sludge for burning as part or the fuel
 sources;  (3)  a  coabustion  section which generates steam for plant
 operations by burning the  retuse and sludge in a suspension fired
 boiler.  Approximately 77,000 Ib/ar  of steam are produced as a  byproduct
 of refuse combustion.  That steam goes into the Kodak Park steam system,
 and is  enough to drive a steam  turbine to generate electricity. Among
 the problems which had to  be solved was the method of conveying
 materials, storage of retuse, aud method of shredding.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   AUDIO-VISUAL; COMBUSTIBLE; CONVEYOB; DES1GH;
 DISPOSAL: DRYING;  ILLUSTRATIONS; INDUSTRY;  £f(OCESS; SLUBGE; SYSTEM;
 1HBATMENT
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:   OOS3B115
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:   Young,  R. A. , and I. O.  Lisk. eds. Kodak disposes
 cf waste  in  system that helps pay its way.  Pollution Engineering,
 8(9):48-49,  Sept.  1976.
   (!) SHIfcS ACC.fcO.:   035848
   (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGCihY:   1b  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T  (10) PUB.
YEARl  1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:  In  Santa  Claus,  Indiana,  a new sewage system is
nearly finished. The first phase of the construction project, wnien cost
2 Billion dollars,  was  completed in  1971. Designed by Midwest Engineers,
Inc.  , the Santa Claus sewage  treatment plant, which cost 700,000
dollars, processes sewage at 0,000 dollar loan from the Farmers Home
Administration .
   (12) KETHORDS:  CONSTRUCTION; DOMESTIC; ECONOMICS; INDIANA;
INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT;  MUNICIPALITY; PIPELINE; PLANNING; SEWAGE; SLUDGE;
TREATMENT
   (15) STDiS ACC.NO.:   00534693
   (18) DOC.C1T.:  Santa  Ciaus sewage system nears completion. Water
and Sewage Works,  122(10) : 79,  Oct.  1975.
                                   57

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1) SWII6 ACC.NO.:   035827
    (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   16  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T   (10)  PUB.
XEAHi  1975
    (11) AB STB ACT:  Walt Disney World. (WDtf) lies in a flat area,  typical
of most of  Florida.  Because ot the  swampy nature of the land,  a
drainage sjstem had  to ue developed wnich would provide drainage,  flood
control, conserve  the  ground water  table, protect surface water  from
discolored  runoff, and allow the drainage from two water sheds to  pass
through the property.  It was aecxdeu that a complex building enterprise
such as HI)* should not impose undue hardship on, the facilities of  the
surrounding coamunities. HLiW constructed its own utility systems,  the
key facility being the Central Knergy Plant. The water supply  comes
from wells. The sewage collection system consists of a series  of
gravity lines,  force mains, ana pump stations. The treatment plant
resembles  an activated sluuge plant tor a municipality of about  35,000
persons. There  are,  however, wide variations in the sewage  load,
created by  variations  in attendance. Rapid sand filtration  followed  the
activated  sludge treatment . Tflos sludge is nauled to an experimental
tree farm  area  on  Disney property.  »!>» maintains an extensive  pollution
control and environmental aonitoring program. Solid waste is disposed
of  £>y  incineration.  The final residue is disposed of in a construction
landfill.  Both  incinerators at WDW  are designed for completely
automatic  operation. A secondary gas burner is used for air pollution
control. 1 his  burner maintains a consistently high tenperature,  which
insures that all the smoke is completely burned.
    (12) KEYWOBDS:   ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AUTOMATIC; CONTBOL; DRAINAGE;
GROUND WATER;  INCINER A'loa ; MANAGEMENT; RECREATION AREA; SAND;  SANITARY
LANDFILL;  SEWAGE;  SLUDGE; TfiEATHENT
    (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:  OGS34B72
    (18) uot.CIT.:   Bravo, A. C. Environmental systems  at Walt  Disney
world. Journal  of  the Environmental Engineering Division,
101(6) :a87~fc96, Dec. 1975.
   (1) SW1RS rtCC.NO.:   03S7a5
   (2) DOKfcSTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   16  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  G   (10)  PUB.
TEAR!  1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:   The  devexopBient  ol contracts and financial
arrangements for the  ^oint  waste treatment system serving the  City of
Green Bay, Wisconsin, and  four paper manufacturers are discussed. The
project started with  tour  pilot plants using tour modifications  ot the
activated  bludge process,  including conventional, step aeration,
contact stabilization,  ana  the Krauss Process, each one working  on a
•ixture of municipal  ana  pulp wastes. Contact stabilization was  found
to be the  bast configuration, and nutrients had to be added to the
waste water to allow  biological treataent. The sludge was to oe  heat
treated, vacuum filtered,  and incinerated. Before the program could be
accepted,  two additional  studies were necessary. One was a coaplete
estimate 01 the capital and operating costs for the full scale plant,
and the ot ner was  a rate  structure  ror allocating these capital  and
operating  costs aaong tiie  participants on  an equitable oasis. The new
plant was  expected  to cost  38 million dollars, with an annual operating
cost of about 3 million dollars, since no  legal precedents for such a
plant existed, special  consideration had to be made for such problems
as design  load considerations dnd payment  of a lair share of the
operating  costs. Because  ot the teaa effort on the part of all parties
the project has been  a  success.
   (12) KB WORDS:   ACTI»AfKD SLUDGE; BIOLOGICAL; COMBINED; CONTRACT;
ECONOHICS; FILTER;  INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING; PULP;
SLUDGE; TRfcATiiENT;  WASTE  W ATEh ; WISCONSIN
   (15) ST1WS ACC.NO.:  OOS34B30
   (18) DOC.CIT-:   Barton,  c. A. ,  J. F. Byrd, C. R. Faulkender, and O.
H. Moss. Joint treatment  ox pulping and municipal wastes. Journal of
the Water  icllution Control Federation, 47 (5) : 998- 10 0*», Hay 1975.
                                     58

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                                PLANT DESIGN
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:  035512
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   16   (2) StTBJ.TYPE:  T   (10)  puB.
TEAR:   1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  This article describes the new  waste water treatment
facility in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The secondary treatment
extension of  the existing primary treatment plant  provides:  activated
sludge  treatment; pressure flotation for excess activated sludge
thickening; additional digestor, filter, and boiler capacity; sludge
incineration  and standby power facilities; and landscaping.  Innovative
design  features include 4 83-in. diameter Archimedean pumps  and  an
80-ft diameter methane gas sphere. The plant has a capacity  of 72 gal
per day and includes a 6,000 gal per day pilot treatment plant which is
used for testing the effects of biological treatment of various
industrial wastes in the sewer system. Hethane gas generated by  the
treatment plant is used as an alternative fuel for diesel generators
during  peak hours and as fuel for the sludge incinerators.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CANADA; DESIGN; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
HETHARE; MUNICIPALITY; SEWAGE; SLDDGE; TREATHENT;  DTILIZE; HASTE WATER
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS34557
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Canadian wastewater plant features many firsts.
Public  Works, 106(11):58-59, Nov. 1975.
    (1) SWIRS  ACC.SO.:  03H310
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORT:  21   (2) SOBJ.TYPE:  T   (10) PDB.
TEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This article reports that a pilot plant  is being
constructed at Boston, Massachusetts Deer Island to test the
effectiveness of electron beam irradiation in treating municipal
sewage. A sewage treatment plant near Munich. (Test Germany, has
successfully used isotope generated gamma radiation for the last 2
years. Another experimental unit is proposed for Fort Belvoir,
Virginia. Potential radiation sources include cobalt-€0 and cesium-137.
As  the cesium becomes more available as a waste product from nuclear
power plants, the costs of radiation treatment of sewage will decrease
significantly. When heat treatment is combined with radiation treatment
a high degree of effectiveness in destroying bacteria, viruses, and
parasites can be achieved. Sandia Laboratories in Albuquerque, New
Hexico, is designing a single pass, flow-through sewage irradiation
system. They expect to have a pilot plant with a 50,000 gal per day
capacity in operation by 1979. A waste water purification system being
developed by International Purification Systems Inc. in Atlanta,
Georgia, would use gamma irradiation to continually regenerate a
charcoal adsorbent bed. Agueonics Inc. of Los Altos, California, has
developed a Biochemrad system for use in small communities. This system
consists of a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage
treatment in a multistage design, with irradiation being used in the
third phase.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  BENEFIT; DEMONSTRATION; DESIGN; FACILITY;
INVESTIGATION; ISOTOPE; MUNICIPALITY; PROBLEMS; RADIOACTIVE; RESEARCH;
SEWAGE; SLDDGE; TREATMENT; WASTE HATER
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS33354
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  O'Sullivan, D. A. Irradiation of sewage gains
adherents. Chemical and Engineering News, 53(3ft) :30-31, Anq. 25, 1975.
                                    59

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SWISS  ACC.NO.:   033957
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:  16   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T   (10)  PUB.
YEAR:   1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   This paper describes the planning of a centralized
treatnent  lacility tor  industrial waste residuals in Ventura,
California. A survey of local industries, conducted by the Ventura
County  Regional Sanitation District (VKSD) , indicated that the
following  residuals snould be disposed of at a central facility:  oily
wastes;  citrus washings;  brine, cooling, ana wash water; cannery
wastes;  chemical  wastes;  animal nanure; meat and fish processing
wastes;  cesspool  pumpings; ana sewer sludge. The VRSD plans to
construct  a centralized treatment facility to which these wastes can  be
trucked. A research program to study the disposal 01 residuals from  the
county,  which will include pilot plant studies of new processes, is
currently  teing designed. The treatment facility will include
facilities for segregating wastes into the following classifications
prior to treatment:  oily wastes; brines; aetal wastes; non-Metallic
toxins;  and organic wastes. This project is being supported by a grant
froffl  the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (This Docunent is
retained in the S»IRS  library. )
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   CALIFORNIA; CESTHALIZED; CLASSIFICATION; COMBINED;
COUNT!;  DISPOSAL;  FACILITY; GRANT; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING;
BKSEAKCfi;  SEWAGE;  SLUDGE; IRE A TM L'b T
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS33001
    (18)  DOC.C1T.:   Borgerding, J. , and B. Calkins. A centralized
treat Bent  facility for  residuals at Ventura, California. In
Proceedings;  National  Conference on Management and Disposal of Residues
from  the Treatnent of  Industrial Wastewaters, Washington, D. C.  , Fe0.
3-5.  1975. Rockville,  Maryland, Information Transfer, Inc. p. 31-34.
   (1) SWlflS ACC.NO.:  033705
   (2) DOMESTIC:  F   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G  (10) PUB.
YEAR:  1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:  Under the water  pollution prevention code of 1971,
operations at public  and private  waste  water treatment facilities will
be regulated to prevent pollution ox public waters with waste water and
sludge. Tiieretore, when planning  ror new water treataent plants, a
sludge disposer must  be installed.  The  report beings with a description
of sludge followed by  an introduction to a sludge disposal systen using
as an example the Tokyo Hunicipal water works located at Hisono. In
addition to the technological  part  of the sludge disposal system,
operational aanagement of  tne  sludge disposal systea is investigated.
The report concludes  with  a chart 01 operational paraneters for the
sludge »an ageiaent system at Misono Water Works during the fiscal year
of 1974.  (text in Japanese)
   (12) KEixoHDS:  DISPOSAL; MANAGEMENT; POLLUTION; PUBLIC; SLUDGE;
SYSTEM; aRE&l'PlENT; ViAbTil HATER
   (15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00632749
   (18) DOC.CIT.:  Yamaguchi,  K.  Sludge no shorisnobun ni tsuite. *On
sludge disposal. Kogyo Yosui,  (20) :b8-75. May 1975.
                                     60

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                                 PLANT DESIGN
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:   033148
    (2) DOHESTIC:   I)   (2) CATEGORY:   lb  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G   (10) FOB.
/EAR:  1975
    (11) AbSTEACT:  A  jointly-sponsored secondary waste water treatment
plant has  been proposed for the city  of Hamilton, Ohio in conjunction
with the Ohio Division  of  Ciia&pion  International paper mills.
Completion is scheduled for late 1976. The project will help the
industry and city  to  treat  their wastewater sore efficiently and
economically. Ihe  new facility  will meet or exceed new waste water
discharge  standards or  the  state and  federal governments. The activated
sludge treatment plant  will consist of aeration tanks and final
clarifiers , with effluent  aeration  and five vacuum filters for
dewatering the city's primary  sludges, plus all secondary sludges
generated, followed by  incineration ot the sludges in a fluid bed
incinerator. Champion International's primary sludges will not be
handled by the new plant,  but  will  continue to be used as landfill
after dewatering in the company's three centrifuges. When the plant is
completed  it will  i>e  able  to handle 72,000 IDS of dry solids daily,
with an expected range  ot  1o to 1b  percent solids. The incinerator
itself is  approximately 30  ft  in aiaaeter and requires 4,000 sq ft 01
floor space plus nearly 70  ft  of. height. The plant is therefore built
on a split level arrangement.
    (12) KEIMORIiS:  ACTIVATE SLUDGE;  AERATION; EPPLUEhT; EQUIPMENT;
FACILITY;  INCINERATOR;  INDUSTRY; HAWAGEHENT; HOklCIt ALITI; OHIO; VAP Efi;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE;  TRBA2rti£Ba'; WASTK WATfiR
    (IS) STE1S ACC.NO.:  005324^2
    (18) DOC.CIT. :  Municipality and industry 3oin in wastewater
treatment. Public  HorK.s, 1 U> (5) :89-90, Hay 1975.
                                   61

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE



                                Section 5
                             PROCESSING
   (1)  SHIfiS ACC.NO.:  048489
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T
   (3)  A8TICLE TITLE:  Sludge mauagement: a growing  water  treatment
concern.
   (4)  AUTHOfi:  Eurnett JJ
   (6)  JOCIRHAL TITLE:  Public Works
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) GEO. AREA:   1US/2NQ   (10)  PUB.  YEAk:   1978
   (11)  ABSTKACT:  Alternative methods for  wastewater  treatment  and
sludge management are addressed, based on the experience of Niagara
falls.  New lock, in resolving a sludge pollution  problem at its  water
treataent plant. Haste streams discharge directly to the Niagara  Siver
through two conduits. Filter backwash water and sedimentation basin
sludge from the old plant discharges through a 24 inch sewer.  Similar
flows froa the new plant discharge through  a 60 inch outfall
approximately 400 ft downstream. The aveiage daily flow is about  50
•illion gals/d. Several alternatives were evaluated  to develop a  cost
effective and environmentally sound system  for collecting  and disposing
of filter backwash water and sedimentation  basin  sludge, including
pretreatment of the combined volumes of  waste streams.  Due to the
disadvantages of this alternative, it was recommended  that filter
tackwash water be recycled through the water treatment plant pracess.
lagooning was discarded as a viable alternative for sludge disposal,
and thickening and dewatering of sludge  proved to be costly. It  was
recommended that sludge be thickened at  the water treatment plant and
then trucked 2.4 miles for discharge into sludge  thickeners at the
wastewater treatment plant. The recommended treataent  system is
described in detail and illustrated, and its advantages are enumerated.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  FACILITY; MANAGEMENT; NEW YOhK;  POLLUTION; PROBLEMS;
HECLAMATION; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WATER
   (14) HIERABCH TERMS:   1MA/2MB;  1RG; 15P/2DP;  1TV
   (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS47543   (15) SECONDARY  AUTHORS:   Coletti Vf
   (16) CITATION:  109(8):78-80, Aug.  1978.


    (1)  SUIRS ACC.NO.:   048404
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGOHY:  24  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S;  T
    (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   Chemical conditioning alternatives  and
 operational control for  vacuum £iltration.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Nelson JK
    (6)  JOURNAL  TITLE:   ,T taatfcr Poll Contr Federation
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  GEO.  AitEA:  1US/2CO/3DE   (10)   PUB. YEAfi:
 1978
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   Two sludge conditioning systems  for vacuum
 filtration of three sludge types are presently employed by the
 Hetropolitan Denver Sewage Disposal District No. 3ne.  Efficiency  and
 economics of each system are evaluated.  The sludge  and sludge
 conditioning variables are applied to the operation of vacuum filters.
 These  are:  sludge type,  reed solids,  sludge blending,  cake solids, type
 cf conditioning and chemical dosinq.  Operational control  procedures,
 equipment inspection,  and data processing procedures  are  covered  as
 they apply to the operation of the vacuum filters.  Ratios  were
 developed for chemical to filter teed for conditioning of  sludge  with
 ferric  chloride and line.  A solids density analyzer is used to
 administer control of  polymer dosage, ana a guide for  taking  corrective
 action  to operational  problems has been developed.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   CHEMICAL; COLOKADO;  FACILITY;  FILTER;  IRON; LIME;
 MANAGEMENT;  HETAL; MUNICIPALITY;  SALT;  SLUDGE; VACUUM
    (14)  HIEHAKCH TERMS:   1MA/2MB; 1MA/2TQ; 1SP/2CI; 1SP/2MP
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS47458  (15)   SECONDARY  AUTHORS:   Tavery MAH
    (16)  CITATION:   50(3):507-517, Mar.  1978.


                                    62

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                                 PROCESSING
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  048208
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  07   (2) SOB J.TYPE:  T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Disposal of aerobically digested sludge.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Wattenburger T
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Public Works
    (10) LAHGUAGE:  EH   (10) GEO. AREA:   10S/2HR   (10) PUB. TEAR:   1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A low energy intensive Mechanical dewatering
procedure has been applied at the Little Blue Valley Interim Treatment
Plant, Independence, Hissouri, to minimize wastewater treatment sludge
disposal costs. Four sludge concentrators operate  through gravity  and
pressure to reduce moisture content, and have cut  the sludge volume  at
the plant 90X and enhanced the feasibility of removal from the
premises. The plant presently operates at 16 mgd,  with an ultimate
design capacity of 20 mgd. A permanent plant under construction on
another site, utilizing the same dewatering procedure, vill have a
capacity of 80 mgd. Development of the interim plant and procedures  and
analysis of results obtained are discussed in terms of efficiency,
concluding that target efficiencies have been achieTed to the
satisfaction of technical, economic, social, and political criteria.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AEROBIC; CONCENTRATION; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; DRYING;
MISSOURI; MUNICIPALITY; SLUDGE
    (14) BIERARCH TERMS:  1DP/2SI; 1SP/2DP
    (15) STIBS ACC.HO.:  OOS47261
    (16) CITATION:  109(7):70, Jul. 1978.
    (1)  SWIHS  ACC.HO.:   047722
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  F   (2J CATEGORY:   21   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:   S;  T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Seasonal variation  in performance of anaerobic
digestion of  city refuse.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Pathe  PP
    (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:   Indn  J  Environ Health
    (10)  LAHGOAGE:  EN   (10)  PDB.  TEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  A one year  laboratory and field  study vas conducted
to evalnate the anaerobic digestion  of organic fraction  of  refuse
(OFR).  Results of the  field  experiment coincided  with those carried out
on a  laboratory scale,  illustrating  the  feasibility and  durability of
the process.  It was also concluded that:  (1)  the  gas production in the
field units ranged from a maximum summer value of 0.33 m(3)/kg of
volatile matter added/d to a minimum winter  value of 0.1 m/lcg of
volatile matter added/d;  (2) the  R2S content of the produced gas was
negligible;  (3) the pH  of the  digested mass  remained constant around
6.8 + 0.2;  (4) the volatile  solids destruction ranged between HO and
56*;  and (5)  the digested sludge  drained easily and had  adequate
nutrient content for use as  a  manure.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AHAEHOBIC;  DIGESTION; LABORATORY; MUNICIPALITY;
REFUSE; REFUSE DERIVED  FUEL; RESEARCH; SLUDGE
    (14)  HIERABCH TERMS: 1EN/2RD; 1RH; 1HP;  1SP/2BP
    (15)  STIHS ACC.HO.:  OOS46776   (15) SECONDARY  AUTHORS:  Alone BZ;
Titus SK
    (16)  CITATION:  19(4) :340-345, Oct. 1977.
    (1) SHTRS ACC.NO.:  046992
    (2) POHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Incinerated municipal sewage sludge as a
secondary resource for metals and phosphorus.
    (4) ADTHOF:  Gabler RC Jr
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:  Third National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
14-16, 1976.
                                   63

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING,  DISPOSAL OR USE
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. TEAR:  1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Samples were obtained from 11 incinerators serving
11 U.S. cities to evaluate the potential of incinerated Municipal
slodge as a secondary resource for metals and phosphorus. Incinerator
capacities ranged fro* 900 to 21,600 Ibs per hour. All were of the
multiple hearth design, with the exception of one fluidized bed
incinerator. Various analytical methods were e»ployed to characterize
sludge ash samples. There were significant variations among cities in
terms of the major constituents of sludge, possibly due to reagents
used to remove phosphorus from the seawge stream. Phosphorus, silver,
and chromium were found to be major contributors to the economic value
of sludge ash. Preliminary extraction data on typical ash showed that
nost elements of environmental interest can be removed by a
single-stage acid leach.  (Retained in SWIBS library) .
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACID; ASH; INCINERATION; LEACH; METAL; MUNICIPALITY;
PHOSPHORUS; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE
    (14) HIERARCH TERHS:  1«K; 1RR; 1SP/2HP; 1SP/2UT
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS46045   (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Neylan DL
    (16) CITATION:  Rockville, BD, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.197-200.
    (1)  SHIRS  ACC.NO,:   046989
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPB:  S; T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Total cost of heat  treatment  of  wastewater
sludges.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Ewing  LJ Jr
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In Proceedings:  Third National  Conference on
Sludge  flanagement Disposal and Utilization,  Miami  Beach, PL,  Dec.
11-16,  1976.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EH   (10) PUB. YEAH:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Thermal treatment of sludge produced in the course
of  municipal  wastewater treatment is recognized as an effective
conditioning  process.  Thermal treatment involves heating sludge  under
pressure for  short periods of time, with or  without  the addition of air
or  oxygen. Where the destruction of pathogenic organisms is required,
sludge  may be pasteurized. To improve thickening or  dewatering
characteristics, sludge may be heat treated  or subjected to low,
intermediate, or high  degrees of wet air oxidation.  Thermal treatment
produces significant changes in the nature and composition of sludge by
coagulating solids and breaking down the gel structure  of sludge.
Thermal treatment processes are detailed,  and equipment operating
conditions are noted.  The cost impact of thermal treatment on other
processes is  assessed. Thermal treatment process sidestreams  (off—gases
and lignors)  are discussed.  (Retained in SHIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  DRYING; EQUIPMENT; HEAT;  MUNICIPALITY; PATHOGEN;
SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER
    (14) HIERAHCH TERMS:  1EC/2C6; 1PF; 1SP/2ET; 1SP/2HP
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS46042  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Culp  RL
    (16) CITATION:  Rockville, MD, Information Transfer  inc.,  1977. p.
179-187.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  046985
    (2) DOMESTIC: .D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) S0BJ.TYPES  S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Biological effects of irradiation with high
energy electrons.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Sinslcey AD
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:  Third national Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
14-16, 1976.
                                    64

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                                 PROCESSING
    (10) LAHGUAGE:  EM   (10) GEO.  ABBA:   10S/2HH   (10)  PDB. TEAB:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A study was conducted to examine the microbiological
and viral effects of high-energy  electron treatment of sludge and
municipal wastewater. Small inhouse experiments  vere conducted at the
Hassachusetts institute of Technology and large-scale  experiments were
conducted at an electron research facility. Virus assessment  of the
application of high-energy radiation to  disinfect sludge  indicated that
it is a scientifically feasible technique. The ability to eliminate
pathogenic viruses and bacteria from wastewater  residuals, within
acceptable limits and without danger to  the environment,  is considered
to be an attractive waste disposal alternative.  The elimination of
viruses and pathogenic bacteria by electron irradiation treatment
removes one of the major public health constraints against the use of
wastewater residuals for land reclamation purposes.  (Betained in  SBTRS
library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  BACTERIA; HEALTH; LAHD; HASSACHOSETTS; HICBOBXOLOGY;
HDHICTPALITT; PATHOGEH; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE; ?IFOS; WASTE WATBB
    (10) HIBRARCH TERMS:  1U>; 1HM ; 1PF;  1SP/2IP
    (15) STIBS ACC.HO.:  005*6038   (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Hetcalf TJ;
Shah 0
    (16) CITATIOM:  Rockville, HD, Information Transfer tnci,  1977.
p.160-163.
     (1)  SWIES  ACC.NO.:   046956
     (2)  DOHESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T
     (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   Optimal  integration of processes for sludge
  management.
     (4)  AUTHOR:   Dick HI
     (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In  Proceedings:   Third National. Conference an
  Sludge  Management  Disposal  and  Utilization,  Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
  14-16,  1976.
     (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  PUB.  YE&R:   1977
     (11) ABSTRACT:  The  integration  of complete sludge manageneat
  systems is  described. The approach  to integration is to use basic
  vastevater  and  sludge properties  and fundamental  design and operational
  variables to  develop  mathematical descriptions of the performance of
  wastewater  treatment processed  generating sludge  and of sludge
  treatment,  utilization,  and disposal processes. Process performance
  equations and equations for estimating  the costs  of wastewater
  treatment and sludge managenent processes as functions of basic design
  and operational variables are integrated in an optimization procedure
  using a digital computer. iiastevater and sludge characteristics modeled
  in each sludge  production and management process  are:  flow, biochemical
  cxygen  demand,  solids,  phosphorus,  nitrogen, alkalinity, settleability,
  filterability,  and heavy  metals,  sludge management schemes considered
  in the  integrated  approach  are  processes for:  gravity thickening,
  anaerobic stabilization,  chemical conditioning, vacuum  dewatering,
  transportation  by  truck,  and application on  agricultural land.
  {Retained in  SHIRS library) .
     (12) KEYWORDS:  COMPUTED; DISPOSAL;  MANAGEMENT;  MATHEMATICAL MODEL;
  EHOCESS; SLUDGE; SYSTEM;  TKEATNENI;  UTILIZE
     (14) HIERARCH TERMS:   1CT; 1MA/2TQ;  1SP
     (15) STIMS ACC.MO.:   OOS46009   (15)  SECONDARY  AUTHORS:  Simmons DL
     (16) CITATION:  Bockville, ML), Information Transfer  Inc., 1977.
  p.20-27
                                   65

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SHIRS  ACC.NO.:   046484
    (2)  DOHESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:  11  (2) SOB J.TYPE:  T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Method and apparatus for incinerating waste
Material.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Ton Dreusche CF Jr
    (7)  PATENT DATA:  O.S. Patent Mo. 4,050,389
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN  (10)  PUB. YBAB:  1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   A method  and apparatus are described for
continuonsly  incinerating waste material, particularly sewage sludge,
municipal,  industrial or community garbage, trash and refuse. The
furnace has a plurality of vertically spaced hearths in which waste
•aterial is introduced to the furnace at the top. The waste Material
alternately moves  inwardly and outwardly across the hearths and is
discharged  at the  bottom of  the furnace. A quantity of air less than
that  theoretically required  for complete combustion of the material
being processed is introduced towards the lowest hearth. Air is then
added at successively higher hearths in quantities only sufficient to
support combustion. Exhaust  gases are discharged at the top of the
furnace.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   EQUIPMENT; GASSES; HEAT; INCINERATION; INDUSTRY;
MUNICIPALITY; PATENT;  SEWAGE; SLUDGE
    (14)  HIERAHCH TEfiMS:  1BT/2MH; 1IC/2IN; 1IC/2HY; 1IE/2SP
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS45535
    (16)  CITATION:   filed Jul. 19, 1976 issued Sep. 27, 1977.
     (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  046062
     (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2) CATEGORY:   16   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  T
     (4) AUTHOR:  Billings CH
     (b) BOOK TITLE:   1977 Public  iiorks Manual and Catalog File.
     (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  POb.  *EAB:   1977
     (11) ABSTRACT:  This manual describes processes and equipment for
 the following  solid  waste  management  topics: sludge digestion and
 disposal, refuse collection,  refuse  disposal,  resource recovery, and
 litter collection/street sanitation.  Manufacturers, designers, and
 installers are  listed for  each.  Processes for recovery of usable
 naterial and energy  from vaixed  wastes  and sludge disposal are
 examined. (Retained  in SW1BS  library).
     (12) KEYWORDS:  COLLECTION; DIGESTION;  DISPOSAL; EQUIHPENT; LITTEfi;
 HANAGEMENT;  PROCfSS; PUBLIC;  uECLAMATIOH;  BEFUSE; SLUDGE; SOLID
     [11) HIERARCH TERBS:   1CL/2TU;  1UP/2HX; 1LK;  1HA/2TQ; 1BR; 1SP/2DP;
 1SX
     (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:  OOS45112   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Conner SH;
 Kircher JH
     (16) CITATION:  Shepherdsville,  KY,  Public works Journal
 Corporation, 1977.   Various  pagzngs.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  045618
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Final disposal.
    ftt) AUTHOR:  Kalinske AA
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Municipal  Wastewater  Treatment Plant Sludge and
Liguid Sidestreals.
    (8) HTIS HO.:  PB-255 769   (8) REPORT  SO.:   EPI 430/9-76-007  (9)
CONTRACT BO.:  68-01-0324
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB.  YEAR:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Methods used to  dispose of  sludge and sidestrearns
from dewatering and thickening processes  are described: incineration,
wet air  (high pressure) oxidation,  land spreading, landfilling, deep
                                    66

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                                 PROCESSING
 well or underground injection, ocean and surface water disposal, sludge
 pyrolysis, and composting. Incineration burns organic materials and
 liquids removed fro» sludge, leaving only ashes. Oxidation reduces
 sludge in a reactor environment of high temperatures and pressures.
 Land spreading, landfilling, and underground injection of dewatered,
 stabilized sludge are characterized by space limitations, nuisance
 factors, and possibly toxic leachates. Ocean and surface waters are
 being considered as disposal sites primarily for brines. Pyrolysis
 (heating organics without oxygen) is being evaluated as a sludge
 disposal method with the potential for economic byproducts. Composting
 (aerobic digestion) is a proven disposal method that is winning wider
 acceptance in public sanitary systems. It is concluded that
 environmental acceptability and economic factors will govern the
 development and use of these disposal methods.
    (12) KETWOBDS:  COHPOSTIHG; DBTING; DOHPIHG; IHCINBRATIOH; LAUD;
 H0KCIPALITY; OXIDATION; PTBOLTSIS; SLUDGE; SPREADING; TBEATHEHT;
 UNDERGROUND; WASTE WATER
    (11) HIEBABCH TERMS:  1HJ/2H8; 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S7
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS44666
    (16) CTTATIOB:  Washington, DC, 0.S. Environmental Protection
 Agency, Jun. 1976.  p.61-78.
     (1)  SHIRS  ACC.NO.:   045207
     (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   06   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
     (U)  AUTHOR:   Mosher  D
     (6)  BOOK TI1LE:   Composting  senate sludge by high-rate suction
  aeration techniques.
     (9)  GRANT  NO. :  80382B
     (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  GEG.  AREA:   1US/2KE  (10)  PUB.  YEAS:   1977
     (11) ABSTRACT:  The  composting of  sewage sludge by  high rate suction
  aeration technigues  in  an experimental  operation in Bangor,  Maine is
  described. Econoaic  analysis, preparations for composting and
  monitoring and analysis of the  operation dt Bangor are discussed.
  Suggestions for  other municipalities,  including information on site
  selection and eguipmect and materials requirements are included.
  Practical advice on  setting up  and  operating a composting systea
  including permanent  and uonpermanent  eguipment setups  is given.
  Operation of  the system from pile construction to storage is discussed.
     (12) KEYWORDS:  AERATION; ANALYSIS;  COMPOSTING;  DATA; ECONOMICS;
  EPA; GBANT; MAINE; MAHAGEKi'MI;  PROCESS;  SfWAGJL;  SLUDGE
     (14) HIERAECH TERMS:   KF/2C^;  1CF/2DB;  1EA/2EA;  1MA/2I1D;  1SI/2S2
     (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS4U254   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Anderson RK
     (1t>) CITATION:  Washington,  DC,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection
  Agency.  50 p.   1977.
   (1) SWIRS iCC.HO.:  045094
   (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGO8T:  27   (2) SOBJ.T1PB:  6
   (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Obtaining public acceptability for  treatment of
disposable alternatives.
   (4) AUTHOR:  Hanko JH
   (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Pennsylvanian
   (10) LAHGDAGB:  EH   (10) PUB. TEAR:   1977
   (11) ABSTRACT:  To gain public acceptance of proposed wastewater
treatment and disposal systems, consulting engineers should change
their attitudes, bring up questions or problems before they can be
raised by the community, and maintain complete openness with the
public. Community participation needs to begin early in the project and
the community should feel that the problem is theirs and that  it can be
                                    67

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
 solved  by  working with  the consulting engineer.  The public relations
 program must  be adequate  and must fit the  local  situation. Materials
 shoald  be  short, simple,  and distributed in plenty of time. Costs are
 always  uppermost in  the public's mind. Don't wait for the public, or a
 coamunity  group attorney,  to ferret out disadvantages of a system;  find
 them  first and cite  them  openly. The only  alternative to these open
 attitudes  and actions are costly delays which will ensue from community
 foot  dragging, political  intervention, and recourse to administrative
 and judicial  help.
    (12) KEYWORDS; CAMPAIGN; COHHUHITY; CONSULTANT; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
 LEGAL;  PROBLEMS; PUBLIC RELATIONS; SYSTEM; TREATMENT; HASTE HATER
    (14) HIBRARCH TERMS:  1DD/2DO; 1PJ
    (IS) SUMS ACC.NO.:  OOS44140
    (16) CITATION:  16 (6):20-21, June 1977.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.HO.:  044862
    (2) DOHBSTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORT:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Centrifugal dewatering of municipal and
industrial sludge.
    («) AUTHOR:  Asano T
    (6) JOURHAL TITLE:  Water and Sewage  Works
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) P0B. TEAK:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Centrifugal dewatering of Municipal and industrial
sludges was studied using a solid bowl centrifuge. During the study,
centrifugal force was about 3,300 G when coagulants were added.
Continuous feed controls were used for sludge and coagulants and
coagulants were prepared in an aqueous solution. A holding tank with
agitator maintained feed sludge in a homogenous condition and feed
sludge rate was 30.8 gal./Hin. Results are given for digested mixed
sludge; raw primary sludge; raw primary sludge plus activated sludge;
activated sludge; aerobically digested sludge; and water filtration
plant sludge. Process and operational variables which affect sludge
dewaterability are discussed: sludge feed rate, sludge feed
concentration, solids recovery, and automatic operation. Most
dewatering experiments used a chitin/chitosan based organic polymer,
Flonac. other polymers were used and tables summarize results of
dewatering with different polymers.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AEROBIC; AUTOMATIC; CBNTBIFUGB;
COKCEHTBATION; DIGESTION; DRYING; INDUSTRY; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC;
POLYMER; SLUDGE
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1SE/2SN; 1SI/2S7
    (15) SUMS ACC.NO.:  OOS43907  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Hayakawa N;
Suzuki T
    (16) CITATION:  124(9):130-135, Sept. 1977.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  044673
    (2) DOMESTIC:  F   (2) CATEGORY:  20   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Refuse refineries.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Jensen PK
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Conservation and  Recycling
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1EU/2DN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This paper describes  the Destrngas pyrolysis
process; a waste treatment plant in Kalundborg,  Denmark which  is
capable of handling all types of refuse  and sludge.  Pulverized garbage
is  fed into  a pyrolysis retort similar to  a traditional gas  retort,
which destroys combustible solid and  liquid waste. A magnet  separator
extracts ferrous scrap from the char. A  flow  sheet gives details  of  the
plant. Air pollution  is modest compared  to refuse incineration plants.
The plant is flexible regarding the refuse composition, targe
quantities of problem materials can be treated.  A combustible  gas is
                                     68

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                                 PROCESSING
produced which can be used as auxiliary fuel  for oil 01coke  balers.
Even after resource recycling, a residue often e**stsJ*°  *°  7°   the
percnet) which can be disposed of by Destrugas. The re.ainder of  the
char is processed together with the sterilized sludge  uito a  saleable

SOiM27P££wORDS:  DESIGN; EQUIPHENT;  MUNICIPALITY; PYROLYSIS;
RBCLAHATION; REFUSE; REFUSE  DERIVED FUEL;  SL™>!
    (14) HIERARCH TERHS:   1DD/2DO;  1DD/2DP;  1EC/2BT;  1HJ/2S8.  1PK
    115) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS43717
    (16) CITATION:  1(2) :201-207,  1977.
     (1)  SWTRS ACC.NO.:   044269
     (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORT:   07  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
     (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Municipal solid waste and sewage
 sludge—co—disposal.
     (4)  AUTHOR:  SUSSHAN DB
     (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:   Resource Recovery and Energy Review
     (10)  LANGUAGE:   EH   (10)  PUB. TEAR:  1977
     (11)  ABSTRACT:   Codisposal of aunicipal solid waste and sewage
 sludge  is discussed and operational technignes are described. There are
 two basic codisposal approaches: (1)  sewage sludge Multiple hearth or
 fluidized bed incinerators use the  organic portion of solid waste as a
 fuel to dry, burn, and  reduce the volume of the sludge; (2)'solid waste
 incinerators, solid waste fired steaa generators, or waterwall
 combustion units burn dewatered sludge. Both approaches can recover
 energy  produced in the  thermal process and both are being demonstrated
 or used. Several nonthernal  codisposal techniques are also described:
 composting for soil conditioner and fertilizer, anaerobic digestion for
 •ethane generation, conversion into fuel bricks, and combination of
 organic fraction for animal  feed.
     (12)  KEYWORDS:   COMBUSTION; COHPOSTING; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; ENERGY;
 FACILITY; FEED; FEBTILIZBR;  FLUIDIZED BED; FUEL; INCINERATION; HETHANE;
 HOLTIPLE HEARTH; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC; RECLAMATION; 8BFBSB;  SEWAGE;
 SLUDGE;  SOIL CONDITIONER;  THERMAL;  TRBATUBNT; WASTE WATER
     (11)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1DD/2DP; 1IB/2IT; 11B/2 HI; 1MJ/2H8;  1SI/2S2
     (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS43313
     (16)  CITATION:   4(3):13-14, Summer 1977.
      (1) SHIES ACC.NO.:  044218
      (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2)  CATKGORJf:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T
      (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Sludge production.
      (U) AUTHOR:  Dick BI
      (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Process Selection  for Optimal  Management  01
  Regional Haste water Residuals.
      (9) GRANT NO. :  ENV 7b-157^1 -A01
      (10) LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  PUB. 1EAE:   1976
      (11) ABSTRACT:  The performance of the  activated sludge  production
  process is evaluated. The quantity and quality o± sludge produced  in
  waste water treataent depend on waste water  treatment processes  used,
  how waste water treatment processes  are operated, the quantity and
  quality of waste water entering a  plant, and the amount  and nature  of
  flow returned to a plant from sludge handling processes.  Primary
  treatnent by plain sedimentation or  sedimentation with chemical
  addition is a major source o± sludge in most plants.  Residuals from
  typical secondary waste water treatment processes include waste
  activated sludge, trickling filter humus,  and chemical treatment
                                     69

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
 sludge. Tertiary processing results  in  the production of residuals,
 primarily chemical sludge and filter backwash that  nay be difficult to
 handle and significant in quantity.  Performance models for the
 processes of plain sedimentation and activated sludge treatment are
 detailed, and supporting mathematical equations are given.
     (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED oLUDGE ; MANAGEMENT;  MATHEMATICAL MODEL;
 IfiODOCE; SLUDGE; HASTE BATfifi
     (14) HIEBARCH TERMS:  1AE; 1SI/2SY
     (15) STIMS ACC.SO.:  OOS43261   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Simmons DL;
 Ball RO
     (16) CITATION:  Newark., DE,  University of Delaware, Oct. 1976.
 p.26-49.
     (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  044217
     (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   2"   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T
     (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Mastewater and sludge characteristics.
     (4)  AOTHOB:  Dick 81
     (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In Process Selection tor Optimal Sanagement  of
  Regional Wastewater Residuals
     (9)  GHANT NO.:   ENV 75-15751-A01
     (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN  (10)  PUB. YEAR:   197fa
     (11)  ABSTRACT:   The impact of influent feed stream characteristics
  CD the  quantity and quality or residuals produced during  waste Hater
  and sludge treatment is explored. Ihe flow rate and strength  of
  •unicipal sewage depend upon such factors as the size of  the  population
  served,  cultural habits of the population served, the degree  of
  regulation on discharge,  the type and condition of the  waste  water
  collection system,  and characteristics of the water supply. Parantters
  to describe the waste water and sludge stream are rioted,  including  flow
  rate,  biochemical oxygen  demand, suspended solids, nutrients,
  alkalinity, heavy metals, sludge settleability, and sludge
  dewaterability. These are incorporated in a computer program  known  as
  the integrated sludge management program to allow for the rational
  Bodelinq of the performance of eash process parameter and to  allow  for
  the incorporation  of constraints on effluent and sludge quality  into  a
  sludge  management optimization procedure.
     (12)  KEYWORDS:   COMPOSITION; COMPUTER; EFFLUENT; MANAGEMENT;
  IROCESS;  PROGfiAM;  QUALITY; KE5IDUE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT;  WASTE  WAIER
     (14)  HIERA8CH TERMS:  1CG;  1MA/2MH; 1SI
     (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OGS43260   (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Simmons  DL;
  Eall RO
     (16)  CITATION:   Newark, DE, University of Delaware,  Oct. 1976.
  p.13-25.
    (1) SHIRS aCC.NO.:  043791
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  S0BJ.TTPE:  T
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  Proceedings:  OSA/DSSR Symposium on the Handling,
Treataent and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge, Moscow, USSR, Bay 13-16,
1975.
    (10)  IANGOAGE:  EN   (10)  GEO.  AREA:   IDS; 1AI/2JUJ  (10) FOB. YEAR:
1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  i  1975 joint conference involving the United States
and the  Soviet Onion  addressed the  handling, treataent, and disposal of
waste water sludge. The conference  was  held in Moscow. Sixteen
presentations at the  conference were concerned with such topics as
municipal sludge, sludge incineration systeas, the nanageaent of oil
sludge,  the management and  disposal of  residuals fro* industrial waste
water treataent, sludge considerations  in  the handling of industrial
effluent, thickening  and dewatering waste  water sludge by the
                                     70

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                                 PROCESSING
 vibrofiltration Method, municipal sludge Management in the United
 States, inorganic suspended sludge dewatering, centrifugal sludge
 dewatering, thermal drying or devatered sludge, aerobic stabilization
 of activated sludge, sludge thickening, dissolved air flotation sludge
 thickening, the utilization of municipal sludge in agriculture, and the
 dependence of the dewatering process on aqueous properties of sludge.
 (Retained in SWIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AEBOBIC; AGRICULTURE; DRTISG; EFFLUENT;
 INCINERATION; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; Oil; PROCESS;
 RESIDUE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; THERMAL; TREATMENT; US; USSR;
 UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1PH; 1SI; 1TG
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS42834
    (16) CITATION:  Washington, DC, 0.S. Environmental Protection
 Agency, Hay 1975.  147 p.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   043681
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:  16  (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  G
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  Sludge Management Alternatives for the Los
 Angeles/Orange County  Metropolitan Area-.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  GEO. AREA:  10S/2CA/3LA  (10) PUB. YEAR:
 1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   Sludge management planning in the metropolitan area
 of- Los  Angeles and Orange County,  California is addressed. The
 initiation of the  Los  Angeles Orange County  Metropolitan Area (LA/OHA)
 project in 1973 is noted, and project activities are described.
 Candidate systems  analyzed in the  coarse  of  the project are examined,
 including incineration, pyrolysis, separate  waste activated sludge
 treatment, copyrolysis with  refuse, active char production, basic
 extractive sludge  treatment  dehydration process, a multiple effect
 evaporation process, dewatering for landfill or agriculture, a sludge
 recycle center, evaporation  ponds, remote dewatering for landfill or
 agriculture, liguid sludge for agriculture,  solar drying, thermal
 pretreatment and anaerobic digestion, ocean  disposal, exportation, and
 vet air oxidation. Process diagrams for some of the candidate systems
 are included. (Retained in SWIRS library).
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   ANAEROBIC; ANALYSIS; CALIFORNIA; COMPOSTING;  COUNTY;
 DIGESTIOB; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY;
 OC.PAN;  OXIDATION;  PLANNING;  PROCESS; PYBOLYSIS; RBCLAHATIOS; SLUDGE;
 THERMAL;  TRANSPORT; TREATMENT
    (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:   1BA/2MA;  1KA/2MD; 1SI/2SX
    (15)  STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS42724
    (16)  CITATION:   Los  Angeles, CA, Los Angeles/Orange County
 Metropolitan Project,  Hay 1977   69 p.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  042820
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) SDBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Sludge treatment: problems and solutions.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Smith JE Jr
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Water and Sewage Works
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Problems of and solutions to slodge treatment are
examined. Methods available for treatment and disposal of sludge are
discussed in process flow sequence. Two dewatering technigues that are
seldom used but have potential are pressure filter presses and belt
filter presses. Trends in disposal of municipal sludge are shown. Where
liquid sludge and sludge cake is either utilized agriculturally or
placed in landfills. Ultimate disposal procedure often dictates the
choice of treatment method and should be determined first. Total costs
for some sludge handling processes are given. Sources of pollutants in
                                   71

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
pulp and paper manufacture are detailed. Characteristics  of  some
wastewater streams are given as a  function of  the manufacturing process
and the amount of product produced. The industry  is faced with greater
quantities of waste chemical and activated sludges to handle. The
effect of adding chemicals in primary  treatment is discussed as is
chemical addition to the activated sludge process. The effect of
tertiary treatment by lime, aluminum,  and iron addition on sjludge
production is also noted. Plants employing chemical addition will
probably need a more elaborate and costly sludge  treatment and disposal
scheme than that used with conventional sludges.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AGRICULTURE; ALUHINDN;  CHEMICAL;
DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY.; IRON; LIKE; MUNICIPALITY;  PHOSPHORUS; SANITARY
LANDFILL; SEPARATING; SEWAGE; SLOD6E;  TREATBEHT;  WASTE WATER
    (14) HIERABCH TERHS:  1PB/2PD/3PB;  1SI/2S1; 1SI/2S2
    (15) STIKS ACC.NO.:  OOS41863
    (16) CITATION:  124 (a) :80-63, Apr.  1977.
    (1)  SWIES ACC.NO.:   042656
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   0   (2)  CATEGORY:   11   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S; T
    (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   A  study  of  heavy  metal emissions from flui.di.zed
 bed  incinerators.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Copeland  BJ
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In  Purdue Research  Foundation.   Proceedings:   the
 30th  Industrial Waste Contereuce,  Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, May
 6-8,  1975.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  GEO. AREA:   10S/2MD  (10)  PUB. YEAft:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Analyses  were performed to evaluate the emission of
 lead  chromium,  arsenic, mercury, cadmium, copper,  silver, and zinc from
 the  processing  of  sludge  in  iluidized bed incinerators. The fludiztd
 bed  incineration technique,  with its extended heat transfer service,
 heat  reservoir, high residence  time, isothermal operation at
 temperatures above the  ignition point of the particular waste material,
 and  any subsequent noxious gases,  is feasible for  waste incineration.
 Kith  the increasing  eophasas on energy  recovery, fluidized bed systems
 are being designed and  constructed to oxidize combinations of sewage
 sladqe,  grease, skimmings, and  solid waste with no requirement for
 auxiliary fuel. Tests with two  fludized bed incinerators in Laurel,
 Haryland showed that less than  2 percent of all heavy metal input,
 except  mercury, involved  mass emissions. Mercury stack emissions varied
 from 20 to  100  percent, but  were still  10 to 30 percent of tne Federal
 regulation  for  mass  mercury  emissions.  Further reduction in stask
 •ercury emissions  would have to be accomplished using chemical
 precipitation or mechanical  condensation techniques. The water
 solubility  of each metal  was low,  and this was reflected in the low
 concentrations  of  heavy metals  in  classified liquid effluent. It was
 determined  that total reduction of recirculated heavy metal loadings in
 waste treatment could be  accomplished by recirculating classifier
 effluent to a scrubbing system.
    (12)  KEYHOhDS:  ANALYSIS; CADMIUM; EMISSION; FACILITY; FLUIDIZED
 EED;  INCINEfiATION; INCINEBATOa; MANAGEMENT; HARYLAND; MEKCUkY; MEIAL;
 SCN-FERBOOS; SCKOBBER;  SLUDGE;  TOXIC
    (14)  HIERAHCH TSRMS:   1IB/2IT;  1IB/2IK; 1MD
    (15)  STIWS ACC.NO.:  OOS41699
    (16)  CITATION:   Ann  Arbor, MI,  Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.,
 1977.  p.78-89.
                                    72

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                                PROCESSING
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  012526
    (2) DOHESTTC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  2U   (2) SOBJ-TTPE:  S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Sewage sludge treatment and disposal as
 practiced in Yokohama City •'Reclamation to Agricnltoral Land and  Green
 Field•• progress.
    (*} AUTHOR:  Sato H
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:  Fourth United States/Japan
 Conference on Sewage Treatment Technology, Cincinnati, OH, and
 Washington, DC, Oct. 23-24 and Oct. 28-29, 1975.   (8) RBPOBT »O.:
 EPA-600/9-76-023
    (10) LANGUAGE:  E8   (10) GEO. AREA:   1AI/2JA   (10) FOB. YEAR:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Sewage sludge treatment and disposal practices  in
 Yokohama City, Oapan are described. Anaerobic digestion, wet air
 oxidation, dehydration, and landfill disposal comprise the major sludge
 treatment and disposal methods. Sludge cake has a  moistnre content of
 70 to 75 percent and volatile matter ranging from  25 to 30 percent when
 the anaerobic digestion process'is used. With wet  air oxidation, sludge
 cake has a moisture content of about HO  percent and volatile matter
 ranging from 10 to 15 percent. Problems  associated with sewage sludge
 disposal in Yokohama City are detailed.  The land application of sewage
 sludge is detailed, as practiced under the city's  reclamation to
 agricultural land and green field program. Before  sludge reclamation to
 agricultural land is accomplished, digested sludge is added with
 polymer and then dehydrated by centrifuge before it is fed into a
 sludge dryer system. Construction, operation, maintenance, and cost
 aspects of the drying system are examined. Data are tabulated on the
 properties of dried sludge before and after the drying process.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANAEROBIC; COMPARISON; DISPOSAL; PRYING; FACILITY;
 JAPAH; LAND; HANAGBHEHT; MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS  RESEARCH; PROCESS;
 SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WET OXIDATION
    (14) HTERARCH TEBHS:  1HA/2MD; 1SI/2S2; 1SJ
    (15) STIHS ACC.SO.:  OOSt1569
    (16) CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, U.S.  Environmental Protection
 Agency, Oct. 1976.  p.25-32.
    (1)  S«IRS ACC.NO.:  041308
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGOfiY:   16   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Schwinn DE   (10)  SEO. AREA:   1US/2DC   (10)  PUB.  YEAH:
1974
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A description of  the  improved, advanced  wastewater
treatment process foe the Blue plains plant in the District of Columbia
is  presented. Testing results indicated  that  the following  steps  should
be taken prior to the expansion of the existing facility: nitrogen
should be removed from tne water by  the  biological
nitrification/denitrification process; phosphorus is removed  by  the
addition of alum and/or ferric chloride  to both the secondary modified
aeration system and to the denitrifxcation system; and sludge is
processed by the gravity thickening  of primary and stormwater sludges,
flotation thickening of secondary and advanced treatment sludges
followed by filtration and incineration. The  new plant will aave  its
cwn dock to receive bulk shipments of chemicals and to remove sludge
ash. A full description of the iuture treatments, primary and
secondary, nitrification/denitrification, filtration and disinfection,
sludge processing and other design features is included.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AERATION;  COMPUTER; CONTROL; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA;
EQUIPMENT; FACILITlf; (1ASAGEMEOT;  NITROGEN; OPERATIONS RESEARCH;  SLUDGE;
TREATMENT; WASTE HATEri
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1PM; 1SF;  1 SI
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  00540852  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Tozer  GK
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Schwinn, u. E.  ,   and G. K. Tozer. "Largest advanced
»astewater treatment plant in the U. 5.  and in the world".
Environmental Science and Technology, 8 (10) :892-897, Oct. 1974.



                                   73

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING,  DISPOSAL OR  USE
    (1)  SWTRS  ACC.NO. :   041563
    (2)  DOHBSTIC:   D  (2)  CATESOBY:   2U  (2)  SOBJ.TTPE:   S;  T
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Lin LJ   110)  GEO.  AREA:   1SI/2SY  (10)  PUB. YEAH:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   A study concerning the kinetics,  performance and
 operational stability of  the Ramaaathan-Gaudy model was made in in
 attempt to better  the operational  control of the completely mixad
 oxygen  activated sludge process (CHOAS) .  Ten steady state sets of the
 CHOAS  svsten were  conducted in the study. The present node of operation
 using  the  modal with constant  recycle biological solids concentration,
 5,000  and  10,000 mg/1,  permitted attaining a reasonably steady state
 condition  with  respect to aerator  biological solids and effluent
 filtrate chemical  oxygan  demand. Ml of the data were analyzed and
 presented  in tabular form or in a graphical plot to illustrate the
 operational characteristics of tba process.  The influent substrate was
 an actual  industrial organic wastewater (soft drink waste). The vilue
 of the Sludge Volume Index was in  the range of 37. 0 to 58. 5 aad
 provided good settleability of sludge.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   ACTIVATED SLUD3B; COD; INVESTIGATION; KISEIi;S;
 OXYGEN; RECLABATION; SIHOLATIOH; .SOLID; STABILIZATION; SYSTEH;
 TBEATMENT
    (1U) HIERA8CH TERHS:  1IC/2.IZ
    (15)  STTHS ACC.fJD.:   OOS40607  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Yang PY
    (18) DOC.CIT.:   Lin, L. J.  , aad P. Y. Yang. The application of
 constant recycle solids concentration in completely mixed  oxygen
 activated  sludge processes. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,
 18 (12) :1695-1711,  Dec. 1976.
    (1) SWTBS ACC.NO.:  0*1553
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   20   (2) SUBJ.TYPB:   T
    (1) AUTHOR:  Bassin R   (10) GEO.  AREA:   1US/2HD/3BL   (10)  FOB.  TEAS:
 1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The Maryland Environmental Service  (HES)/Baltimore
County Resource Recovery Facility is a fnlly integrated  resource
recovery facility designed to process  1,500 tons of  municipal refuse a
day. The key to its success is market development  and flexibility.
Utilization of the organic, or light, fraction of  solid  waste at the
facility is described. "Pibertek," a particle board  like material  which
uses municipal solid waste light fraction as the raw material has  been
produced with physical properties comparable to existing construction
materials. However, the major thrust for the combustible fraction  of
municipal refuse has been as a fuel  supplement. Other uses under
investigation include COBposting sewage sludge with  municipal solid
waste light fraction. Ferrous metals, high  grade aluminum canstock,  and
nonferrous metals are also being extracted  from the  waste. Harket  and
product development has emphasized two main approaches to waste glass
utilization, neither of which require high  purity  glass  and  color
sorting. Recovered crushed waste glass, mixed with polymer,  can be used
to  form glass polymer composite materials.  And, recovered pulverized
waste glass mixed with a foaming agent has  been used to  produce foamed
glass panels. The remaining 15 to 25 percent of incoming refuse,
consisting mainly of rubble, stones, and grit is economically suited
for sanitary landfill.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COHPOST; CONSTBUCTIOH; FACILITY;  GLASS; HABKBT;
HABILAND; HETAL; MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS RESEARCH;  ORGANIC;
RBCLAHATION; REPOSE; REFUSE DERIVED  FUEl: SANITARY LANDFILL;  SEWAGE;
SLUDGE
    (1«) HIEBABCH TERHS:  1EA/2EB; 1MJ/2H8;  18J/2NA;  IBB
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS40597
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Bassin, B. Harket development:  key to successful
resource recovery operations. Public Works, 56-58, Dec.  1976.
                                  74

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                                 PROCESSING

    (1) SWIES ACC.NO.:  OH1048
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   11   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   T
    (i») AUTHOR:  Smith EN   (10) GEO.  AREA:   10S/2HA   (10) PUB. TEAR:
1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Demonstrated and  experimental  coincineration
techniques for burning municipal sludge  with  mixed  municipal refuse  are
assessed. The state of the art in coincineration  approaches is
reviewed. A number of coincineration  installations  are  described, with
emphasis on conventional mixed municipal refuse  incinerators,
continuous feed incinerators, multiple hearth sludge  incinerators, and
fluid  bed sludge incinerators. A water treatment  and  incineration
installation in Holyoke, Massachusetts is  detailed  and  illustrated.  It
is  pointed out that, as long as land  is  available,  landfills are less
expensive than incineration even when consideration is  given to the
cost of linings and leachate collection  and treatment systems. Resource
recovery is another sludge disposal  method that  competes with
incineration or coincineration, although it is noted  that  resource
recovery can precede or follow thermal processing.  One  future
coincineration option is identified  as conventional incineration with
or  without heat recovery since such  incinerator  units can  handle raw
mixed  municipal refuse. The effect of burning sludge  in a  conventional
refractory wall mixed municipal refuse incinerator  is discussed.
Another future coincineration option  iscited  as  the use of conventional
sludge incinerators modified to handle shredded  and cleansed mixed
municipal refuse. A third future coincineration  option  involves
experimental furnaces.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COMBINED; COMPARISON; DATA; FCOHOHICS;  IHCIHERATION;
INCINERATOR; MUNICIPALITY; PROJECTION; REFDSF; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLDDGE; TECHNOLOGY; UTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
    (1«) HIERARCH TERHS:  1IB/2IW
    (15) STinS ACC.NO.:  OOSU0092   (15) SECONDARY  AOTHO-RS:   Daly AR
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Smith, E. M.  , and A. R. Daly. The past, present,
and future prospects of burning municipal  sewage  sludge along with
mixed  municipal refuse. In U. S. Environmental Protection  Agency.
proceedings; the 1975 National Conference  on  Municipal  Sludge
Management and Disoposal,  Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18-20,  1975. Bockville,  (ID,
Information Transfer, Inc. ,  1975. p. 115-123.


    (1)  SKIES ACC.NO.:   040836
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CAfEGOKY:   2U   (2) SUfaJ.TYPE:  T   (10)  GEO.
 AGFA:   1US/2NJ;  1U3/2NY/JNY   (10)  PUB.  YEAH:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:   Processes  involved in the pyrolysis of municipal
 waste water sludqe  are  reviewed. Although  defined as  the decomposition
 cf  organic  matter  in  the  complete  absence  of  oxygen,  the term  pyrolysis
 is  often  used  to  include  thermal destruction  in  an oxygen deficient
 atmosphere. The  most  advanced systems for  the pyrolysis of solid waste
 are those developed  by  Monsanto, Union Carbide,  and Occidental
 Research. Laboratory  studies  of  pyrolysis, involving  small batches of
 waste  water sludge,  are cited. Included  in these studies were pilot
 plant  investigations  of pyrolyzinj carbon  and sludge  mixtures in
 indirect fired calciners,  direct fired  kilns, and multiple hearth
 furnaces. A study for the  Interstate Sanitation  Commission serving New
 York,  New Jersey, and Connecticut is reported in  which a manufacturer
 was engaged to conduct additional tests  on dewatering and  pyrolysis  of
 sludge. The results of this study should be available by the end of
 1976  or early 1977. A project completion schedule tor pyrolysis
 facilities is illustrated. Multiple  hearth pyrolysis  is considered to
 be  the most advanced, continuous method  01 pyrolyzing sludge alone.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  DE.10NSTKATION; DISPOSAL; DRYING; FACILITY" INDUSTRY"
 INVESTIGATION;  MANAGEMENT; NE» JrikSEY; NE* YORK;  PLANNING;  PBOGBAH'
 PYROLYSIS; REGIONAL; SLUDGE; JYSTEJ5
    (14) HIEKAHCH TEH«S:  1MJ; 1PK;  1 SI
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  00:539880
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Review and discussion oi processes.  In  Phase 2
Report of Technical Investigation o£  Alternatives for New  YorK-New
Jersey Metropolitan Area sewage sludge Disposal  Management  Program.
Boston, MA,  Camp Dresser and McKee,  June 1976. p.  VII.  1-VTI. U-



                                  75

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                  SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (J)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  040834
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  12) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.T^PE:   T  (10)  GEO.
ARIA:  10S/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3NY   (10) PUB.  YEAfi:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The development of a  coordinated  system for
processing and disposing of sludge from  the  New  York City and New
Jersey metropolitan area is described.  The purpose of the sludga
processing and disposal program  was  to  enable  waste  water treatment
plants in the area to meet the  1981  goal of  the  Environmental
Protection Agency for ending  the ocean  dumping of  sludge into the New
York Bight.  The program was developed for the  Interstate Sanitation
Conmission serving New Yor*c,  New Jersey,  and Connecticut. Phase one of
the program defined the magnitude of sludge  processing  requirements in
the study area, identified and  compared  feasible alternatives to the
ocean disposal of sludge, and recommended a  limited  number of
alternatives for indepth investigation  during  phase  two. It was
estimated in phase one that treatment plants in  the  study area would
produce about 2,000 tons per  day af  sludge in  the  year  2000,  divided
about equally between New York  City  and  New  Jersey.  Major processes
examined as alternatives to ocean disposal included  conditioning and
dewatering,  incineration or pyrolysts of sludge  alor.e,  wet air
oxidation, oil medium dehydration and comoustion,  drying, composting,
anaerobic and aerobic digestion, and incineration  or pyrolysis with
municipal solid waste.  Phase  two involved the  development of  a
recommended technical plan for  sludge management on  a regional basis.
fyrolysis was evaluated ror disposal of most sludge, and land disposal
was considered as a supplemental method  for  smaller  plants. Supporting
tabular data for the program  ace appended, and a bibliography is
provided. (Retained in SWIUS  liDirary)
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  CONNECTICUT;  DISPOSAL;  DUMPING;  INVESTIGATION;
MANAGEMENT;  NEW JERSEY; NEh YO*K; NE« YORK CITY; PLANNING; PROGRAM;
8EGIONAL; SLUDGE; TREATMENT;  
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                                PROCESSING
 SPREADING
    (14)  HIEBAHCH  TEEMS;   1KA/2MK;  1SI/2S2
    (15)  STIMS  ACC.NO.:   OOS393U5
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:   Hew York-New Jersey  metropolitan area sewage sludye
 disposal management program.  New York,  NY,  interstate  Sanitation
 Commission, Oct.  1976. 68  p.
    (1)  SBIRS ACC.NO.:  040706
    (2J  DOMESTIC;   F  (2)  CATEGORY:  27  (2)  SOBJ.TTPE:   6
    (ft)  AUTHOR:   Redekopp AB  (10J  GEO. AREA:  1EB/2EF  (10)  PUB. TEAR:
 1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   Training and education  for water treatment plant
 operators are considered, as requited at the provincial level of
 government in Canada. The Canadian government itself generally plays a
 passive role in training and education by  providing grants in support
 of  specific programs. The government assumes a more active role in
 training through  its Department of Manpower  and Immigration. The need
 for effective training programs is stressed. It. is felt that the gap
 between potential  and actual plant performance cannot be closed until
 career  patterns or certification programs  are developed and
 implemented. The rapid growth of certification prorams  in the United
 States  is noted, with emphasis on  establishment of the  Association of
 Boards  of Certification in June 1972. As of  1976,  59 certification
 programs belonged  to the association, including nine Canadian
 provinces.  The  availability of trained and qualified water treatment
 plant personnel is considered as critical  to the achievement of public
 health  and  water quality goals. A  Federal/Maritime provinces Task Force
 has been established by the Canadian government. This task force has
 developed a basic  training package for waste water treatment plant
 operators.  An advanced training package is in process.  The development
 and implementation of training materials and procedures are detailed.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   CANADA; CRITERIA; FACILITY;  GRANT; PERSONNEL;
 PROGRAM;  TRAINING; TREATMENT;  WATER
    (14J  BIERARCB TERMS:  IVA
    (15)  STIMS ACC.BO.:   OOS39750
    (18}  DOC.CIT.:   Redekopp,  A. B. The training of water treatment
 plant operators. Hater Quality Bulletin, 1(4):13-14, Oct. 1976.
    (1) SWIES ACC.NO.:  010647
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  30   (2) SOB.J.TYPF.:  G
    (4) AUTHOR:  Buf JA  (10) GEO. AREA:  1OS/2BO/3KC   (10) PUB. YEAB:
1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Electrical energy recovered from municipal refuse
and sewage sludge is discussed. The Little Bine Valley Sewer District
serves eastern Kansas City metropolitan  area, and must dispose of 36
tons per day of dry raw sludge solids, and refuse generation was
estinted at 344,000 tons per year by 1980. A feasibility study to
process these waste products for electricity generation is reported. A
market analysis was performed to identify potential electricity buyers
and markets for recovered ferrous metals and aluminum, recovered before
incineration of the refuse. Numerous refuse/slduge disposal systems
with energy recovery potential were investigated, and  three feasible
alternatives are discussed; grate fired  waterwall incineration,
suspension fired waterwall incineration, and the "Purox" pyrolysis
system. Two furnaces would process all refuse, in each alternative,
with one spare backup furnace. Several redundancy factors were included
and each system is costed, although an estimted  16. 2  million would be
available from Federal  and State wastewater treatment  plant grants. An
economic analysis is given, assuming a 20  year economic life, and the
                                   77

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
suspension fired waterwall incinerator, and a "Purox" system in  which
dried sludge  (85 percent solids) and shredded refuse would be
pyrolyzed, are shown to be econonically adTantageous over conventional
separate disposal of refuse and sluge.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ECONOMICS; ELECTRICAL; ENERGY; GENERATION;
INCINERATION; MARKET; MISSOURI; MUNICIPALITY; PTROLTSIS; RECLABATIOH;
REFUSE; SLUDGF; UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1EC/2ET;  1RI/2M6;  1SI/2S9
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39691   (15) SECONDARY A0THORS:  Brown HT
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  But, J. A. , and H. T. Brown. Generation  of
electrical energy from municipal refuse and sewage  sludge. Public
Works.  108(11:38-41. Jan. 1977.
    (1) SHIPS ACC.NO.:  040378
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   11   (2) StJBJ.TYPE.:  S; T
    (4) iOTHOR:  Becker KF   (10) GEO. AREA:  1IB/2IT   (10) PUB. YEAH:
1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The fluid bed applications to waste disposal
problems are described. Fluosolids Reactor Systens supplied by Dorr
Oliver, Inc. are being used for a variety of disposal purposes. Three
basic flowsheets for the incineration of municipal sewage sludge  are
discussed. The cold windbox flowsheet is illustrated in which cold air
is  supplied directly to the reactor  wind box, and dewatered sludge
solids or fluids are introduced directly into the fluid bed by pumps or
screw feeders. The hot windbox flowsheet operates on much the sane
principle but air temperature is raised  by preheat. The third system
extracts sensible heat in the reactor exhaust gases in a waste heat
boiler to generate steam. Six Fluosolid  systems have been installed for
incineration of petroleum refinery wastes. Types of sludge being
handled and the operating conditions for these installations are
discussed. Problems associated with  these chemically complex wastes are
discussed including chemical reactions that can be expected during
incineration. Problems of handling waste sludges containing chlorides
are discussed at length.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CHEMICAL; CHLORIDE; DISPOSAL; DORR-OLIVER; FLUIDIZED
BED; INCINERATION; MUNICIPALITY; SEWAGE; SLODGE; TECHNOLOGY; UTILIZE;
WASTE HEAT
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1SI/2S5
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39422   (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Wall CJ
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Becker,  K. P. , and C. J. Wall. Waste treatment
advances: fluid bed incineration of  wastes. Chemical Engineering
Progress. 72 (10) :61-68 , Oct. 1976.
   (1)  SWISS ACC.NO.:  039990
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T   (10) PUB.
YEAR:  1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Sludge incineration, and heat treatment for
conventional primary and secondary  sewage treatment systems art
reviewed,  as well as incineration and reclamation for advanced physical
and chemical systems. Costs for four types of systems are delineated:
(1) dewaterinq and incineration of  raw solids; (2)  digestion,
nechanical dewatering,  and land!illing;   (3) digestion, mechanical
dewater,  and incineration; (U)  wet  combustion and effluent treatment.
The use of multiple hearth furnaces is examined,  and the benefits of
sludge  incineration and rcclaaation ale  noted. The significance of
polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge is considered.  Attention is also
given to the air quality impact of  sludge incineration techniques, lime
                                   78

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                                PROCESSING
 reclamation, energy  reclamation,  and the potential use of incineration
 ash  as  a  fertilizer.  Case  studies on several vaste water treatment
 facilities  are  reported.  New  sludge  oxidation technology is described
 and  illustrated.
    (12)  KEYNOHDS:  BENEFIT; CONFERENCE;  DIGESTION; DHYISG;  ECONOMICS;
 EPA;  FERTILIZES;  FURNACE;  HAZARDOUS;  INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT;
 KUYCHLORINATEB;  RECLAMATION;  SLUDGE; TREATMENT
    (15)  STIMS  ACC.NO.:   005:19034
    (18)  DOC.CIT. :  Sebastian,  F.  P.  , Jr. Sludge incineration systems
 for  purification  and resource recovery.  In Corson, A.  S. ,  P. A.
 Savage, and C.  A.  Baggatts, eds.  Proceedings; ttie 1975 Public Meetings
 en Hazardous Waste Management,  Newark,  NJ, Rosemont, IL, Houston, TX,
 and  San Francisco, CA,  Dec.  1975. v. 2.  Office of Solid Waste
 Management  Programs  Publication SW-9p.  Washington, 0.  S. Environmental
 Protection  Agency, 1976. p.  1074-1107.
    (1)  SWIBS  ACC.NO.:   039988
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:  09  (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  S; T  (10) PUB.
T BAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   The  contribution of sludge incineration techniques
to  air pollution is assessed  in a  technological publication of the
Environmental Protection  Agency (EPA). Hew source performance standards
regulating discharges from  municipal sludge incinerators have been
promulgated by EPA. Process weight and opacity restrictions imposed on
this atmospheric pollution  source  are: (1)  no more than 0. 65 grams per
kilogram dry  sludge input;  (2)  less than  20 percent opacity. Data on
the emissions of a sludge incineration facility are tabulated.
Consideration is given  to such  pollutants as particulate matter, metals
gaseous contaminants, and organics. It is concluded that well designed.
and operated  municipal  waste  water sludge incinerators are capable of
meeting stringent  emission  control regulations. Case histories on the
environmental impact of sludge  incineration are provided for the cities
of  Livermore  and Palo Alto, California.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   AIR; CALIFORNIA; CONFERENCE; DESIGN; EMISSION; EPA;
FTAZAED00E; INCtSEBATION;  INCINERATOR; LITERATURE; MANAGEMENT;
MUNICIPALITY; POLLUTION;  REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; STANDARD
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39032
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:   Air  pollution aspects  of sludge incineration. In
Corson, A. S. , P. A. Savage, and  C. A. Baggatts, eds. Proceedings; the
1975 Public Meetings on Hazardous  Haste Management, Newark, NJ,
Rosemont, IL, Houston,  TX,  and  San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1975. v.  2.
Office  of Solid Waste Management Programs Publication SW-9p.
Washington, D. S.  Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. p. 1017-1066.
   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  039716
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  F  (2)  C&TEGOHY:  16   (2) SOBJ.TYPE:  T   (10) PUB.
YEAR:  1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The Anglian luater Authority at Whitlingham, England
is operating one of the world's most advanced sewage treatment worjcs,
incorporating a computer*based process-control system. The operations
controlled by computer include two different types of sewage  treatment
plants,  the traditional biological filter system and the activated
sludge  system The process sequencing language, PROSEL includes 20
specially developed programs which are capable of overriding  normal
control instructions in the event of electrical-and mechanical failures
in the  plant or under storm conditions. Discussion of the complete
process includes the following: inlet works where raw sewage  arrives
for treatment; flow division which is a very important step in the
optimal use of the plant's capabilities; primary sedimentation which
provides optimum conditions tor the settlement of the majority of the
                                    79

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                    SEWAGE  SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
 fine  organic  suspended  naterial;  secondary treatment  where oxidation of
 the settled sewage  takes  place;  activated sludge  process where the
 settled  sewage  is aerated;  biological filtration  where remaining
 organic  solids  and  soluble  polluting  material  is  biologically oxidized;
 and sludge treatment where  (a) anerobic  digestion to  produce liquid
 digested sludge or  (b)  pressing  to  produce a cake takes place.
    (12)  KBYHOHDS:   COMPUTES; CONTHOL;  GREAT BRITAIN;  MANAGEMENT;
 OXIDATION; PROCESS; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT;  KATES
    (15)  SUMS ACC.NO.:  OOS38760
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:   Mini-computer  controls maxi sewage treatment works.
 Water Services,  80(966):490, 492-493,  Aua. 1976.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   039375
    (2)  DOHESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   07  (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  T  (10)  POI
TBAH:   1975
    (11)  ABSTRACTr   The nature and  disposal practices for Municipal and
utility sludges and ashes  were studied. The study was primarily
concerned with sludges from  municipal waste water, and water  treataent
plants,  coal ash from  power  stations, and  grate residue from  municipal
incinerators. Physical characteristics of  the municipal residues are
given,  and Methods for disposal or  utilization are summarized.
 (Document retained in  SWIRS  library)
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   ASH; DISPOSAL;  FACILITY;  FOSSIL FUEL; GRATE;
I«CIHERATION; HDNICIPALITY;  POWER;  RESIDUE;  SLUDGE; 0TILIZE
    (15)  STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS38419
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:   Hecht,  H. L. ,  and D. S.  Duvall. Characterization
and utilization of municipal and utility sludges and ashes, v. 1.
summary.  Environmental Protection  Publication EPA-670/2-75-033a.
Cincinnati, D. S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Hay 1975.  40  p.
 (Environmental Protection  Technology  Series. )
    (1) SWISS ACC.HO.:  039284
    (2) DOBBSTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  2H   (2) SttBJ.TYPBr  G   (10) FOB.
YRMt:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Sludge management at the municipal level  is
addressed. Alternatives for the disposal of sludge or for using it  in
some constructive way are considered. Incineration is a volume
reduction technigue used to diminish sludge to an easily disposed of
sterile ash residue, generally placed in sanitary landfills. Cities
located near oceans have historically used these as convenient disposal
sites for sewage sludge. Sludge can be buried in a sanitary  landfill,
either separately or along with municipal solid waste. Alternative  uses
of  sludge from municipalities are noted, including energy recovery,
agricultural use, use of dried or composted sludge, use of liquid
sludge, and cropland use. When using sludge on croplands, consideration
nnst be given to monitoring the presence of heavy metals and pathogens.
Sludge can also be used for land reclamation. Legislative aspects of
sludge management and disposal are discussed.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGBICOLTORE; DISPOSAL; DUMPING; INCINERATION; LEGAL;
HJIHAGESEHT; BONICIPALITY; OCEAN; SAHITARY LAHDFILL; SLODGE;  OTILIZE
    (15) STIKS ACC.HO.t  OOS38328
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  HcHulty, H. , and L.  Sharpe. Municipal sludge: what
shall we do with it? Washington, DC, League of Women voters,  1976.  8  p.
                                    80

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                               PROCESSING
    (1) SBIRS ACC.SO.:  037607
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   30   (2)  SOBJ.TYPI!:   T   (10)  FOB.
YEAH:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A discussion of laboratory and  pilot  plant  prospects
for gasification and disposal of solid waste and wastewater treatment
plant sludge is discussed. Synthetic natural gas  (SHG) is  produced from
•nnicipal waste by anaerobic digestion.  This new process utilizes high
moisture wastes and has several advantages over pyrolysis  and
hydrogasification. Conclusions drawn fro« the study indicate that: (1)
satisfactory steady state operations can be  maintained;  (2)  additional
nutrients are unnecessary;  (3) based on  mesophillic fermentation data,
an optimum digester detention time is 7  to  12 days; («)  the optimum
temperature is 35 degrees with a 4 to 1  ratio of refuse  to sludge; (5)
gas production rate decreases with increase  in particle  size;  and (6)
thermal efficiency rate of 66 percent is obtained  under  indicated
operating conditions. The plant flow scheme  included was designed to
process the daily volume of Indianapolis refuse which is 1600  tons, 118
tons of primary sludge, and 49 tons  of activated sludge. & discussion
of costs is included.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLODGE; ANAEROBIC; ASSOC; DIGESTION;
ECOHOHICS; ENERGY; FUEL; GASSES; GENERATION; HEAT; INDIANA;
HUNICIPJLITY; PLANT-INDOSTRIAL; RECLAMATION; RESOORCB; SEPARATING;
SHREDDING; SLUDGE
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS36651
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Ghosh, S. , and D. L. Klass. Solid waste resource
recovery: the "biogas" concept. Public Works, 107(2)r71-75. Feb. 1976.
     (1)  SHIES ACC.NO.:  037290
     (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:   16   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T   (10)  PUB.
 YEAR:  1976
     (11) ABSTRACT:  Haste water tceataent and reuse are  addressed  in a
 handbook on water resources and pollution  control. Principles  of
 scientific and technical disciplines involved in  water  pollution
 control are discussed. Advanced techniques for  the treatment of
 municipal and industrial waste are presented that are designed to
 reduce polluticn loads and increase available water  supplies through
 the reuse of reclaimed waste water. Techniques  of cost  allocation among
 users of -joint municipal/industrial waste  treatment  facilities are
 examined, as well as alternative aethods of  recovering  costs.
 Acceptable techniques for disposing of sludge resulting  from waste
 treatment are discussed,  and water supply  and use for human and
 industrial needs are considered. Data is presented on actual water use
 by nearly 200 public water supplies in the  United States. The  treataent
 and distribution of potable water are discussed, along  with the
 pro-jection for increasing the world's usable water supply through
 desalination of sea water,  innovative techniques for the beneficial use
 of thermal discharges from power plants are  described,  and  the 1972
 Amendments to the Federal Hater Pollution Control Act are analyzed.
 {Document retained in SHIRS library)
     (12) KEYWORDS:  CONTROL; DATA; DESALINIZATION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
 FACILITY; INDUSTRY; HANAGJiHfcNr; MANUAL; MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS
 BESEARCH; POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE;  US; UTILIZE;  HASTE HArER
     (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS36J35
     (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Gem, H.  H.  , and J.  I.  Bregman, eds.  Handbook  of
 water resources and pollution control.  New  York, Van Nostrand  fieinhold
 Co»pany,  1976,  840 p.
                                  81

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                  SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SWIBS  ACC.NO.:   036681
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   1)   (2)  CATEGOKl:   16   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G  (10)  PUB.
 YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Although  the  multiple hearth furnace lias been a
 recognized  means  for  reducing  sewer sludge to sanitized residue for
 over  forty  years,  there has  been minimal information published relative
 to  its  operating  characteristics.  With  EPA limitations on particulate
 emissions,  the  addition of stcondary treatment at the Mill Creek
 Hastemater  Treatment  Plant of  the  Metropolitan Sewer District of
 Greater Cincinnti included modernization of multiple hearth furnaces
 and the addition  of  wet scrabuers.  This paper presents the operating
 performance of  emission testing  at  this plant together with highlights
 cf  providing  heat recovery equipment comprising steam generation which
 is  still in process.  (Author's Abstract)
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AIR;  CINCINNATI;  DESIGN;  EMISSION; FUKNACE;
 INCINERATION;  MANAGEMENT; PARTICULARS HATTEB; POLLUTION; PROCESS;
 RECLAMATION;  REDUCTION;  RESIDUE;  SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SPECIFICATION;
 STERILIZE;  WASTE  HEAT
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:   OOS35726
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Pptura, R.  C.  Operating characteristics and emission
 performance of  multiple Ueacta furnaces with sewer sludge. In:
 Proceedings;  1976 National Waste Processing Conference, Boston, May
 23-26,  1976.  The  American Society  of Mechanical Engineers, 1976, 585 p.
 (p. 313-327).
    (1) SWIBS  ACC.NO.:  035489
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2) SOBJ.TYPEt  T   (10)  FOB.
TEAR:  1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  This article discusses the combined  incineration of
sewage sludge and aunicipal refuse.  Data are presented  on  the chemical
analyses and  heat contents of sewage sludge and  refuse  and on the beat
released on combustion of the combined  Materials.  Refuse Must be
shredded and  air classified for separation of the  combustible portion
of  the wastes. Sewage sludge must  be dewatered prior  to incineration.
Combined incineration of the sludge  and refuse allows the  combustion of
the refuse to provide the heat necessary to dewater the sludge.  The
process  allows the combustion to be  self-sustaining,  avoiding the use
of  auxiliary  fuels. Combining the  sludge with refuse  for incineration
pern its  sludge of lower total solids content to  be burned, {fixtures of
sludge and refuse can also be used in pyrolysis  processes, which can
produce  fuel  materials. A decision process for determining the
feasibility of combined incineration of sewage sludge and  refuse is
outlined.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; COHBINED;  DATA; DISPOSAL;  HEATING TALOE;
INCINERATION; HONICIPALITY; PLANNING; PYROLYSIS; REPOSE; SEWAGE; SLDDGE
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS34534
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Loran, B.I. Burn that sludge!  Water and Wastes
Engineering,  12(10) : 65-68 , Oct. 1975.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  035038
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:   11   (2) SOBJ.TTPEt  T   (10)  FOB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  If the Environmental  Protection Agency  (BPA)  decides
that ocean disposal, which is greatly utilized by New York, is to  be
ruled out. The process will have to  be replaced  by dewatering with
filter presses followed by pyrolysis. This is the best possible
alternative in view of environmental impacts on  water, air and land
resources, and in view of economic feasibility and energy recovery. The
use of multiple hearth incinerators  is advised;  these could be turned
into pyrolysis units. Incinerators would naturally create potential air
                                 82

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                                 PROCESSING
  pollution problems and thus entail difficulties in finding locations
  for the Machinery. A restricted amount of sludge was also advised for
  land disposal since the elevated heavy-metal content in New York's
  sludge can be a hazard to the land, fiecommendations vere made during a
  report which led to the creation of the Hew York-New Jersey
  Betropolitan Urea Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program. This
  program is being worked on by the two States, the EPA, and the
  Interstate Sanitation Commission.
      (12) KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; ENVIRONMENT; EPA;
  INCINERATOR; INDUSTRY; HOHIC1PALITY; NEW JERSEY; HEW YORK CITY; OCEAN;
  PLANNING; POLLUTION; PYROLYSIS; SLUDGE
      (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS34083
      (18) DOC.CIT.:  Best alternative to ocean disposal. American City
  and County, 90(9) :««, Sept. 1975.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  031*326
    (2) DOHESTIC:  F  (2)  CATEGORY:  11  (2)  StfBJ.TYPBr  T  (10)  PDB.
 YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This article describes the Bowhonse incinerator,
 which is the first incineration plant in Scotland to use solid refuse
 as a fuel to burn sewage sludge. The. plant,  which cost about 750,000
 pounds sterling, was designed and constructed for the Bowhonse
 Incineration Joint Committee, which is an amalgamation of the
 Clackmannan County Council and the town councils of Alloa,  Alva,
 Tilliconltry, and Dollar,  in Scotland. The incinerator is linked  to  a
 new 700,000 pounds sterling sewage treatment plant. The incinerator  is
 designed to handle municipal refuse, sewage  sludge, and waste oils.
 Refuse is pulverized and  ferrous metals are  magnetically separated
 before the wastes are fed  to the combustion  zone. Sewage sludge is
 thickened and pumped into  the upper drying section of the
 multiple-hearth furnace. Arms fited to a rotating rabble shaft move  the
 solid waste across the hearths.and cause the ash to drop through  holes
 in the hearths. The ash residue is cooled as it heats the incoming
 combustion air and is removed by a conveyor  when it reaches the bottom
 of the furnace. Exhaust gasses are cooled as they dry the sewage  sludge
 and are cleaned by an electrostatic precipitator prior to release to
 the atmosphere. The incineration plant can dispose of 3. 65 tons  of
 mixed domestic and industrial refuse and 4.  36 tons of various sludges
 per hr.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   BENEFIT;  DESIGN
 BRITAIN; INCINERATION;  INCINERATOR
 REFUSE;  REGIONAL;  SCOTLAND;  SEWAGE
DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; FUBKACB; GREAT
MULTIPLE HEARTH; MUNICIPALITY;
SLUDGE
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:   OOS33370
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:   The  Bowhouse incinerator.  Energy Digest,  H(3):36-37,
 June 1975.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.HO.:  03Q274
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  16  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  T  (10) PUB.
YEARt  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This article reports that the New York-New
Jersey-Connecticut Interstate Sanitation Commission has announced that
the dewatering of sludge with filter presses followed by pyrolysis of
the dried sludge provides the best alternative to ocean disposal of
sewage sludge in the New York City area. It is suggested that
implementation of such a system by the Commission coold be in operation
by 1985. The pyrolysis process would produce gasses, liquids, and solid
residues which could be used as fuels. If ocean disposal must be
eliminated before 1985, a multiple hearth furnace could be installed
for the incineration of sludge and later converted to a pyrolysis unit.
                                   83

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
The facilities, which will need to be  able to handle  2,000  tons of
sludge by the year 2000, will cost 400 to 500 million dollars. A Hew
Tork-Bew Jersey Hetropolitan Area Sewage Sludge  Disposal Management
Program is currently being prepared.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CONNECTICUT; DISPOSAL; DUMPING;  MANAGEMENT;
MUNICIPALITY; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK;  NEB YORK CITY;  OCEAN; PLANNING;
PROJECTION;  PYROLYSIS; REGIONAL; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
    (15) STIHS ACC.BO.:  OOS33318
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Newsworthy: sludge  disposal.  Water and Wastes
Engineering,  12(9) :12, Sept. 1975.
    (1) SWItS ACC.NO.:   034192
    (2) DOatSTIC:   F   (2)  CATEGORY:   1b   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T  (10) PUB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABiSfiACT:  This paper  presents  data  on the sludge flotation
plant at Aycliffe, Great Britain,  which is the largest such plant
installed  to date  at  a  sewage  treatment facility in Great Britain.
Surplus activated  sludge at tive tull scale activated sludge plant is
consolidated in two-23  sy a flotation units  prior to nixing,  further
consolidated with  primary sludge,  aiid subsequently digested and filter
pressed. The flotation  unit receives return  activated sludge and
removes ao out  99.  6 percent of  the  suspended solids from it.  Using this
flotation  technique,  surplus activated  sludge containing 5,000 iag per
liter suspaided solids  can be  thicKened to a sludge containing about 4.
0 percent  dry  solids  using d solids float of 9. 75 kg per sg a per hr.
Polyelectr olyte usage ii> aoout 47.  9 mg per  liter. Operating data for
tne first  10 months oi  use of  tne flotation  unit are included.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVAl'lD SLUDGE; ANALYSIS; DATA; DESIGN';  EQUIPMENT;
FLOTATION;  MANAGEHENT;  SLU HiE ;  T RE Af Hi; HI'; HASTE WATEJ8
    (15) ST1HS  ACC.NO.:   00b33z36
    (18) DOC.CIT-:  Burfitt, H. L. Tne performance of full-scale sludge
flotation  plant.  Water  Pollution Control, 74 (4):474-475, 1975.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   033U50
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  20  (2) S0BJ.TYPE:  G   (101 PUB.
 YEAR:  1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Wet air oxidation has been fonnd to be a suitable
 process in the treatment  of municipal wastes as well as industrial. A
 process that was developed by Zimpro, Inc. , wet air oxidation is based
 on  the  discovery that  nay any organic material in aqueous solution or
 suspension can be oxidized to any desired extent by air, under
 pressure, at temperatures from 350 to 700 F. The amount of oxidation
 depends on the temperature and the amount of air supplied. This process
 is  particularly useful in treatment of sludges that are difficult to
 dewater as it eliminates  this step. It also eliminates air pollution
 problems associated with  conventional incineration. The reaction is
 exothermic, and in most cases, sufficient heat is generated to maJce the
 process thermally self-sustaining. It is also useful in detoxifying
 acrylonitrile wastes by destroying cyanide. It is possible to produce a
 marketable ammonium sulfate from the effluent. The 0. S. Navy will use
 it  to safely destroy off-specification and outdated propellants,
 explosives; and munitions. It is also applicable to the regeneration of
 powdered activated carbon.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED CARBON; AIE; CARBON; EFFLUENT; HAZARDOUS;
 INCINERATION; INDUSTRY; MILITARY; MOSICIPALITY; ORGANIC; SLUDGE;
 TEMPERATURE; TREATMENT; WATER; WET OXIDATION
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS32494
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Wet air oxidation comes of age. Environmental
 Science & Technology,  9(4):300-301, Apr. 1975.
                                   84

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                                 PROCESSING
    (1) SWISS ACC.NO.:  033448
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  16   (2) SOBJ.TYPE:  G   (10) PUB.
TEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A  jointly-sponsored secondary waste water treatment
plant has been proposed for the city of Hamilton, Ohio in conjunction
with the Ohio Division of Champion International paper nilIs.
Co»pletion is scheduled for late 1976. The project will help the
industry and city to  treat their wastewater more efficiently and
economically. The new facility will aeet or exceed new waste water
discharge standards of the state and federal governments. The activated
sludge treatment plant will consist of aeration tanks and final
clarifiers, with effluent aeration and five vacuum filters  for
dewatering the city's primary sludges, plus all secondary sludges
generated, followed by incineration of the sludges in a fluid bed
incinerator. Champion International's primary sludges will  not be
handled by the new plant, bnt will continue to be used as landfill
after dewatering in the company's three centrifuges. When the plant is
completed it will be  able to handle 72,000 Ibs of dry solids daily,
with an expected range of 16 to 18 percent solids. The incinerator
itself is approximately 30 ft in diameter and reguires 4,000 sg ft of
floor space plus nearly 70 ft of height. The plant is therefore built
on a split level arrangement.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AERATION; EFFLUENT; EQOIPHENT;
FACILITY; INCINERATOR; INDUSTRY; BANAGEHENT; MUNICIPALITY;  OHIO; PAPER;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SLODGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS32492
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Bunicipality and industry join in wastewater
treatment. Public Works, 106 (5):89-90, Hay 1975.
                                    85

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING,  DISPOSAL OR USE
                                Section 6
                            COMPOSTING
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  048186
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY :  06   (2) SDBJ .TYPE:   S; t
    (3) JBTICLE TITLE:  Sludge composting projects  In O.S. cities.
    (4) iUTHOB:  Epstein B
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Compost Science
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EH   (10) GEO.  AREA:   1US/2BD   (10) PUB. TEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Projects involving sludge composting  in the 0.S.  are
described. Interest in sludge co« posting has increased due to
legislative actions prohibiting or restricting air and water pollution,
interest in waste recycling and public awareness of the  need for a
clean environment, improvements in coa post ing technology for municipal
use, and increased costs of sludge disposal by incineration and the
need to utilize nonrenewable fuel resources for other purposes. The  two
primary methods of sludge composting in the U.S. are the windrow system
and the aerated pile method developed in Beltsville, Raryland.
Particular attention is given to  the aerated pile method which is
detailed and illustrated. A modification of the aerated  pile is the
aerated extended pile. Research is being conducted on the utilization
of compost for vegetables and field crops, strip mines and gravel  pits,
sod, turf, and horticultural plants. Numerous projects based on the
aerated pile method and the windrow method are cited.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COMPOSTING; MARYLAND; MUNICIPALITY; SLUDGE; US
    (14) HIERARCH TBBHS:  1CQ/2SP
    (15) STIBS ACC.HO.:  OOS47239
    (16) CITATION:  18(5):5-7, Sep. -Oct.  1977.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NU. :  047525
    (2)  DOHESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  06   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Effects of n a na g e men t processes on the quality
cf coupost aaterials.
    (U)  AUTHOR:  Goluelce CG
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Composting of Hunicipal Residues and Sludges,
1977 National Conference, Aug. 23-25, 1977.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  tUB. YEAH:   1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Requirements for producing quality compost aaterials
from sludge are denoted.  A prime requisite for efficient composting is
the utilization of a susbtate that is biologically and physically
suitable and one that is easily hindled. A suitable substrate is one
that is biologically and physically susceptible to microbial attack and
conducive to the application and uaintenace of factors reguisite to
eeffective microbial activity. Thase factors involve nutrition,
particularly the provision of a carbon to nitrogen ratio that
accelerates bacterial attack. Two courses can be followed to lower the
carbon to nitrogen ratio to an appropriate level: remove some of the
carbonaceous materials, and add nitrogen in the form of a nitrogen rich
waste or, less desirably in tne form of chemical  fertilizer. Key
considerations in arriving at a practical particle size for raw
naterial fed to the composting process are noted. The importance or an
appropriate moisture content for biological activity is stressed.
Substrate regu irements associated with a guality compost product are
agricultual utility and public health constraints. The Cal process of
recovering valuable products iron composting is described and
illustrated.  (Betained in SWItfS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COaPOS'flNG; HAN&GEMENT; SLUDGE
    (1«) HIERARCH TERMS:   1CQ/2MX; 1CQ/2SP; 1MA/2TQ
    (15) STIflS ACC.NO.:  OOS46578  (15) SECONDARY AUTHOES:  Diaz  LF
    (16) CITATION:  Eockvilla, MO , Information Transfer, Inc., 1978.
f. 51-55.
                                    86

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                                 COMPOSTING
     (1) SWIRS ACC.»0.:  047518
     (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  06   (2) S0BJ.TYPE:  S; T
     (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  The role of composting in the municipal sludge
 management strategy.
     (4) AUTHOR:  Enreth DJ
     (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Composing of Municipal Residues and Sludges,
 1977 National Conference, Aug. 23-25, 1977.
     (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) FOB. YEAR:   1978
     (11)  ABSTRACT:  The feasibility of composting as a municipal sludge
 management alternative is explored. Sludge constituents that result in
 environmental risk include heavy metals, organics suspected to be
 carcinogens, pathogenic bacteria, fungal spores and parasitic cysts,
 viruses, nutrients, and odors. Composting is the aerobic thermophilic
 decomposition of organic solid Haste to a relatively stable humus like
 material. Composting systems fall into three categories: pile, windrow,
 and mechanized or enclosed systems. Compost is valuable as a soil
 conditioner and as a low grade fertilizer. One of the most critical
 aspects  of composting operations is marketing. As  process to reduce
 the risk of primary pathogenic organisms, composting is considered to
 be effective. Other systems that convert municipal sludge into useful
 products or forms are noted, including conventional stabilization, land
 application, and combustion processes. Technological and economic
 advantages and disadvantages of composting are examined. (Retained in
 SWIRS library) .
     (12)  KEYWORDS:  COMPOSTING; ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY;
 SLUDGE;  TECHNOLOGY
     (14)  HIERARCH TEHHS:  1CQ/2HB; 1CQ/2SP; 1MA/2TQ
     (15)  STIBS ACC.KO.:  OOS46571  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Hais AB;
 walker JH
     (16)  CITATION:  Rockville, MD, Information Transfer, Inc., 1978.
 p. 6-19.
    (1) SWIHS ACC.NO.:  047517
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  06   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Overview of technical sessions.
    (ft) AUTHOR:  Edninster TW
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Composting of Municipal Residues and Sludges,
1977 National Conference, Aug. 23-25, 1977.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:  1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Technical sessions of a national conference on
municipal residue and sludge composting, held in 1977, are reviewed.
Standards issued by the Environmental Protection Agency for municipal
waste treatment systems are considered, along with rising fuel costs
involved in the incineration of sludge. Economic and environmental
disadvantages of land disposal are examined, and the use of sludge as a
fertilizer on cropland is discussed. Problems encountered in the
disposal of sludge are noted, including public acceptance and excessive
amounts of heavy metals in sludge that may be harmful to both humans
and animals. The composting of sludge is considered to be a feasible
solution to these problems, with compost used on agricultural and
recreational lands as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. Composting
reduces sludge disposal costs, from about $100/t or more to a figure
between $35 to $50/t. Composting also reduces environmental and health
hazards, and composted products contain plant nutrients, public
acceptance is viewed as the key to successful composting projects.
(Retained in SWIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COMPOSTING; EPA; FERTILIZER; MUNICIPALITY; PROBLEMS;
REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; SYSTEMS; TREATMENT
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1CQ/2LP; 1CQ/2PS; 1CQ/2SP
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS46570
    (16) CITATION:  Hockville, MD, Information Transfer, Inc., 1978.
p.3-5.
                                    87

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1) SBIRS ICC.NO.:  OH7515
    (2) DOflBSTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  06   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (5) CORPORATE AUTHOR:  Information Transfer, Inc
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  Composting of Municipal Residues and Sludges,  1977
Rational Conference, Aug. 23-25, 1977.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. TEAR:   1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Municipal residue and sludge composting was  the
focas of a national conferees held in August, 1977. The following
topics were addressed by conference participants: sludge management;
refuse composting; health perspectives;  biochemistry of composting;
effect of waste water treatment on sludge characteristics; effect  of
management processes on the guality of compost materials; eguipaent for
coaposting sewage sludge in windrows and in piles;  sludge
conditioning; solid waste handling in Europe; biodegradation and fate
of organics; plant accumulation of heavy aetals and pbytotoxicity
resulting from the utilization of sewage sludge and sludge compost on
cropland, iapact of heavy metals on animals;  capacity of soil for
hazardous organic substances; control at the source for heavy metals in
sludge; control of heavy metals and toxic aaterials in municipal
residues; effect of heat on pathogenic organisms; occurrence of
pathogens and aicrobial allergens; fate  of pathogens in saturated  and
unsaturated soil; sludge disinfection techniques; utilization of
coaposted municipal waste; cost effectiveness of sludge coaposting by
the aerated pile and windrow methods; disgester process for omposting
municipal solid waste; and market potential for the reuse of compost.
(Retained in  SWIRS LIBRARY) .
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COMPOSTING; HEALTH; MUNICIPALITY; PATHOGEN; RESIDUE;
SLUDGE
    (14) BIERAHCH TERMS:  1CQ/2HE; 1CQ/2MX
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS46568
    (16) CITATION:  Rockville, HD, Information Transfer, Inc.,  1978.
166 p.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  045902
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  O6   (2) SDBJ.TTPE:  G
    («»)  AUTHOR:  Ettlick WF
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  User Acceptance of Wastevater Sludge Compost.
    (8)  NTIS HO.:  PB-272095   (8) REPORT NO.:  EPA-600/2-77-096   (9)
CONTRACT NO.:  68-03-2186 (task 05)
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  PUB. YEAR:  1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This study determines user acceptance of waste-water
sludge  compost. Existing and past compost and sludge product
distribution operations were analyzed to determine the characteristics
of the  successful operations and the factors that may have led to lack
of success or failure of others. Results of the study indicate that
demand  already exists for wastewater sludge compost in certain
metropolitan areas and that this demand was developed by implementing a
planned program. Similar wastewater sludge product distribution
operations have failed in the past because of high pricing or poorly
planned programs. Factors are developed in this study which should help
to assure development of successful distribution operations. A broad
characterization of user requirements and desires was developed based
on user interviews. (Retained in SWIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COMPOST;  DISPOSAL; MUNICIPALITY; PUBLIC RELATIONS;
SLUDGE; WASTE WATER
    (11) BIERARCH TERMS:  1CE/2C?; 1CE/2CW; 1PJ
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOSQ1951  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Lewis AE
    (16) CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Aug. 1977.  57 p.
                                   88

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                                COMPOSTING
    (1)  SHIRS  »CC.HO.:  043112
    (2)  DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) SOBJ .TYPF:  6
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  What»s new in sludge management?
    (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Civil Engineering
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Highlights are presented from the third national
conference on sludge Management, sponsored by the Environmental
Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, and Information
Transfer, Inc. Agency, the National Science Foundation, and Information
Transfer, Inc. Chicago*s "Hu Earth* giveaway program is more productive
at  $55  to 60/dry ton total cost than efforts at heat drying or hauling.
EPA is  attempting to issue guidelines on environmental factors
associated with municipal sludge management through its Construction
Grants  Program. Labor and bulking agent costs are the most important
operational costs in the forced air, static pile technique of
composting. The role, of informing and involving the immediate and
extended lay  and professional communities in the early stages of
planning a sludge management project was emphasized. The new solid
waste legislation  (PL 94 580) includes municipal sewage sludge in the
definition of solid waste and requires that guidelines and criteria be
established for the disposal of solid wastes. A report was presented on
the Agriculture Department's Beltsville, Maryland, forced aeration,
static  pile composting project.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CHICAGO; COMPOSTING; CONFERENCE; COHSTROCTIOH;
DISPOSAL; DOA; EPA; GRANT; LAW; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING;
PUBLIC  RELATIONS; SLDDGE; STANDARD
    (14)  HIERABCH TERMS:  1DD/2DP; 1LB/2LD; 1MA/2HD; 1SI
    (15)  STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS42455
    (16)  CITATION:  47(2):16-22, Feb. 1977.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  042165
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  06   (2) SOBJ.TYPE:  S
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Composting—An approach to using sewage waste.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Heaman JD
    (6) JOORBAL TITLE:  Compost Science
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1CD/2ON  (10) POB. YEAH:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A description oi the  operations of Grow Rich Organic
Fertilizers Ltd. of Ontario is presented. Three basic raw materials are
used to make the aerobically composted organic fertilizer: dewatered
sludge from the city of Windsor sewage treatment plants, sawdust from
other area industries, and air. The sludge has water removed at the
treatment plant to a point of approximately 30 percent solids. At this
stage it is transported to the Grow Rich plant where it is blended with
sawdust which has previously been innoculated with starting material.
(The sawdust is a convenient source of carbon to adjust the
carbon/nitrogen ratio as well as rendering the mass more permeable to
air.)  The ratio of sludge to sawdust is about 80:20 by weight. The
mixture is built into windrows and bacterial action begins. From time
to time the windrows are mechanically turned to ensure that odors do
not develop. After 3 months the compost has broken down biochemically
and stabilized to the extent that it is suitable for agricultural use.
For landscaping and home use it requires an additional 9 months
maturation. The concept is equally applicable to stabilizing any waste
material which is substantially organic  in character.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CANADA; COMPOSTING; FERTILIZER;  MUNICIPALITY;
ONTARIO; ORGANIC; RECLAMATION; SAWDUST; SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; UTILIZE;
WINDROW
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1CF/2DB; 1FA
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS41209
    (16) CITATION:  18(1):28-29, jan.-Feb. 1977.
                                  89

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                  SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1) SWIRS  ACC^HO.:  041H38
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   06   (2)  SOBJ.TYPB:  S
    (4) AUTHOR:  Duggan JC   (10) GEO.  ABBA:   1FA/2F1  (10)  FOB. YEAH:
1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Physical  and chemical  effects of Municipal co»post
fortified with sewage sludge and nitrogen fertilizer on soil and corn
plants at respective application rates  of 200  tons and 160, pounds per
acre were determined. The overall results showed that corn'grain yields
were increased and soil physical properties  were improved with annual
compost rates of 200 tons per  acre  applied for 5 consecutive years.
Residual corn crops showed positive responses  after compost
applications  were terminated.  The presence of  heavy metals in the
sludge fortified compost had no adverse effect on corn yield in this
experiment; however, less tolerant  crops  could be adversely affected.
Suggestions are made for future research.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COHPOST;  CHOP; EFFECT; FERTILISES; HETAL;
HOHICIPALITY; HITROGEN; HECLAHATION;  RESEARCH; SWJDGE; SOIL COHDITIOHEH
    (Itt) HIEHARCH TERMS:   1CF/2CS
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS40482   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORSs  Wiles CC
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Duggan, J.  C.  ,  and  C. C. Wiles. Effects of
municipal compost and nitrogen fertilizer on selected soils and plants.
Compost Science, 17(5) :2«»-31,  1976.
   (1)  SWIKS fi.CC.NO.:  040861
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  06   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  G   (10)  GEO.
AREA:   10S/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3NY  (10)  PUB. YEAR:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Composting is discussed as  a method  of  disposal  for
waste water sludge in the New York City  and New Jersey  metropolitan
area.  It is noted that composting waste  water  sludge  requires
relatively large tracts of land, compared  with other  stabilization
methods. Costs were developed for a regionalized grouping  of plants in
the study area that were beinj considered  for  land application.  Costs
cf composting digested sludge were based on the windrow method.  Cost
data were also developed lor composting  sludge by the static pile
method.  It was determined that the static  pile method of composting is
applicable to raw or digested sludge and requires less  labor than the
windrow  method because it eliminates the need  to turn windrows daily in
order to maintain aerobic conditions. Excluding dewatering, hauling,
land acguisition, and disposal of the finished product, it was
estimated that composting would cost $58 per dry ton  solids with tiie
static pile method. This estimate applied  to the capital and annual
costs of composting a vacuum filter cake with  20 percent solids.
Because of its low nutrient content, it  is pointed out  that compost
cannot complete profitably with commercial fertilizers. Compost  can,
however, be used as a soil conditioner or  as an organic base for
fertilizer. Environmental aspects of composting and siting
considerations are examined. The use of  composting at specific
locations in the New York City and New Jersey  metropolitan area  is
detailed.
   (12)  KEYHOBDS:  ANALYSIS; COMPOSTING; COUNTY; CRITERIA; ECONOMICS;
1A1.D;  MANAGEMENT; N E8 JEHSEY; NEW YORK;  PLANNING; PROGRAM; SECLABATION;
REGIONAL; SITES; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; UTILIZE; WASTE  WATER;
S1NDROH
   (14)  HIEBARCH TERMS:  1CF/2DB
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39905
   (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Composting. In Phase  2  Report of Technical
Investigation of Alternatives tor New York-New Jersey Metropolitan  Area
Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program. Boston, HA,  Camp Dresser and
McKee, June 1976.  p. VIII. 61-VIII. 79.
                                  90

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                               COMPOSTING
    (1)  SWISS  ACC.NO.:  037019
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  06   (2) SOBJ.TTPE:  T   (10)  FOB.
YEAH:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The conversion of •unicipal sewage sludge  in  Bangor,
Maine  to co»post is examined. Converted  sludge is  being used  as  a soil
conditioner and mulch in Bangor city parks, a municipal golf  course,
attd  other public lands. Heat generated by the conversion process kills
all  disease-carrying  bacteria, making the compost  safe. The project is
being  supported by the Environmental Protection  Agency with a $20,000,
1-yr demonstration grant. Bangor officials estimate  that they irill save
over 50 percent of their current annual  expenditures for loam and mulch
materials which are replaced by the compost and  that about  50 cu yd of
sludge can be composted each wee*. The expense of  sludge disposal by
incinertion and landfill is avoided by converting  sludge to compost,
and  it is anticipated that the process may also  eliminate the need for
expensive sludge stabilization digesters which are typically  used in
waste  water treatment plants.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  BACTERIA; COMPOST; CONTAHIHATE; COHTEBT; ECOHOHICS;
EPA; FOOD; GBANT; HAIHE; HONICIPAL1TY; RECREATION  ARM; SEWAGE;  SLUDGE;
SOIL CONDITIONER; THERHAL
    (15)  STIHS ACC.HO.:  OOS36061*
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Anon. Sludge: main ingredient for compost. Design
Hews,  31(6):1H2, Bar. 22, 1976.
    (1)  SWISS  ACC.NO.:   036893
    (2)  DOBESTIC:   D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SDBJ.TYPEl   G   (10)  FOB.
YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The  0. S. Environmental  Protection Agency  has
sponsored a project at  Bangor, Haine in  which the municipal sewage
sludge  is composted and used as a soil conditioner  and  mulch  in  city
parks,  golf course and  other public  lands.  The composting  process
sterilizes the compost  making it safe for use in public areas. It is
estimated that the composting process provides the  city with  a
considerable  saving in  expenses otherwise involved  in expenditures  for
loam and mulch materials. In addition the expense of sludge disposal
and incineration of landfill is avoided.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  BACTERIA; COHPOST; COMPOSTING; DTGESTOH; DISEASE;
ECOHOHICS; EPA; HAINE;  HOHICIPALITY; RECREATION AREA; SEWAGE; SLUDGE;
SOIL CONDITIONER;  STERILIZE
    (15)  STIHS ACC.HO.:  OOS35938
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Anon. Sewage sludge converter! into compost, used as
soil conditioner at Bangor, He. Compost  Science, 17(1)j25, Jan.  /Feb.
1976.


    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.HO.:   036763
    (2)  DOBESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   06   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:   T   (10)  PUB.
YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Composting is discussed  as an effective technique
for waste disposal in urban areas and under  a wide range of climatic
conditions. An experimental forces aeration  system  and  related
technology installed in Beltsville,  naryland are described. The
Beltsville system, designed and tested in cooperation with the Maryland
Environmental Service, handles 50 tons of filter cake sludge daily, a
rate capable  of serving a city of 200,000 to 400,000 people. This
system  demonstrates the practicality of composting  in urban areas and
operates at a cost of only about $20 to $50  per dry ton of sewge
sludge.  Other composting projects are described, including treatment
plants  in Bangor, Maine and Washington, D. C. Sludge from the Blue
Plains  primary and secondary treatment plant in Washington and sludge
                                  91

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
from Bangor's primary treatment plan undergo a 7-wfc composting process
that reduces each 50-ton input to 20 tons of agriculturally valuable
compost. It is felt that the major advantage to be derived from
composting is its value as a soil conditioner.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AERATION; CLIMATE; COMPOSTING; DESIGN; DISTRICT 0?
COLUMBIA; ECONOMICS; MAINE; MARYLAND; MUNICIPALITY; PATHOSES; SLUDGE;
SOIt COHDITIOHEB; TECHNOLOGY; WOOD
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS35808
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Anon. Compost: from waste to resource. Agricultural
Research. 29(8):7-10, Feb. 1976.
    (1) SWISS ACC.HO.:  036754
    (2) DOMESTIC: ' D   (2) CATEGORY:  06   (2) SOBJ.TYPE:  T   (10) PUB.
YEAR:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The practicality of composting for community waste
disposal is addressed. Research on composting is being conducted by the
Department of Agriculture to determine if the principle can be modified
to operate successfully on an urban scale and to determine if
composting can be conducted during cold and vet weather typical oi most
U. S. cities for several weeks or months of the year. An experimental
forced aeration system and related technology at Beltsville, Maryland
demonstrate that composting is practical on both an urban scale and
under a wide range of climatic conditions. The Beltsville project and a
composting system in Bangor, Maine employ the same experimental
approach; sludge undergoes a 7-wk composting process which reduces each
50-ton input to 20 tons of agriculturally valuable compost.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AERATION; AGRICULTURE; CLIMATE; COMMUNITY;
COHPOSTIHG; DISPOSAL; DOA; MARYLAND; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; PROGRAM;
HESEARCH; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS35799
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  a. S. Department of Agriculture. Compost: from waste
to resource. Compost Science, 17(2):26-27, Mar. /Apr. 1976.


    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  035859
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  06   (2) SUBJ.TYPEr  G   (10) PUB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The soil enrichment program for Constitution Gardens
in Washington, D. C. , is discussed. The park being created is part of
the enhancement of the beauty of the capital for the bicentennial. The
land constructed with dredgings once held temporary buildings. The
soils were made up of subsoil material and building debris. Of the four
alternatives suggested for modifying the soil, using urban-produced
organic materials was the one chosen. The compost produced from this
material was found to be of good quality and odor free. The compost,
•ade from three parts digested sewage sludge and one part wood chips,
was to be mixed with leaf mold and the existing soil. Heavy rains
hindered the mixing process. After some unsuccessful tries, the method
finally used resembled a large mold board plow. Cost analyses were
performed on the project. Estimates agreed well with the amount of
•aterial actually used. Although some problems will be encountered in a
project such as this, the improvement or urban soil by the use of urban
wastes has much promise.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  COMBINED; COMPOST; DATA; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA;
DREDGER; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;
RECREATION AREA; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; UTILIZE
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS34901
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Patterson, J. C. Enrichment of nrban soil with
composted sludge and leaf mold—Constitution Gardens. Compost Science
journal of Waste Recycling, 16 (3):18-21, Hay/June 1975.
                                    92

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                               COMPOSTING
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  035743
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  21   (2) SUBJ.TYPB:  S  (10) FOB.
TEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Results of the first 2 years of a study which is
investigating the crop optake of a no»ber of heavy Metals contained in
garbage compost and sewage sludge applied at relatively high rates are
reported. Three rates each of garbage co»post, sewage slndge, and zinc
stilfate were added to San go soil in order to obtain the equivalent of
90,  180, and 360 kg of zinc per hectare. The treatments were initiated
in the fall ot 1971 and were repeated for half of each plot in the fall
of 1972. Saoples of the test crops—sweet corn and bosh beans—were
distilled, oven-dried, ground, and dry ashed. The ash "as digested in
hydrochloric acid and the solutions analyzed. Sweet corn forage yields
were greater in 1972 and 1973 with applied compost and slndge, but were
not affected or reduced by zinc sulfate. Forage containing zinc sulfate
had the highest concentrations of zinc. Concentrations in grain were
basically the same for all treatnents. Reapplication did not lead to a
proportional rise in heavy metal concentrations in either forage or
grain. Cadmium concentrations were much higher where co»post and sludge
were applied. Bash bean results indicate that all rates of zinc sulfate
and sewage slndge lowered yields of Mature pods. Dry matter yields of
bean vines were lower with the high rate of zinc sulfate. Cadmium and
nickel concentrations were slightly higher in vines and pods where
sludge was applied.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; ANALYSIS; COBPOST; COHCENTRiTIOS; CROP;
DATA; HAZARDOUS; HETAL; HOHICIPALITI; HOH-FEBBOUS; RECLAHATIOH; SAFETY.;
SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TOXIC
    (15) STIRS ACC.NO.:  OOS31788
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Giordano, P. B. , J. J. Hortvedt, and D. A. Hays.
Effect ,of Municipal wastes on crop yields and uptake of heavy metals.
Journal of Environmental Quality, 4(3) :39i»-399, .7uly/Sept. 1975.
                                  93

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
                               Section 7

       LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES


   (1)  SWIHS ACC.NO. :   047802
   (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Land  treatment of  sewage:  EPA's  view,
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Held  F
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:   Water Sewage  HorXs
   (10)  LANGUAGE:   EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAfi:   1978
   (11)  ABSTRACT:   An interview with an EPA  administrator  reports  the
rationale for that agency's  push  to  develop  land  treatment of  sewage as
a cost  effective  alternative to conventional sewage  treatment
processes. Foras  of land  application are  described,  highlighting  the
expected nutrient contribution  to the land as well as the  benefits of
direct  treatment  of waste*aters.  Each application case  would be
separately cosidered  according  to the EPA plan to ensure availabiltiy
of suitable treatment parameters according to the yuality  and  quantity
cf wastewater and sludge  available.  Soae  industrial  wastewaters are
expected to require pretreatment  oefore  land administration, but
largely municipal wastes  are expected to  go  to the land untreated.  The
conclusion was given  that i£ land treatment  is yLoven cost effective in
a given location,  EPA funding  will not fie available  tor alternative
treatment systems.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:   EPA; GROUND  WATEtt; HEALTH;  LAND;  HANAGEHENT; SLUDGE;
1REATMENT; HASTE  WATER
   (14)  HIERARCH  TEBK3:   1HA/2FF;  1SJ;  1SP/2MP; 2SP/2UT
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  00346356   (15) SECONDARY  AUTHORS:   Jorling T
   (16)  CITATION:   125 (4):64-o7,  Apr. 1978.
    (1) SWIBS ACC.NO.:  047469
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  10  (2) SUBJ.TYPF:  S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Health-effects-land application of municipal
wastewater and sludge.
    («) AUTHOR:  Gleason TL III
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Disposal of Residues on tand Proceedings:
National Conference on Disposal of Residues on Land, St. Louis, HO,
Sep.  13-15, 1976.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) FOB. TEAS:  1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The potential for producing adverse banan health
effects with the application of wastewater or slndge to agricultural
lands is assessed. Types of sevage treatments disposal, and/or
utilization methods are examined, as well as the presence and survival
of  pathogenic agents and toxic chemicals in various phases of these
methods. The health implications of sewage and effluent disposal are
discussed in terms of biology  (pathogen concentrations in wastewater
and slndge, pathogens in soil, and pathogenic aerosols) and chemistry
(inorganics, arsenic, lead, mercury, selenium, cadmium, and organics
such  as polychlorinated biphenyls). The impact of sewage sludge and
wastewater recycling on land is explored. It is concluded that there
may be adverse health effects associated with the practice of applying
sewage sludge and wastewater to agricultural lands and that primary
areas of concern relate to toxic chemicals and pathogenic organisms.
(Betained in SVIBS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CHEMICAL; HEALTH; LAND; MUNICIPALITY; PATHOGEN;
SLUDGE; TOXIC; WASTE WATER
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1HE;  1PF; 1SP/2HE; 1TH
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS46523  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Kover FD;
Sorter CA
    (16) CITATION:  Rockville, FID, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.203-210.
                                   94

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                    LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
   (1)  SHIHS ACC.NO.;  0471*1*2
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CAIEGOttf:  1b   (2)  SUM.TYt'E:  G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Current EPA guidance  on  land  application  of
municipal sewage sludges.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Bastian HK
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Disposal of Residues  on  Land.  Proceedings:
National Conference on Disposal of Residues  on  Land,  St.  Louis,  HO,
Sep.  13-15, 1976.
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  Guidelines issued by  the  Environmental  Protection
Agency  (EPA) on the land application of  municipal  sewage  sludge  are
examined. Requirements of the federal Water  pollution Control A=t
Aiendments of 1972 (P.L. 92-bOO) emphasize the  need  to  employ cost
effective and environmentally sound waste  management  technology.  At  the
sane time, the requirements ot the act  for improved  wastewater
treatment are to result in a nationwide  increase  in  the production  of
greater quantities of sewage sludge. The sludge technical bulletin  of
IPA was developed over a three year period and  is based on Knowledge
that will change from time to time as new  regulations are developed  and
addtional information becoiaes available  from research,  development,  and
demonstration projects. The bulletin aaphasizes land application
alternatives for sludge. It is recommended that further study be
undertaken in the following areas ot the municipal sewage sludge
management field: health eflects, innovative technology for beneficial
use and resource recovery, puulic acceptance, and information
dissemination.  (Retained in SWIBS library).
   (12) KEYWORDS:  EPA; LAND; MANAGEMENT;  MUNICIPALITY; REGULATIONS;
RESEARCH; SEHAGE; SLUDGE
   (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1LF/2FF; 1HA/2FF; 1SP
   (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS46496  (15|  SECONDARY  AUTHOftS:  whittington
8A
   (16) CITATION:  Rockville, HO, Information Transfer  Inc., 1977.
f.13-14.
    (1)  SHIRS ACC.BO.:  047206
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  01   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S;  T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Land disposal of wastes.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Loehr RC
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In Pollution Control for Agriculture,
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  PUB. YEAR:  1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Land disposal of agricultural waste is discussed  as
 an appropriate technique in terms ot its minimal adverse environmental
 effects. The challenge in the application of manure, sewage sludge,
 municipal wastewater, and industrial waste on land for both disposal
 and fertilizer value is to utilize chemical, physical, and biological
 properties of soil  as an  acceptor for residues with minimum adverse
 effects  on crops, soil, and gaality of groundwater and surface runoff.
 Plant  and crop relationships in and requirements of feasible land
 disposal systems are examined.  Soil transformations are discussed in
 terms  of carbon,  oxygen,  nitrogen,  phosphorus, other minerals,
 microorganisms,  and erosion, fertilizer applications of manure and
 •anure disposal  are addressed.  The nutrient content of animal waste  is
 a  determining factor in the  quantity of manure applied tor crop
 production  or solely for  land disposal. Methods for the disposal of
 wastewater  on land  are  noted,  as well as the suitability of
 agricultural  waste  for  land  disposal.  The disposal of sewage and sewage
 sludge on land by irrigation is evaluated.  (Retained in SHIRS library)
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   AGRICULTURE;  CROP;  DISPOSAL;  EAHTH; FERTILIZER-
 LAUD;  LIQUID;  MANURE:;  ShhAGE;  SLUDGE                            '
    (14)  HIERABCH  TERMS:   1AG/20T;  1DP/2AG;  1FJS;  18E/20T;  1SP/2UT- 1ST
    (15)  STIBS  ACC.NO.:   OOSU6260
    (16)  CITATION:   New  YorK,  NY,  Academic Press,  Inc., 1977.  p.259-290.
                                   95

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SWIES ACC.NO. :  046966
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGOHY:  24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Institutional arrangements  between the
agriculturalist and the municipality.
   (4)  AUTHOR;  Hill JK
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Proceedings:  Third  National  Conference Dn
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization,  Miami  Beach,  fL,  Dec.
14-16,  1976,
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) GnO. AREA:   1US/20H   (10)  PUli.  YEAfi:   1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The application ot sludge on  farmland is discussed
by a representative of the uhio Fa ra Bureau Federation.  The bureau's
involvement in sludge management is described, and factors to consider
in the development ani implementation or sludge  application projects
are noted. Particular attention is given to the  consideration of
institutional arrangements between the  agricultural  sector and
nunicipalities. Issues that hinder the  acceptance  of sludge application
en land are social, political, and technical.  Unless rural community
leaders are involved with planning for  the  land  application of sludge,
it is felt that such programs  will tail. (Retained ir. SKIES library) .
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; FAttfl; FERTILIZER;  LAND;  MANAGEMENT;
MUNICIPALITY; OHIO; PROBLEMS;  RURAL; SLUDGE; UTILIZE
   (14)  HIERAHCH TERMS:   1FE/2HF;  1SP/2UT
   (15)  STINS ACC.NO.:  OOS46019
   (16)  CITATION:  Rockviile,  MD,  Information Transfer Inc.,  1977.
t.63-64.
    (1)  SHIRS  ACC.NO.:   046959
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   U   (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Management oi sludge use on land: FDA
 considerations.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Jelinek Ci'
    16)  BOOK TITLE:   In  Proceedings:   Third National Conference on
 Sludge  Management Disposal and Utilization,  Miami Beach, fL,  Dec.
 14-16,  1976 .
    (10)  LANGUAGE: EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:  1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT: The  role or the Food and Drug Administration  (FDA)
 in  the  land application o± sludge is explored. Hhile the FDA  is
 sympathetic to the properly controlled use ot any material or process
 that  may increase the supply of food, one of the major responsibilities
 of  the  agency is  to  assure tne public health, safety, and wholesomeness
 of  the  food supply for  humans and domestic animals. Shen sludge  is
 applied to  crop production, it is important to consider the fact that
 sludge  can  contain varying amounts  of pathogens, toxic netais,
 pesticides, and industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated  biphenyls.
 Sith  regard to  microorganisms, scientists at the FDA are concerned that
 the use of  pathogen-containiny sludge on land and crops will  cause
 public  health problems.  The contamination of crops by microorganisms,
 organic chemicals, and  heavy metals  is discussed. The impact  of  sludge
 application is assessed,  and regulatory activities on contaminant
 concentrations  are considered. Limitations on the application of sludge
 to  land,  as recommended by the FDA,  are outlined.  (Retained in StfIRS
 library) .
    (12)  KEYhOHDS: CHEMICAL; CHOP;  iEDEfiAL;  FERTILIZER; GOVERNMENT;
 HEALTH;  LAND;  MANAGEMENT;  WEIAL;  MICHOORGANISM; REGULATIONS;  SLUDGE
    (14)  HIERARCH  TERMS:   1FE/2RF; 1LF/2F1:; 1JU/2FF; 1SP/2HE
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS46J12   (15)  SKCONDABY AUTHORS:  oraude GL
    (16)  CITATION: Kockville, KD, Information Transfer Inc.,  1977.
 p.35-38.
                                   96

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                      LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.HO.:   046903
    (2)  DOHESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   2«   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  6
    (3)  ABTICLE TITLE:   Kendallville, Indiana.
    (5)  CORPOBATE  AUTHOR:   SCS Engineers,  Inc
    (6)  BOOK  TITLE:  In  Municipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
 Practices.  An Environmental Assessment.   V. IT.  (8)  REPORT MO.:
 SW-156C  (9)  CONTRACT HO.:  68-01-3265
    (10)  LAHGOAGE: EH   (10)  GEO. ABBA:   1US/2tH   (10)  PDB.  TEAR:  1978
    (11)  ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment is reported  for a site
 near  Kendallville, Indiana,  where sludge  is  being spread on
 agricultural  land. A site description gives  information on  location,
 physical conditions, and  farming practices.  The  climate is  moderate,
 with  a  growing season averaging  173 days. The land is characterized by
 soils of the  Rawson—Horley-Miami complex. Sludge was obtained from a
 municipal wastewater treatment plant with 20 to  25% industrial wastes,
 flowing from  metal product and food manufacturers. A two stage
 anaerobic digestion  system is used, with  liguid  sludge being trucked  to
 agricultural  land. Some dumping  of  sludge has occurred in wet weather
 periods, without  regard for  its  agricultural use. Ho significant
 citizen complaints have been noted  on the use of sludge for land
 treatment,  and there are  no  state regulations on sludge use on
 agricultural  land. The  cost  of the  operation has been estimated as
 $24.01/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant analyses were made  to
 characterize  the  stabilized  sludge  and  to determine metals, selenium,
 chlorinated  hydrocarbons, parasites, and  microbes. (Retained in SWIRS
 library).
    (12)  KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE;  DISPOSAL; IHDUSTRY; LAHD; BUHICIPALITT;
 SITES;  SLUDGE; SPRBADIHG: IHDIAHA
    (14)  HIEHARCH  TERHS:  1EP; 1SP/2DP;  1SP/20T
    (15)  STIHS ACC.HO.:  OOS45956
    (16)  CITATIOH: Cincinnati, OH,  U.S. Environmental Protection
 Agency,  1978.  p.331-376.


    (1) SWISS  ACC.HO.:   046902
    (2) DOHESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:   Frankfort, Indiana.
    (5) CORPORATE  AUTHOR:   SCS Engineers,  Inc
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In  Municipal  Sludge Agricultural Utilization
 Practices.  An Environmental  Assessment.  V. n.   (8) REPORT HO.:
 SW-156C   (9)  COHTRACT HO.:   68-01-3265
    (10) LAHGUAGE:  EH   (10)  GEO.  AREA:  1DS/2IH   (10) PUB.  YEAH:   1978
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  An environmental  assessment is  reported  on sites
near Frankfort, Indiana,  where agricultural  land is being spread with
sludge.  A site description gives  information on  location, physical
conditions, and farming practices. The climate is  moderate,  with wide
temperature extremes and  a six month  growing  season. Treated and
control plots contain Russell silt loam, and  some  Camden  silt loam,
which are well-drained. Sludge has been obtained from a municipal
wastewater treatment plant with about 30% industrial flow.  Sludge is
stabilized by anaerobic digestion, and is spread on the test plot or on
neighboring ground by trucks  eguipped with tanks and gravity pipes.
Public attitudes  toward the  spreading operation are positive, and there
are no government  regulations for sludge spreading. Cost  of  the
operation is  estimated as $17.28/dry  ton. Sludge,  soil, and  plant
analyses were reported characterizing the stabilized sludge  and
determining metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites,  and  microbes.
 (Retained in  SWIBS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; IHDIAHA; IHDUSTBY;  LAHD;
HUHICIPALITY;  SITES;  SLUDGE;  SPREADING
    (14) HTERAFCH TERHS:   IBP;  1SP/2DP; 1SP/2DT
    (15) STIHS ACC.SO.:  OOS45955
    (16) CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency,  1978. p.287-330.
                                    97

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL  OR USE
    (1)  SWISS  aCC.NO.:  016901
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  2*   (2) SU8J .TYPEr  G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Hopkinsville, Kentucky.
    (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR:  SCS Engineers, Inc
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Hnnicipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices.  An Environmental Assessment.  v. II.   (8J REPORT BO.:
SW-156C  (9)  CONTRACT NO.:  68-01-3265
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EH   (10> GEO. AREA:   ius/2KY   (10) POB. TEAR:   1978
    fit)  ABSTRACT:  An environmental assessment was made of sites near
Hopkinsville, Kentucky, where sludge is being spread on agricultural
land. The site description gives data on location, physical conditions,
and  farming practices. The climate is temperate  with warm, humid
summers and moderately cold winters; the growing  season averages 197
days. The treatment and control plots contain Pembroke series soil,
which is well-drained. Sludge is obtained from a  domestic sewage
treatment plant, comprising 15X industrial wastes (mostly fabrication
products). Sludge stabilization is achieved by two-stage anaerobic
digestion, with  retention depending upon the season. Liquid sludge is
spread  from a truck fitted with a gravity discharge pipe. Local
acceptance of the sludge spreading practice was  favorable, and there
were no government regulations concerning the practice. The cost for
the  operation was estimated at $20.21/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant
analyses were made to characterize the stabilized sludge and to
determine metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.
 (Retained in  SWIRS library).
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; KENTUCKY; LAND;
MUNICIPALITY; SITES; SLTOGB; SPREADING
    (14)  HIERARCH TERHS:  IBP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS45954
    (16)  CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. p.243-286.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.HO.:  046900
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) SOBJ.TYPEr  G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.
    (5) CORPORATE AUTHOR:  SCS Engineers, Inc
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Hnnicipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices.  An Environmental Assessment.  V. II.   (8) REPORT HO.:
SW-156C   (9) CONTRACT NO.:  68-O1-3265
    (10) LANGUAGE:  BN   (10) GEO. AREA:  1US/2WW  (10) POB. YEAR:  1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  An environmental assessment was performed for sites
near Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, relating to agricultural use of
landspread sludge. The site description presents data on location,
physical conditions, and farming practices. The climate is continental,
with wide and freguent variations in temperature, featuring cold, damp
winters, warm, moderately humid summers, and a six month growing
season. The treatment plot contains Nymore loamy sand, and the control
plot contains Burkhardt sandy loam, both of which are excessively
drained. Sludge is obtained from a sewage treatment plant handling both
domestic and industrial wastewater, with industrial influent being
strong due to heavy input from a slaughterhouse, brewery, plastics
manufacturer, and a chrome and metal plating plant. Sludge is treated
in a conventional activated sludge facility, with effluent
characterized by high suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand
loadings. Anaerobic digestion is also provided in a secondary system,
from which sludge can be trucked to farms or disposed at a sanitary
landfill. Public reaction to landspreading sludge is favorable, and
state guidelines for its application are in existence but not operable.
Cost of the spreading is estimated as $71.74/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and
plant analyses have been made to characterize the stabilized sludge and
to determine metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.
(Retained in SWIRS library).
                                   98

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                      LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
     (12)  KEYWORDS:   AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL;  INDUSTRY;  LAND;  MUNICIPALITY;
 SITBS;  SLUDGE;  SPREADING; WISCONSIN
     (14)  HIERAHCH TERMS:   TEP;  1SP/2DP;  1SP/20T
     (15)  STIMS ACC.HO.:  OOS45953
     (16)  CITATION:   Ciocinnati, OH, D .S . Environmental  Protection
 Aqency,  1978.   p.192-242.
    (1)  SHIRS ACC.HO.:   046899
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SUBJ.TYPB:  G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Springfield, Missouri.
    (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR:   SCS Engineers,  Inc
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Municipal sludge Agricultural Dtilization
 Practices.  An Environmental Assessment.   V. II.  (8)  REPORT 10.:
 SW-156c  (9) CONTRACT  NO.:  68-01-3265
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  GEO. AREA:  IDS/2HR  (10)  PUB. TEAR:  1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  An  environmental assessment was performed for sites
 near Springfield, Missouri,  with relation to agricultural use of
 landspread sludge. The site  description gives information on location,
 physical conditions, and  farming practices.  The climate is moderate,
 with normal precipitation well distributed and an average growing
 season  of 199 days. Host  of  the involved  land is Britwater silt loam,
 with small percentages of Goss, Yiraton,  Ponder, and all are
 well-drained. Sludge is being obtained from  a wastevater treatment
 plant which processes  by  filtration, aeration, settling, and
 nitrification, with some  tertiary treatment  during peak flow. Only 15*
 of the  influent is from industrial  sources,  principally food processors
 and public institutions.  Sludge is  partially stabilized by anaerobic
 digestion, with no chemicals added. Essentially all of the sludge
 generated by the plant is spread on agricultural land, 'Using tracks
 fitted  with spreader pipes.  Local farmers and other citizens are
 accepting sludge spreading and have actively sought their allotments.
 There are no laws or regulations pertaining  to sludge spreading. Cost
 of the  project is estimated  at $17.76/dry ton. Slodge, soil, and plant
 analyses have been made to characterize the  stabilized sludge and to
 determine metals, molybdenum, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and
 microbes. (Retained in SWIHS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; IHDOSTRT;  LAND; MISSOURI;
 MUNICIPALITY; SITBS; SLDDGE; SPREADING
    (11) HIERARCH TERMS:  1EP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
    (15) STIBS ACC.BO.: OOS45952
    (16) CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH,  0.S. Environmental  Protection
 Agency, 1976.  p.142-191.
    (1) SBIRS ACC.NO.:  046898
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPEt  G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Wilmington, Ohio.
    (5) CORPORATE AUTHOR:  SCS Engineers, Inc
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Municipal Sludge  Agricultural Utilization
Practices.  An Environmental Assessment.  Y. H.   (8) REPORT HO.:
SW-156c   (9) CONTRACT NO.:  68-01-3265
    (10) LANGDAGK:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1US/2OH   (10) PUB. YEAH:   1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  An environmental assessment was performed for
Wilmington, Ohio, with relation to landspreading sludge on agricultural
sites. The site description gives information on location, physical
conditions, and farming practices. The climate is continental, with a
wide range of annual temperatures featuring heavy winter snows and warm
and humid sumners. Two basic soil series, Fincastle and Xenia
(predominant), are in the treatment/control sites, and are moderately
well-drained. Sludge is obtained from a conventional activated sludge
sewage treatment plant that incorporates about 25X industrial wastes,
including metal products, milling and machined tools, paper products,
electrical switches, and hydraulic valves. The treatment plant utilizes
                                    99

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
two-stage anaerobic digestion processing, and sludge is spread fro* a
tank truck with baffles. There is no public opposition to the
landspreading practice, and there are no government regulations
concerning landspreading. Cost of the project is estimated at
$24.42/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant analyses were perfor»ed to
characterize the stabilized sludge and to determine metals,  molybdenum,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.  (Retained in SWIBS
library).
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; LAUD; MUNICIPALITY;
OHIO;  SITES; SLUDGE; SPREADING
    (1ft)  HIEPAHCH TERMS:  1EP ; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS45951
    (16)  CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, n.s. Environmental Protection
Agency,  1978.  p.93-141.
    (1) SWISS ACC.NO.:  046897
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  2*   (2) StJBJ.TTPE:  G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Las Tirgenes, California.
    (5) CORPORATE AUTHORi  SCS Engineers, Inc
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Municipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices.  An Environmental Assessment.  ?. IT.   (8) REPORT NO.:
SH-156c   (9) CONTRACT NO.:  68-01-3265
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN  (10) GEO. AREA:  1US/2CA   (10) PDB. YEAR:   1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  An environmental assessment was perfoned for Las
firgenes, California, with relation to landspreading sludge for
agricultural use. The site description gives information on location,
physical conditions, and farming practices. The climate is mild year
round, and the region is protected from extrene conditions with a
growing season of approximately 320 days. Both sludge treated and
control fields are characterized as well-drained, silty clay loam  of
the Salinas series. Sludge is obtained from an activated sludge process
sewage treatment plant, incorporating about 10% industrial wastes.
Sludge is stabilized in aerobic digestion processes, and is dumped at
land sites from a truck for bulldozer distribution. There is local
opposition to sludge landspreading, partially due to offensive odors,
but there are no government regulations for sludge spreading at the
site. Cost of the project during one year of operation is estimated at
$116.18/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant analyses were performed to
characterize the stabilized sludge and to determine metals, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.  (Retained in S9IRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; CALIFORNIA; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; LAND;
MUNICIPALITY; SITES; SLUDGE; SPREADING
    (14) HTERAHCH TERMS:  1EP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS45950
    (16) CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978.  p.48-92.
    (1) SWIRS  ACC.NO.:  046896
    (2) DOMESTIC:   D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPB:   G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Macon, Georgia.
    (5) CORPORATE AUTHOR:  SCS Engineers, Inc
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  in Municipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices.  An Environmental Assessment.  V. H.   (8) REPORT  NO.:
SW-156c   (9)  CONTRACT NO.:  68-01-3265
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:  1US/2GE   (10) PUB. YEAH:   1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  An environmental  assessment was performed  for Hacon,
Georgia,  in relation to landspreading of sludge for agricultural
utilization.  The site description gives information on location,
physical  conditions, and farming practices.  The climate  has no
extremes, with infrequent storms, and an average growing season of  246
                                    100

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                      LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
days.  Soils  in the area are  in the  Chewacla-Wehadkee-Congaree
association, ranging  from well to poorly  drained. Sludge was  obtained
fro» a municipal  sewage treatment plant with  about 30% industrial
derivation,  including edible oils,  poultry  processing, fertilizer fro»
tannery wastes, textile dyes, and zipper  manufacturing and dyeing.
Sludge stabilization  is anaerobic and  in  two  stages,  spreading sludge
is accomplished fro*  a tanlc-fitted  true*. Public attitudes toward
sludge spreading  are  positive, and  there  are  no guidelines or
legislation  governing the sludge spreading  program. Costs of  the
spreading program over a four-year  period are analyzed, showing an
average annual cost of $7.24/dry ton.  Sludge, soil, and plant analyses
were performed to characterize the  stabilized sludge  and to determine
metals, selenium, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.
 (Retained in SWIHS.library).
    (12) KEYWORDS: A6RICOLTD BE;  DISPOSAL; GEORGIA; INDUSTRY;  LAND;
S0BTCIPALITY; SITES;  SLUDGE; SPREADING
    (14) HIERARCH  TERMS:  1EP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
    (15) STIBS ACC.HO.t 00345949
    (16) CITATIOH: Cincinnati, OH,  U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. p.1-47.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   046895
    (2)  DOBESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:  G
    (5)  CORPORATE  AUTHOR:   SCS Engineers,  Inc
    (6)  BOOK  TITLE:   Hunicipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices.   An Environmental Assessment.   V. II.   (8)  REPORT HO.:
SW-156C  (9)  COHTHACT  HO.:  68-01-3265
    (10)  LANGUAGE:   ES   (10)  GEO.  AREA:  10S/2CA;  1US/2GE; 1OS/2IB;
1OS/2KY;  1US/2BR;  1US/2OH; 1US/2WW   (10)  PUB. TEAR:   1978
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   Environmenta-1  assessments are  presented for nine
locations with respect to landspreading of sludge for agricultural
utilization. Each  assessment gives  information on the description of
the site, climate,  soil,  source and type  of sludge,  public attitudes
toward  landspreading of sludge, state and local regulations on sludge
spreading, economics,  and sampling  and analysis.  The locations include:
Bacon,  Georgia; Las Virgenes, California; Wilmington,  Ohio;
Springfield, Hissouri; Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin; Bopkinsville,
Kentucky; Frankfort, Indiana; Kendallville,  Indiana; and Columbus,
Indiana.  (Retained  in  SWIRS  library).
    (12)  KEYWORDS:   AGRICULTURE; CALIFORNIA;  DISPOSAL;  GEORGIA; INDIANA;
INDUSTRY; KENTUCKY; LAND; MISSOURI; BUNICIPALITY; OHIO;  SITES; SLUDGE;
SPREADING; WISCONSIN
    (14)  HIERARCH TERBS:  IBP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/20T
    (15)  STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS45948
    (16)  CITATION:   Cincinnati, OH,  U.S. Environmental  Protection
Agency,  1978. 425  p.
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:  046699
    (2)  DOBESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY :   24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   S; T
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Herson A
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  Land Based Sewage Sludge Hangement Alternatives for
Los  Angeles:  Evaluation and Comparison.
    (8)  »TIS SO.:  PB-262 423
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1US/2CA/3LS   (10) FOB. YEAR:
1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Research was initiated to investigate the costs,
energy  requirements, and environmental and social impacts of recycling
liquid  sludge to grow crops in the Antelope Valley of California, and
to compare this agricultural alternative with proposals to dry sludge
in the  Antelope Valley in evaporation ponds and landfill and to dispose
of sludge after dewatering in a landfill. The study was conducted in
response to directives issued by the Environmental Protection Agency
                                    101

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
and the California State Water Resources Control Board that ocean
discharge of sludge from the Hyperion treat»ent plant had to be
discontinued by the end of  1976 unless sludqe was treated to «eet
discharge limitations. Because such treatment appeared to be
economically infeasible, consideration was given to the agricultural
use of sludge. The findings of the research indicated that the
agricultural alternative was the Most expensive and energy intensive
and that the evaporation pond alternative was the least expensive  and
energy intensive. The landfill alternative was intermediate in terms of
cost, but its energy requirements were similar to the agricultural
alternative. The agricultural and evaporation pond alternatives  were
better in terms of environmental and social impact than the landfill
alternative. A bibliography is provided, and additional information on
the research effort is appended.  (Retained in SWISS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; BIBLIOGRAPHY; CALIFORNIA: DISPOSAL;
DRYING; ECONOMICS; ENERGY;  ENVIRONMENT; EVAPORATION; LIQtJID;
MUNICIPALITY; RECLAMATION;  RESEARCH; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE;
TREATMENT;  WASTE WATER
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:   1DP/2MX; 1EC/2C6; 1EN/2UT;  1EP;  1BP;  1SP/2DP
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS45751
    (16) CITATIONr  Washington, DC, Office of Water Research and
Technology, Jun'. 1976.  127 p.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  046301
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  21   (2) SDBJ.TYPE:  G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Soil incorporation of municipal solid wastes.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Phung HT
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Public Works
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1DS/2TK/3HU   (10) PUB. YEAH:
1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The practice of soil  incorporation, in which waste
material is spread and mixed with surface soil, is examined as an
alternative to sanitary landfill. In Houston, Texas, an EPA sponsored
study has been assessing the effects of  shredded refuse, dry sludge,
and chemical fertilizer separately and together on crop yield, soil and
water quality. The purpose of another soil enrichment program in Odessa
is to:  (1) dispose of wastes and (2) improve soil fertility by
increasing soil organic matter content and water holding capacity.
Sewage sludge and septic tank effluent are also applied. Limited
results indicate that, correctly managed, soil incorporation poses less
of an environmental threat than a conventional sanitary landfill.
Problems of inadequate spreading and turning equipment, littering, and
the unknown long-term effect on health of this practise are cited.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; CROP; DECOMPOSE; EARTH; EPA; EQUIPMENT;
HEALTH; HOUSTON; LITTER; MUNICIPALITY; PROBLEMS; QUALITY; HEFOSE;
RESEARCH; SLDDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; TEXAS; WATER
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1MY/2UT; 1RP
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS45351  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Boss DE
    (16) CITATION:  108(11):76-78, Nov. 1977.
    (1)  SKIRS  ACC.NO.:   0*5729
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   01   (2)  SUBJ.TYPB:   s
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Kover  FD
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  Considerations  Relating  to  Toxic  Substances  in  the
Application of  Municipal  Sludge to  Cropland  and  Pastureland  (A
Background Summary).
    (8)  BTIS WO.:   PB 263  006   (8) REPORT  NO.:   EPA  560/8-76-004
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Background information on potential  health  hazards
                                   102

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                     LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
from toxic substances fro* disposal and utilization of mnicipal sludge
on agricultural lands, particularly croplands  and  pastnrelands where
products enter the human food chain,  is presented. Toxic elements and
synthetic organic chemical substances known  to be  present in such
sludges are listed as mercury, motor  oil additives, flow entrainment
fro« water-carrying pipes (lead, copper, cadmium,  zinc, and antimony),
street runoff, detergents, laundry products, and consumer products such
as pesticides and organics. Factors affecting  plant uptake of toxic
substances may include soil/sludge pB, organic content, cation exchange
capacity, soil distribution and variables, plant age,  species, rooting
depth, and climatic (seasonal) effects. It is  concluded that additional
data on plant uptake and on chronic effects  of low-level dietary
exposure to trace elements and substances entering the food chain fro*
sewage sludge are needed, with principal concern for contamination by
heavy Metals and pesticides.  (Retained in SWIHS library).
   (12) KEYWORDS:  AGBICDLTOBE; DAIRY; DISPOSAL; HEALTH; LAHD;
nOHICIPALITY; SAFETY; SLUDGE; TOXIC
   (11) HIBBARCH TEBMS:  1DD/2DK; 1DD/2DR; 1HB; 1TD
   (15) STIHS ACC.HO.:  OOS4«778
   (16) CITATION!  Washington, DC, 0.S. Environmental  Protection
Agency, Hov. 1976.  2ft p.
    (1) SWIBS ACC.NO.:  0452J6
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   22   (2)  SUSJ.TYPE:   T
    (5) CORPORATE AUTHOR:  Land quality Management  Oiv
    (6) BOOK TITLE:   In Sanitary  Laudfill  Operator's  naaual.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EH   (10)  G£0.  AREA:   1US/2IA   (10) PUB.  YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Guidelines for the disposal of  sewage sludge in a
sanitary landfill issued by tne  Iowa Department  of  Environmental
Quality are outlined. Only stabilized sewage sludge  should  be accepted.
Problems associated  with the disposal of  sewage  sludge  in a landfill
include: the spread  of pathogens; the production of  increased leachate;
odor;  damage to equipment; and coupaction difficulties.  Sewage sludge
disposal is governed by the heavy metals  content,  the ratio of solid
waste  volume to sludge content,  moisture  conttnt and the degree of
treatment. Three methods of sewage  sludge disposal  may  ce  used. The
sethods include: mixing the sludge  with solid waste  and  burying;
landfilling the sludge in an area separate  from  the  operating area; and
land spreading. The  different operations  for each  method of disposal
are described. Operator procedures  for accepting sewage  sludge are
noted. Forms and calculations for approximating  the  volume  of liquid
wastes that can be accepted at a sanitary landfill  per  day  of operation
are included.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  IOWA; LEACH;  HANAGEMENT;  METAL; ODOR; PATHOGEN;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SEWAGE; SLUDGE;  SOLID; TREATHEHT;  WATER
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1DU/2DP; 1SD/2SG;  1SF;  1SI/2S2
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS44283
    (16) CITATION:  Des Moines, Iowa, Iowa Dept.  of  Environ.  Duality,
Hay 1977.  p.68-76.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO. :  045047
    (2) DOMESTIC:  F   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S
    (3) AETICLE TITLE:  Potential tor  parasitic  disease  transmission
with  land application  of sewage plant effluents and sludges.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Hays BD
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Water research
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAB:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  A review of literature  pertaining  to land
application of sewage sludge- and sewage  plant effluents shows that
primary and secondary treatment, anaerobic sludge digestion,  and
routine disinfection do not destroy all  parasitic forms whose cysts and
                                  103

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING,  DISPOSAL OR USE
eggs are very  resistant in  field conditions.  Documented  disease
transnission to  humans from land application  programs is related  only
to use of raw  sewage. Animal disease  transmission  has been tound
related to  untreated and partially  treated  sewage.  Destruction of all
pathogenic  foras can be assured by  minimum  heating  of material at 60C
for 30 minutes.  Parasitic disease transnission can  be reduced by
controlling the  types of land to which  these  sewage plant products are
applied. Parasitic disease  transmission should be  considered when
developing  technology and/or management approaches  to land application
of sewage plant  products for soil enrichment  purposes.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; ANAEROBIC;  ANIMAL;  DIGESTION; DISEASE;
HUMAN; LAND; LITERATURE; HANAGEHENT;  PABASlTE; PATHOGEN; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE; SPREADING; STERILIZE; TEHt>EtATOhE;  TREATMENT
    (14) HIEEARCH TEEMS:  1PC; 1SI/1S4;  1 SI/2S9
    (15) STIHS  ACC.NO.:  OOS44093
    (16) CITATION:  11 (7) :583-595, 1977.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  044678
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY: . 24   (2) SBBJ.TTPE:   G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Kansas treatment plant uses subsurface  injection
of sludge.
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Hater and Sewage Works
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EH   (10) GEO. AREA:  1OS/2KS   (10) FOB.  TEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The Municipal wastewater treat*ent plant at
Manhattan, Kansas is described. It incorporates subsurface  injection of
sludge on farmlands to utilize nutrients  for growing crops, and
preloading of the poorly consolidated soils to prevent  excessive
settlement because of applied loads. There is no  primary sedimentation
in the treatment process. To meet power failure,  duplication of power
supply and treatment components are included. The plant is  of  the
complete mixed, activated sludge type, designed to meet national
requirements. The layout is designed to facilitate future population
growth. It is a compact, attractive facility, designed  to provide
convenient and pleasant working conditions. Site  conditions are
detailed. An interceptor sewer was constructed near a flood control
levee. It and the pumping station are designed to handle maximum  wet
weather conditions. Schematic diagrams display the liquid and  solid
phases of treatment. Treatment results have been  good throughout  the
startup period and continue to improve. Operating results indicate that
the plant can easily meet current discharge standards.  Plant costs are
given.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; EARTH; ECONOMICS; FERTILIZER;  KANSAS;
LAHD; HUNICIPALITT; SLBDGE; THBATHEUT
    (14) HIBRARCH TERMS:  1CF/2DB; 1PD/2DP; 1EA/2EA;  1FA/2EI; 1MJ/2NA;
1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S9
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  00543722
    (16) CITATION:  124(3) :42-44, March  1977.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO. :  044527
    (21 DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Crop and system  management  for sludge
application to agricultural land.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Miller hH
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Otxio Ayri tt  and  D  Center  Research Bull
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This article contains  a  number  of  considerations
important for  uanag ing the farming operation  when sludge  is  applied to
land. The design and  management of  each site will  require  the
coordinated efforts of the tarmer and/or  farm  manager,  the treatment
plant operator, and agricultural engineers.  Proper site  selection prior
to  sludge application greatly simplifies  soil  management.  The  article
                                   104

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                     LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
  discusses various management  considerations which include the
  establishment  and maintenance of  a  pH greater than 6.S;  soil drainage
  characteristics; the  amount of phosphorous contained in  the sludge so
  as  to  avoid overfertilizatiou ot  the soil; runoff control of surface
  applied  sludge  so as  to  avoid contamination ot surface waters; and crop
  selection. The  timing of the  operations is also emphasized and
  discussed in terms  of climate,  soil properties,  the crops, the tillage,
  planting, harvesting  procedures employed,  and heroicide  applications.
     (12)  KEYWORDS:   AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL;  EARTH;  i'AKM; FEBTILIZEfi;
  LAND;  MANAGEMENT; SITES;  SLUOGE
     (14)  HlfiBARCH TERMS:   1D0/2DU;  1i'A/2EY; 1MA/2HH; 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S9
     (15)  STIMS  ACC.NO.:   OOS43572
     (16)  CITATION:   (109):4.1-4.4, Oct.  1976.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  044158
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   20   (2)  SUBJ.TYPB:   S;  1
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Recycling elements  in wastes through soil-plant
systems.
    (4) AUTHOR:  Kardos LT
    (6> BOOK TITLE:  In Elliott, L.  ¥.,  P.  J. Stevenson, and C. R.
Prink, eds.  Soils for Management of Organic Hastes and Waste Haters.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. TEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Agricultural waste, especially  manures,were in
great demand for their use as fertilizers,  prior to their Manufacture.
Animal and plant residues were returned to  the  soil to  enhance
production of another crop, which in turn  could  be  returned to the food
chain. Recently, several factors have contributed to a  larger concern
for the application of organic vaste, not  only  from agriculture,  but
from many other sources to land surfaces.  The supply of available
energy has become critical, the human population has burgeoned, and
concern for the preservation of land, water, and air resources and
quality for future mankind has developed.  Standards for air and water
quality have been established and mast  be  met prior to  approved
disposal of waste products. Costs for producing a marketable product
must include the cost of waste management  to meet the quality
standards. Thus, the economics of waste management  have emerged,  with
land application of the waste product becoming  a significant
consideration. Emphasis in this chapter will be given to use of the
plant and soil as vehicles whereby  chemical  elements in municipal waste
waters, sewage sludges, municipal solid wastes,  food processing wastes,
industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes  may  be recycled  in
agricultural production.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; ANIMAL; CASHING; COHPOST; CHOP;
EFPLOBNT; FERTILIZER; INDUSTRY; MANURE; MUNICIPALITY; PAPER;
RECLAMATION; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1AB/2AD; 1PA/2EY;  1IC/2JA; 1HB/2MP; 1MJ/2HA;
1SP; 1SI
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS43201  (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Scarsbrook
CE; folk TV
    (16) CITATION:  Madison, WI, American Society of Agronomy, 1977.
p. 301-324 .
   (1)  SWIHS  ACC.HO.:   013948
   (2)  DOUESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPEt  S
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Gilley  JR
   (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR:  Nebraska  University
   (6)  BOOK TITLE:  Municipal  wastes as a  Fertilizer Source.
   (8)  NTIS NO.:  PB-256206
   (9)  GRANT  NO.:  14-34-0006-6028
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:   1976
                                   105

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (11) ABSTRACT:  HnnicLpal sewage water, sludges  and effluent  can  be
used on land for crop production with benefits for  both  agricultural
and urban interests, but the waste and the land Bust  be  carefully
•anaged to achieve favorable results. Successful land utilization  of
•unicipal wastes for crop production requires the usual  basis soils,
climate and crop information. However, because of the nature of  the
material being placed on the land and public reaction to it, soil  plant
Management information beco»es even more important. The  objective  in
many waste application systems is tomaximize waste  application to  the
land while preventing environmental contamination and in addition
produce an acceptable crop yield. Accomplishing this  often  requires
considerable adjustments from the usual crop and soil management
practices. Organic wastes can be used safely and effectively to
increase soil productivity if proper precautions are  taken  concerning
heavy metals, toxic chemicals, nitrate leaching, erosion losses  and
undesirable odors. When applied at crop use rates and with  proper  soil
management, most municipal wastes present no serious  environmental
hazards and should be considered a resource that agriculture can very
well use.  (Retained in SffIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; CHEMICAL; CROP; DISPOSAL; EFFLUENT;
FERTILIZER; LAND; LEACH; MANAGEMENT; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; NITROGEN;
ODOR; ORGANIC; PHOSPHORUS; PRODUCE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SOIL; TOXIC;
UTILIZE
    (14) HIBRARCH TERHS:  1HA/2HD; 1BJ/2NA; 1SI/2S9
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS42990
    (16) CITATION:  Washington, DC, U.S. Department  of the Interior-
1976.  14 p.
    (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO. :   043892
    (2)  DOHESTIC:   0  (2)  CATEGORY;   07  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S; 1
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In  Land Application of Residuals.  Proceedings:
 Enqineerinq Foundation  Conference,  Kaston, MD, Sep. 26-Oct. 1, 1976.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The  application  of residuals to land was the subject
 cf a 1976 conference held in Saston, Maryland. Conference presentations
 dealt with the land disposal of hazardous waste, tht application of an
 environmental evaluation procedure  to solid waste disposal, composting
 cf sewaqe sludge, hydrogeological factors in landfill management, a
 recycle and reclamation program involving the application of organic
 typroducts of waste water to strip mine spoil, the fate of heavy metals
 from metal finishing and tne land disposal of solid waste, the
 utilization of a mixing zone for leachate management, gas and leachate
 from baled and shredded solid waste, residuals management, gas
 transport phenomena and modeling, the public role in sanitary landfill
 site selection, and the use ot flexible liners in landfills.  (Retained
 in SWIBS library) .
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  BY-PRODUCT; COMPOSTING; DISPOSAL; GASSES; GEOLOGIC;
 bAZABDOUS; HYDfiOLOGY;  LAND; LEACH;  L1NEE; MANAGEMENT; METAL; ORGANIC;
 RECLAMATION; RESIDUB;  SANITAKY LANDt'ILL; SEHAGE; SITi.S; SLUDGE; SOLID;
 SASTE WATER
    (14)  HIEBAfiCH TERMS:  1CF/2DB; 1DD/2DO; 1HA/2HF; 1LC;  1MA/2MH; ISb
    (15)  STIBS ACC.NO.:   OOS42935
    (16)  CITATION:  New York, NY, American Society of Civil Engineers,
 1976.  183 p.


    (1)  SWIRS ACC.SO.:   043755
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   07  (2)  SUBJ.TTPEr  G
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   A methodology for assessing land application of
 sludges and wastewaters.
    (U)  AUTHOR:  Chatterjee S
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In  Proceedings:  23rd Annual Technical Meeting of
 the Institute of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Technology *77,
 Los Angeles, CA, Apr.  25-27, 1977.
                                    106

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                    LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EH   (10) GBO.  AREA:   10S/2FL;  10S/2OH  (10)  PDB.
TBAF:  1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  An overview of  computerized  aethods for the  regional
assessment of land application systems utilizing  municipal sludge and
waste water is provided. It is stated that  a  comprehensive methodology
for land application assessment should be based on  economic feasibility
and environmental adequacy. Land  suitability  criteria establish a set
of relationships by which  the environmental implications of a land
application system can  be  assessed or rated.  Such criteria have been
developed for the land  application of sludge, waste water by
irrigation, waste water by overland flow, and waste water by
infiltration and percolation. A five step planning  methodology for land
application assessment  is  proposed: (1)  establish sludge/waste water
suitability;  (2) establish application rate criteria; (3) establish
land suitability criteria  and identify appropriate  environmental
parameters;  («t) classify map areas; and  (5)  analyze data. Land
suitability criteria developed by the Ohio  environmental Protection
Agency and the Hiami Valley Regional Planning Commission in Florida are
presented in tabular form.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; CRITERIA; DATA;  DISPOSAL; IRRIGATION;
LAHD; HDBICIPALITT; PLANNING; PROCESS; REGIONAL;  SLUDGF; SYSTEM;
UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
    (1H) HIBRAHCH TERMS:  1MJ/2M8; 1PM;  1SI/2S2
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS«2798
    (16) CITATION:  nt.  Prospect,  IL, Institute  of Environmental
Sciences,  1977.  p.107-111*.
     |1)  SWISS  ACC.NO.:   043412
     (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CAThGOHY:   24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G
     (3)  ABTICLE  TITLE:   What's  new  in sludge manageaent?
     (6)  JOURNAL  TITLE:   Civil ^engineering
     (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB.  YEAR:   1977
     (11) ABSTRACT:  Highlights  are presented from tte third national
  conference  on sludge  aanagement,  sponsored by the Environaental
  Protection  Agency, the  National scitnce Foundation,  and Information
  Transfer, Inc.  Agency,  the  National  Science Foundation, and Iniormatioa
  Transfer, Inc.  Chicago's  "Nu Earth"  giveaway program is more productive
  at  $55  to 60/dry ton  total  cost than efforts at heat drying or hauling.
  EPA is  attempting  to  issue  guidelines on environmental factors
  associated  with municipal sludge  management through  its Construction
  Grants  Program.  Labor and bulKing  agent costs are the most important
  operational costs  in  the  forced air,  static pile technique of
  composting. The role  of intonating  and involving the  immediate and
  extended lay  and professional  communities in the early stages ot
  planning a sludge  management pro-ject was emphasized. The new solid
  waste legislation  (PL 94-580)   includes  municipal sewage sludge in the
  definition  of solid waste and  reguires  that guidelines and criteria be
  established for the disposal of solid wastes.  A report was presented on
  the Agriculture Department's beltsville,  Maryland,  forced aeration,
  static  pile composting  project.
     (12)  KEYWORDS:  CHICAGO; COMPOSTING;  CONFERENCE;  CONSTRUCTION;
  DISPOSAL; DOA;  EPA; GH&NT;  LAW; MANAGEMENT;  MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING;
  PUBLIC  RELATIONS;  SLUDGE; STANDARD
     (14)  UIERABCH TERMS:   1DD/2DP;  1LB/2LD;  1MA/2MD;  1 SI
     (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS42455
     (16)  CITATION:  47(2): 16-22, Feb.  1977.
                                  107

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE  PROCESSING,  DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SBIRS ACC.NO.:  042320
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  24  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Sewage sludge and effluent use in agriculture.
    (4)  AOTflOB:  Dowdy HH
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  In Land Application of Waste Materials.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) FOB. YBAB:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Guidelines are presented for the application of
 slndge to cropland with minimal site monitoring and environmental
 degradation. Sewage slndge stabilization,  disposal, and use are
 considered, as well as the municipal treatment of sewage. Particular
 attention is given to primary treatment involving the sedimentation of
 solids, anaerobic or aerobic digestion, composting, heat drying,
 lagoons, and oxidation ponds, the composition of sludge and effluent is
 analyzed. Potential hazards in the application of sewage sludge to land
 are noted. These hazards relate to the presence of heavy metals in
 soil, pathogens, nitrogen, phosphorus, and salts. Potential problems in
 the application of sewage sludge to land are identified as public
 acceptance, odor, and edaphic factors. Agricultural benefits of sewage
 sludge application are detailed. Equipment needed for applying sewage
 and effluent to agricultural land is described and illustrated.
 Guidelines for land spreading are outlined, with emphasis on site
 selection, nitrogen, metals, and monitoring.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; CHEMICAL; DISPOSAL; EFPLOEHT;
 HAZARDOUS; LAND; MANAGEMENT; HETAL; HOHICIPALITT; PATHOGEN; PROBLEMS;
 SEWAGE; SLODGE; SPREADING; UTILIZE
    (14) HIERARCH TERHS:  1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S4; 1SJ
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS41364  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Epstein E;
 Larson FE
    (16) CITATION:  Ankeny, IA, soil Conservation Society of America,
 1976. p. 138-153.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  042312
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  22   (2) SUBJ.TYPB:  G
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Land application of waste materials.
    («) AUTHOR:  Carlson CW
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Land Application of Waste Materials.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The effective disposal of waste materials on
agricultural land is explored. Consideration is given to the increasing
amount of refuse that must be disposed of and the public concern about
air and water pollution and its influence on ecology. Three methods of
waste disposal are noted:  (1) burning; (2) dumping into surface water;
and (3) applying waste to land. Soil, with a significant buffering
capacity, is viewed as one ot the best methods for managing waste with
the least damage to the environment. It is estimated that municipal
slndge produced annually is worth about $140 million as fertilizer.
Attention is given to methods of handling and spreading animal waste on
agricultural land, as well as to restrictive State and Federal
regulations developed to minimize water, air, and soil pollution from
urban waste. Types of waste that can be used on cropland are identified
as municipal garbage, sewage effluent and sludge and waste from food
processing plants. Efforts made by the Energy Research and Development
Administration to utilize residues from coal fired boilers are
examined.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; BENEFIT; DISPOSAL; EARTH; FERTILIZER;
LAND; MUNICIPALITY; POLLUTION; REGULATIONS; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; UTILIZE
    (14) HIERARCH TERHS:  1DD/2DP; 1SI/2S9; 1SJ
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS41356
    (16) CITATION:  Ankeny, IA, Soil Conservation Society of America,
1976. p. 2-5.
                                  108

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                     LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
     (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  012297
     (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  21   (2) SUBJ.TYPES  G
     (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  Sewage is untapped bonus for Nebraskans.
     (1) AUTHOR:  Chesnin L
     (6) JOURNAL TITLE:  Nebraska Agric Experimental Sta Onarterly
     flO) LAN6DAGE:  EH   (10) GEO. AREA:   1US/2NB   (10) FOB. TEAR:   1976
     (11) ABSTRACT:  The application of sewage to agricultural cropland
 in Nebraska is described. Heavy metal constituents of sewage sludge
 from one city in Nebraska are compared.  Data on maxima amounts of
 these constituents that should exist in  any sludge being considered  for
 crop production purposes are tabulated.  For heavy metals such as  zinc,
 copper, lead, and nickel, it is shown that sewage sludge from the city
 is significantly below the maximum level suggested for the land
 application of sewage sludge for crop production. Approximately 90,800
 tons of solid sewage waste are generated in Nebraska annually. The
 costs of burying sewage sludge in landfills range from $2 to $25  per
 ton. It is stated that  recycling sewage sludge and effluent through
 agricultural soils provides a free source of plant nutrients and
 irrigation water to NebrasKan farmers and lowers taxes for urban  and
 suburban dwellers.
     (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; COST REDUCTION; CROP; DISPOSAL;
 FERTILIZER; IRRIGATION; LAND; METAL; HUNICIPALITY; HEBRASKA;
 BECLAHATION; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TAXES; UTILIZE
     (1«») HIERARCH TERHS:  1FA; 1SI/2S9; 1SJ
     |15) STtHS ACC.NO.:  OOS413«1
     (16) CITATION:  23(3):21-22, Autumn 1976.
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   041972
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   2H   (2)  SOBJ.TYPE:   T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:   Subsurface application  solves community's sludge
disposal problem.
    (6)  JOORNAL TITLE:   Public  Works
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1US/2PA/3LC  (10)  PUB. YEAH:
1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  In Lancaster, Pennsylvania, subsurface  application
of raw  sludge has eliminated tine consuming, costly step in the sludge
treatment process and has proved an  acceptable longterm  solution to the
plant's sewage sludge disposal problem.  The  project is closely
scrutinized by the State Department  of Environmental Resources and, so
far, application is not permitted on land producing crops  for human
consumption.  Using the Big Wheels unit,  600  to 800  gal/min can be
injected and  knifed into the land surface, thus eliminating runoff and
odor. Heavy-metal contamination presents the biggest longtera
complication. Big Wheels has eliminated  soil compaction  problems
encountered using sludge trucks. Big Wheels  even makes surface
application of digested sludge more  successful. By  injecting sludge
below the surface the farmer is saved plowing  time  and his fertilizer
costs are cut by $35 an acre.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; CONTROL; COST  REDUCTION; DISPOSAL;
EQUIPHENT; FAPM; LAND; HETAL;  HDN1CIPALITY;  ODOR; PENHSYLVANIA;  SLDDGE;
SOIL CONDITIONER
   (11) HIERARCH TERMS:  1FA;  1HO/2NA; 1SI/2S2
   (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS41016
   (16) CITATION:  107(12):67-68, Dec. 1976.
                                   109

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1) SHIES ACC.NO.:  011907
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:   T
    (4) AUTHOR:  Andrew RC   (10) GBO. AREA:  105/211.   (10)  FOB.  TEAR:
1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The Sanitary District of Springfield, Illinois,  has
recently began to use two sites for liquid disposal  of  anaerobically
digested sludge. Permanent underdrainage is provided at each
installation and each systen has permanent force mains  to allow spray
irrigation of the sludge. Preliminary findings  from  the aerobic
disposal area associated with the Sugar Creek Treatment Plant are
reported. It was found that for the initial 18  months of operation,
biochemical oxygen demand removal was 99. 96 percent and suspended
solids reduction was 99. 98 percent. The reduction in fecal coliform
counts was also greater than 99 percent. Relatively  small amounts of
phosphates leached into the underdrain water, nitrate nitrogen  levels
were quite low initially but increased each month. These preliminary
data did not indicate any appreciable accumulation of chromium, lead,
cadmium, or nickel.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANAEROBIC; BOD; COLIFOBH; CONTROL; DISPOSAL;
ILLIKOTS; IRRIGATION; LAND; LBACH; LIQDID; METAL; MUNICIPALITY;
PATHOGEN; PHOSPHATE; SITES; SLODGE
    (14) BIERARCH TERMS:  1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S3
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS40951   (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Troemper AP
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Andrew, R. C.  , and A. P. Troenper.  Underflow from
sludge—irrigated cropland. Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 49(1):161-168, Jan. 1977.
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  041676
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  3  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPK:  G
   (4)  ADTHOE:  Ardern DA  (10)  GEO. AREA:  1EU/2UK   (10)  PUB. YEAH:
1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The Lea Division operations in Great Britain  for  the
utilization of municipal sludge on agricultural lands ace  described.  In
the Lea Division there is a well tried system of disposal  of  aost
sludge after heated digestion and thickening in lagoons and secondary
digesters. This system uses small tankers  with capacity between  1,000
and 1,500 Imp. qallons on lour whael drive chassis. There  is  a large
amount of permanent grassland near most  of the larger sewage  works in
the division, some used tor graziny either by strip or  paddock systems,
the rest for hay or silage. The high content of nitrogen in the  sludge
•akes it a very suitable fertilizer for  this crop. The  normal method  of
application is to spread once per year at  rates between 5,000 and
10,000 qallons per acre, with the most usual rate being about 7,000.
The demand for sludge by farmers is so great that it is impossible to
meet, particularly in summer. It appears probable that  within a  short
tioe sludge treatment will be concentrated at only 11 ot the  53  works
in the Division and hand lifting of undigested sludge will be
practically abolished. When tais has been  done, approximately two
thirds of the sludge will be digested and  disposed of to agricultural
land, the other third being pressed. Of  the pressed cake,  about  one
half will be used on arable land after composting and the  rest will  be
used as cover to landfill sites and other  similar uses.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; ANALYSIS;  ECONOMICS; EUROPE;
PERTILIZER; GREAT BRITAIN; LAW; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY;  NITROGEN;
SLODGE; UTILIZE
   (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S9; 1VC
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS40720
   (18)  DOC.CI1.:  Ardern, I). A. The agricultural use of aunicipal
sludge. In Loehr, R. C. Land as a Waste  Management Alternative:
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ann Arbor, SI, Anu Arbor Science Publishers Inc.  , 1977.  p.
583-602.
                                  110

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                    LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
    (1)  SHIES ACC.NO.:  041652
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  o  (2)  CATEGORY:  10   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  s; T
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Sedita SJ   (10) GEO, AREA:  1HF; 1SI/2SU;  1SI/259   (10)
 POB.  YEAR:  1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Examination is made of  the public  health aspects  of
 digested sludge application to land as concerns microbial
 concentration, survival in soils, and potential to cause disease in
 humans and animals. It is concluded that disease transmission  is not a
 significant problem with municipal sludge  application  sites when those
 sites are adequately monitored; also contamination risk to surfice  or
 qroundwater quality in terms ot indicator  organism or  viruses  is
 sinimal.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; BACTERIA; DISEASE; DISPOSAL;
 IFFECT;  HEALTH; HUHAN; LAND; MANAGEMENT; BONITOK;  PATHOGEN; SALMONELLA;
 SLUDGE;  VIRUS
    (14)  HIERAHCH TERMS:  1SJ
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS40t>96   (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Bertwcci  JJ;
 C'Brien P
    (18)  DOC.CIT.;  Sedita, S. J. , P. O'Brien, and J.  J. Bertwcci.
 Public health aspects of digested sludge utilization.  In Loehr,  K.  C.
 Land as a Haste Management Alternative:  Proceedings  of  the 1976  Cornell
 Agricultural Haste Management Conterence.  Ann Arbor,  HI, Ann Arbor
 Science Publishers Inc. , 1977. p. 391-410.
     (1) SWTRS ACC.BO.:  041648
     (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   10   (2)  SUBJ.TYPEr   S;  T
     (4) AUTHOR:  Strauch D   (10) GEO. ABEA:   1ST;  1SI/2S9  (10)  PUB.
 YEAR:  1977
     (11) ABSTRACT:  Common hygienic and environmental problems involved
 in the utilization of municipal, agricultural,  and  industrial sludges
 and wastevaters on land ace discussed in detail.  Infectious diseases,
 soil and water contamination, and potentially toxic composition of
 wastes are dealt with. It is recommended that for the benefit of human
 health safety, control measurements be implemented  for  the  handling,
 treatment, and application of sludges and wastewaters to land.
     (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; ETTECT;
 EPIDEMIOLOGY; EUROPE; GERMANY; HEALTH; HUNAN; INDUSTRY; IAHD;
 H0HICIPAIITY; REGULATIONS; SAFETY; SLUDGE; STERILIZE; TREATMENT; BASTE
 WATER
     (14) HIEHARCH TERMS:  1SI/2S4
     (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS40692
     (18) DOC.CIT.:  Stranch, D. Health hazards of  agricultural,
 industrial and municipal wastes applied to land.  In Loehr,  R. C. Land
 as a Waste Management Alternative: Proceedings  of the 1976  Cornell
 Agricultural Waste Plan age me nt Conference. Ann Arbor,  MI,  Ann Arbor
 Science Publishers Inc. , 1977. p. 317-342.


   (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  041633
   (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:  15  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   T
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Morris CE  (10)  GEO. AREA:  1LB/2LG;  1HA/2HG;  1SI/2S2;
iso  (10)  PUB. YEAR:   1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  A  50-State survay was undertaken  by Cornell
University (New York)  for the purposes of creating an  overview of State
regulations and guidelines,  and to evaluate to what  extent waste
management practices  were being regulated. Major trends  which the
states are following  in developing guidelines were identified. It was
found that of 50  States responding,  24 currently have  no regulations or
guidelines for land application. Regulations  and guidelines  nera
categorized into  three parts: system design,  preapplication  water
quality, and general  infoimation. Survey results and recommendations
are given.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  COMPARISON;  DATA; DISPOSAL; LAND;  MANAGEMENT;
                                  ill

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                    SEWAGE  SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; STATE;  SURVEY;  US;  HASTE HATEfl
    (14) HIEEAKCH TEHMS:   1SJ
    (15) STIMS  ACC.NO.:   OGS40677   (15)  SECONDARY AUrHORS:  Jewell HJ ed
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Morris,  C.  E.  ,  and H. J. Jewell. Beyulations aad
guidelines  for  land application of  wastes— a 50-state overview. In
Loehr, R. C. Land  as a  Haste Management Alternative: Proceedinys of tae
1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste  Hanagement Conference. Ann Arbor, HI,
inn Arbor Science  Publishers Inc.  ,  1977. p. 9-28.
   (1) SWIKS ACC.NO.:   041044
   (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SUBJ.TY.PE:  T
   (4) AUTHOR:  Martin  WJ   (10)  GEO. *KEA:   1US/2CO/3DV  (10) PUB.
TEAR:  1975
   (11) ABSTRACT:  Sludge  disposal  alternatives for one district in
Denver, Colorado are assessed. Historical developments in the selection
of disposal alternatives, and problems associated with each alternative
are reviewed. In 1971,  the district authorized their consulting
engineers  to expand the central  waste water treatment, plant and
investigate various sludge handling systeas, including incineration  and
land reclamation. The engineers  recoaaended an agricultural reuse
system. After an additional stuay on the use of anaerobically digested
sludge tor agricultural purposes, a revised agricultural reuse systea
*as presented that incorporated  suggestions irom Denver residents.
Under the  revised systea,  siuayfc treatment  would be accomplished by
single step high rate digestion  at  the central plant. Liquid sludge
would then be delivered iron the central plant to tae distribution site
through a  system of force  Bains  and a booster pumping station. The
dryiny and distribution site woulu  include  approximately 600 acres of
drying basins tor open  air drying or sludge, a storage area for
stockpilinc dried material prior to distribution, an area for
subsurface injection of sludge,  demonstration plots, ana a is cell an eo us
site facilities necessary  for  operation and maintenance. Eight
alternative sludge handling systeas were evaluated, and the
agricultural reuse systeia  was  considered to be the most viable sludge
•a nag erne at system for the  district.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  AGHICULlUKh;  COLORADO;  DEN»LR; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL;
HISl'ORY; MANAGEMENT; SIUjJS; SLUDGE; UTILISE; KASTi. WATER
   (14) HIERAfiCH TERMS:  1EA/2HD; liiI/232
   (15) STIMS ACC.iJO.:   OOS40088  (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:  boyle OD
   (18) DOC.CIT.:  Martin, W.  0. ,  ana J. D. Boyle. Alternatives ror
disposal for the Metropolitan  Ijenver Sewage Disposal District Ho. 1. In
0. S. Environmental Protection 'Agency. Proceeaings; the 1975 National
Conference on Municipal Sludge aanagei&ent and Disposal, Anaheim, CA,
Aug.  18-20, 1975. RocKville, ftD, Inforaation Transfer, Inc. , 1975.  p.
86-90.
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:  040862
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2)  CATt^OKY:   22   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G  (10)  GEO,
ARJA:  1US/2NJ;  1US/2NY/JNY   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The disposal  o£ stabilized dewatered sludge in
sanitary landfills is investigated.  Sanitary landfills were considered
for sludqe  produced by treatment plants located in  the Sew York. City
and New Jersey metropolitan area.  It was determined that landfilling
was not a viable alternative for sludge produced by treatment plants in
the highly  urbanized portions of the study area because of the voluae
of sludqe and the limited  lifespan of available landfills. Sanitary
landfills were evaluated  for sludge  produced by treatment plants in the
                                 112

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                    LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
outlying portions of the study area.  Landfillincj was assumed to cost $b
per wet ton of material landfilled,  with  actual operating costs (not
including hauling) ranging from  $2  to $15 per  wet ton. Operating
procedures are recommended for land rilling sludge,  and the
environmental aspects of landfilling  are  discussed.  The etfect af
landfill operational procedures  on  site identification and selection is
addressed. Tabular data are  presented which describe and identity the
costs associated with sanitary landfills  in the New York City and New
Jersey region.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; DATA;  DRYING;  ECONOMICS;  MANAGEMENT;  NEH
JERSEY; NEH YORK; PLANNING;  PROGRAM;  REGIONAL;  SANITARY LAHDFILL;
SLUDGE; VOLUME
    (14) HIEHARCH TERMS:  13 D; 1SI
    (15) SUMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39906
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Landfilling.  In  Phase  2 Report of Technical
Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New  Jersey Metropolitan Area
Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program.  Boston,  HA, camp Dresser and
       J»np 1976. p. VIII. 79-VIII.  82.
    (1) SWTBS ACC.NO.:  040860
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   22   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G  (10)  GEO,
ABBA:  1US/2NJ;  1US/2NY/3AL; 1US/2NY/3NY   (10)  PUB.  YEAR:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Temporary environmental effects attributable to the
land application of sludge are'examined.  Such effects include land use,
fertilization, crop marketability,  and  transportation. Commitment to
longterm land disposal is not irreversible,  since  changes in technology
or other considerations aay present a  new method for sludge disposal. A
major long term effect of land application is considered to be the
addition of heavy metals to soil. Because these Beta Is are economically
unrecoverable by existing means,  land  application  sites must be
carefully monitored. Leaching over  periods of years, in addition to
plant uptake, may eventually alter  heavy  metal considerations.
Excessive accumulations of heavy  metals such as cadmium may make soil
unsuitable for future agricultural  use.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; CONTAMINATE;  DISPOSAL; EARTH; EFFECT;
ENVIBONMENT; LAND; LEACH; MANAGEMENT;  METAL;  MONITOR; NEK JEBSEY ; NEH
YOBK; PLANNING;  PROGRAM; REGIONAL;  SLUDGE
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1EA;  1SI;  1SJ
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39904
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Relation between local short- and long-term effects.
In Phase 2 Report of Technical Investigation of Alternatives for New
York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area Sewage  Sludge Disposal Hanageaent
Program. Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and  McKee,  June  1976. p. VIII. 60.
   (1)  SWIfiS ACC.NO.:  040859
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   10   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S   (10)  GEO.
AREA:  10S/2NJ; 10S/2NY/3NY   (10) PUB.  YEAH:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The environmental impact  of heavy  metals,  nutrients,
and pathogenic organisms resulting from the  land application of sludge
are noted. With regard to heavy  metals,  the  land application of sludge
may result in phototoric effects and reduce  crop yields. Total sludge
loadings must be limited in order to prevent  phototoxicity.  Food chain
concentration of heavy metals nay occur via  metal uptake by  plants and
human or animal consumption of crops. The  introduction  of  heavy metals
to soil may result in ground  »ater contamination. Serious  surface water
contamination can be prevented by limiting the application of sludge  to
seasons when surface runoff is not expected  to be rapid.  Nutrients in
sludge include nitrogen, phosphorus, and inorganic  salts.  Nitroyen is
                                  113

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
easily volatilized, and odor rroffl ammonia may be a nuisance to persons
residing near application  sites, phosphorus and  inorganic salt levels
in waste water sludqe are  not  usually  high enough to pose secious
environmental problems. Pathogenic  organisms in  sludge,  however,  may
pose significant health hazards. A  number of sludge treatment processes
and storage techniques are available to lower the pathogen population.
Other environmental impacts resulting  from the land application of
sludge are related to land use  and  transportation.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  CHEMICAL; CONTROL;  CRITERIA;  DISPOSAL; LASD; LEACH;
MANAGEMENT; METAL; MONITOR; NEW  JERSEY;  NEW YORK; ORGANIC; PATHOGEN;
PLANNING; PROBLEMS; PROGRAH; REGIONAL;  SLUDGE; TREATMENT
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:   1HA/2Hf;  1SI/2S2; 1 S J
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39903
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Potentially  adverse environmental effects. In Phase
2 Report of Technical Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New
Jersey Metropolitan Area  Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program.
Boston. HA, Caap Dresser  and ficKee, June 1976. p. VIII.  57-V1II. 60.
   (1)  S«IBS ACC.NO.:  040857
   (2)  DOHBSTIC:  D  .(2)  CATEGOfiY:  24   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   ti   (10)  GEO.
AREA:  10S/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3NY   (10) PUB.  YEAfi:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  The suitability of sludge  for application  to
agricultural or privately owned  land is explored. The recommendation is
Bade that sludge suitability be  based upon the cadmium  to  zinc ratio
and heavy metal concentrations.  Sludge  with  a cadmium to zinc ratio of
less than 1 percent are acceptable. Those  with a cadmium to zinc ratio
of greater than 1 percent but less than 1.  5  percent  are acceptable
while an approved source control program is being implemented, and
those with a cadmium to zinc ratio of greater than  1. 5 percent are
unacceptable.  Data are provided  on the  application  of sludge  to
agricultural and recreational land, with particular emphasis  on
regional land application of sludge in  the New York City and  Ne« Jersey
ssetropolitan area.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE;  ANALYSIS;  CONTROL;  DISPOSAL;  LAND;
HANAGEJ5ENT; METAL; NEH JERSEY; HEM YOfiK; MON-FERBOHS; PLANNING;
EBOGHAM; QUALITY; RECREATION AREA; HEGIONAL;  SLUDGE
   (14)  HIEfiARCH TERMS:  1SI/2S9; 1 SJ
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39901
   (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Sludge suitability and  regional  groupings.  In Phase
2 Report of Technical Investigation of  Alternatives for New York-New
Jersey Metropolitan Area Sewage  Sludge  Disposal Management Program.
Boston,  MA, Camp Dresser and McKee, June 1976. p. VIII.  32-VXII. 41.
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   040856
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   08  (2)  SUBJ.TYPJ2:  G   (10) GEO.
 AREA:   1US/2NJ;  1US/2NY/3MY   (10)  PUB. YEAR:  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:   Methodological and cost factors which influence the
 application  of  waste water sludge to land are detailed. Such factors
 include the  characteristics  and volume of sludge, transportation mode,
 site  characteristics,  application rate, crop, sita management, costs,
 and public acceptance.  Sludge may be applied as a liquid or as a
 dewatered  cake,  by surface or subsurface methods. Liquid or surface
 application  technigues involve spray irrigation and flood irrigation.
 liquid  surface  application concerns plow in and subsurface  injection
 technigues.  The application  of sludge as a dewatered cake entails
 surface spreading  and soil incorporation or trenching. Data on the
 estimated  unit  costs of applying 10 tons per acre of dewatered sludge
 and 3.  3 dry tons  per acre of liguid sludge to land are presented as a
                                   114

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                     LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
 function of the application site's size. It  is shown  that  the costs of
 applyinq sludge increase significantly for sites smaller than 100
 acres. The total cost of land application is estimated  at  $9  per  dry
 ton of dewatered solids and .J14 per dry ton  of liquid sludge  for  a  100
 acre site, These estimates do not include the unit costs of
 stabilization,  dewatering ir applicable, transportation, and  storage.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; CHOP; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LAND;
 MANAGEMENT; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK; PLANNING;  PfiOGfiAfl;  SITES; SLUDGE;
 TRANSPORT; VOLUME; WASTE WATER
    (1U)  HIERARCH T2RMS:  UA; 1SI/2S9; 1 SJ
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39900
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Methods and costa. In Phase 2 Report of Technical
 Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New Jersey Metropolitan  Area
 Sewage Sludge Disposal Management program. Boston, HA,  Caap Dressfcc and
 HcKee, June 1976. p. VIII. 25-VIII. 29.
    (1)  SSIRS  ACC.NO.:   040853
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   U   (2)  CATiGOKY:   22  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  3   (10) GEO.
 AREA:   10S/2NJ;  1US/2NY/3NY   (10)  PUB. YEAE:  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Basic  nutrients  contained in waste water sludye are
 noted.  These  nutrients  include  nitcogan, paosphorus, potassium, and
 trace elements necessary  tor plant  growth.  Digested urban sludge
 typically contains 2  to 5 percent nitrogen  by weight of dry solids, one
 of  the  most critical  elements for plant growth.  The amount of nitroyen
 available to  plants  depends on  a number of  factors which influence its
 chemical fora. Proper nitrogen  loading rates are best judged by
 aonitoring  ground  water for any accumulation which can pose a health
 hazard  to persons  or  animals. Existing drinking water standards limit
 nitrate concentrations  to less  than U5 mg/1. Nitrogen in sludge is
 present in  two forms  (organic nitrogen and  free anmonium). The method
 of  sludge application is  significant in terms of total available
 ritrogen. Models to aid in the  accurate evaluation of nitrogen loading
 rates are described.  Phosphorus in  waste water sludge is generally
 present as  calciua, aluminum, iron,  and magnesium phosphate. No
 lonqtera problems  are associated with phosphorus loading or overloading
 cf  soils, however, because it is so highly  reactive. Inorganic salts
 aay enter ground water  via continual leaching processes. The potential
 hazard  of increasing  grouud water salt levels depends entirely on the
 quantity of sludge applied to land.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CONTAMINAIii; DISPOSAL;  EARTH; EFFECT; GROUND WATEfi;
 LAND; LEACH;  MANAGEMENT;  MONITOR; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK; NITROGEN;
 IHOSPHOBUS; PLANNING; PHOGKAH;  hEGIONAL; SALT; SLUDGE; "HASTE WATER
    (It)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1SB;  1SI
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS39897
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Nutrients. In Phase 2 Eeport of Technical
 Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area
 Sewage  Sludge Disposal  Manageaent Program.  Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and
 HcKee,  June 1976.  p.  VIII. 19-VIII.  22.
    (1)  SBIRS  ACC.UO.:   037768
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2) CATEGORY:   2«  (2)  SDBJ.TTPE:  S; T  (10) POB.
YEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The  main  objective of this study was to evaluate
environmental hazards of land application of wastewater residuals on a
Boulder, Colorado, site. Potential  contaminants monitored included
metals  in the soil, groundwater and plant tissnes; soluble salts in the
soil; nutrients in the  soil  and groundwater; ana pathogenic organisms
                                  115

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
in the soil and groundwater. Honitoring techniques were evaluated  and
management practices were reco»»ended to minimize environmental
hazards. Aaong the conclusions drawn were the following: salt buildup
in the soil can create a short term hazard to plant growth and require
application of water; pathogenic dangers, as indicated by fecal
coliforms, do not extend more than 120 to 150 c» into the soil profile,
nor last more than 2. 5 months; metal contamination of the groundwater,
and »etal ion uptake by plants, at sludge loadings up to 65,000  kg/ha,
are not a problem; and inorganic nitrogen leaching to the groundwater
is substantial but can be controlled with management techniques
involving timing and balancing of nitrogen applications with crop
uptake and other factors. The applicability of these conclusions to
sites other than that at Boulder, however, will depend upon the  sludge,
soil conditions, climate and management practices.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANAEROBIC; COLORADO; COMPOSITION; COHCEHTHATION;
COHTAHIBiTB; DIGESTION; EFFECT; ENVIRONMENT; .METAL; MONITOR;
MDHICIPALITT; NITROGEN; SALT; SAMPLING METHODS; SEHJIGE; SITES; SLODGE;
SOLOBILITT
    (15) STTHS ACC.NO.:  OOS36812
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Trout, T. J. , J. L. Smith, and D. B. HcWhorter.
Environmental effects of land application of anaerobically digested
municipal sewage sludge. Transactions of the ASAE,  19(2):266-279,  Apr.
/Hay 1976.
    (1)  SWISS ACC.NO.:   037718
    (2)  DOHESTIC:   0  (2)  CATEGOHY.:   24  (2)  SUBJ.TiPE:  S; T   (10) PUB.
 YEAB:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The use of landspreading as a method of waste water
 sludge disposal is examined in a study sponsored by the Ohio Farm
 Bureau Federation and the Ohio Agricultural Eesearch and Development
 Center.  Study objectives  were as follows:  determine the degree of
 adoption of landspreading practices which have been recommended in
 achieving safe programs,  identify equipment being employed and nature
 cf contractual arrangements between landowners and coanunities, review
 monetary benefits and costs for existing conditions, and determine
 attitudes of selected communities,  review monetary benefits and costs
 for existing conditions,  and deteraine attitudes of selected
 communities toward the practice or  landspreadiny. Baste treataent
 officials in various communities were interviewed. In reviewing
 practices in use, it was  found that recommended procedures included
 analyses of sludge and soil prior to application and monitoring soil,
 water, and plant tissue rollowing application. Equipment used consisted
 prinarily of tank trucks  with eitber gravity or pumped discharge. Only
 20 percent of communities surveyed  had written leases. Those using them
 included one or more of the following provisions: escape clause for
 cither party, restriction as to type of crops grown, restriction on
 application depending on  season and wetness of soil, restrictions on
 application rate, and placement of  liability for odor and runoff with
 the farmer. Economic considerations in the use of waste water sludge as
 a fertilizer substitute are noted,  along with land owner attitudes
 toward the practice.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; EFFECT; EQUIPMENT; FERTILIZES;
 LEASE; MANAGEMENT; POPULATION; SLODGE; TANK; TKUCK; UTILIZE; BASTE
 WATER
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS3t>762
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Forster, D. L. , T. J.  Logan, and E. H. Miller.
 kastewater sludge as a fertilizer substitute. Public Works,
 107(8) :79-80, Aug. 1976.
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                    LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
   (1)  SHIES ACC.NO.:  037624
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATriUORY:  22  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  G   (10) PUB.
YZAfi:  1976
   (11) ABSTRACT:  A review of tan recent sessions of the "Fourth
National Congress on Waste Management Technology and Resource and
Energy Recovery" indicates that a substantial amount of tine Has
devoted 'to discussions relating to land disposal. This is surprising
because traditional land disposal roles in solid waste controls have
been de-emphasized in favor of resource recovery, energy conversion and
source reduction. Both the puolic and private sectors, however, are
realizing that land disposal is the only alternative for much of our
nation's waste either because 01 the actual waste composition or
because the costs of transporting small quantities of waste greitly
reduce scale economies of certain more sophisticated treatment
alternatives.  Topics discussed included design concepts for landfill
developments;  baling and shredding facilities; handling of special
wastes such as liquids, sludges, bulky materials and toxic substances;
equipment selection and maintenance; and the present status of leacnate
management and gas recovery.  The papers presented, however, almost
exclusively dealt witn large scale operations, leaving small localities
and private operators agreeing with the concepts but with few solutions
to their specific problems.
   (12) KEYWORDS:  BALING; BULKY HASTES; COMPOSITION; ECONOMICS;
EC«IPMENT; GASSE5; LIQUID; HASAGEHENT; SANITARY LANDiILL; SHREDDING;
SLUDGE; TOXIC
   (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS36668
   (18) DOC«.CIT. :  Eldredge, H. «. Sanitary landfill sessions. Kaste
Age, 7(1):2«-26, Jan. 1976.
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:  037536
    (2)  DOHESTICs  D   (2) CATEGORT:  01   (2) SOBJ.TTPB:  S   (10)  FOB.
TEAR:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  A study on the environmental hazards of  waste water
residual land application is reported. Potential contaminants monitored
in the  study  included metals in soil, ground water and plant tissues,
soluble salts in soil, nutrients in soil and ground  water,  and
pathogenic organisms in soil and ground water. Honitoring techniques
were evaluated, and management practices were recommended to minimize
environmental hazards. The land application site was divided into eight
plots in order to evaluate various sludge loading rates and management
techniques. The site was equipped with leachate vacuum extractors and
shallow wells.- Experimentally observed results were  similar for  all
plots and varied only in degree, depending upon loading rate, soil
type, and crop planted. It was concluded that salt buildup  in soil
could create  a short term hazard to plant growth and require
application of water. Due to the potential for nitrate pollution  of
ground  water, careful management and monitoring of the site was
required during water application. Pathogenic dangers, as indicated by
fecal coliforms, did not extend more than 120 to 150 cm into the soil
profile. Retal contamination of ground water was not a problem at
sludge  loadings up to 65,000 kg per half acre on near neutral pH soil
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  ANAEROBIC; CONTAHINATE; DIGESTION: EAHTB; EFFECT;
ENYIRONHENT;  GROUND WATER; LEACH; KETAL; BONICIPALITT; NITBOGEH;
PATHOGEN; SALT; SEWAGE; SLDDGE; VEGETATION; WASTE WATER
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS36580
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Trout, T. J. , j. L. Smith, and D. B. HcWhorter.
Environmental effects of land application of anaerobically  digested
municipal sewage sludge. Transactions of the American Society of
Agricultural  Engineers, 19(2):266-270, Bar. /Apr. 1976.
                                 117

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                   SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SHIfiSACC.NO.:   036152
   {2)  DOHESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T   (10) PUB.
YEAH:   1976
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  A study on the utilization of waste water sludge for
agricultural soil enrichment is reported. Barginal agricultural land
near Eio Vista, California was selected as tne study site. Plots of
field  corn, dry land,  pasture;, and irrigated pasture were used to
evaluate sludge application methods, rates, and effects. It was
concluded that liquid digested waste water sludge utilisation for
agricultural soil enrichment is feasible, subject to regulatory
requirements, proper management techniques,and public acceptance. Sludge
applied at rates of 4 to 32 dty tons per acre significantly improved
crop and forage production and quality,  thereby improving the
productivity of land.  There was a 20-percent increase in field corn
production and a 3-fold to 4-fold increase in pasture forage
production. Nutrients, trace elements, and salinity did not have
significant adverse effects on the soil/plant/water ecosystem at  the
applied sludge rates.  HicroDiological  studies indicated the survival  of
pathogenic organisms in digested sludge before application and in  the
soil/sludqe median for long periods after application  (over 7 months).
The effect of heavy metals on the soil/plant/water ecosystem and  the
huaan food chain was identified as the nost important technical
obstacle to the agricultural land application ot waste  water sludge.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICULTURE; CALIFORNIA; CROP; DIGESTION; EARTH;
FERTILIZER; LAND; MANAGEMENT; REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER;
UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
   (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS35197
   (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Hyde, H. C, Utilization of waste water sludge  for
agricultural soil enrichment. Journal  of the Water Pollution Contral
federation, 48 (1):77-90, Jan. 1976.
    (1) SWIBS  ACC.HO.:   036064
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   09   (2)  SDBa.TTPBr   S;  T   (10)  FOB.
TEAR :  1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The  effects of soil cadmium  levels on cadmium uptake
by a number of forage species was studied  experimentally in pot
cultures of alfalfa, white clover, sndangrass,  tall  fescue  and
benndagrass  grown in soil to which  municipal sewage sludge amended by
cadmium  sulfate. The increasing use  of sludges  on  agricultural and
pasture  lands and the high toxicity  of cadmium  to  plants and  animals
•akes it desirable to know more about the  long-term  influence of
disposing sewage wastes on productive lands. Chemical analyses of plant
clippings and soil samples were performed  after plant growth
experiments were completed. Soil analysis  showed cadmium concentrations
of 15, 30, no, 95 and 145 micrograms cadmium per grain  soil,  associated
with a 25% yield depression for sudangrass,  alfalfa, clover,  fescue and
bermudagrass. Corresponding cadmium  concentrations in the plant
clippings were 9, 24, 17, 37 and 43  micrograins per  grain.
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  AGRICDLT0HE; ANALYSIS;  AHIHAL;  CHEMICAL; DISPOSAL;
LAND; HETAL;  HlffllCIPALITT; SANPLIHG  METHODS; SEWAGE; SLOD6E;  TOXIC;
VEGETATIOH
   (15)  STIBS ACC.HO.:  OOS35109
   (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Bingham, F. T. ,  A. L.  Page, B. J. Hahler.
University of California. Yield and  cadmium  accumulation of forage
species  in relation to  cadmium content of  sludge-amended soil. Journal
of Environmental Quality, 5(1):57-60, 1976.
                                 118

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                    LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
    (1) SHIES ACC.NO.:  036017
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  09  (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T  (10) PUB.
TEAR:  1976
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The effects of Municipal sewage effluent, and
effluent injected with an anaerobically digested liquid sludge, upon
the uptake of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead, by reed canarygrass and
corn are reported. The canarygrass was spray-irrigated throughout the
year from 1961 through 1970 with effluent only, and the effluent plus
sludge during years 1971, 72 and 73. The corn area received only
effluent during the growing season throughout the years 1963 to 1973.
Increased copper and zinc concentrations and total uptake were observed
in the reed canarygrass. Irrigation of corn with effluent produced
little or no change in heavy metal uptake compared to that seen in
normally fertilized soil. The only hazard postulated by the authors may
be in the higher copper levels seen in the irrigated reed canarygrass
if fed to sheep. Zinc levels in both grass and corn were well below
reported phytotoxic levels. Cadmium levels in the crops were below
those of effluent or soil and were regarded as desirable due to
ultimate toxic effects of cadmium in the food chain.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANAEROBIC; CROP; DIGBSTIOH; DISPOSAL; EFFLUENT;
IRRIGATION; LAND; LIVESTOCK; HETAL; MUNICIPALITY; HON-FEHBOUS; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE; TOXIC; VEGETATION
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS35062
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Sidle, R. C. , J. E. Hooks, L. T. iCardos. Heavy
•etaIs application and plant uptake in a land disposal system for waste
water. Journal of Environmental Quality, 5(1):97-101, 1976.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.HO.:  035859
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:  06   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  G   (10) PUB.
YEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The soil enrichment program for Constitution Gardens
in Washington, D. C.  , is discussed. The park being created is part of
the enhancement of the beauty of the capital for the bicentennial. The
land constructed with dredgings once held temporary buildings. The
soils were made up of subsoil material and building debris. Of the four
alternatives suggested for modifying the soil, using urban-produced
organic materials was the one chosen. The compost produced from this
material was found to be of good quality and odor free. The compost,
made from three parts digested sewage sludge and one part wood chips,
was to be mixed with leaf mold and the existing soil. Heavy rains
hindered the mixing process. After some unsuccessful tries, the method
finally used resembled a large mold board plow. Cost analyses were
performed on the project. Estimates agreed well with the amount of
material actually used. Although some problems will be encountered in a
project such as this, the improvement or urban soil by the use of urban
wastes has much promise.
    (12) KEYHORDS:  COMBINED; COHPOST; DATA; DISTRICT OF COLUBBIA;
DREDGER; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;
RECREATION AREA; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; UTILIZE
    (15) STIBS ACC.NO.:  OOS34904
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Patterson, J. C. Enrichment of urban soil with
composted sludge and leaf mold—Constitution Gardens. Compost Science
Journal of Waste Recycling, 16 (3): 18-21, Hay/June 1975.
                                  119

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   035138
    |2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  22  (2)  StJBJ.TTPE:   G  (10)  PUB.
 TEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Municipal garbage and sewage sludge  are
 being used to turn seal-arid prairie in a fertile grazing laud at
 Odessa, Texas. The shredded refuse is plowed under 8 in. of soil. The
 technique is expected  to enhance long term water retention and the
 fertility of the eroded soil. Only ferrous metals are being removed
 fro* the Municipal garbage. These are recycled. Denver  and Chicago are
 two other areas that are using municipal sludge to fertilize
 neighboring soils. The annual sales of pollution bonds, now
 conservatively estimated at 2 billion dollars, are likely to grow to 5
 billion or more according to the Hunicipal Finance Officers
 Association, what is described as the first comprehensive nationwide
 study of the organization of refuse collection and disposal on
 Metropolitan areas has been initiated by Columbia University in
 cooperation with the International City Management Association and
 Public Technology, Inc.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  BOND; COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; EARTH; ECONOMICS;
 FERTILIZER; IRON; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; REFUSE;
 SANITARY LANDFILL; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS34183
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Refuse * Sludge + semi-arid prairie=fertile land.
 Nation's Cities, 13(10):50, Oct. 1975.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  03216«l
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  2«J   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  G   (10) FOB.
TEAR:  1975
    (11) ABSTRACT:  In 1969 the City of Denver, Colorado began applying
sludge on 2,000 acres of land at Lowery Air Force Base on an
experimental basis. This act was initiated by the extremely rapid
growth of the metropolitan area such that the sewage treatment facility
was no longer capable of treating all of the waste generated.
Furthermore, the sludge incinerator was having difficulty meeting the
emerging air pollution standards. By 1971, air quality control
regulations and a shortage of natural gas closed down both the
incinerator and the drying facilities. Currently, Denver is applying
500 to 600 tons of wet sludge per day on the land disposal site. Three
types of sludge are mixed together, raw, activated, and digested, and
when a sufficient amount has been applied, either wheat or sudan grass
is planted. The planted land is leased to local farmers for grazing. It
was found that sludge application increased the yield of the land. A
100 million dollar expansion of the system is planned in which all
sludge will be anaerobically digested and piped to a site where it will
be dried by solar heat. Processed sludge will be sold to gardeners and
farmers. The present system costs about 30 to 35 dollars per ton to
dispose of the sludge, whereas the proposed system will cost only 10 to
15 dollars per ton.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ANAEROBIC; CROP; DENVER; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL;
DRYING; ECONOMICS; FERTILIZER; LAND; HOHICIPALITT; PIPELINE; PLANNING;
SLUDGE; TRANSPORT; UTILIZE
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS31208
    (18) DOC.CIT.:  Wolf, R. Sludge in the "mile-high" city. Cowpost
Science, 16(1):20-21, Jan. /Feb. 1975.
                                   120

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                               Section 8

              CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE

                 AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES


    (1)  SWIHS ACC.NO.:  048386
    (2)  DOHESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:   24  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   S;  T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Co-disposal  of sewage sludge using
refuse—derived fuel.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Kaufman HI.
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   In Proceedings:   24th Annual  Technical  Meeting of
the Institute of Environmental Sciences,  Fort Worth,  TX, Apr.  18-20,
1978.
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN  {10)  PUB.  YEAR:  1978
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The potentially  valuable  technique  of using refuse
derived fuel for the disposal of  sewage sludge is discussed.  Emphasis
is placed on the benefits or combining the disposal of troublesome
waste products with the generation  of fuel that is less expensive than
fossil substances in use. Possible  problems  with  equipment  and sludge
burning are noted,  and alternative  approaches to  codisposal and their
potential value are described. Characteristics of refuse derived  fuel
and sewage sludge are examined. The following codisposal alternatives
are explored: aultiple hearth incineration,  fluidized  bed incineration,
sludge drying, evaporative drying,  and composting.  (Retained in SHIRS
library) .
   (12)  KEYWORDS:  COHPOSTING; DISPOSAL;  DRYING;  EQUIPMENT;
INCINERATION; EROBLEHS;  REFUSE DERIVED FUEL;  SLUDGE
    (14)  HIEHAHCH TERMS:   1DP/2HX;  1EN/2KD;  1SP/20P
    (15)  STIrtS ACC.NO.:   OOS47440   (15)  SECONDARY  AUTHORS:   Grillo LS
    (16)  CITATION:  Ht.  Prospect,  IL,  Institute of  Environmental
Sciences,  1978.   p. 204-208.
    (1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:  048382
    (2) DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  21  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (6) itOOK TITLE:  Proceedings:  24th Annual Technical Meeting of the
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Fort worth, TX, Apr.  18-20,  1978.
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN  (10)  GEO. AREA:  1US/2AA  (10)  PUB. YEAR:   1978
    (11) ABSTRACT:  This conference proceedings report, containing
papers presented at the 24th annual technical meeting of the Institute
of  Environmental Sciences held in Fort Worth, Texas, on April 18-20,
1978, is concerned with energy, the environment, education, health,
public policy planning, water Duality, air and water pollution, noise
pollution, and  waste management. Energy and environment technology
areas to be developed are discussed. With respect to the environmental
impact of. waste and its management, consideration is given to the
•ultimedia impact of residual waste, the iapact of the nuclear energy
cycle, the codisposal of sewage sludge using refuse derived fuel, added
residual chlorine in the marine environment, the assessment of
pollutants from nonpoint sources in a drainage ditch in Alabama,  the
inpact of cadmium chloride on the yreen alga Oedogonium, and the
enrichment and  pollution capacity of fly ash deposition.  (Retained in
SKIBS library) .
    (12) KEYWORDS:  AI8; ALABABA; CONFERENCE; EDUCATION; ENERGY;
ENVIRONMENT; HEALTH; HANAGEHENT; PLANNING; POLLUTION; RESEARCH; HATER
    (14) HIERARCH TERHS:  1EP; 1HA/2TQ; 1RP
    (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS47436
    (16) CITATION:  Mt. Prospect, IL, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, 1978.  511 p.
                                   121

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SHIRS  ACC.NO.:   047346
    f2>  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:   11  (2)  SUBJ.TTPE:   T
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Sussman DB
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:   Thermal  Methods for the  Codisposal  of Sludges and
 Municipal Residues.  (8)  REPORT HO.:  SH-686
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  FOB. YEAR:  1978
    (11)  ABSTBACT:  The codisposal of »unicipal sewage sludge with
 Municipal solid waste  is  a  technically viable concept whose various
 approaches have been demonstrated or are in  operation.  All approaches
 Bake use of the intrinsic energy of solid waste to dewater or dry the
 sludge and solid  waste to combust in the save device. Of the two basic
 approaches, solid waste incinerators codisposing of sludge and sludge
 incinerators  using RDF as fuel, the former is more developed although
 the potential for the  latter is great. However, commercial operating
 experience is extremely limited in the D.S.  Before the  codisposal
 technologies  are widely adapted, the technology must first be proven in
 commercial operation.  Operational examples of the European approach are
 needed in the U.S., and in  sludge incinerators. (Retailed in SWIRS
 library) .
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; INCINERATION; HONICIPALITY; REFUSE DERIVED
 FUEL; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; THEHHAL
    (14)  HIBRARCH TERMS:  1IC/2MY; 1IE/2SP
    (15)  STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS46399  (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:  Gershman HH
    (16)  CITATION:  Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
 Agency, 1978.  21 p.
    (1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:  046409
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   22   (2) SOBJ.TYPE:  S; T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:  The effects of industrial sludges on landfill
leachates and gas.
    (4) AUTHORI  Streng DR
    (6) BOOK TITLE:  In Banerji, S. K., ed.  Management of Gas and
Leachate in Landfills.  Proceedings  of the Third Annual Municipal  Solid
Haste Research Symposium.   (8) REPORT SO.:  EPA-600/9-77-026
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) PUB. YEAR:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Results are presented of tests attempting to  assess
the impact of co-disposal of industrial  and municipal wastes. Concern
over possible contamination of ground water led to a project utilizing
large scale experimental landfill test cells. Combinations of municipal
solid waste and industrial residuals were added to several field
lysimeters. All material flows were  measured and characterized under
continuous study. Data on mass flows, gas production and composition,
and microbial activity are evaluated. The following conclusions  were
reached: (1) accurate determination  of chemical parameters in leachate
is possible; (2) gas permeation of polymeric and synthetic materials
occurs in substantial quantities;  (3) co-disposal has no effect  on
organic, nutrient or demand parameters;  (4) co-disposal may have an
effect on metallic ion concentration in  leachates;  (5) gas
stratification by molecular weight does  not occur in landfills;  and  (6)
certain industrial residuals affect  gas  production rates in landfills.
(Retained in SHIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  DISPOSAL; GASSES; INDUSTRY; LEACH; MONITOR;
MUNICIPALITY; REFUSE; RESEARCH; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE
    (14) HIERAHCH TERMS:  1LH; 1HV ; 1RP;  1SG/2GH; 1SP/2UT
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS45460
    (16) CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, D.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Sec. 1977.  p.41-54.
                                   122

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               CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
    (1)  SWIRS ACC.NO.:   045509
    (2)  DOHESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   11   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   Simultaneous incineration of refuse and sewage
sludge:  the principles  and application  at Bowhouse, Alloa, Scotland.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Fraser  J  HcL
    (6)  JOURNAL  TITLE:   Public  Health En
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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SWISS ACC.NO.;  044751
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D   (2) CAThGOHY:   30   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
   (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Co-burning ot sludge and refuse Kith waste heat
recovery.
   (4)  AUTHOR:  Cosulich tlf
   (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  Public Works
   (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1US/2NY  (10)  PUB. YEAR:  1977
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  In New  York State, an 8 ngd activated sludge
nitrification wastewater treatment plant and a 200  tpd refuse
incinerator  (nultiple hearth) are under  construction for the
codisposal, by burning, of sludge and municipal refuse with recovered
heat used to generate electricity adequate to meet  the needs of the
plant and incinerator. The treatment plant has floatation thickeners
for thickening waste activated sludye, aerated storage tanJcs, and
centrifuges for sludge dewatering. The  incinerator  has 2 100 tpd
furnaces equipped with douoie reciprocating stokers and a aodulating
air system which will burn a nixture of  12.5 percent sludge caXe and
€7.5 percent refuse. The high heat value of ttie refuse/sludge mix will
be about 4,100 BTU/lb which will produce 34,000 Ib/hr of steam. Air
pollution control is by electrostatic precipitation. Estimated
electrical savings will average $400,000/yr. for 20 years. Estiaated
pro-ject cost is S25 million.
   (12)  KEYHORDS:  ACTIVATED SLUIK5E;  CONTROL; COST  REDUCTION;
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOk; ENEKGY;  FACILITY; INCINERATION; MULTIPLE
EEARTH;  NEW YORK; POLLUTION; REFUSE;  SLUDGE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WASTE
BEAT; WASTE WATER
   (14)  HIERARCH TEkPSS:  1EE/2ES;  1IA/2IF;  1IA/2IB; 1SI/2S2
   (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS43796
   (16)  CITATION:  108 (5) :76-79, May 1977.
    (1)  SWIRS  ACC.NO.:   044735
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TYPE:  G
    (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   Co-disposal of sewage sludge and solid  wastes  -
 it  works.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Sussaan Dli
    (6)  JOURNAL  TITLE:   American city and County
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10)  fJB. YEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  The  co-uisposal of sewage solids and sludge while
 producing  energy is discussed. Bore sludge is being produced today
 because of increased construction o± wastewater  treatment  plants  which
 produce sludge. Hunicipal sludge has a heat value  of  10,000  Btu per dry
 solid pound,  and is autogenous at about  70 percent moisture  content.
 various mechanical or thermal processes  are needed to dewater  the
 sludge. The codisposal  techniques described here use  energy  released
 froia the combustion of  the solid waste to fuel the detrateriny  of  the
 sludge to its autogenous point. Two basic approaches  are  outlined:
 first, using the organic portion of the  solid waste as a  fuel  in
 incinerators to dry, burn and reduce the volume  of the sludge  that most
 be  disposed of; secondly, to use a solid waste incinerator,  solid waste
 fired steam generator or water wall combustion unit to ourn  dewatered
 sludge. Both approaches recover the energy produced in the theraal
 process, and both are being demonstrated and used.
    (12) KEYWORDS:  DRYING; ENERGY; INCINERATION; HECLAHATION;  SEWAGE;
 SLUDGE
    (14) HIERARCH TERMS:  1EC/2EV; 1IA/2IF; 1IB/2IW;  1SF;  1SI/2S5
    (15) STIHS ACC.NQ.:   OOS43780
    (1b) CITATION:  92(10):55-58, Oct. 1977.
                                   124

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              CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
    (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO.:  04U323
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  F  (2) CATEGORY:  30   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   T
    (3)  ARTICLE TITLE:  Energy from waste and its  potential use as a
 fuel.
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Hillard R
    (6)  JOURNAL TITLE:  So.Ud Wastes
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1EU/2UK   (10) PUB.  YEAR:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Advantages and disadvantages of  using the
 combustible part of municipal waste as a supplementary  fuel wera
 examined at a British solid waste management convention.  The
 combustible part of the waste has a calorific value  of  well over  half
 that of coal; its'use would Bean reduced disposal costs and reduced
 fuel costs for the user. Several schemes for using  the  refuse derived
 fuel (RDF)  are described, all incorporate a  shredding process and
 •aqnetic extraction of ferrous metals. Two reclamation  plants,
 presently under construction, are described  whose principal objective
 is to determine whether mechanical separation of  waste  constituents on
 a larqc scale is technically feasible and economical. A major problea
 is the low density of retuse derived fuel; current  research into  makiny
 RDF pellets or bricks is described. In the discussion period following,
 future aspects of RDF use are examined. Hays in which industry can be
 involved in development of the new commodity are  explored.  A planned
 codisposal project is described in which waste oil  sludge will be mixed
 with domestic waste before RDF convertion.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  CONVERT; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; EUROPE;  FUEL; GREAT
 BRITAIN; IRON; MUNICIPALITY; OIL; PLAtiT-INDUSTRIAL;  PROBLEM; REFUSE;
 RESEARCH; SEPARATING; SHREDDING; SLUDGE
    (14)  HIERARCH TERMS:  1EC/2ET; 1EE/2EP; 1SE/2SN
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:   003433.67
    (16)  CITATION:  67 (8) :390-403. Aug. 1977.
    (1) SWIRS  ACC.HO.:   0(14269
    (2) DOHESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGOBY :   07  (2)  SnBJ.TTPF:  T
    (3) ARTICLE TITLE:   Hunicipal solid waste and sewage
si ad ge —co-d isposa1.
    («) AUTHOR:  SOSSBAH DB
    (6) JOURNAL TITLE:   Resource Recovery and Energy Review
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EH   (10)  FOB. TEAR:  1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  Codisposal of municipal solid waste and sewage
sludge is discussed and operational techniques are described. There are
two basic codisposal approaches:  (1)  sewage sludge multiple hearth or
flnidized bed incinerators use the  organic portion of solid waste as a
fuel to dry,  born, and  reduce the volume of the sludge; (2) solid waste
incinerators, solid waste fired steam generators, or waterwall
combustion units burn dewatered sludge. Both approaches can recover
energy produced in the  thermal process and both are being demonstrated
or used. Several nonthermal  codisposal techniques are also described:
composting for soil conditioner and fertilizer, anaerobic digestion for
methane generation, conversion into fuel bricKs, and combination of
organic fraction for animal  feed.
    (12) KETfTOBDS:  COMB0STION; COBPOSTING; DIGESTIOU; DISPOSAL; EHBBGY;
FACILITY; FEED; FERTILIZER;  FLUIDI2BD BED; FUEL; IHC1HEBATIOH; HETHAHB;
BOLTIPLE HEABTH; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC; BECLAHATION; BEFDSE; SEWAGE;
SLDDGE; SOIL  CONDITIONER; THEHBAL;  TREATMENT; HASTE WATER
    (11) HIESfcRCH TEBMS:   1DD/2DP; 1IB/2IT; 1IB/2IW; 1HJ/2H8; 1SI/2S2
    (15) STIJIS ACC.NO.:  OOS43313
    (16) CITATION:  H(3):13-1«, Summer 1977.
                                  125

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                     SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING,  DISPOSAL OR USE
    (1)  SSIRS  ACC.NO.:   044150
    (2)  DOMESTIC:   D   (2)  CATEGORY:   16  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T
    (3)  ARTICLE  TITLE:   "Co-disposal" tor solid wastes and sewage
 sludge.
    (4)  AUTHOR:   Sussman U
    (6)  JOURNAL  TITLE:   Waste Age
    (10)  LANGUAGE:  EH   (10)  GSO.  AREA:  1EU; 1US  (10) PUB.  YEAS:   1977
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  United States and European municipalities are
 investigating the  integration  or two disposal problems  (sludge and
 solid  wastes)  and  the  simultaneous  production of energy. "Codisposal"
 techniques  use  energy  produced from the combustion of solid  waste to
 dewater sludge  to  its  autogenous point. There are two basic  approaches.
 In  the first,  sewage  sludge incinerators (usually multiple hearth)
 installed at  the wastewater treatment plant use the organic  portion of
 solid  waste as  a fuel  to dry,  barn, and reduce the volume of the
 sludge.  In  the  second,  generally less successful approach, a solid
 waste  incinerator, solid waste fired generator, or waterwall combustion
 unit burns  dewatered  sludge. Alternate approaches include conversion of
 the organic portion  of solid waste  into a refuse derived fuel which is
 then used to  fuel the  multiple hearth incinerators. In direct sludge
 drying,  the heat of  the burning solid waste dries the sludge directly
 and the dried solids  burn with the  waste. Several nonthermal codisposal
 techniques  are  also  being demonstrated.
    (12)  KEYHOBDS:  CONVERT; ENERGY; EUROPE; FUEL; INCINERATION;
 BOITIPLE HEAETH;  ORGANIC; REFUSE; SLUDGE; SOLID; THERMAL; US; BATEBWALL
    (14)  HIE8ARCH TEEMS:  1EC/2ET; 1IA/2I*;  1SI/2S5
    (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS4319J
    (16)  CITATION:  8 (7):44, 46, 49. July 1977.


    (1)  SHIES ACC.NO. :  043548
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2) CATEGORY:  20  (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   T
    (4)  AUTHOR:  Peck K
    (5)  CO8PORATE AUTHOR:  McPhee, smith,  Rosenstein  Engineers
    (6)  BOOK  TITLE:  Industrial Baste and  Pretreatment  in the  Buffalo
Municipal System.  (8)  REPORT NO.:   EPA-600/2-77-018
    (9)  GRANT NO. :  R803005
    (10) LANGUAGE:  EN   (10) GEO. AREA:   1US/2NY   (10)  PUB.  YEAH:   1977
    (11) ABSTRACT:  The requirements  and affects  of the combined
treatment of industrial and domestic wastewaters were  investigated for
the Buffalo  Sewer Authority's sewerage  system. An industrial  waste
survey was performed  to obtain background information  on industrial
discharges.  This coupled  witn material  balances  on the sewerage  system
provided the data necessary to develop industrial  waste  control  and
cost recovery programs. The industrial  waste'control  program  for
Euffalo included revised  sewer use  regulations coupled with  a permit
system and monitoring program.  A combination of  ad valorem  tax and
wastewater service charges, based ou waste  strength  and  volume were
used to recover the cost  of treatment.  An economic evaluation of  the
cost recovery and industrial waste  control  programs  on the  industrial
users was performed,  A 95,000 liter/day activated sludge pilot study
was conducted to evaluate the affects  that  industrial  users  will  have
en  the treatment processes. Three potential  sludge disposal  options
 (soil conditioning, landfill and codisposal  with refuse)  were
investigated for the disposal of the sludge  generated  by the  combined
treatment of industrial  and domestic wastewater  in Buffalo.   (Retained
in  SHIRS library).
    (12) KEYWORDS:  ACTIVATED SLUDGE; CONTROL;  DATA;  DISCHARGE;
DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;  INDUSTRY; MONITOR;  MUNICIPALITY;  NEW  YORK;
RECLAMATION; SEWAGE;  SOIL CONDITION; SURVEY; SYSTEM;  TAXES;  TREATMENT;
fcASTE WATER
    (14) HIEHARCH TERMS:   1DD/2DL; 1DD/2DP;  1EA/2EA;  1EA/2EC;  1IC/2I4;
1PM
    (15) STIMS ACC.NO.:   OOS42591  (15)  SECONDARY AUTHORS:   Gorton JC Jr
    (16) CITATION:  Ada,  OK,  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency, Jan.
1977.  184 p.


                                    126

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              CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
    (1)  SWISS ACC.NO.:  043536
    (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  11   (2) SUBJ.TYtE:  T
    (U)  AUTHOR:  Niessen W
    (5)  CORPORATE AUTHOR:   Boy F. Keston, Inc
    (6)  BOOK TITLE:  A Bevlew of Techniques for Incineration of Sewage
 Sludge with Solid Wastes.   (8)  SEfOfiT NO.:  EPA-600/2-76-288   (9)
 CONTRACT NO.:  66-03-OU75
    (10)  LANGUAGES  EN  (10)  PUB. YEAis:   1976
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  This report discusses the state of the art of
 coincineration of municipal refuse and sewage sludge. European and
 Anerican practice is described. Four coincineration techniques are
 evaluated for thermodynaiaic and economic feasibility; pyrolysis,
 inltiple hearth, direct drying, and indirect drying. Each process is
 compared with conventional separate incineration witn respect to cost,
 practicality, and environmental impact. Recommendations for specific
 demonstrations are Bade and EPA endorseaent of co incineration is
 proposed. (Retained in SHIRS library).
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  AIH; COflBIHED; DISPOSAL; DRYING; ECONOMICS;
 INCINERATION; INCINERATOR; MULTIPLE HEARTH; POLLUTION; PYBOLYSIS;
 tEJOSE;  SLUDGE
    (1*4)  HIERARCH TERMS:   1IA/2IH; 1SI/2S5
    (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  00342579  (15) SECONDARY. AUTHORS:  Daly  A;
 Snith E
    (16)  CITATION:  Cincinnati, OH, U.S.  Environmental Protection
 Agency,  Dec.  1976.  236 p.
    (1)  SHIRS  ACC.SO.:   011048
    (2)  DOHESTIC:  D   (2) CATEGORY:   11   (2)  S0BJ.TYPE:   T
    («)  ADTHOR:  Smith FPI   (10)  GBO.  ABBA:   1US/2BA  (10) FOB. YEAR:
1975
    (11)  ABSTRACT:  Demonstrated and  experimental  coincineration
techniques for burning  municipal sludge with nixed municipal refuse are
assessed. The state of  the art  in coincineration  approaches is
reviewed. A number of coincineration installations are  described, with
emphasis on conventional nixed  Municipal refuse incinerators,
continuous feed incinerators, multiple  hearth sludge incinerators, and
fluid bed sludge incinerators.  A water  treatment  and incineration
installation  in Holyoke, Massachusetts  is  detailed and  illustrated. It
is pointed out that, as long as land is available, landfills are less
expensive than incineration even when consideration is  given to the
cost of  linings and leachate collection and  treatment systems. Resource
recovery is another sludge disposal  method that competes with
incineration  or coincineration, although it  is noted that resource
recovery can  precede or follow  thermal  processing. One  future
coincineration option is identified  as  conventional incineration with
or without heat recovery since  such  incinerator units can handle raw
nixed municipal refuse. The effect of burning sludge in a"conventional
refractory wall mixed municipal refuse  incinerator is discussed.
Another  future coincineration option iscited as the use of conventional
sludge  incinerators modified to handle  shredded and cleansed mixed
municipal refuse. A third future coincineration option  involves
experimental  furnaces.
    (12)  KEYWORDS:  COMBINED; COMPARISON; DATA; ECONOHICS; INCINERATION;
INCINERATOR;  HOSICTPALITY; PROJECTION;  REPOSE; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLUDGE;  TECHNOLOGY; DTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
    (1»)  HIE8AHCH TERHS:  1IB/2IW
    (15)  ST1BS ACC.NO.:  OOSH0092   (15)  SECONDARY  AUTHORS:  Daly AH
    (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Smith, E. n. , and A. R.  Daly. The past, present,
and future prospects of burning municipal  sewage  sludge along with
mixed municipal refuse. In 0. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Proceedings;  the 1975 National  Conference  on Municipal  Sludge
Management and Disoposal, Anaheim, CA,  Aug.  18-20,  1975. Hockville, MD,
Information Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p. 115-123.
                                   127

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                    SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.NO. :  037831
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  F  (2)  CAXiSGOfiY:  07   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:   G   (10)  PUB.
YEAB:  1975
   (11) ABSTfiACT:  Waste disposal facilities built several  years ago
have been found too sea 11 foe handling the ever increasing  volume of
wastes. Emphasis is placed upon the necessity of having  a general waste
disposal facility for priaarily wastewater sludge, household  refuse,
market and garden waste,  foodstuff refuse, and separate  facilities for
handling aniaal farms wastes, industrial wastes, oil  polluted sludge,
glass wastes,  hazardous waste, and bulky waste  (such  as  tires and
discarded automobiles). A table is given showing the  percentage  of
various types of wastes for the city of Hamburg, and  in  comparison, for
the United States and Australia. For Hamburg, as of  1972, these  figures
read (in percent): paper and cardboard at 33, wood at 3,  kitchen and
garden refuse at 17, textiles, rubber and leather at  3,  plastics at 4.
5, glass at 13, metal at 4, stones and ceramics at H, and fine waste  at
17. 5. Average moisture content was 25 to 30. Haste  production per
capita per annum (1971) was 328 hj. (Original text in German)
   (12) KEYwoflDS:  COMPOSITION; CONSTBUCTION; DATA;  DISPOSAL;  FACILITY.;
GERMANY; MUNICIPALITY;  PLANNING; SEFUSE
   (15) STIHS ACC.NO.:   OOS36d75
   (18) DOC.CIT.:  straub, H. Planung fucr den Bau von
Abfallbeseitigungsanlagen (Planning the construction  of  waste disposal
facilities). Technische Bitteilungen, 5:186-188, 1975.
   (1)  SHI8S ACC.NO.:  037116
   (2)  DOHESTIC:  D   (2)  CATEGORY:  30   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T   (10)  PUB.
SEAB:  1975
   (11) ABSTfiACT:  The solid waste processing systea  utilized by Union
Carbide Corporation is described. Pyrolysis, as  practiced  by Union
Carbide in its PUBOX  process, uses a limited amount of  combustion
supported by pure oxygen to produce high  temperature  gases that
pyrolyze or drive off burnable gases from the organic content of
refuse. After cleaning, gases are piped  to a point where they can be
efficiently used as a fuel gas or as a chemical  synthesis  gas for the
production of such products as methanol  or aamonia. The pyrolysis
process was evaluated at a 5-ton-per-day  pilot plant  in three stages:
(1) verify basic process paraaeters using as-received refuse; (2) add
front-end coarse shredding and ferrous metals removal and  establish
optimum operating conditions; and (3) investigate  the codisposal of
•ixed municipal refuse and d«watered sewage  sludge. The PUROX prototype
plant was designed to demonstrate the feasibility  and economics of
solid waste disposal and energy recovery.  Operation of  the plant is
detailed, along with equipment utilized  in tne disposal of waste and
energy conversion systea. Clean-burning  fuel gas resulting from the
fUBOX process represents 83 percent of the fuel  value of the original
refuse charged into the process. Uses for the fuel gas  are noted, and
the technical feasibility 01 refuse and  sludge codisposal  is assessed.
   (12) KEYHORDS:  AMMONIA; CHEBICAL; CONJPEBENCE;  ENEBGY;  EQUIPHENI;
JOEL; GASSES; INDUSTRY; OPESATIOBS HESEAfiCH; PBODUCE; PYBOLYSIS;
BECLAMATION; BEFUSE; SHBEDDING; SYNTHETIC; TECHNOLOGY;  UTILIZE
   (15) STISS ACC.NO.:  OOS36161
   (18) DOC.CIT. :  Valley, t). J. Purox:  a. review of Onion  Carbide
Corporatipn's solid waste systen. In: Proceedings; Fifth Annual
Symposium of the Los Angeles Regional Forum  on Solid  Haste Hanagement,
University of California, LOS Angeles, May 21,  1975.  Torrance, CA, Los
Angeles Begional Forum on Solid Waste Management,  1976, 160 p. (p. 66-7
                                   128

-------
              CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
   (1)  SHIRS ACC.SO.:  035439
   (2)  DOMESTIC:  D  (2)  CATEGORY:  24   (2) SUBJ.TrpE:   T   (10)  PDB.
YEAR:   1975
   (11)  ABSTRACT:  This article discusses  the combined  incineration of
sewage sludge and municipal refuse. Data are  presented  on  the chemical
analyses and heat contents of sewage sludge and  refuse  and on the heat
released on combustion of tne combined  aaterials.  tie fuse must tie
shredded and air classified for separation of the  combustible portion
cf the wastes. Sewage sludge must be dewatered prior  to incineration.
Combined incineration of the sludge and refuse allows the  combustion of
the refuse to provide the heat necessary to dewater the sludge.  The
process allows the combustion to be self-sustaining,  avoiding the use
of auxiliary fuels. Combining the sludge with refuse  for incineration
permits sludqe of lower total solids content  to  be burned. Mixtures of
sludge and refuse can also be used in pyrolysis  processes, which can
produce fuel materials. A decision process for determining the
feasibility of combined incineration of sewage sludge and  refuse is
outlined.
   (12)  KEYWORDS;  ANALYSIS; COMBINED;  DATA;  DISPOSAL;  HEATIHG IfALUE;
INCINERATION; MUNICIPALITY; i>l.AiiNING; PYKOLYSIS; REFUSE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
   (15)  STIMS ACC.NO.:  OOS34534
   (18)  DOC.CIT.:  Loran, B. I. Burn that  sludge!  water and Wastes
Engineering, 12 (10):65-68, Oct. 1975.
     (1)  SHIES ACC.NO. :  034326
     (2)  DOMESTIC;  f   (2) CATEGORY:   11   (2)  SUBJ.TYPE:  T   (10) PUB.
 YEAR:  1975
     (11) ABSTRACT:  This" article describes the Bowhouse incinerator,
 which is the first incineration plant  in Scotland to use solid refuse
 as a fuel to burn sewage sludge. The plant,  which cost about 750,000
 pounds sterling, was  designed and constructed for the Bowhouse
 Incineration Joint Cooaittee, which  is  an amalgamation of the
 Clackmannan County Council and the town councils of  Alloa, Alva,
 Tillicoultry, and Dollar, in Scotland.  The incinerator is linked to a
 new 700,000 pounds sterling sewage treatment plant.  The incinerator is
 designed to handle municipal refuse, sewage  sludge,  and waste oils.
 Eefuse is pulverized  and ferrous metals are  magnetically separated
 before the wastes are fed to the combustion  zone.  Sewage sludge is
 thickened and pumped  into the upper drying section of the
 •ultipie-hearth furnace. Arms fited to  a rotating rabble shaft move the
 solid waste across the hearths and cause the ash to  drop through holes
 in the hearths. The ash residue is cooled as it heats the incoming
 combustion air and is removed by a conveyor  when it  reaches the bottom
 of the furnace. Exhaust gasses are cooled as they dry the sewage sludge
 and are cleaned by an electrostatic  precipitator prior to release to
 the atmosphere. The incineration plant  can dispose of 3.  65 tons of
 •ixed domestic and industrial refuse and 4.  36 tons  of various sludges
 per hr.
     (12)  KEYWORDS:  BENEFIT; DSSIGN; DISPOSAL;  ECONOMICS;  FURNACE;  GREAT
 BRITAIN;  INCINERATION; INCINERATOR; MULTIPLE HEARTH;  MUNICIPALITY;
 BEFUSE; REGIONAL; SCOTLAND; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
     (15)  STIHS ACC.NO.:  OOS33J70
    (18)  DOC.CIf.:  The Bowhouse incinerator. Energy  Digest, 4[3):36-37,
 June 1975.
                                    129

-------
             Appendix A
           ABBREVIATIONS
Administration
Agxarie
Agricultural
Agriculture
America(n)
Annals, Annali,  Annales
Applied
Archiv (e, es)
Association (cion)
Australasian
Berichte
British
Buildings
Bulletin
Canada(ian)
Chemical, Chemistry
Company
Communication(s)
Control
Conservation Development
  Deutschen
Corporation
Department
Division
Energy
Engineer(s)
Engineering
Environment
Environmental
Experimental
Government
Highway(s)
Incorporated
Indian
Industrial
Industry
Institute
Institution
International
Izvestiya
Japan
Japanese
Journal
Laboratory
Limited
Management
Manufacture(r)
Materials
Metallurgical,  Metallurgy
Microbiology  (ical, ia)
Mining
National
New
Number
Organization
Packaging
Pollution
Proceedings
Production
Admin
Agra
Agric
Agri
Amer
Ann
Appl
Arch
Assoc
Austral
Ber
Brit
Bldg(s)
Bull
Can
Chem
Co
Co mm
Contr
Conser Devt
  Deutsch
Corp
Dept
Div
Ener
Engr(s)
Engring
Env
Environ
Eptl
Govt
Hgwy(a)
Inc
Indn
Indus
Ind
Inst
Instit
Inter
Izv
Jpn
Jpnse
J
Lab
Ltd
Mgmt
Manuf
Mater
Metall
Micro
Mng
Natl
N
No .
Org
Pkg
Poll
Proc
Prod
                    131

-------
          HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Professional                       Prof
Publication(s)                     Pub(s)
Reclamation                        Reclatn
Report(s)                          Rpt(s)
Research                           Rsch
Resource                           Res
Review(s), Revue, Revista          Rev
Service(s)                         Svc(s)
Science(s)                         Sci
South                              S
Technological                      Technol
Technology, Technische, Techn-     Tech
  ica, etc.
Toxicology                         Toxicol
Transactions                       Trans
Treatment                          Trtmt
University and variations          Univ
United States                      U.S.
Water                              Wtr
Wissenschaftlichen                 Wissen
Zeitschrift                        Zeit
Zentrallblatt                      Zent
Zhurnal                            Zh
                    132

-------
                      Appendix B
         QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS

acre (acre)                        millimeter (mm)
acre-foot (acre-ft)                mile (mile)
centimeter  (cm)                    newton (N)
cubic centimeter (cu cm)            one kilogram force  (kgf)
cubic foot  (cu ft)                  one pound force  (Ibf)
cubic inch  (cu in)                  pascal (Pa)
cubic meter  (cu m)                  pound (Ib)
cubic meters per minute            pounds per square  foot  (psf)
  (cu m/min)
                                  pounds per square  inch  (psi)
cubic yard  (cu yd)
                                  square centimeter  (sq cm)
ft (ft)
                                  square foot  (sq  ft)
gallon (gal)
                                  square inch  (sq  in)
gallons  per minute
  (gal/min)                        square kilometer (sq km)
hectare  (ha)                       square meter (sq m)
inch (in)                          square mile  (sq  mile)
kilogram (kg)                      square yard  (sq  yd)
aeter (m)                          ton (ton)
                                  yard (yd)
                    Montha of  the  Year
                           Jan.
                           Feb.
                           Mar .
                           Apr.
                           May
                           June
                           July
                           Aug .
                           Sep.
                           Oct.
                           Nov.
                           Dec .
                          133

-------
                      Appendix C
                 LANGUAGE CODES
Language
                 Code
Mixed
Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Belorussian
(White Russian)
Bulgarian
Burmese
Cambodian
Cantonese
Chinese
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Dutch
English
Estonian
Finnish
Flemish
French
Georgian
German
Greek
Gujarat!
Hebrew
Hindi
Hindustani
Hungarian (Magyar)
Icelandic
Indonesian
Italian
Japanese
Javanese
Kashmiri
Khmer
Kirundi
Korean
Latin
Latvian
Lithuanian
AA
AF
AL
AR
AR
AE
BE

BU
BR
CA
CH
CH
CR
CZ
DA
DU
EN
ES
FI
FL
FR
GE
GM
GR
GU
HE
HI
HI
HU
1C
MI
IT
JA
JV
KA
CA
KI
KO
LA
LK
LI
                                      Language

                                 Lingala
                                 Macedonian
                                 Malayan
                                 Malayalam
                                 Malay-Indonesian
                                 Malagasy
                                 Maltese
                                 Mandarin
                                 Karachi
                                 Mongolian
                                 Nepali
                                 Ngala
                                 Norwegian
                                 Papuan
                                 Persian
                                 Polish
                                 Portugese
                                 Punjabi
                                 Pustu
                                 Romanian
                                 Russian
                                 Rwanda
                                 Servian
                                 Sinhalese
                                 Slovak
                                 Slovene
                                 Somali
                                 Spanish
                                 Swahili
                                 Swedish
                                 Tagalog
                                 Tamil
                                 Telugu
                                 Thai
                                 Tibetan
                                 Turkish
                                 Ukrainian
                                 Urdu
                                 Vietnamese
                                 White Russian
                                 Yiddish
Code

 HG
 MC
 ML
 MA
 Ml
 MS
 MT
 CH
 MR
 MO
 NE
 NG
 NO
 PA
 PE
 PO
 PR
 PU
 PS
 RO
 RU
 RW
 SE
 SI
 3L
 SV
 SO
 SP
 SW
 SO
 TA
 TM
 TE
TH
TI
TU
UK
UR
VI
BE
YI
                           134

-------
                           Appendix D
                      HIERARCHIC TERMS
1AC       ACCIDENT
            (See  also PETROCHEMICALS)

1AG       AGRICULTURAL WASTES
            (See  also ANIMALS, MANURE, FOOD PROCESSING)
          2C8         CROP  RESIDUE
          2LW         LOGGING WASTES
          2PT         PROCESSING
          2UT         UTILIZATION

1AI       AIR POLLUTION
          2AN         ANALYSIS
          2C2         CONTROL EQUIPMENT
          2DU         DUJtPS
          2FD         PEEDLOTS
          2ic         :NCINERATOR
          2IN         INDUSTRY
          2LF         LAWS
          2SQ         SMOKE CONTROL

1AL       ALGAE
            CSee  MICROORGANISM)

IAN       ANALYSIS

1AQ       ANIMALS
            (See  also MANURE)
          2CD         CARCASS
          2FD         PEEDLOTS
          2VC         VECTOR CONTROL

1AS       ASH
          2CN         COMPOSITION
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2UT         UTILIZATION

1AU       AUTOMOBILES
          2BU         BURNING
          2CL         COLLECTION
          2C6         COSTS
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          21C         INCINERATION
          2LF         LAWS
          2QU         QUANTITY
          2RT         RAIL  TRANSPORT
          2TT         TRANSPORT
          2UT         UTILIZATION
          2VR         VOLUME REDL" .TION

1AY       AUTOMOTIVE  INDUSTRY
            CSee  also AUTOMOBILES)
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2PT         PROCESSING
          2UT         UTILIZATION
                                 135

-------
                        HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1BC


1BL




1BU
BACTERIA
  (See MICROORGANISMS)
1CF

1CH
BALING
2ET
2PD
2SC

BULKY WASTES
2CL
2DP
2TT
2UT
2VR

CELLULOSE

CHEMICALS
2 IN
EQUIPMENT
PAPER
SCRAP METAL
                       COLLECTION
                       DISPOSAL
                       TRANSPORT
                       UTILIZATION
                       VOLUME REDUCTION
           2PC
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP     DISPOSAL
3PT     PROCESSING
3UT     UTILIZATION
POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP     DISPOSAL
3PT     PROCESSING
3UT     UTILIZATION
1CL
ICO


1CP





ICQ
COLLECTION
   (See also
2CJ
2CM
2CZ
2C1
2C6
2ET
2FR
2 IN
2IW
2LF
2MY
2PH
2PQ
2RO
2RW
2TU

COMPACTION
2ET

COMPOST
2 AN
2 HE
2MG
2UT

COMPOSTING
2CC
2CF
2C6
2DP
2ET
2HE
2IC
2 IT
2LF
2MX
                       CONTAINERS)
                       CHUTS SYSTEMS
                       COMMERCIAL WASTES
                       CONTAINERS
                       CONTRACTORS
                       COSTS
                       EQUIPMENT
                       FREQUENCY
                       INDUSTRIAL WASTES
                       INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
                       LAWS
                       MUNICIPAL WASTES
                       PERSONNEL
                       PNEUMATIC
                       ROUTES
                       RURAL AREAS
                       TRUCKS
EQUIPMENT
ANALYSIS
HEALTH AND SAFETY
MARKETS
UTILIZATION
                       TANNERY WASTES
                       CELLULOSE
                       COSTS
                       DISPOSAL
                       EQUIPMENT
                       HEALTH AND  SAFETY
                       INCINERATION
                       INSTALLATIONS
                       LAWS
                       METHODS
                                   136

-------
                           HIERARCHIC TERMS

           2FD         PAPER
           2PS         PROBLEMS
           2SI         SEPARATION OF NON-ORGANICS
           2SP         SLUDGE

1CT        COMPUTER
             (See MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)

IOC        CONSTRUCTION
             CSee also DEMOLITION WASTES)
           2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
                       3DP     DISPOSAL
                       3PT     PROCESSING
                       3OT     UTILIZATION
           2PC         POST CONSUMER WASTES
                       3DP     DISPOSAL
                       3PT     PROCESSING
                       3UT     UTILIZATION

1CZ        CONTAINERS
           2DP         DISPOSAL

IDA        DAIRY (INDUSTRY)

IDE        DEEP WELL STORAGE

1DM        DEMOLITION WASTES
             (See also CONSTRUCTION)

1DP        DISPOSAL
             CSee also INDIVIDUAL METHODS)
           2AG        ' AGRICULTURAL WASTES
           2CM         COMMERICAL WASTES
           2C6         COSTS
           2DG         DREDGING
           2FC         FACILITIES
           2HC         HAZARDOUS WASTE
           2HE         HEALTH AND SAFETY
           2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
           2IW         INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
           2LF         LAWS
           2MX         METHODS
           2MY         MUNICIPAL WASTES
           2RP         RESEARCH
           2RV         RURAL AREAS

1DR        DRUGS
             (See also PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES)

1DU        DUMPS
           2EL         ELIMINATION
           2HE         HEALTH AND SAFETY
           2LF         LAWS

1EC        ECONOMICS
           2C6         COSTS
           2MG         MARKETS
           2TX         TAXES

1EI        EDUCATION
           2PH         PERSONNEL
           2PO         PROFESSIONAL
           2PV         PUBLIC
                                 137

-------
                      HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

1EN        ENERGY
           2EC         ECONOMICS
           2RD         REFUSE DERIVED FUELS
           2UT         UTILIZATION

1EP        ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

1ET        EQUIPMENT
           2AN         ANALYSIS
           2BR         BALERS
           2CL         COLLECTION
           2CO         COMPACTION
           2C3         CONVEYOR
           2HM         HAMMERMILLING
           2MH         MATERIALS HANDLING
           2SD         SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
           2SG         SANITARY LANDFILL
           2SI         SEPARATORS - FITTERS
           2SK         SHEARING
           2SL         SHREDDING
           2SU         SPREADING
           2TT         TRANSPORTATION
           2WT         WASTEWATER TREATMENT (CONTROL EQUIPMENT)

1FE        FERTILIZER
              (See also COMPOST, HAZARDOUS)
           2DP         DISPOSAL
           2RF         REFUSE DERIVED FERTILIZER

1FI        FIRE

1FL        FLY ASH
           2AN         ANALYSIS
           2DP         DISPOSAL
           2MS         MINE STABILISATION
           2RC         RECOVERY O? CONSTITUENTS
           2SS         SOIL CONDITIONER
           2UT         UTILIZATION
                       3AR     AGGREGATE

 1FO       FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
           2BG         BAGASSE
           2BK         BAKERY
           2BP         BIOLOGICAL PROCESSTwr
           2BW         BREWERY
           2CC         CANNERY
           2CI         CHEMICAL PROCESSING
           2CK         COFFEE
           2DA         DAIRY
           2DP         DISPOSAL
           2FR         FRUITS
           2GF         GRAIN AND FEED CROPS
           2MF         MEAT PACKING PLANTS
           2MP         MECHANICAL PROCESSING
           2MU         MOLASSES
           2PA         POULTRY
           2SE         SEAFOOD
           2SO         SLAUGHTERHOUSE
           2SX         SUGAR
           2UT         UTILIZATION
           2VG         VEGETABLE

 1FU       FUNGI
              CSee MICROORGANISMS)

 1GA       GARBAGE GRINDING
                                   138

-------
                          HIERARCHIC TERMS

1GL       GLASS
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL BASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2PC         POST CONSUMER WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION

1GR       GRANTS

1GW       GROUND WATER

1HC       HAZARDOUS WASTES
            (See also RADIOACTIVE WASTES, HOSPITALS,  PESTICIDES)
          2AN         ANALYSIS
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2PT         PROCESSING

1KB       HEALTH ANC SAFETY

1HH       HEAT RECOVERY
            (See INCINERATION)

1HO       HOG FEEDING

IBS       HOSPITALS
            (See also INSTITUTIONAL WASTES;  HAZARDOUS WASTES)

          2CL         COLLECTION
          2DI         DISPOSABLE ITEMS
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2HE         HEALTH AND SAFETY
          2IC         INCINERATION

1IC       INCINERATION
            (See also SPECIFIC WASTES)
          2AI         AIR POLLUTION
          2CM         COMMERCIAL WASTES
          2CQ         COMPOSTING
          2C6         COSTS
          2EM         EMISSIONS
          2ET         EQUIPMENT
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
          2IW         INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
          2LF         LAWS
          ZMC         MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
          2MY         MUNICIPAL WASTES
          2OS         ON SITE
          2PE         PLANT DESIGN
          2PG         PLANT OPERATION
          2PS         PROBLEMS
          2RS         RESIDUE
          2SD         SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
          2WA         WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
          2WE         WATER POLLUTION

HE       INCINERATOR
          2FB         FLUIDIZED BED
          20P         OPEN PIT
          2RK         ROTARY KILN
          2SP         SLUDGE
          2ST         SPECIAL PURPOSE
                                139

-------
                      HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

1IM       INDUSTRIAL WASTES
            (See also SPECIFIC INDUSTRY, SPECIFIC TREATMENT WTMQDS)
          2AK         ANALYSIS
          2BP         BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
          2CG         CENTRALIZED DISPOSAL PLANT5
          2CI         CHEMICAL PROCESSING
          2C6         COSTS
          2EF         EFFLUENT CHARGES
          2LF         LAWS
          2MP         MECHANICAL PROCESSING
          2MY         MUNICIPAL WASTES
          2PY         PYROLYSIS
          2SJ         SEWAGE
          2TT         TRANSPORTATION
          2UT         UTILIZATION

IIS       INSECTS

1IW       INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2PT         PROCESSING
          2OT         UTILIZATION

1LC       LAGOONS

1LD       LAND RECLAMATION
            (See also MINES, SANITARY LANDFILL)

1LF       LANS
          2CL         COLLECTION
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2ER         ENFORCEMENT
          2FF         FEDERAL
          2IB         INTERNATIONAL
          2MB         MUNICIPAL
          2SW         STATE

1LH       LEACHATE
            (See also SANITARY LANDFILL, WATER POLLUTION)

1LR       LITTER
          2C3         CAMPAIGNS
          2C6         COST OF REMOVAL
          2RJ         RECREATION AREAS

1LU       LUMBER
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2PC         POST CONSUMER WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3DT      UTILIZATION

IMA       MAHAGEMENT AND PLANNING
          2C7         COUNTY
          2JT         FEDERAL
          2IB         INTERNATIONAL
          2MB         MUNICIPAL
          2fiZ         REGIONAL
          2BH         RURAL
          2SW         STATE
          2TQ         TECHNIQUZS
                                 140

-------
                          HIERARCHIC TERMS

IKE       MANURE
             tSee also ANIMALS)
          2CE         CATTLE
          2HE         HEALTH AND  SAFETY
          2PA         POULTRY
          2PT         PROCESSING
          2SL         SHEEP
          2SN         STORAGE
          2SZ         SWINE
          2UT         UTILIZATION

IMG       MARKETS

1M1       METAL, FERROUS
          2EC         ECONOMICS
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL  WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2PC         POST CONSUMER VIASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2SC         SCRAP
          2SN         SLAG
          2SY         SWARF

1MK       METAL, NON-FERROUS
          2AM         ALUMINUM
          2C4         COPPER
          2EC         ECONOMICS
          2HV         HEAVY
          2LB         LEAD
          2NI         NICKEL
          2PK         PRECIOUS METALS
          2TI         TIN
          2ZI         ZINC

1MM       MICROORGANISMS

1MO       MINERALS

1MR       MINES
             CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)

LMT       MINING INDUSTRY
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2PT         PROCESSING
          2UT         UTILIZATION

1MV       MONITORING

1MY       MUNICIPAL WASTES
             (See also REFUSE)
          2CO         COMPACTION
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2SH         SEPARATION
          2TT         TRANSPORT
          2UT         UTILIZATION

1NO       NOISE

IOC       OCEAN DISPOSAL
          2AG         AGRICULTURAL WASTES
          2CM         COMMERCIAL  PASTES
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL  WASTES
                                141

-------
                     HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

          2IW         INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
          2IX         INTERNATIONAL CONTHOL
          2MY         MUNICIPAL WASTES
          2SP         SLUDGE

10F       ODOR CONTROL

lOL       OIL

IPS       PACKAGING WASTES
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2PT         PROCESSING
          2OT         UTILIZATION

1PD       PAPER AND PULP
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2NE         NEWSPAPERS
          2PC         POST CONSUMER WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3OT      UTILIZATION

1PF       PATHOGENIC WASTES

1PH       PERSONNEL

1PJ       PESTICIDES

1PL       PETROCHEMICALS
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2OI         OIL SPILLS
          2PC         POST CONSUMER WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION

1PN       PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES

1PP       PLANNING

1PR       PLASTICS
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL  WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2PC         POST CONSUMER WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION

1PT       PROCESSING

1PV       PUBLIC  RELATIONS
             (See  EDUCATION)

1PY       PYROLYSIS
             (See  also INCINERATION)

1RD       RADIOACTIVE WASTES
             (See  also HAZARDOUS WASTES)


                                  142

-------
                          HTEPABCHIC TERMS

          2UP         DISPOSAL
          2SW         STORAGE

1RG       RECLAMATION
            CSee SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION)

1RJ       RECREATIONAL AREAS
            CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)

1RM       REDUCTION

1RN       REFUSE
            (See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
          2CA         CALORIFIC VALUE
          2CO         COMPOSITION
          2QU         QUANTITY

1RP       RESEARCH
            (See SPECIFIC TOPICS;  GRANT)

1RR       RESOURCE RECOVERY

1RU       RUBBER
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2PC         POST CONSUMER WASTES
                      3DP      DISPOSAL
                      3PT      PROCESSING
                      3UT      UTILIZATION
          2TS         TIRES

1SB       SAFETY
            (See HEALTH AND SAFETY)

ISO       SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
            (See also SPECIFIC TYPES)

1SF       SAND

1SG       SANITARY LANDFILL
            CSee also LAND RECLAMATION;  SPECIFIC WASTES)
          2CQ         COMPOSTING
          2C6         COSTS
          2DC         DECOMPOSITION
          2DS         DESIGN
          2ET         EQUIPMENT
          2GS         GASSES
          2GW         GROUND WATER
          2MC         MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
          2OE         OPERATIONS
          2RL         REGULATIONS
          2SL         SHREDDING
          2SO         SITES

1SI       SEPARATION
          2CH         CHEMICAL
          2LS         LIQUID-SOLID
          2MD         MECHANICAL
          2ML         METAL
          2MX         METHODS
          2RN         REFUSE

1SJ       SEWAGE
            (See also SLUDGE)
          2AN         ANALYSIS


                                143

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                      HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

          2BP         BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
          2CI         CHEMICAL PROCESSING
          2C6         COSTS
          2KB         HEALTH AND SAFETY
          2IP         IRRADIATION PROCESSING
          2MP         MECHANICAL PROCESSING
          2TT         TRANSPORTATION

1SL       SHREDDING

ISM       SLAG
            CSae METAL, FERROUS)

ISO       SLAUGHTERHOUSE
            CSae FOOD PROCESSING WASTES)

ISP       SLUDGE
            tSee also INDUSTRIAL WASTES)
          2AN         ANALYSIS
          2BP         BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
          2CI         CHEMICAL PROCESSING
          2C6         COSTS
          2DP         DISPOSAL
          2ET         EQUIPMENT
          2HS         HEALTH AND SAFETY
          2HP         HEAT PROCESSING
          2IP         IRRADIATION PROCESSING
          2MP         MECHANICAL PROCESSING
          2TT         TRANSPORTATION
          2UT         UTILIZATION

1SR       SNOW REMOVAL

1ST       SOIL

ISO       SOURCES OF INFORMATION

1SW       STORAGE
          2CZ         CONTAINERS
          2C6         COSTS
          2LF         LAWS
          2MX         METHODS
          2SO         SITES

1SX       STREET CLEANING

1SY       SURVEYS

1SZ       SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
             CSee MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)

1TB       TANNERY WASTES

ITS       TEXTILES
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
                      3DP       DISPOSAL
                      3PT       PROCESSING
                      3UT       UTILIZATION
          2PC         POST CONSUMER WASTES
                      3DP       DISPOSAL
                      3PT       PROCESSING
                      3UT       UTILIZATION

1TM       TOXIC MATERIALS
             (See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
                                 144

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                         HIERARCHIC TERMS

1TR       TRANSFER STATIONS
            (See also COLLECTION)

ITT       TRANSPORTATION
            CSee also SPECIFIC WASTES)
          2C6         COSTS
          2MX         METHODS
          2PM         PIPELINES
          2PQ         PNEUMATIC
          2KB         RAILROADS
          2SN         SHIPS
          2TK         TRUCKS

1TV       TREATMENT
            (See PROCESSING)

1TY       TREES
            (See BULKY WASTES; LUMBER)

1VC       VECTOR CONTROL
            (See ANIMALS; INSECTS)

1VG       VEGETATION

1VR       VOLUME REDUCTION

1WE       WATER POLLUTION
            (See also GROUND WATER)
          2AG         AGRICULTURAL WASTES
          2AN         ANALYSIS
          2CM         COMMERCIAL WASTES
          2C2         CONTROL EQUIPMENT
          2EC         ECONOMICS
          2HE         HEALTH AND SAFETY
          2IN         INDUSTRIAL WASTES
          2LF         LAWS
          2MY         MUNICIPAL  WASTES
          2SJ         SEWAGE

1WO       WOOD
            (See LUMBER)
                                  145

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                            Appendix E
                     GEOGRAPHIC CODES
1AF       Africa
IAN       Antarctica
IAS       Asia
1AU       Australia
1CA       Canada '
1CB       Caribbean
1EU       Europe
IMA       Marshall Islands
1ME       Mexico
1MI       Middle East
1NZ       New Zealand
ISA       South America
1SU       Soviet Union
1US       United States

2AA       Alabama
2AC       Alaska
2AE       Alberta
2AG       American Samoa
2AI       Arizona
2AN       Argentina
2AR       Arkansas
2AS       Austria
2BE       Belgium
2BI       Brazil
2BR       British Columbia
2CA       California
2CH       China  (Mainland)
2CI       China  (Taiwan)
2CO       Colorado
2CT       Connecticut
2CZ       Czechoslovakia
2DE       Delaware
2DN       Denmark
2DT       District of Columbia
2FI       Finland
2FL       Florida
2FR       France
2GB       Gabon
2GE       Georgia
2GM       Germany  (East)
2GN       Germany  (West)
2GU       Guam
2HI       Hawaii
2HK       Hong Kong
2HU       Hungary
2IA       Idaho
211       Illinois
2IL       India
2IN       Indiana
210       Indonesia
2IQ       Iowa
2IR       Ireland
2IS       Israel
2IT       Italy
2JM       Jamaica
2JP       Japan
2KS       Kansas
2Ky       Kentucky
2LE       Lebanon
2LI
2LT
2LU
2MA
2MD
2MH
2MI
2MJ
2MN
2MP
2MR
2MT
2NB
2NE
2NF
2NG
2NH
2NJ
2NM
2NQ
2NR
2NT
2NY
20H
20K
20N
20R
2PC
2PE
2PJ
2 PL
2PR
2RI
2SA
2SF
2SI
2SK
2SP
2SR
2SU
2SY
2TA
2TE
2TK
2TN
2UG
2UK
2UT
2VA
2VE
2VI
2VN
2VR
2WA
2WR
2WW
2WY
2YU
3AI
3AK
Libya
Lithuania
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Melbourne
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nepal
Netherlands
Nevada
New Hampshire
Nev Jersey
Nefc iSvico
Nnw '__-k
Nor • Carolina
Nor,,'i Dakota
Norway
Ohio
Okla>- .-na
Ontario
Oregon
Pakistan
Pennsylvania
Peru
Poland
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
Saskatchewan
South Africa
South Carolina
South Dakota
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Sydney
Tasmania
Tennessee
Texas
Thailand
Uganda
United Kingdom
Utah
Venezuela
Vermont
Victoria
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Yugoslavia
Aiken
Akron
                                   146

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                              GEOGRAPHICAL
3AL       Albany
3AM       Ames
3AS       Amsterdam
3AT       Atlanta
3BA       Baltimore
3BC       Bangkok
3BI       Basel
3BK       Barking
3BL       Bavaria
3BN       Berkeley
3BR       Berlin
3BS       Birmingham
3BT       Boston
3BV       Bridgeport
3BW       Broward
3CA       Calumet
3CD       Camden
3CF       Casteljaloux
3CI       Cheshire
3CJ       Chicago
3CN       Cincinnati
3CP       Cleveland
3CT       Clinton
3CU       Columbus
3CY       Cook
3CZ       Czestochowa
3DE       Denver
3DI       Detroit
3DN       Dublin
3DT       Duluth
3DU       Dusseldorf
3EB       Ebingen
3ED       Edinburgh
3EK       Elk Creek
3EM       Elmira
3EY       Ely
3FB       Fairbanks
3FI       Finham
3FL       Flagstaff
3FN       Frankfort
3FR       Franklin
3SA       St. Croix
3SC       St. Joseph
3SD       St. Louis
3SE       St. Paul
3SG       St. Petersburg
3SI       San Diego
3SN       San Francisco
3SO       Santa Ana
3SP       Santa Barbara
3SR       Savannah
3ST       Stockholm
3SU       Stuttgart
3TA       Tel Aviv
3TC       Tocks Island
3TK       Tokyo
3TN       Toronto
3TO       Trenton
3TR       Tripoli
3TU       Tucson
3VC       Venice
3GA       Gainesville
3GE       Geneva
3GL      Glasgow
3HA      Hague
3HF      Haifa
3HG      Hamburg
3HJ      Hanford
3HL      Harlem
3HM      Hartford
3HO      Honolulu
3HR      Hopewell
SHU      Houston
3IT      Ithaca
3JE      Jerusalem
3JH      Johannesburg
3JP      Joplin
3KC      Kansas City
3KH      Karlsruhe
3KN      Knox
3KS      Kosovo
3KW      Kracow
3LC      Lancaster
3LI      Lima
3LL      Liverpool
3LO      London
3LS      Los Angeles
SLY      Lycoming
3MA      Madras
3MD      Madrid
3MH      Manchester
SMI      Maui
3ML      Melbourne
3MM      Miami
3MO      Milwaukee
3MP      Minneapolis
3MR      Mobile
3MT      Montgomery
3MU      Munich
3MY      Muskegon
SNA      Nashville
3ND      New Delhi
3NL      New Orleans
3NO      New York City
3NR      Niagara
3NU      Nurnberg
30C      Ochtrup
SOT      Ottawa
3PA      Paris
3PC      Passaic
3PH      Philadelphia
3PN      Phoenix
3PS      Pinellas
3PW      Piscataway
3RC      Rochester
3RD      Rocky Flats
3VE      Ventura
3VI      Virginia Beach
SWA      Walcheren
3WE      Weidenau-Geisweid
3WK      West Nyack
3WM      Willamette River
3WY      Winnebago
3YO      Yosemite
3ZU      Zurich
                                  147

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                           Appendix F
               DOCUMENT CATEGORY CODES
01    AGRICULTURAL WASTES
        Crop  residues
        Manure
        Timber/other vegetation
02    ANALYSIS  OF SOLID WASTE
        Data
03    AUTOMOBILES
04    BULKY WASTES
05    COLLECTION
06    COMPOST
07    DISPOSAL
08    ECONOMICS
        Disposal costs
        Financing facilities
        Pollution control costs
        Marketing information
        Taxes and incentives
09    HAZARDOUS WASTES
10    HEALTH/SAFETY
11    INCINERATION
12    INDUSTRIAL WASTES
13    INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
14    LAWS/REGULATIONS
15    LITTER
16    MANAGEMENT
        Municipal
        Regional
        Rural
        State
17    OCEAN DISPOSAL
18    PACKAGING
19    PROCESSING/REDUCTION
20    RECYCLING
        Incinerator residue
        Industrial wastes
        Mining wastes
        Municipal refuse
        Scrap  metal
21    RESEARCH
22    SANITARY LANDFILL
23    SEPARATION
24    SLUDGE
25    STORAGE
26    STREET CLEANING
27    TRAINING,  EDUCATION,
        PUBLIC RELATIONS
28    TRANSPORT
29    SOURCE REDUCTION
30    ENERGY
        Demand,  for solid waste
          management
        Fuel from wastes
        Heat utilization from
          incineration
                                                             ya!787c
                                                             SW-783
                                  148
                                                •U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979 0-620-007/3800

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                           EPA  REGIONS
U.S. EPA, Region 1
Solid Waste Program
John F. Kennedy Bldg.
Boston, MA 02203
617-223-5775

U.S. EPA, Region 2
Solid Waste Section
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10007
212-264-0503

U.S. EPA, Region 3
Solid Waste Program
6th and Walnut Sts.
Philadelphia, PA 19106
215-597-9377

U.S. EPA, Region 4
Solid Waste Program
345 Courtland St., N.E.
Altanta, GA 30308
404-881-3016
U.S. EPA, Region 5
Solid Waste Program
230 South Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604
312-353-2197

U.S. EPA, Region 6
Solid Waste Section
1201 Elm St.
Dallas, TX 75270
214-767-2734

U.S. EPA, Region 7
Solid Waste Section
1735 Baltimore Ave.
Kansas City, MO 64108
816-374-3307
U.S. EPA, Region 8
Solid Waste Section
1860 Lincoln St.
Denver, CO 80295
303-837-2221

U.S. EPA, Region 9
Solid Waste Program
215 Fremont St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-556-4606

U.S. EPA, Region 10
Solid Waste Program
1200 6th Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
206-442-1260

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