SO LID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Abstracts from the Literature
1975-1978
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Abstracts from the.Literature, 1975--1978
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
This publication (SW-783) was prepared
by the-Office of Solid Waste
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1979
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An environmental protection publication (SW-783) in the solid
waste management series. Minor typographic errors and format
inconsistencies in computer printouts herein are not corrected,
in the interest of expeditious availability of this information
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CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Section 1. General 3
2. Analysis, Research and Development 17
3. Industrial Practices 48
4. Plant Design 52
5. Processing 62
6. Composting 86
7. Land Application and Agricultural Uses ... 94
8. Co-Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Municipal
Solid Wastes 121
Appendix A. Abbreviations 131
B. Quantitative Measurements 133
C. Language Codes 134
D. Hierarchic Terms 135
E. Geographic Terms 146
F. Document Category Codes 148
iii
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INTRODUCTION
This document makes available in printed form one of the eleven
major subject categories of the solid waste management literature
abstracted and stored on computer by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. A decision to close the computerized abstracting activities
of the Solid Waste Information Retrieval System (SWIRS) in 1979 was
influenced by rising costs and moderate growth of requests from users.
However, EPA's Office of Solid Waste has undertaken to publish the
1975 through 1978 data; abstracts from earlier years may appear in
some sections. The SWIRS monthly abstracts series formerly published
are no longer available.
User Requests
The basic documents listed in the abstracts as "Retained in SWIRS
library" may be requested via interlibrary loan through recognized
libraries.
This abstracts series will not cover publications of EPA's Office
of Solid Waste. Instead, users may request the catalog Solid Waste
Management: Available Information Materials, which covers the years
1966 to present. Address the request to: Solid Waste Information, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Saint Clair Street, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268. The above catalog.includes indexes by subject, author,
and title, with order blanks.
Format, Abbreviations, and Typographic Errors
In the interest of making the data available expeditiously, the com-
puter printout is being reproduced without change of minor typographic
errors. Main abbreviations and acronyms are listed in the appendixes.
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Section 1
GENERAL
(1) SWTRS ACC.NO.: 047440
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEJOitY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: li
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The institutional challenyes to residual
management.
(4) AUTHOR: Wright cv
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Disposal of fcesidues on Land. Proceedings:
National conference on Disposal ot Residues on Land, St. Louis, HO,
Sep. 13-15, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Legal, regulatory, social and political
institutional challenges to residuals management are considered.
Industrial residues are oeiug produced in increasing quantities and
complexities as the result of ooth public and private sector
activities. The disposal or residues on land is basically contralled by
state regulations on solid waste, municipal sludge, and municipal
refuse. Pollution control efforts that are based on a media approacn
complicate the institutional frame tor residuals managenent and
control. The role of different levels of government and the private
sector in their disposal is discussed. (Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYhOHDS: GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRY; INSTITUTION; MANAGEMENr;
BEFUSE; REGULATIONS; RESIDUE; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERNS: 1LF/2FF; 1MA/2TQ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46494
(16) CITATION: Rockville, MD, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.1-4.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046975
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Health and nuisance considerations: the basis of
legal constraints in sludge management.
(1) AUTHOR: Walker HR
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
14-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Legal constraints on sludge management in the form
cf private legal actions
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046973
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Hhat's in a name? - Chicago's Nu Earth
distribution program.
(4) AUTHOR: Alter JH
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec,
1H-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2IL/3CJ (10) PUB. YEAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The "Nu Earth" program which merchandises sludge in
Chicago, IL is described. The treatment and management of sludge by the
Betropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago are discussed.
Becognizing the demand for Nu Earth, a sludge distribution policy has
been initiated that offers tree delivery to any person living in Cook
County who requests one truckload or more. The distribution procedure
is detailed. Three categories of users are noted (individuals,
•unicipalities, and large users). It is estimated that it costs between
155 and $60 per dry ton to produce and distribute Nu Earth. (Retained
in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; ILLINOIS; MANAGEMENT; SLUDGE; TREATMENT;
UTILIZE
(1U) HIERARCH TERHS: 1EC/2C6; 1SP/2UT; 1TV
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46026
(16) CITATION: Rockville, HD, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.93-95.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. : 046968
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.Ty.PE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sludge, public opinion, agencies, litigations.
(4) AUTHOR: Eauer WJ
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
14-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GfiO. AfaEA: 1US/2II (10) PUB. YEAfi: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The experiences of a consulting engineering firm in
Chicago, IL, with practical aspects of sludge manageaent are reported.
Sludge, public opinion, agencies, and litigation are among the issues
discussed. The use of sludge for agricultural purposes is viewed as a
controversial subject from the political and public agency points of
view. The cost of sludge management is considered to be adversely
affected by precautions tanen to guard against hypothetical hazards,by
interference from citizen groups, and by the failure to recognize
sludges'as a valuable resource from which useful products can be
derived. Recommendations to inform the public on tne beneficial aspects
of sludge application are offered. Case studies are cited to illustrate
public misunderstanding, unscientific approaches of researchers
regarding digested sludge, and political exploitation. (Retained in
SHIfiS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; ECONOMICS; LAW; MANAGEMENT; PUBLIC;
SLUDGE
(14) HIERABCH TERMS: 1MA/2T(J; 1PV; 1SP
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46021
(16) CITATION: Rockville, MD, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.69-73.
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GENERAL
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046951
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 £2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Information Transfer Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: Proceedings: Third National Conference on Sludge
Hanaqenent Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, i'L, Dec. 14-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2FL (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Disposal and utilization aspects of sludge
•anaqeaent were the focus or a national conference held in Hiaui Beacn,
FL, on December 14-16, 1976. The conference'was sponsored by tns Energy
Research and Development Administration, the Environmental Protection
Agency, the National Science Foundation, and Information Transfer Inc.
Forty-three presentations were Bade that dealt with such topics as
sludqe treatment, sludge transport, sludge composting, sludge
irradiation, the disposal of municipal sludge on land, the potential
for sludqe reclamation and recovery, institutional considerations in
sludge management, health and nuisance considerations in sludge
lanagement, combustion processing of sludge, biological effects of
irradiation with high-eneryy electrons, anaerobic sludge digestion,
sludge research, and energy production from solid waste. (Retained in
SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; FLORIDA; MANAGEMENT; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE;
UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HA/2TQ; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00346004
(16) CITATION: Rockville, ML), information Transfer Inc., 1977. 210
P-
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046705
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2« (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sludge management alternatives.
(4) AUTHOR: Herson A
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Laud Based Sewage Sludge Management Alternatives
for Los Angeles: Evaluation and Comparison.
(8) NTIS NO.: PB-262 423
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA/3LS (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Four appendixes to a report on land based sladge
nanagement alternatives for Los Angeles, California, provide
information on various facets of sludge disposal, energy requireaents,
and environmental impacts. The alternatives include agricultural use or
sludge, evaporation ponds, and landfill ing. These sludge management
alternatives are reviewed in the first appendix. In the second
appendix, energy requirements associated with the alternatives are
classified in terms of sludge processing, sludge transportation, and
sludge disposal. Air pollution emissions are calculated for stationary
source emissions from power generation and for vehicle emissions in the
third appendix. The fourth appendix lists flora and fauna in the
Antelope Valley area of California, the site where sludge management
alternatives are being considered for potential application. (Retained
in SHIRS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; Alfi; ANIMAL; CALIFORNIA; DISPOSAL;
EMISSION; ENERGY; ENVIRONMENT; EVAPORATION; MANAGEMENT; POLLUTION;
SANITARY LANDFILI; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE; VEGETATION
(14) HIEFARCH TERMS: 1AI/2AN; 1EC/2C6; 1EN/2UT; 1EP; 1SP/2DP
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45757
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, Office of Water Research and
Technology, Jun. 1976. p.98-127.
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046256
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) 3UBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: In search of a national sludge management
policy.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Sludge Magazine 1(1) :11, 13, 15, 17, 40,
Jan.-Feb. 1978.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: The division ot sludge management responsibility
between different offices or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
is discussed. Each office, with its own statutory requirements, public
constituents, and bureaucratic biases, is trying to set a coordinated
sludge management policy. Primary responsibility for policy rests in
the Office of Hater and Hazardous Materials. Other EPA offices with
sludge responsioilities are: ulater planning and Standards; Water
Program Operation; Water Supply; Solid Waste; Air and Waste Hanagement;
Toxic Substances; Besearch and Development; and Planning and
Hanagement. The sludge related responsibilities of each are noted, as
are the regulations and requirements they are developing. EPA has
created the Residual Wording Group in an attempt to cut across
interoffice politics. The group, charged with resolving sludge
•anagement policy problems, consists of representatives from each of
the mentioned EPA offices, other federal agencies with an interest in
sludge management practices participate on working group subcommittees.
Pending massive EPA reorganization, the Working Group represents the
agency's best hope for a comprehensive and consistent sludge management
policy.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONSTRUCTION; JiPA; FEDERAL; GOV ERilHEtiTJ HAZARDOUS;
LAND; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; SLUDGE; SPREADING
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA/2F* ; 1PP; 1SP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45307
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045370
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 17 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Alternatives to ocean dumping.
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Ocean Dumping in the United States - 1977.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Alternatives to the disposal of waste by ocean
dunping are explored. Ocean dumping criteria promulgated by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are discussed. It is noted that,
where these criteria are not met, alternatives ror the ultimate
disposal of waste must be adopted to minimize unreasonable degradation
to the marine environment. In EPA Region II and Kegion III, the goal is
to phase out the dumping of sewage sludge in the ocean by 1981. The
city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is required to end ocean dumping by
1981. A master plan has been developed to select and implement
alternatives. In Philadelphia and other cities, various alternatives
fceing considered for waste disposal include the application of sludge
to cropland and forests, composting, the production ot a highway
aggregate material from sludge, land based techniqeus, and incineration
and pyrolysis. Major projects funded by EPA research and development
programs to study municipal sludge technology and health effects are
cited, and construction grants funding sludge management studies are
listed.
(12) KEYWORDS: CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; DUMPING; EALTH; MANAGEMENT;
HONICIPALITY; OCEAN; REGIONAL; RESEARCH; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(14) HIEBABCH TERMS: 1DF/2DS; 1KB; 1OA/2GF; 10A/20G
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44417
(16) CITATION: Washington, uc, U.S. Environmental Protection
Aqency, Mar. 1977. p.57-65.
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GENERAL
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 045312
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Uncle Sam wants you to enlist in army of
policymakers.
(4) AUTHOR: Mackay BB Jt
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid wastes Hgat/Hetuse uemoval J
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. SCEifi: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The provisions ot the Resource Conservation ind
Recovery Act, Public Law 94-580 are discussed. The Act calls toe the
participation of the private sector in the development of rules for
refuse collection, transportation, conversion or disposal. The disposal
cf nonrecoverable waste residues is also covered by the Act. Solid
waste is described as refuse, garbage, sludge fron a waste or water
supply treatment plant or air pollution facility and other discarded
•aterials but does not include solid or dissolved material from
donestic sewage, in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges
which are point sources subject to section 402 of the Federal Hater
Pollution Control Act. In general, the Act seeks participation to
define performance levels for solid haste management practices,
protection of the environment, waters and air and dumping regulations.
At the present time there ace 25 Federal agencies involved in water
regulation alone. Industry is urged to participate in the making of
policy.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIK; COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; ENVIRONMENT; FEDERAL;
INDUSTRY; LAW; MANAGEMENT; BEFUSE; SLUDGE; HATER; WATERWAY
(14) HIERAHCH TERHS: 1AC/2AK; 1CC/2CL; 1DD/2DN; 1LB/2LB; 1WA/2HH
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS44359
(16) CITATION: 19(2):46, 52-53, Dec. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044926
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Governmental regulation and impact.
(4) AUTHOR: Italiano ML
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Marine Haste Disposal in the New York Bight -
Public Policy, Environmental Impacts, and Alternative Futures.
(8) NTIS NO.: PB 255 222 (8) REPORT NO.: HLI-76/1
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AHEA: 1US/2NY (10) PUB. YEAS: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The involvement of governmental entities in
regulating barge waste disposal in the New York Bight is discussfed. The
Federal program regarding barge waste disposal centers around a permit
system mandated by Public Law 92-532. Different permit levels are used
for different waste types, with more damaging waste types requiring a
•ore stringent permit according to specific criteria. The Environmental
Protection Agency is authorized to designate disposal sites for
damaging waste. The Federal program for the Bight includes the
relocation of disposal sites and a sludge management program.
Activities of the Army Corps o± Engineers, the Environmental Protection
Agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and State
and local agencies pertaining to barge waste disposal are detailed.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; DUMPING; ENGINEERING; EPA; FEDERAL;
GOVERNMENT; INSTITUTION; INTERNATIONAL; LAND; LAW; LOCAL; MANAGEMENT;
NEH YORK; OCEAN; PYROLYS1S; REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; Sl'ATE
(14) HIERARCH TEEMS: 1LB/2LB; 1HA/2MB; 1MA/2MD; 1MA/2HG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43971
(!«) CITATION: Syracuse, NY, State University of New York College
cf Environmental Science and Forestry, Master's Thesis, Mar. 1976.
p. 172-201.
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044820
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(6) BOOK TITLE: Hunicipal Sludge Management: EPA Construction
Grants Prograa An Overview of the Sludge Management Situation, aCD-30.
18) REPORT NO.: EPA-430/9-76-009
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PJB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTEACT: Under the Federal Hater Pollution Control Act
Auendments of 1972, Congress authorized EPA $18 billion in grant
authority to help municipalities construct publicly owned wastewater
treatment works through fiscal year 1977. The funding authority is
expected to be continued for several nore years. An integral part of
alaost any wastewater treatment plant is the sludge management system.
Besidual solids are produced in nearly every unit process of
conventional wastewater treatment and a significant proportion of both
capital outlay and 0 and H costs of conventional sewage treatment is
associated with sludge production, conditioning and disposal facilities
and operations. As manager ot tne EPA Construction Grants Program, the
Office of Hater Program Operations (OWPO) is involved with municipal
sewage sludge management activities and concerned with the problems
coamunities are facing with sludge disposal. This paper is a summary'of
available information on municipal sewage sludge production and
alternatives for the disposal/utilization of municipal sewage sludge
and OHPO activities in this area. (Hetained in SHIES library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; EPA; INCINERATION;
H4NAGEMENT; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; OLEAN; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE;
UTILIZE
(14) HI£HARCH TERMS: 1EA/2EA; 1MA/2MH; 1PK; 1SD; 1SI/2S2
(15) STI8S ACC.NO.: OOS43865
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, April 1976. 64 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044514
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 £2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Local governments suare wastes handling
innovations.
(4) AUTHOR: Bartolotta HJ
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Hastes Hanagement/fifiJ
(10) LANGOAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The article gives a brief survey of new or unique
programs that have been developed in various cities to collect, process
and dispose of solid wastes. Other wastes managers may rind these
programs useful. Examples are given from: Evanston, Illinois, recycling
quality office paper; Port fceches, Texas, using plastic bags for
collection; Torrington, Wyoming, the construction of a baler and
talefill facility; Manhattan Beacu, California, t&e use of an automatic
safety device to stop a refuse trucK when it encounters an obstacle in
backing up; Largo, Florida, a sludge disposal plant which turns sludge
into soil conditioner pellets which are then sold, Lancaster, Texas, a'
positive incentive plan for tiieir refuse collection division; Heirton,
B. Va., the use of special safety glasses for collection crews.
(12) KEYWORDS: BALING; C3LLECIION; DISPOSAL; FERTILIZER; INCENTIVE;
MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PAPER; RECLAMATION; REFUSE; SAl'ETY; SANITARY
IANDFILL; SLUDGE; TRUCK
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SI/2S2; 1BB; 1CC/2CH; 1DO/2DO; 1E3/2EF;
1FA/2EY; 1MA/2MD; 1 SI/233
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43559
(16) CITATION: 20(3):56, 72, March 1977.
8
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GENERAL
(1) SHIRS ACT.NO.: 044J55
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
13) ARTICLE TITLE: Characterization of ul tin ate disposal and
resource/recovery methods.
(4) AUTHOR: Hyatt JK
(5) CORiORATE AUTHOR: ingiiieering-Science, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Sludge Processing, Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery: A Planning Perspective. (8) REPORT BO.:
HtD 12-75-01 (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3104
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAS: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Ultimate sludge disposal methods are discussed,
including sanitary landfills, sludge recycling, land reclamation. Haste
disposal ponds, and ocean disposal. Five resource recovery methods are
available when viewing sludge as a resource. They involve incineration,
pyrolysis, lime recalciuation, composting, and sludge reuse. For each
method ot ultimate sludge disposal, consideration is given to the
following: operational characteristics, waste characteristics, siting
and environaental considerations, suitability of disposal, control and
monitoring, and cost. Marketing factors in the recycling of sludge are
examined .
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSTING; CONTROL; DISPOSAL; DRYING; HEAT;
INCINERATION; LAND; LIKE; HANAGEMENT; HARKKT; MONITOR; OCEAN;
PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; RESOURCE; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EA/2EA; 1LA; 10A/20G; 1HG; 1SD/2SH; 1SI/2S2
(15) ST1MS ACC.NO.: OOS43399 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Unite PE Jr
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Dec. 1975. p.79-157.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044351
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPt: S; T
(4) AUTHLiR: Hyatt JM
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Engineering-Science, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: Sludge Processing, Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery: A Planning Perspective. (8) REPORT NO.:
WPD 12-75-01 (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3104
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A methodology for use in the evaluation of
alternatives for the ultimate disposal of residual waste generated by
municipal waste water treatment plants is reported. It considers
technical, economic, social, and institutional factors relevant to the
review of alternatives. Residual waste is characterized, and handling
and treatment processes are discussed and evaluated in relation to
qualitative and quantitative changes in residual waste. The following
sludge handling and treatment processes are detailed: thickening,
stabilization, conditioning, dewatering, and drying and reduction.
Liquid, gaseous, and solid waste streams produced in the course oi
treatment are examined. Rail, pipeline, barge, and truck modes of
transport are analyzed. Environmental, operational, and institutional
constraints on the use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills,
sludge recycling, and land reclamation are noted. Consideration is
given to t he management ot a sludge control and monitoring program.
(Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; INSTITUTION; LAGOONS;
LAND; MANAGEMENT; MONITOR; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN; PLANH1HG; RECLAMATIOH;
RESIDUE; RESOURCE; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE; SOCIO-ECONOMIC;
TRANSPORT; TREATMENT; HASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA/2MH; 1MJ/2H8; 1MK; 1SI/2SY; 1SI/2S2;
1SI/2S8
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43395 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: white PE Jr
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, bee. 1975. 188 p.
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043939
12) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21* (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(6) BOOK TITLE: LA/OMA project. Initial Analysis of Candidate
Systems and Preliminary Site Identification.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GSO, AREA: 1US/2CA (10) PUB. YEAfi: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The results of an analysis of candidate sludge
management systems and an inventory of information regarding potential
sites for the land application of sevage sludge are presented. The
analysis and inventory constitute two suJjelement s of the overall LA/OHA
(Los Anqeles/Orange County Metropolitan Area) sludge project in
California. Haste water treatment and sludge management agencies in the
LA/OMA region are examined. Estimates of the capital, operating, and
•aintenance costs of various sludge management systems are given.
Possible sludge management schemes incorporated in each system are
noted. Data on the production ot sludge in the region are provided.
Sludge processing activities are examined, with particular emphasis on
sludge thickening, stabilization, conditioning, dewatering, drying, and
reduction and solvent extraction. Consideration is given to sludge
transportation, utilization, and disposal. Types of sites invetigated
for sludge reuse or disposal are described, A comparison of 18 sludge
management systems is made, (Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LAND; MANAGEMENT;
EBOCESS; SITES; SLUDGE; STABILIZAriON; TRANSPORT; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HA; 1SI/2S3; 1SI/2S8
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS42981
(16) CITATION: Newport Beach, CA, CH2« Hill, Apr. 1977. 322 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043792
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEuOBY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy-on
aunicipal sludges.
(4) AUTHOR: Seabrook BL
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: USA/USSR Symposium on the
Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Vastewater Sludge, Moscow, USSfi,
Bay 13-16, 1975.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Measures being considered by the U.S. Environmental
Erotection Agency (EPA) to control the utilization or disposal of
municipal sludge are examined. Provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 are detailed. The effluent
limitation applicaole to municipal waste water treatment plants is
secondary treatment. EPA defines secondary treatment as a maximum 30
day average of 30 milligrams per liter of 5 day biochemical oxygen
demand and suspended solids and a maximum 7 day average of 45
•illiqrams per liter of 5 day biochemical oxygen demand and suspended
solids. The research program of EPA is described. Key issues in the
management of municipal sludge are noted. Land application is viewed as
a major sludge utilization method because it conserves organic Batter,
nitrates, phosphates, and certain essential trace elements. Various
methods used to apply sludge to land are reported. Other methods for
the disposal of sludge are discussed. These incluie landfill,
incineration, and ocean disposal. Data on the quantity and disposition
of sludge in the United States are tabulated.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; SPA; INCINERATION; LAND; MANAGEMENT
KITROGEN; OCEAN; PHOSPHATE; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLUDGE; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: IRE; 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S9
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42835 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Whittington
WA
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental protection
Agency, Hay 1975. p. 1-7.
10
-------
GENERAL
(1) SWISS ACC.BO.: 043791
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(6) BOOK TITLE: Proceedings: USA/USSR Symposium on the Handling,
Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge, Moscow, USSR, Bay 13-16,
1975.
(10) LAHGDAGE: EH (10) 6EO. ABE*: 1US; 1AI/2RU (10) PUB. TEAR:
1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A 1975 joint conference involving the United States
and the Soviet Union addressed the handling, treat»ent, and disposal of
waste water sludge. The conference was held in Moscow. Sixteen
presentations at the conference were concerned with such topics as
municipal sludge, sludge incineration systems, the manage*ent of oil
sludge, the management and disposal of residuals from industrial waste
water treatment, sludge considerations in the handling of industrial
effluent, thickening and dewatering waste water sludge by the
vibrofiltration method, municipal sludge management in the United
States, inorganic suspended sludge dewatering, centrifugal sludge
dewatering, thermal drying of dewatered sludge, aerobic stabilization
of activated sludge, sludge thickening, dissolved air flotation sludge
thickening, the utilization of municipal sludge in agriculture, and the
dependence of the dewatering process on agueous properties of sludge.
(Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROBIC; AGRICULTURE; DBIIHG; EFFLOEHT;
IHCIltBRATIOll; INDUSTRY; HANAGEMEBT; HUBICIPALITT; OIL; PROCESS;
RESIDUE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; THERMAL; TREATMENT; us; USSR;
UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
(14) BIERARCH TERMS: 1PM; 1SI; 1TG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42834
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Hay 1975. 147 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 043545
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(6) BOOK TITLE: Residual waste Hanagement fiesearch and Planning
fro-jects. (8) REPORT NO.: EPA-440/9-76-003 (9) CONTRACT NO. •
B803313-01-1
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: This book contains selected abstracts of projects
that are underway or that have been completed, and publications that are
available on the subject of residual wastes and their impact of ground
and surface waters. They are arranged by types of residual wastes and
are further catagorized into tne various kinds, i'he abstracts ace
cross-referenced where necessary. The abstracts provide project or
publication identification, a briet summary, the status of the project,
point of contact and/or source ot information, and acquisition details.
this handbook is oriented for an audience who may have diverse
backgrounds in technical management skills. (Retained in SWIRS
library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: BIBLIOGKAPUY; DISPOSAL; ECOKOHICS; GOVERNMENT;
INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; REGIONAL:
BESEARCH; BESIDUE; SLUDGE
(14) HIERABCH TERMS: 1DD/2DL; 1EA/2EA; 1MA/2ME; 1SB; 1SI/2S^
(15) STIMS ACC.HO.: OOS42588
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Sept. 1976. 3U5 p.
11
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.; 04J510
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEUOHY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Internat ioual aspects of residuals management.
(4) AUTHOR: Richardson RW Jr
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Smitu, J. L. , and E. H. Bryan, eds.
Proceedings: Wiliiamsburg Conference on Management of Wastewater
Residuals, Williamsburg, VA, Nov. 13-14, 1975.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) G20. AREA: 1CD; 1EU; 1EU/21JU; 1MX- 1US
(10) PUB. YEA8: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: International aspects of waste management, water
reuse, and waste water handling are considered. It is noted that the
problems associated with waste water renovation, management, disposal,
and handling are becoming more critical around the world. A 1974
conference pertaining to waste water renovation and management is
cited. Represented at the contereuce were Scotland, England, Denmark,
the Netherlands, West Germany, Hungary, Mexico, Canada, Israel, and the
United states. Recommendations made at the conference were ained at
researchers and public and private administrators involved in residual
Management, one recoamendation was that adequate source controls oe
established and economical pathogen inactivation systems be developed
for waste water based sludge. Another recommendation was that waste
wa*er reuse standards provide levels of protection that are comparable
with other risks deemed acceptable oy society. The role of the
Rockefeller Foundation in residual management research projects is
examined.
(12) KEYWORDS: ADMINISTKArION; DISPOSAL; INTERNATIONAL; MANAGEMENT;
PATHOGEN; PRIVATE; RESEARCH; RESIDUE; SLUDGE; STANDARD; WASTE HATES
(14) HIERARCH TEBMS: 1KB/2EF; 1MA/2SC; 1SI
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS42553
(16) CITATION: Washington, OC, National Science Foundation, 1977.
p. 145-147.
0)
(2)
(3)
CO
(6)
(10)
SHIRS ACC.NO.: 042999
DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
ARTICLE TITLE: Waste water treatment in New Zealand.
AUTHOR! Gunn IW
JOURNAL TITLE: Water Pollution Control
LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1NZ (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The protection of water quality in New Zealand, with
a population just over three million and a high animal population is
described. The quality of the waters is valued by the public and the
problems of indiscriminate discharge of untreated community waste water
has largely been overcome. The planning and construction of large
numbers of community treatment plants prior to the introduction of
specific national water quality control legislation has demonstrated
the public responsibility o£ local authorities. Industry has lagged
behind the local authority construction effort but is expected to catch
up in the next decade. Tht design, operation and maintenance of waste
water treatment plants is to a very high standard. This situatian has
recently received public attention by the awakening of environmental
concern that has developed nationally. Apart from some problem areas,
the natural waters in New Zealand are of high quality. The biggest
challenge facing the designers of treatment plants is to satisfy the
public throughout the country that the expansion of existing services
and the implementation of new schenes will not lower environmental
quality. A discussion and a reply are included.
(12) KEYWORDS: EFFLUENT; ENVIRONMENT; MANAGEMENT; NEW ZEALAND;
OXYGEN; QUALITY; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; HASTE WATER; WATERWAY
(14) HIERASCH TERMS: 1ED; 1MA/2BB; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42042
(16) CITATION: 74 (4) : 448-456, 1976.
12
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GENERAL
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: 041658
(2) DOMESTIC: o (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Bastian KK (10) GEO. ABEA: 1HA/2MB; 1SI (10) PUB.
YEifl: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The involvement of almost every segment of the
Office of Water and Hazardous Materials, and almost every other office
in U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in the sludge management arena
is detailed. Recently, activities have greatly increased in the areas
of regulating ocean disposal. Federal pretreatment guidelines
development. 208 planning activities, hazardous materials
investigations and their concecn in sewage treatment residuals (i. e. ,
sewage sludge) and proper management schemes. The OVIPO activities
described in this paper can be expected to continue and to increase as
guidance is developed on the best available land based technologies for
sludge management.
(12) KEYwoBDS: CONSTRUCTION; DISPOSAL; EPA; GBANT; MANAGEMENT;
EEOGRAH; SLUDGE; UTILIZE; WATclR
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1GC
(15) STIMS SCC.HO.: 00340702
(13) DOC.CIT.: Bastian, K. K. Municipal sludge management: i.PA
construction grants program. In Loehr, R. C. Land as a Waste Management
Alternative: Proceedings of tne 1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste
Banaqement Conference. Ann Axoor, Ml, Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc.
, 1977. p. 673-689.
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO.: G41W7
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) ChTEviORY: 24 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AOTHUR: Robson CM (10) U^-O. AREA: IMA (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Issues addressed at a 1975 seminar on sludge
disposal a le delineated. Tae -iiudoe aaadling and disposal session or
the seminar was intended to provide information to practicing engineers
in contrast to tne researca orientation of a najor portion of the
overall seminar. Five speakers were invited to participate and
represented Federal aud State agencies., the consulting engineering
field, ana equipment aanutacturers. A representative of xhe
Environmental Protection Agency was the keynote speaker and introduced
the topics to be covered by thti other speakers. He considered sludge
treataent and sludge disposal tecnniques and equipment such as
dewatenng devices available to remove water trom sluage, tne vacuum
filter, belt lilter presses, plate and frame iilter presses, and
centrifuges. Other concepts aauressea oy the keynote speaker concerned
pathogen reduction, wet oxidation, anu incineration. The renaming xour
seainar presentations covered the treatment 01 sludge processing
sidestreaas, energy conservation through incineration, land spreading
of- liquid aunicipal siuage, ana the treatment ot sludge for land
disposal.
(12) KEYrfOSDS: CONFt'RifcCE ; uISPOSAL; BANAGEilENT; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(1U) HIERARCH TEHMS: 1bl/2S2
(15) S'l'IHS ACC.NO.: OOS40091
(18) DOC.CIT.: Kobson, C. M. Summary of tne ASCE seminar on sludge
disposal, in U.S. Environ»entai Protection Agency. Proceedings; the
1975 national Conference on Municipal Sludge Management and Disposal,
Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18-20, 1 v»75. Kockvi^le, HD, Information Transier,
Inc. 1975. p. 109-114.
(1) SWIhS ACC.NO.: 041046
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) c^rEtou*: 24 (2) SUBO.TYH:: G
(4) AUTHOR: Wright DR (10) GKO. AREA: 1HA (10) FOB. YtAB: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Inrormation on the status ot sludge aanaueiaent
updated5 c™»U^6d/t a 19-?* C0n£etence " Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is
updated. Conments fron authors ot presentations at the 197U conference
are presented. Ihe comments are concerned with the thickening oi
13
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
sludge; anaeroMc digester operation at tne Metropolitan Sanitary
District ot Greater Caicago, Illinois; a comparison of diffused air
aerobic digestion with pure oxygen digestion ot waste activated sludge;
pressure filtration of municipal waste water solids in Cedar Rapids,
Iowa; heat treatment and incineration; drying ot sludge for marketing
as fertiliser; utilization of digested chemical sewage sludge on
agricultural lands in Ontario, Canada; economic aspects of sludge
irrigation; sludge management in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania; sludge
disposal by incineration at the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; sludge handling and disposal at the Blue
Plains treatment plant of the District of Columbia; the energy
conservation and recycling prograa of the Metropolitan Sewer Board in
Minneapolis-St . Paul, dinnesota; the sludge management systea for St.
Louis, Missouri; and a summary ol a conference on the pretreatment and
ultimate disposal of waste water solids that was held on Bay 21 to 22,
1974 at Rutgers University.
(12) KEYWORDS: CANADA; CHICAGO; CONFERENCE; DATA; DISPOSAL;
DISTRICT OF COLOBbIA; ECONOMICS; ILLINOIS; IOWA; MANAGEMENT; MINNESOTA;
MISSOURI; ONTARIO; PENNSYLVANIA; SLUDGE; ST LOUIS; SYSTEM
(14) HIKRARCH TERMS: 1S1/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40090
(18) DOC.CIT.: Wright, D. R. Updating the 1974 Pittsburgh
conference. In U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proceedings; the
1975 national Conference on Municipal Sludge xlanagement and Disposal,
Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18-20, 1975. fiockville, MD, Information Transfer,
Inc. , 1975. p. 101-108.
(1) SBTRS ACC.NO.: 041033
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOitY: ^4 (2) SUBJ.TYPt: S; T (10) GBO.
AREA: 1MJ/2M8; 1PM (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The proceedings of a conference on municipal sludge
management and disposal which was held in Anaheim, California, August
18 to 20, t»75, are presented, conference attendees represented both
governmental and private interests. Thirty-three major presentations
•ere made at the conference. They were concerned with such issues as
the impact of industrial waste watei pretreatment on sludge management,
a model inuistrial waste ordinance in California, institutional
problems 01 small treatment plants, regional waste water solids
management program in the Los Angeles and Orange County metropolitan
area of California, computerized evaluation of sludge handling and
disposal costs, socioeconoaic factors in urban sludge disposal, sludge
management alternatives lor coastal cities, energy conservation
practices in aunicipal sludge management, burning municipal sewage
sludge along with mixed municipal refuse, high energy radiation in
sludge treatment, management of municipal waste water treatment
residuals, pyrolysis of sewage sludge, sludge pyrolysis for energy
recovery and pollution control, ecological impact of municipal sludge
land disposal, plant uptake 01 heavy metals from sewage sludge applied
to laud, effect of sewage sludge or etfluent application to soil,
environmental effects of sludge disposal in sanitary landfills, health
impacts of land sludge disposal, theraophilic digester operations, use
of methane from sludge digestion, processing and economic aspects of
heat dried sludge, and composting of raw sludge. (Retained in SMIRS
library)
(12) KEYWORDS: BOSTON ; CALIFORNIA; COLORADO; CONFERENCE; COUNTY;
DENVER; DISPOSAL; MANAGEMENT; MASSACHUSETTS; MUNICIPALITY;
PENNSYLVANIA; PHILADELPHIA; PKOiiLims; PYROLYSIS; SLUDGE;
SOCIO-ECONOMIC; TREATRENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1 SI
(15) ST1MS ACC.NO.: OOS40077
(18) DOC.CIT.: 0. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proceedings;
the 1975 National Conference on Municipal Sludge Management and
Disposal, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18-20, 1975. hockville, MD, Information
Transfer, inc. , 1975. 257 p.
14
-------
GENERAL
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 040798
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Davies Dfi (10) GiiC. AREA: 1TF (10) PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The national hazardous waste problem and the
unavoidable need to transport liquid wastes for ott site disposal are
described. Practical measures for tne avoidance of hazards during
transportation are given, including: (1) accurate waste description;
(2) correct vehicle design and selection; (3) vehicle marking; and (4)
effective technical control and emergency procedures. Practical case
studies are presented describing incidents that have arisen and the
conclusions to be drawn from them. Three tables, one figure and three
appendices are presented.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; CONTROL; EFFLUENT; ENVIKOttSBNT; HAZARDOUS;
INCINERATION; LIQUID; MANAGEMENT; POLLUTION; SAFETY; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; TRANSPORT; TREATMENT
(14) HIE BARCH TfiBMS: 1HA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSJ9842 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: flackay GA
(18) DOC.C1T.: Davies, 0. H. , and G. A. Mackay. Recent
developments in the transport of liquid wastes. Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 1 (3):199-214, Nov. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACQ.NO. : 040021
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A representative of the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago, Illinois discusses hazardous waste
management at a public meeting held by the Environmental Protection
Agency on December 11, 1975 in San Francisco, Califorriia. The
utilization of municipal sewaye sludge in the agricultural sector for
fertilizer and low fertility soil reclamation is investigated.
Consideration is given to the definition of what constitutes hazardous
waste, responsioility for waste management, municipal sewage sludge,
safety precautions at municipal sludge application sites, chemical
analysis of sludge, generation of methane from sludge, and labeling. A
detailed discussion on sludge production, ultimate sludge disposal
alternatives, land spreading, incineration, ocean disposal, and
landfill operations is provided. Data on the properties of sludge are
presented. Soil and crop responses to the application o£ sludge on land
are explored, and supporting data are included. It is recommended that
Bunicipal sewage sludge not be considered as a hazardous waste and that
land utilization be adopted as the best available method for handling
large quantities of municipal sewage sludge.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; ANALYSIS; CHICAGO; COHFEflENCE; DATA;
DISPOSAL; EPA; FERTILIZES; HAZARDOUS; ILLINOIS; MANAGEMENT;
HUNICIPALITi; PHS; RECLAMATION; SAFETY; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT;
UTILIZE
(15) STIMS i\CC.NO.; OOS39065
(18) DOC.CIT.: Lynam, B. T. Representing the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago, on hazardous waste management. In Worsen,
A. S. , P. A. Savage, and C. A. Baggatts, eds. Proceedings; the 1975
Public Meetings on Hazardous Waste Management, Newark, NJ, Kosemont,
IL, Houston, TX, and San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1975. v. 2. Office of
Solid Waste Management Programs Publication SH-9p. Washington, U. S.
Environmental Protection agency, 1976. p. 1604-1636.
15
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 039271
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) FOB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Problens associated with the disposal of sludge are
discussed, with eaphasis on sludge disposal in metropolitan areas.
Chicaqo, Illinois and its suburbs are spending more than $30 million
each year to transport sludge by barge to locations as distant as 200
ailes. Los Angeles, California pumps a najor portion of its sludge into
the Pacific Ocean. One sanitation expert estimates that elevating a
sewage handling operation from primary to secondary treatment can mean
a 50 to 1,000 percent increase in a facility's sludge output. The
National Science Foundation calculates that the United States generates
about 300 million tons of wet sludge per year. The Environmental
Protection Agency estimates that national sludge disposal costs may
exceed $1 billion annually. It is pointed out that many communities are
not yet subjecting all their sewage to secondary treatment, a step they
are mandated to achieve by 1977 according to Federal law. Federal
officials state that they understand the problems faced by major cities
but that they are required by law to protect the public against the
health and environmental dangers posed by improper sludge disposal. The
Federal Government is spending about $3 million in 1976 to conduct
research on ways to dispose or sludge. However, new sludge disposal
techniques involve environmental or economics disadvantages that must
be overcome before they can be feasibly implemented in many cities.
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; CHICAGO; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
ENVIRONMENT; FEDERAL; HEALTH; ILLINOIS; LOS ANGELES; MANAGEMENT;
PROBLEMS; PUBLIC; REGULATIONS; RESEARCH; SLUDGE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSJ8315
(18) DOC.CIT.: Rapoport, 0. Tae sludge nightmare. Parade, 21-22,
Cct. 31, 1976.
(1) SklBS ACC.NO.: 033955
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This paper describes tne industrial residue policy
program and activities of the Canadian Environmental Protection
Service. Geographic distriuution, clue ate. and multi-jurisdictional
areas contribute significantly to the problems involved in the
development of a national policy for the management and disposal of
industrial wastes. The Federal Government has sole responsibility for
waste management in areas wnere Federal wor/cs or activities are
involved a nd in the Northwest and Yukon Territories. In other areas,
the Federal Government eitner shares responsibility with the Provinces
or acts as a liaison. Ket>idue treatment and disposal tecnnology
research and development has included studies of sludge composition and
characteristics, saapling aethodoiogy, heavy metal constituents in
sludges, sludge dewateriny processes, and the disposal of municipal
sludge on land or by incineration. Recent programs have emphasized the
reduction, containment, and reuse of industrial residues at the source.
Current research on industrial waste management includes studies of the
use of line sludge in the treatment, ol acid mine tailings, metal
stabilization and recovery, methods for disposal of acid sludge irom
waste oil reclamation, problems, involved in the control of radioactive
leach ate f u>m tailing ponds, and the methods for disposal of
contaminate] dredgingt,. The Wastewater Technology Centre has conducted
much of the research on municipal and industrial sludge management.
{This document is retained in the SwIKS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; BIBLIOGRAPHY; CANADA; CONTROL; DISPOSAL;
GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRY; HAHAGtMtNT ; POLLUTION; PROBLEMS; RECLAMATION;
RESEARCH; RtSIDUK; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32999
(18) DOC.CIT.: SchuidtKe. N. u. . and J. R. Honteith. Industrial
residue policy program and activities oi the Environ mental Protection
Service of Canada. In Proceedings; National Conference on Management
and Disposal of Residues from the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters,
Washington, D. C. , Feb. J-5, 1975. Rockville, Maryland, Information
Transfer, Inc. p. 17-24.
16
-------
Section 2
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 048380
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Solid and hazardous waste research division.
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Report of Progress 1976-1977 Municipal
Environmental Research Laooratory.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUfl. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: The status of research initiated by tne
Environnental Protection Agency's Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory as of 1976-1977 is examined. Eesearch is conducted by the
solid and hazardous waste division of the laboratory in three
functional areas: disposal technology, hazardous waste, and resource
iccovery. Topics of special concern in the division's research
activities are: waste Characterization and decomposition, pollutant
transport, pollutant control, pollutant treatment, codisposal,
environmental assessment, renedial action for inoperative sites,
landfill alternatives, and economic analyses. Projects involving
resource recovery pertain to refuse derived fuel, resource recovery
facilities, technology assessnents, cofiring of sewage sludge,
(reprocessing, selected types of waste, and environmental impact. Toxic
and hazardous waste treatment research focuses on technical and
economic assessments, environmental impact assessments, and treatment
technologies. (Retained in SblKS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; EPA; HAZARDOUS; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH;
BESOOKCE; TECHNOLOGY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HC; 1RP; 1ER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 005471+34
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Say 1978. p.7-25.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 048379
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY; 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(6) BOOK TITLE: Report of Progress 1976-1977 Municipal
Environmental Eesearch Laboratory.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Accomplishments of the Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory within the Environmental Protection Agency as of
1976-1977 are reviewed. The laboratory is the agency's research arm for
the development of technology, systems, and processes to prevent,
control, and treat pollutants taat affect communities and
municipalities. Its mission embraces the development and demonstration
cf cost effective methods in the areas of sewage and wastewater, solid
and hazardous waste, public drinking water supplies, and community
environmental management. Research activities of the laboratory's solid
and hazardous waste division are classified as waste characterization
and decomposition, pollutant transport, pollutant control, pollutant
treatment, codisposal, environmental assessment, remedial action for
inoperative sites, landfill alternatives, and economic analyses. The
wastewater research division is concerned with wastewater sludge
composting, purification of domestic wastewater, unsteady state stream
todels, various treatment processes, systems engineering and
evaluation, and technology development. Other research activities
pertain to water supplies and international cooperation. (Retained in
SHIBS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: EPA; HAZARDOUS; MANAGEMENT; RESEARCH; SEWAGE; SOLID;
BASTE MATER; WAT EH
(14) HIEBARCH TERMS: 1HC; 1MA/2MB; 1RP; 1SJ
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS47433
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, May 1978. 76 p.
17
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 047414
(2) DOMESTIC; D (2) CATEGORY: 1fa (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Los Angeles faces several sludge management
problems.
(U) AUTHOR: Davis B
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Hater Wastes Engring
(10) LANGUAGE: EM (10) GSO. AKEA: 1US/2CA/3LS (10) PUB. YEAB:
1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Sludge management alternatives are being considered
in Los Angeles, California. These are: long distance transport,
coaposting/sludqe recycle centers, thermal processing, ocean disposal,
separate secondary sludge processing, and baseline "no project."
Discussions of a regional approacu to sludge management problems iu the
area were initiated in 1973 among local management agencies and the
state and federal governments, culminating in 1974 in a joint pa Hers
agreement to establish the LA/OMA Project. The $3.4 million project has
teen underway on a full scale basis since 1975, accomplishing a report
en the state of the art of sludge processing and disposal, numerous
demonstration projects, and six alternative management concepts
formulated for evaluation. Demonstration projects have involved
processing, transportation, and ultimate disposal elements. Initial
evaluation of candidate systems focused on quantitative factors
comparing the attributes of the systems in terms of regional cost,
energy use and production, air emissions, and gross land requirements.
Qualitative factors, such as system reliability and flexibility, social
and environmental concerns, and implementation capability were
preliminarily identified Lor later analysis. Detailed analysis of the
concepts and development oi specific projects for further analysis will
follow. Concurrently, environmental evaluations are being conducted to
provide the information necessary to make informed decisions as to the
environmental conseguencefc of the projects.
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; ECONOMICS; LOS ANGELES; MANAGEMENT;
SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA/2MB; 1MA/2TQ; 1 SP
(15) STI«S ACC.HO.: 00546467 [15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Haug ET
(16) CITATION: 15(U):37-40, 42, Apr. 1978.
(1) SWIfiS ACC.NO.: 046994
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATKGOKY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYP2; G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: EPA's research, development and demonstration
program for sludge processing and disposal.
(4) AUTHOR: Farrell JB
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, De~
14-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A sludge research, development, and demonstration
program of the Environmental Protection Agency has been underway in
Cincinnati, OH, since 1967 to investigate sludge processing and
disposal. The program is divided into three parts: sludge processing
and treatment, sludge conversion, and beneficial utilziation and
disposal, problem areas encoutnered in the program are identified.
Sludge disposal processes, including disinfection, dewatering, and
conversion, are detailed. Incineration and sludge utilization on land
are discussed. (Retained in SWIHS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: CONVERT; DISPOSAL; EPA; INCINERATION; LAND;
BASAGEHENT; PROCESS; RESEARCH; SLUDGE; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA/2FF; 1uP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46047
(16) CITATION: Rockville, flD, Information Transier Inc., 1977.
p.208-210.
18
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 04b9fa5
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPii: G
f3) ARTICLE TITLE: Social and institutional considerations for
choosing sludge management strategies.
(4) AUTHOR: Shull hD
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Ihiru National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, rtiam Beach, FL, Dec.
1H-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Social and institutional parameters in tae selection
cf sludge management strategies are reviewed. Concepts embodied in
regional residuals management are discussed. The regional residuals
management process is characterized by the following descriptors:
structured, comprehensive, guasiguantitative, participatory, iterative,
converging, and open. In the design of a feasible strategy for
residuals management, consideration must be given to physical methods,
i iplementation incentives, and institutional arrangements. A matrix
approach to residuals management strategics is described that
encompasses intended physical effects, indirect physical efrects, ease
ct administration, scheduling factors, economic effects, and political
factors. (Retained in SKIliS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: MANAGEMENT; REGIONAL; RESIDUE; SLUDGE
(14) HIEEAHCH TERMS: 1MA/2KI; 1ftA/2TQ; 1ST
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46018
(16) CITATION: Sockville, no, I uiorma ti or. Transfer Inc., 1977.
f. 58-62.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 046952
12) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: EPA's sludge management program: new
responsibilities and challenges.
(4) AUTHOR: Meyers S
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: rhitd National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Hiami Beach, FL, Df3.
14-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. KEAfi: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Factors afrecting policies and prograas of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) related to sludge management are
examined. Two ma-jor events ard noted, the passage of the fiesource
Recovery and Conservation Act ox 1976 and the creation of EPA's
Residual Sludge Working Group. The 1976 act clarifies EPA's authority
over the land disposal 01 sludge. Provisions of tae act are detailed,
»ith attention given to the permit program established to aanage the
disposal of potentially Hazardous materials from their i-oint of origin
to their final disposition and to the phasing out of open dumps. It is
envisioned that EPA policies and programs will pertain to the
establishment of guidelines tor solid waste management, tecunical
assistance to states and localities, hazardous waste, planning and open
dumps, and public participation, forking group activities center around
four major tasks: (1) identification of technical, scientific, and
programmatic problems and issacs; (2) coordination of ongoing programs;
(3) development and recommendation of further programs; and (4)
development, coordination, and recommendation of residual sludge
management policies. (Rctaiutd in S'rtlKS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: EPA; LAW; 3ANAJEMENT; SLUDGE
(14) HIEKAHCH T£S.1S: 1LF/2±'f ; 1flA/2FF; 1SP
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OUS46005
(16) CITATION: Rockville, «D, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.1-2.
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIBS ACC.HO,: 046541
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Researchers have their season in the sun.
(6) JOUR HAL TITLE: Chemical Meek
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. TEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Highlights of a national meeting of the American
Chemical Society are presented. Several researchers reported that old
newspapers, wood chips, and pulp may now be converted into chemical raw
materials. Other reports conserned: advances in homogeneous catalysis;
the discovery of high levels of potentially carcinogenic nitrogen
containing heterocyclic compounds in the retorting effluent of oil
shale; the disinfection of municipal waste sludge with high energy
electron beams; new synthetic sweeteners; and advances in biomedical
and materials sciences.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHBHICAL; CONFERENCE; DISEASE; EFFLUENT; ELECTRICAL;
HEALTH; HONICIPALITY; NEWSPRINT; NITROGEN; OIL; PULP; REFUSE; RESEARCH;
SLUDGE; STEBILIZE; HOOD
(1ft) HIEHARCH TERMS: 1PD/2IN/3UT; 1PD/2NE; 1HP
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS45592
(16) CITATION: 122(12):31, Bar. 22, 1978.
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: 046369
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Eusby MR
(6) BOOK TITLE: A Complete Disposal-Recycle Sclieiae for Agricultural
Solid Hastes.
(8) NTIS NO.: PB-271 714 (B) tEPuBT NO.: EFA-600/2-77-089 (9)
CONTRACT NO.: E-802739
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAB: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: An anaerobic digestion process was applied to the
production of methane gas and a stabilized sludge» from cow aianure and
fara clippings in laboratory pilot plants and a full scale (2,000 gal)
digester system. The quantity and quality of gas produced, the
biochemical and chemical oxygen demands, and the nutritional value of
the digested sludge for both laboratory and full-scale plants were
evaluated. The process was successfully operated in all plants,
producing 62% methane dry gas. In all samples, the chemical and
biological oxygen demands were reduced in plant effluents compared to
influents. A nutritive study of digested sludge was completed utilizing
rats; it found that anaerobically processed organic wastes were
consumed readily and will support aniaal growth. (Retained in SHIHS
library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: AGBICULrU&Ji; ANAi&OBIC; ANIMAL; CONVERT; DIGESTION;
DISPOSAL; FERTILIZER; FOOD; MANUKE; METHANE; PROCESS; RECLAHATION;
BEFUSE DERIVED FUEL; SLUDGE; SOLID; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AG/2PT; 1AG/2UT; 1DP/2AG; 1EN/2RD; 1fiG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45419 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Noraan R;
iragitt G
(16) CITATION: Ada, OK, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Bay
1977. 51 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 016042
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TTPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Rohstoffe und Energie ans Hull. (Raw materials
and energy from waste).
(4) AUTHOR: Hasch R
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Hull und Abfall
(10) LANGUAGE: GH (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2GN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The First International Symposium on Materials and
Energy from Refuse was held in Antwerp on Oct. 21 and 22, 1976. Of the
:o
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
papers presented, the following were representative. Dr. S. Bysman
spoke on the Garrett pyrolysis process which is used to obtain
materials and heating oil from rubbish. This process is divided into
two steps, preparation and pyrolysis. C. Melan spoke about the slagging
pyrolysis solid waste conversion process which is being tested by the
Andco-Torrax installation in Luxemburg-Leudelfingen. Dr. E. K. Robinson
discussed the partial oxidation of refuse using the Purox system
(rubbish is gasified with oxygen instead of air). R. Basch presented a
paper on a process for obtaining nethane fron waste materials. Dr. B.
G. Kreiter discussed energy recovery from municipal and industrial
waste. Other topics discussed were: design and experience in refuse
incineration with heat recovery; energy from refuse; sludge
incineration in the Dordrecht purification plant; separate collection
of domestic wastes compounds; principles of air classification;
fluidized bed mixing and segregation in solid refuse treatment; plant
plastification methods; and tin recycling from secondary waste.
(Original text in German) .
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; ENERGY; GERMANY; METHANE; MUHICIPALITY;
OXIDATION; OXYGEN; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; PROCESS; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION;
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL; SLAG; SLUDGE; SOLID; WASTE HEAT
(1i») HIERAECH TERMS: 1EN/2RD; 1HH; 1IN/2PY; 1RG
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45092
(16) CITATION: 9(2):49-51, Feb. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 0*16035
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) S0BJ.TYPB: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Earthworms and electrons: technology's "outer
limits".
(4) AUTHOR: Krzeminski J
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Sludge Magazine
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2HH/3BT; 1US/2HH (10) PUB.
YEAF: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: At Boston's Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant,
a pilot program is being conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology to study the use of irradiation in disinfecting municipal
sludge. And, at a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in Hew Mexico,
irradiated sludge is being mixed with feed and fed to animals to
determine nutritive value and harmful effects. Both processes are
described. While bacteria destruction through electron treatment has
been clearly demonstrated, destruction of viruses has not been as
effective. Electron treatment has shown no effect on heavy metals in
sludge. The Deer Island systea can handle about 100,000 gal/d of
sludge. Capital costs and costs per dry ton are calculated. There is
evidence that electron treatment night improve the reliability of
digestion and promote the dewatering of municipal sludge. Problems
concerning public acceptance of irradiated sludge processing are
discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANIMAL; BACTERIA; BOD; BOSTOH; CHEMICAL; DIGESTION;
ECONOMICS; ENERGY; FEED; LABORATORY; MUNICIPALITY; RADIATION; SLUDGE;
STERILIZE; TOXIC; TREATMENT; VIRUS
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SP/2C6; 1SP/2IP; 1TH
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45085
(16) CITATION: 1(1):31-34, Jan.-Feb. 1978.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OH 5368
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 17 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Baseline and monitoring surveys of dump sites.
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Ocean Dumping in the United States - 1977.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1DS/2DE; 1DS/2NY (10) PUB.
YEAB: 1977
21
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(11) ABSTRACT: Coastal assessment surveys were performed to provide
a technical basis for determining the feasibility of waste disposal by
ocean dumping. The surveys were inititated in 1974 under the authority
of the Marine Protection, Besearch, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (as
amended) . They were conducted at a sewage sludge dump site in the Hew
York Bight, two active ocean dumping disposal sites off Delaware Bay, a
mixed industrial waste dump site in Delaware, a Gulf of Hexico
incineration site, and two radioactive waste dump sites. The results of
surveys at these sites are detailed in terms of what has been
accomplished and what remains to be done. Uses for the findings of the
surveys are examined.
(12) KEYWORDS: DELAWARF; DISPOSAL; DUMPING; INCINERATION; INDUSTRY;
LAW; MONITOR; MUNICIPALITY; NEW YORK; OCEAN; RADIOACTIVE; SEWAGE;
SITES; SLODGE
(14) HIFRARCH TERMS: 1OA/20C; 1OA/20F; 10A/2OG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44415
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, o.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Bar. 1977. p.41-49.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045312
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAIEGOHY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Uncie Sam wants you to enlist in array of
policymakers.
(4) AUTHOH: MacScay Bb Jr
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Pastes Rgmt/Refusfe Removal J
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAS: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The provisions of the Resource Conservation and
Eecovery Act, Public Law 94-580 are discussed. The Act calls for the
participation of tne private sector in the development of, rules for
refuse collection, transportation, conversion or disposal. The disposal
cf conrecoveratie waste residues is also covered by the Act. Solid
waste is described as retuse, garbage, sludge from a waste or water
supply treatment plant or aic pollution facility and other discarded
materials but does not include solid or dissolved material from
domestic sewage, in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges
which are point sources subject to section 402 of the Federal Mater
Pollution Control Act. In general, the Act seeks participation to
define performance levels for solid waste managemtnt practices,
protection of the environment, waters and air and dumping regulations.
At the present time there are 25 federal agencies involved in water
regulation alone. Industry is urged to participate in the making of
policy.
(12) KEYWORDS: Alfi; COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; ENVIRONMENT; fEDE8AL;
INDUSTRY; LAW; MANAGEMENT; DEFUSE; KLUDGE; WATER; WATERWAY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AC/2AK; 1CC/2CL; 1DD/2DN; 1LB/2LB; 1W&/2HH
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44359
(16) CITATION: 19(2) :46, 52-5J, Dec. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044919
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 17 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Italiano ML
(6) BOOK TITLE: Marine Waste Disposal in the New Tork Bight -
Public Policy, Environmental Impacts, and Alternative Futures.
(8) NTIS NO.: PB 255 222 (8) REPORT NO.: MLI-76/1
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GFO. AREA: 1US/2NJ; 1US/2NY (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTPACT: This program and policy review examines the range of
factors contributing to the problems of ocean dumping in the New York
Bight and related environmental impacts. Marine water of the New York
Bight apex receives a significant amount of urban waste that is
22
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
discharged at discrete ocean disposal sites, fro* vaste water outfalls
enptying into the Bight apex, and to the Hew Tork/Hew Jersey estuary as
Municipal and industrial waste water. Sediment and water fro» sludge
and dredge spoil disposal contain high levels of coliform bacteria.
Benthic fauna are different at sludge and dredge sites fro* those in
surrounding areas, and finfish ingest sludge naterials and are
afflicted with a fin rot disease. Land disposal of sludge and thermal
processes with proper emission controls and dewatering are discussed as
feasible alternatives to ocean dumping. The trend of submarine sludge
and dredge spoil movements is correlated with water currents, heavy
•etal organic matter, and coliforn bacteria distribution. It is noted
that no constructive public policy to control waste disposal existed
before the 1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act and
that alternative Methods of disposal will take tine, proper
coordination, and large sums of money to implement. (Retained in SWIRS
library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: ACID; BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL; CHEMICAL; DISPOSAL;
DBEDGER; ENTIROHMENT; FEDERAL; GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRY; METAL;
MUNICIPALITY; NEW JERSEY; HEW YORK; OCEAN; PH; PHYSICAL; POLLUTION;
PYROLYSIS; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1BA; 1ED; 1LB/2LB; 1OA/2OC; 10A/2OF; 1OA/20G
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS4396U
(16) CITATION: Syracuse, NY, State University of New York College
of Environmental Science and Forestry, Master's Thesis, Mar. 1976. 288
p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044904
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAIEGOKf: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Carbon, nitrogen and metal transformation in
soil cores amended with sewage sludge.
(4) AUTHOR: Sommers LE
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Purdue University
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Nitrogen and Metal Contamination of natural
waters from Sewage Sludge Disposal on Land.
(8) STIS NO.: PB 264-089 (8) REPORT NO.: 89
(9) GRANT NO.: 14-31-001-4081
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) tdB. YEAK: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Intact soil cor,es were employed to determine the
rate and extent of carbon, nitrogen, and metal tra nsf or nation after the
addition of sewage sludge to soil. The etfect of soil and sludge type
and various management practices and environmental conditions on the
decomposition of organic carbon was assessed. The extent of
decomposition decreased from 24 percent at 22.4 metric tons per half
acre to 11 percent at 89.6 metric tons per half acre, as increasing
amounts of sewage sludge were added in single applications. Surface
application and liming of tue soil surface to the pH level of 7 did not
significantly alter the amount of organic carbon evolved. Incubation
experiments with soil cores showed that the decomposition of organic
carbon fell within a relatively narrow range. Soil samples were
obtained from all cores Hollowing a 1 year incubation period and were
subdivided into depth increments and analyzed for organic carbon and
total nitrogen. The amount oi total nitrogen present in columns at the
end of the incubation period was estimated to construct nitrogen
balance sheets for sludge amended and control soils. Metal movement was
assessed by an analysis ot different soil depths and water leachate
samples. Soils ranging in texture from sand to silty clay loam were
able to retain copper, cadaiuai, zinc, lead, and nickel applied in
sludge, preventing leachate below the 0 to 7.5 centimeter layer of
sludge incorporation.
(12) KEYWORDS: CARBON; DECOMPOSE; EARTH; LEACH; MANAGEMENT; HETAL;
KITROGEN; ORGANIC; SLUDGE; WATEK
(1U) HIERARCH TERMS: 1H*;; 13I/2SX; 1SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OUS439U9 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Nelson DH;
terry RE
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Dec. 1976. p.80-97.
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) EWIRS ACC.NO.: 044872
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2ft (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Municipal waste treatment process effluents and
residues.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Environmental Quality Systems, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Disposal of Wastewater Residuals. V.1.
(10) LABGOAGE: EH (10) GEO. AREA: 10S/2DC (10) FOB. TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Municipal waste treatment processes are examined
with emphasis on efflnents and residues. Topic headings ^include: sewage
treatment, effect of industrial wastes, sludge handling treatment, and
residue generation. Data in the form of tables is given on such topics
as characteristics and constituents of sludge and nutrient content of
domestic sludges. Process descriptions are presented hich includes:
tapered aeration, high rate, complete mixing, and pure oxygen
treatment. Industrial wastes and sludge handling are discussed in some
detail. Data is given.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; DATA; EFFLUENT; BETAL; MUNICIPALITY;
PROCESS; RESIDUE; SLDDGE; TREATMENT; WASTEWATER
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1HJ/2M8; 1SI/2SX
(15) ETIHS ACC.NO.: OOS43917
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, National Commission on Water
Quality, Barch 1976. p.III-1 to 111-86.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044820
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SDBJ .TYPE: G
(6) BOOK TITLE: Hunicipal Sludge Management: EPA Construction
Grants Program An Overview of the Sludge Management Situation, HCD-30.
(8) REPORT NO.: EPA-430/9-76-009
(10) LAHGOAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, Congress authorized EPA $18 billion in grant
authority to help municipalities construct publicly owned wastewater
treatment works through fiscal year 1977. The funding authority is
expected to be continued for several more years. An integral part of
almost any wastewater treatment plant is the sludge management system.
Residual solids are produced in nearly every unit process of
conventional wastewater treatment and a significant proportion of both
capital outlay and O and M costs of conventional sewage treatment is
associated with sludge production, conditioning and disposal facilities
and operations. As manager of the EPA Construction Grants Program, the
Office of Water Program Operations (OWPO) is involved with municipal
sewage sludge management activities and concerned with the problems
communities are facing with sludge disposal. This paper is a summary of
available information on municipal sewage sludge production and
alternatives for the disposal/utilization of municipal sewage sludge
and OWPO activities in this area. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; BPA; INCINERATION;
MANAGEMENT; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; SLDDGE;
UTILIZE
(14) HIERAHCH TEHBS: 1EA/2EA; 1MA/2MH; 1PK; 1SB; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS43865
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, April 1976. 64 p.
24
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.: 04U817
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(U) AUTHOR: Shea TG
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR; ». K. Gates and Associates, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: Hastewater Sludge Utilization and Disposal Costs.
(8) REPORT NO.: EPA-430/9-7b-015 (9) CONTRACT NO.: P5-01-205
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A flow sheet describing various sludge utilization
and disposal alternatives is presenter!. Amortized capital and 0 and fl
costs are shown for plant capacities ranging from 1 to 1000 MGD. Froa
this information preliminary comparisons of the cost effectiveness of
various sludge utilization and disposal alternatives can be made. The
report provides supplementary information which when combined with the
Technical Report: A Guide to the selection of Cost-Effective Bastewater
Treatment Systems, EPA-430/9-75-002 and Costs of Wastewater Treatment
ty Land Application provides construction grant applicants with
information for preliminary cost comparisons of various wastewattr
management alternatives. Data is included. (Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; FILTEfi;
FLOTATION; INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT; OCEAN; i-KOCESS; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLUDGE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE; VACUUH; WASTEWATiiE
(14) HIEBARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DH; 1EA/2EA; 1 SI/239
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS43«62 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Stockton JD
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Sept. 1975. 13 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044429
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Standing committee on the disposal of sewage
sludge.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Water Services
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1 EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Great Britain's Standing Committee on the Disposal
cf Sewaqe Sludge (Department of the Environment) is reviewing economic,
technical, public health, and environmental aspects of sewage sludge
disposal with a view to issuing recommendations on sound practises.
Subcommittees pursue specific disposal areas of land, ocean, air
(incineration) , and economic aspects of disposal. The disposal to land
^subcommittee has examined effects of sludge on soil, crops, man, and
animals. The ocean disposal subcommittee instigated a review of
disposal by dumping and by pipeline. The incineration subcommittee
issued a guestionnaire to those operating sludge or sludge and refuse
incinerators. The need for more research on all aspects of disposal is
emphasized. The economics subcommittee is producing costs of different
nethods, identifying disposal constraints, identifying networks or
processes for sewage sludge treatment and disposal, and collating
information as a background tor economic decision making.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; DUMPINU; ECONOMICS; EUROPE; GREAT BRITAIN;
HEALTH; INCINERATION; INFORMATION; LAND; OCEAN; PIPELINE; BESEAKCH;
SAFETY; SLUDGE
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1EB/2EF; 1SI/2S2; 1S1/2S4
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43473
(16) CITATION: 81 (976):335,338, June 1977.
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044356
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Evaluation procedures, criteria, and
constraints.
(4) AUTHOR: Hyatt JH
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Engineering-Science, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Sludge Processing, Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery: A Planning Perspective. (8) REPORI NO.:
HPD 12-75-01 (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3104
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAH: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A planning framework within which residual waste
disposal and/or reuse alternatives can be selected and evaluated is
presented. Residual waste processing and disposal and reuse
alternatives are described and illustrated. Sludge producing and sludge
handling unit processes are examined. Criteria for evaluating
alternatives are given. Ihey are concerned1with economic aspects of
residual waste disposal and management, the impact of residual waste
processing and disposal on environmental guality (water, air, land,
flora and fauna, 'aesthetics, public health, the community, and resource
conservation), feasibility (financial feasibility, public
acceptability, land use compatibility, and ease of implementation), and
performance (effectiveness and reliability, adaptability, and calamity
resistance) .
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; EFFLUENT;
MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; PROCESS; RESIDUE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER;
HATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA/2MH; 1SI/2SY; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS43400 (15| SECONDARY AUTHORS: White PE Jr
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Dec. 1975. p. 158-180.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044355
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Characterization of ultimate disposal and
resource/recovery methods.
(4) AUTHOR: Hyatt JM
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Engineering-Science, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Sludge Processing, Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery: A Planning Perspective. (8) REPOKT NO.:
HPD 12-75-01 (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3104
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAH: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Ultimate sludge disposal methods are discussed,
including sanitary landfills, sludge recycling, land reclamation, waste
disposal ponds, and ocean disposal. Five resource recovery methods are
available wfcen viewing sludge as a resource. They involve incineration,
jyrolysis, lime recalcination, composting, and sludge reuse. For each
•ethod of ultimate sludge disposal, consideration is given to the
following: operational characteristics, waste characteristics, siting
and environmental considerations, suitability of disposal, control and
ionitoring, and cost. Marketing factors in the recycling of sludge are
examined.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSTING; CONTROL; DISPOSAL; DRYING; HEAT;
INCINERATION; LAND; LIME; MANAGEMENT; MARKET; MONITOR; OCEAN;
EYBOLYSIS; BECLAMATION; RESOURCE; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE
(14) HIEEARCH TERMS: 1EA/2EA; 1LA; 1OA/20G; 1RG; 1SD/2SH; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43399 (15| SECONDARY AUTHORS: Hhite PE Jr
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Deq. 1975. p.79-157.
26
-------
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SBIRS ACC.NO.: 044351
(2) DOBESTTC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(U) AUTHOR: Hyatt JB
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Engineering-Science, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: Sludge Processing, Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery: A Planning Perspective. (8) REPORT NO.:
WPD 12-75-01 (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3104
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A methodology for use in the evaluation of
alternatives for the ultimate disposal of residual waste generated by
municipal vaste water treataent plants is reported. It considers
technical, economic, social, and institutional factors relevant to the
review of alternatives. Residual waste is characterized, and handling
and treatment processes are discussed and evaluated in relation to
qualitative and quantitative changes in residual waste. The following
sludge handling and treatment processes are detailed: thickening,
stabilization, conditioning, dewatering, and drying and reduction.
Liquid, gaseous, and solid waste streams produced in the course of
treatment are examined. Rail, pipeline, barge, and truck modes of
transport are analyzed. Environmental, operational, and institutional
constraints on the use of ocean disposal, lagoons, sanitary landfills,
sludge recycling, and land reclamation are noted. Consideration is
given to the management of a sludge control and monitoring program.
(Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; INSTITUTION; LAGOONS;
LAND; HANAGEHENT; SONITOR; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN; PLANNING; RKCLAHATION;
RESIDUE; RESOURCE; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE; SOCIO-ECOBOBIC;
TRANSPORT; TREATHENT; WASTE HATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA/2MH; 1BJ/2B8; 1HK; 1SI/2SY; 1SI/2S2;
1SI/2S8
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS43395 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: White PE Jr
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Dec. 1975. 188 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 0442t>5
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2<4 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Econoai.cs ot transporting wastewater sludge.
(4) AUTHOR: Hillmer TJ Jr
(6) JOUBNAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: From data on costs incurred in sewage sludye
utilization systems in 15 areas across the United States,
characteristics of a typical ''molal" wastewater treatment facility
which applies its sludge to land were developed. Community officials
can use this model system to compare costs or existing landspreading
operations in their communities; to assess the cost of their coauaunity
landspreading system more realistically; or, as a planning aid in the
initiation of a new system. Itie model community treats an average flow
of 10 mqd and generates 800 tpy ol stabilized sludge as dry solids. For
a 12 mile round trip daily aaul, the cost would be about $35.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; iiCONJMICS; HAUL; LAND; MANAGEMENT; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE; WASTE WATER
(14) HIER4HCH TERMS: 1SI/2S1; 1SI/2S9; 1TF/2TG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00ci43309
(16) CITATION: 108(9) :110-11 1, Sept. 1977.
27
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIRS ACC.SO. : 01*1*222
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPii: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Intangible aspects of sludge management.
(4) AUTHOR: Dick RI
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Process Selection for Optimal Management of
Regional Wastewater fiesiauals.
(9) GRANT NO.: ENV 75-15751-A01
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEaR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Nonguantitiable factors to consider hhen evaluating
alternative sludge management schemes are discussed, it is pointed out
that intangible costs other tnan direct costs influence decisions on
sludge management alternatives. Indirect costs result from a second set
of activities made possiole or brought about by sludge management
practices. Social costs usually affect common property and involve an
ill defined or national population. An example of an indirect cost is
the decrease in the value of land close to a sludge disposal facility.
Examples of social costs potentially related to sludge treatment and
disposal are reductions in the quality of life- brought about by the
influence of sludge disposal practices on air, land, and water
resources. Both indirect and social costs and benefits are analyzed.
Special consideration is given to the indirect and social costs of
sludge management by land application and.to operational
characteristics of components of sludge management options.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; LAND; MANAGEMENT; SLUDGE;
SPBEADING
(14) HIEBA8CH TERMS: 1EA; 1MA/2MU; 1 SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS4J265 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Simmons UL;
Ball RO
(16) CITATION: Newark, i)E, University of Delaware, Oct. 1976.
p. 138-159.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044216
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2U (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The integrated sludge management program.
(4) AUTHOR: Dick fil
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Dick, d. I., D. i. Simmons, and R. 0. ball.
trocess Selection for Optimal Management of Regional Hastevater
Residuals.
(9) GRANT NO. : ENV 75-15751-A01
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Computer routines were utilized to calculate the
performance and costs of various sludge management schemes. The
routines were referred to collectively as the integrated sludge
nanagement program (ISMP). Tney were written in Fortran IV and included
subprograms for determining the performance of sludye production
processes; the performance of sludge treatment, utilization, and
disposal processes; the characteristics of feed streams for each
process; and whether stable performance computations were achieved in
process chains that involved the return of flow to the waste water
treatment system. The relationship between the ISSP and an optimization
program for the selection and integration of sludge management
processes is described and illustrated. Performance equations ror each
waste water and sludge handling process are contained in subroutines,
with constraints on the design or performance of a process formulated
as mathematical functions. Information transfer in tae ISMP is
discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPUTER; tSLONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; 8 ATHEflATICAL MODEL;
EBCCESS; PROGRAM; RESIDUE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WASTE HATEK
(14) HIEKARCH TERMS: UE; 1CG; 1MA/2MH; 1SI; 1SI/2S1
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS43259 (15) SECONDABY AUTHORS: Siomons DL;
Eall HO
(16) CITATION: Newark, DL, University of Delaware, Oct. 1976.
p.8-12.
28
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 044215
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGOhY: 21 (2) SOBJ.TYPK: S; T
(4) AUTHOK: Dick HI
(6) BOOK TITLE: Process Selection for Optimal Management of
Beqional Hastewater Residuals.
(9) GRANT NO. : ENV 75-15751-A01
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Optimization procedures and performance and cost
•odels were employed to develop a technique for the integration of
sludqe management processes associated with the application of sludge
on land. The approach used for the optimum selection and integration of
processes was to develop mathematical expressions which describe the
performance of each process as a function of basic design and
operational parameters and waste water and sludge properties. It was
also necessary to develop expressions for the capital and operting
costs of each process as a function of its size and/or operational
characteristics. A digital computer was then used to identify the
optimum manner for' combining processes, based on mathematical
descriptions of the performance and cost of each component of sludge
nanaqement. The influence of design and operational practices on the
physical characteristics of sludge was assessed, and physical
properties affecting thickening and dewatering were found to be of most
significance. Design and operational variables influencing the physical
properties of sludge were mean cell .residence time in the activated
sludqe process, combining two types of sludge of known physical
quality, anaerobic and aerobic; stabilization, and conditioning and
elntritiation. (Retained in SWIKS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPUTEK; DESIGN; ECONOMICS; LAND; HANAGEMENr;
BATHEHATICAL MODEL; PROCESS; KESIDUE; SLUDGE; SPREADING; HASTE WATEH
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043799
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SDBJ.TTPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Hunicipal sludge management research program in
the U.S.A.
(4) AUTHOR: SBith JE
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: USA/USSR Symposium on the
Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge, Moscow, DSSR,
Hay 13-16, 1975.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: los (10) PUB. TEA'S: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Government and industry involvement in the
management of municipal sludge in the United States is described.
Environmental constraints imposed by the nature of sludge are
considered. Constituents of environmental concern are noted as trace
metals, bacteria, viruses, intestinal parasites, process chemicals
contributed by industry, nutrient materials, organics, and
polychlorinated biphenyls. Various sludge handling alternatives are
discnssed. The impact of upgrading waste water treatment by the
addition of chemicals on sludge production and the impact of chemical
addition in primary treatment on sludge handling are assessed. Research
projects are cited which deal with lime stabilization, autothermal
thermophilic aerobic digestion, ash conditioning, the thermal
conditioning of sludge, top feed rotary vacuum filtration, moving belt
filter presses, pressure filtration of sludge, pyrolysis, and wet
oxidation of digested sludge.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEHICAL; COMPOSITION; FILTER; LIME; METAL;
HICROORGANISM; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC; OXIDATION; POLYCHLOBINATED;
PYROLYSIS; RESEARCH; SLDDGE; STABILIZATION; THERHOPHIL; OS
(14) HIERABCH TERHS: 1PB; 1RE; 1SI
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS42842 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS:. Rosenkranz
WA
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Bay 1975. p.68-77.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043798
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Thickening and dewatering of vaste water sludges
by vibro filtration method.
(«) AUTHOR: Dwinslcih EV
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: OSA/USSR Symposium on the
Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge, Hoscow, USSR,
Bay 13-16, 1975.
(8) NTIS NO.: PB 258 169
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) FOB. YEAH: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The results of theoretical and experimental
investigations of the waste sludge dewatering process using a model of
continuous gravity vibrofiltration are presented. Hunicipal and
industrial sludge was used, and metal screens were employed as
filtering media. Filling filtration funnels were employed to study the
relationship between filtration rate and vibration parameters. The
vibrofiltration process occurred in two stages in the absence of excess
static pressure. First, the layer of vibrofluidized sludge formed on
the filtering screen. The resistance of this layer to filtration
depended on the degree of its fluidization. Second, a reduction in the
sludge layer occurred due to the separation of filtrate. A mathematical
model of both stages was obtained on the basis of the linear law of
filtration. The final moisture content of sludge was found to depend on
the acceleration and frequency of vibrations. The solids content in the
filtrate was dependent on the vibration parameters of porous media.
Technical and economic calculations indicated that the use of sludge
vibrothiekening with consequent heat drying or incineration minimized
the requirement for complicated and expensive conditioning processes
30
-------
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
prior to Mechanical devatering.
(12) KEYWORDS: DRYING; EQUIPMENT; FILTER; INDUSTRY; MATHEMATICAL
MODEL; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; SLUDGE; VIBRATION
(1«») BIER ARCH TERMS: 1EE/2ES; 1PM; 1SI/2S7
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS42841
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Hay 1975. p.63-67.
(1) SWISS ACC. NO. : 043504
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; '£
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Integration of unit operations in Wastewater
residuals management.
(4) AUTHOfi: Dick RI
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Smith, J. L. , and E. H, Bryan, eds.
Proceedings: Williamsburg Conference on Management of Wastewater
Residuals, Hilliamsburg, VA, Nov. U-14, 1975.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. fEAfi: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The management of residuals from waste water
treatment processes is considered. Techniques used for the treatment,
reclamation,, and disposal of sludge are categorized according to their
purpose: thickening, stabilization, conditioninj, dewatering, thermal
combusion, disinfection, transportation, reclamation, and ultimate
disposal. The optimal integration ot sludge treatment and disposal
processes requires that the tate of each sludge constituent in each
process be known, the effect of siudga properties on process
performance be understood, the influence of operational variables upon
process performance be predictable, and the cost of each process as a
function of its capacity and other design features be documented.
Additional information is provide! in the form of attachments on types
of sludge, plausible flow diagrams for sludge treatment and disposal
schemes, and the modeling ol process performance on the basis of
fundamental factors which influence process behavior.
(12) KEYWORDS: DESIGN; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; INFORMATION;
MANAGEMENT; PROCESS; RECLAMATION; RESIDUES; SLUDGE; THEATHENT; HASTE
WATER
(14) HIEP.ARCH TERRS: IEA/^EA; 1EE/2ES; 1KA; 1P«; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIM5 ACC.NO.: OOS425U7 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Simmons DL
(16) CITATION: Washington, OC, National Science Foundation, 1977.
p.83-92.
043605
(2) CATEJOHY: 02 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
Optimization of continuous subsurface injection
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. :
(2) DOMESTIC: D
(3) ARTICLE TITLE:
cf sewage sludge.
(4) AUTHOR: Ward HC
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Smith, J. L. , and E. H. Bryan, eds.
Proceedings: Hilliamsburg Conference on Management of Wastewater
fiesiduals, Williamsburg, VA, Nov. 13-14, 1975.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AfcKA: 1US/2CD (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The development of strategies for incorporating
economic and environmental factors into the design and management of a
subsurface injection system is reviewed. Dynamic programming, a method
for optimizing staged decisions, is used as a basis for determining how
nuch sludge to inject each year and how ouch it will cost.
Environmental and economic constraints are incorporated into the
decision making process performed by dynamic programming. The dynamic
programming model requires such inputs as land costs in a community,
machine costs, crop benefits, sludge characteristics, and environmental
31
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
linitations and operational characteristics. The result is the
application rate and disposal cost per day per ton of sludge for a
coBBunity. The results of applying the model in Boulder, Colorado are
presented. It is concluded that the model is valuable, since various
operational configurations of subsurface injection systems can be
balanced against cost and environmental impact.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; COLORADO; CROP; DESIGN; ECONOMIC;
ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; LAND; MANAGEMENT; PROGRAMMING; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(14) HIEEARCH TERMS: 1E12/2ES; 1SI/2S7; 1SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00542548 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Lortis JL
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, National Science Foundation, 1977.
p.93-105.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 043503
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORIC: 21 (2) •SUBJ.TXPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: High energy electron irradiation of wastewater
residuals.
(4) AUTHOR: Trump JG
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Smith, J. L. , and E. H. Bryan, eds.
Proceedings: Hilliamsburg conterence on Management of Wastewater
Besiduals, Hilliamsburg, VA, Nov. U-14, 1975.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2MA/3BO (10) PUB. *EAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The use of penetrating ionizing radiation tor the
inactivation of viruses and the destruction of bacteria and other
pathogenic agents in waste water and sludge is discussed. It is felt
that sludge presents the most difficult disinfection problem in the
management of waste water and its solid residuals. The concept of using
ionizing energy for the disinfection of sludge is explored. Mechanisms
by which disinfection can be accomplished by an economic and physically
feasible dose of ionizing energy delivered by high energy electrons.
The proposed electron research facility of the Deer Island Waste Water
Treatment Plant in Boston, Massachusetts is detailed. Various
experiments on virus inactivation by electron irradiation are cited.
(12) KEYWORDS: BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL; ENERGY; FACILITY; ION;
HANAGEMENT; MASSACHUSETTS; PATHOGEN; RESEARCH; SLUDGE; VIRUS; WASTE
SAT EH
(14) HIEE1RCH TERMS: 1EE/2ES; 1HF; 1PC; 1PM; 1RE; 1SI/2S6
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS42546
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, National Science Foundation, 1977.
F.65-82.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043502
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAT-EGOSY: 02 (2) SUBJ.TiPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Role of viruses in management of environmental
risks.
(4) AUTHOR: Metcalf TG
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Smith, J. L., and E. H. Bryan, eds.
Proceedings: Nilliamsburg Conference on Management of Wastewater
Besiduals, Hilliamsburg, VA, Nov. 13-14, 1975.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The control of virus pathogens in waste water liguid
residuals by high energy electron irradiation was studied. Five et.teric
viruses were used in a number of inactivation studies. Viruses analyses
were made on samples collected by virus concentrator methods. Viruses
were recovered from all filters used in the collection process
(clarification and adsorption) by eiution. Radiation studies with the
five test viruses showed varying degrees of radioresistance. Tne most
radioresistance was exhibited by the Coxsackievirus B3, while the least
radioresistance was exhibited by the Ecovirus 6. The radiosensitivity
of Poliovirus 2 was not influence! by the suspension of virus in waste
treatment plant effluent. The radiation dose required for tue
inactivation of virus was proportional to the number of virus particles
presented. It was estimated that virus concentrations up to 95 percent
32
-------
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
cf the number tnterinq one sewaje treatment plant wtre removed in taw
KEYKORDS: ANALYSIS; FILTER; LIQUID; MANAGEMENT; PATHOGENS;
BESIDUE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; VIKUS; HASTE HATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: Ud; UE/2±,S; 1 MA; 1«F; 1PC; 1 SI/236
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00342545
(16) CITATION: fcashinyton, DC, National Science Foundation, 1977.
p.53-6U.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043497
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Smith JL
(6) BOOK TITLE: Proceedings: Williamsbarg Conference on Management
of Hastewater Residuals, Williamsburg, VA, Nov. 13-1*, 1975.
<10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) FOB. IBAB: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The proceedings of a conference on waste water
residual management are reported. The conference was held in
Williamsburg, ?irginia on November 13 and 11, 1975. Its primary focus
was on research sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
Conference presentations dealt with the following topics: continuous
subsurface injection of waste water residuals; subsurface injection of
waste water residuals on soil and ground water; survival of pathogens
in soil; role of viruses in the management of environmental risk; high
energy electron irradiation of waste water residuals; integration of
unit operations in waste water residual management; optimization of
continuous subsurface injection of sewage sludge; legal aspects of land
application of waste water residuals; industrial concerns in residual
management; sludge disposal by soil injection; planning for the
ultimate disposal of waste water residuals; and international aspects
of residual management. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; DISPOSAL; GROUND WATER; INDUSTRY;
INFORMATION; INTERNATIONAL; LAND; LEGAL; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY;
PATHOGEN; PLANNING; RECLAMATION; RESIDUE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; UTILIZE;
VIRUS; WASTE WATEF
(14) HIERARCH TBSWS: 1BE/2ES; 1GD; 1MA/2HC; 1HA/2BD; 1HF; 1SI/2S2;
1SJ
(15) ST1HS ACC.NO.: OOS42540 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Bryan EH
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, National Science Foundation, 1977.
162 p.
(1) SWIRS ICC.NO.: 043208
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Standards for viruses in effluents, sludges, and
ground and surface waters.
(4) AUTHOR: Sproul 00
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Baldwin, L. B., J. H. Davidson, and J. F.
Gerber, eds. Virus Aspects of Applying Municipal Waste to Land.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Necessary elements of standards for viruses in water
and sludge are detailed. Four reasons for the establishment of
standards for viruses in water and sludge are cited: (1) human health;
(2) reduction in the treatment of water by subsequent downstream
industrial and municipal users; (3) maintenance of recreational and
economic opportunities; and (4) improvement of public confidence in the
ability of public officials to control the environment. The
establishment of virus standards nay be based on cause and effect
relationships, analytical detection limits, or treatment technology.
Standards of the fiorld Health Organization and the U.S. Public Health
Service and in South Africa and Canada for viruses in drinking water
are noted, as well as standards in Montgomery County, Maryland for
viruses in treated effluent. Goals for viruses in water and sludge are
identified.
33
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(12) KEYWORDS: EFFLUENT; GROUND WATER; HEALTH; HDBAN; INDUSTRY;
MUNICIPALITY; RECREATION AREA; SLUDGE; STARDARD; VIRUS
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1LB/2LA; 1HF; 1SI/2S4
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS42251
(16) CITATION: Gainsville, FL, Univeristy of Florida, (1977).
p.131-135.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043203
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Surface application of municipal sludges.
(4) AUTHOR: Cliver DO
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Baldwin, L. B., J. B. Davidson, and J. F.
Gerber, eds. Virus Aspects of Applying Municipal Waste to Land.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The tendency of viruses in waste water to sediment
with sludge during sewage treatment is investigated. Viruses of concern
in waste water are those eaanating from the intestines of humans.
Intestinal viruses exhibit a strong association with fecal solids.
Feces are comprised of undigested food residues, bacterial cells, and
sloughed epithelium from the intesines. Viruses in primary sludge are
likely to be the result of cells or cell fragments from the intestinal
epithelium, while viruses in waste activated sludge are generally
associated with microbial cells and products. Depending on the type of
waste water and processes used to treat it, some viruses in sludge may
be adsorbed onto colloidal mineral particles. The treatment of sludge
by anaerobic digestion and its disposal are considered. The mobility of
viruses in sludge is explored. Risks that may be incurred in the
disposal of sludge on land are examined. It is concluded that viruses
present in sludge will not pose a significant public health hazard as
long as sludge is worked into soil at a properly selected disposal
site.
(12) KEYWORDS: FBCES; FOOD; MUNICIPALITY; RESIDUE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE;
TREATHENT; VIRUS; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1HB; 1MF; 1PC; 1SI/2SX; 1SI/2SY
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS42246
(16) CITATION: Gainsville, FL, University of Florida, (1977).
p. 77-81.
(1) SWTBS ACC.NO.: 043196
(2) DOBESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Viral pathogen inactivation during treatment of
municipal wastewater.
(4) AUTHOR: Balina JF
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Baldwin, L. B., J. B. Davidson, and J. F.
Gerber, eds. Virus Aspects of Applying Municipal Waste to Land.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The technology of virus removal and inactivation
during the treatment of municipal waste water and in the handling of
sludge is examined. Processes involved in waste water treatment are
outlined. The removal of viruses during primary treatment and
biological treatment and by activated sludge, trickling filter, and
oxidation pond systems is discussed. The final unit treatment process
for municipal waste water prior to discharge into the natural
environment is disinfection. The effect of the anaerobic digestion of
sludge on virus inactivation is explored. Virus removal in advanced
waste treatment is addressed. Advanced treatment systems include
coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration using either
sand or diatomaceous earth, adsorption on activated carbon, and
disinfection, it is concluded that municipal waste water treatment
plants incorporating primary sedimentation, biological treatment, and
disinfection can produce an effluent that is low in enteric animal
viruses. Anaerobic digestion of organic sludge is also effective in
virus inactivation.
34
-------
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(12) KEYWORDS: MUNICIPALITY; PATHOGEN; SLUDGE; TRBATHENT; WASTE
RATER
(14) BIERARCH TBRHS: 1HB ; IMF; 1SF/2SS; 1SF/2SD
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS42239
(16) CITATIOH: Gainsville, FL, Dniversity of Florida, (1977).
p.9-23 .
(1) SHIBS ACC.NO.: 042640
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SDBJ.TYPB: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Inactivation of viruses daring anaerobic sludge
digestion.
(4) AUTHOR: Bertucci JJ
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: J Water Pollution Control Federation
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2IL/3CH (10) POB. YEAH:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The in activation of viruses during anaerobic sludge
digestion was examined. The possibility of increased vims burden to
the environment caused by land application of digested municipal sludge
iras a major concern of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Ch icago at its Fulton County Land Reclamation site in central Illinois.
Viruses in wastewater are adsorbed and concentrated by sludge floe
during the activated sludge process, and are carried into the anaerobic
digestion process. The virus inactivation potential of the digestion
process «as investigated by using five viruses and laboratory-scale
digestion units. The viruses studied included coliphage MS-2,
poliovirus—1, coxsackie viruses A-9 and B-4, and echovirus-11. Average
individual virus inactivation rates were found to range from 74.9 to
97.1 percent after 24 hoars to 93.7 to 99.9 percent after 48 hoars.
(12) KEYWORDS: AHABBOBIC; CHICAGO; DIGESTION; E»?IBONBBNT;
HAZARDOUS; ILLINOIS; LAND; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; PROGRAM; RECLABATIOS;
SLUDGE; TIHE; ?IH0S
(14) HIERARCB TERMS: 1SF/2SO; 1SI/2SY
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS41683 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Lue-Hing C;
Sedita SJ; Zenz D
(16) CITATION: 49(7):16"42-1651, July 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 0425J2
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Current and future studies on advanced waste
treatment in Japan.
(4) AUTHOR: Kashiwaya A
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Fourth United States/Japan
Conference on Sewage Treatment Te~nnology, Cincinnati, OH, and
Sashington, DC, Oct. 23-24 and Oct. 28-29, 1975. (8) REPORT NO.:
EPA-600/9-76-023
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1AI/2JA (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Studies on advanced waste treatment in Japan are
examined. Six objectives of advanced waste treatment studies in the
country are identified: (1) experiment for upgrading secondary effluent
from the activated sludge process; (2) experiment with tertiary
treatment processes for phosphorus removal from secondary effluent; (3)
experiments for the removal ot residual organic matter troa secondary
effluent; (4) experiments on biological nitrification and
denitrification processes; (5) experiments on tne removal of amaonia by
physicocheraical processes; and (6) experiments on the removal of
inorganic substances in sewage. Although the statement is made that
about 300 sewaqe treatment plants in existence rely on biological
processes using conventional or modified activated sludge processes, it
is noted that most plants constructed in the future will employ the
conventional activated sludge process as the secondary treatment
process. The role of the central government of Japan in studies on
advanced waste treatment is discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; EFFLUENT; GOVERNMENT; JAPAN;
MANAGEMENT; PROJECTION; BESEARCH; StHAGE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA/2MB; 1PM; 1SF
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00541^75
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Oct. 1976. p.116-119.
35
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SiilRS ACC.NO. .: 04^528
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATSJOHY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) AfiTICLE TITLE: Sludge production and solid loading balance in
the Nishiyana STP, Nagaya.
(4) AUTHOR: Annaka T
(6) BOOK TITLE: lu Proceedings: Fourth United States/Japan
Conference on Sewage Treatment Technology, Cincinnati, OH, and
Washington, DC, Oct. 23-24 dnd Oct. 28-29, 1975. (8) REPORT NO.:
EPA-600/9-76-023
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GhO. ARLA: 1AI/2JA (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Long ranye measurements were initiated at the
Nishiyama sewaqe treatment plant in Nagoya, Japan to obtain accurate
information on sludge production and its quality in sewage treatment
plants. Operational parameters of tne Nishiyama plant are rioted.
Eguipnent and devices installed in the plant for measurements included
three electromagnetic flow meters for measuring solid concentrations in
sludge. Turbidimeters and total oxygen concentration meters are
scheduled for installation to measure the concentrations of suspended
solids and organic matter on a continuous basis. The results of
preliminary measurements are presented with regard to primary sludge
production, sludge production through the activated sludge process, and
increases in sludge production by chemical addition. Scheduled
measurements of sludge production and its quality are noted. Tabular
data and graphical illustrations on the characteristics of sludge and
wastewater are provided.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; DISPOSAL; EQUIPMENT; .FACILITY; JAPAN;
MANAGEMENT; MEASUREMENTS; MUNICIPALITY; OPEBATIONS RESE.AKCH; OR3ANIC;
SLUEGE; TREATMENT; VOLUME
(14) HIEKAHCH TERMS: 1HA/2MH; 1SI/2SX; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41571 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Kashiwaya a
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Oct. 1976, p.46-58,
(D
(2)
(3)
plant.
CO
(6)
SHIRS ACC.NO.: 042527
DOBESTIC: D (2) CATFGORY: 24 (2) S0BJ.TYPE: S; T
ARTICLE TITLE: The treatment and disposal at Toba treatment
AUTHOR: Tasuda S
BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Fourth CTnited States/Japan
Conference on Sewage Treatment Technology, Cincinnati, OH, and
Washington, DC, Oct. 23-24 and Oct. 28-29, 1975. (8) REPORT HO.:
T?PA-600/9-76-023
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) GEO. AREA: 1AI/2JA (10) FOB. TERR: 1976
(11) ABSTEACT: Sludge treatment facilities in Kyoto, Japan are
discussed, with particular emphasis on toxic substances and heavy
netals in the disposal of sludge and the reuse of sludge ash. An
outline o± the city's sladge treatment facilities is presented.
Operational data on the solids balance for each treatment process,
thickening tanks, digestion tanks, dewatering facilities, and
incinerators are given . It is shown that the concentrations of toxic
substances and heavy metal in inflowing sewage and effluent at
facilities in Kyoto are quite low, although they tend to be adsorbed
and concentrated in sludge. Since ferric chloride is added tor
coagulation of sludge, the concentration of iron is particularly high.
Wet cyclone scrubbers are used to treat exhaust gas from incinerators.
Analytical data on the presence of toxic substances and heavy metals in
various sludge samples are tabulated, as well as the results of an
analysis of exhaust gas. The reuse of sludge ash as a soil conditioner
and as a material for road construction is considered.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; ASH; CONCENTRATION; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
GASSES; INCINERATION; INCINERATOR; JAPAN; MANAGEMENT; HETAL;
MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE; TOXIC;
TREATMENT
36
-------
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(14) RJERARCH TERHS: 1IB/2IW; 1BA/2HD; 1SI/2ST; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOSU1570
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, O.S. Environmental Protection
Aqency, Oct. 1976. p.33-45.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 042523
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYfE: S; T
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Fourth United States/Japan
Conference on Sewage Treatment Technology, Cincinnati, OH, and
tiashington, DC, Oct. 23-24 and Oct. 28-29, 1975. (8) P.EPORT NO.:
EPA-600/9-76-023
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AfaEA: 1AI/2JA; 1 US (10) PUB. YEAB:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Papers presented at the Fourth United states/Japan
conference on sewage treatment technology, which was held in
Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington, DC, from October 23 to 29, 1976 are
given. Delegations information is also given. Principal topics of the
conference were status of pura oxygen use, sludge handling and disposal
by heat treatntnt, incineration and land disposal, urban stocmwater
technology, automation and instr uma ritation, use and reuse of activated
carbon, filtration, phosphorus reaoval, industrial waste treatment
progress, reuse and disiniection. Tke U.S. delegates discussed aspects
cf the Federal Water Pollution Law (P.L. 92-500) including planning,
urban runoff, permits, pretreatmeiit, and construction grant status. The
Japanese delegation discussed environmental improvement in Japan,
coaprehensive planning, pretreatment and case histories of industrial
waste. Discussions follow conference presentations. (Retained in SHIRS
library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; JAPAN; SAMAGtaENT;
SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT; US; HASTE WATER
(14) HIE EARCH TERMS: 1HA/2MC; 1SF; 1 SI/252
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS41566
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Ajency,
Oct. 1976. 669 p.
(1) SHIRS ACL.NO.: 042200
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE; Organic matter and heavy metal uptake.
(4) AUTHOR: Kirkham MB
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Compost Science
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Research is discussed concerning the effect of
organic natter (sewage sludge, manure, composts, crop residues, peat)
en heavy metal availability. Indigenous soil organic matter and that
added to sewage, manures, composts, etc. bind heavy elements in soil.
Kost heavy metals associated with soil organic matter are in stable and
insoluble combinations and are unavailable for plant uptake. Soil
organic matter's ability to tiold heavy elements necessary for growth
for a long time and release tuem to crops as needed is one of its most
iaportant benefits. Incubation of organic matter in soil before
planting decreases heavy metal uptake. Hetdls in composted sludge are
less available to plants than metals in digested sludge. Soil organic
natter reduces plant uptake of radioisotopes and can play a role in
disposal of radioactive wastes. Opinions vary concerning the protective
effect of organic matter in sludge added to soil. However, much
research indicates that practices which maintain high organic matter
contents in soil reduce plant uptake of metals added to soils treated
with sludge. Fifty-seven articles are reviewed.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; COMPOST; CROP; DISPOSAL; EARTH; EFFECT;
IEBTILIZER; LITERATURE; MANURE; METAL; ORGANIC; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2SU; 1SJ
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS41244
(16) CITATION: 18(1): 18-21, Jan.-Feb. 1977.
37
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041254
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) GEO.
AREA: 1US/2CA/3LA (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A program undertaken to develop a regional sludge
•anagement plan for the Los Angeles/Orange County metropolitan area
(LA/OHA) of California is detailed. The report is concerned with phase
cne of the program,. Sludge management problems in the area are
considered, with three ma3or waste water treatment agencies identified:
City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County sanitation districts, and
Orange County sanitation districts. The objectives of sludge treatment
are discussed. These include the decomposition of organic natter and
the destruction of harmful organisms and the removal of as ouch
•oisture as possible to make sludge easier to transport and less
problematic for disposal and recycling purposes. 'The LA/OMA program is
detailed for the reuse or disposal of residual solids resulting from
industrial and nunicipa-1 waste water treatment. A major objective of
the proqrao is to produce a recommended plan for sludge treatment and
disposal with public participation. Sludge management alternatives are
delineated, including incineration, pyrolysis, separate waste activated
sludge, copyrolysis with refuse, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
pyrolysis system, the basic extractive sludge treatment dehydration
process, the multiple effect evaporation process, dewatering for
landfill or agriculture, sludge recycling centers, evaporation ponds,
remote dewatering for landfill or agriculture, liguid sludge for
agriculture, soil reclamation, thermal conditioning and anaerobic
digestion, ocean disposal, exportation, and wet air oxidation. Each
alternative is evaluated in terms of its economic and environmental
feasibility. (Retained in SHIfiS library)
(12) KEYHORDS: CALIFORNIA; COUNTY; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LOS
ANGELES; MASAGEMENT; PROCESS; PROGRAM; RECLAMATION; REGIONAL; SLUDGE;
THBATMENT
(14) HIEHARCH TERMS: 1MA/2M£; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS4029ti
(18) DOC.CIT.: LA/OMA project: 'phase 1 report. Los Angeles,
California State Hater Resources Control Board, Aug. 1976. 171 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041045
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPj*: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Miller GW (10) GEO. AREA: IfcC: 1MA/2MD (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Energy costs of waste water treatment and sludge
disposal are investigated. Municipal inventories of energy consumption
were made in Indianapolis, Indiana and Nashville, Tennessee. The
purpose of these inventories was to determine the extent of the energy
problem in waste water treatment. Based on the results of the
inventories, a study was conducted to evaluate digester gases as an
energy source. Consideration was given in the study to digester gas
uses, technological factors involved in the use of digester gas,
•unicipal experience in digester gas utilization, cost analysis o±
sludge handling at the Blue Plains waste water treatment plant in the
District of Columbia, and the potential impact of bioconversion on
natural energy demands. It is concluded that energy consumption in
waste wate r treatment plants in general and sludge disposal in
particular is a major consumer in municipal government operations. The
recommendation is made tnat large waste water plants which process
sludge by anaerobic digestion should analyze the cost effectiveness of
utilizing all digester gase£>. fiore study of energy balances in waste
water treatment and disposal is also recommended.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONSERVATION; DIGKSTOR; DISPOSAL; DISTRICT Of
COLUMBIA; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; FACILITY; GASSES; INDIANA; MANAGEMENT;
PROJECTION; SLUDGE; SURVEY; TKNNESScE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WASTE HATER
38
-------
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS : 1 SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40069
(18) DOC.CIT.: Killer, G. Vt. fcnergy conservation practices in
municipal iiudge management. In U. S. Knvironatmtal Protection Agency.
Proceedings; the 1975 National conference on Municipal Sludge
Management and Disposal, Aiah«sia, CA, Aug. 18-20, 1975. Hockville, HD,
Inforiaation Transter. Inc. , 1^)75. p. 91-100.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 0410t»1
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SOBJ.TTPEr 6
(«) AUTHOR: Bursztynsky T (10) 6EO. AREA: 10S/2CA/3LA (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Sludge management options for coastal cities in the
Los Angeles area of California are addressed. The average daily
production of waste water sludge by California coastal communities, as
reported in 1973, was 1,251 metric tons. The three largest discharges
of waste water flow were the city of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County,
and Orange County. On the basis of projections of coastal agencies in
California, it is estiBated that the general adoption of secondary
treatment will result in the production of 4,000 aetric tons of sludge
per day by 1995. Changes to be expected in sludge characteristics fro*
the most commonly used unit processes and sludge processing unit
performance characteristics are delineated. Sewage sludge disposal
criteria are examined, and the need to systematicallyevaluate and
quantity the environmental impact of alternative courses of action
related to sludge management is stressed. Alternatives evaluated for
major coastal discharges in the Los Angeles area include ocean-dumping,
processing for sale, local landfilling, landfilling at remote sites,
evaporation ponds, land reclamation, and incineration. For each
alternative, appropriate treatment such as anaerobic digestion and
sometimes centrifuge dewatering is assumed for primary and secondary
level waste water treatment sludge. Costs are compared for the various
alternatives. Tabular data are provided on changes in sludge
constituents through basic processing; sludge processing unit
performance; regulations affecting sewage solids disposal at the
Federal, State, and local levels; emission and equipment criteria
relating to sewage solids disposal to the atmosphere; land disposal
criteria; liquid waste disposal criteria; and ocean discharge criteria.
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; CODNTY; CRITERIA; DUMPING; ECONOMICS;
HARBOR; LOS ANGELES; HARAGEMERT; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN; SANITARY
LABDFILL; SLUDGE
(1U) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HA/2MD; 1OA/2OF; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOSH0085 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Davis J
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bursztynsky, T. , and J. Davis. Sludge management
alternatives for coastal cities, in 0. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Proceedings; the 1975 National Conference on Runicipal Sludge
Management and Disposal, Anaheia, CA, Aug. 18-20, 1975. Kockville, BD,
Information Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p. 65-72.
(1) SWIfiS ACC.NO.: 041039
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGQtfY.: 2<* (2) SObJ.TYft: S; i
(U) AUTIOR: Snith V (K>) U!O. AhBA: 1SI/2S1; 1SI/2S2 (10) FOB.
(11) ABSTRACT: A computfiri.zed technique for evaluating the costs of
sludge hanoling and disposal is reported. The basic computational
program in the technique is tue executive program which contains
subroutines for all liquia and sludge treatment processes. Two basic
types of auuicipal waste water treatment plants are included in the
computerize! program: primary sedimentation plants, and activated
sludge plants. Procedures lor computing tne mass and concentration ot
39
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
sludge produced in liquid handling processes are outliaed. Subroutines
which characterize individual sludge handling processes are presented.
Alternative sludge handling schemes are considered and estimated costs
tor each alternative are given. Various sludge treatment processes
considered in the computerozea technique include lime stabilization,
gravity thickening, air flotation thickening, anaerobic digestion,
aerobic digestion, elutriation, vacuum filtration, centrifugation,
sludge dying beds, multiple neartn incineration, and the hauling and
spreading of liquid sluuge . Detailed cost data are tabulated for the
alternative sludge treatment schemes, costs for treating and disposing
of sludge are shown to range iron about $30 per ton for anaerobic
digestion followed by dewatering on sand drying beds to over $100 when
sludge is dewatered by vacuum filtration or centrifugation and then
incinerated.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPUTES; jjATA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT;
PROGRAMMING; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) UIERARCH TKRMS: MlA/2Kt
(15) STiflS ACC.NO.: 00b400b3 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Eilers RG
(18) DOC.C1T.: Smith, K. , and R. G. tilers. Coaputer evaluation of
sludge handling and disposal cttits. Xn U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Proceedings; the 1 y"75 National Conference on Municipal Sludge
Management and Disposal, Arkiheu», CA, Aug. 18-20, 1975. Hocjtville, M D,
Information Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p. 30-59.
(1) SKI IS ACC.NO.: 04103a
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: Ifa (2) SDBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: burack D (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA (10) PUB. YEAR:
1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A waste watei solids manageaent program for Los
Angeles ana Orange counties in California is detailed. Federal and
State regulations on sludge disposal are noted, with emphasis on
California's plan to prohibit the ocean disposal of sludge and Federal
requirements to upgraae Municipal waste water treatment plants. Tne
regional waste water solicit, Management program, funded by a Federal
grant ana conducted by waste water agencies in the region, the State of
California, an/21X>; 1HA/2MA; 1WA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OGi>400b2
(18) UOL.CIT.: Burack, D. Regional vastewater solids management
program Lo E, Angeles-Orange County metropolitan area. In U. S.
Environien tal Protection Agency. Proceedings; the 1975 National
Conference on Sunicipal Sludge Management and Disposal, Anaheim, CA,
Aug. 18-20 , 1975. Rockvilie, aD, ln£ormation Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p.
26-29.
40
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) StIRS ACC.NO.: 041033
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) GEO.
AREA: 1HJ/2H8; 1PM (10) PUB. TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The proceedings of a conference on municipal sludge
management and disposal wnich was held in Anaheim, California, August
18 to 20, 1975, are presented. Conference attendees represented both
governmental and private interests. Thirty three najor presentations
were Bade at the conference. They were concerned with such issues as
the impact of industrial waste water pretreatment on sludge management,
a model industrial waste ordinance in California, institutional
problems of small treatment plants, regional waste water solids
Management program in the Los Angeles and Orange County metropolitan
area of California, computerized evaluation of sludge handling and
disposal costs, socioeconoaic factors in urban sludge disposal, sludge
management alternatives for coastal cities, energy conservation
practices in municipal sludge management, burning municipal sewage
sludge along with mixed municipal refuse, high energy radiation in
sludge treatment, management of municipal waste water treatment
residuals, pyrolysis of sewage sludge, sludge pyrolysis for energy
recovery and pollution control, ecological impact of municipal sludge
land disposal, plant uptake of heavy metals from sewage sludge applied
to land, effect of sewage sludge or effluent application to soil,
environmental effects of sludge disposal in sanitary landfills, health
impacts of land sludge disposal, thermophilic digester operations, use
of methane from sludge digestion, processing and economic aspects of
heat dried sludge, and composting of raw sludge. (Retained in SWIRS
library)
(12) KEYWORDS: BOSTON; CALIFORNIA; COLORADO; CONFERENCE; COUNTY;
DENVER; DISPOSAL; MANAGEMENT; MASSACHUSETTS; MUNICIPALITY;
PENNSYLVANIA; PHILADELPHIA; PROBLEMS; PYROLYSIS; SLDDGE;
SOCIO-ECONOMIC; TREATMENT
(14) HIEBARCH TERMS: 1SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40077
(18) DOC.CIT-: 0. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proceedings;
the 1975 National Conference on Municipal Sludge Management and
Disposal, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18--20, 1975. Rockville, HD, Information
Transfer, Inc. , 1975. 257 p.
(1) SHIfiS ACC.NO.: 040855
(2J DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S (10) GEO.
ABEA: HJS/2NJ; 10S/2NY/3U* (10) PUB. TEAK: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Toxic materials measured in sludge from the New York
City and New Jersey metropolitan area are reported. The measurements
show that toxic organic concentrations are low, although the materials
are persistent and could pose lougterm hazards to the soil or surface
water supplies. Spills ot toxicants to sewer systems could result in
high levels in sludge. It is recommended that sludge be monitored
regularly to detect excessive toxic loads, it a toxicological problem
is discovered, contaminated sludge can be destroyed by combustion or
disposed of in permanent holding basins to prevent further mobility of
toxicants.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL; CONCENTRATION; CONTROL; LEACH;
MANAGEMENT; MEASUREMENTS; MONITOU; NEW JEHSEJ; NEW YORK; ORGANIC;
PLANNING; PROGBAM; REGIONAL; SLUDGE; TOXIC; HASTE WATER
(14) HIERABCH TKBMS: 1SI; 1T£>
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39399
(18) DOC.CIT. : Toxic organics. In Phase 2 Report of Technical
Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New Jersey Hetropolitan Area
Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program. Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and
McKee, June 1976. p. VIII. 23-VIII. 25.
41
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIBS SCC.NO.: 039635
(2) DORESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPF: T (10) P0B .
TEAK: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The existing and future sludge disposal problem in
Knorville, Tennessee was investigated, and six aa^or sludge management
plans were developed. The plans were derived and evaluated by utilizing
a methodology previously developed by the 0. S. Environmental
Protection Agency. The plans detail the processing, transportation, and
ultimate disposal subsystems necessary to meet environmental
operational, and institutional constraints found in the study area. In
addition, costs of the various subsystems and the overall costs of the
plans were determined. (Retained in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: COUNTY; DEMONSTRATION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
ENVIRONMENT; FACILITY; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; OPEBATIONS RESEARCH;
PLANNIHG; PROCESS; REGIONAL; SLUDGE; TENNESSEE; TRANSPORT
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS38679
(18) DOC.CIT.: Neptune, M. D. , B. Wyatt, and H. Heil.
Demonstration of a planning perspective for waste water sludge
disposition, Knoxville/Knox County. Environmental Protection
Publication EFA-H40/9-76-001a. Washington, O. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Nov. 1975. 176 p. (Distributed by the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, as PB 250 936. )
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 039600
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) StJBJ.TYPB: S; T (10) P0B.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Power requirements for sewage treatment are examined
together with a calculation of the power generation potential of
methane derived from sewage sludge digestion. Methane is generated from
the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. The use of methane is.
examined and it is shown that a typical sewage works should be able to
provide a sizable portion of its own energy requirements from the
source. Predictions which were based on an n. S. Environmental
Protection Agency report are compared with power consumption data from
waste water treatment plants in Paris and several South African cities.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANAEROBIC; COMPARISON; CRITERIA; DATA; DIGESTIOH;
ELECTRICAL; EPA; FRANCE; GENERATION; METHANE; MUNICIPALITY; PARIS;
POSER; EEHAGE; SLUDGE; SODTH AFRICA; TREATMENT; OTIL1ZB; BASTE HEAT
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS3864U
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hansford, G. S. The power requirements for waste
disposal. Chetnsa, 2(4) :70-72, Apr. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 039376
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A comprehensive characterization and evaluation are
performed of disposal and utilization practices for sludges from
municipal waste water and water treatment plants. The nature and
quantities of the sludges are discussed, such as sludge settling and
flow characteristics, chemical composition, specific resistance, and
calorific and fertilizer values of sludge. Insofar as quantity of
sludge generated from municipal wastevater treatment plants throughout
the United States, it is estimated at 120 Ib/capita/year or over 13
million tons/year on a dry solids basis. Ultimate disposal of sludge is
one of the most complex problems in sanitary engineering due to
tightening of water, air, and land pollution control standards, and
demographical problems involving rapid urbanization. Numerous sludge
handling and treatment techniques are detailed: these include (1)
sludge purification, coagulation, or softening, and ditomite earth
waste characteristics; (2) sludge concentration by gravity, flotation,
centrifuge thickening; (3) sludge stabilization by aerobic/anaerobic
digestion, composting, lagooning, heat, electrical and/or chemical
42
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
treatment, and solvent extraction ; (4) sludge dewatering by sand bed,
centrifuge, vacuum filtration, filter/plug presses, and vibration; (5)
sludge redaction by incineration and pyrolysis methods. Sludge
transport, and economics of sludge disposal/reuse are discussed.
(Document retained in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSITION; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
FERTILIZER; MUNICIPALITY; PROBLEMS; PURIFICATION; QUANTITY; RBD0CTION;
SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; TRANSPORT; TREATHENT; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38420
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hecht, N. L. , D. S. Duvall, and A. S. Rashidi.
Characterization and utilization of aunicipal and utility sludges and
ashes, v. 2. Municipal sludges. Environmental Protection Publication
EPA-600/2-75-033b. Cincinnati, D. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Hay 1975. 240 p. (Environmental Protection Technology Series. )
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 03928U
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2« (2) SOBJ.TYPE: 6 (10) FOB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Sludge «anage»ent at the Municipal level is
addressed. Alternatives for the disposal of sludge or for using it in
some constructive way are considered. Incineration is a volume
reduction technique used to diminish sludge to an easily disposed of
sterile ash residue, generally placed in sanitary landfills. Cities
located near oceans have historically used these as convenient disposal
sites for sewage sludge. Sludge can be buried in a sanitary landfill,
either separately or along with municipal solid waste. Alternative uses
of sludge from municipalities are noted, including energy recovery,
agricultural use, use of dried or composted sludge, use of liguid
sludge, and cropland use. When using sludge on croplands, consideration
must be given to monitoring the presence of heavy metals and pathogens.
Sludge can also be used for land reclamation. Legislative aspects of
sludge management and disposal are discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; DUHPING; INCINERATION; LEGAL;
MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38328
(18) DOC.CIT.: HcHulty, H. , and L. Sharpe. Municipal sludge: what
shall we do with it? Washington, DC, League of women Voters, 1976. 8 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 039160
12) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOK*: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 5 (10) fUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: An interim summary of current research dealing with
the effects of chemical fixation on disposal or hazardous industrial
waste residues and flue gas clesulfurization (FGD) sludges is presented.
Present research involves both leiching and physical tests of raw and
chemically fixed industrial wastes and FGD sludges. The intent at the
study is to examine the potential environmental impact of raw sludge
disposal and to assess the technical merits of sludge fixation as a
disposal pretreatment process. Both objectives are being accomplished
ty leachate testing, which can tie evaluated by comparison to the raw
sludges and by durability testing, which reflects the environmental
stability of the fixed products. Major points oi discussion are the
•ethods for physical and chemical analyses, documentation of the
various sludge fixation processes, and a discussion of physical and
chemical data that are presently available.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; rfASAKDOUS; INDUSTRY; LEACH; MANAGEMENT;
BESEABCH; RESIDUE; SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; SULFUR; TREATflENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3820U
(18) DOC.CIT.: Mahloch, J. L. , D. E. Averett, and H. J. Bartos,
Jr. Pollutant potential of raw and chemically fixed hazardous
industrial wastes and flue gas desulfurization sludges - interim
report. Environmental Protection Publication EPA-600/2-76-182.
Cincinnati, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 1976. 117 p.
(Environmental Protection Tecnnology Series. )
43
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO. : 039096
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAB: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Economic factors associated with the transport or
liquid sewage sludge by tank truck, are discussed. Data are presented on
the actual costs of sewage sludge utilization systems at 15 sites in
the United States during 1975. A model was developed to characterize
the typical U. S. waste water treatment facility and incorporated land
application in sludge disposal. The model system was designed for
community officials who would like to figure the costs of their
community's landspreading system in a nore efficient manner, desire to
coapare their community's system with that of a typical U. S.
community, or are interested in initiating such a system in their
community. Using the model, community officials can assess basic
economic factors in the liquid hauling of sewage sludge. The model
incorporates physical and economic characteristics of a waste water
treatment syytem or facility. Utilization of the model is detailed. It
is concluded that transporting liguid sewage sludge by tank truck is an
economical method of disposal and an environmentally safe one when
properly managed.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LAND; LIQOI0; MANAGEflENr;
SBBAGE; SIMULATION; SITES; SLUDGE; TRANSPORT; TRUCK
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS38140
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hillaer, T. J. , Jr. Transporting liquid sewage
sludge by tank truck: an economic perspective. Compost Science,
17 (4):28-32, Sept. /Oct. 1976.
(1) SwTRS ACC.NO.: 038201
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPB: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The advantages of new developments in municipal and
industrial sludge incineration are discussed. Sludge processing
technology is examined in relation to its impact upon air quality of
incineration and reclamation units. Benefits of sludge processing by
incineration and reclamation units are noted, based on studies
conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency and industry. The
utilization of ash from incineration processes is examined, and
projects are cited which illustrate such use. The air quality impact of
sludge incineration is assessed in terms of a comparison of automobile
pollution emissions with exhaust emissions from sludge thermal
equipment. Energy reclamation from sewage plants is considered, and
three sludge handling and disposal systems are described that are
designed with a closed circuit energy loop to conserve fuel (Granite
City, Illinois; Chesapeake-Elizabeth, Virginia; and Western Branch,
nary land) .
(12) KEYWORDS: ENERGY; EPA; IHCISEBATION; INDUSTRY; HUHICIPALITY;
RECLAMATION; S1UDGE; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIHS ACC.BO.: OOS37245
(18) DOC.CIT.: Sebastian, F. P. , Jr. New developments in
incineration of industrial and municipal sludges. In Langworthy, V. W.
, ed. Proceedings; Third Annual Pollution Control Conference of the
Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association, Apr. 1-1,
1975. Ann Arbor, HI, Ann Arbor Publishers, Inc. , 1975. p. 783-795.
44
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) EWIRS ACC.NO.: 038196
(2) POHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Energy recovery from solid waste is addressed by the
administrator of the Metropolitan Baste Control Commission in the Twin
Cities area of Minnesota. The commission spends 55 percent of its
annual operating budget for sludge disposal. An investigation was
initiated by the conmission in 1971 to evaluate the recovery of energy
fro* solid waste. Nine candidate energy recovery systems were chosen
and subjected to environmental impact evaluation. Legislative
considerations were incorporated in the investigation, with emphasis on
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. The commission decided
upon the following systems to solve sludge disposal and energy problems
in the Twin Cities: waste heat recovery and thermal conditioning
systems, fertilizer and soil conditioner production, upgrading of
existing incinerator based systems, and pyrolysis of a combination of
sludge and solid waste. A detailed description of the pyrolysis process
and associated equipment is presented in relation to refuse receiving,
processing, and storing; mixing and drying; pyrolysis; gas cleaning and
storage; and char processing. The results of testing with the pyrolysis
process are presented, as well as the results of economic analysis.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; EQUIPMENT;
IN?EST1GATIOB; MINNESOTA; MUNICIPALITY; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE;
SYSTEM
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37210
(18) DOC.CIT.: Dougherty, B. J. Energy recovery through integration
of sludge and solid waste processing. In Langworthy, V. W. , ed.
Proceedings; Third Annual Pollution Control Conference of the Water and
Wastewater Eguipment Manufacturers Association, Apr. 1-4, 1975. Ann
Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor Publishers, Inc. , 1975. p. 709-726.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: Ojd022
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR; 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The water industry in England is reviewed in
relation to waste water treatment. The Water Resources Act of 1973
provided for a restructuriny of water services in England and Kales in
order to meet growing demands for more water, improved quality of
effluent discharges, and better protection for fisheries and water
amenities. The new structure of water treatment is compared to the old
structure. Research and experimentation are being carried out to
inprove existing methods at waste water treatment (domestic sewige and
industrial effluent), meet demands tor better water quality, and
improve the quality of final effluent discharged to rivers and other
receiving waters. The Hater hesearch Council provides the necessary
coordinating function for such research and experimental work.
Treatment processes for waste water are detailed, along with advanced
sethods of treatment that are being considered or adopted in the United
Kingdom. Consideration is qiven to the agricultural use of sludye,
solid waste management, and recovery from waste.
(12) KEYWORDS: GREAT BRITAIN; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; QUALITY;
SLUDGE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WATEB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37066
(18) DOC.CIT.: Kershaw, a. A. The water industry: a review relating
to waste treatment, process Biochemistry, 12(2):J7-39, UU, Mar. 1976.
45
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. : OJ7613
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUEJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Although sludge treatment and disposal already
accounts for 25 to 50 percent of the total cost of wastewater
nanaqement in the United States, it is estimated that sludge production
froB wastewater treatment will doable in the next 10 to 15 years. Yet
the tecnnoloqy of water plant waste treatment is in its infancy. At the
present time, sludge handling is oased on borrowed technology and is
limited generally to land disposal, ocean dumping, and iagooning.
Resource recovery has been limited to only a very few large municipal
and industrial plants. Chicago has recently embarked on a large scale
land application project designed to reclaim strip ained land in Fulton
County, Illinois. Salem, Oregon, hauls liquid digested sludge by truck
for application to croplands in the area. Chicago, Milwaukee, Houston,
and Winston-Saleu are operating successful drying/marketing systems
using waste activated sludge. Los Angeles and Washington, D. C. , are
two cites marketing. Long-term resource recovery goals include
developing technology to produce polymer coagulation, lime sludge
pelletization, and magnesium carbonate coagulation. Co-pyrolysis and
co-incineration of sludge with solid waste art also promised areas for
the future because these methods would not reguire supplemental fuel.
(12) KEYWORDS: INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT; PROJECTION; PYSOLY5IS;
SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT; VOLUME; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSJ6657
(18) DOC.CIT. : Haines, R. F. Sludge - where will we put it? Water 6
Wastes Engineering, 13(7):60-66, July 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 0375U5
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The contents of a handbook on resource recovery froa
solid waste are discussed. The purpose of the handbook is to present
for the benefit of municipal decisionmakers the results of a study
supported by the National Science Foundation which had as its major
objective the critical assessment of advanced technologies tor the
economic utilization of municipal solid waste. Emphasis in the handbook
is placed upon advanced systems tor energy recovery in the form of
electric power, steaa, fuel gas, combustible liquid, or solid refuse
derived fuel. Engineering judgments are given concerning the
operational reliability and environmental impact of the technologies
evaluated. Economic merits of resource technology are compared in terms
cf such guantitative determinants as investment requirements, operating
charges, revenues from the sale of recovered energy and reclaimed
materials, and the net aaortized disposal cost per ton of municipal
solid waste. A principal objective of the handbook is to aid public
officials in discriminating among available technological alternatives
when specifying, evaluating, or selecting the most cost effective
resource recovery system for a given set of conditions and constraints.
The handbook is organized according to the following topics:
characteristics of municipal solid waste, economic comparison of energy
recovery processes, economic factors in materials recovery, biocaeinical
conversion process, guides for decisionmaking, and appendices which
provide additional information on financial aspects of resource
recovery.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; JATA; DISPOSAL; DRYING; ECONOMICS; ENERGY;
FUEL; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; OCEAN; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36589
(18) DOC.CIT.: Benziger, J. B. , B. J. Bortz, and H. Neamatalla.
fiesource recovery technology ior urban decision makers. New York,
Columbia University, Jan. 1976, 118 p.
46
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SW1RS ACC.NO.: 035514
(2) DOHfiSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: Ib (2) SUBJ.TYPE: I (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article reports the results of a study
comparing the ocean dispersion and land disposal alternatives available
for the disposal of waste water solids fron Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Tftese solid wastes consist of sludge from waste water treatment plants,
grit, screenings, and scum. The sea dispersion alternatives examined in
this study included: dispersiiiy tnicKened digested solids 11. 5
nautical mi from Cape May, New Jersey; dispersing uiitaickened digested
solids at this same location; and dispersing unthicKened digested
solids at a point 50 nautical ai from Cape Hay. Land disposal options
studied included: dispersing liguia sludge by sprinkler irrigation,
plow-in techniques, or tanker application; dispersing sludge caKe fay
trenching, landfilling, or spreading and incorporating; and composting.
Sludge tra JBportation alternatives available include pipelines, trucks,
unit trains, and barges. Data are presented on .the costs of various
disposal options. The stuay concluded that consideration of
environmental factors, costs, and operational simplicity indicated that
ocean disposal of digested solids should continue to be conducted under
controlled conditions with appropriate monitoring.
(12) REWORDS: COMPARISON; DATA; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
INVESTIGATION; LAND; MANAGEMENT; OCKAh; PENNSYLVANIA ; PHlLADELPdIA;
SEWAGK; SLUDGE; SOLID; TR A biSPOKl'
(15) ST3MS ACC.NO.: OOS34559
(18) DOC.CIT.: Guarino, C. F. , M. .U. Nelson, S. A. Townsend, T. E.
Wilson, and E. F. Ballotti . Lu.na and sea solids management alternatives
in Philadelphia. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
47 (11) :255 1-2564, Nov. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.BO.: 033020
(2) DOHBSTIC: ¥ (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TTPEr T flO) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: General economical and ecological aspects of waste
disposal and recycling are described. At the present stage of technical
development, waste incinerator plants with daily capacities over 10 to
15 tons are economical, and many new incinerator plants are also able
to handle fuel oil, industrial wastes, slaughterhouse wastes, and,
even, sewage sludge. The volume of the wastes to be incinerated can be
substantially reduced by limiting the use of disposable articles, and
by preliminary sorting of the municipal waste. It is possible to
recover amines, phenols, propylene, carbohydrates, nitrogen, and
phosphoric acid from municipal wastes. Low-sulfnr crude oil is obtained
from municipal wastes in a new recycling plant in San Diego,
California. Pyrolysis of municipal wastes, as studied at Battelle
Institute, yields gasoline, carbon, heavy oil, and combustible gas. The
waste heat from the incinerator flue gases can be utilized for steam
generation for remote heating, or for electricity generation. Waste
incineration, composting, and wastewater treatment are combined in the
waste treatment plant of the City of Olten where wastes are crushed,
scrap iron is separated out, and the remaining wastes is subsequently
subjected to short-term biological stabilization. The waste thus
treated is separated into a compostable part and into another part that
is incinerated together with sewage sludge from a nearby wastewater
treatment plant. (Text in German)
(12) KEYWORDS: BIOLOGICAL; COMBIHED; COHPOSTING; EUROPE; GERMANY;
IHCIHERATION; HOHICIPALITY; OIL; PYFOLTSIS; RECLAHATIOH; REPOSE;
SLUDGE; SYSTEM; BASTE HEAT
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS32064
(18) DOC.CIT.: Rnebner, R. Oekonomie und Omweltschutz bei der
Abfallverwertung. Economy and environmental protection in waste
disposal. Gesundheitstechnik, (3):52-5«, 1975.
47
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
Section 3
INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 045460
(2) DOMESTIC: it (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Central racility will handle sludge rrom three
water treatment plants.
(U) AUTHOR: McTighe TC Jr
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Puulic Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GnO. AhiA: 1US/2NY (10) PUB. Y-fiftE: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An $8 million central processing tacility for the
treatment of alum sludge is Deing built in New York state jointly by
the Monroe County Water Authority, the City ot hochester, and Eastman
Kodak Company. This will lit. tae first time an authority, a
municipality, and a private industry have joined together in this way.
(Presently the three aqencj.es have separate plants producing, about 3
agd alum sludge which contains about 10,000 Ibs of waste solids.) A
study was initiated to consider tae feasibility of a joint pollution
abatement program and to develop an economical system ior treatment and
disposal of wastes troai the three water treatment plants which would
satisfy local, state, ana federal standards. The recommended process
for treatment and disposal of alum sludge from the plants will be
adopted. It includes individual Backwash wastewater handling facilities
at each plant, followed by secondary treatment at a central facility.
The facility's pressure filter is the largest single ^iece of equipment
at the facility and the largest of its type anywhere. To finance the
project, the City is issuing general ooligation bonds and the County
Authority arid Eastman Kodak are issuing revenue bonds. Central
processing plant annual costs will ce distributed among the agencies
tased on usage.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUM; AUTHORITY; BOND; CONTROL; ECONOMICS; FACILITY;
FEDERAL; FILTER; INDUSTRY; LOCAL; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; NEW YORK;
POLLUTION; PRIVATE; SLUDGi.; STANDARD; STATE; TREATMENT; WASTE H&TEfi
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 13I/2S3; 1SI/2S7; 1TG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44D08 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: DyJisen JE;
Gruninger Hfl
(16) CITATION: 109(11:40-42, Jail. 1978.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 043010
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Ledbetter RH
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: U.S. Army Eng. Waterways Experiment Sta
(6) BOOK TITLE: Design considerations for pulp and papermill sludge
landfills. (8) REPORT NO.: EPA-600/3-76-111
(9) GRANT NO.: EPA-IAG-D5-F657
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PJB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTSACT: Procedures for tae engineering design and control of
pulp and paper mill sludges disposal landfills are presented.
Inportance of engineering design is stressed in good industrial waste
iranagement, so that efficient design parameters will contribute to
economic and environmental benefits. To form the basis for engineering
design of sludge material, the methodologies and theories of soil
aechanics were applied. The manual is specifically written for paper
•ill personnel of technical background but with little or no exposure
to the soil mechanics discipline. Particular reference is made to: the
nature and disposal of paper industry primary sludges; retainiag
structures for sludge; consolidation, settlement and slope stability;
and a field experimental sample.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; DESIGN; DISPOSAL; EARTH; ENGINEERING;
GEOLOGIC; INDUSTRY; LAND; MANAGEMENT; MANUAL; PAPEri; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL;
EULE: SLUDGE
48
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INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
(14) HIE8ARCH TEfiMS: 1IC; 1«A; 1P6/2PD/3PA; 1SJ
(15) STIHS ACC.SO.: OOS42053
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U. S. Environaental Protection
Agency, Dec. 1976. 151 p. (Ecological Research Series.)
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 042946
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T
(14) ADTHOR: Crunpler £P Jr
(6) BOOK TITLE: Management of Metal-finishing Sludge. (8) HEPOfiT
NO.: EPA/530/S8-561
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. 1CEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The disposal of metal bearing sludge from treatment
of netal finishing wastfrwater and the state of the art of technology
which can possibly manage the sludge are discussed. Implementation of
»etal precipitation as tne best available technology to meet effluent
guidelines will increase the amounts of sludge reguiring disposal.
Disposal techniques, recycle and waste reduction technology are
reviewed. (Retained in SWIuS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: EFFLUENT; MANAGEMENT; METAL; RECLAMATION; SLODGE;
HASTE WATER
(14) HIEBARCH TERMS: 1DD/20L; 1HE; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41989
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1977. 61 p.
(1) SWIKi ACC.NO.: 041563
(2) DOMJESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2u (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Lin LJ (10) I.H3. AhEA: 1SI/2SY (10) tUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A study concerning the kinetics, performance and
operational stability ox tne Kaasanatnau-Gaudy model was nade in an
attempt to better the operational control of the coapletely mixed
oxygen activated sludye process (CMOAS) . Ten steady state sets of the
CKOAS syston were conducted in tne study. The present node ot operation
using the nodel with constant recycle biological solias concentration,
5,000 and 10,000 «g/l, permitted attaining a reasonably steady state
condition with respect to aerator biological solids and etfluent
filtrate chemical oxygen demand. All of tne data were analyzed and
presented on tabular form or in a graphical plot to illustrate the
operational characteristics ot the process. The influent substrate was
an actual industrial organic wastewater (soft drink waste) . The value
of the Sludge Volume Index was in tne range of 37. 0 to 58. 5 and
provided good settleaoility or sludge.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; COD; INVESTIGATION; KINETICS;
OXYGEN; RECLAMATION; SIHULAl'IOh; SOLID; STABILIZATION; SYSTiM;
TREATMENT
(14) HI1BAKCH TUfMS: 11C/^1Z
(15) ST J«S ACC.NO.: GOS40007 (1b) SECONDAKY AUTHORS : Yang PY
(18) DOL.CIT.: Liu, L. J. , and P. Y. Yang. The application ot
constant r&cycie solids concentration in completely mixed oxyyen
activated slud.je processes. Biotechnology and Bioeng ineering,
la (12) ;1t>95-1711, Dec. 197t>.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041531
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Eye JD (10) GEO. AREA: 1SL; VIA (10) PUB. Y£4R:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Literature pertaining to waste management in the
tanrinq and leather finishing industries is reviewed. Literature
reviewed includes that which outlines the basic regulations developed
under Public Law 92 500 as they apply to tanneries using direct
discharqe and that literature which describes regulations in other
countries. Articles concerning implications of pollution control
legislation and the desirability of finding beneficial uses tor
fleshings and shaving are noted. Technologies to improve the tanning
processes account for the majority of the reviewed literature.
Processes described include: use of organic acids for picKling and
chrome tanninq; reuse of lime sultide unhairing liquors; recovery of
sulfide from unhairing liquors; and biodegradation of chrome tannery
49
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
nastes in an extended aeration unit. A mathematical description of
biological oxidation and sludje dewaterincj processes is presented and
surface and diffused aeration for oxidation ot tannery wastes is
discussed. Fifteen articles and publications are reviewed.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACID; AEHATION; BIOLOGICAL; CHKOMIOH; CONTKOL;
CBTIHG; IHDUSTKY; LAW; HANkGErtENT; ORGANIC; OXIDATION; POLLUTION;
fROCESS; SLUDGE; TANNERY WASTfi
(14) HIEHAECH TEfiHS: 1LB/.2LD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.; OOS40575
(18) DOC.CIT. : Eye, J. D. Industrial wastes: tannery waste
aanaqenent. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
48(6):1280-1282, June 197fa.
(1) SWIRS »CC.HO.: 037206
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SOB J .TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A technique is described for reclaiming zinc fro*
industrial sludge at a rayon plant in Front Royal, Virginia. For 25
yrs, sludge fro* the plant had been stored in settlement ponds close to
the Shenandoah River. Although leakage into the river never occurred,
the proximity of sludge posed a potential pollution hazard. Evaporation
was considered for zinc reclamation but was ruled out due to high
energy costs. A technique was adopted for reclaiming zinc in which
sludge is heated enough to convert zinc hydroxide from a gel into
crystals. This heating process allows water to escape fro* the mixture
through a filter. Other sludge constituents (cellnlosics and calcium
suitate) are removed by secondary filtration and discarded. After
hydrogen peroxide is added to oxidize residual iron, the zinc sulfate
solution is ready to be recycled into the rayon manufacturing process.
The new process reclaims about 300,000 to 100,000 Ibs of zinc monthly
from approximately 10 million gallons of accumulated sludge. The rayon
manufacturing company believes that it can recover its $3. 5-million
investment in the technique within 30 months. The company expects to
recover $50 million worth of zinc from its sludge beds during the next
10 yrs.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONPOSITION; FILTER; BEAT; HETAI,; HUNICIPALITY;
PLAST-INDUSTRIAL: POLLUTION; PROCESS; PURIFICATION; RECLAMATION;
SLUDGE; STORAGE; VIRGINIA; WATERWAY
(15) STIRS ACC.NO.: OOS36251
(18) DOC.CIT.: Anon. How one company turns sludge into zinc worth
millions. Resource Recovery and Energy Review, 3(2):13, Mar. /Apr. 1976.
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.: 034025
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAH: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The waste treatment process at the lucy Ellen
Candies plant at Sullivan, Illinois, is described. The carbohydrate
wastes consist of molding starch, hydrolyzed thin boiling starch, and
various sugars. Initially, the wastes from the plant upset the settling
qualities of the activated sludge in the City's treatment plant and
caused complaints. The first efforts to reduce plant discharges to the
City treatment plant involved improved house-keeping and candy
processing procedures. Floors in the starch casting rooms were vacuumed
rather than hosed down to the sewers and machines were adjusted to
allow recovery of waste starch. Changes in cooking schedules with fewer
container washouts reduced carbohydrate wastes by 50 to 60 percent. An
activated sludge waste pretreatnent system was installed, and its
operation is described. Preliminary plans and cost estimates for the
50
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INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
three systems considered are also reported. A unique feature was that
liae sludge from a water treatnent plant was added to the activated
sludge to help the latter settle.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; CARBOHYDRATE; COMBINED; BCONOHICS;
FOOD PROCESSING; MUNICIPALITY; PBOCESS; SEWAGE; SLODGE; SYSTEH;
TBEATBFBT; HASTE WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33069
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hatfield, W. D. Candy waste treatment. Industrial
Wastes, 22(2):20-22. 32, Bar/Apr. 1974,
(1) SWIRb ACC.NO.: 033951
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOkY: U (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This publication contains aiwut 35 papers delivered
to the National Conference on Management ana Disposal of Residues treat
the Treatment of industrial Hastewaters. The conference was divided
into the f olioMing areas oi concern: institutional sludge management
considerations; inorganic resiuue systems; and disposal. Sone specific
areas oi concern include: hazardous waste management.; sludge
dewatering ; waste water reuse systems; the recovery o± protein values
from industrial wastes; laud disposal problems and technology; and the
stabilization of hazardous wastes. Tne papers were presented by
personnel irom various governaental agencies, private industries, and
research or educational institutions. (This document is retained in the
SWIRS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; HAZARDOUS; INDUSTRY;
MANAGEMENT ; PLANNING; POLLUTIOt,; PROBLEMS; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;
RESIDUE; SLUDGE; TREA'lrtENT
(15) STIilS ACC.NO.: 005329%
(18) DOC.CIT.: Proceedings; National Conference on Management and
Disposal oi Residues torn the Treatiueiit of Industrial Wastewaters,
Washington, D. C. , Fei>. 3-5, 15*75. Rockville, Maryland, Information
Transfer, Inc. 274 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 033713
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: In leather factories, acids, alkalis and salts are
used in the leather production process which contributes to water
pollution due to the large amounts of organic substances discharged as
liquid wastes. This is especially true in Hyogo prefecture in three
cities, Himeji, Takino, and Kawanishi, where all leather factories
which account for 60 to 70 percent of the conntry*s leather production
are densely located. Laboratory tests of leather factory sludge
extracted from the urban waste management site of these areas include:
incineration tests, reduction tests, and re-oxidation tests of reduced
products. A study report of reduced ash management for use as landfill
and retrieval of calcium chloride is presented. (Text in Japanese)
(12) KEYWORDS: INCINERATION; JAPAN; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC;
POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; SLUDGE; TANNERY WASTE; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32757
(18) DOC.CIT.: Kashihara, T. Seika kogyo yori haisetsu sareru odei
no shori to sairiyo ni tsuite. Sludge disposal exhausted from the
leather factory and its reuse. PPB, 6(7) :23-29, July 1975.
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
Section 4
PLANT DESIGN
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 048303
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) AETICLE TITLE: Nutrient control by plant, modification at El
laqo, Texas.
(U) AUTHOR: Earth EF
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: J Hater 'Poll Contr Federation
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2TK (10) PUB. YEAH: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: A high quality effluent was obtained by capital
additions to a small trickling filter plant to control effluent BOD
demand, suspended solids, pnospaorus and nitrogen. All existing
facilities were utilized in tnis advanced waste treatment design. rhe
processes which control phospnorus by metallic salt addition to the
primary settler, carbonaceous removal by means of trickling filters,
nitrogenous oxygen demand oy suspended growth second stage
nitrification, nitrogen removal fcy attached growth column
denitrifiedtion and tertiary solids removal by granular media
filtration are described in detail. Also discussed are various aspects
of the decision making process.
(12) KEYWORDS: BIOLOGICAL; BOU; CHEMICAL; EFFLUENT; FILTER;
HANAGEMENT; METAL; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; PLANNING; SALT; SLUDGE; TEXAS
(14) HIEHAHCH TERMS: 1SJV2BP; 1SP/2CI; 1sr/2MP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS47J57 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Byan BW
(16) CITATION: 50(7) : 1768-1785, Jul . 1978.
(i) SSTRS ace.no.: 047911
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2« (2) SUBJ.TTPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Treating sludges.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Environ Science Tech
(10) LANGUAGE: BN (10> FOB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: The treatment of municipal ana industrial wastewater
sludge in a kiln with molten salt for the removal of toxic metals,
organic compounds, gases, and particulates is explored. Salts used
consist of alkali salts, snlfates, and oxides. Together with calcium
oxide, these salts can, for example, reduce sulfur dioxide in a gas
stream fro* 700 ppm to three ppa. Collected sulfur dioxide can be
reacted with aluminum oxide to produce valuable aluminum snlfate. Toxic
organics, including nitrogen containing organics in hnaan waste, are
decomposed. Aside from a somewhat involved distillation process needed
to recover cadmium and mercury, it may be possible to recover up to 95%
of antimony, chromium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. Problems with
sewage sludge involve not only pathogens but also heavy metals and
toxic elements that are hard to decompose* Hetals and toxicants raise
serious gnestions about land disposal. Alternative and innovative
technology for wastewater treatment is detailed, based on the
experience of a project in the Central Contra Costa Sanitation District
in California. An additional furnace is planned to copyrolyze refuse
derived fuel with sludge. The refuse derived fuel will be made from
municipal refuse. Technological aspects of recovery processes and land
disposal are evaluated.
(12) KFTHORDS: CALIFORNIA; FUEL; ISDOSTRT; HETAL; HTJS1CIPALITT;
PATHOGEH; BECLAflATION; REFUSE DERIVED; SALT; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; TOXIC;
HASTB WATER
(1<») HIERARCH TERHS: 1ET/2ST; 1SP/2HP; 1TH
(15) STIBS ACC.KO.: OOS46963
(16) CITATION: 12(5):511-512, May 1978.
52
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PLANT DESIGN
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 047786
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ABTICLE TITLE: Uroven provozovani a pece o zakladni prostredKy
vere-jnych kanalizaci v CSR. (Level of exploitation and operation
responsibility of basic sewage systems in Czechoslovakia).
(4) AUTHOB: Koukolik O
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Vodni dospodarstvi
(10) LANGUAGE: CZ (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The status of the basic sewage systems in
Czechoslovakia was reviewed. Presently, about 50% ot the sewage network
is beinq used in populated areas, and is estimated to rise to 84* by
the year 2000. Over 50S or the old pipelines need to be replaced, and
prorated cost estimates are provided. Tables present data on total
network size, amount of treated wastewater, costs, repair expenditures,
and worker's salaries over the periods 1961-2000, 1964-1974, 1971-1974,
and the cost of treatment plant mechanization for the period 1970-2000.
Suggestions for technoloyical, managerial, and fiscal improvements of
the Czechoslovakian sewagt network are- also included. (Original text in
Czechoslovakia n) .
(12) KEYWORDS: CZECHOSLOVAKIA; MANAGEMENT; 3EKAGE; SLUDGE;
1REATMENT
(14) HIEEARCH TE8HS: 1EC/2C6; 1EU/2CZ; 1 HA/21B; 1SJ/2AN
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS4biJ40
(16) CITATION: 26(5) : 123-126, 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 045678
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SCBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Zkusenosti-i, provuzu cistiren odpadnich vod.
(Experience from waste treatment plant operation).
(4) AUTHOB: Zvejska M
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Vodni dospodarstvi
(10) LANGUAGE: CZ (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2CZ (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The experiences of the first mechanicobiological
waste treatment plant, with complete sludge and gas treatment and
disposal, are presented. The plant, in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia,
beqanoperations in 1957. The operations of the different parts of
equipment are described, and performance, operational reliability,
durability and technical parameters evaluated. Hechanical treatment and
biological treatment are dealt witti separately. Optimal management and
personnel conditions are included. (Original text in Czechoslovakian).
(12) KEYWORDS: BIOLOGICAL; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; DISPOSAL; EQUIPMENT;
MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) HIERAHCH TEEMS: 1EE/2Ei; 1PD; 1SI/2SY; 1SI/2S7; 1TG
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS44727
(16) CITATION: 26 (4) : 100-102, Apr. 1976.
(1) SW1RS ACC.NO. : 045440
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: I
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: BasingstoKb sewage treatment works, 1961-1975.
(4) AUTHOR: Axtell fij
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Health Engr
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AHEA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: An overview is given of the design and operations of
the Basinstoke sewage treatment works from 1961 through 1975, with
technical details and discussion. The present system is located
downstream of Basinstoke in the Loddon Valley on the River Loddori to
which sewage gravitates by means of two trunk sewers. The new works
53
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
were designed to treat sewage from a population of. 80,000 together with
trade wastes from existing and new industrial areas, with effluent
discharge into the river, rne system consists of inlet works,
stormwater treatment tanks, primary settlement tanks (radial flow),
aeration tanks (for biological treatment) , final settlement tanks
(circular), tertiary treatment aicrostrainers, sludge treatment by
heated digestion and drying, and power distribution equipment.
Technical data are listed on annual operating results, monthly
analytical results for sludge digestion and toxic metals in liguid
sludge, contractors, capital expenditures and costs, and unit
descriptions. Discussion ot tne systems focused on design problems,
effluent standards, and final sludge disposal.
(12) KEYHOBDS: DESIGN; fiFFLUENI; EQUIPMENT; GREAT BRITAIN;
MANAGEMENT; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1MA/2NH; 1SF; 1 SI/253
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44488
(16) CITATION: 4(1):4-14, 22, Jan. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 044746
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CA'1'tGOHY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYfE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: $10 Million Kodak coabustible disposer helps to
pay for itself.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Resource Kecovery and Energy Review
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AKEA: 10S/2NY/3RO (10) PUB. YEAR:
1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A $10 Billion combustible-waste disposal unit,
developed by the Eastman Kodak company, is discussed. The disposer
helps to pay for itself by reclaiming heat, producing steam and
recovering silver. The waste disposer combines three operations: (1) a
refuse section, which includes a shredder; (2) a sludge drying section
which uses heat generated by its own operations by burning the refuse
and sludge in a suspension tired toiler. The plant produces 77,000
pounds of steam each hour which is used to drive a steam turbine, that
generates electricity. The bottom ash froa the boiler and the fly ash
from the electrostatic precipitators contain silver residue from some
of the manufacturing processes. Only a small fraction of the original
waste, not more than 3 percent, has to be disposed of in the end. The
hurdles during the eight years of development and the process used in
the disposer are discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS; DISPOSAL; DRYING; EQUIPHENT; NEW YOiJK; RECLAH ATIOH;
SHflEDDING; SLUDGE; UTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
(14) HIEBARCH TEEMS: 1EE/2EX; 1IA/2IR; 1ME/2MI; IRQ
(15) STIttS ACC.NO.: 00343791
(16) CITATION: 2(6):14-15, Nov.-Dec. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044642
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATBGORT: 06 (2) SOBJ.TTPB: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Composting industrial and Municipal wastes paper
•ill and city treatment plants.
(4) AUTHOR: Heir DR
(6) JOURHAL TITLE: Compost Science
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GE°- AREA: 1US/2HA (10) FOB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A proposal by the Montachuse (Hass.) Regional
Planning Commission to compost the paper mill and city wastewater
treatment plants sludges is highlighted. Fitchburg, Hass has two
advanced plants: an activated carbon absorption plant serving the paper
industry; and a two stage activated sludge and chemical precipitation
plant, serving the rest of the city. The Commission proposes to initate
a pilot project nsing the fibrous paper sludge, dewatered below 50
54
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PLANT DESIGN
percent as the bulking agent instead of more expensive products in
composting the city's sludge. This proposal is an alternative to
incineration or landfill. It would result in substantial savings,
eliminate pollution, conserve energy and provide a free humus soil
conditioner to residents.
(12) KETWOBDS: COMPOST;rCOHPOSTIHG; FERTILIZES; IHDOSTHT;
HASSACHOSETTS; MOIUCIPALITT ; PAPER; PLAHT-IHDTJSTBIAL; REPOSE; SLUDGE
(10) HIERAHCH TEHBS: 1CE/2CW; 1CF/2C2; 1CF/2C9; 1CF/2DB;
1PB/2PD/3PC; 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S9
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS43687
(16) CITATIOS: 18(4):27, July-Aug. 1977.
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: OUU533
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: A future for automatic sludge withdrawal.
(4) AUTHOR: Ching CW
(6) JOUBNAL TITLE: Hater Services
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) i>UB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: One aspect of automation in normal sewage treatment
works is considered:, removing sludge from the primary sedimentation.
The advantages of Ham Baker's Automatic Sludge withdrawal equipment are
discussed. These include: (1) the system is fully automatic, (2)
termination is related to sludge density; (3) the quantity and quality
of sludge is improved over a manual control system; (4) automatic
control ensures that multiple desludging is possible with no extra
staff or equipment; (5) the system is designed to be fail safe; (6)
there is an electrical indication for failure of the sensing device;
(7) as sludqe is discharged into a chamber against a balancing head,
the velocity is reduced and thus coring in tht sedimentation is
unlikely; (8) the average solids Content is increased; (9) the system
is stable and will accept normal solids without adverse effect. Baker's
equipment offers a simple approach to a problem that has plagued sewage
works managers for years. It will eliminate what used to be a thankless
task and allow better utilization of labor than was previously
experienced.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUTOMATIC; CONIROL; EQUIPMENT; MANAGEMENT;
SEDIMENTATION; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) HIE8ARCH TEEMS: 1SJ/2M8; 1SF/2SW; 1SI/2S3; 1SI/2S7
(15) STIHS ACC.NO,: OOS43578
(16) CITATION: 81(970):505, Aug. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 042529
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Basic conception of automation and
instrumentation in sewage treatment plant.
(4) AUTHOR: Suguki A
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Fourth United States/Japan
Conference on Sewage Treatment Technology, Cincinnati, OH, and
Washington, DC, Oct. 23-24 and Oct. 28-29, 1975. (8) REPORT NO.:
EPA-600/9-76-023
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GKO. AREA: 1AI/2JA (10) PUB. YEAK: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Characteristics of wastewater treatment processes
are examined in relation to the use of instrumentation and automation
at sewage treatment plants. Both the guantity and Duality of sewage
flow vary significantly, regardless of the optimum conditions of a
sewage treatment process. Altaough mechanical and physical treatment
processes such as screening and sedimentation are included in
wastewater treatment, biological treatment is noted as important for
wastewater treatment in Japan. Basic concepts involved in the
55
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
application of an automated wastewater treatment system are detailed.
An explanation of automated aspects of the following elements of sewage
treatment is given: pumping stations, preliminary sedimentation tanks,
and chlorination tanks. Planned studies in Japan on the development of
automated systems for the control of sewage treatment plant operation
are cited.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUTOMATIC; BIOLOGICAL; DESIGN; EQUIPMENT; FACILITY;
JAPAN; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; PEOCESS ; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(1U) HIEHAHCH TEEMS: 1EE/2ES; 1MA/2MB; tPH; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41572
(16) CITATION: , Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Oct. 1976. p.61-71.
(1) SKIDS ACC.NO.: 040395
(2) DOHBSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) GEO.
AREA: 1DS/2CA (10) P0B. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: In an area characterized by high ambient air
temperatures and occasional sandstorms, the Valley Sanitary District of
Indio, California, has found that a dependable compressed air supply is
•ore essential to satisfactory wastewater treatment by the activated
sludge process, than would normally be true. The plant has a design
capacity of 5 mgd and design loadings of 5,963 Ib of BOD and 7,210 Ib
of suspended solids per day. There are four primary settling tanks, each
70 by 20 ft in plan and having a 10 ft side water depth. These
discharge to four aeraion basins each 160 by 20 ft by 12 ft deep. Each
of the four secondary settling tanks is 84 by 20 by 10. 5 ft deep.
Following treatment by the activated sludge process, the wastewater is
directed to a chlorine contact tank located adjacent to the common
effluent channel of the secondary settling basins. Other than
occasional sand storms that cause some problems in the lines, there
have been no unusual difficulties in the nearly two years of operation.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLODGE; BOD; CALIFORNIA; CLIHATE; DESERT;
DESIGH; FACILITY; MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; SLODGE
(14) HIEHARCH TERHS: 1SI/2S7
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS39439
(18) DOC.CIT.: Desert area activated sludge plant. Public Works,
107(2) :86, 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 039636
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOBY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: This study is an investigation of the wastewater
treatment and sludge disposal methods of 18 plants in the
Ohio/Kentucky/Indiana region as a means of testing an application of a
methodology previously developed by the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. The plants selected for analysis represent about 80 percent of
the total treatment capacity of the region; individual plant capacities
range from 35,000 to 120 million gpd. In application of the
methodology, various sludge management alternatives are analyzed in
terms of technical feasibility, costs, environmental impacts,
sociopolitical implications, and other factors pertinent to regional
scale planning. For each of the plants (15 now operating and 3
proposed) a case history is developed and suitable sludge disposal
alternatives identified. In addition, four alternatives are presented
for region wide sludge management systems. (Retained in SWIES library)
(12) KEYBO8DS: COMBINED; DEMONSTRATION; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
INDIANA; KENTUCKY; MANAGEMENT; OHIO; OPERATIONS EESEABCH; PLANNING;
REGIONAL; SLODGE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38680
(18) DOC.CIT.: Neptune, M. 0. , and B. Toftner. Demonstration of a
56
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PLANT DESIGN
planning perspective for waste water sludge disposition,
Chio/Kentucky/Indiana. Environmental protection Publication
EPA-4U 0/9-76-0 Olb. Washington, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Jan. 1976. 283 p. (Distributed by the National Technical information
Service, Springfield. VA, as PB 250 684. )
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 039071
(2) DOMESTIC: i> (2) CATKGOKY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Eastman Kodak Company has completed a $10 million
combustible waste disposal unit tnat reclaims heat, produces steam, and
recovers silver. The waste disposal system combines three operations:
{1) a refuse handling section, which has a capacity to break up as
•any as 180 tons/day of paper, packaging wastes and general plant
trash; (2) a sludge drying section which uses heat, generated by its
ciin operations, to flash dry sludge for burning as part or the fuel
sources; (3) a coabustion section which generates steam for plant
operations by burning the retuse and sludge in a suspension fired
boiler. Approximately 77,000 Ib/ar of steam are produced as a byproduct
of refuse combustion. That steam goes into the Kodak Park steam system,
and is enough to drive a steam turbine to generate electricity. Among
the problems which had to be solved was the method of conveying
materials, storage of retuse, aud method of shredding.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUDIO-VISUAL; COMBUSTIBLE; CONVEYOB; DES1GH;
DISPOSAL: DRYING; ILLUSTRATIONS; INDUSTRY; £f(OCESS; SLUBGE; SYSTEM;
1HBATMENT
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS3B115
(18) DOC.CIT.: Young, R. A. , and I. O. Lisk. eds. Kodak disposes
cf waste in system that helps pay its way. Pollution Engineering,
8(9):48-49, Sept. 1976.
(!) SHIfcS ACC.fcO.: 035848
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGCihY: 1b (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEARl 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: In Santa Claus, Indiana, a new sewage system is
nearly finished. The first phase of the construction project, wnien cost
2 Billion dollars, was completed in 1971. Designed by Midwest Engineers,
Inc. , the Santa Claus sewage treatment plant, which cost 700,000
dollars, processes sewage at 0,000 dollar loan from the Farmers Home
Administration .
(12) KETHORDS: CONSTRUCTION; DOMESTIC; ECONOMICS; INDIANA;
INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PIPELINE; PLANNING; SEWAGE; SLUDGE;
TREATMENT
(15) STDiS ACC.NO.: 00534693
(18) DOC.C1T.: Santa Ciaus sewage system nears completion. Water
and Sewage Works, 122(10) : 79, Oct. 1975.
57
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWII6 ACC.NO.: 035827
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
XEAHi 1975
(11) AB STB ACT: Walt Disney World. (WDtf) lies in a flat area, typical
of most of Florida. Because ot the swampy nature of the land, a
drainage sjstem had to ue developed wnich would provide drainage, flood
control, conserve the ground water table, protect surface water from
discolored runoff, and allow the drainage from two water sheds to pass
through the property. It was aecxdeu that a complex building enterprise
such as HI)* should not impose undue hardship on, the facilities of the
surrounding coamunities. HLiW constructed its own utility systems, the
key facility being the Central Knergy Plant. The water supply comes
from wells. The sewage collection system consists of a series of
gravity lines, force mains, ana pump stations. The treatment plant
resembles an activated sluuge plant tor a municipality of about 35,000
persons. There are, however, wide variations in the sewage load,
created by variations in attendance. Rapid sand filtration followed the
activated sludge treatment . Tflos sludge is nauled to an experimental
tree farm area on Disney property. »!>» maintains an extensive pollution
control and environmental aonitoring program. Solid waste is disposed
of £>y incineration. The final residue is disposed of in a construction
landfill. Both incinerators at WDW are designed for completely
automatic operation. A secondary gas burner is used for air pollution
control. 1 his burner maintains a consistently high tenperature, which
insures that all the smoke is completely burned.
(12) KEYWOBDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AUTOMATIC; CONTBOL; DRAINAGE;
GROUND WATER; INCINER A'loa ; MANAGEMENT; RECREATION AREA; SAND; SANITARY
LANDFILL; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TfiEATHENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OGS34B72
(18) uot.CIT.: Bravo, A. C. Environmental systems at Walt Disney
world. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division,
101(6) :a87~fc96, Dec. 1975.
(1) SW1RS rtCC.NO.: 03S7a5
(2) DOKfcSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
TEAR! 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The devexopBient ol contracts and financial
arrangements for the ^oint waste treatment system serving the City of
Green Bay, Wisconsin, and four paper manufacturers are discussed. The
project started with tour pilot plants using tour modifications ot the
activated bludge process, including conventional, step aeration,
contact stabilization, ana the Krauss Process, each one working on a
•ixture of municipal ana pulp wastes. Contact stabilization was found
to be the bast configuration, and nutrients had to be added to the
waste water to allow biological treataent. The sludge was to oe heat
treated, vacuum filtered, and incinerated. Before the program could be
accepted, two additional studies were necessary. One was a coaplete
estimate 01 the capital and operating costs for the full scale plant,
and the ot ner was a rate structure ror allocating these capital and
operating costs aaong tiie participants on an equitable oasis. The new
plant was expected to cost 38 million dollars, with an annual operating
cost of about 3 million dollars, since no legal precedents for such a
plant existed, special consideration had to be made for such problems
as design load considerations dnd payment of a lair share of the
operating costs. Because ot the teaa effort on the part of all parties
the project has been a success.
(12) KB WORDS: ACTI»AfKD SLUDGE; BIOLOGICAL; COMBINED; CONTRACT;
ECONOHICS; FILTER; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING; PULP;
SLUDGE; TRfcATiiENT; WASTE W ATEh ; WISCONSIN
(15) ST1WS ACC.NO.: OOS34B30
(18) DOC.CIT-: Barton, c. A. , J. F. Byrd, C. R. Faulkender, and O.
H. Moss. Joint treatment ox pulping and municipal wastes. Journal of
the Water icllution Control Federation, 47 (5) : 998- 10 0*», Hay 1975.
58
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PLANT DESIGN
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035512
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) StTBJ.TYPE: T (10) puB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article describes the new waste water treatment
facility in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The secondary treatment
extension of the existing primary treatment plant provides: activated
sludge treatment; pressure flotation for excess activated sludge
thickening; additional digestor, filter, and boiler capacity; sludge
incineration and standby power facilities; and landscaping. Innovative
design features include 4 83-in. diameter Archimedean pumps and an
80-ft diameter methane gas sphere. The plant has a capacity of 72 gal
per day and includes a 6,000 gal per day pilot treatment plant which is
used for testing the effects of biological treatment of various
industrial wastes in the sewer system. Hethane gas generated by the
treatment plant is used as an alternative fuel for diesel generators
during peak hours and as fuel for the sludge incinerators.
(12) KEYWORDS: CANADA; DESIGN; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
HETHARE; MUNICIPALITY; SEWAGE; SLDDGE; TREATHENT; DTILIZE; HASTE WATER
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS34557
(18) DOC.CIT.: Canadian wastewater plant features many firsts.
Public Works, 106(11):58-59, Nov. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.SO.: 03H310
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORT: 21 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PDB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article reports that a pilot plant is being
constructed at Boston, Massachusetts Deer Island to test the
effectiveness of electron beam irradiation in treating municipal
sewage. A sewage treatment plant near Munich. (Test Germany, has
successfully used isotope generated gamma radiation for the last 2
years. Another experimental unit is proposed for Fort Belvoir,
Virginia. Potential radiation sources include cobalt-€0 and cesium-137.
As the cesium becomes more available as a waste product from nuclear
power plants, the costs of radiation treatment of sewage will decrease
significantly. When heat treatment is combined with radiation treatment
a high degree of effectiveness in destroying bacteria, viruses, and
parasites can be achieved. Sandia Laboratories in Albuquerque, New
Hexico, is designing a single pass, flow-through sewage irradiation
system. They expect to have a pilot plant with a 50,000 gal per day
capacity in operation by 1979. A waste water purification system being
developed by International Purification Systems Inc. in Atlanta,
Georgia, would use gamma irradiation to continually regenerate a
charcoal adsorbent bed. Agueonics Inc. of Los Altos, California, has
developed a Biochemrad system for use in small communities. This system
consists of a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage
treatment in a multistage design, with irradiation being used in the
third phase.
(12) KEYWORDS: BENEFIT; DEMONSTRATION; DESIGN; FACILITY;
INVESTIGATION; ISOTOPE; MUNICIPALITY; PROBLEMS; RADIOACTIVE; RESEARCH;
SEWAGE; SLDDGE; TREATMENT; WASTE HATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33354
(18) DOC.CIT.: O'Sullivan, D. A. Irradiation of sewage gains
adherents. Chemical and Engineering News, 53(3ft) :30-31, Anq. 25, 1975.
59
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 033957
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This paper describes the planning of a centralized
treatnent lacility tor industrial waste residuals in Ventura,
California. A survey of local industries, conducted by the Ventura
County Regional Sanitation District (VKSD) , indicated that the
following residuals snould be disposed of at a central facility: oily
wastes; citrus washings; brine, cooling, ana wash water; cannery
wastes; chemical wastes; animal nanure; meat and fish processing
wastes; cesspool pumpings; ana sewer sludge. The VRSD plans to
construct a centralized treatment facility to which these wastes can be
trucked. A research program to study the disposal 01 residuals from the
county, which will include pilot plant studies of new processes, is
currently teing designed. The treatment facility will include
facilities for segregating wastes into the following classifications
prior to treatment: oily wastes; brines; aetal wastes; non-Metallic
toxins; and organic wastes. This project is being supported by a grant
froffl the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (This Docunent is
retained in the S»IRS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; CESTHALIZED; CLASSIFICATION; COMBINED;
COUNT!; DISPOSAL; FACILITY; GRANT; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING;
BKSEAKCfi; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; IRE A TM L'b T
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33001
(18) DOC.C1T.: Borgerding, J. , and B. Calkins. A centralized
treat Bent facility for residuals at Ventura, California. In
Proceedings; National Conference on Management and Disposal of Residues
from the Treatnent of Industrial Wastewaters, Washington, D. C. , Fe0.
3-5. 1975. Rockville, Maryland, Information Transfer, Inc. p. 31-34.
(1) SWlflS ACC.NO.: 033705
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Under the water pollution prevention code of 1971,
operations at public and private waste water treatment facilities will
be regulated to prevent pollution ox public waters with waste water and
sludge. Tiieretore, when planning ror new water treataent plants, a
sludge disposer must be installed. The report beings with a description
of sludge followed by an introduction to a sludge disposal systen using
as an example the Tokyo Hunicipal water works located at Hisono. In
addition to the technological part of the sludge disposal system,
operational aanagement of tne sludge disposal systea is investigated.
The report concludes with a chart 01 operational paraneters for the
sludge »an ageiaent system at Misono Water Works during the fiscal year
of 1974. (text in Japanese)
(12) KEixoHDS: DISPOSAL; MANAGEMENT; POLLUTION; PUBLIC; SLUDGE;
SYSTEM; aRE&l'PlENT; ViAbTil HATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00632749
(18) DOC.CIT.: Yamaguchi, K. Sludge no shorisnobun ni tsuite. *On
sludge disposal. Kogyo Yosui, (20) :b8-75. May 1975.
60
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PLANT DESIGN
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 033148
(2) DOHESTIC: I) (2) CATEGORY: lb (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) FOB.
/EAR: 1975
(11) AbSTEACT: A jointly-sponsored secondary waste water treatment
plant has been proposed for the city of Hamilton, Ohio in conjunction
with the Ohio Division of Ciia&pion International paper mills.
Completion is scheduled for late 1976. The project will help the
industry and city to treat their wastewater sore efficiently and
economically. Ihe new facility will meet or exceed new waste water
discharge standards or the state and federal governments. The activated
sludge treatment plant will consist of aeration tanks and final
clarifiers , with effluent aeration and five vacuum filters for
dewatering the city's primary sludges, plus all secondary sludges
generated, followed by incineration ot the sludges in a fluid bed
incinerator. Champion International's primary sludges will not be
handled by the new plant, but will continue to be used as landfill
after dewatering in the company's three centrifuges. When the plant is
completed it will i>e able to handle 72,000 IDS of dry solids daily,
with an expected range ot 1o to 1b percent solids. The incinerator
itself is approximately 30 ft in aiaaeter and requires 4,000 sq ft 01
floor space plus nearly 70 ft of. height. The plant is therefore built
on a split level arrangement.
(12) KEIMORIiS: ACTIVATE SLUDGE; AERATION; EPPLUEhT; EQUIPMENT;
FACILITY; INCINERATOR; INDUSTRY; HAWAGEHENT; HOklCIt ALITI; OHIO; VAP Efi;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE; TRBA2rti£Ba'; WASTK WATfiR
(IS) STE1S ACC.NO.: 005324^2
(18) DOC.CIT. : Municipality and industry 3oin in wastewater
treatment. Public HorK.s, 1 U> (5) :89-90, Hay 1975.
61
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
Section 5
PROCESSING
(1) SHIfiS ACC.NO.: 048489
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) A8TICLE TITLE: Sludge mauagement: a growing water treatment
concern.
(4) AUTHOfi: Eurnett JJ
(6) JOCIRHAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2NQ (10) PUB. YEAk: 1978
(11) ABSTKACT: Alternative methods for wastewater treatment and
sludge management are addressed, based on the experience of Niagara
falls. New lock, in resolving a sludge pollution problem at its water
treataent plant. Haste streams discharge directly to the Niagara Siver
through two conduits. Filter backwash water and sedimentation basin
sludge from the old plant discharges through a 24 inch sewer. Similar
flows froa the new plant discharge through a 60 inch outfall
approximately 400 ft downstream. The aveiage daily flow is about 50
•illion gals/d. Several alternatives were evaluated to develop a cost
effective and environmentally sound system for collecting and disposing
of filter backwash water and sedimentation basin sludge, including
pretreatment of the combined volumes of waste streams. Due to the
disadvantages of this alternative, it was recommended that filter
tackwash water be recycled through the water treatment plant pracess.
lagooning was discarded as a viable alternative for sludge disposal,
and thickening and dewatering of sludge proved to be costly. It was
recommended that sludge be thickened at the water treatment plant and
then trucked 2.4 miles for discharge into sludge thickeners at the
wastewater treatment plant. The recommended treataent system is
described in detail and illustrated, and its advantages are enumerated.
(12) KEYWORDS: FACILITY; MANAGEMENT; NEW YOhK; POLLUTION; PROBLEMS;
HECLAMATION; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WATER
(14) HIERABCH TERMS: 1MA/2MB; 1RG; 15P/2DP; 1TV
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS47543 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Coletti Vf
(16) CITATION: 109(8):78-80, Aug. 1978.
(1) SUIRS ACC.NO.: 048404
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOHY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Chemical conditioning alternatives and
operational control for vacuum £iltration.
(4) AUTHOR: Nelson JK
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: ,T taatfcr Poll Contr Federation
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AitEA: 1US/2CO/3DE (10) PUB. YEAfi:
1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Two sludge conditioning systems for vacuum
filtration of three sludge types are presently employed by the
Hetropolitan Denver Sewage Disposal District No. 3ne. Efficiency and
economics of each system are evaluated. The sludge and sludge
conditioning variables are applied to the operation of vacuum filters.
These are: sludge type, reed solids, sludge blending, cake solids, type
cf conditioning and chemical dosinq. Operational control procedures,
equipment inspection, and data processing procedures are covered as
they apply to the operation of the vacuum filters. Ratios were
developed for chemical to filter teed for conditioning of sludge with
ferric chloride and line. A solids density analyzer is used to
administer control of polymer dosage, ana a guide for taking corrective
action to operational problems has been developed.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; COLOKADO; FACILITY; FILTER; IRON; LIME;
MANAGEMENT; HETAL; MUNICIPALITY; SALT; SLUDGE; VACUUM
(14) HIEHAKCH TERMS: 1MA/2MB; 1MA/2TQ; 1SP/2CI; 1SP/2MP
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS47458 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Tavery MAH
(16) CITATION: 50(3):507-517, Mar. 1978.
62
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PROCESSING
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 048208
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SOB J.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Disposal of aerobically digested sludge.
(4) AUTHOR: Wattenburger T
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LAHGUAGE: EH (10) GEO. AREA: 10S/2HR (10) PUB. TEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: A low energy intensive Mechanical dewatering
procedure has been applied at the Little Blue Valley Interim Treatment
Plant, Independence, Hissouri, to minimize wastewater treatment sludge
disposal costs. Four sludge concentrators operate through gravity and
pressure to reduce moisture content, and have cut the sludge volume at
the plant 90X and enhanced the feasibility of removal from the
premises. The plant presently operates at 16 mgd, with an ultimate
design capacity of 20 mgd. A permanent plant under construction on
another site, utilizing the same dewatering procedure, vill have a
capacity of 80 mgd. Development of the interim plant and procedures and
analysis of results obtained are discussed in terms of efficiency,
concluding that target efficiencies have been achieTed to the
satisfaction of technical, economic, social, and political criteria.
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROBIC; CONCENTRATION; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; DRYING;
MISSOURI; MUNICIPALITY; SLUDGE
(14) BIERARCH TERMS: 1DP/2SI; 1SP/2DP
(15) STIBS ACC.HO.: OOS47261
(16) CITATION: 109(7):70, Jul. 1978.
(1) SWIHS ACC.HO.: 047722
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2J CATEGORY: 21 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Seasonal variation in performance of anaerobic
digestion of city refuse.
(4) AUTHOR: Pathe PP
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Indn J Environ Health
(10) LAHGOAGE: EN (10) PDB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A one year laboratory and field study vas conducted
to evalnate the anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of refuse
(OFR). Results of the field experiment coincided with those carried out
on a laboratory scale, illustrating the feasibility and durability of
the process. It was also concluded that: (1) the gas production in the
field units ranged from a maximum summer value of 0.33 m(3)/kg of
volatile matter added/d to a minimum winter value of 0.1 m/lcg of
volatile matter added/d; (2) the R2S content of the produced gas was
negligible; (3) the pH of the digested mass remained constant around
6.8 + 0.2; (4) the volatile solids destruction ranged between HO and
56*; and (5) the digested sludge drained easily and had adequate
nutrient content for use as a manure.
(12) KEYWORDS: AHAEHOBIC; DIGESTION; LABORATORY; MUNICIPALITY;
REFUSE; REFUSE DERIVED FUEL; RESEARCH; SLUDGE
(14) HIERABCH TERMS: 1EN/2RD; 1RH; 1HP; 1SP/2BP
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS46776 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Alone BZ;
Titus SK
(16) CITATION: 19(4) :340-345, Oct. 1977.
(1) SHTRS ACC.NO.: 046992
(2) POHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Incinerated municipal sewage sludge as a
secondary resource for metals and phosphorus.
(4) ADTHOF: Gabler RC Jr
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
14-16, 1976.
63
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Samples were obtained from 11 incinerators serving
11 U.S. cities to evaluate the potential of incinerated Municipal
slodge as a secondary resource for metals and phosphorus. Incinerator
capacities ranged fro* 900 to 21,600 Ibs per hour. All were of the
multiple hearth design, with the exception of one fluidized bed
incinerator. Various analytical methods were e»ployed to characterize
sludge ash samples. There were significant variations among cities in
terms of the major constituents of sludge, possibly due to reagents
used to remove phosphorus from the seawge stream. Phosphorus, silver,
and chromium were found to be major contributors to the economic value
of sludge ash. Preliminary extraction data on typical ash showed that
nost elements of environmental interest can be removed by a
single-stage acid leach. (Retained in SWIBS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: ACID; ASH; INCINERATION; LEACH; METAL; MUNICIPALITY;
PHOSPHORUS; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1«K; 1RR; 1SP/2HP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS46045 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Neylan DL
(16) CITATION: Rockville, BD, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.197-200.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO,: 046989
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Total cost of heat treatment of wastewater
sludges.
(4) AUTHOR: Ewing LJ Jr
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National Conference on
Sludge flanagement Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, PL, Dec.
11-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Thermal treatment of sludge produced in the course
of municipal wastewater treatment is recognized as an effective
conditioning process. Thermal treatment involves heating sludge under
pressure for short periods of time, with or without the addition of air
or oxygen. Where the destruction of pathogenic organisms is required,
sludge may be pasteurized. To improve thickening or dewatering
characteristics, sludge may be heat treated or subjected to low,
intermediate, or high degrees of wet air oxidation. Thermal treatment
produces significant changes in the nature and composition of sludge by
coagulating solids and breaking down the gel structure of sludge.
Thermal treatment processes are detailed, and equipment operating
conditions are noted. The cost impact of thermal treatment on other
processes is assessed. Thermal treatment process sidestreams (off—gases
and lignors) are discussed. (Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DRYING; EQUIPMENT; HEAT; MUNICIPALITY; PATHOGEN;
SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1EC/2C6; 1PF; 1SP/2ET; 1SP/2HP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS46042 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Culp RL
(16) CITATION: Rockville, MD, Information Transfer inc., 1977. p.
179-187.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046985
(2) DOMESTIC: .D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) S0BJ.TYPES S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Biological effects of irradiation with high
energy electrons.
(4) AUTHOR: Sinslcey AD
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third national Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
14-16, 1976.
64
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PROCESSING
(10) LAHGUAGE: EM (10) GEO. ABBA: 10S/2HH (10) PDB. TEAB: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to examine the microbiological
and viral effects of high-energy electron treatment of sludge and
municipal wastewater. Small inhouse experiments vere conducted at the
Hassachusetts institute of Technology and large-scale experiments were
conducted at an electron research facility. Virus assessment of the
application of high-energy radiation to disinfect sludge indicated that
it is a scientifically feasible technique. The ability to eliminate
pathogenic viruses and bacteria from wastewater residuals, within
acceptable limits and without danger to the environment, is considered
to be an attractive waste disposal alternative. The elimination of
viruses and pathogenic bacteria by electron irradiation treatment
removes one of the major public health constraints against the use of
wastewater residuals for land reclamation purposes. (Betained in SBTRS
library).
(12) KEYWORDS: BACTERIA; HEALTH; LAHD; HASSACHOSETTS; HICBOBXOLOGY;
HDHICTPALITT; PATHOGEH; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE; ?IFOS; WASTE WATBB
(10) HIBRARCH TERMS: 1U>; 1HM ; 1PF; 1SP/2IP
(15) STIBS ACC.HO.: 005*6038 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Hetcalf TJ;
Shah 0
(16) CITATIOM: Rockville, HD, Information Transfer tnci, 1977.
p.160-163.
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: 046956
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Optimal integration of processes for sludge
management.
(4) AUTHOR: Dick HI
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National. Conference an
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
14-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YE&R: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The integration of complete sludge manageneat
systems is described. The approach to integration is to use basic
vastevater and sludge properties and fundamental design and operational
variables to develop mathematical descriptions of the performance of
wastewater treatment processed generating sludge and of sludge
treatment, utilization, and disposal processes. Process performance
equations and equations for estimating the costs of wastewater
treatment and sludge managenent processes as functions of basic design
and operational variables are integrated in an optimization procedure
using a digital computer. iiastevater and sludge characteristics modeled
in each sludge production and management process are: flow, biochemical
cxygen demand, solids, phosphorus, nitrogen, alkalinity, settleability,
filterability, and heavy metals, sludge management schemes considered
in the integrated approach are processes for: gravity thickening,
anaerobic stabilization, chemical conditioning, vacuum dewatering,
transportation by truck, and application on agricultural land.
{Retained in SHIRS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPUTED; DISPOSAL; MANAGEMENT; MATHEMATICAL MODEL;
EHOCESS; SLUDGE; SYSTEM; TKEATNENI; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CT; 1MA/2TQ; 1SP
(15) STIMS ACC.MO.: OOS46009 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Simmons DL
(16) CITATION: Bockville, ML), Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.20-27
65
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046484
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SOB J.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Method and apparatus for incinerating waste
Material.
(4) AUTHOR: Ton Dreusche CF Jr
(7) PATENT DATA: O.S. Patent Mo. 4,050,389
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YBAB: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A method and apparatus are described for
continuonsly incinerating waste material, particularly sewage sludge,
municipal, industrial or community garbage, trash and refuse. The
furnace has a plurality of vertically spaced hearths in which waste
•aterial is introduced to the furnace at the top. The waste Material
alternately moves inwardly and outwardly across the hearths and is
discharged at the bottom of the furnace. A quantity of air less than
that theoretically required for complete combustion of the material
being processed is introduced towards the lowest hearth. Air is then
added at successively higher hearths in quantities only sufficient to
support combustion. Exhaust gases are discharged at the top of the
furnace.
(12) KEYWORDS: EQUIPMENT; GASSES; HEAT; INCINERATION; INDUSTRY;
MUNICIPALITY; PATENT; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(14) HIERAHCH TEfiMS: 1BT/2MH; 1IC/2IN; 1IC/2HY; 1IE/2SP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45535
(16) CITATION: filed Jul. 19, 1976 issued Sep. 27, 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046062
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Billings CH
(b) BOOK TITLE: 1977 Public iiorks Manual and Catalog File.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) POb. *EAB: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: This manual describes processes and equipment for
the following solid waste management topics: sludge digestion and
disposal, refuse collection, refuse disposal, resource recovery, and
litter collection/street sanitation. Manufacturers, designers, and
installers are listed for each. Processes for recovery of usable
naterial and energy from vaixed wastes and sludge disposal are
examined. (Retained in SW1BS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; EQUIHPENT; LITTEfi;
HANAGEMENT; PROCfSS; PUBLIC; uECLAMATIOH; BEFUSE; SLUDGE; SOLID
[11) HIERARCH TERBS: 1CL/2TU; 1UP/2HX; 1LK; 1HA/2TQ; 1BR; 1SP/2DP;
1SX
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45112 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Conner SH;
Kircher JH
(16) CITATION: Shepherdsville, KY, Public works Journal
Corporation, 1977. Various pagzngs.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045618
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Final disposal.
ftt) AUTHOR: Kalinske AA
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge and
Liguid Sidestreals.
(8) HTIS HO.: PB-255 769 (8) REPORT SO.: EPI 430/9-76-007 (9)
CONTRACT BO.: 68-01-0324
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Methods used to dispose of sludge and sidestrearns
from dewatering and thickening processes are described: incineration,
wet air (high pressure) oxidation, land spreading, landfilling, deep
66
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PROCESSING
well or underground injection, ocean and surface water disposal, sludge
pyrolysis, and composting. Incineration burns organic materials and
liquids removed fro» sludge, leaving only ashes. Oxidation reduces
sludge in a reactor environment of high temperatures and pressures.
Land spreading, landfilling, and underground injection of dewatered,
stabilized sludge are characterized by space limitations, nuisance
factors, and possibly toxic leachates. Ocean and surface waters are
being considered as disposal sites primarily for brines. Pyrolysis
(heating organics without oxygen) is being evaluated as a sludge
disposal method with the potential for economic byproducts. Composting
(aerobic digestion) is a proven disposal method that is winning wider
acceptance in public sanitary systems. It is concluded that
environmental acceptability and economic factors will govern the
development and use of these disposal methods.
(12) KETWOBDS: COHPOSTIHG; DBTING; DOHPIHG; IHCINBRATIOH; LAUD;
H0KCIPALITY; OXIDATION; PTBOLTSIS; SLUDGE; SPREADING; TBEATHEHT;
UNDERGROUND; WASTE WATER
(11) HIEBABCH TERMS: 1HJ/2H8; 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S7
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS44666
(16) CTTATIOB: Washington, DC, 0.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Jun. 1976. p.61-78.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 045207
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(U) AUTHOR: Mosher D
(6) BOOK TI1LE: Composting senate sludge by high-rate suction
aeration techniques.
(9) GRANT NO. : 80382B
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEG. AREA: 1US/2KE (10) PUB. YEAS: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The composting of sewage sludge by high rate suction
aeration technigues in an experimental operation in Bangor, Maine is
described. Econoaic analysis, preparations for composting and
monitoring and analysis of the operation dt Bangor are discussed.
Suggestions for other municipalities, including information on site
selection and eguipmect and materials requirements are included.
Practical advice on setting up and operating a composting systea
including permanent and uonpermanent eguipment setups is given.
Operation of the system from pile construction to storage is discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: AERATION; ANALYSIS; COMPOSTING; DATA; ECONOMICS;
EPA; GBANT; MAINE; MAHAGEKi'MI; PROCESS; SfWAGJL; SLUDGE
(14) HIERAECH TERMS: KF/2C^; 1CF/2DB; 1EA/2EA; 1MA/2I1D; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS4U254 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Anderson RK
(1t>) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. 50 p. 1977.
(1) SWIRS iCC.HO.: 045094
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGO8T: 27 (2) SOBJ.T1PB: 6
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Obtaining public acceptability for treatment of
disposable alternatives.
(4) AUTHOR: Hanko JH
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Pennsylvanian
(10) LAHGDAGB: EH (10) PUB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: To gain public acceptance of proposed wastewater
treatment and disposal systems, consulting engineers should change
their attitudes, bring up questions or problems before they can be
raised by the community, and maintain complete openness with the
public. Community participation needs to begin early in the project and
the community should feel that the problem is theirs and that it can be
67
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
solved by working with the consulting engineer. The public relations
program must be adequate and must fit the local situation. Materials
shoald be short, simple, and distributed in plenty of time. Costs are
always uppermost in the public's mind. Don't wait for the public, or a
coamunity group attorney, to ferret out disadvantages of a system; find
them first and cite them openly. The only alternative to these open
attitudes and actions are costly delays which will ensue from community
foot dragging, political intervention, and recourse to administrative
and judicial help.
(12) KEYWORDS; CAMPAIGN; COHHUHITY; CONSULTANT; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
LEGAL; PROBLEMS; PUBLIC RELATIONS; SYSTEM; TREATMENT; HASTE HATER
(14) HIBRARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DO; 1PJ
(IS) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS44140
(16) CITATION: 16 (6):20-21, June 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 044862
(2) DOHBSTIC: D (2) CATEGORT: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Centrifugal dewatering of municipal and
industrial sludge.
(«) AUTHOR: Asano T
(6) JOURHAL TITLE: Water and Sewage Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) P0B. TEAK: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Centrifugal dewatering of Municipal and industrial
sludges was studied using a solid bowl centrifuge. During the study,
centrifugal force was about 3,300 G when coagulants were added.
Continuous feed controls were used for sludge and coagulants and
coagulants were prepared in an aqueous solution. A holding tank with
agitator maintained feed sludge in a homogenous condition and feed
sludge rate was 30.8 gal./Hin. Results are given for digested mixed
sludge; raw primary sludge; raw primary sludge plus activated sludge;
activated sludge; aerobically digested sludge; and water filtration
plant sludge. Process and operational variables which affect sludge
dewaterability are discussed: sludge feed rate, sludge feed
concentration, solids recovery, and automatic operation. Most
dewatering experiments used a chitin/chitosan based organic polymer,
Flonac. other polymers were used and tables summarize results of
dewatering with different polymers.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AEROBIC; AUTOMATIC; CBNTBIFUGB;
COKCEHTBATION; DIGESTION; DRYING; INDUSTRY; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC;
POLYMER; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SE/2SN; 1SI/2S7
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS43907 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Hayakawa N;
Suzuki T
(16) CITATION: 124(9):130-135, Sept. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044673
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Refuse refineries.
(4) AUTHOR: Jensen PK
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Conservation and Recycling
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2DN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: This paper describes the Destrngas pyrolysis
process; a waste treatment plant in Kalundborg, Denmark which is
capable of handling all types of refuse and sludge. Pulverized garbage
is fed into a pyrolysis retort similar to a traditional gas retort,
which destroys combustible solid and liquid waste. A magnet separator
extracts ferrous scrap from the char. A flow sheet gives details of the
plant. Air pollution is modest compared to refuse incineration plants.
The plant is flexible regarding the refuse composition, targe
quantities of problem materials can be treated. A combustible gas is
68
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PROCESSING
produced which can be used as auxiliary fuel for oil 01coke balers.
Even after resource recycling, a residue often e**stsJ*° *° 7° the
percnet) which can be disposed of by Destrugas. The re.ainder of the
char is processed together with the sterilized sludge uito a saleable
SOiM27P££wORDS: DESIGN; EQUIPHENT; MUNICIPALITY; PYROLYSIS;
RBCLAHATION; REFUSE; REFUSE DERIVED FUEL; SL™>!
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1DD/2DO; 1DD/2DP; 1EC/2BT; 1HJ/2S8. 1PK
115) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43717
(16) CITATION: 1(2) :201-207, 1977.
(1) SWTRS ACC.NO.: 044269
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORT: 07 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Municipal solid waste and sewage
sludge—co—disposal.
(4) AUTHOR: SUSSHAN DB
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Resource Recovery and Energy Review
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) PUB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Codisposal of aunicipal solid waste and sewage
sludge is discussed and operational technignes are described. There are
two basic codisposal approaches: (1) sewage sludge Multiple hearth or
fluidized bed incinerators use the organic portion of solid waste as a
fuel to dry, burn, and reduce the volume of the sludge; (2)'solid waste
incinerators, solid waste fired steaa generators, or waterwall
combustion units burn dewatered sludge. Both approaches can recover
energy produced in the thermal process and both are being demonstrated
or used. Several nonthernal codisposal techniques are also described:
composting for soil conditioner and fertilizer, anaerobic digestion for
•ethane generation, conversion into fuel bricks, and combination of
organic fraction for animal feed.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMBUSTION; COHPOSTING; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; ENERGY;
FACILITY; FEED; FEBTILIZBR; FLUIDIZED BED; FUEL; INCINERATION; HETHANE;
HOLTIPLE HEARTH; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC; RECLAMATION; 8BFBSB; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; THERMAL; TRBATUBNT; WASTE WATER
(11) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DP; 1IB/2IT; 11B/2 HI; 1MJ/2H8; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43313
(16) CITATION: 4(3):13-14, Summer 1977.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 044218
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATKGORJf: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sludge production.
(U) AUTHOR: Dick BI
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Process Selection for Optimal Management 01
Regional Haste water Residuals.
(9) GRANT NO. : ENV 7b-157^1 -A01
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. 1EAE: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The performance of the activated sludge production
process is evaluated. The quantity and quality o± sludge produced in
waste water treataent depend on waste water treatment processes used,
how waste water treatment processes are operated, the quantity and
quality of waste water entering a plant, and the amount and nature of
flow returned to a plant from sludge handling processes. Primary
treatnent by plain sedimentation or sedimentation with chemical
addition is a major source o± sludge in most plants. Residuals from
typical secondary waste water treatment processes include waste
activated sludge, trickling filter humus, and chemical treatment
69
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
sludge. Tertiary processing results in the production of residuals,
primarily chemical sludge and filter backwash that nay be difficult to
handle and significant in quantity. Performance models for the
processes of plain sedimentation and activated sludge treatment are
detailed, and supporting mathematical equations are given.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED oLUDGE ; MANAGEMENT; MATHEMATICAL MODEL;
IfiODOCE; SLUDGE; HASTE BATfifi
(14) HIEBARCH TERMS: 1AE; 1SI/2SY
(15) STIMS ACC.SO.: OOS43261 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Simmons DL;
Ball RO
(16) CITATION: Newark., DE, University of Delaware, Oct. 1976.
p.26-49.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044217
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2" (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Mastewater and sludge characteristics.
(4) AOTHOB: Dick 81
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Process Selection tor Optimal Sanagement of
Regional Wastewater Residuals
(9) GHANT NO.: ENV 75-15751-A01
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 197fa
(11) ABSTRACT: The impact of influent feed stream characteristics
CD the quantity and quality or residuals produced during waste Hater
and sludge treatment is explored. Ihe flow rate and strength of
•unicipal sewage depend upon such factors as the size of the population
served, cultural habits of the population served, the degree of
regulation on discharge, the type and condition of the waste water
collection system, and characteristics of the water supply. Parantters
to describe the waste water and sludge stream are rioted, including flow
rate, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, nutrients,
alkalinity, heavy metals, sludge settleability, and sludge
dewaterability. These are incorporated in a computer program known as
the integrated sludge management program to allow for the rational
Bodelinq of the performance of eash process parameter and to allow for
the incorporation of constraints on effluent and sludge quality into a
sludge management optimization procedure.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSITION; COMPUTER; EFFLUENT; MANAGEMENT;
IROCESS; PROGfiAM; QUALITY; KE5IDUE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WAIER
(14) HIERA8CH TERMS: 1CG; 1MA/2MH; 1SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OGS43260 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Simmons DL;
Eall RO
(16) CITATION: Newark, DE, University of Delaware, Oct. 1976.
p.13-25.
(1) SHIRS aCC.NO.: 043791
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) S0BJ.TTPE: T
(6) BOOK TITLE: Proceedings: OSA/DSSR Symposium on the Handling,
Treataent and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge, Moscow, USSR, Bay 13-16,
1975.
(10) IANGOAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: IDS; 1AI/2JUJ (10) FOB. YEAR:
1975
(11) ABSTRACT: i 1975 joint conference involving the United States
and the Soviet Onion addressed the handling, treataent, and disposal of
waste water sludge. The conference was held in Moscow. Sixteen
presentations at the conference were concerned with such topics as
municipal sludge, sludge incineration systeas, the nanageaent of oil
sludge, the management and disposal of residuals fro* industrial waste
water treataent, sludge considerations in the handling of industrial
effluent, thickening and dewatering waste water sludge by the
70
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PROCESSING
vibrofiltration Method, municipal sludge Management in the United
States, inorganic suspended sludge dewatering, centrifugal sludge
dewatering, thermal drying or devatered sludge, aerobic stabilization
of activated sludge, sludge thickening, dissolved air flotation sludge
thickening, the utilization of municipal sludge in agriculture, and the
dependence of the dewatering process on aqueous properties of sludge.
(Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AEBOBIC; AGRICULTURE; DRTISG; EFFLUENT;
INCINERATION; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; Oil; PROCESS;
RESIDUE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; THERMAL; TREATMENT; US; USSR;
UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1PH; 1SI; 1TG
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS42834
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, 0.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Hay 1975. 147 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043681
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(6) BOOK TITLE: Sludge Management Alternatives for the Los
Angeles/Orange County Metropolitan Area-.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 10S/2CA/3LA (10) PUB. YEAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Sludge management planning in the metropolitan area
of- Los Angeles and Orange County, California is addressed. The
initiation of the Los Angeles Orange County Metropolitan Area (LA/OHA)
project in 1973 is noted, and project activities are described.
Candidate systems analyzed in the coarse of the project are examined,
including incineration, pyrolysis, separate waste activated sludge
treatment, copyrolysis with refuse, active char production, basic
extractive sludge treatment dehydration process, a multiple effect
evaporation process, dewatering for landfill or agriculture, a sludge
recycle center, evaporation ponds, remote dewatering for landfill or
agriculture, liguid sludge for agriculture, solar drying, thermal
pretreatment and anaerobic digestion, ocean disposal, exportation, and
vet air oxidation. Process diagrams for some of the candidate systems
are included. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: ANAEROBIC; ANALYSIS; CALIFORNIA; COMPOSTING; COUNTY;
DIGESTIOB; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY;
OC.PAN; OXIDATION; PLANNING; PROCESS; PYBOLYSIS; RBCLAHATIOS; SLUDGE;
THERMAL; TRANSPORT; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1BA/2MA; 1KA/2MD; 1SI/2SX
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS42724
(16) CITATION: Los Angeles, CA, Los Angeles/Orange County
Metropolitan Project, Hay 1977 69 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 042820
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sludge treatment: problems and solutions.
(4) AUTHOR: Smith JE Jr
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Water and Sewage Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Problems of and solutions to slodge treatment are
examined. Methods available for treatment and disposal of sludge are
discussed in process flow sequence. Two dewatering technigues that are
seldom used but have potential are pressure filter presses and belt
filter presses. Trends in disposal of municipal sludge are shown. Where
liquid sludge and sludge cake is either utilized agriculturally or
placed in landfills. Ultimate disposal procedure often dictates the
choice of treatment method and should be determined first. Total costs
for some sludge handling processes are given. Sources of pollutants in
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
pulp and paper manufacture are detailed. Characteristics of some
wastewater streams are given as a function of the manufacturing process
and the amount of product produced. The industry is faced with greater
quantities of waste chemical and activated sludges to handle. The
effect of adding chemicals in primary treatment is discussed as is
chemical addition to the activated sludge process. The effect of
tertiary treatment by lime, aluminum, and iron addition on sjludge
production is also noted. Plants employing chemical addition will
probably need a more elaborate and costly sludge treatment and disposal
scheme than that used with conventional sludges.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AGRICULTURE; ALUHINDN; CHEMICAL;
DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY.; IRON; LIKE; MUNICIPALITY; PHOSPHORUS; SANITARY
LANDFILL; SEPARATING; SEWAGE; SLOD6E; TREATBEHT; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERABCH TERHS: 1PB/2PD/3PB; 1SI/2S1; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIKS ACC.NO.: OOS41863
(16) CITATION: 124 (a) :80-63, Apr. 1977.
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: 042656
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: A study of heavy metal emissions from flui.di.zed
bed incinerators.
(4) AUTHOR: Copeland BJ
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Purdue Research Foundation. Proceedings: the
30th Industrial Waste Contereuce, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, May
6-8, 1975.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 10S/2MD (10) PUB. YEAft: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Analyses were performed to evaluate the emission of
lead chromium, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, copper, silver, and zinc from
the processing of sludge in iluidized bed incinerators. The fludiztd
bed incineration technique, with its extended heat transfer service,
heat reservoir, high residence time, isothermal operation at
temperatures above the ignition point of the particular waste material,
and any subsequent noxious gases, is feasible for waste incineration.
Kith the increasing eophasas on energy recovery, fluidized bed systems
are being designed and constructed to oxidize combinations of sewage
sladqe, grease, skimmings, and solid waste with no requirement for
auxiliary fuel. Tests with two fludized bed incinerators in Laurel,
Haryland showed that less than 2 percent of all heavy metal input,
except mercury, involved mass emissions. Mercury stack emissions varied
from 20 to 100 percent, but were still 10 to 30 percent of tne Federal
regulation for mass mercury emissions. Further reduction in stask
•ercury emissions would have to be accomplished using chemical
precipitation or mechanical condensation techniques. The water
solubility of each metal was low, and this was reflected in the low
concentrations of heavy metals in classified liquid effluent. It was
determined that total reduction of recirculated heavy metal loadings in
waste treatment could be accomplished by recirculating classifier
effluent to a scrubbing system.
(12) KEYHOhDS: ANALYSIS; CADMIUM; EMISSION; FACILITY; FLUIDIZED
EED; INCINEfiATION; INCINEBATOa; MANAGEMENT; HARYLAND; MEKCUkY; MEIAL;
SCN-FERBOOS; SCKOBBER; SLUDGE; TOXIC
(14) HIERAHCH TSRMS: 1IB/2IT; 1IB/2IK; 1MD
(15) STIWS ACC.NO.: OOS41699
(16) CITATION: Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.,
1977. p.78-89.
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PROCESSING
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 012526
(2) DOHESTTC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2U (2) SOBJ-TTPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sewage sludge treatment and disposal as
practiced in Yokohama City •'Reclamation to Agricnltoral Land and Green
Field•• progress.
(*} AUTHOR: Sato H
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Fourth United States/Japan
Conference on Sewage Treatment Technology, Cincinnati, OH, and
Washington, DC, Oct. 23-24 and Oct. 28-29, 1975. (8) RBPOBT »O.:
EPA-600/9-76-023
(10) LANGUAGE: E8 (10) GEO. AREA: 1AI/2JA (10) FOB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Sewage sludge treatment and disposal practices in
Yokohama City, Oapan are described. Anaerobic digestion, wet air
oxidation, dehydration, and landfill disposal comprise the major sludge
treatment and disposal methods. Sludge cake has a moistnre content of
70 to 75 percent and volatile matter ranging from 25 to 30 percent when
the anaerobic digestion process'is used. With wet air oxidation, sludge
cake has a moisture content of about HO percent and volatile matter
ranging from 10 to 15 percent. Problems associated with sewage sludge
disposal in Yokohama City are detailed. The land application of sewage
sludge is detailed, as practiced under the city's reclamation to
agricultural land and green field program. Before sludge reclamation to
agricultural land is accomplished, digested sludge is added with
polymer and then dehydrated by centrifuge before it is fed into a
sludge dryer system. Construction, operation, maintenance, and cost
aspects of the drying system are examined. Data are tabulated on the
properties of dried sludge before and after the drying process.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANAEROBIC; COMPARISON; DISPOSAL; PRYING; FACILITY;
JAPAH; LAND; HANAGBHEHT; MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; PROCESS;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WET OXIDATION
(14) HTERARCH TEBHS: 1HA/2MD; 1SI/2S2; 1SJ
(15) STIHS ACC.SO.: OOSt1569
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Oct. 1976. p.25-32.
(1) S«IRS ACC.NO.: 041308
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOfiY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Schwinn DE (10) SEO. AREA: 1US/2DC (10) PUB. YEAH:
1974
(11) ABSTRACT: A description of the improved, advanced wastewater
treatment process foe the Blue plains plant in the District of Columbia
is presented. Testing results indicated that the following steps should
be taken prior to the expansion of the existing facility: nitrogen
should be removed from tne water by the biological
nitrification/denitrification process; phosphorus is removed by the
addition of alum and/or ferric chloride to both the secondary modified
aeration system and to the denitrifxcation system; and sludge is
processed by the gravity thickening of primary and stormwater sludges,
flotation thickening of secondary and advanced treatment sludges
followed by filtration and incineration. The new plant will aave its
cwn dock to receive bulk shipments of chemicals and to remove sludge
ash. A full description of the iuture treatments, primary and
secondary, nitrification/denitrification, filtration and disinfection,
sludge processing and other design features is included.
(12) KEYWORDS: AERATION; COMPUTER; CONTROL; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA;
EQUIPMENT; FACILITlf; (1ASAGEMEOT; NITROGEN; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; SLUDGE;
TREATMENT; WASTE HATEri
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1PM; 1SF; 1 SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00540852 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Tozer GK
(18) DOC.CIT.: Schwinn, u. E. , and G. K. Tozer. "Largest advanced
»astewater treatment plant in the U. 5. and in the world".
Environmental Science and Technology, 8 (10) :892-897, Oct. 1974.
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWTRS ACC.NO. : 041563
(2) DOHBSTIC: D (2) CATESOBY: 2U (2) SOBJ.TTPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Lin LJ 110) GEO. AREA: 1SI/2SY (10) PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A study concerning the kinetics, performance and
operational stability of the Ramaaathan-Gaudy model was made in in
attempt to better the operational control of the completely mixad
oxygen activated sludge process (CHOAS) . Ten steady state sets of the
CHOAS svsten were conducted in the study. The present node of operation
using the modal with constant recycle biological solids concentration,
5,000 and 10,000 mg/1, permitted attaining a reasonably steady state
condition with respect to aerator biological solids and effluent
filtrate chemical oxygan demand. Ml of the data were analyzed and
presented in tabular form or in a graphical plot to illustrate the
operational characteristics of tba process. The influent substrate was
an actual industrial organic wastewater (soft drink waste). The vilue
of the Sludge Volume Index was in the range of 37. 0 to 58. 5 aad
provided good settleability of sludge.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUD3B; COD; INVESTIGATION; KISEIi;S;
OXYGEN; RECLABATION; SIHOLATIOH; .SOLID; STABILIZATION; SYSTEH;
TBEATMENT
(1U) HIERA8CH TERHS: 1IC/2.IZ
(15) STTHS ACC.fJD.: OOS40607 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Yang PY
(18) DOC.CIT.: Lin, L. J. , aad P. Y. Yang. The application of
constant recycle solids concentration in completely mixed oxygen
activated sludge processes. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,
18 (12) :1695-1711, Dec. 1976.
(1) SWTBS ACC.NO.: 0*1553
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: T
(1) AUTHOR: Bassin R (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2HD/3BL (10) FOB. TEAS:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Maryland Environmental Service (HES)/Baltimore
County Resource Recovery Facility is a fnlly integrated resource
recovery facility designed to process 1,500 tons of municipal refuse a
day. The key to its success is market development and flexibility.
Utilization of the organic, or light, fraction of solid waste at the
facility is described. "Pibertek," a particle board like material which
uses municipal solid waste light fraction as the raw material has been
produced with physical properties comparable to existing construction
materials. However, the major thrust for the combustible fraction of
municipal refuse has been as a fuel supplement. Other uses under
investigation include COBposting sewage sludge with municipal solid
waste light fraction. Ferrous metals, high grade aluminum canstock, and
nonferrous metals are also being extracted from the waste. Harket and
product development has emphasized two main approaches to waste glass
utilization, neither of which require high purity glass and color
sorting. Recovered crushed waste glass, mixed with polymer, can be used
to form glass polymer composite materials. And, recovered pulverized
waste glass mixed with a foaming agent has been used to produce foamed
glass panels. The remaining 15 to 25 percent of incoming refuse,
consisting mainly of rubble, stones, and grit is economically suited
for sanitary landfill.
(12) KEYWORDS: COHPOST; CONSTBUCTIOH; FACILITY; GLASS; HABKBT;
HABILAND; HETAL; MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; ORGANIC;
RBCLAHATION; REPOSE; REFUSE DERIVED FUEl: SANITARY LANDFILL; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE
(1«) HIEBABCH TERHS: 1EA/2EB; 1MJ/2H8; 18J/2NA; IBB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40597
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bassin, B. Harket development: key to successful
resource recovery operations. Public Works, 56-58, Dec. 1976.
74
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PROCESSING
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: OH1048
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(i») AUTHOR: Smith EN (10) GEO. AREA: 10S/2HA (10) PUB. TEAR:
1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Demonstrated and experimental coincineration
techniques for burning municipal sludge with mixed municipal refuse are
assessed. The state of the art in coincineration approaches is
reviewed. A number of coincineration installations are described, with
emphasis on conventional mixed municipal refuse incinerators,
continuous feed incinerators, multiple hearth sludge incinerators, and
fluid bed sludge incinerators. A water treatment and incineration
installation in Holyoke, Massachusetts is detailed and illustrated. It
is pointed out that, as long as land is available, landfills are less
expensive than incineration even when consideration is given to the
cost of linings and leachate collection and treatment systems. Resource
recovery is another sludge disposal method that competes with
incineration or coincineration, although it is noted that resource
recovery can precede or follow thermal processing. One future
coincineration option is identified as conventional incineration with
or without heat recovery since such incinerator units can handle raw
mixed municipal refuse. The effect of burning sludge in a conventional
refractory wall mixed municipal refuse incinerator is discussed.
Another future coincineration option iscited as the use of conventional
sludge incinerators modified to handle shredded and cleansed mixed
municipal refuse. A third future coincineration option involves
experimental furnaces.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMBINED; COMPARISON; DATA; FCOHOHICS; IHCIHERATION;
INCINERATOR; MUNICIPALITY; PROJECTION; REFDSF; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLDDGE; TECHNOLOGY; UTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
(1«) HIERARCH TERHS: 1IB/2IW
(15) STinS ACC.NO.: OOSU0092 (15) SECONDARY AOTHO-RS: Daly AR
(18) DOC.CIT.: Smith, E. M. , and A. R. Daly. The past, present,
and future prospects of burning municipal sewage sludge along with
mixed municipal refuse. In U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
proceedings; the 1975 National Conference on Municipal Sludge
Management and Disoposal, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18-20, 1975. Bockville, (ID,
Information Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p. 115-123.
(1) SKIES ACC.NO.: 040836
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAfEGOKY: 2U (2) SUfaJ.TYPE: T (10) GEO.
AGFA: 1US/2NJ; 1U3/2NY/JNY (10) PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Processes involved in the pyrolysis of municipal
waste water sludqe are reviewed. Although defined as the decomposition
cf organic matter in the complete absence of oxygen, the term pyrolysis
is often used to include thermal destruction in an oxygen deficient
atmosphere. The most advanced systems for the pyrolysis of solid waste
are those developed by Monsanto, Union Carbide, and Occidental
Research. Laboratory studies of pyrolysis, involving small batches of
waste water sludge, are cited. Included in these studies were pilot
plant investigations of pyrolyzinj carbon and sludge mixtures in
indirect fired calciners, direct fired kilns, and multiple hearth
furnaces. A study for the Interstate Sanitation Commission serving New
York, New Jersey, and Connecticut is reported in which a manufacturer
was engaged to conduct additional tests on dewatering and pyrolysis of
sludge. The results of this study should be available by the end of
1976 or early 1977. A project completion schedule tor pyrolysis
facilities is illustrated. Multiple hearth pyrolysis is considered to
be the most advanced, continuous method 01 pyrolyzing sludge alone.
(12) KEYWORDS: DE.10NSTKATION; DISPOSAL; DRYING; FACILITY" INDUSTRY"
INVESTIGATION; MANAGEMENT; NE» JrikSEY; NE* YORK; PLANNING; PBOGBAH'
PYROLYSIS; REGIONAL; SLUDGE; JYSTEJ5
(14) HIEKAHCH TEH«S: 1MJ; 1PK; 1 SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00:539880
(18) DOC.CIT.: Review and discussion oi processes. In Phase 2
Report of Technical Investigation o£ Alternatives for New YorK-New
Jersey Metropolitan Area sewage sludge Disposal Management Program.
Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and McKee, June 1976. p. VII. 1-VTI. U-
75
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(J) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040834
(2) DOMESTIC: D 12) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.T^PE: T (10) GEO.
ARIA: 10S/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3NY (10) PUB. YEAfi: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The development of a coordinated system for
processing and disposing of sludge from the New York City and New
Jersey metropolitan area is described. The purpose of the sludga
processing and disposal program was to enable waste water treatment
plants in the area to meet the 1981 goal of the Environmental
Protection Agency for ending the ocean dumping of sludge into the New
York Bight. The program was developed for the Interstate Sanitation
Conmission serving New Yor*c, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Phase one of
the program defined the magnitude of sludge processing requirements in
the study area, identified and compared feasible alternatives to the
ocean disposal of sludge, and recommended a limited number of
alternatives for indepth investigation during phase two. It was
estimated in phase one that treatment plants in the study area would
produce about 2,000 tons per day af sludge in the year 2000, divided
about equally between New York City and New Jersey. Major processes
examined as alternatives to ocean disposal included conditioning and
dewatering, incineration or pyrolysts of sludge alor.e, wet air
oxidation, oil medium dehydration and comoustion, drying, composting,
anaerobic and aerobic digestion, and incineration or pyrolysis with
municipal solid waste. Phase two involved the development of a
recommended technical plan for sludge management on a regional basis.
fyrolysis was evaluated ror disposal of most sludge, and land disposal
was considered as a supplemental method for smaller plants. Supporting
tabular data for the program ace appended, and a bibliography is
provided. (Retained in SWIUS liDirary)
(12) KEYWORDS: CONNECTICUT; DISPOSAL; DUMPING; INVESTIGATION;
MANAGEMENT; NEW JERSEY; NEh YO*K; NE« YORK CITY; PLANNING; PROGRAM;
8EGIONAL; SLUDGE; TREATMENT;
-------
PROCESSING
SPREADING
(14) HIEBAHCH TEEMS; 1KA/2MK; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS393U5
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hew York-New Jersey metropolitan area sewage sludye
disposal management program. New York, NY, interstate Sanitation
Commission, Oct. 1976. 68 p.
(1) SBIRS ACC.NO.: 040706
(2J DOMESTIC; F (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SOBJ.TTPE: 6
(ft) AUTHOR: Redekopp AB (10J GEO. AREA: 1EB/2EF (10) PUB. TEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Training and education for water treatment plant
operators are considered, as requited at the provincial level of
government in Canada. The Canadian government itself generally plays a
passive role in training and education by providing grants in support
of specific programs. The government assumes a more active role in
training through its Department of Manpower and Immigration. The need
for effective training programs is stressed. It. is felt that the gap
between potential and actual plant performance cannot be closed until
career patterns or certification programs are developed and
implemented. The rapid growth of certification prorams in the United
States is noted, with emphasis on establishment of the Association of
Boards of Certification in June 1972. As of 1976, 59 certification
programs belonged to the association, including nine Canadian
provinces. The availability of trained and qualified water treatment
plant personnel is considered as critical to the achievement of public
health and water quality goals. A Federal/Maritime provinces Task Force
has been established by the Canadian government. This task force has
developed a basic training package for waste water treatment plant
operators. An advanced training package is in process. The development
and implementation of training materials and procedures are detailed.
(12) KEYWORDS: CANADA; CRITERIA; FACILITY; GRANT; PERSONNEL;
PROGRAM; TRAINING; TREATMENT; WATER
(14J BIERARCB TERMS: IVA
(15) STIMS ACC.BO.: OOS39750
(18} DOC.CIT.: Redekopp, A. B. The training of water treatment
plant operators. Hater Quality Bulletin, 1(4):13-14, Oct. 1976.
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: 010647
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SOB.J.TYPF.: G
(4) AUTHOR: Buf JA (10) GEO. AREA: 1OS/2BO/3KC (10) PUB. YEAB:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Electrical energy recovered from municipal refuse
and sewage sludge is discussed. The Little Bine Valley Sewer District
serves eastern Kansas City metropolitan area, and must dispose of 36
tons per day of dry raw sludge solids, and refuse generation was
estinted at 344,000 tons per year by 1980. A feasibility study to
process these waste products for electricity generation is reported. A
market analysis was performed to identify potential electricity buyers
and markets for recovered ferrous metals and aluminum, recovered before
incineration of the refuse. Numerous refuse/slduge disposal systems
with energy recovery potential were investigated, and three feasible
alternatives are discussed; grate fired waterwall incineration,
suspension fired waterwall incineration, and the "Purox" pyrolysis
system. Two furnaces would process all refuse, in each alternative,
with one spare backup furnace. Several redundancy factors were included
and each system is costed, although an estimted 16. 2 million would be
available from Federal and State wastewater treatment plant grants. An
economic analysis is given, assuming a 20 year economic life, and the
77
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
suspension fired waterwall incinerator, and a "Purox" system in which
dried sludge (85 percent solids) and shredded refuse would be
pyrolyzed, are shown to be econonically adTantageous over conventional
separate disposal of refuse and sluge.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; ELECTRICAL; ENERGY; GENERATION;
INCINERATION; MARKET; MISSOURI; MUNICIPALITY; PTROLTSIS; RECLABATIOH;
REFUSE; SLUDGF; UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EC/2ET; 1RI/2M6; 1SI/2S9
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39691 (15) SECONDARY A0THORS: Brown HT
(18) DOC.CIT.: But, J. A. , and H. T. Brown. Generation of
electrical energy from municipal refuse and sewage sludge. Public
Works. 108(11:38-41. Jan. 1977.
(1) SHIPS ACC.NO.: 040378
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) StJBJ.TYPE.: S; T
(4) iOTHOR: Becker KF (10) GEO. AREA: 1IB/2IT (10) PUB. YEAH:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The fluid bed applications to waste disposal
problems are described. Fluosolids Reactor Systens supplied by Dorr
Oliver, Inc. are being used for a variety of disposal purposes. Three
basic flowsheets for the incineration of municipal sewage sludge are
discussed. The cold windbox flowsheet is illustrated in which cold air
is supplied directly to the reactor wind box, and dewatered sludge
solids or fluids are introduced directly into the fluid bed by pumps or
screw feeders. The hot windbox flowsheet operates on much the sane
principle but air temperature is raised by preheat. The third system
extracts sensible heat in the reactor exhaust gases in a waste heat
boiler to generate steam. Six Fluosolid systems have been installed for
incineration of petroleum refinery wastes. Types of sludge being
handled and the operating conditions for these installations are
discussed. Problems associated with these chemically complex wastes are
discussed including chemical reactions that can be expected during
incineration. Problems of handling waste sludges containing chlorides
are discussed at length.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; CHLORIDE; DISPOSAL; DORR-OLIVER; FLUIDIZED
BED; INCINERATION; MUNICIPALITY; SEWAGE; SLODGE; TECHNOLOGY; UTILIZE;
WASTE HEAT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SI/2S5
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39422 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Wall CJ
(18) DOC.CIT.: Becker, K. P. , and C. J. Wall. Waste treatment
advances: fluid bed incineration of wastes. Chemical Engineering
Progress. 72 (10) :61-68 , Oct. 1976.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 039990
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Sludge incineration, and heat treatment for
conventional primary and secondary sewage treatment systems art
reviewed, as well as incineration and reclamation for advanced physical
and chemical systems. Costs for four types of systems are delineated:
(1) dewaterinq and incineration of raw solids; (2) digestion,
nechanical dewatering, and land!illing; (3) digestion, mechanical
dewater, and incineration; (U) wet combustion and effluent treatment.
The use of multiple hearth furnaces is examined, and the benefits of
sludge incineration and rcclaaation ale noted. The significance of
polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge is considered. Attention is also
given to the air quality impact of sludge incineration techniques, lime
78
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PROCESSING
reclamation, energy reclamation, and the potential use of incineration
ash as a fertilizer. Case studies on several vaste water treatment
facilities are reported. New sludge oxidation technology is described
and illustrated.
(12) KEYNOHDS: BENEFIT; CONFERENCE; DIGESTION; DHYISG; ECONOMICS;
EPA; FERTILIZES; FURNACE; HAZARDOUS; INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT;
KUYCHLORINATEB; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 005:19034
(18) DOC.CIT. : Sebastian, F. P. , Jr. Sludge incineration systems
for purification and resource recovery. In Corson, A. S. , P. A.
Savage, and C. A. Baggatts, eds. Proceedings; ttie 1975 Public Meetings
en Hazardous Waste Management, Newark, NJ, Rosemont, IL, Houston, TX,
and San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1975. v. 2. Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs Publication SW-9p. Washington, 0. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976. p. 1074-1107.
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO.: 039988
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
T BAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The contribution of sludge incineration techniques
to air pollution is assessed in a technological publication of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Hew source performance standards
regulating discharges from municipal sludge incinerators have been
promulgated by EPA. Process weight and opacity restrictions imposed on
this atmospheric pollution source are: (1) no more than 0. 65 grams per
kilogram dry sludge input; (2) less than 20 percent opacity. Data on
the emissions of a sludge incineration facility are tabulated.
Consideration is given to such pollutants as particulate matter, metals
gaseous contaminants, and organics. It is concluded that well designed.
and operated municipal waste water sludge incinerators are capable of
meeting stringent emission control regulations. Case histories on the
environmental impact of sludge incineration are provided for the cities
of Livermore and Palo Alto, California.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CALIFORNIA; CONFERENCE; DESIGN; EMISSION; EPA;
FTAZAED00E; INCtSEBATION; INCINERATOR; LITERATURE; MANAGEMENT;
MUNICIPALITY; POLLUTION; REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; STANDARD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39032
(18) DOC.CIT.: Air pollution aspects of sludge incineration. In
Corson, A. S. , P. A. Savage, and C. A. Baggatts, eds. Proceedings; the
1975 Public Meetings on Hazardous Haste Management, Newark, NJ,
Rosemont, IL, Houston, TX, and San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1975. v. 2.
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs Publication SW-9p.
Washington, D. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. p. 1017-1066.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 039716
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) C&TEGOHY: 16 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Anglian luater Authority at Whitlingham, England
is operating one of the world's most advanced sewage treatment worjcs,
incorporating a computer*based process-control system. The operations
controlled by computer include two different types of sewage treatment
plants, the traditional biological filter system and the activated
sludge system The process sequencing language, PROSEL includes 20
specially developed programs which are capable of overriding normal
control instructions in the event of electrical-and mechanical failures
in the plant or under storm conditions. Discussion of the complete
process includes the following: inlet works where raw sewage arrives
for treatment; flow division which is a very important step in the
optimal use of the plant's capabilities; primary sedimentation which
provides optimum conditions tor the settlement of the majority of the
79
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
fine organic suspended naterial; secondary treatment where oxidation of
the settled sewage takes place; activated sludge process where the
settled sewage is aerated; biological filtration where remaining
organic solids and soluble polluting material is biologically oxidized;
and sludge treatment where (a) anerobic digestion to produce liquid
digested sludge or (b) pressing to produce a cake takes place.
(12) KBYHOHDS: COMPUTES; CONTHOL; GREAT BRITAIN; MANAGEMENT;
OXIDATION; PROCESS; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT; KATES
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS38760
(18) DOC.CIT.: Mini-computer controls maxi sewage treatment works.
Water Services, 80(966):490, 492-493, Aua. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 039375
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) POI
TBAH: 1975
(11) ABSTRACTr The nature and disposal practices for Municipal and
utility sludges and ashes were studied. The study was primarily
concerned with sludges from municipal waste water, and water treataent
plants, coal ash from power stations, and grate residue from municipal
incinerators. Physical characteristics of the municipal residues are
given, and Methods for disposal or utilization are summarized.
(Document retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: ASH; DISPOSAL; FACILITY; FOSSIL FUEL; GRATE;
I«CIHERATION; HDNICIPALITY; POWER; RESIDUE; SLUDGE; 0TILIZE
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS38419
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hecht, H. L. , and D. S. Duvall. Characterization
and utilization of municipal and utility sludges and ashes, v. 1.
summary. Environmental Protection Publication EPA-670/2-75-033a.
Cincinnati, D. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hay 1975. 40 p.
(Environmental Protection Technology Series. )
(1) SWISS ACC.HO.: 039284
(2) DOBBSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2H (2) SttBJ.TYPBr G (10) FOB.
YRMt: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Sludge management at the municipal level is
addressed. Alternatives for the disposal of sludge or for using it in
some constructive way are considered. Incineration is a volume
reduction technigue used to diminish sludge to an easily disposed of
sterile ash residue, generally placed in sanitary landfills. Cities
located near oceans have historically used these as convenient disposal
sites for sewage sludge. Sludge can be buried in a sanitary landfill,
either separately or along with municipal solid waste. Alternative uses
of sludge from municipalities are noted, including energy recovery,
agricultural use, use of dried or composted sludge, use of liquid
sludge, and cropland use. When using sludge on croplands, consideration
nnst be given to monitoring the presence of heavy metals and pathogens.
Sludge can also be used for land reclamation. Legislative aspects of
sludge management and disposal are discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGBICOLTORE; DISPOSAL; DUMPING; INCINERATION; LEGAL;
HJIHAGESEHT; BONICIPALITY; OCEAN; SAHITARY LAHDFILL; SLODGE; OTILIZE
(15) STIKS ACC.HO.t OOS38328
(18) DOC.CIT.: HcHulty, H. , and L. Sharpe. Municipal sludge: what
shall we do with it? Washington, DC, League of Women voters, 1976. 8 p.
80
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PROCESSING
(1) SBIRS ACC.SO.: 037607
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SOBJ.TYPI!: T (10) FOB.
YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A discussion of laboratory and pilot plant prospects
for gasification and disposal of solid waste and wastewater treatment
plant sludge is discussed. Synthetic natural gas (SHG) is produced from
•nnicipal waste by anaerobic digestion. This new process utilizes high
moisture wastes and has several advantages over pyrolysis and
hydrogasification. Conclusions drawn fro« the study indicate that: (1)
satisfactory steady state operations can be maintained; (2) additional
nutrients are unnecessary; (3) based on mesophillic fermentation data,
an optimum digester detention time is 7 to 12 days; («) the optimum
temperature is 35 degrees with a 4 to 1 ratio of refuse to sludge; (5)
gas production rate decreases with increase in particle size; and (6)
thermal efficiency rate of 66 percent is obtained under indicated
operating conditions. The plant flow scheme included was designed to
process the daily volume of Indianapolis refuse which is 1600 tons, 118
tons of primary sludge, and 49 tons of activated sludge. & discussion
of costs is included.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLODGE; ANAEROBIC; ASSOC; DIGESTION;
ECOHOHICS; ENERGY; FUEL; GASSES; GENERATION; HEAT; INDIANA;
HUNICIPJLITY; PLANT-INDOSTRIAL; RECLAMATION; RESOORCB; SEPARATING;
SHREDDING; SLUDGE
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS36651
(18) DOC.CIT.: Ghosh, S. , and D. L. Klass. Solid waste resource
recovery: the "biogas" concept. Public Works, 107(2)r71-75. Feb. 1976.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 037290
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Haste water tceataent and reuse are addressed in a
handbook on water resources and pollution control. Principles of
scientific and technical disciplines involved in water pollution
control are discussed. Advanced techniques for the treatment of
municipal and industrial waste are presented that are designed to
reduce polluticn loads and increase available water supplies through
the reuse of reclaimed waste water. Techniques of cost allocation among
users of -joint municipal/industrial waste treatment facilities are
examined, as well as alternative aethods of recovering costs.
Acceptable techniques for disposing of sludge resulting from waste
treatment are discussed, and water supply and use for human and
industrial needs are considered. Data is presented on actual water use
by nearly 200 public water supplies in the United States. The treataent
and distribution of potable water are discussed, along with the
pro-jection for increasing the world's usable water supply through
desalination of sea water, innovative techniques for the beneficial use
of thermal discharges from power plants are described, and the 1972
Amendments to the Federal Hater Pollution Control Act are analyzed.
{Document retained in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; DATA; DESALINIZATION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
FACILITY; INDUSTRY; HANAGJiHfcNr; MANUAL; MUNICIPALITY; OPERATIONS
BESEARCH; POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE; US; UTILIZE; HASTE HArER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36J35
(18) DOC.CIT.: Gem, H. H. , and J. I. Bregman, eds. Handbook of
water resources and pollution control. New York, Van Nostrand fieinhold
Co»pany, 1976, 840 p.
81
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO.: 036681
(2) DOMESTIC: 1) (2) CATEGOKl: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Although the multiple hearth furnace lias been a
recognized means for reducing sewer sludge to sanitized residue for
over forty years, there has been minimal information published relative
to its operating characteristics. With EPA limitations on particulate
emissions, the addition of stcondary treatment at the Mill Creek
Hastemater Treatment Plant of the Metropolitan Sewer District of
Greater Cincinnti included modernization of multiple hearth furnaces
and the addition of wet scrabuers. This paper presents the operating
performance of emission testing at this plant together with highlights
cf providing heat recovery equipment comprising steam generation which
is still in process. (Author's Abstract)
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CINCINNATI; DESIGN; EMISSION; FUKNACE;
INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT; PARTICULARS HATTEB; POLLUTION; PROCESS;
RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; RESIDUE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SPECIFICATION;
STERILIZE; WASTE HEAT
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS35726
(18) DOC.CIT.: Pptura, R. C. Operating characteristics and emission
performance of multiple Ueacta furnaces with sewer sludge. In:
Proceedings; 1976 National Waste Processing Conference, Boston, May
23-26, 1976. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1976, 585 p.
(p. 313-327).
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO.: 035489
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPEt T (10) FOB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article discusses the combined incineration of
sewage sludge and aunicipal refuse. Data are presented on the chemical
analyses and heat contents of sewage sludge and refuse and on the beat
released on combustion of the combined Materials. Refuse Must be
shredded and air classified for separation of the combustible portion
of the wastes. Sewage sludge must be dewatered prior to incineration.
Combined incineration of the sludge and refuse allows the combustion of
the refuse to provide the heat necessary to dewater the sludge. The
process allows the combustion to be self-sustaining, avoiding the use
of auxiliary fuels. Combining the sludge with refuse for incineration
pern its sludge of lower total solids content to be burned, {fixtures of
sludge and refuse can also be used in pyrolysis processes, which can
produce fuel materials. A decision process for determining the
feasibility of combined incineration of sewage sludge and refuse is
outlined.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; COHBINED; DATA; DISPOSAL; HEATING TALOE;
INCINERATION; HONICIPALITY; PLANNING; PYROLYSIS; REPOSE; SEWAGE; SLDDGE
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS34534
(18) DOC.CIT.: Loran, B.I. Burn that sludge! Water and Wastes
Engineering, 12(10) : 65-68 , Oct. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035038
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SOBJ.TTPEt T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: If the Environmental Protection Agency (BPA) decides
that ocean disposal, which is greatly utilized by New York, is to be
ruled out. The process will have to be replaced by dewatering with
filter presses followed by pyrolysis. This is the best possible
alternative in view of environmental impacts on water, air and land
resources, and in view of economic feasibility and energy recovery. The
use of multiple hearth incinerators is advised; these could be turned
into pyrolysis units. Incinerators would naturally create potential air
82
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PROCESSING
pollution problems and thus entail difficulties in finding locations
for the Machinery. A restricted amount of sludge was also advised for
land disposal since the elevated heavy-metal content in New York's
sludge can be a hazard to the land, fiecommendations vere made during a
report which led to the creation of the Hew York-New Jersey
Betropolitan Urea Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program. This
program is being worked on by the two States, the EPA, and the
Interstate Sanitation Commission.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; ENVIRONMENT; EPA;
INCINERATOR; INDUSTRY; HOHIC1PALITY; NEW JERSEY; HEW YORK CITY; OCEAN;
PLANNING; POLLUTION; PYROLYSIS; SLUDGE
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS34083
(18) DOC.CIT.: Best alternative to ocean disposal. American City
and County, 90(9) :««, Sept. 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 031*326
(2) DOHESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) StfBJ.TYPBr T (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article describes the Bowhonse incinerator,
which is the first incineration plant in Scotland to use solid refuse
as a fuel to burn sewage sludge. The. plant, which cost about 750,000
pounds sterling, was designed and constructed for the Bowhonse
Incineration Joint Committee, which is an amalgamation of the
Clackmannan County Council and the town councils of Alloa, Alva,
Tilliconltry, and Dollar, in Scotland. The incinerator is linked to a
new 700,000 pounds sterling sewage treatment plant. The incinerator is
designed to handle municipal refuse, sewage sludge, and waste oils.
Refuse is pulverized and ferrous metals are magnetically separated
before the wastes are fed to the combustion zone. Sewage sludge is
thickened and pumped into the upper drying section of the
multiple-hearth furnace. Arms fited to a rotating rabble shaft move the
solid waste across the hearths.and cause the ash to drop through holes
in the hearths. The ash residue is cooled as it heats the incoming
combustion air and is removed by a conveyor when it reaches the bottom
of the furnace. Exhaust gasses are cooled as they dry the sewage sludge
and are cleaned by an electrostatic precipitator prior to release to
the atmosphere. The incineration plant can dispose of 3. 65 tons of
mixed domestic and industrial refuse and 4. 36 tons of various sludges
per hr.
(12) KEYWORDS: BENEFIT; DESIGN
BRITAIN; INCINERATION; INCINERATOR
REFUSE; REGIONAL; SCOTLAND; SEWAGE
DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; FUBKACB; GREAT
MULTIPLE HEARTH; MUNICIPALITY;
SLUDGE
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS33370
(18) DOC.CIT.: The Bowhouse incinerator. Energy Digest, H(3):36-37,
June 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 03Q274
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEARt 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article reports that the New York-New
Jersey-Connecticut Interstate Sanitation Commission has announced that
the dewatering of sludge with filter presses followed by pyrolysis of
the dried sludge provides the best alternative to ocean disposal of
sewage sludge in the New York City area. It is suggested that
implementation of such a system by the Commission coold be in operation
by 1985. The pyrolysis process would produce gasses, liquids, and solid
residues which could be used as fuels. If ocean disposal must be
eliminated before 1985, a multiple hearth furnace could be installed
for the incineration of sludge and later converted to a pyrolysis unit.
83
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
The facilities, which will need to be able to handle 2,000 tons of
sludge by the year 2000, will cost 400 to 500 million dollars. A Hew
Tork-Bew Jersey Hetropolitan Area Sewage Sludge Disposal Management
Program is currently being prepared.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONNECTICUT; DISPOSAL; DUMPING; MANAGEMENT;
MUNICIPALITY; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK; NEB YORK CITY; OCEAN; PLANNING;
PROJECTION; PYROLYSIS; REGIONAL; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(15) STIHS ACC.BO.: OOS33318
(18) DOC.CIT.: Newsworthy: sludge disposal. Water and Wastes
Engineering, 12(9) :12, Sept. 1975.
(1) SWItS ACC.NO.: 034192
(2) DOatSTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 1b (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABiSfiACT: This paper presents data on the sludge flotation
plant at Aycliffe, Great Britain, which is the largest such plant
installed to date at a sewage treatment facility in Great Britain.
Surplus activated sludge at tive tull scale activated sludge plant is
consolidated in two-23 sy a flotation units prior to nixing, further
consolidated with primary sludge, aiid subsequently digested and filter
pressed. The flotation unit receives return activated sludge and
removes ao out 99. 6 percent of the suspended solids from it. Using this
flotation technique, surplus activated sludge containing 5,000 iag per
liter suspaided solids can be thicKened to a sludge containing about 4.
0 percent dry solids using d solids float of 9. 75 kg per sg a per hr.
Polyelectr olyte usage ii> aoout 47. 9 mg per liter. Operating data for
tne first 10 months oi use of tne flotation unit are included.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVAl'lD SLUDGE; ANALYSIS; DATA; DESIGN'; EQUIPMENT;
FLOTATION; MANAGEHENT; SLU HiE ; T RE Af Hi; HI'; HASTE WATEJ8
(15) ST1HS ACC.NO.: 00b33z36
(18) DOC.CIT-: Burfitt, H. L. Tne performance of full-scale sludge
flotation plant. Water Pollution Control, 74 (4):474-475, 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 033U50
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) S0BJ.TYPE: G (101 PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Wet air oxidation has been fonnd to be a suitable
process in the treatment of municipal wastes as well as industrial. A
process that was developed by Zimpro, Inc. , wet air oxidation is based
on the discovery that nay any organic material in aqueous solution or
suspension can be oxidized to any desired extent by air, under
pressure, at temperatures from 350 to 700 F. The amount of oxidation
depends on the temperature and the amount of air supplied. This process
is particularly useful in treatment of sludges that are difficult to
dewater as it eliminates this step. It also eliminates air pollution
problems associated with conventional incineration. The reaction is
exothermic, and in most cases, sufficient heat is generated to maJce the
process thermally self-sustaining. It is also useful in detoxifying
acrylonitrile wastes by destroying cyanide. It is possible to produce a
marketable ammonium sulfate from the effluent. The 0. S. Navy will use
it to safely destroy off-specification and outdated propellants,
explosives; and munitions. It is also applicable to the regeneration of
powdered activated carbon.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED CARBON; AIE; CARBON; EFFLUENT; HAZARDOUS;
INCINERATION; INDUSTRY; MILITARY; MOSICIPALITY; ORGANIC; SLUDGE;
TEMPERATURE; TREATMENT; WATER; WET OXIDATION
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS32494
(18) DOC.CIT.: Wet air oxidation comes of age. Environmental
Science & Technology, 9(4):300-301, Apr. 1975.
84
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PROCESSING
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 033448
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A jointly-sponsored secondary waste water treatment
plant has been proposed for the city of Hamilton, Ohio in conjunction
with the Ohio Division of Champion International paper nilIs.
Co»pletion is scheduled for late 1976. The project will help the
industry and city to treat their wastewater more efficiently and
economically. The new facility will aeet or exceed new waste water
discharge standards of the state and federal governments. The activated
sludge treatment plant will consist of aeration tanks and final
clarifiers, with effluent aeration and five vacuum filters for
dewatering the city's primary sludges, plus all secondary sludges
generated, followed by incineration of the sludges in a fluid bed
incinerator. Champion International's primary sludges will not be
handled by the new plant, bnt will continue to be used as landfill
after dewatering in the company's three centrifuges. When the plant is
completed it will be able to handle 72,000 Ibs of dry solids daily,
with an expected range of 16 to 18 percent solids. The incinerator
itself is approximately 30 ft in diameter and reguires 4,000 sg ft of
floor space plus nearly 70 ft of height. The plant is therefore built
on a split level arrangement.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AERATION; EFFLUENT; EQOIPHENT;
FACILITY; INCINERATOR; INDUSTRY; BANAGEHENT; MUNICIPALITY; OHIO; PAPER;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SLODGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS32492
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bunicipality and industry join in wastewater
treatment. Public Works, 106 (5):89-90, Hay 1975.
85
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
Section 6
COMPOSTING
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 048186
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY : 06 (2) SDBJ .TYPE: S; t
(3) JBTICLE TITLE: Sludge composting projects In O.S. cities.
(4) iUTHOB: Epstein B
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Compost Science
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2BD (10) PUB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Projects involving sludge composting in the 0.S. are
described. Interest in sludge co« posting has increased due to
legislative actions prohibiting or restricting air and water pollution,
interest in waste recycling and public awareness of the need for a
clean environment, improvements in coa post ing technology for municipal
use, and increased costs of sludge disposal by incineration and the
need to utilize nonrenewable fuel resources for other purposes. The two
primary methods of sludge composting in the U.S. are the windrow system
and the aerated pile method developed in Beltsville, Raryland.
Particular attention is given to the aerated pile method which is
detailed and illustrated. A modification of the aerated pile is the
aerated extended pile. Research is being conducted on the utilization
of compost for vegetables and field crops, strip mines and gravel pits,
sod, turf, and horticultural plants. Numerous projects based on the
aerated pile method and the windrow method are cited.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSTING; MARYLAND; MUNICIPALITY; SLUDGE; US
(14) HIERARCH TBBHS: 1CQ/2SP
(15) STIBS ACC.HO.: OOS47239
(16) CITATION: 18(5):5-7, Sep. -Oct. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NU. : 047525
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Effects of n a na g e men t processes on the quality
cf coupost aaterials.
(U) AUTHOR: Goluelce CG
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Composting of Hunicipal Residues and Sludges,
1977 National Conference, Aug. 23-25, 1977.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) tUB. YEAH: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Requirements for producing quality compost aaterials
from sludge are denoted. A prime requisite for efficient composting is
the utilization of a susbtate that is biologically and physically
suitable and one that is easily hindled. A suitable substrate is one
that is biologically and physically susceptible to microbial attack and
conducive to the application and uaintenace of factors reguisite to
eeffective microbial activity. Thase factors involve nutrition,
particularly the provision of a carbon to nitrogen ratio that
accelerates bacterial attack. Two courses can be followed to lower the
carbon to nitrogen ratio to an appropriate level: remove some of the
carbonaceous materials, and add nitrogen in the form of a nitrogen rich
waste or, less desirably in tne form of chemical fertilizer. Key
considerations in arriving at a practical particle size for raw
naterial fed to the composting process are noted. The importance or an
appropriate moisture content for biological activity is stressed.
Substrate regu irements associated with a guality compost product are
agricultual utility and public health constraints. The Cal process of
recovering valuable products iron composting is described and
illustrated. (Betained in SWItfS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: COaPOS'flNG; HAN&GEMENT; SLUDGE
(1«) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CQ/2MX; 1CQ/2SP; 1MA/2TQ
(15) STIflS ACC.NO.: OOS46578 (15) SECONDARY AUTHOES: Diaz LF
(16) CITATION: Eockvilla, MO , Information Transfer, Inc., 1978.
f. 51-55.
86
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COMPOSTING
(1) SWIRS ACC.»0.: 047518
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) S0BJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The role of composting in the municipal sludge
management strategy.
(4) AUTHOR: Enreth DJ
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Composing of Municipal Residues and Sludges,
1977 National Conference, Aug. 23-25, 1977.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) FOB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: The feasibility of composting as a municipal sludge
management alternative is explored. Sludge constituents that result in
environmental risk include heavy metals, organics suspected to be
carcinogens, pathogenic bacteria, fungal spores and parasitic cysts,
viruses, nutrients, and odors. Composting is the aerobic thermophilic
decomposition of organic solid Haste to a relatively stable humus like
material. Composting systems fall into three categories: pile, windrow,
and mechanized or enclosed systems. Compost is valuable as a soil
conditioner and as a low grade fertilizer. One of the most critical
aspects of composting operations is marketing. As process to reduce
the risk of primary pathogenic organisms, composting is considered to
be effective. Other systems that convert municipal sludge into useful
products or forms are noted, including conventional stabilization, land
application, and combustion processes. Technological and economic
advantages and disadvantages of composting are examined. (Retained in
SWIRS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSTING; ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY;
SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY
(14) HIERARCH TEHHS: 1CQ/2HB; 1CQ/2SP; 1MA/2TQ
(15) STIBS ACC.KO.: OOS46571 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Hais AB;
walker JH
(16) CITATION: Rockville, MD, Information Transfer, Inc., 1978.
p. 6-19.
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.: 047517
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Overview of technical sessions.
(ft) AUTHOR: Edninster TW
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Composting of Municipal Residues and Sludges,
1977 National Conference, Aug. 23-25, 1977.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Technical sessions of a national conference on
municipal residue and sludge composting, held in 1977, are reviewed.
Standards issued by the Environmental Protection Agency for municipal
waste treatment systems are considered, along with rising fuel costs
involved in the incineration of sludge. Economic and environmental
disadvantages of land disposal are examined, and the use of sludge as a
fertilizer on cropland is discussed. Problems encountered in the
disposal of sludge are noted, including public acceptance and excessive
amounts of heavy metals in sludge that may be harmful to both humans
and animals. The composting of sludge is considered to be a feasible
solution to these problems, with compost used on agricultural and
recreational lands as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. Composting
reduces sludge disposal costs, from about $100/t or more to a figure
between $35 to $50/t. Composting also reduces environmental and health
hazards, and composted products contain plant nutrients, public
acceptance is viewed as the key to successful composting projects.
(Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSTING; EPA; FERTILIZER; MUNICIPALITY; PROBLEMS;
REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; SYSTEMS; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CQ/2LP; 1CQ/2PS; 1CQ/2SP
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46570
(16) CITATION: Hockville, MD, Information Transfer, Inc., 1978.
p.3-5.
87
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SBIRS ICC.NO.: OH7515
(2) DOflBSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Information Transfer, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: Composting of Municipal Residues and Sludges, 1977
Rational Conference, Aug. 23-25, 1977.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. TEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Municipal residue and sludge composting was the
focas of a national conferees held in August, 1977. The following
topics were addressed by conference participants: sludge management;
refuse composting; health perspectives; biochemistry of composting;
effect of waste water treatment on sludge characteristics; effect of
management processes on the guality of compost materials; eguipaent for
coaposting sewage sludge in windrows and in piles; sludge
conditioning; solid waste handling in Europe; biodegradation and fate
of organics; plant accumulation of heavy aetals and pbytotoxicity
resulting from the utilization of sewage sludge and sludge compost on
cropland, iapact of heavy metals on animals; capacity of soil for
hazardous organic substances; control at the source for heavy metals in
sludge; control of heavy metals and toxic aaterials in municipal
residues; effect of heat on pathogenic organisms; occurrence of
pathogens and aicrobial allergens; fate of pathogens in saturated and
unsaturated soil; sludge disinfection techniques; utilization of
coaposted municipal waste; cost effectiveness of sludge coaposting by
the aerated pile and windrow methods; disgester process for omposting
municipal solid waste; and market potential for the reuse of compost.
(Retained in SWIRS LIBRARY) .
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSTING; HEALTH; MUNICIPALITY; PATHOGEN; RESIDUE;
SLUDGE
(14) BIERAHCH TERMS: 1CQ/2HE; 1CQ/2MX
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46568
(16) CITATION: Rockville, HD, Information Transfer, Inc., 1978.
166 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045902
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: O6 (2) SDBJ.TTPE: G
(«») AUTHOR: Ettlick WF
(6) BOOK TITLE: User Acceptance of Wastevater Sludge Compost.
(8) NTIS HO.: PB-272095 (8) REPORT NO.: EPA-600/2-77-096 (9)
CONTRACT NO.: 68-03-2186 (task 05)
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: This study determines user acceptance of waste-water
sludge compost. Existing and past compost and sludge product
distribution operations were analyzed to determine the characteristics
of the successful operations and the factors that may have led to lack
of success or failure of others. Results of the study indicate that
demand already exists for wastewater sludge compost in certain
metropolitan areas and that this demand was developed by implementing a
planned program. Similar wastewater sludge product distribution
operations have failed in the past because of high pricing or poorly
planned programs. Factors are developed in this study which should help
to assure development of successful distribution operations. A broad
characterization of user requirements and desires was developed based
on user interviews. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOST; DISPOSAL; MUNICIPALITY; PUBLIC RELATIONS;
SLUDGE; WASTE WATER
(11) BIERARCH TERMS: 1CE/2C?; 1CE/2CW; 1PJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSQ1951 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Lewis AE
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Aug. 1977. 57 p.
88
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COMPOSTING
(1) SHIRS »CC.HO.: 043112
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ .TYPF: 6
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: What»s new in sludge management?
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Civil Engineering
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Highlights are presented from the third national
conference on sludge Management, sponsored by the Environmental
Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, and Information
Transfer, Inc. Agency, the National Science Foundation, and Information
Transfer, Inc. Chicago*s "Hu Earth* giveaway program is more productive
at $55 to 60/dry ton total cost than efforts at heat drying or hauling.
EPA is attempting to issue guidelines on environmental factors
associated with municipal sludge management through its Construction
Grants Program. Labor and bulking agent costs are the most important
operational costs in the forced air, static pile technique of
composting. The role, of informing and involving the immediate and
extended lay and professional communities in the early stages of
planning a sludge management project was emphasized. The new solid
waste legislation (PL 94 580) includes municipal sewage sludge in the
definition of solid waste and requires that guidelines and criteria be
established for the disposal of solid wastes. A report was presented on
the Agriculture Department's Beltsville, Maryland, forced aeration,
static pile composting project.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHICAGO; COMPOSTING; CONFERENCE; COHSTROCTIOH;
DISPOSAL; DOA; EPA; GRANT; LAW; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING;
PUBLIC RELATIONS; SLDDGE; STANDARD
(14) HIERABCH TERMS: 1DD/2DP; 1LB/2LD; 1MA/2HD; 1SI
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS42455
(16) CITATION: 47(2):16-22, Feb. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 042165
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Composting—An approach to using sewage waste.
(4) AUTHOR: Heaman JD
(6) JOORBAL TITLE: Compost Science
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1CD/2ON (10) POB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A description oi the operations of Grow Rich Organic
Fertilizers Ltd. of Ontario is presented. Three basic raw materials are
used to make the aerobically composted organic fertilizer: dewatered
sludge from the city of Windsor sewage treatment plants, sawdust from
other area industries, and air. The sludge has water removed at the
treatment plant to a point of approximately 30 percent solids. At this
stage it is transported to the Grow Rich plant where it is blended with
sawdust which has previously been innoculated with starting material.
(The sawdust is a convenient source of carbon to adjust the
carbon/nitrogen ratio as well as rendering the mass more permeable to
air.) The ratio of sludge to sawdust is about 80:20 by weight. The
mixture is built into windrows and bacterial action begins. From time
to time the windrows are mechanically turned to ensure that odors do
not develop. After 3 months the compost has broken down biochemically
and stabilized to the extent that it is suitable for agricultural use.
For landscaping and home use it requires an additional 9 months
maturation. The concept is equally applicable to stabilizing any waste
material which is substantially organic in character.
(12) KEYWORDS: CANADA; COMPOSTING; FERTILIZER; MUNICIPALITY;
ONTARIO; ORGANIC; RECLAMATION; SAWDUST; SLUDGE; STABILIZATION; UTILIZE;
WINDROW
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CF/2DB; 1FA
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS41209
(16) CITATION: 18(1):28-29, jan.-Feb. 1977.
89
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC^HO.: 041H38
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SOBJ.TYPB: S
(4) AUTHOR: Duggan JC (10) GEO. ABBA: 1FA/2F1 (10) FOB. YEAH:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Physical and chemical effects of Municipal co»post
fortified with sewage sludge and nitrogen fertilizer on soil and corn
plants at respective application rates of 200 tons and 160, pounds per
acre were determined. The overall results showed that corn'grain yields
were increased and soil physical properties were improved with annual
compost rates of 200 tons per acre applied for 5 consecutive years.
Residual corn crops showed positive responses after compost
applications were terminated. The presence of heavy metals in the
sludge fortified compost had no adverse effect on corn yield in this
experiment; however, less tolerant crops could be adversely affected.
Suggestions are made for future research.
(12) KEYWORDS: COHPOST; CHOP; EFFECT; FERTILISES; HETAL;
HOHICIPALITY; HITROGEN; HECLAHATION; RESEARCH; SWJDGE; SOIL COHDITIOHEH
(Itt) HIEHARCH TERMS: 1CF/2CS
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40482 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORSs Wiles CC
(18) DOC.CIT.: Duggan, J. C. , and C. C. Wiles. Effects of
municipal compost and nitrogen fertilizer on selected soils and plants.
Compost Science, 17(5) :2«»-31, 1976.
(1) SWIKS fi.CC.NO.: 040861
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) GEO.
AREA: 10S/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3NY (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Composting is discussed as a method of disposal for
waste water sludge in the New York City and New Jersey metropolitan
area. It is noted that composting waste water sludge requires
relatively large tracts of land, compared with other stabilization
methods. Costs were developed for a regionalized grouping of plants in
the study area that were beinj considered for land application. Costs
cf composting digested sludge were based on the windrow method. Cost
data were also developed lor composting sludge by the static pile
method. It was determined that the static pile method of composting is
applicable to raw or digested sludge and requires less labor than the
windrow method because it eliminates the need to turn windrows daily in
order to maintain aerobic conditions. Excluding dewatering, hauling,
land acguisition, and disposal of the finished product, it was
estimated that composting would cost $58 per dry ton solids with tiie
static pile method. This estimate applied to the capital and annual
costs of composting a vacuum filter cake with 20 percent solids.
Because of its low nutrient content, it is pointed out that compost
cannot complete profitably with commercial fertilizers. Compost can,
however, be used as a soil conditioner or as an organic base for
fertilizer. Environmental aspects of composting and siting
considerations are examined. The use of composting at specific
locations in the New York City and New Jersey metropolitan area is
detailed.
(12) KEYHOBDS: ANALYSIS; COMPOSTING; COUNTY; CRITERIA; ECONOMICS;
1A1.D; MANAGEMENT; N E8 JEHSEY; NEW YORK; PLANNING; PROGRAM; SECLABATION;
REGIONAL; SITES; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; UTILIZE; WASTE WATER;
S1NDROH
(14) HIEBARCH TERMS: 1CF/2DB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39905
(18) DOC.CIT.: Composting. In Phase 2 Report of Technical
Investigation of Alternatives tor New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area
Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program. Boston, HA, Camp Dresser and
McKee, June 1976. p. VIII. 61-VIII. 79.
90
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COMPOSTING
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 037019
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SOBJ.TTPE: T (10) FOB.
YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The conversion of •unicipal sewage sludge in Bangor,
Maine to co»post is examined. Converted sludge is being used as a soil
conditioner and mulch in Bangor city parks, a municipal golf course,
attd other public lands. Heat generated by the conversion process kills
all disease-carrying bacteria, making the compost safe. The project is
being supported by the Environmental Protection Agency with a $20,000,
1-yr demonstration grant. Bangor officials estimate that they irill save
over 50 percent of their current annual expenditures for loam and mulch
materials which are replaced by the compost and that about 50 cu yd of
sludge can be composted each wee*. The expense of sludge disposal by
incinertion and landfill is avoided by converting sludge to compost,
and it is anticipated that the process may also eliminate the need for
expensive sludge stabilization digesters which are typically used in
waste water treatment plants.
(12) KEYWORDS: BACTERIA; COMPOST; CONTAHIHATE; COHTEBT; ECOHOHICS;
EPA; FOOD; GBANT; HAIHE; HONICIPAL1TY; RECREATION ARM; SEWAGE; SLUDGE;
SOIL CONDITIONER; THERHAL
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS36061*
(18) DOC.CIT.: Anon. Sludge: main ingredient for compost. Design
Hews, 31(6):1H2, Bar. 22, 1976.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 036893
(2) DOBESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SDBJ.TYPEl G (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The 0. S. Environmental Protection Agency has
sponsored a project at Bangor, Haine in which the municipal sewage
sludge is composted and used as a soil conditioner and mulch in city
parks, golf course and other public lands. The composting process
sterilizes the compost making it safe for use in public areas. It is
estimated that the composting process provides the city with a
considerable saving in expenses otherwise involved in expenditures for
loam and mulch materials. In addition the expense of sludge disposal
and incineration of landfill is avoided.
(12) KEYWORDS: BACTERIA; COHPOST; COMPOSTING; DTGESTOH; DISEASE;
ECOHOHICS; EPA; HAINE; HOHICIPALITY; RECREATION AREA; SEWAGE; SLUDGE;
SOIL CONDITIONER; STERILIZE
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS35938
(18) DOC.CIT.: Anon. Sewage sludge converter! into compost, used as
soil conditioner at Bangor, He. Compost Science, 17(1)j25, Jan. /Feb.
1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 036763
(2) DOBESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Composting is discussed as an effective technique
for waste disposal in urban areas and under a wide range of climatic
conditions. An experimental forces aeration system and related
technology installed in Beltsville, naryland are described. The
Beltsville system, designed and tested in cooperation with the Maryland
Environmental Service, handles 50 tons of filter cake sludge daily, a
rate capable of serving a city of 200,000 to 400,000 people. This
system demonstrates the practicality of composting in urban areas and
operates at a cost of only about $20 to $50 per dry ton of sewge
sludge. Other composting projects are described, including treatment
plants in Bangor, Maine and Washington, D. C. Sludge from the Blue
Plains primary and secondary treatment plant in Washington and sludge
91
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
from Bangor's primary treatment plan undergo a 7-wfc composting process
that reduces each 50-ton input to 20 tons of agriculturally valuable
compost. It is felt that the major advantage to be derived from
composting is its value as a soil conditioner.
(12) KEYWORDS: AERATION; CLIMATE; COMPOSTING; DESIGN; DISTRICT 0?
COLUMBIA; ECONOMICS; MAINE; MARYLAND; MUNICIPALITY; PATHOSES; SLUDGE;
SOIt COHDITIOHEB; TECHNOLOGY; WOOD
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS35808
(18) DOC.CIT.: Anon. Compost: from waste to resource. Agricultural
Research. 29(8):7-10, Feb. 1976.
(1) SWISS ACC.HO.: 036754
(2) DOMESTIC: ' D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The practicality of composting for community waste
disposal is addressed. Research on composting is being conducted by the
Department of Agriculture to determine if the principle can be modified
to operate successfully on an urban scale and to determine if
composting can be conducted during cold and vet weather typical oi most
U. S. cities for several weeks or months of the year. An experimental
forced aeration system and related technology at Beltsville, Maryland
demonstrate that composting is practical on both an urban scale and
under a wide range of climatic conditions. The Beltsville project and a
composting system in Bangor, Maine employ the same experimental
approach; sludge undergoes a 7-wk composting process which reduces each
50-ton input to 20 tons of agriculturally valuable compost.
(12) KEYWORDS: AERATION; AGRICULTURE; CLIMATE; COMMUNITY;
COHPOSTIHG; DISPOSAL; DOA; MARYLAND; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; PROGRAM;
HESEARCH; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS35799
(18) DOC.CIT.: a. S. Department of Agriculture. Compost: from waste
to resource. Compost Science, 17(2):26-27, Mar. /Apr. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035859
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SUBJ.TYPEr G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The soil enrichment program for Constitution Gardens
in Washington, D. C. , is discussed. The park being created is part of
the enhancement of the beauty of the capital for the bicentennial. The
land constructed with dredgings once held temporary buildings. The
soils were made up of subsoil material and building debris. Of the four
alternatives suggested for modifying the soil, using urban-produced
organic materials was the one chosen. The compost produced from this
material was found to be of good quality and odor free. The compost,
•ade from three parts digested sewage sludge and one part wood chips,
was to be mixed with leaf mold and the existing soil. Heavy rains
hindered the mixing process. After some unsuccessful tries, the method
finally used resembled a large mold board plow. Cost analyses were
performed on the project. Estimates agreed well with the amount of
•aterial actually used. Although some problems will be encountered in a
project such as this, the improvement or urban soil by the use of urban
wastes has much promise.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMBINED; COMPOST; DATA; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA;
DREDGER; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;
RECREATION AREA; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; UTILIZE
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS34901
(18) DOC.CIT.: Patterson, J. C. Enrichment of nrban soil with
composted sludge and leaf mold—Constitution Gardens. Compost Science
journal of Waste Recycling, 16 (3):18-21, Hay/June 1975.
92
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COMPOSTING
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035743
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: S (10) FOB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Results of the first 2 years of a study which is
investigating the crop optake of a no»ber of heavy Metals contained in
garbage compost and sewage sludge applied at relatively high rates are
reported. Three rates each of garbage co»post, sewage slndge, and zinc
stilfate were added to San go soil in order to obtain the equivalent of
90, 180, and 360 kg of zinc per hectare. The treatments were initiated
in the fall ot 1971 and were repeated for half of each plot in the fall
of 1972. Saoples of the test crops—sweet corn and bosh beans—were
distilled, oven-dried, ground, and dry ashed. The ash "as digested in
hydrochloric acid and the solutions analyzed. Sweet corn forage yields
were greater in 1972 and 1973 with applied compost and slndge, but were
not affected or reduced by zinc sulfate. Forage containing zinc sulfate
had the highest concentrations of zinc. Concentrations in grain were
basically the same for all treatnents. Reapplication did not lead to a
proportional rise in heavy metal concentrations in either forage or
grain. Cadmium concentrations were much higher where co»post and sludge
were applied. Bash bean results indicate that all rates of zinc sulfate
and sewage slndge lowered yields of Mature pods. Dry matter yields of
bean vines were lower with the high rate of zinc sulfate. Cadmium and
nickel concentrations were slightly higher in vines and pods where
sludge was applied.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; ANALYSIS; COBPOST; COHCENTRiTIOS; CROP;
DATA; HAZARDOUS; HETAL; HOHICIPALITI; HOH-FEBBOUS; RECLAHATIOH; SAFETY.;
SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TOXIC
(15) STIRS ACC.NO.: OOS31788
(18) DOC.CIT.: Giordano, P. B. , J. J. Hortvedt, and D. A. Hays.
Effect ,of Municipal wastes on crop yields and uptake of heavy metals.
Journal of Environmental Quality, 4(3) :39i»-399, .7uly/Sept. 1975.
93
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
Section 7
LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO. : 047802
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Land treatment of sewage: EPA's view,
(4) AUTHOR: Held F
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Water Sewage HorXs
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAfi: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An interview with an EPA administrator reports the
rationale for that agency's push to develop land treatment of sewage as
a cost effective alternative to conventional sewage treatment
processes. Foras of land application are described, highlighting the
expected nutrient contribution to the land as well as the benefits of
direct treatment of waste*aters. Each application case would be
separately cosidered according to the EPA plan to ensure availabiltiy
of suitable treatment parameters according to the yuality and quantity
cf wastewater and sludge available. Soae industrial wastewaters are
expected to require pretreatment oefore land administration, but
largely municipal wastes are expected to go to the land untreated. The
conclusion was given that i£ land treatment is yLoven cost effective in
a given location, EPA funding will not fie available tor alternative
treatment systems.
(12) KEYWORDS: EPA; GROUND WATEtt; HEALTH; LAND; HANAGEHENT; SLUDGE;
1REATMENT; HASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TEBK3: 1HA/2FF; 1SJ; 1SP/2MP; 2SP/2UT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00346356 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Jorling T
(16) CITATION: 125 (4):64-o7, Apr. 1978.
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO.: 047469
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPF: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Health-effects-land application of municipal
wastewater and sludge.
(«) AUTHOR: Gleason TL III
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Disposal of Residues on tand Proceedings:
National Conference on Disposal of Residues on Land, St. Louis, HO,
Sep. 13-15, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) FOB. TEAS: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The potential for producing adverse banan health
effects with the application of wastewater or slndge to agricultural
lands is assessed. Types of sevage treatments disposal, and/or
utilization methods are examined, as well as the presence and survival
of pathogenic agents and toxic chemicals in various phases of these
methods. The health implications of sewage and effluent disposal are
discussed in terms of biology (pathogen concentrations in wastewater
and slndge, pathogens in soil, and pathogenic aerosols) and chemistry
(inorganics, arsenic, lead, mercury, selenium, cadmium, and organics
such as polychlorinated biphenyls). The impact of sewage sludge and
wastewater recycling on land is explored. It is concluded that there
may be adverse health effects associated with the practice of applying
sewage sludge and wastewater to agricultural lands and that primary
areas of concern relate to toxic chemicals and pathogenic organisms.
(Betained in SVIBS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; HEALTH; LAND; MUNICIPALITY; PATHOGEN;
SLUDGE; TOXIC; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HE; 1PF; 1SP/2HE; 1TH
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS46523 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Kover FD;
Sorter CA
(16) CITATION: Rockville, FID, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.203-210.
94
-------
LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(1) SHIHS ACC.NO.; 0471*1*2
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAIEGOttf: 1b (2) SUM.TYt'E: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Current EPA guidance on land application of
municipal sewage sludges.
(4) AUTHOR: Bastian HK
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Disposal of Residues on Land. Proceedings:
National Conference on Disposal of Residues on Land, St. Louis, HO,
Sep. 13-15, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Guidelines issued by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) on the land application of municipal sewage sludge are
examined. Requirements of the federal Water pollution Control A=t
Aiendments of 1972 (P.L. 92-bOO) emphasize the need to employ cost
effective and environmentally sound waste management technology. At the
sane time, the requirements ot the act for improved wastewater
treatment are to result in a nationwide increase in the production of
greater quantities of sewage sludge. The sludge technical bulletin of
IPA was developed over a three year period and is based on Knowledge
that will change from time to time as new regulations are developed and
addtional information becoiaes available from research, development, and
demonstration projects. The bulletin aaphasizes land application
alternatives for sludge. It is recommended that further study be
undertaken in the following areas ot the municipal sewage sludge
management field: health eflects, innovative technology for beneficial
use and resource recovery, puulic acceptance, and information
dissemination. (Retained in SWIBS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: EPA; LAND; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; REGULATIONS;
RESEARCH; SEHAGE; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1LF/2FF; 1HA/2FF; 1SP
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS46496 (15| SECONDARY AUTHOftS: whittington
8A
(16) CITATION: Rockville, HO, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
f.13-14.
(1) SHIRS ACC.BO.: 047206
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Land disposal of wastes.
(4) AUTHOR: Loehr RC
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Pollution Control for Agriculture,
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Land disposal of agricultural waste is discussed as
an appropriate technique in terms ot its minimal adverse environmental
effects. The challenge in the application of manure, sewage sludge,
municipal wastewater, and industrial waste on land for both disposal
and fertilizer value is to utilize chemical, physical, and biological
properties of soil as an acceptor for residues with minimum adverse
effects on crops, soil, and gaality of groundwater and surface runoff.
Plant and crop relationships in and requirements of feasible land
disposal systems are examined. Soil transformations are discussed in
terms of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, other minerals,
microorganisms, and erosion, fertilizer applications of manure and
•anure disposal are addressed. The nutrient content of animal waste is
a determining factor in the quantity of manure applied tor crop
production or solely for land disposal. Methods for the disposal of
wastewater on land are noted, as well as the suitability of
agricultural waste for land disposal. The disposal of sewage and sewage
sludge on land by irrigation is evaluated. (Retained in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CROP; DISPOSAL; EAHTH; FERTILIZER-
LAUD; LIQUID; MANURE:; ShhAGE; SLUDGE '
(14) HIERABCH TERMS: 1AG/20T; 1DP/2AG; 1FJS; 18E/20T; 1SP/2UT- 1ST
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOSU6260
(16) CITATION: New YorK, NY, Academic Press, Inc., 1977. p.259-290.
95
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIES ACC.NO. : 046966
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOHY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Institutional arrangements between the
agriculturalist and the municipality.
(4) AUTHOR; Hill JK
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National Conference Dn
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, fL, Dec.
14-16, 1976,
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GnO. AREA: 1US/20H (10) PUli. YEAfi: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The application ot sludge on farmland is discussed
by a representative of the uhio Fa ra Bureau Federation. The bureau's
involvement in sludge management is described, and factors to consider
in the development ani implementation or sludge application projects
are noted. Particular attention is given to the consideration of
institutional arrangements between the agricultural sector and
nunicipalities. Issues that hinder the acceptance of sludge application
en land are social, political, and technical. Unless rural community
leaders are involved with planning for the land application of sludge,
it is felt that such programs will tail. (Retained ir. SKIES library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; FAttfl; FERTILIZER; LAND; MANAGEMENT;
MUNICIPALITY; OHIO; PROBLEMS; RURAL; SLUDGE; UTILIZE
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1FE/2HF; 1SP/2UT
(15) STINS ACC.NO.: OOS46019
(16) CITATION: Rockviile, MD, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
t.63-64.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046959
(2) DOMESTIC: U (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Management oi sludge use on land: FDA
considerations.
(4) AUTHOR: Jelinek Ci'
16) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, fL, Dec.
14-16, 1976 .
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The role or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
in the land application o± sludge is explored. Hhile the FDA is
sympathetic to the properly controlled use ot any material or process
that may increase the supply of food, one of the major responsibilities
of the agency is to assure tne public health, safety, and wholesomeness
of the food supply for humans and domestic animals. Shen sludge is
applied to crop production, it is important to consider the fact that
sludge can contain varying amounts of pathogens, toxic netais,
pesticides, and industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls.
Sith regard to microorganisms, scientists at the FDA are concerned that
the use of pathogen-containiny sludge on land and crops will cause
public health problems. The contamination of crops by microorganisms,
organic chemicals, and heavy metals is discussed. The impact of sludge
application is assessed, and regulatory activities on contaminant
concentrations are considered. Limitations on the application of sludge
to land, as recommended by the FDA, are outlined. (Retained in StfIRS
library) .
(12) KEYhOHDS: CHEMICAL; CHOP; iEDEfiAL; FERTILIZER; GOVERNMENT;
HEALTH; LAND; MANAGEMENT; WEIAL; MICHOORGANISM; REGULATIONS; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1FE/2RF; 1LF/2F1:; 1JU/2FF; 1SP/2HE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46J12 (15) SKCONDABY AUTHORS: oraude GL
(16) CITATION: Kockville, KD, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.35-38.
96
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 046903
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2« (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 6
(3) ABTICLE TITLE: Kendallville, Indiana.
(5) CORPOBATE AUTHOR: SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Municipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. V. IT. (8) REPORT MO.:
SW-156C (9) CONTRACT HO.: 68-01-3265
(10) LAHGOAGE: EH (10) GEO. ABBA: 1US/2tH (10) PDB. TEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment is reported for a site
near Kendallville, Indiana, where sludge is being spread on
agricultural land. A site description gives information on location,
physical conditions, and farming practices. The climate is moderate,
with a growing season averaging 173 days. The land is characterized by
soils of the Rawson—Horley-Miami complex. Sludge was obtained from a
municipal wastewater treatment plant with 20 to 25% industrial wastes,
flowing from metal product and food manufacturers. A two stage
anaerobic digestion system is used, with liguid sludge being trucked to
agricultural land. Some dumping of sludge has occurred in wet weather
periods, without regard for its agricultural use. Ho significant
citizen complaints have been noted on the use of sludge for land
treatment, and there are no state regulations on sludge use on
agricultural land. The cost of the operation has been estimated as
$24.01/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant analyses were made to
characterize the stabilized sludge and to determine metals, selenium,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes. (Retained in SWIRS
library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; IHDUSTRY; LAHD; BUHICIPALITT;
SITES; SLUDGE; SPRBADIHG: IHDIAHA
(14) HIEHARCH TERHS: 1EP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/20T
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS45956
(16) CITATIOH: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. p.331-376.
(1) SWISS ACC.HO.: 046902
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Frankfort, Indiana.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Municipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. V. n. (8) REPORT HO.:
SW-156C (9) COHTRACT HO.: 68-01-3265
(10) LAHGUAGE: EH (10) GEO. AREA: 1DS/2IH (10) PUB. YEAH: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment is reported on sites
near Frankfort, Indiana, where agricultural land is being spread with
sludge. A site description gives information on location, physical
conditions, and farming practices. The climate is moderate, with wide
temperature extremes and a six month growing season. Treated and
control plots contain Russell silt loam, and some Camden silt loam,
which are well-drained. Sludge has been obtained from a municipal
wastewater treatment plant with about 30% industrial flow. Sludge is
stabilized by anaerobic digestion, and is spread on the test plot or on
neighboring ground by trucks eguipped with tanks and gravity pipes.
Public attitudes toward the spreading operation are positive, and there
are no government regulations for sludge spreading. Cost of the
operation is estimated as $17.28/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant
analyses were reported characterizing the stabilized sludge and
determining metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.
(Retained in SWIBS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; IHDIAHA; IHDUSTBY; LAHD;
HUHICIPALITY; SITES; SLUDGE; SPREADING
(14) HTERAFCH TERHS: IBP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2DT
(15) STIHS ACC.SO.: OOS45955
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. p.287-330.
97
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWISS aCC.NO.: 016901
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2* (2) SU8J .TYPEr G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Hopkinsville, Kentucky.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Hnnicipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. v. II. (8J REPORT BO.:
SW-156C (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3265
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10> GEO. AREA: ius/2KY (10) POB. TEAR: 1978
fit) ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment was made of sites near
Hopkinsville, Kentucky, where sludge is being spread on agricultural
land. The site description gives data on location, physical conditions,
and farming practices. The climate is temperate with warm, humid
summers and moderately cold winters; the growing season averages 197
days. The treatment and control plots contain Pembroke series soil,
which is well-drained. Sludge is obtained from a domestic sewage
treatment plant, comprising 15X industrial wastes (mostly fabrication
products). Sludge stabilization is achieved by two-stage anaerobic
digestion, with retention depending upon the season. Liquid sludge is
spread from a truck fitted with a gravity discharge pipe. Local
acceptance of the sludge spreading practice was favorable, and there
were no government regulations concerning the practice. The cost for
the operation was estimated at $20.21/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant
analyses were made to characterize the stabilized sludge and to
determine metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.
(Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; KENTUCKY; LAND;
MUNICIPALITY; SITES; SLTOGB; SPREADING
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: IBP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45954
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. p.243-286.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 046900
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPEr G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Hnnicipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. V. II. (8) REPORT HO.:
SW-156C (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-O1-3265
(10) LANGUAGE: BN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2WW (10) POB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment was performed for sites
near Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, relating to agricultural use of
landspread sludge. The site description presents data on location,
physical conditions, and farming practices. The climate is continental,
with wide and freguent variations in temperature, featuring cold, damp
winters, warm, moderately humid summers, and a six month growing
season. The treatment plot contains Nymore loamy sand, and the control
plot contains Burkhardt sandy loam, both of which are excessively
drained. Sludge is obtained from a sewage treatment plant handling both
domestic and industrial wastewater, with industrial influent being
strong due to heavy input from a slaughterhouse, brewery, plastics
manufacturer, and a chrome and metal plating plant. Sludge is treated
in a conventional activated sludge facility, with effluent
characterized by high suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand
loadings. Anaerobic digestion is also provided in a secondary system,
from which sludge can be trucked to farms or disposed at a sanitary
landfill. Public reaction to landspreading sludge is favorable, and
state guidelines for its application are in existence but not operable.
Cost of the spreading is estimated as $71.74/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and
plant analyses have been made to characterize the stabilized sludge and
to determine metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.
(Retained in SWIRS library).
98
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; LAND; MUNICIPALITY;
SITBS; SLUDGE; SPREADING; WISCONSIN
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: TEP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/20T
(15) STIMS ACC.HO.: OOS45953
(16) CITATION: Ciocinnati, OH, D .S . Environmental Protection
Aqency, 1978. p.192-242.
(1) SHIRS ACC.HO.: 046899
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Springfield, Missouri.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Municipal sludge Agricultural Dtilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. V. II. (8) REPORT 10.:
SW-156c (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3265
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: IDS/2HR (10) PUB. TEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment was performed for sites
near Springfield, Missouri, with relation to agricultural use of
landspread sludge. The site description gives information on location,
physical conditions, and farming practices. The climate is moderate,
with normal precipitation well distributed and an average growing
season of 199 days. Host of the involved land is Britwater silt loam,
with small percentages of Goss, Yiraton, Ponder, and all are
well-drained. Sludge is being obtained from a wastevater treatment
plant which processes by filtration, aeration, settling, and
nitrification, with some tertiary treatment during peak flow. Only 15*
of the influent is from industrial sources, principally food processors
and public institutions. Sludge is partially stabilized by anaerobic
digestion, with no chemicals added. Essentially all of the sludge
generated by the plant is spread on agricultural land, 'Using tracks
fitted with spreader pipes. Local farmers and other citizens are
accepting sludge spreading and have actively sought their allotments.
There are no laws or regulations pertaining to sludge spreading. Cost
of the project is estimated at $17.76/dry ton. Slodge, soil, and plant
analyses have been made to characterize the stabilized sludge and to
determine metals, molybdenum, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and
microbes. (Retained in SWIHS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; IHDOSTRT; LAND; MISSOURI;
MUNICIPALITY; SITBS; SLDDGE; SPREADING
(11) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIBS ACC.BO.: OOS45952
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, 0.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1976. p.142-191.
(1) SBIRS ACC.NO.: 046898
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPEt G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Wilmington, Ohio.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Municipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. Y. H. (8) REPORT HO.:
SW-156c (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3265
(10) LANGDAGK: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2OH (10) PUB. YEAH: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment was performed for
Wilmington, Ohio, with relation to landspreading sludge on agricultural
sites. The site description gives information on location, physical
conditions, and farming practices. The climate is continental, with a
wide range of annual temperatures featuring heavy winter snows and warm
and humid sumners. Two basic soil series, Fincastle and Xenia
(predominant), are in the treatment/control sites, and are moderately
well-drained. Sludge is obtained from a conventional activated sludge
sewage treatment plant that incorporates about 25X industrial wastes,
including metal products, milling and machined tools, paper products,
electrical switches, and hydraulic valves. The treatment plant utilizes
99
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
two-stage anaerobic digestion processing, and sludge is spread fro* a
tank truck with baffles. There is no public opposition to the
landspreading practice, and there are no government regulations
concerning landspreading. Cost of the project is estimated at
$24.42/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant analyses were perfor»ed to
characterize the stabilized sludge and to determine metals, molybdenum,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes. (Retained in SWIBS
library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; LAUD; MUNICIPALITY;
OHIO; SITES; SLUDGE; SPREADING
(1ft) HIEPAHCH TERMS: 1EP ; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45951
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, n.s. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. p.93-141.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 046897
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2* (2) StJBJ.TTPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Las Tirgenes, California.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHORi SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Municipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. ?. IT. (8) REPORT NO.:
SH-156c (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3265
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA (10) PDB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment was perfoned for Las
firgenes, California, with relation to landspreading sludge for
agricultural use. The site description gives information on location,
physical conditions, and farming practices. The climate is mild year
round, and the region is protected from extrene conditions with a
growing season of approximately 320 days. Both sludge treated and
control fields are characterized as well-drained, silty clay loam of
the Salinas series. Sludge is obtained from an activated sludge process
sewage treatment plant, incorporating about 10% industrial wastes.
Sludge is stabilized in aerobic digestion processes, and is dumped at
land sites from a truck for bulldozer distribution. There is local
opposition to sludge landspreading, partially due to offensive odors,
but there are no government regulations for sludge spreading at the
site. Cost of the project during one year of operation is estimated at
$116.18/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant analyses were performed to
characterize the stabilized sludge and to determine metals, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes. (Retained in S9IRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CALIFORNIA; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; LAND;
MUNICIPALITY; SITES; SLUDGE; SPREADING
(14) HTERAHCH TERMS: 1EP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45950
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. p.48-92.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046896
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Macon, Georgia.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: in Municipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. V. H. (8) REPORT NO.:
SW-156c (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3265
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2GE (10) PUB. YEAH: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: An environmental assessment was performed for Hacon,
Georgia, in relation to landspreading of sludge for agricultural
utilization. The site description gives information on location,
physical conditions, and farming practices. The climate has no
extremes, with infrequent storms, and an average growing season of 246
100
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
days. Soils in the area are in the Chewacla-Wehadkee-Congaree
association, ranging from well to poorly drained. Sludge was obtained
fro» a municipal sewage treatment plant with about 30% industrial
derivation, including edible oils, poultry processing, fertilizer fro»
tannery wastes, textile dyes, and zipper manufacturing and dyeing.
Sludge stabilization is anaerobic and in two stages, spreading sludge
is accomplished fro* a tanlc-fitted true*. Public attitudes toward
sludge spreading are positive, and there are no guidelines or
legislation governing the sludge spreading program. Costs of the
spreading program over a four-year period are analyzed, showing an
average annual cost of $7.24/dry ton. Sludge, soil, and plant analyses
were performed to characterize the stabilized sludge and to determine
metals, selenium, chlorinated hydrocarbons, parasites, and microbes.
(Retained in SWIHS.library).
(12) KEYWORDS: A6RICOLTD BE; DISPOSAL; GEORGIA; INDUSTRY; LAND;
S0BTCIPALITY; SITES; SLUDGE; SPREADING
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIBS ACC.HO.t 00345949
(16) CITATIOH: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. p.1-47.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046895
(2) DOBESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: SCS Engineers, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: Hunicipal Sludge Agricultural Utilization
Practices. An Environmental Assessment. V. II. (8) REPORT HO.:
SW-156C (9) COHTHACT HO.: 68-01-3265
(10) LANGUAGE: ES (10) GEO. AREA: 10S/2CA; 1US/2GE; 1OS/2IB;
1OS/2KY; 1US/2BR; 1US/2OH; 1US/2WW (10) PUB. TEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Environmenta-1 assessments are presented for nine
locations with respect to landspreading of sludge for agricultural
utilization. Each assessment gives information on the description of
the site, climate, soil, source and type of sludge, public attitudes
toward landspreading of sludge, state and local regulations on sludge
spreading, economics, and sampling and analysis. The locations include:
Bacon, Georgia; Las Virgenes, California; Wilmington, Ohio;
Springfield, Hissouri; Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin; Bopkinsville,
Kentucky; Frankfort, Indiana; Kendallville, Indiana; and Columbus,
Indiana. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CALIFORNIA; DISPOSAL; GEORGIA; INDIANA;
INDUSTRY; KENTUCKY; LAND; MISSOURI; BUNICIPALITY; OHIO; SITES; SLUDGE;
SPREADING; WISCONSIN
(14) HIERARCH TERBS: IBP; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/20T
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS45948
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. 425 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046699
(2) DOBESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY : 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Herson A
(6) BOOK TITLE: Land Based Sewage Sludge Hangement Alternatives for
Los Angeles: Evaluation and Comparison.
(8) »TIS SO.: PB-262 423
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA/3LS (10) FOB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Research was initiated to investigate the costs,
energy requirements, and environmental and social impacts of recycling
liquid sludge to grow crops in the Antelope Valley of California, and
to compare this agricultural alternative with proposals to dry sludge
in the Antelope Valley in evaporation ponds and landfill and to dispose
of sludge after dewatering in a landfill. The study was conducted in
response to directives issued by the Environmental Protection Agency
101
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
and the California State Water Resources Control Board that ocean
discharge of sludge from the Hyperion treat»ent plant had to be
discontinued by the end of 1976 unless sludqe was treated to «eet
discharge limitations. Because such treatment appeared to be
economically infeasible, consideration was given to the agricultural
use of sludge. The findings of the research indicated that the
agricultural alternative was the Most expensive and energy intensive
and that the evaporation pond alternative was the least expensive and
energy intensive. The landfill alternative was intermediate in terms of
cost, but its energy requirements were similar to the agricultural
alternative. The agricultural and evaporation pond alternatives were
better in terms of environmental and social impact than the landfill
alternative. A bibliography is provided, and additional information on
the research effort is appended. (Retained in SWISS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; BIBLIOGRAPHY; CALIFORNIA: DISPOSAL;
DRYING; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; ENVIRONMENT; EVAPORATION; LIQtJID;
MUNICIPALITY; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE;
TREATMENT; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DP/2MX; 1EC/2C6; 1EN/2UT; 1EP; 1BP; 1SP/2DP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45751
(16) CITATIONr Washington, DC, Office of Water Research and
Technology, Jun'. 1976. 127 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046301
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Soil incorporation of municipal solid wastes.
(4) AUTHOR: Phung HT
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1DS/2TK/3HU (10) PUB. YEAH:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The practice of soil incorporation, in which waste
material is spread and mixed with surface soil, is examined as an
alternative to sanitary landfill. In Houston, Texas, an EPA sponsored
study has been assessing the effects of shredded refuse, dry sludge,
and chemical fertilizer separately and together on crop yield, soil and
water quality. The purpose of another soil enrichment program in Odessa
is to: (1) dispose of wastes and (2) improve soil fertility by
increasing soil organic matter content and water holding capacity.
Sewage sludge and septic tank effluent are also applied. Limited
results indicate that, correctly managed, soil incorporation poses less
of an environmental threat than a conventional sanitary landfill.
Problems of inadequate spreading and turning equipment, littering, and
the unknown long-term effect on health of this practise are cited.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; CROP; DECOMPOSE; EARTH; EPA; EQUIPMENT;
HEALTH; HOUSTON; LITTER; MUNICIPALITY; PROBLEMS; QUALITY; HEFOSE;
RESEARCH; SLDDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; TEXAS; WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MY/2UT; 1RP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45351 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Boss DE
(16) CITATION: 108(11):76-78, Nov. 1977.
(1) SKIRS ACC.NO.: 0*5729
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: s
(4) AUTHOR: Kover FD
(6) BOOK TITLE: Considerations Relating to Toxic Substances in the
Application of Municipal Sludge to Cropland and Pastureland (A
Background Summary).
(8) BTIS WO.: PB 263 006 (8) REPORT NO.: EPA 560/8-76-004
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Background information on potential health hazards
102
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
from toxic substances fro* disposal and utilization of mnicipal sludge
on agricultural lands, particularly croplands and pastnrelands where
products enter the human food chain, is presented. Toxic elements and
synthetic organic chemical substances known to be present in such
sludges are listed as mercury, motor oil additives, flow entrainment
fro« water-carrying pipes (lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and antimony),
street runoff, detergents, laundry products, and consumer products such
as pesticides and organics. Factors affecting plant uptake of toxic
substances may include soil/sludge pB, organic content, cation exchange
capacity, soil distribution and variables, plant age, species, rooting
depth, and climatic (seasonal) effects. It is concluded that additional
data on plant uptake and on chronic effects of low-level dietary
exposure to trace elements and substances entering the food chain fro*
sewage sludge are needed, with principal concern for contamination by
heavy Metals and pesticides. (Retained in SWIHS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGBICDLTOBE; DAIRY; DISPOSAL; HEALTH; LAHD;
nOHICIPALITY; SAFETY; SLUDGE; TOXIC
(11) HIBBARCH TEBMS: 1DD/2DK; 1DD/2DR; 1HB; 1TD
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: OOS4«778
(16) CITATION! Washington, DC, 0.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Hov. 1976. 2ft p.
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO.: 0452J6
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SUSJ.TYPE: T
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Land quality Management Oiv
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Sanitary Laudfill Operator's naaual.
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) G£0. AREA: 1US/2IA (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Guidelines for the disposal of sewage sludge in a
sanitary landfill issued by tne Iowa Department of Environmental
Quality are outlined. Only stabilized sewage sludge should be accepted.
Problems associated with the disposal of sewage sludge in a landfill
include: the spread of pathogens; the production of increased leachate;
odor; damage to equipment; and coupaction difficulties. Sewage sludge
disposal is governed by the heavy metals content, the ratio of solid
waste volume to sludge content, moisture conttnt and the degree of
treatment. Three methods of sewage sludge disposal may ce used. The
sethods include: mixing the sludge with solid waste and burying;
landfilling the sludge in an area separate from the operating area; and
land spreading. The different operations for each method of disposal
are described. Operator procedures for accepting sewage sludge are
noted. Forms and calculations for approximating the volume of liquid
wastes that can be accepted at a sanitary landfill per day of operation
are included.
(12) KEYWORDS: IOWA; LEACH; HANAGEMENT; METAL; ODOR; PATHOGEN;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SOLID; TREATHEHT; WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DU/2DP; 1SD/2SG; 1SF; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44283
(16) CITATION: Des Moines, Iowa, Iowa Dept. of Environ. Duality,
Hay 1977. p.68-76.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 045047
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) AETICLE TITLE: Potential tor parasitic disease transmission
with land application of sewage plant effluents and sludges.
(4) AUTHOR: Hays BD
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Water research
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAB: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A review of literature pertaining to land
application of sewage sludge- and sewage plant effluents shows that
primary and secondary treatment, anaerobic sludge digestion, and
routine disinfection do not destroy all parasitic forms whose cysts and
103
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
eggs are very resistant in field conditions. Documented disease
transnission to humans from land application programs is related only
to use of raw sewage. Animal disease transmission has been tound
related to untreated and partially treated sewage. Destruction of all
pathogenic foras can be assured by minimum heating of material at 60C
for 30 minutes. Parasitic disease transnission can be reduced by
controlling the types of land to which these sewage plant products are
applied. Parasitic disease transmission should be considered when
developing technology and/or management approaches to land application
of sewage plant products for soil enrichment purposes.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; ANAEROBIC; ANIMAL; DIGESTION; DISEASE;
HUMAN; LAND; LITERATURE; HANAGEHENT; PABASlTE; PATHOGEN; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE; SPREADING; STERILIZE; TEHt>EtATOhE; TREATMENT
(14) HIEEARCH TEEMS: 1PC; 1SI/1S4; 1 SI/2S9
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS44093
(16) CITATION: 11 (7) :583-595, 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044678
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: . 24 (2) SBBJ.TTPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Kansas treatment plant uses subsurface injection
of sludge.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Hater and Sewage Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) GEO. AREA: 1OS/2KS (10) FOB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The Municipal wastewater treat*ent plant at
Manhattan, Kansas is described. It incorporates subsurface injection of
sludge on farmlands to utilize nutrients for growing crops, and
preloading of the poorly consolidated soils to prevent excessive
settlement because of applied loads. There is no primary sedimentation
in the treatment process. To meet power failure, duplication of power
supply and treatment components are included. The plant is of the
complete mixed, activated sludge type, designed to meet national
requirements. The layout is designed to facilitate future population
growth. It is a compact, attractive facility, designed to provide
convenient and pleasant working conditions. Site conditions are
detailed. An interceptor sewer was constructed near a flood control
levee. It and the pumping station are designed to handle maximum wet
weather conditions. Schematic diagrams display the liquid and solid
phases of treatment. Treatment results have been good throughout the
startup period and continue to improve. Operating results indicate that
the plant can easily meet current discharge standards. Plant costs are
given.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; EARTH; ECONOMICS; FERTILIZER; KANSAS;
LAHD; HUNICIPALITT; SLBDGE; THBATHEUT
(14) HIBRARCH TERMS: 1CF/2DB; 1PD/2DP; 1EA/2EA; 1FA/2EI; 1MJ/2NA;
1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S9
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: 00543722
(16) CITATION: 124(3) :42-44, March 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. : 044527
(21 DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Crop and system management for sludge
application to agricultural land.
(4) AUTHOR: Miller hH
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Otxio Ayri tt and D Center Research Bull
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: This article contains a number of considerations
important for uanag ing the farming operation when sludge is applied to
land. The design and management of each site will require the
coordinated efforts of the tarmer and/or farm manager, the treatment
plant operator, and agricultural engineers. Proper site selection prior
to sludge application greatly simplifies soil management. The article
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
discusses various management considerations which include the
establishment and maintenance of a pH greater than 6.S; soil drainage
characteristics; the amount of phosphorous contained in the sludge so
as to avoid overfertilizatiou ot the soil; runoff control of surface
applied sludge so as to avoid contamination ot surface waters; and crop
selection. The timing of the operations is also emphasized and
discussed in terms of climate, soil properties, the crops, the tillage,
planting, harvesting procedures employed, and heroicide applications.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; DISPOSAL; EARTH; i'AKM; FEBTILIZEfi;
LAND; MANAGEMENT; SITES; SLUOGE
(14) HlfiBARCH TERMS: 1D0/2DU; 1i'A/2EY; 1MA/2HH; 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S9
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43572
(16) CITATION: (109):4.1-4.4, Oct. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044158
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: S; 1
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Recycling elements in wastes through soil-plant
systems.
(4) AUTHOR: Kardos LT
(6> BOOK TITLE: In Elliott, L. ¥., P. J. Stevenson, and C. R.
Prink, eds. Soils for Management of Organic Hastes and Waste Haters.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Agricultural waste, especially manures,were in
great demand for their use as fertilizers, prior to their Manufacture.
Animal and plant residues were returned to the soil to enhance
production of another crop, which in turn could be returned to the food
chain. Recently, several factors have contributed to a larger concern
for the application of organic vaste, not only from agriculture, but
from many other sources to land surfaces. The supply of available
energy has become critical, the human population has burgeoned, and
concern for the preservation of land, water, and air resources and
quality for future mankind has developed. Standards for air and water
quality have been established and mast be met prior to approved
disposal of waste products. Costs for producing a marketable product
must include the cost of waste management to meet the quality
standards. Thus, the economics of waste management have emerged, with
land application of the waste product becoming a significant
consideration. Emphasis in this chapter will be given to use of the
plant and soil as vehicles whereby chemical elements in municipal waste
waters, sewage sludges, municipal solid wastes, food processing wastes,
industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes may be recycled in
agricultural production.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; ANIMAL; CASHING; COHPOST; CHOP;
EFPLOBNT; FERTILIZER; INDUSTRY; MANURE; MUNICIPALITY; PAPER;
RECLAMATION; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AB/2AD; 1PA/2EY; 1IC/2JA; 1HB/2MP; 1MJ/2HA;
1SP; 1SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43201 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Scarsbrook
CE; folk TV
(16) CITATION: Madison, WI, American Society of Agronomy, 1977.
p. 301-324 .
(1) SWIHS ACC.HO.: 013948
(2) DOUESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPEt S
(4) AUTHOR: Gilley JR
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Nebraska University
(6) BOOK TITLE: Municipal wastes as a Fertilizer Source.
(8) NTIS NO.: PB-256206
(9) GRANT NO.: 14-34-0006-6028
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
105
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(11) ABSTRACT: HnnicLpal sewage water, sludges and effluent can be
used on land for crop production with benefits for both agricultural
and urban interests, but the waste and the land Bust be carefully
•anaged to achieve favorable results. Successful land utilization of
•unicipal wastes for crop production requires the usual basis soils,
climate and crop information. However, because of the nature of the
material being placed on the land and public reaction to it, soil plant
Management information beco»es even more important. The objective in
many waste application systems is tomaximize waste application to the
land while preventing environmental contamination and in addition
produce an acceptable crop yield. Accomplishing this often requires
considerable adjustments from the usual crop and soil management
practices. Organic wastes can be used safely and effectively to
increase soil productivity if proper precautions are taken concerning
heavy metals, toxic chemicals, nitrate leaching, erosion losses and
undesirable odors. When applied at crop use rates and with proper soil
management, most municipal wastes present no serious environmental
hazards and should be considered a resource that agriculture can very
well use. (Retained in SffIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CHEMICAL; CROP; DISPOSAL; EFFLUENT;
FERTILIZER; LAND; LEACH; MANAGEMENT; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; NITROGEN;
ODOR; ORGANIC; PHOSPHORUS; PRODUCE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SOIL; TOXIC;
UTILIZE
(14) HIBRARCH TERHS: 1HA/2HD; 1BJ/2NA; 1SI/2S9
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS42990
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Department of the Interior-
1976. 14 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 043892
(2) DOHESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY; 07 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; 1
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Land Application of Residuals. Proceedings:
Enqineerinq Foundation Conference, Kaston, MD, Sep. 26-Oct. 1, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The application of residuals to land was the subject
cf a 1976 conference held in Saston, Maryland. Conference presentations
dealt with the land disposal of hazardous waste, tht application of an
environmental evaluation procedure to solid waste disposal, composting
cf sewaqe sludge, hydrogeological factors in landfill management, a
recycle and reclamation program involving the application of organic
typroducts of waste water to strip mine spoil, the fate of heavy metals
from metal finishing and tne land disposal of solid waste, the
utilization of a mixing zone for leachate management, gas and leachate
from baled and shredded solid waste, residuals management, gas
transport phenomena and modeling, the public role in sanitary landfill
site selection, and the use ot flexible liners in landfills. (Retained
in SWIBS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: BY-PRODUCT; COMPOSTING; DISPOSAL; GASSES; GEOLOGIC;
bAZABDOUS; HYDfiOLOGY; LAND; LEACH; L1NEE; MANAGEMENT; METAL; ORGANIC;
RECLAMATION; RESIDUB; SANITAKY LANDt'ILL; SEHAGE; SITi.S; SLUDGE; SOLID;
SASTE WATER
(14) HIEBAfiCH TERMS: 1CF/2DB; 1DD/2DO; 1HA/2HF; 1LC; 1MA/2MH; ISb
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS42935
(16) CITATION: New York, NY, American Society of Civil Engineers,
1976. 183 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.SO.: 043755
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SUBJ.TTPEr G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: A methodology for assessing land application of
sludges and wastewaters.
(U) AUTHOR: Chatterjee S
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: 23rd Annual Technical Meeting of
the Institute of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Technology *77,
Los Angeles, CA, Apr. 25-27, 1977.
106
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) GBO. AREA: 10S/2FL; 10S/2OH (10) PDB.
TBAF: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: An overview of computerized aethods for the regional
assessment of land application systems utilizing municipal sludge and
waste water is provided. It is stated that a comprehensive methodology
for land application assessment should be based on economic feasibility
and environmental adequacy. Land suitability criteria establish a set
of relationships by which the environmental implications of a land
application system can be assessed or rated. Such criteria have been
developed for the land application of sludge, waste water by
irrigation, waste water by overland flow, and waste water by
infiltration and percolation. A five step planning methodology for land
application assessment is proposed: (1) establish sludge/waste water
suitability; (2) establish application rate criteria; (3) establish
land suitability criteria and identify appropriate environmental
parameters; («t) classify map areas; and (5) analyze data. Land
suitability criteria developed by the Ohio environmental Protection
Agency and the Hiami Valley Regional Planning Commission in Florida are
presented in tabular form.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; CRITERIA; DATA; DISPOSAL; IRRIGATION;
LAHD; HDBICIPALITT; PLANNING; PROCESS; REGIONAL; SLUDGF; SYSTEM;
UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
(1H) HIBRAHCH TERMS: 1MJ/2M8; 1PM; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS«2798
(16) CITATION: nt. Prospect, IL, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, 1977. p.107-111*.
|1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 043412
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAThGOHY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ABTICLE TITLE: What's new in sludge manageaent?
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Civil ^engineering
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Highlights are presented from tte third national
conference on sludge aanagement, sponsored by the Environaental
Protection Agency, the National scitnce Foundation, and Information
Transfer, Inc. Agency, the National Science Foundation, and Iniormatioa
Transfer, Inc. Chicago's "Nu Earth" giveaway program is more productive
at $55 to 60/dry ton total cost than efforts at heat drying or hauling.
EPA is attempting to issue guidelines on environmental factors
associated with municipal sludge management through its Construction
Grants Program. Labor and bulKing agent costs are the most important
operational costs in the forced air, static pile technique of
composting. The role of intonating and involving the immediate and
extended lay and professional communities in the early stages ot
planning a sludge management pro-ject was emphasized. The new solid
waste legislation (PL 94-580) includes municipal sewage sludge in the
definition of solid waste and reguires that guidelines and criteria be
established for the disposal of solid wastes. A report was presented on
the Agriculture Department's beltsville, Maryland, forced aeration,
static pile composting project.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHICAGO; COMPOSTING; CONFERENCE; CONSTRUCTION;
DISPOSAL; DOA; EPA; GH&NT; LAW; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING;
PUBLIC RELATIONS; SLUDGE; STANDARD
(14) UIERABCH TERMS: 1DD/2DP; 1LB/2LD; 1MA/2MD; 1 SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42455
(16) CITATION: 47(2): 16-22, Feb. 1977.
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SBIRS ACC.NO.: 042320
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sewage sludge and effluent use in agriculture.
(4) AOTflOB: Dowdy HH
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Land Application of Waste Materials.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) FOB. YBAB: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Guidelines are presented for the application of
slndge to cropland with minimal site monitoring and environmental
degradation. Sewage slndge stabilization, disposal, and use are
considered, as well as the municipal treatment of sewage. Particular
attention is given to primary treatment involving the sedimentation of
solids, anaerobic or aerobic digestion, composting, heat drying,
lagoons, and oxidation ponds, the composition of sludge and effluent is
analyzed. Potential hazards in the application of sewage sludge to land
are noted. These hazards relate to the presence of heavy metals in
soil, pathogens, nitrogen, phosphorus, and salts. Potential problems in
the application of sewage sludge to land are identified as public
acceptance, odor, and edaphic factors. Agricultural benefits of sewage
sludge application are detailed. Equipment needed for applying sewage
and effluent to agricultural land is described and illustrated.
Guidelines for land spreading are outlined, with emphasis on site
selection, nitrogen, metals, and monitoring.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CHEMICAL; DISPOSAL; EFPLOEHT;
HAZARDOUS; LAND; MANAGEMENT; HETAL; HOHICIPALITT; PATHOGEN; PROBLEMS;
SEWAGE; SLODGE; SPREADING; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S4; 1SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41364 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Epstein E;
Larson FE
(16) CITATION: Ankeny, IA, soil Conservation Society of America,
1976. p. 138-153.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 042312
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Land application of waste materials.
(«) AUTHOR: Carlson CW
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Land Application of Waste Materials.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The effective disposal of waste materials on
agricultural land is explored. Consideration is given to the increasing
amount of refuse that must be disposed of and the public concern about
air and water pollution and its influence on ecology. Three methods of
waste disposal are noted: (1) burning; (2) dumping into surface water;
and (3) applying waste to land. Soil, with a significant buffering
capacity, is viewed as one ot the best methods for managing waste with
the least damage to the environment. It is estimated that municipal
slndge produced annually is worth about $140 million as fertilizer.
Attention is given to methods of handling and spreading animal waste on
agricultural land, as well as to restrictive State and Federal
regulations developed to minimize water, air, and soil pollution from
urban waste. Types of waste that can be used on cropland are identified
as municipal garbage, sewage effluent and sludge and waste from food
processing plants. Efforts made by the Energy Research and Development
Administration to utilize residues from coal fired boilers are
examined.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; BENEFIT; DISPOSAL; EARTH; FERTILIZER;
LAND; MUNICIPALITY; POLLUTION; REGULATIONS; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1DD/2DP; 1SI/2S9; 1SJ
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS41356
(16) CITATION: Ankeny, IA, Soil Conservation Society of America,
1976. p. 2-5.
108
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 012297
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPES G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sewage is untapped bonus for Nebraskans.
(1) AUTHOR: Chesnin L
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Nebraska Agric Experimental Sta Onarterly
flO) LAN6DAGE: EH (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2NB (10) FOB. TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The application of sewage to agricultural cropland
in Nebraska is described. Heavy metal constituents of sewage sludge
from one city in Nebraska are compared. Data on maxima amounts of
these constituents that should exist in any sludge being considered for
crop production purposes are tabulated. For heavy metals such as zinc,
copper, lead, and nickel, it is shown that sewage sludge from the city
is significantly below the maximum level suggested for the land
application of sewage sludge for crop production. Approximately 90,800
tons of solid sewage waste are generated in Nebraska annually. The
costs of burying sewage sludge in landfills range from $2 to $25 per
ton. It is stated that recycling sewage sludge and effluent through
agricultural soils provides a free source of plant nutrients and
irrigation water to NebrasKan farmers and lowers taxes for urban and
suburban dwellers.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; COST REDUCTION; CROP; DISPOSAL;
FERTILIZER; IRRIGATION; LAND; METAL; HUNICIPALITY; HEBRASKA;
BECLAHATION; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; TAXES; UTILIZE
(1«») HIERARCH TERHS: 1FA; 1SI/2S9; 1SJ
|15) STtHS ACC.NO.: OOS413«1
(16) CITATION: 23(3):21-22, Autumn 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041972
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2H (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Subsurface application solves community's sludge
disposal problem.
(6) JOORNAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2PA/3LC (10) PUB. YEAH:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: In Lancaster, Pennsylvania, subsurface application
of raw sludge has eliminated tine consuming, costly step in the sludge
treatment process and has proved an acceptable longterm solution to the
plant's sewage sludge disposal problem. The project is closely
scrutinized by the State Department of Environmental Resources and, so
far, application is not permitted on land producing crops for human
consumption. Using the Big Wheels unit, 600 to 800 gal/min can be
injected and knifed into the land surface, thus eliminating runoff and
odor. Heavy-metal contamination presents the biggest longtera
complication. Big Wheels has eliminated soil compaction problems
encountered using sludge trucks. Big Wheels even makes surface
application of digested sludge more successful. By injecting sludge
below the surface the farmer is saved plowing time and his fertilizer
costs are cut by $35 an acre.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CONTROL; COST REDUCTION; DISPOSAL;
EQUIPHENT; FAPM; LAND; HETAL; HDN1CIPALITY; ODOR; PENHSYLVANIA; SLDDGE;
SOIL CONDITIONER
(11) HIERARCH TERMS: 1FA; 1HO/2NA; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS41016
(16) CITATION: 107(12):67-68, Dec. 1976.
109
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 011907
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Andrew RC (10) GBO. AREA: 105/211. (10) FOB. TEAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The Sanitary District of Springfield, Illinois, has
recently began to use two sites for liquid disposal of anaerobically
digested sludge. Permanent underdrainage is provided at each
installation and each systen has permanent force mains to allow spray
irrigation of the sludge. Preliminary findings from the aerobic
disposal area associated with the Sugar Creek Treatment Plant are
reported. It was found that for the initial 18 months of operation,
biochemical oxygen demand removal was 99. 96 percent and suspended
solids reduction was 99. 98 percent. The reduction in fecal coliform
counts was also greater than 99 percent. Relatively small amounts of
phosphates leached into the underdrain water, nitrate nitrogen levels
were quite low initially but increased each month. These preliminary
data did not indicate any appreciable accumulation of chromium, lead,
cadmium, or nickel.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANAEROBIC; BOD; COLIFOBH; CONTROL; DISPOSAL;
ILLIKOTS; IRRIGATION; LAND; LBACH; LIQDID; METAL; MUNICIPALITY;
PATHOGEN; PHOSPHATE; SITES; SLODGE
(14) BIERARCH TERMS: 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S3
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS40951 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Troemper AP
(18) DOC.CIT.: Andrew, R. C. , and A. P. Troenper. Underflow from
sludge—irrigated cropland. Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 49(1):161-168, Jan. 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 041676
(2) DOMESTIC: 3 (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPK: G
(4) ADTHOE: Ardern DA (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAH:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The Lea Division operations in Great Britain for the
utilization of municipal sludge on agricultural lands ace described. In
the Lea Division there is a well tried system of disposal of aost
sludge after heated digestion and thickening in lagoons and secondary
digesters. This system uses small tankers with capacity between 1,000
and 1,500 Imp. qallons on lour whael drive chassis. There is a large
amount of permanent grassland near most of the larger sewage works in
the division, some used tor graziny either by strip or paddock systems,
the rest for hay or silage. The high content of nitrogen in the sludge
•akes it a very suitable fertilizer for this crop. The normal method of
application is to spread once per year at rates between 5,000 and
10,000 qallons per acre, with the most usual rate being about 7,000.
The demand for sludge by farmers is so great that it is impossible to
meet, particularly in summer. It appears probable that within a short
tioe sludge treatment will be concentrated at only 11 ot the 53 works
in the Division and hand lifting of undigested sludge will be
practically abolished. When tais has been done, approximately two
thirds of the sludge will be digested and disposed of to agricultural
land, the other third being pressed. Of the pressed cake, about one
half will be used on arable land after composting and the rest will be
used as cover to landfill sites and other similar uses.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; EUROPE;
PERTILIZER; GREAT BRITAIN; LAW; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; NITROGEN;
SLODGE; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SI/2S2; 1SI/2S9; 1VC
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40720
(18) DOC.CI1.: Ardern, I). A. The agricultural use of aunicipal
sludge. In Loehr, R. C. Land as a Waste Management Alternative:
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ann Arbor, SI, Anu Arbor Science Publishers Inc. , 1977. p.
583-602.
110
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 041652
(2) DOMESTIC: o (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: s; T
(4) AUTHOR: Sedita SJ (10) GEO, AREA: 1HF; 1SI/2SU; 1SI/259 (10)
POB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Examination is made of the public health aspects of
digested sludge application to land as concerns microbial
concentration, survival in soils, and potential to cause disease in
humans and animals. It is concluded that disease transmission is not a
significant problem with municipal sludge application sites when those
sites are adequately monitored; also contamination risk to surfice or
qroundwater quality in terms ot indicator organism or viruses is
sinimal.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; BACTERIA; DISEASE; DISPOSAL;
IFFECT; HEALTH; HUHAN; LAND; MANAGEMENT; BONITOK; PATHOGEN; SALMONELLA;
SLUDGE; VIRUS
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40t>96 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Bertwcci JJ;
C'Brien P
(18) DOC.CIT.; Sedita, S. J. , P. O'Brien, and J. J. Bertwcci.
Public health aspects of digested sludge utilization. In Loehr, K. C.
Land as a Haste Management Alternative: Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell
Agricultural Haste Management Conterence. Ann Arbor, HI, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc. , 1977. p. 391-410.
(1) SWTRS ACC.BO.: 041648
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPEr S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Strauch D (10) GEO. ABEA: 1ST; 1SI/2S9 (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Common hygienic and environmental problems involved
in the utilization of municipal, agricultural, and industrial sludges
and wastevaters on land ace discussed in detail. Infectious diseases,
soil and water contamination, and potentially toxic composition of
wastes are dealt with. It is recommended that for the benefit of human
health safety, control measurements be implemented for the handling,
treatment, and application of sludges and wastewaters to land.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; ETTECT;
EPIDEMIOLOGY; EUROPE; GERMANY; HEALTH; HUNAN; INDUSTRY; IAHD;
H0HICIPAIITY; REGULATIONS; SAFETY; SLUDGE; STERILIZE; TREATMENT; BASTE
WATER
(14) HIEHARCH TERMS: 1SI/2S4
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS40692
(18) DOC.CIT.: Stranch, D. Health hazards of agricultural,
industrial and municipal wastes applied to land. In Loehr, R. C. Land
as a Waste Management Alternative: Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell
Agricultural Waste Plan age me nt Conference. Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc. , 1977. p. 317-342.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041633
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 15 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Morris CE (10) GEO. AREA: 1LB/2LG; 1HA/2HG; 1SI/2S2;
iso (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A 50-State survay was undertaken by Cornell
University (New York) for the purposes of creating an overview of State
regulations and guidelines, and to evaluate to what extent waste
management practices were being regulated. Major trends which the
states are following in developing guidelines were identified. It was
found that of 50 States responding, 24 currently have no regulations or
guidelines for land application. Regulations and guidelines nera
categorized into three parts: system design, preapplication water
quality, and general infoimation. Survey results and recommendations
are given.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPARISON; DATA; DISPOSAL; LAND; MANAGEMENT;
ill
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; STATE; SURVEY; US; HASTE HATEfl
(14) HIEEAKCH TEHMS: 1SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OGS40677 (15) SECONDARY AUrHORS: Jewell HJ ed
(18) DOC.CIT.: Morris, C. E. , and H. J. Jewell. Beyulations aad
guidelines for land application of wastes— a 50-state overview. In
Loehr, R. C. Land as a Haste Management Alternative: Proceedinys of tae
1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste Hanagement Conference. Ann Arbor, HI,
inn Arbor Science Publishers Inc. , 1977. p. 9-28.
(1) SWIKS ACC.NO.: 041044
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TY.PE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Martin WJ (10) GEO. *KEA: 1US/2CO/3DV (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Sludge disposal alternatives for one district in
Denver, Colorado are assessed. Historical developments in the selection
of disposal alternatives, and problems associated with each alternative
are reviewed. In 1971, the district authorized their consulting
engineers to expand the central waste water treatment, plant and
investigate various sludge handling systeas, including incineration and
land reclamation. The engineers recoaaended an agricultural reuse
system. After an additional stuay on the use of anaerobically digested
sludge tor agricultural purposes, a revised agricultural reuse systea
*as presented that incorporated suggestions irom Denver residents.
Under the revised systea, siuayfc treatment would be accomplished by
single step high rate digestion at the central plant. Liquid sludge
would then be delivered iron the central plant to tae distribution site
through a system of force Bains and a booster pumping station. The
dryiny and distribution site woulu include approximately 600 acres of
drying basins tor open air drying or sludge, a storage area for
stockpilinc dried material prior to distribution, an area for
subsurface injection of sludge, demonstration plots, ana a is cell an eo us
site facilities necessary for operation and maintenance. Eight
alternative sludge handling systeas were evaluated, and the
agricultural reuse systeia was considered to be the most viable sludge
•a nag erne at system for the district.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGHICULlUKh; COLORADO; DEN»LR; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL;
HISl'ORY; MANAGEMENT; SIUjJS; SLUDGE; UTILISE; KASTi. WATER
(14) HIERAfiCH TERMS: 1EA/2HD; liiI/232
(15) STIMS ACC.iJO.: OOS40088 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: boyle OD
(18) DOC.CIT.: Martin, W. 0. , ana J. D. Boyle. Alternatives ror
disposal for the Metropolitan Ijenver Sewage Disposal District Ho. 1. In
0. S. Environmental Protection 'Agency. Proceeaings; the 1975 National
Conference on Municipal Sludge aanagei&ent and Disposal, Anaheim, CA,
Aug. 18-20, 1975. RocKville, ftD, Inforaation Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p.
86-90.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040862
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATt^OKY: 22 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) GEO,
ARJA: 1US/2NJ; 1US/2NY/JNY (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The disposal o£ stabilized dewatered sludge in
sanitary landfills is investigated. Sanitary landfills were considered
for sludqe produced by treatment plants located in the Sew York. City
and New Jersey metropolitan area. It was determined that landfilling
was not a viable alternative for sludge produced by treatment plants in
the highly urbanized portions of the study area because of the voluae
of sludqe and the limited lifespan of available landfills. Sanitary
landfills were evaluated for sludge produced by treatment plants in the
112
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
outlying portions of the study area. Landfillincj was assumed to cost $b
per wet ton of material landfilled, with actual operating costs (not
including hauling) ranging from $2 to $15 per wet ton. Operating
procedures are recommended for land rilling sludge, and the
environmental aspects of landfilling are discussed. The etfect af
landfill operational procedures on site identification and selection is
addressed. Tabular data are presented which describe and identity the
costs associated with sanitary landfills in the New York City and New
Jersey region.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; DATA; DRYING; ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; NEH
JERSEY; NEH YORK; PLANNING; PROGRAM; REGIONAL; SANITARY LAHDFILL;
SLUDGE; VOLUME
(14) HIEHARCH TERMS: 13 D; 1SI
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS39906
(18) DOC.CIT.: Landfilling. In Phase 2 Report of Technical
Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area
Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program. Boston, HA, camp Dresser and
J»np 1976. p. VIII. 79-VIII. 82.
(1) SWTBS ACC.NO.: 040860
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) GEO,
ABBA: 1US/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3AL; 1US/2NY/3NY (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Temporary environmental effects attributable to the
land application of sludge are'examined. Such effects include land use,
fertilization, crop marketability, and transportation. Commitment to
longterm land disposal is not irreversible, since changes in technology
or other considerations aay present a new method for sludge disposal. A
major long term effect of land application is considered to be the
addition of heavy metals to soil. Because these Beta Is are economically
unrecoverable by existing means, land application sites must be
carefully monitored. Leaching over periods of years, in addition to
plant uptake, may eventually alter heavy metal considerations.
Excessive accumulations of heavy metals such as cadmium may make soil
unsuitable for future agricultural use.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CONTAMINATE; DISPOSAL; EARTH; EFFECT;
ENVIBONMENT; LAND; LEACH; MANAGEMENT; METAL; MONITOR; NEK JEBSEY ; NEH
YOBK; PLANNING; PROGRAM; REGIONAL; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EA; 1SI; 1SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39904
(18) DOC.CIT.: Relation between local short- and long-term effects.
In Phase 2 Report of Technical Investigation of Alternatives for New
York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area Sewage Sludge Disposal Hanageaent
Program. Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and McKee, June 1976. p. VIII. 60.
(1) SWIfiS ACC.NO.: 040859
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S (10) GEO.
AREA: 10S/2NJ; 10S/2NY/3NY (10) PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The environmental impact of heavy metals, nutrients,
and pathogenic organisms resulting from the land application of sludge
are noted. With regard to heavy metals, the land application of sludge
may result in phototoric effects and reduce crop yields. Total sludge
loadings must be limited in order to prevent phototoxicity. Food chain
concentration of heavy metals nay occur via metal uptake by plants and
human or animal consumption of crops. The introduction of heavy metals
to soil may result in ground »ater contamination. Serious surface water
contamination can be prevented by limiting the application of sludge to
seasons when surface runoff is not expected to be rapid. Nutrients in
sludge include nitrogen, phosphorus, and inorganic salts. Nitroyen is
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
easily volatilized, and odor rroffl ammonia may be a nuisance to persons
residing near application sites, phosphorus and inorganic salt levels
in waste water sludqe are not usually high enough to pose secious
environmental problems. Pathogenic organisms in sludge, however, may
pose significant health hazards. A number of sludge treatment processes
and storage techniques are available to lower the pathogen population.
Other environmental impacts resulting from the land application of
sludge are related to land use and transportation.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; CONTROL; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; LASD; LEACH;
MANAGEMENT; METAL; MONITOR; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK; ORGANIC; PATHOGEN;
PLANNING; PROBLEMS; PROGRAH; REGIONAL; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HA/2Hf; 1SI/2S2; 1 S J
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39903
(18) DOC.CIT.: Potentially adverse environmental effects. In Phase
2 Report of Technical Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New
Jersey Metropolitan Area Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program.
Boston. HA, Caap Dresser and ficKee, June 1976. p. VIII. 57-V1II. 60.
(1) S«IBS ACC.NO.: 040857
(2) DOHBSTIC: D .(2) CATEGOfiY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: ti (10) GEO.
AREA: 10S/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3NY (10) PUB. YEAfi: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The suitability of sludge for application to
agricultural or privately owned land is explored. The recommendation is
Bade that sludge suitability be based upon the cadmium to zinc ratio
and heavy metal concentrations. Sludge with a cadmium to zinc ratio of
less than 1 percent are acceptable. Those with a cadmium to zinc ratio
of greater than 1 percent but less than 1. 5 percent are acceptable
while an approved source control program is being implemented, and
those with a cadmium to zinc ratio of greater than 1. 5 percent are
unacceptable. Data are provided on the application of sludge to
agricultural and recreational land, with particular emphasis on
regional land application of sludge in the New York City and Ne« Jersey
ssetropolitan area.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; ANALYSIS; CONTROL; DISPOSAL; LAND;
HANAGEJ5ENT; METAL; NEH JERSEY; HEM YOfiK; MON-FERBOHS; PLANNING;
EBOGHAM; QUALITY; RECREATION AREA; HEGIONAL; SLUDGE
(14) HIEfiARCH TERMS: 1SI/2S9; 1 SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39901
(18) DOC.CIT.: Sludge suitability and regional groupings. In Phase
2 Report of Technical Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New
Jersey Metropolitan Area Sewage Sludge Disposal Management Program.
Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and McKee, June 1976. p. VIII. 32-VXII. 41.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040856
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SUBJ.TYPJ2: G (10) GEO.
AREA: 1US/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3MY (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Methodological and cost factors which influence the
application of waste water sludge to land are detailed. Such factors
include the characteristics and volume of sludge, transportation mode,
site characteristics, application rate, crop, sita management, costs,
and public acceptance. Sludge may be applied as a liquid or as a
dewatered cake, by surface or subsurface methods. Liquid or surface
application technigues involve spray irrigation and flood irrigation.
liquid surface application concerns plow in and subsurface injection
technigues. The application of sludge as a dewatered cake entails
surface spreading and soil incorporation or trenching. Data on the
estimated unit costs of applying 10 tons per acre of dewatered sludge
and 3. 3 dry tons per acre of liguid sludge to land are presented as a
114
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
function of the application site's size. It is shown that the costs of
applyinq sludge increase significantly for sites smaller than 100
acres. The total cost of land application is estimated at $9 per dry
ton of dewatered solids and .J14 per dry ton of liquid sludge for a 100
acre site, These estimates do not include the unit costs of
stabilization, dewatering ir applicable, transportation, and storage.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; CHOP; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LAND;
MANAGEMENT; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK; PLANNING; PfiOGfiAfl; SITES; SLUDGE;
TRANSPORT; VOLUME; WASTE WATER
(1U) HIERARCH T2RMS: UA; 1SI/2S9; 1 SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39900
(18) DOC.CIT.: Methods and costa. In Phase 2 Report of Technical
Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area
Sewage Sludge Disposal Management program. Boston, HA, Caap Dressfcc and
HcKee, June 1976. p. VIII. 25-VIII. 29.
(1) SSIRS ACC.NO.: 040853
(2) DOMESTIC: U (2) CATiGOKY: 22 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 3 (10) GEO.
AREA: 10S/2NJ; 1US/2NY/3NY (10) PUB. YEAE: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Basic nutrients contained in waste water sludye are
noted. These nutrients include nitcogan, paosphorus, potassium, and
trace elements necessary tor plant growth. Digested urban sludge
typically contains 2 to 5 percent nitrogen by weight of dry solids, one
of the most critical elements for plant growth. The amount of nitroyen
available to plants depends on a number of factors which influence its
chemical fora. Proper nitrogen loading rates are best judged by
aonitoring ground water for any accumulation which can pose a health
hazard to persons or animals. Existing drinking water standards limit
nitrate concentrations to less than U5 mg/1. Nitrogen in sludge is
present in two forms (organic nitrogen and free anmonium). The method
of sludge application is significant in terms of total available
ritrogen. Models to aid in the accurate evaluation of nitrogen loading
rates are described. Phosphorus in waste water sludge is generally
present as calciua, aluminum, iron, and magnesium phosphate. No
lonqtera problems are associated with phosphorus loading or overloading
cf soils, however, because it is so highly reactive. Inorganic salts
aay enter ground water via continual leaching processes. The potential
hazard of increasing grouud water salt levels depends entirely on the
quantity of sludge applied to land.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTAMINAIii; DISPOSAL; EARTH; EFFECT; GROUND WATEfi;
LAND; LEACH; MANAGEMENT; MONITOR; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK; NITROGEN;
IHOSPHOBUS; PLANNING; PHOGKAH; hEGIONAL; SALT; SLUDGE; "HASTE WATER
(It) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SB; 1SI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39897
(18) DOC.CIT.: Nutrients. In Phase 2 Eeport of Technical
Investigation of Alternatives for New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area
Sewage Sludge Disposal Manageaent Program. Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and
HcKee, June 1976. p. VIII. 19-VIII. 22.
(1) SBIRS ACC.UO.: 037768
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2« (2) SDBJ.TTPE: S; T (10) POB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The main objective of this study was to evaluate
environmental hazards of land application of wastewater residuals on a
Boulder, Colorado, site. Potential contaminants monitored included
metals in the soil, groundwater and plant tissnes; soluble salts in the
soil; nutrients in the soil and groundwater; ana pathogenic organisms
115
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
in the soil and groundwater. Honitoring techniques were evaluated and
management practices were reco»»ended to minimize environmental
hazards. Aaong the conclusions drawn were the following: salt buildup
in the soil can create a short term hazard to plant growth and require
application of water; pathogenic dangers, as indicated by fecal
coliforms, do not extend more than 120 to 150 c» into the soil profile,
nor last more than 2. 5 months; metal contamination of the groundwater,
and »etal ion uptake by plants, at sludge loadings up to 65,000 kg/ha,
are not a problem; and inorganic nitrogen leaching to the groundwater
is substantial but can be controlled with management techniques
involving timing and balancing of nitrogen applications with crop
uptake and other factors. The applicability of these conclusions to
sites other than that at Boulder, however, will depend upon the sludge,
soil conditions, climate and management practices.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANAEROBIC; COLORADO; COMPOSITION; COHCEHTHATION;
COHTAHIBiTB; DIGESTION; EFFECT; ENVIRONMENT; .METAL; MONITOR;
MDHICIPALITT; NITROGEN; SALT; SAMPLING METHODS; SEHJIGE; SITES; SLODGE;
SOLOBILITT
(15) STTHS ACC.NO.: OOS36812
(18) DOC.CIT.: Trout, T. J. , J. L. Smith, and D. B. HcWhorter.
Environmental effects of land application of anaerobically digested
municipal sewage sludge. Transactions of the ASAE, 19(2):266-279, Apr.
/Hay 1976.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 037718
(2) DOHESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGOHY.: 24 (2) SUBJ.TiPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAB: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The use of landspreading as a method of waste water
sludge disposal is examined in a study sponsored by the Ohio Farm
Bureau Federation and the Ohio Agricultural Eesearch and Development
Center. Study objectives were as follows: determine the degree of
adoption of landspreading practices which have been recommended in
achieving safe programs, identify equipment being employed and nature
cf contractual arrangements between landowners and coanunities, review
monetary benefits and costs for existing conditions, and determine
attitudes of selected communities, review monetary benefits and costs
for existing conditions, and deteraine attitudes of selected
communities toward the practice or landspreadiny. Baste treataent
officials in various communities were interviewed. In reviewing
practices in use, it was found that recommended procedures included
analyses of sludge and soil prior to application and monitoring soil,
water, and plant tissue rollowing application. Equipment used consisted
prinarily of tank trucks with eitber gravity or pumped discharge. Only
20 percent of communities surveyed had written leases. Those using them
included one or more of the following provisions: escape clause for
cither party, restriction as to type of crops grown, restriction on
application depending on season and wetness of soil, restrictions on
application rate, and placement of liability for odor and runoff with
the farmer. Economic considerations in the use of waste water sludge as
a fertilizer substitute are noted, along with land owner attitudes
toward the practice.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; EFFECT; EQUIPMENT; FERTILIZES;
LEASE; MANAGEMENT; POPULATION; SLODGE; TANK; TKUCK; UTILIZE; BASTE
WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3t>762
(18) DOC.CIT.: Forster, D. L. , T. J. Logan, and E. H. Miller.
kastewater sludge as a fertilizer substitute. Public Works,
107(8) :79-80, Aug. 1976.
116
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 037624
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATriUORY: 22 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YZAfi: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A review of tan recent sessions of the "Fourth
National Congress on Waste Management Technology and Resource and
Energy Recovery" indicates that a substantial amount of tine Has
devoted 'to discussions relating to land disposal. This is surprising
because traditional land disposal roles in solid waste controls have
been de-emphasized in favor of resource recovery, energy conversion and
source reduction. Both the puolic and private sectors, however, are
realizing that land disposal is the only alternative for much of our
nation's waste either because 01 the actual waste composition or
because the costs of transporting small quantities of waste greitly
reduce scale economies of certain more sophisticated treatment
alternatives. Topics discussed included design concepts for landfill
developments; baling and shredding facilities; handling of special
wastes such as liquids, sludges, bulky materials and toxic substances;
equipment selection and maintenance; and the present status of leacnate
management and gas recovery. The papers presented, however, almost
exclusively dealt witn large scale operations, leaving small localities
and private operators agreeing with the concepts but with few solutions
to their specific problems.
(12) KEYWORDS: BALING; BULKY HASTES; COMPOSITION; ECONOMICS;
EC«IPMENT; GASSE5; LIQUID; HASAGEHENT; SANITARY LANDiILL; SHREDDING;
SLUDGE; TOXIC
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36668
(18) DOC«.CIT. : Eldredge, H. «. Sanitary landfill sessions. Kaste
Age, 7(1):2«-26, Jan. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037536
(2) DOHESTICs D (2) CATEGORT: 01 (2) SOBJ.TTPB: S (10) FOB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A study on the environmental hazards of waste water
residual land application is reported. Potential contaminants monitored
in the study included metals in soil, ground water and plant tissues,
soluble salts in soil, nutrients in soil and ground water, and
pathogenic organisms in soil and ground water. Honitoring techniques
were evaluated, and management practices were recommended to minimize
environmental hazards. The land application site was divided into eight
plots in order to evaluate various sludge loading rates and management
techniques. The site was equipped with leachate vacuum extractors and
shallow wells.- Experimentally observed results were similar for all
plots and varied only in degree, depending upon loading rate, soil
type, and crop planted. It was concluded that salt buildup in soil
could create a short term hazard to plant growth and require
application of water. Due to the potential for nitrate pollution of
ground water, careful management and monitoring of the site was
required during water application. Pathogenic dangers, as indicated by
fecal coliforms, did not extend more than 120 to 150 cm into the soil
profile. Retal contamination of ground water was not a problem at
sludge loadings up to 65,000 kg per half acre on near neutral pH soil
(12) KEYWORDS: ANAEROBIC; CONTAHINATE; DIGESTION: EAHTB; EFFECT;
ENYIRONHENT; GROUND WATER; LEACH; KETAL; BONICIPALITT; NITBOGEH;
PATHOGEN; SALT; SEWAGE; SLDDGE; VEGETATION; WASTE WATER
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS36580
(18) DOC.CIT.: Trout, T. J. , j. L. Smith, and D. B. HcWhorter.
Environmental effects of land application of anaerobically digested
municipal sewage sludge. Transactions of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 19(2):266-270, Bar. /Apr. 1976.
117
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIfiSACC.NO.: 036152
{2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A study on the utilization of waste water sludge for
agricultural soil enrichment is reported. Barginal agricultural land
near Eio Vista, California was selected as tne study site. Plots of
field corn, dry land, pasture;, and irrigated pasture were used to
evaluate sludge application methods, rates, and effects. It was
concluded that liquid digested waste water sludge utilisation for
agricultural soil enrichment is feasible, subject to regulatory
requirements, proper management techniques,and public acceptance. Sludge
applied at rates of 4 to 32 dty tons per acre significantly improved
crop and forage production and quality, thereby improving the
productivity of land. There was a 20-percent increase in field corn
production and a 3-fold to 4-fold increase in pasture forage
production. Nutrients, trace elements, and salinity did not have
significant adverse effects on the soil/plant/water ecosystem at the
applied sludge rates. HicroDiological studies indicated the survival of
pathogenic organisms in digested sludge before application and in the
soil/sludqe median for long periods after application (over 7 months).
The effect of heavy metals on the soil/plant/water ecosystem and the
huaan food chain was identified as the nost important technical
obstacle to the agricultural land application ot waste water sludge.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CALIFORNIA; CROP; DIGESTION; EARTH;
FERTILIZER; LAND; MANAGEMENT; REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER;
UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS35197
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hyde, H. C, Utilization of waste water sludge for
agricultural soil enrichment. Journal of the Water Pollution Contral
federation, 48 (1):77-90, Jan. 1976.
(1) SWIBS ACC.HO.: 036064
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SDBa.TTPBr S; T (10) FOB.
TEAR : 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The effects of soil cadmium levels on cadmium uptake
by a number of forage species was studied experimentally in pot
cultures of alfalfa, white clover, sndangrass, tall fescue and
benndagrass grown in soil to which municipal sewage sludge amended by
cadmium sulfate. The increasing use of sludges on agricultural and
pasture lands and the high toxicity of cadmium to plants and animals
•akes it desirable to know more about the long-term influence of
disposing sewage wastes on productive lands. Chemical analyses of plant
clippings and soil samples were performed after plant growth
experiments were completed. Soil analysis showed cadmium concentrations
of 15, 30, no, 95 and 145 micrograms cadmium per grain soil, associated
with a 25% yield depression for sudangrass, alfalfa, clover, fescue and
bermudagrass. Corresponding cadmium concentrations in the plant
clippings were 9, 24, 17, 37 and 43 micrograins per grain.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICDLT0HE; ANALYSIS; AHIHAL; CHEMICAL; DISPOSAL;
LAND; HETAL; HlffllCIPALITT; SANPLIHG METHODS; SEWAGE; SLOD6E; TOXIC;
VEGETATIOH
(15) STIBS ACC.HO.: OOS35109
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bingham, F. T. , A. L. Page, B. J. Hahler.
University of California. Yield and cadmium accumulation of forage
species in relation to cadmium content of sludge-amended soil. Journal
of Environmental Quality, 5(1):57-60, 1976.
118
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LAND APPLICATION AND AGRICULTURAL USES
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 036017
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The effects of Municipal sewage effluent, and
effluent injected with an anaerobically digested liquid sludge, upon
the uptake of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead, by reed canarygrass and
corn are reported. The canarygrass was spray-irrigated throughout the
year from 1961 through 1970 with effluent only, and the effluent plus
sludge during years 1971, 72 and 73. The corn area received only
effluent during the growing season throughout the years 1963 to 1973.
Increased copper and zinc concentrations and total uptake were observed
in the reed canarygrass. Irrigation of corn with effluent produced
little or no change in heavy metal uptake compared to that seen in
normally fertilized soil. The only hazard postulated by the authors may
be in the higher copper levels seen in the irrigated reed canarygrass
if fed to sheep. Zinc levels in both grass and corn were well below
reported phytotoxic levels. Cadmium levels in the crops were below
those of effluent or soil and were regarded as desirable due to
ultimate toxic effects of cadmium in the food chain.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANAEROBIC; CROP; DIGBSTIOH; DISPOSAL; EFFLUENT;
IRRIGATION; LAND; LIVESTOCK; HETAL; MUNICIPALITY; HON-FEHBOUS; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE; TOXIC; VEGETATION
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS35062
(18) DOC.CIT.: Sidle, R. C. , J. E. Hooks, L. T. iCardos. Heavy
•etaIs application and plant uptake in a land disposal system for waste
water. Journal of Environmental Quality, 5(1):97-101, 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.HO.: 035859
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The soil enrichment program for Constitution Gardens
in Washington, D. C. , is discussed. The park being created is part of
the enhancement of the beauty of the capital for the bicentennial. The
land constructed with dredgings once held temporary buildings. The
soils were made up of subsoil material and building debris. Of the four
alternatives suggested for modifying the soil, using urban-produced
organic materials was the one chosen. The compost produced from this
material was found to be of good quality and odor free. The compost,
made from three parts digested sewage sludge and one part wood chips,
was to be mixed with leaf mold and the existing soil. Heavy rains
hindered the mixing process. After some unsuccessful tries, the method
finally used resembled a large mold board plow. Cost analyses were
performed on the project. Estimates agreed well with the amount of
material actually used. Although some problems will be encountered in a
project such as this, the improvement or urban soil by the use of urban
wastes has much promise.
(12) KEYHORDS: COMBINED; COHPOST; DATA; DISTRICT OF COLUBBIA;
DREDGER; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;
RECREATION AREA; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; UTILIZE
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS34904
(18) DOC.CIT.: Patterson, J. C. Enrichment of urban soil with
composted sludge and leaf mold—Constitution Gardens. Compost Science
Journal of Waste Recycling, 16 (3): 18-21, Hay/June 1975.
119
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035138
|2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) StJBJ.TTPE: G (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Municipal garbage and sewage sludge are
being used to turn seal-arid prairie in a fertile grazing laud at
Odessa, Texas. The shredded refuse is plowed under 8 in. of soil. The
technique is expected to enhance long term water retention and the
fertility of the eroded soil. Only ferrous metals are being removed
fro* the Municipal garbage. These are recycled. Denver and Chicago are
two other areas that are using municipal sludge to fertilize
neighboring soils. The annual sales of pollution bonds, now
conservatively estimated at 2 billion dollars, are likely to grow to 5
billion or more according to the Hunicipal Finance Officers
Association, what is described as the first comprehensive nationwide
study of the organization of refuse collection and disposal on
Metropolitan areas has been initiated by Columbia University in
cooperation with the International City Management Association and
Public Technology, Inc.
(12) KEYWORDS: BOND; COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; EARTH; ECONOMICS;
FERTILIZER; IRON; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; REFUSE;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS34183
(18) DOC.CIT.: Refuse * Sludge + semi-arid prairie=fertile land.
Nation's Cities, 13(10):50, Oct. 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 03216«l
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2«J (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) FOB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: In 1969 the City of Denver, Colorado began applying
sludge on 2,000 acres of land at Lowery Air Force Base on an
experimental basis. This act was initiated by the extremely rapid
growth of the metropolitan area such that the sewage treatment facility
was no longer capable of treating all of the waste generated.
Furthermore, the sludge incinerator was having difficulty meeting the
emerging air pollution standards. By 1971, air quality control
regulations and a shortage of natural gas closed down both the
incinerator and the drying facilities. Currently, Denver is applying
500 to 600 tons of wet sludge per day on the land disposal site. Three
types of sludge are mixed together, raw, activated, and digested, and
when a sufficient amount has been applied, either wheat or sudan grass
is planted. The planted land is leased to local farmers for grazing. It
was found that sludge application increased the yield of the land. A
100 million dollar expansion of the system is planned in which all
sludge will be anaerobically digested and piped to a site where it will
be dried by solar heat. Processed sludge will be sold to gardeners and
farmers. The present system costs about 30 to 35 dollars per ton to
dispose of the sludge, whereas the proposed system will cost only 10 to
15 dollars per ton.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANAEROBIC; CROP; DENVER; DIGESTION; DISPOSAL;
DRYING; ECONOMICS; FERTILIZER; LAND; HOHICIPALITT; PIPELINE; PLANNING;
SLUDGE; TRANSPORT; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS31208
(18) DOC.CIT.: Wolf, R. Sludge in the "mile-high" city. Cowpost
Science, 16(1):20-21, Jan. /Feb. 1975.
120
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Section 8
CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.: 048386
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Co-disposal of sewage sludge using
refuse—derived fuel.
(4) AUTHOR: Kaufman HI.
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: 24th Annual Technical Meeting of
the Institute of Environmental Sciences, Fort Worth, TX, Apr. 18-20,
1978.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN {10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: The potentially valuable technique of using refuse
derived fuel for the disposal of sewage sludge is discussed. Emphasis
is placed on the benefits or combining the disposal of troublesome
waste products with the generation of fuel that is less expensive than
fossil substances in use. Possible problems with equipment and sludge
burning are noted, and alternative approaches to codisposal and their
potential value are described. Characteristics of refuse derived fuel
and sewage sludge are examined. The following codisposal alternatives
are explored: aultiple hearth incineration, fluidized bed incineration,
sludge drying, evaporative drying, and composting. (Retained in SHIRS
library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: COHPOSTING; DISPOSAL; DRYING; EQUIPMENT;
INCINERATION; EROBLEHS; REFUSE DERIVED FUEL; SLUDGE
(14) HIEHAHCH TERMS: 1DP/2HX; 1EN/2KD; 1SP/20P
(15) STIrtS ACC.NO.: OOS47440 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Grillo LS
(16) CITATION: Ht. Prospect, IL, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, 1978. p. 204-208.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 048382
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(6) itOOK TITLE: Proceedings: 24th Annual Technical Meeting of the
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Fort worth, TX, Apr. 18-20, 1978.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2AA (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: This conference proceedings report, containing
papers presented at the 24th annual technical meeting of the Institute
of Environmental Sciences held in Fort Worth, Texas, on April 18-20,
1978, is concerned with energy, the environment, education, health,
public policy planning, water Duality, air and water pollution, noise
pollution, and waste management. Energy and environment technology
areas to be developed are discussed. With respect to the environmental
impact of. waste and its management, consideration is given to the
•ultimedia impact of residual waste, the iapact of the nuclear energy
cycle, the codisposal of sewage sludge using refuse derived fuel, added
residual chlorine in the marine environment, the assessment of
pollutants from nonpoint sources in a drainage ditch in Alabama, the
inpact of cadmium chloride on the yreen alga Oedogonium, and the
enrichment and pollution capacity of fly ash deposition. (Retained in
SKIBS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: AI8; ALABABA; CONFERENCE; EDUCATION; ENERGY;
ENVIRONMENT; HEALTH; HANAGEHENT; PLANNING; POLLUTION; RESEARCH; HATER
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1EP; 1HA/2TQ; 1RP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS47436
(16) CITATION: Mt. Prospect, IL, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, 1978. 511 p.
121
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 047346
f2> DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SUBJ.TTPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Sussman DB
(6) BOOK TITLE: Thermal Methods for the Codisposal of Sludges and
Municipal Residues. (8) REPORT HO.: SH-686
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) FOB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTBACT: The codisposal of »unicipal sewage sludge with
Municipal solid waste is a technically viable concept whose various
approaches have been demonstrated or are in operation. All approaches
Bake use of the intrinsic energy of solid waste to dewater or dry the
sludge and solid waste to combust in the save device. Of the two basic
approaches, solid waste incinerators codisposing of sludge and sludge
incinerators using RDF as fuel, the former is more developed although
the potential for the latter is great. However, commercial operating
experience is extremely limited in the D.S. Before the codisposal
technologies are widely adapted, the technology must first be proven in
commercial operation. Operational examples of the European approach are
needed in the U.S., and in sludge incinerators. (Retailed in SWIRS
library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; INCINERATION; HONICIPALITY; REFUSE DERIVED
FUEL; SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; THEHHAL
(14) HIBRARCH TERMS: 1IC/2MY; 1IE/2SP
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS46399 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Gershman HH
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. 21 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046409
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The effects of industrial sludges on landfill
leachates and gas.
(4) AUTHORI Streng DR
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Banerji, S. K., ed. Management of Gas and
Leachate in Landfills. Proceedings of the Third Annual Municipal Solid
Haste Research Symposium. (8) REPORT SO.: EPA-600/9-77-026
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Results are presented of tests attempting to assess
the impact of co-disposal of industrial and municipal wastes. Concern
over possible contamination of ground water led to a project utilizing
large scale experimental landfill test cells. Combinations of municipal
solid waste and industrial residuals were added to several field
lysimeters. All material flows were measured and characterized under
continuous study. Data on mass flows, gas production and composition,
and microbial activity are evaluated. The following conclusions were
reached: (1) accurate determination of chemical parameters in leachate
is possible; (2) gas permeation of polymeric and synthetic materials
occurs in substantial quantities; (3) co-disposal has no effect on
organic, nutrient or demand parameters; (4) co-disposal may have an
effect on metallic ion concentration in leachates; (5) gas
stratification by molecular weight does not occur in landfills; and (6)
certain industrial residuals affect gas production rates in landfills.
(Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; GASSES; INDUSTRY; LEACH; MONITOR;
MUNICIPALITY; REFUSE; RESEARCH; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1LH; 1HV ; 1RP; 1SG/2GH; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45460
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, D.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Sec. 1977. p.41-54.
122
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CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045509
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Simultaneous incineration of refuse and sewage
sludge: the principles and application at Bowhouse, Alloa, Scotland.
(4) AUTHOR: Fraser J HcL
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Health En
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.; 044751
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAThGOHY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Co-burning ot sludge and refuse Kith waste heat
recovery.
(4) AUTHOR: Cosulich tlf
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2NY (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: In New York State, an 8 ngd activated sludge
nitrification wastewater treatment plant and a 200 tpd refuse
incinerator (nultiple hearth) are under construction for the
codisposal, by burning, of sludge and municipal refuse with recovered
heat used to generate electricity adequate to meet the needs of the
plant and incinerator. The treatment plant has floatation thickeners
for thickening waste activated sludye, aerated storage tanJcs, and
centrifuges for sludge dewatering. The incinerator has 2 100 tpd
furnaces equipped with douoie reciprocating stokers and a aodulating
air system which will burn a nixture of 12.5 percent sludge caXe and
€7.5 percent refuse. The high heat value of ttie refuse/sludge mix will
be about 4,100 BTU/lb which will produce 34,000 Ib/hr of steam. Air
pollution control is by electrostatic precipitation. Estimated
electrical savings will average $400,000/yr. for 20 years. Estiaated
pro-ject cost is S25 million.
(12) KEYHORDS: ACTIVATED SLUIK5E; CONTROL; COST REDUCTION;
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOk; ENEKGY; FACILITY; INCINERATION; MULTIPLE
EEARTH; NEW YORK; POLLUTION; REFUSE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WASTE
BEAT; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TEkPSS: 1EE/2ES; 1IA/2IF; 1IA/2IB; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS43796
(16) CITATION: 108 (5) :76-79, May 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044735
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Co-disposal of sewage sludge and solid wastes -
it works.
(4) AUTHOR: Sussaan Dli
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: American city and County
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) fJB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The co-uisposal of sewage solids and sludge while
producing energy is discussed. Bore sludge is being produced today
because of increased construction o± wastewater treatment plants which
produce sludge. Hunicipal sludge has a heat value of 10,000 Btu per dry
solid pound, and is autogenous at about 70 percent moisture content.
various mechanical or thermal processes are needed to dewater the
sludge. The codisposal techniques described here use energy released
froia the combustion of the solid waste to fuel the detrateriny of the
sludge to its autogenous point. Two basic approaches are outlined:
first, using the organic portion of the solid waste as a fuel in
incinerators to dry, burn and reduce the volume of the sludge that most
be disposed of; secondly, to use a solid waste incinerator, solid waste
fired steam generator or water wall combustion unit to ourn dewatered
sludge. Both approaches recover the energy produced in the theraal
process, and both are being demonstrated and used.
(12) KEYWORDS: DRYING; ENERGY; INCINERATION; HECLAHATION; SEWAGE;
SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EC/2EV; 1IA/2IF; 1IB/2IW; 1SF; 1SI/2S5
(15) STIHS ACC.NQ.: OOS43780
(1b) CITATION: 92(10):55-58, Oct. 1977.
124
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CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 04U323
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Energy from waste and its potential use as a
fuel.
(4) AUTHOR: Hillard R
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: So.Ud Wastes
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Advantages and disadvantages of using the
combustible part of municipal waste as a supplementary fuel wera
examined at a British solid waste management convention. The
combustible part of the waste has a calorific value of well over half
that of coal; its'use would Bean reduced disposal costs and reduced
fuel costs for the user. Several schemes for using the refuse derived
fuel (RDF) are described, all incorporate a shredding process and
•aqnetic extraction of ferrous metals. Two reclamation plants,
presently under construction, are described whose principal objective
is to determine whether mechanical separation of waste constituents on
a larqc scale is technically feasible and economical. A major problea
is the low density of retuse derived fuel; current research into makiny
RDF pellets or bricks is described. In the discussion period following,
future aspects of RDF use are examined. Hays in which industry can be
involved in development of the new commodity are explored. A planned
codisposal project is described in which waste oil sludge will be mixed
with domestic waste before RDF convertion.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONVERT; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; EUROPE; FUEL; GREAT
BRITAIN; IRON; MUNICIPALITY; OIL; PLAtiT-INDUSTRIAL; PROBLEM; REFUSE;
RESEARCH; SEPARATING; SHREDDING; SLUDGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EC/2ET; 1EE/2EP; 1SE/2SN
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 003433.67
(16) CITATION: 67 (8) :390-403. Aug. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 0(14269
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGOBY : 07 (2) SnBJ.TTPF: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Hunicipal solid waste and sewage
si ad ge —co-d isposa1.
(«) AUTHOR: SOSSBAH DB
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Resource Recovery and Energy Review
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) FOB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Codisposal of municipal solid waste and sewage
sludge is discussed and operational techniques are described. There are
two basic codisposal approaches: (1) sewage sludge multiple hearth or
flnidized bed incinerators use the organic portion of solid waste as a
fuel to dry, born, and reduce the volume of the sludge; (2) solid waste
incinerators, solid waste fired steam generators, or waterwall
combustion units burn dewatered sludge. Both approaches can recover
energy produced in the thermal process and both are being demonstrated
or used. Several nonthermal codisposal techniques are also described:
composting for soil conditioner and fertilizer, anaerobic digestion for
methane generation, conversion into fuel bricKs, and combination of
organic fraction for animal feed.
(12) KETfTOBDS: COMB0STION; COBPOSTING; DIGESTIOU; DISPOSAL; EHBBGY;
FACILITY; FEED; FERTILIZER; FLUIDI2BD BED; FUEL; IHC1HEBATIOH; HETHAHB;
BOLTIPLE HEABTH; MUNICIPALITY; ORGANIC; BECLAHATION; BEFDSE; SEWAGE;
SLDDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; THEHBAL; TREATMENT; HASTE WATER
(11) HIESfcRCH TEBMS: 1DD/2DP; 1IB/2IT; 1IB/2IW; 1HJ/2H8; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIJIS ACC.NO.: OOS43313
(16) CITATION: H(3):13-1«, Summer 1977.
125
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SSIRS ACC.NO.: 044150
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: "Co-disposal" tor solid wastes and sewage
sludge.
(4) AUTHOR: Sussman U
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Waste Age
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) GSO. AREA: 1EU; 1US (10) PUB. YEAS: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: United States and European municipalities are
investigating the integration or two disposal problems (sludge and
solid wastes) and the simultaneous production of energy. "Codisposal"
techniques use energy produced from the combustion of solid waste to
dewater sludge to its autogenous point. There are two basic approaches.
In the first, sewage sludge incinerators (usually multiple hearth)
installed at the wastewater treatment plant use the organic portion of
solid waste as a fuel to dry, barn, and reduce the volume of the
sludge. In the second, generally less successful approach, a solid
waste incinerator, solid waste fired generator, or waterwall combustion
unit burns dewatered sludge. Alternate approaches include conversion of
the organic portion of solid waste into a refuse derived fuel which is
then used to fuel the multiple hearth incinerators. In direct sludge
drying, the heat of the burning solid waste dries the sludge directly
and the dried solids burn with the waste. Several nonthermal codisposal
techniques are also being demonstrated.
(12) KEYHOBDS: CONVERT; ENERGY; EUROPE; FUEL; INCINERATION;
BOITIPLE HEAETH; ORGANIC; REFUSE; SLUDGE; SOLID; THERMAL; US; BATEBWALL
(14) HIE8ARCH TEEMS: 1EC/2ET; 1IA/2I*; 1SI/2S5
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS4319J
(16) CITATION: 8 (7):44, 46, 49. July 1977.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO. : 043548
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Peck K
(5) CO8PORATE AUTHOR: McPhee, smith, Rosenstein Engineers
(6) BOOK TITLE: Industrial Baste and Pretreatment in the Buffalo
Municipal System. (8) REPORT NO.: EPA-600/2-77-018
(9) GRANT NO. : R803005
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2NY (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The requirements and affects of the combined
treatment of industrial and domestic wastewaters were investigated for
the Buffalo Sewer Authority's sewerage system. An industrial waste
survey was performed to obtain background information on industrial
discharges. This coupled witn material balances on the sewerage system
provided the data necessary to develop industrial waste control and
cost recovery programs. The industrial waste'control program for
Euffalo included revised sewer use regulations coupled with a permit
system and monitoring program. A combination of ad valorem tax and
wastewater service charges, based ou waste strength and volume were
used to recover the cost of treatment. An economic evaluation of the
cost recovery and industrial waste control programs on the industrial
users was performed, A 95,000 liter/day activated sludge pilot study
was conducted to evaluate the affects that industrial users will have
en the treatment processes. Three potential sludge disposal options
(soil conditioning, landfill and codisposal with refuse) were
investigated for the disposal of the sludge generated by the combined
treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater in Buffalo. (Retained
in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; CONTROL; DATA; DISCHARGE;
DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; INDUSTRY; MONITOR; MUNICIPALITY; NEW YORK;
RECLAMATION; SEWAGE; SOIL CONDITION; SURVEY; SYSTEM; TAXES; TREATMENT;
fcASTE WATER
(14) HIEHARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DL; 1DD/2DP; 1EA/2EA; 1EA/2EC; 1IC/2I4;
1PM
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42591 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Gorton JC Jr
(16) CITATION: Ada, OK, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Jan.
1977. 184 p.
126
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CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 043536
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SUBJ.TYtE: T
(U) AUTHOR: Niessen W
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Boy F. Keston, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: A Bevlew of Techniques for Incineration of Sewage
Sludge with Solid Wastes. (8) SEfOfiT NO.: EPA-600/2-76-288 (9)
CONTRACT NO.: 66-03-OU75
(10) LANGUAGES EN (10) PUB. YEAis: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: This report discusses the state of the art of
coincineration of municipal refuse and sewage sludge. European and
Anerican practice is described. Four coincineration techniques are
evaluated for thermodynaiaic and economic feasibility; pyrolysis,
inltiple hearth, direct drying, and indirect drying. Each process is
compared with conventional separate incineration witn respect to cost,
practicality, and environmental impact. Recommendations for specific
demonstrations are Bade and EPA endorseaent of co incineration is
proposed. (Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AIH; COflBIHED; DISPOSAL; DRYING; ECONOMICS;
INCINERATION; INCINERATOR; MULTIPLE HEARTH; POLLUTION; PYBOLYSIS;
tEJOSE; SLUDGE
(1*4) HIERARCH TERMS: 1IA/2IH; 1SI/2S5
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00342579 (15) SECONDARY. AUTHORS: Daly A;
Snith E
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Dec. 1976. 236 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.SO.: 011048
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) S0BJ.TYPE: T
(«) ADTHOR: Smith FPI (10) GBO. ABBA: 1US/2BA (10) FOB. YEAR:
1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Demonstrated and experimental coincineration
techniques for burning municipal sludge with nixed municipal refuse are
assessed. The state of the art in coincineration approaches is
reviewed. A number of coincineration installations are described, with
emphasis on conventional nixed Municipal refuse incinerators,
continuous feed incinerators, multiple hearth sludge incinerators, and
fluid bed sludge incinerators. A water treatment and incineration
installation in Holyoke, Massachusetts is detailed and illustrated. It
is pointed out that, as long as land is available, landfills are less
expensive than incineration even when consideration is given to the
cost of linings and leachate collection and treatment systems. Resource
recovery is another sludge disposal method that competes with
incineration or coincineration, although it is noted that resource
recovery can precede or follow thermal processing. One future
coincineration option is identified as conventional incineration with
or without heat recovery since such incinerator units can handle raw
nixed municipal refuse. The effect of burning sludge in a"conventional
refractory wall mixed municipal refuse incinerator is discussed.
Another future coincineration option iscited as the use of conventional
sludge incinerators modified to handle shredded and cleansed mixed
municipal refuse. A third future coincineration option involves
experimental furnaces.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMBINED; COMPARISON; DATA; ECONOHICS; INCINERATION;
INCINERATOR; HOSICTPALITY; PROJECTION; REPOSE; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY; DTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
(1») HIE8AHCH TERHS: 1IB/2IW
(15) ST1BS ACC.NO.: OOSH0092 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Daly AH
(18) DOC.CIT.: Smith, E. n. , and A. R. Daly. The past, present,
and future prospects of burning municipal sewage sludge along with
mixed municipal refuse. In 0. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Proceedings; the 1975 National Conference on Municipal Sludge
Management and Disoposal, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 18-20, 1975. Hockville, MD,
Information Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p. 115-123.
127
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SEWAGE SLUDGE PROCESSING, DISPOSAL OR USE
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 037831
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CAXiSGOfiY: 07 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAB: 1975
(11) ABSTfiACT: Waste disposal facilities built several years ago
have been found too sea 11 foe handling the ever increasing volume of
wastes. Emphasis is placed upon the necessity of having a general waste
disposal facility for priaarily wastewater sludge, household refuse,
market and garden waste, foodstuff refuse, and separate facilities for
handling aniaal farms wastes, industrial wastes, oil polluted sludge,
glass wastes, hazardous waste, and bulky waste (such as tires and
discarded automobiles). A table is given showing the percentage of
various types of wastes for the city of Hamburg, and in comparison, for
the United States and Australia. For Hamburg, as of 1972, these figures
read (in percent): paper and cardboard at 33, wood at 3, kitchen and
garden refuse at 17, textiles, rubber and leather at 3, plastics at 4.
5, glass at 13, metal at 4, stones and ceramics at H, and fine waste at
17. 5. Average moisture content was 25 to 30. Haste production per
capita per annum (1971) was 328 hj. (Original text in German)
(12) KEYwoflDS: COMPOSITION; CONSTBUCTION; DATA; DISPOSAL; FACILITY.;
GERMANY; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING; SEFUSE
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS36d75
(18) DOC.CIT.: straub, H. Planung fucr den Bau von
Abfallbeseitigungsanlagen (Planning the construction of waste disposal
facilities). Technische Bitteilungen, 5:186-188, 1975.
(1) SHI8S ACC.NO.: 037116
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
SEAB: 1975
(11) ABSTfiACT: The solid waste processing systea utilized by Union
Carbide Corporation is described. Pyrolysis, as practiced by Union
Carbide in its PUBOX process, uses a limited amount of combustion
supported by pure oxygen to produce high temperature gases that
pyrolyze or drive off burnable gases from the organic content of
refuse. After cleaning, gases are piped to a point where they can be
efficiently used as a fuel gas or as a chemical synthesis gas for the
production of such products as methanol or aamonia. The pyrolysis
process was evaluated at a 5-ton-per-day pilot plant in three stages:
(1) verify basic process paraaeters using as-received refuse; (2) add
front-end coarse shredding and ferrous metals removal and establish
optimum operating conditions; and (3) investigate the codisposal of
•ixed municipal refuse and d«watered sewage sludge. The PUROX prototype
plant was designed to demonstrate the feasibility and economics of
solid waste disposal and energy recovery. Operation of the plant is
detailed, along with equipment utilized in tne disposal of waste and
energy conversion systea. Clean-burning fuel gas resulting from the
fUBOX process represents 83 percent of the fuel value of the original
refuse charged into the process. Uses for the fuel gas are noted, and
the technical feasibility 01 refuse and sludge codisposal is assessed.
(12) KEYHORDS: AMMONIA; CHEBICAL; CONJPEBENCE; ENEBGY; EQUIPHENI;
JOEL; GASSES; INDUSTRY; OPESATIOBS HESEAfiCH; PBODUCE; PYBOLYSIS;
BECLAMATION; BEFUSE; SHBEDDING; SYNTHETIC; TECHNOLOGY; UTILIZE
(15) STISS ACC.NO.: OOS36161
(18) DOC.CIT. : Valley, t). J. Purox: a. review of Onion Carbide
Corporatipn's solid waste systen. In: Proceedings; Fifth Annual
Symposium of the Los Angeles Regional Forum on Solid Haste Hanagement,
University of California, LOS Angeles, May 21, 1975. Torrance, CA, Los
Angeles Begional Forum on Solid Waste Management, 1976, 160 p. (p. 66-7
128
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CO-DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
(1) SHIRS ACC.SO.: 035439
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TrpE: T (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article discusses the combined incineration of
sewage sludge and municipal refuse. Data are presented on the chemical
analyses and heat contents of sewage sludge and refuse and on the heat
released on combustion of tne combined aaterials. tie fuse must tie
shredded and air classified for separation of the combustible portion
cf the wastes. Sewage sludge must be dewatered prior to incineration.
Combined incineration of the sludge and refuse allows the combustion of
the refuse to provide the heat necessary to dewater the sludge. The
process allows the combustion to be self-sustaining, avoiding the use
of auxiliary fuels. Combining the sludge with refuse for incineration
permits sludqe of lower total solids content to be burned. Mixtures of
sludge and refuse can also be used in pyrolysis processes, which can
produce fuel materials. A decision process for determining the
feasibility of combined incineration of sewage sludge and refuse is
outlined.
(12) KEYWORDS; ANALYSIS; COMBINED; DATA; DISPOSAL; HEATIHG IfALUE;
INCINERATION; MUNICIPALITY; i>l.AiiNING; PYKOLYSIS; REFUSE; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS34534
(18) DOC.CIT.: Loran, B. I. Burn that sludge! water and Wastes
Engineering, 12 (10):65-68, Oct. 1975.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO. : 034326
(2) DOMESTIC; f (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This" article describes the Bowhouse incinerator,
which is the first incineration plant in Scotland to use solid refuse
as a fuel to burn sewage sludge. The plant, which cost about 750,000
pounds sterling, was designed and constructed for the Bowhouse
Incineration Joint Cooaittee, which is an amalgamation of the
Clackmannan County Council and the town councils of Alloa, Alva,
Tillicoultry, and Dollar, in Scotland. The incinerator is linked to a
new 700,000 pounds sterling sewage treatment plant. The incinerator is
designed to handle municipal refuse, sewage sludge, and waste oils.
Eefuse is pulverized and ferrous metals are magnetically separated
before the wastes are fed to the combustion zone. Sewage sludge is
thickened and pumped into the upper drying section of the
•ultipie-hearth furnace. Arms fited to a rotating rabble shaft move the
solid waste across the hearths and cause the ash to drop through holes
in the hearths. The ash residue is cooled as it heats the incoming
combustion air and is removed by a conveyor when it reaches the bottom
of the furnace. Exhaust gasses are cooled as they dry the sewage sludge
and are cleaned by an electrostatic precipitator prior to release to
the atmosphere. The incineration plant can dispose of 3. 65 tons of
•ixed domestic and industrial refuse and 4. 36 tons of various sludges
per hr.
(12) KEYWORDS: BENEFIT; DSSIGN; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; FURNACE; GREAT
BRITAIN; INCINERATION; INCINERATOR; MULTIPLE HEARTH; MUNICIPALITY;
BEFUSE; REGIONAL; SCOTLAND; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS33J70
(18) DOC.CIf.: The Bowhouse incinerator. Energy Digest, 4[3):36-37,
June 1975.
129
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Appendix A
ABBREVIATIONS
Administration
Agxarie
Agricultural
Agriculture
America(n)
Annals, Annali, Annales
Applied
Archiv (e, es)
Association (cion)
Australasian
Berichte
British
Buildings
Bulletin
Canada(ian)
Chemical, Chemistry
Company
Communication(s)
Control
Conservation Development
Deutschen
Corporation
Department
Division
Energy
Engineer(s)
Engineering
Environment
Environmental
Experimental
Government
Highway(s)
Incorporated
Indian
Industrial
Industry
Institute
Institution
International
Izvestiya
Japan
Japanese
Journal
Laboratory
Limited
Management
Manufacture(r)
Materials
Metallurgical, Metallurgy
Microbiology (ical, ia)
Mining
National
New
Number
Organization
Packaging
Pollution
Proceedings
Production
Admin
Agra
Agric
Agri
Amer
Ann
Appl
Arch
Assoc
Austral
Ber
Brit
Bldg(s)
Bull
Can
Chem
Co
Co mm
Contr
Conser Devt
Deutsch
Corp
Dept
Div
Ener
Engr(s)
Engring
Env
Environ
Eptl
Govt
Hgwy(a)
Inc
Indn
Indus
Ind
Inst
Instit
Inter
Izv
Jpn
Jpnse
J
Lab
Ltd
Mgmt
Manuf
Mater
Metall
Micro
Mng
Natl
N
No .
Org
Pkg
Poll
Proc
Prod
131
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Professional Prof
Publication(s) Pub(s)
Reclamation Reclatn
Report(s) Rpt(s)
Research Rsch
Resource Res
Review(s), Revue, Revista Rev
Service(s) Svc(s)
Science(s) Sci
South S
Technological Technol
Technology, Technische, Techn- Tech
ica, etc.
Toxicology Toxicol
Transactions Trans
Treatment Trtmt
University and variations Univ
United States U.S.
Water Wtr
Wissenschaftlichen Wissen
Zeitschrift Zeit
Zentrallblatt Zent
Zhurnal Zh
132
-------
Appendix B
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
acre (acre) millimeter (mm)
acre-foot (acre-ft) mile (mile)
centimeter (cm) newton (N)
cubic centimeter (cu cm) one kilogram force (kgf)
cubic foot (cu ft) one pound force (Ibf)
cubic inch (cu in) pascal (Pa)
cubic meter (cu m) pound (Ib)
cubic meters per minute pounds per square foot (psf)
(cu m/min)
pounds per square inch (psi)
cubic yard (cu yd)
square centimeter (sq cm)
ft (ft)
square foot (sq ft)
gallon (gal)
square inch (sq in)
gallons per minute
(gal/min) square kilometer (sq km)
hectare (ha) square meter (sq m)
inch (in) square mile (sq mile)
kilogram (kg) square yard (sq yd)
aeter (m) ton (ton)
yard (yd)
Montha of the Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar .
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug .
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec .
133
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Appendix C
LANGUAGE CODES
Language
Code
Mixed
Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Belorussian
(White Russian)
Bulgarian
Burmese
Cambodian
Cantonese
Chinese
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Dutch
English
Estonian
Finnish
Flemish
French
Georgian
German
Greek
Gujarat!
Hebrew
Hindi
Hindustani
Hungarian (Magyar)
Icelandic
Indonesian
Italian
Japanese
Javanese
Kashmiri
Khmer
Kirundi
Korean
Latin
Latvian
Lithuanian
AA
AF
AL
AR
AR
AE
BE
BU
BR
CA
CH
CH
CR
CZ
DA
DU
EN
ES
FI
FL
FR
GE
GM
GR
GU
HE
HI
HI
HU
1C
MI
IT
JA
JV
KA
CA
KI
KO
LA
LK
LI
Language
Lingala
Macedonian
Malayan
Malayalam
Malay-Indonesian
Malagasy
Maltese
Mandarin
Karachi
Mongolian
Nepali
Ngala
Norwegian
Papuan
Persian
Polish
Portugese
Punjabi
Pustu
Romanian
Russian
Rwanda
Servian
Sinhalese
Slovak
Slovene
Somali
Spanish
Swahili
Swedish
Tagalog
Tamil
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan
Turkish
Ukrainian
Urdu
Vietnamese
White Russian
Yiddish
Code
HG
MC
ML
MA
Ml
MS
MT
CH
MR
MO
NE
NG
NO
PA
PE
PO
PR
PU
PS
RO
RU
RW
SE
SI
3L
SV
SO
SP
SW
SO
TA
TM
TE
TH
TI
TU
UK
UR
VI
BE
YI
134
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Appendix D
HIERARCHIC TERMS
1AC ACCIDENT
(See also PETROCHEMICALS)
1AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
(See also ANIMALS, MANURE, FOOD PROCESSING)
2C8 CROP RESIDUE
2LW LOGGING WASTES
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1AI AIR POLLUTION
2AN ANALYSIS
2C2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2DU DUJtPS
2FD PEEDLOTS
2ic :NCINERATOR
2IN INDUSTRY
2LF LAWS
2SQ SMOKE CONTROL
1AL ALGAE
CSee MICROORGANISM)
IAN ANALYSIS
1AQ ANIMALS
(See also MANURE)
2CD CARCASS
2FD PEEDLOTS
2VC VECTOR CONTROL
1AS ASH
2CN COMPOSITION
2DP DISPOSAL
2UT UTILIZATION
1AU AUTOMOBILES
2BU BURNING
2CL COLLECTION
2C6 COSTS
2DP DISPOSAL
21C INCINERATION
2LF LAWS
2QU QUANTITY
2RT RAIL TRANSPORT
2TT TRANSPORT
2UT UTILIZATION
2VR VOLUME REDL" .TION
1AY AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
CSee also AUTOMOBILES)
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
135
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1BC
1BL
1BU
BACTERIA
(See MICROORGANISMS)
1CF
1CH
BALING
2ET
2PD
2SC
BULKY WASTES
2CL
2DP
2TT
2UT
2VR
CELLULOSE
CHEMICALS
2 IN
EQUIPMENT
PAPER
SCRAP METAL
COLLECTION
DISPOSAL
TRANSPORT
UTILIZATION
VOLUME REDUCTION
2PC
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1CL
ICO
1CP
ICQ
COLLECTION
(See also
2CJ
2CM
2CZ
2C1
2C6
2ET
2FR
2 IN
2IW
2LF
2MY
2PH
2PQ
2RO
2RW
2TU
COMPACTION
2ET
COMPOST
2 AN
2 HE
2MG
2UT
COMPOSTING
2CC
2CF
2C6
2DP
2ET
2HE
2IC
2 IT
2LF
2MX
CONTAINERS)
CHUTS SYSTEMS
COMMERCIAL WASTES
CONTAINERS
CONTRACTORS
COSTS
EQUIPMENT
FREQUENCY
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
LAWS
MUNICIPAL WASTES
PERSONNEL
PNEUMATIC
ROUTES
RURAL AREAS
TRUCKS
EQUIPMENT
ANALYSIS
HEALTH AND SAFETY
MARKETS
UTILIZATION
TANNERY WASTES
CELLULOSE
COSTS
DISPOSAL
EQUIPMENT
HEALTH AND SAFETY
INCINERATION
INSTALLATIONS
LAWS
METHODS
136
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
2FD PAPER
2PS PROBLEMS
2SI SEPARATION OF NON-ORGANICS
2SP SLUDGE
1CT COMPUTER
(See MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)
IOC CONSTRUCTION
CSee also DEMOLITION WASTES)
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3OT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1CZ CONTAINERS
2DP DISPOSAL
IDA DAIRY (INDUSTRY)
IDE DEEP WELL STORAGE
1DM DEMOLITION WASTES
(See also CONSTRUCTION)
1DP DISPOSAL
CSee also INDIVIDUAL METHODS)
2AG ' AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2CM COMMERICAL WASTES
2C6 COSTS
2DG DREDGING
2FC FACILITIES
2HC HAZARDOUS WASTE
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MX METHODS
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2RP RESEARCH
2RV RURAL AREAS
1DR DRUGS
(See also PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES)
1DU DUMPS
2EL ELIMINATION
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2LF LAWS
1EC ECONOMICS
2C6 COSTS
2MG MARKETS
2TX TAXES
1EI EDUCATION
2PH PERSONNEL
2PO PROFESSIONAL
2PV PUBLIC
137
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1EN ENERGY
2EC ECONOMICS
2RD REFUSE DERIVED FUELS
2UT UTILIZATION
1EP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
1ET EQUIPMENT
2AN ANALYSIS
2BR BALERS
2CL COLLECTION
2CO COMPACTION
2C3 CONVEYOR
2HM HAMMERMILLING
2MH MATERIALS HANDLING
2SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
2SG SANITARY LANDFILL
2SI SEPARATORS - FITTERS
2SK SHEARING
2SL SHREDDING
2SU SPREADING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2WT WASTEWATER TREATMENT (CONTROL EQUIPMENT)
1FE FERTILIZER
(See also COMPOST, HAZARDOUS)
2DP DISPOSAL
2RF REFUSE DERIVED FERTILIZER
1FI FIRE
1FL FLY ASH
2AN ANALYSIS
2DP DISPOSAL
2MS MINE STABILISATION
2RC RECOVERY O? CONSTITUENTS
2SS SOIL CONDITIONER
2UT UTILIZATION
3AR AGGREGATE
1FO FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
2BG BAGASSE
2BK BAKERY
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSTwr
2BW BREWERY
2CC CANNERY
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2CK COFFEE
2DA DAIRY
2DP DISPOSAL
2FR FRUITS
2GF GRAIN AND FEED CROPS
2MF MEAT PACKING PLANTS
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2MU MOLASSES
2PA POULTRY
2SE SEAFOOD
2SO SLAUGHTERHOUSE
2SX SUGAR
2UT UTILIZATION
2VG VEGETABLE
1FU FUNGI
CSee MICROORGANISMS)
1GA GARBAGE GRINDING
138
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
1GL GLASS
2IN INDUSTRIAL BASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1GR GRANTS
1GW GROUND WATER
1HC HAZARDOUS WASTES
(See also RADIOACTIVE WASTES, HOSPITALS, PESTICIDES)
2AN ANALYSIS
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
1KB HEALTH ANC SAFETY
1HH HEAT RECOVERY
(See INCINERATION)
1HO HOG FEEDING
IBS HOSPITALS
(See also INSTITUTIONAL WASTES; HAZARDOUS WASTES)
2CL COLLECTION
2DI DISPOSABLE ITEMS
2DP DISPOSAL
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IC INCINERATION
1IC INCINERATION
(See also SPECIFIC WASTES)
2AI AIR POLLUTION
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2CQ COMPOSTING
2C6 COSTS
2EM EMISSIONS
2ET EQUIPMENT
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
ZMC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2OS ON SITE
2PE PLANT DESIGN
2PG PLANT OPERATION
2PS PROBLEMS
2RS RESIDUE
2SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
2WA WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
2WE WATER POLLUTION
HE INCINERATOR
2FB FLUIDIZED BED
20P OPEN PIT
2RK ROTARY KILN
2SP SLUDGE
2ST SPECIAL PURPOSE
139
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1IM INDUSTRIAL WASTES
(See also SPECIFIC INDUSTRY, SPECIFIC TREATMENT WTMQDS)
2AK ANALYSIS
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CG CENTRALIZED DISPOSAL PLANT5
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2EF EFFLUENT CHARGES
2LF LAWS
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2PY PYROLYSIS
2SJ SEWAGE
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2UT UTILIZATION
IIS INSECTS
1IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2OT UTILIZATION
1LC LAGOONS
1LD LAND RECLAMATION
(See also MINES, SANITARY LANDFILL)
1LF LANS
2CL COLLECTION
2DP DISPOSAL
2ER ENFORCEMENT
2FF FEDERAL
2IB INTERNATIONAL
2MB MUNICIPAL
2SW STATE
1LH LEACHATE
(See also SANITARY LANDFILL, WATER POLLUTION)
1LR LITTER
2C3 CAMPAIGNS
2C6 COST OF REMOVAL
2RJ RECREATION AREAS
1LU LUMBER
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3DT UTILIZATION
IMA MAHAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2C7 COUNTY
2JT FEDERAL
2IB INTERNATIONAL
2MB MUNICIPAL
2fiZ REGIONAL
2BH RURAL
2SW STATE
2TQ TECHNIQUZS
140
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
IKE MANURE
tSee also ANIMALS)
2CE CATTLE
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2PA POULTRY
2PT PROCESSING
2SL SHEEP
2SN STORAGE
2SZ SWINE
2UT UTILIZATION
IMG MARKETS
1M1 METAL, FERROUS
2EC ECONOMICS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER VIASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2SC SCRAP
2SN SLAG
2SY SWARF
1MK METAL, NON-FERROUS
2AM ALUMINUM
2C4 COPPER
2EC ECONOMICS
2HV HEAVY
2LB LEAD
2NI NICKEL
2PK PRECIOUS METALS
2TI TIN
2ZI ZINC
1MM MICROORGANISMS
1MO MINERALS
1MR MINES
CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)
LMT MINING INDUSTRY
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1MV MONITORING
1MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
(See also REFUSE)
2CO COMPACTION
2DP DISPOSAL
2SH SEPARATION
2TT TRANSPORT
2UT UTILIZATION
1NO NOISE
IOC OCEAN DISPOSAL
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2CM COMMERCIAL PASTES
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
141
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2IX INTERNATIONAL CONTHOL
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2SP SLUDGE
10F ODOR CONTROL
lOL OIL
IPS PACKAGING WASTES
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2OT UTILIZATION
1PD PAPER AND PULP
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2NE NEWSPAPERS
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3OT UTILIZATION
1PF PATHOGENIC WASTES
1PH PERSONNEL
1PJ PESTICIDES
1PL PETROCHEMICALS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2OI OIL SPILLS
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PN PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES
1PP PLANNING
1PR PLASTICS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PT PROCESSING
1PV PUBLIC RELATIONS
(See EDUCATION)
1PY PYROLYSIS
(See also INCINERATION)
1RD RADIOACTIVE WASTES
(See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
142
-------
HTEPABCHIC TERMS
2UP DISPOSAL
2SW STORAGE
1RG RECLAMATION
CSee SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION)
1RJ RECREATIONAL AREAS
CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)
1RM REDUCTION
1RN REFUSE
(See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
2CA CALORIFIC VALUE
2CO COMPOSITION
2QU QUANTITY
1RP RESEARCH
(See SPECIFIC TOPICS; GRANT)
1RR RESOURCE RECOVERY
1RU RUBBER
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2TS TIRES
1SB SAFETY
(See HEALTH AND SAFETY)
ISO SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
(See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
1SF SAND
1SG SANITARY LANDFILL
CSee also LAND RECLAMATION; SPECIFIC WASTES)
2CQ COMPOSTING
2C6 COSTS
2DC DECOMPOSITION
2DS DESIGN
2ET EQUIPMENT
2GS GASSES
2GW GROUND WATER
2MC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2OE OPERATIONS
2RL REGULATIONS
2SL SHREDDING
2SO SITES
1SI SEPARATION
2CH CHEMICAL
2LS LIQUID-SOLID
2MD MECHANICAL
2ML METAL
2MX METHODS
2RN REFUSE
1SJ SEWAGE
(See also SLUDGE)
2AN ANALYSIS
143
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2KB HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IP IRRADIATION PROCESSING
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
1SL SHREDDING
ISM SLAG
CSae METAL, FERROUS)
ISO SLAUGHTERHOUSE
CSae FOOD PROCESSING WASTES)
ISP SLUDGE
tSee also INDUSTRIAL WASTES)
2AN ANALYSIS
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2DP DISPOSAL
2ET EQUIPMENT
2HS HEALTH AND SAFETY
2HP HEAT PROCESSING
2IP IRRADIATION PROCESSING
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2UT UTILIZATION
1SR SNOW REMOVAL
1ST SOIL
ISO SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1SW STORAGE
2CZ CONTAINERS
2C6 COSTS
2LF LAWS
2MX METHODS
2SO SITES
1SX STREET CLEANING
1SY SURVEYS
1SZ SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
CSee MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)
1TB TANNERY WASTES
ITS TEXTILES
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1TM TOXIC MATERIALS
(See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
144
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
1TR TRANSFER STATIONS
(See also COLLECTION)
ITT TRANSPORTATION
CSee also SPECIFIC WASTES)
2C6 COSTS
2MX METHODS
2PM PIPELINES
2PQ PNEUMATIC
2KB RAILROADS
2SN SHIPS
2TK TRUCKS
1TV TREATMENT
(See PROCESSING)
1TY TREES
(See BULKY WASTES; LUMBER)
1VC VECTOR CONTROL
(See ANIMALS; INSECTS)
1VG VEGETATION
1VR VOLUME REDUCTION
1WE WATER POLLUTION
(See also GROUND WATER)
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2AN ANALYSIS
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2C2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2EC ECONOMICS
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2SJ SEWAGE
1WO WOOD
(See LUMBER)
145
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Appendix E
GEOGRAPHIC CODES
1AF Africa
IAN Antarctica
IAS Asia
1AU Australia
1CA Canada '
1CB Caribbean
1EU Europe
IMA Marshall Islands
1ME Mexico
1MI Middle East
1NZ New Zealand
ISA South America
1SU Soviet Union
1US United States
2AA Alabama
2AC Alaska
2AE Alberta
2AG American Samoa
2AI Arizona
2AN Argentina
2AR Arkansas
2AS Austria
2BE Belgium
2BI Brazil
2BR British Columbia
2CA California
2CH China (Mainland)
2CI China (Taiwan)
2CO Colorado
2CT Connecticut
2CZ Czechoslovakia
2DE Delaware
2DN Denmark
2DT District of Columbia
2FI Finland
2FL Florida
2FR France
2GB Gabon
2GE Georgia
2GM Germany (East)
2GN Germany (West)
2GU Guam
2HI Hawaii
2HK Hong Kong
2HU Hungary
2IA Idaho
211 Illinois
2IL India
2IN Indiana
210 Indonesia
2IQ Iowa
2IR Ireland
2IS Israel
2IT Italy
2JM Jamaica
2JP Japan
2KS Kansas
2Ky Kentucky
2LE Lebanon
2LI
2LT
2LU
2MA
2MD
2MH
2MI
2MJ
2MN
2MP
2MR
2MT
2NB
2NE
2NF
2NG
2NH
2NJ
2NM
2NQ
2NR
2NT
2NY
20H
20K
20N
20R
2PC
2PE
2PJ
2 PL
2PR
2RI
2SA
2SF
2SI
2SK
2SP
2SR
2SU
2SY
2TA
2TE
2TK
2TN
2UG
2UK
2UT
2VA
2VE
2VI
2VN
2VR
2WA
2WR
2WW
2WY
2YU
3AI
3AK
Libya
Lithuania
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Melbourne
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nepal
Netherlands
Nevada
New Hampshire
Nev Jersey
Nefc iSvico
Nnw '__-k
Nor • Carolina
Nor,,'i Dakota
Norway
Ohio
Okla>- .-na
Ontario
Oregon
Pakistan
Pennsylvania
Peru
Poland
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
Saskatchewan
South Africa
South Carolina
South Dakota
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Sydney
Tasmania
Tennessee
Texas
Thailand
Uganda
United Kingdom
Utah
Venezuela
Vermont
Victoria
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Yugoslavia
Aiken
Akron
146
-------
GEOGRAPHICAL
3AL Albany
3AM Ames
3AS Amsterdam
3AT Atlanta
3BA Baltimore
3BC Bangkok
3BI Basel
3BK Barking
3BL Bavaria
3BN Berkeley
3BR Berlin
3BS Birmingham
3BT Boston
3BV Bridgeport
3BW Broward
3CA Calumet
3CD Camden
3CF Casteljaloux
3CI Cheshire
3CJ Chicago
3CN Cincinnati
3CP Cleveland
3CT Clinton
3CU Columbus
3CY Cook
3CZ Czestochowa
3DE Denver
3DI Detroit
3DN Dublin
3DT Duluth
3DU Dusseldorf
3EB Ebingen
3ED Edinburgh
3EK Elk Creek
3EM Elmira
3EY Ely
3FB Fairbanks
3FI Finham
3FL Flagstaff
3FN Frankfort
3FR Franklin
3SA St. Croix
3SC St. Joseph
3SD St. Louis
3SE St. Paul
3SG St. Petersburg
3SI San Diego
3SN San Francisco
3SO Santa Ana
3SP Santa Barbara
3SR Savannah
3ST Stockholm
3SU Stuttgart
3TA Tel Aviv
3TC Tocks Island
3TK Tokyo
3TN Toronto
3TO Trenton
3TR Tripoli
3TU Tucson
3VC Venice
3GA Gainesville
3GE Geneva
3GL Glasgow
3HA Hague
3HF Haifa
3HG Hamburg
3HJ Hanford
3HL Harlem
3HM Hartford
3HO Honolulu
3HR Hopewell
SHU Houston
3IT Ithaca
3JE Jerusalem
3JH Johannesburg
3JP Joplin
3KC Kansas City
3KH Karlsruhe
3KN Knox
3KS Kosovo
3KW Kracow
3LC Lancaster
3LI Lima
3LL Liverpool
3LO London
3LS Los Angeles
SLY Lycoming
3MA Madras
3MD Madrid
3MH Manchester
SMI Maui
3ML Melbourne
3MM Miami
3MO Milwaukee
3MP Minneapolis
3MR Mobile
3MT Montgomery
3MU Munich
3MY Muskegon
SNA Nashville
3ND New Delhi
3NL New Orleans
3NO New York City
3NR Niagara
3NU Nurnberg
30C Ochtrup
SOT Ottawa
3PA Paris
3PC Passaic
3PH Philadelphia
3PN Phoenix
3PS Pinellas
3PW Piscataway
3RC Rochester
3RD Rocky Flats
3VE Ventura
3VI Virginia Beach
SWA Walcheren
3WE Weidenau-Geisweid
3WK West Nyack
3WM Willamette River
3WY Winnebago
3YO Yosemite
3ZU Zurich
147
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Appendix F
DOCUMENT CATEGORY CODES
01 AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Crop residues
Manure
Timber/other vegetation
02 ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
Data
03 AUTOMOBILES
04 BULKY WASTES
05 COLLECTION
06 COMPOST
07 DISPOSAL
08 ECONOMICS
Disposal costs
Financing facilities
Pollution control costs
Marketing information
Taxes and incentives
09 HAZARDOUS WASTES
10 HEALTH/SAFETY
11 INCINERATION
12 INDUSTRIAL WASTES
13 INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
14 LAWS/REGULATIONS
15 LITTER
16 MANAGEMENT
Municipal
Regional
Rural
State
17 OCEAN DISPOSAL
18 PACKAGING
19 PROCESSING/REDUCTION
20 RECYCLING
Incinerator residue
Industrial wastes
Mining wastes
Municipal refuse
Scrap metal
21 RESEARCH
22 SANITARY LANDFILL
23 SEPARATION
24 SLUDGE
25 STORAGE
26 STREET CLEANING
27 TRAINING, EDUCATION,
PUBLIC RELATIONS
28 TRANSPORT
29 SOURCE REDUCTION
30 ENERGY
Demand, for solid waste
management
Fuel from wastes
Heat utilization from
incineration
ya!787c
SW-783
148
•U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979 0-620-007/3800
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EPA REGIONS
U.S. EPA, Region 1
Solid Waste Program
John F. Kennedy Bldg.
Boston, MA 02203
617-223-5775
U.S. EPA, Region 2
Solid Waste Section
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10007
212-264-0503
U.S. EPA, Region 3
Solid Waste Program
6th and Walnut Sts.
Philadelphia, PA 19106
215-597-9377
U.S. EPA, Region 4
Solid Waste Program
345 Courtland St., N.E.
Altanta, GA 30308
404-881-3016
U.S. EPA, Region 5
Solid Waste Program
230 South Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604
312-353-2197
U.S. EPA, Region 6
Solid Waste Section
1201 Elm St.
Dallas, TX 75270
214-767-2734
U.S. EPA, Region 7
Solid Waste Section
1735 Baltimore Ave.
Kansas City, MO 64108
816-374-3307
U.S. EPA, Region 8
Solid Waste Section
1860 Lincoln St.
Denver, CO 80295
303-837-2221
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Solid Waste Program
215 Fremont St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-556-4606
U.S. EPA, Region 10
Solid Waste Program
1200 6th Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
206-442-1260
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