SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Abstracts from the Literature. 1975--1978
ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
This publication (SW-786) was prepared
by the Office of Solid Waste
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1979
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An environmental protection publication (SW-786) in the solid
waste management series. Minor typographic errors and format
inconsistencies in computer printouts herein are not corrected,
in the interest of expeditious availability of this information.
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CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Section 1. General 3
2. Financing 8
3. Analysis, Research and Development 13
4. Efficiency and Automation 21
5. Waste Reduction and Resource Recovery .... 29
6. Transportation 35
7. Public Education and Participation 37
Appendix A. Abbreviations 39
B. Quantitative Measurements 41
C. Language Codes 42
D. Hierarchic Terms 43
E. Geographic Terms 54
F. Document Category Codes 56
111
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INTRODUCTION
This document makes available in printed form one of the eleven
major subject categories of the solid waste management literature
abstracted and stored on computer by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. A decision to close the computerized abstracting activities
-Of .the Solid Waste Information Retrieval System (SWIRS) in 1979 was
influenced by rising costs and moderate growth of requests from users.
However, EPA's Office of Solid Waste has undertaken to publish the
1975 through 1978 data; abstracts from earlier years may appear in
some sections. The SWIRS monthly abstracts series formerly published
are no longer available.
User Requests
The basic documents listed in the abstracts as "Retained in SWIRS
library" may be requested via interlibrary loan through recognized
libraries.
This abstracts series will not cover publications of EPA's Office
of Solid Waste. Instead, users may request the catalog Solid Waste
Management: Available Information Materials, which covers the years
1966 to present. Address the request to: Solid Waste Information, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Saint Clair Street, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268. The above catalog includes indexes by subject, author,
and title, with order blanks.
Format, Abbreviations, and Typographic Errors
In the interest of making the data available expeditiously, the com-
puter printout is being reproduced without change of minor typographic
errors. Main abbreviations and acronyms are listed in the appendixes.
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Section 1
GENERAL
(1) SSIRS ACC.NO.: 046669
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Closing of landfill needs care to avoid future
site problems.
(4) AUTHOfi: fieindl J
(6) JOUBNAL TITLE: Solid Hastes Mgmt/RflJ
{10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) PUB. YEAH: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Sanitary landfill closure and administrative
considerations during operation are reviewed. Landfills should be
selected, designed, and operated with an end use in Bind. After
closure, nost landfill sites will be used as recreation areas. Problems
which can occur during closure and reclamation of landfill sites are
reviewed and remedial measures are suggested. Closure should: be
aesthetic; control erosion and runoff; minimize environmental problems;
and anticipate future problems. Administrative concerns during
operation include financing, record keeping, and system organization.
Financing is considered in rejard to raising capital, operating costs,
to raising revenues for repayment of investments, fiecord keeping should
improve efficiency, reduce costs, prevent minor problems from
escalating, eliminate wasteful practices, and improve future planning.
Basic organizational needs are reviewed, including use of an
organizational chart to illustrate areas of responsibility. Development
of plans for breakdowns, shutdowns, and other emergencies is noted.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONSTRUCTION; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMEHT; EROSION;
HABAGEMENT; PLANNING; PROBLEHS; RECREATION AREA; SANITARY LANDFILL
(14) HJEHARCH TEH3S: 1HA/2TQ; 1SG/2DS; 1SG/2MC
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: 00345721
(1S> CITATION: 21(11:22-24. 26. 64. 66. Jan. 1978.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 043114
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Garbage and regionalism.
(4) AUTHOR: Banks S
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Nation's Cities
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAfi: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Regionalism, already well under way in solid waste
disposal, was given a major boost with the passage of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (ECRA). The act, among other
things, calls for creation of a nationwide system of substate regional
solid waste planning districts. The act establishes a comprehensive
framework for identifying and regulating solid and hazardous waste and
also for upgrading local waste management practices. BCRA is more
.likely to achieve its objectives than previous federal environmental
legislation because of its emphasis on state and local responsibility.
The most important section of the act is the section on "State and
fieqional Solid Haste Plans," in whicn governors in consultation with
local officials are instructed to use previously issued Environmental
Erotection Agency guidelines to identify regional solid waste
management units and designate a state agency responsible for
implementing the state plan. Regional planning agencies are to begin
putting their plans into action by March 1978. Kunicipal officials are
urged to take an active role in planning to assure that State
consultation with local officials takes full- account of the advantages
of existing municipal disposal arrangements. Although funding has
improved under the Carter administration, it is still insufficient and
»anv states may choose not to cooperate in enacting the various
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
provisions ot tne Act.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; EPA;
HAZARDOUS; LAW ; LOCAL; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPAL; RECLAMATION; REFUSE;
EEGIONAL; SOLID; STATE
(14) HIEBARCH TEEMS: 1DD/2DP; 1ED; 1LB/2LD; 1MA/2HE
(15) STIBS ACC.SO.: OOS42157
(16) CITATION: 15f5): 22-23, May 1977.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 042187
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CAIEGOflY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Developments in the last eighteen months in the
collection authorities.
(4) AOTHOR: Carter JB
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Hastes
(10) LANGUAGE: £8 (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Developments in the collection and disposal of
refuse in England during 1975 and 1976 are reviewed. Questionnaires
sere sent to collection authorities with regard to refuse collection,
street cleaning, public conveniences, and transport. Forty of the 50
questionnaires were completed and returned. The results of the
questionnaires related general, national, and local inforaation on
refuse collection and disposal legislation and activities. Expenditures
allocated to and requirements of local collection authorities are
examined. The econoaic viability of new refuse collection and disposal
projects is discussed. Provisions of the following laws, as related to
local collection authorities, are detailed: Employment protection Act
of 1975, the Lacsab Employee Relations Handbook published in 1976, Sex
Discrimination Act of 1975, Equal Pay Act of 1970, Health and Safety at
Work Act of 1974, Control ot Pollution Act of 1974, and motor transport
legislation. Problems associated with the reorganization of local
collection services are described. Improvements to and the extension of
services are explored. Economic aspects of refuse collection and
disposal are addressed, with particular attention given to potential
reductions in service, better utilization of existing resources, and
transport.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; ECONOHICS; EUROPE; GREAT
BRITAIN; LAW; LOCAL; MANAGEMEHT; SURVEY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CC/2CB; 1DD/2DP; 1MA/2HH
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41231
(16) CITATION: 67(1):24-35, Jan. 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.; 040922
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: T6 (2) SU3J.TYPE: G (10) GEO
AREA: 10S/2MO/3KC (10) PUB. YEAK: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The accomplishments of the Department of Public
Works in Kansas City, Missouri during 1975 and 1976 are reviewed
Accomplishments in the following areas are detailed: administration,
street lighting, public building operations, street maintenance,
building maintenance, refuse, codes enforcement, engineering, property
construction, capital improvements, capital equipment, and Federal
grants. Budget allocations for these component areas are noted, of the
total budget for the department, involving $56,796,242, 10 percent or
J5,795,842 is designated for refuse and 7 percent or $4,105,362 is for
street maintenance. The refuse section of the Department of Public
Works is responsible for the collection and disposal of refuse from
over 142,000 hones in Kansas City. The plastic bag method of
collection, established in 1971, is used. All refuse collected by the
city is disposed of in State approved sanitary landfills operated by
private contractors. Refuse equipment used by the city is detailed. The
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GENERAL
street maintenance section is responsible for minimizing snow and ice
accumulations on roads during winter stora periods. A special project
•as,initiated that involved $300,000 and 28 persons engaged in an
intensive cleanup effort in tae inner city area plus the cleaning ana
barricading of sites used as illegal dumps throughout the. city. The
following statistics on refuse are provided: (1) dwelling units
collected fron totaling 142,000; (2) amount of residential refuse
collected totaling 134,500 tons; and (3) plastic bags used totaling
12,800,000. (Retained in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; DATA; DISPOSAL; DOMESTIC; ECONOMICS;
FEDERAL; GRANT; MANAGEMENT; MISSOURI; MUNICIPALITY; PUBLIC WORKS;
BBSPONSIBILITY; SNOW
(14) HIERAfiCH TERMS: 1HA; 1flJ
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS39966
(18) DOC.CIT.: 1975-76 annual report: Department of Public dorks,
Kansas City, Missouri. Kansas City, Department of Public Works, 1976.
28 D.
(1) SHIRS ACC.SO.: 040562
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) GEO.
AREA: 1 ED (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Oftice of Research and Development work on the
Public Sector Activities Program is reviewed. There are three research
subprograms and waste Management is organized in five areas; wastewater
treatment technology, soil treatment systems, runoff pollution control,
community wastewater system management, and solid and hazardous waste
aanagement. The general area of research in each of these subjects is
reviewed. In 1976 emphasis will be on technological problems associated
Viith the Construction Grants Program, principally the processing and
disposal of sludqes from wastewater treatment systems. Upgrading
existing treatment works and alternative wastewater disinfection
technologies will also receive attention. The Five Year Plan has the
sane objectives, with increased attention to improving existing
treatment facilities with instrumentation, automation, and improved
operation and maintenance procedures, integrated dry and wet weather
management systems for urban wastewaters, treatment technologies to
achieve the goals of P. L. 92-500, other treatment technologies for
specific discharge conditions, and development of non structural
approaches to urban and suburban runoff control. Major goals of the
water supply subprogram include researching improved methods of
identifying and measuring contaminants in drinking water and finding
their source and effects, and improved treatment methods of raw water.
Environmental management goals involve investigation of linkages among
various residuals generated and discharged by community activities,
design of integrated environmental management systems, evaluatian of
impacts on all media of single media pollution control strategies, and
development of technical guidance metnods.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOHICS; ENVIRONMENT; £PA; FACILITY; GRANT;
HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; PROGRAM; PUBLIC; RESEARCH;
RESIDUE; TREATMENT; HASTE WATER
(14) HIEHARCH TERMS: 1AE
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS39606
(18) DOC.CIT.: Public sestor activities. In U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency Environmental Research Outlook, FY 1976 through 1980.
Report to Congress, Feb. 1976. Environaental Protection .Publication
EPA-600/9-76-OC3. Washington, u. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1976. p. 85-101.
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ECONOMICS UK MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) SWTRS ACC.NO. : OitOJ.»6
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOfiY: 01 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Safley LH Jr (10) GEO. AREA: 1DA; 1MA/2MH (10) PUfl.
YEAE: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Network analysis was applied to the problem or the
determining the economic cost of dairy waste handling. Eleven freestall
waste handling systems were defined and compared on the basis of a
qiven set of input parameters. The network developed was analyzed on
the basis of initial construction cost and yearly operational cost. A
computer program was written to facilitate the computation. The progran
was constructed for easy adaptation to new systems. Network analysis is
an effective tcol for identityifig and comparing multiple manure
handling systems. Network analysis is flexible. Individual farms can be
analyzed. Information regarding tne costs for different manure handling
systems is possible and is essential in determining the best system tor
a given fara. Network analysis has partially met the objectives of
providing analysis for decision mating on waste management
alternatives. Additional inputs are needed to improve the usefulness of
the tool, such as Benefits from manures for fertilizers, labor
requirements, and odor control.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; ANALYSIS; COMPUTER; DAIKY; ECONOMICS;
FARM; MANAGEMENT; MANURE; MATSRIALS HANDLING; SYSTEM
(14) HIE8ARCH TERHS: 1MB/2MI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39380 (15) SECONDARY AUTHOHS: Ludington
DC; Price Dfi
(18) DOC.CI1.: Safley, L. M. , Jr. , 0. fi. Price, and D. C.
tudington. Network analysis for daity waste manageaent alternatives.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
19(5) : 920-924, Sept. -Oct. Iy76.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. : 039856
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) FOB.
YEAB: 1976
(11) ABSTBACT: The Frencb government provides technical assistance
to sewage treatment plants in botu urban and rural communities in tne
loire-Bretagne river basin, regular visits are made to the plants,
during which chemical analyses of the effluents are made to evaluate
treatment efficiency. By U»e end of 1976, 1,300 treatment plants had
been given technical assistance. Ihe technical assistance program has
shown very promising results in the overall improvement of sewage
treatment in the Loire-Bretagne rivtr basin. The itiver basin financial
agency is organizing training sessions for plant operators to complete
the practical notions they have received during the visits of their
plants.
(12) KEYWORDS; ECONOMICS; EUROPE; FRANCE; GOVERNMENT; GfiANT;
BANAGEMENT; PBOGRAK; PURIFICATION; REGIONAL; SEHAGE; TECHNOLOGY;
TRAINING; TREATMENT; WATERWAY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38902
(18) DOC.CIT. : Picard, J. L'assistance technique aux exploitants de
stations d'epuration dans le bassin Loire-Bretagne. (Technical
assistance to local communities for good functioning of sewage
purification plants, part 2. tecnnical assistance in the Loire-Bretagne
river basin. ) Techniques et Sciences Municipales, 71 (7):299-304, July
1976.
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GENERAL
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 035740
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) (JATESOiJY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
Y.EAR: 1975
(11) ABSTSACT: As nuclear fission increases as a source of energy
over the next several decades the problems of treatment, separation,
shipment, and long term disposal of radioisotopes will become note
acute. The management of these wastes and the technology being
developed to treat solid wastes contaminated with radioactivity are
described, along with the techniques beiny considered for long term
storage and disposal. Projections ot annual rates of generation and
accumulation of 10 categories of radioactive wastes are given. &
regulation proposed by the a. S. Atomic Energy Commission would
prohibit the further burial of commercial transuranium wastes in the
soil and would require that tney be turned over to Federal custody. An
objective of the 0. S. Energy Research and Development Agency is to
improve the form and composition of waste materials to contribute to
economic and effective disposal. Solid contaminated wastes include
combustible wastes, liquid and sludge wastes, and non-combustible
wastes. Methods of treating combustible wastes include acid digestion,
controlled air incineration, pyrolysis, molten salt combustion,
fluidized bed combustion, aud cyclone incineration. Common techniques
for treating liquid and sludge wastes are batch and continuous process
phosphate treatment. Non-comDustible wastes include many precious
aetals and thus have a high recovery value. Methods of treatment
include smelting, treating cladding hulls before contact, and
contaminating cladding hulls. Disposing radioactive wastes safely can
be accomplished with existing analytical capabilities and technology.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; FEDERAL; HAZARDOUS; HANAGEBENT;
HETAL; NON-FE8BOUS; PROJECTION; RADIOACTIVE; RECLAMATION; REGULATIONS;
SLUDGE; SOLID; TREATMENT
(15) STIWS ACC.NO.: OOS3U785
(18) DOC.CIT.: Uolfe, R. A. Problems and prospects in the
management of solid radioactive waste. The journal of Environmental
Sciences, 18(4):9-15, July/Aug. 1975.
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
Section 2
FINANCING
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO.:
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Low-cost central landfill cleans up parish dump
problems.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Rural Urban Boads
(10) LANGUAGE: ES (10) GEO. ARtA: 10S/2LU (10) PUB. YEAH: 1978
(11) ABSTBACT: A 160 acre central sanitary landtill operation
instituted in Lincoln Parish, Louisiana, has improved waste handling,
trimmed disposal costs, and closed annoying open dumps in the area. The
landfill was funded in 1975 witn a aalf cent sales tax, from which
$60C,000 annually is beiny raised to pay landfill operating costs
($166,000) and to help pay for reiuse collection and equipment. The
landfill processes between 110 and 125 tpd averaging 650 tpw. Equipment
and landfilling operations are described in detail.
(12) KEYWORDS: DUMPING; bCONOSICS; LOUISIANA; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING;
SANITABY LANDFILL
(14) HIEKARCH TERMS: 1SG/2MC
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU6461
(16) CITATION: 16(5):b5-66, May 1978.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO. : 046716
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Quantitative comparison of policy instruments
for environmental improvement.
(4) AUTHOR: Kneese AV
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Decision Making in the Environmental Protection
Agency: Selected Working Papers. V. lib.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AfiEA: 1US/2DE (10) PUB. YEAB: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Information about quantitative comparisons that have
teen made between effluent charges and direct regulation, as
environmental management policy instruments, is presented. The water
quality study of the Delaware Hiver Basin is detailed. A major aspect
in the strategy of this study was the use of a model to analyze the
total and incremental coats of achieving five objective sets, each
representing a different package and spatial distribution of water
quality characteristics. The study also estimated benefits associated
with the objective sets. In another study, the possible use of effluent
charges as an economic incentive for controlling the discharge of
residuals in the Delaware Estuary area was explored. A study of
effluent charges and water guality proposed a national effluent charge
system designed to achieve 1983 water guality standards established in
1972 amendments to the Federal Hater Pollution Control Act. Various
studies dealing with air guality are cited. Four alternative methods of
implementing standards are discussed: (1) direct regulation; (2) single
tax or a set of source-specific standards which produce levels af
control over an optimal solution without levying controls on remaining
emissions; (3) ad hoc emissions tax; and (4) single tax or a set of
source-specific taxes on all emissions derived from least cost
solutions. The implementation or etfluent charge systems in certain
foreign countries is described. (Retained in SWIBS licrary).
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; ANALYSIS; COMPARISON; DELAWARE; ECONOMICS;
EFFLUENT; EPA; MANAGEMENT; DUALITY; REGULATIONS; RESIDUE; WATEH
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: UC/2C6; 1LI/2FF; 1MA/2FF
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00545768
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, national Academy of Sciences, 1977.
p. 127-162.
8
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FINANCING
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046404
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE; Curcent research on land disposal of municipal
solid wastes.
(4) AUTHOR: Schoaaker NB
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Banerji, S. K., ed. Management of Gas and
Leachate in Landfills. Proceedings of the Third Annual Hunicipal Solid
iaste Research Symposium. (8) REPORT HO.: EPA-600/9-77-026
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GBO. AREA: 1US/20H (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Investigation ot the disposal and processing of
uunicipal solid and hazardous wastes is the primary responsibility of
the Solid and Hazardous Haste Kesearch Division (SHHRD). The
Cincinnati, Ohio, office is directing research towards new and improved
systems of municipal and hazardous waste management, development of
technology, determination of environmental effects, and collection of
data necessary for the establish Bent of processing and disposal
guidelines. The current research program is divided into three areas:
(1) pollutant predictions for current landfill techniques; (2)
alternatives to current landfill disposal techniques; and (3) reaedial
action for minimizing pollutants trom uuacceptacle sites. Recent focus
on a waste-as-fuels program is discussed. Funding procedures are
delineated. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DATA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; ENVIRONMENT;
HAZARDOUS; MANAGEMENT; OHIO; RESEARCH; SANITARY LANDFILL
(14) HIERAECH TERMS: 1DP/2RP; 1MA/2FF; 1RP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45455
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Sep. 1977. p.1-12.
043402
(2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
New solid wastes law waves monetary carrot with
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:
(2) DOMESTIC: D
(3) ARTICLE TITLE:
legislative stick.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Hastes Management
(10) LANGUAGES EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
has replaced the Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965) and the Resource
Recovery Act (1970), and challenges federal and State governments to
correct the complex problems of solid wastes management. Key provisions
of the new law, PL 94-580, include regulating hazardous wastes from
their initial generation to ultimate disposal; the elimination of open
dumping of all wastes within seven years; and the use of resource
conservation as an option in solid wastes management. The law
dramatically alters the role of the solid wastes management operator. A
variety of requireBents aad financial assistance programs are provided
to develop and implement solid wastes disposal methods. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) responsibilities are noted. Financing will aid
•unicipalities with a population of 5,000 or fewer and/or counties with
a population of 10,000 or fewer than 20 persons/sg, mile to plan,
design, and construct facilities to provisions of the law. EPA is
required to provide state guideline, technical, aad financial
assistance.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; EPA; FEDERAL; LAW; HANAGENENT;
RECLAMATION; REGULATIONS; STATE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1LB/2LD; 1MA/2MB
(15) STISS ACC.NO.: OOS42445
(16) CITATION: 19(13):38, 60-t>2, Dec. 1976.
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) SHIES ACC.HO.: 042816
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ABTICLE TITLE: Impact of municipal water and sewage charges on
industry.
{<*) AUTHOR: Schaffer HJ Jr
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Hater and Sewage Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GSO. AREA: 1US/2NY (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Thfc impact of municipal water and sewage charges on
industry is examined. The following methods for basing the municipal
charges for water and sewage services to industry are acceptable wit bin
the confines of PL 92 500: meter water by uses; meter total water and
measure wastewater; and fixed charges. Advantages and disadvantages of
each are discussed. A case study is presented of a plastics company who
found that combined increases in water and sewage charges raised their
costs for these services cy 85 percent. Following an engineering
evaluation, the plastics company was able to eliminate approximately 50
to 75 percent of their discharge. Even small plants can justify proper
engineering analysis and can recover study and improvement costs. All
industries must linimize or reduce their wastewater discharges. These
economies are mandated by aiguer water and sewage charges and the new
federal regulations, A logical step by step engineering analysis is the
best way to proceed. The following topics should be examined; devices;
quantity of municipal water; alternate sources of water; pretreatment
or on site process waste treatment; possible reduction in quantity of
uastewater discharged to municipal sewers.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; FEE; INDUSTRY; LAW; MANAGEMENT;
SUNICIPALITY; NEB YORK; PLASTIC; SEBAGE; SYSTEHS ANALYSIS; TREATMENT;
BASTE WATER; WATER
(14) HIEHARCH TERMS: 1EA/2EA; 11C/2IU; 1MA/2HH
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41859 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Pickard BL
(16) CITATION: 1977 Reference Issue: R107-R109, April 30, 1977.
(1) SHIRS AtC.NO.: 039907
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A respresentative of the Rollins Environmenal
Service discusses hazardous waste management at a public meeting held
by the Environmental Protection Agency on December 2, 1975 in Newark,
Kew Jersey. Rollins has invested approximately $6 million in the
development of technology and $18 million for the construction of three
regional hazardous waste treatment plants. Hollins plants offer
indemnified hazardous waste disposal services to the Mid-Atlantic and
South Central regions of the United States. Treatment processes used by
the company for hazardous waste basically involve thermal biological
oxidation and chenical treatment. Material recovery is also carried out
but at a much lower level because of the lack of further development
funds. Critical problems faced by the company are twofold: (1) the
volume of business offered to its three regional plants is not
sufficient to make the company a profitable one; (2) the lack of return
on investments reduces the ability of the company to improve the
performance of existing plans and expand to other areas. Costs of
hazardous waste treatment are noted. Sampling, analysis,
detoxification, and disposal aspects of hazardous waste are addressed.
Consideration is also given to safety and insurance for hazardous waste
nanaqement facility operators. A question and answer session follows
the presentation.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; COMMERCIAL; CONFERENCE; CONSTBUCTION;
DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; EPA; FACILITY; HAZARDOUS; MANAGEMENT;
OXIDATION; REGIONAL; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSJ8951
(18) DOC.CIT.: Philipcar, ». B. Representing the Hollins
10
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FINANCING
Environmental Service, on Hazardous waste management. In Corson, A. S,
, P. A. Savage, and C. A. Saggatts, eds. Proceedings; the 1975 Public
Heelings on Hazardous Waste Management, Newark, NJ, Roseaont, IL,
Houston, TX, and San Francisco, CA, tec. 1975. v. 1. Office of Solid
Haste Hanagement Programs Publication SB-9p, Washington, 0. 3.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, p. 13-24.
(1) SWIHS ACC.HO.J 039170
12) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEG08Y: 22 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Good planning using available resources helped the
city of Nevada, Missouri, develop a "profitable" low cost sanitary
landfill that overcomes limitations of fill sites and investment. A 30
acre site was acquired from a nearby hospital in return for free
disposal service. Total investment in land improvement was $5,500.
Drainage cost another $6,500. A caterpillar D 5 was purchased at
$35,200. A new log chipper also was bought to reduce the volume of logs
and brush. Area gardeners take chips for mulch and compost and logs are
taken by homeowners with fireplaces. Clippings will be used to cover
topsoil in freezing weather. Horn out tires are picked up by recycling
plants. Amortization of the total landfill cost of $66,260 plus
salaries, equipment operating costs, and overhead has a projected base
rate of $3. 11 per ton. The fee schedule ranges froa 75 cents for
passenger cars to $4 for trucKs without packer bodies. A problem which
hopefully will be solved by a higher volume of packer trucks is
utilization of dirt. Erratic volume and the need to cover each day
often means that lifts are consideracly thinner than the desired /.
feet.
(12) KEYWORDS: EAETH; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; LOCAL; MANAGEMENT;
HISSOUBI; R£CLAHATIOS; SANITARY LANDFILL; TIRE; WOOD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00538214
(18) DOC.CIT.: City's low-cost landfill is almost a "profitable"
program. Rural and Urban Koads, 14(10):44-45, Oct. 1976.
(1) SBIRS ACC.NO.; 036976
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAS: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Procedures in closing an open dump are outlined that
were followed by officials in Arkadelphia, Arkansas when a dump had to
be closed due to State health department regulations. Before the dump
could be closed, an alternate means of disposal had to be established.
Clark County, Arkansas now operates a sanitary landfill and a bulk
container collection system tor rural residents and small communities.
A survey of existing conditions around the Arkadelphia city dump showed
that five major phases would ae involved in closing the dump: (1)
inform the public of new arrangements and close the duap to public
access; (2) exterminate the dump's rat population; (3) cover all
exposed solid waste; (4) spread and compact refuse into the dump's low
areas; and (5) improve dump area drainage. It is noted tuat the costs
of closing a dump can be Jiigii, although such closure involves a
one-time expense and constitutes a major environmental and aesthetic
improvement.
(12) KEYWORDS: ARKANSAS; dULKY feASTES; CLOSED; COLLECTION;
COSTAINEB; DUMP; EAETH; ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS;
fiEGOLATIONS; RODENT; RURAL; SaJilTABY LANDFILL
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 'OOS36021
(18) DOC.CIT.: Anderson, K. , and M. Cowart. Don't walk away froa
an open duap. American City and County, 91{2):37-38, Feb. 1976
11
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 03b1bt.
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SUBJ.TYPES T (10) FOB.
JEJR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This paper relates to the budgets of fiscal 1975 for
naste management works allocated by the Hinistry of Health and Welfare
which indicates a 125. 4 percent increase compared with the previous
year 197« and amounts to 23,312,315,000 yen whereas budgets for otter
public works has maintained the sane amount for two years. Outfitting
projects in the past for waste management plants are first discussed.
The projects for general waste management plants in the year 1975 are
sewaqe treatment plants which received 3,579,239,000 yen and the waste
and refuse treating plants which received 15,056,722,000 yen. The
projects for industrial waste management plants initially to be run by
the industries will receive a financial assistance of 200 million yen
from the Government. Forty million yen were given for an information
control system and the development of a total technology for industrial
waste management. Also discussed is the financial investment for
improvement of the living environment, which amounts to 1,557,300,000
yen. (Text in Japanese)
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOHICS; BNVIHONHENT; INDUSTRY; JAPAN; SANAGEMENT;
PUBLIC WORKS; BEFUSS; SEHAGii; TREATMENT
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS34201
(18) DOC.CIT.: Neooto, K. fJaikibutsu kannei yosan ni tsuite (shova
50 nendo). Comment on budgets pertaining to wastes management for the
fiscal year 1975. Toshi to Haikibutsu, 5(5):32-35. Hav 1975.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 032911
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: New federal environmental and safety acts will force
the textile industry to spend 1. 977 billion dollars between now and
1977 on equipment, facilities, and treatments which will contribute
nothing to the final product. The amount is roughly three times the
amount spent in the last 6 yaars for all new plant and equipment. In
several cases, the outlay of funds tor regulation improvements has been
unnecessarily costly, as in tne case of South Carolina where finishing
firms spent money to convert from coal to oil, and now must re-convert
to coal. In the long run, draining of profits will force industries to
close, and create the problems o£ unemployment. It is up to the
industry, then, to use legislative and technological methods to
confront the laws and regulations. Three methods are suggested:
education of the public and Congress on the financial burdens being
imposed by the government regulations in the face of an economic:
recession and rising energy costs; education within the industry on the
laws and regulations and implementing of the exceptions which Congress
has provided; and a third method of establishing industry's case is by
confronting the EPA directly with scientifically developed technical
data, which the EPA must consider in the rule making process.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOHICS; EPA; FEDERAL; INDUSTRY; LAU; MANAGEMENT;
PROBLEMS; REGULATIONS; SURVEY; TEXTILE
(15) STIflS ACC.NO.: OOS31955
(18) DOC.CIT.: Pollution: Taking Uncle Sam to court. Textile
Industries, 139 (3):88-89, Bar. 1975.
12
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Section 3
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SHIRS ACC.SO.: 043944
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Site identification.
(6) BOOK TITLE: In LA/OM& Project, Initial Analysis of Candidate
Systeas and Preliminary Site Identification.
(10) LAHGUAGE: ES (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) A3STBACT: The results of an investigation of sludge disposal
and utilization sites in the Los Angeles/Orange County metropolitan
area of California are presented. The identified sites are to be used
as a basis for determining land and transportation costs and the
general feasibility of candidate sludge management systems. The
following types of sites are examined: landfills, lands dedicated to
disposal, low and high rate agricultural reuse, desert land
inprovement, land reclamation, reforestation and range improvement,
urban use, and sludge drying basins. Factors considered for each type
of site include soil suitability, hydrogeological suitability, land
availability and acquisition problems, compatibility with existing ana
planned use, environmental aspects, social and political aspects,
compatibility with the California basin water guality control plan,
effects on land use and growtn, and implementation capability.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CALIFORNIA; DISPOSAL; DRYING;
ECONOMICS; FORESTRY; GEOLOGIC; LAND; HANAGEHENT; PLANNING; RECLAMATION;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1LA; laA/2HE; 1SI/2SE
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS42986
(16) CITATION: Newport Beach, CA, CH2H Hill, Apr. 1977. p.6-1—b-21.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 040049
(2) DOHESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY; 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Sees TD (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAB:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The role of management in planning effluent disposal
and water conservation is discussed. The historical right to use
natural resources and dispose of waste is reviewed. Development of
technology and science has altered attitudes, as have social and
political pressures. The types of management existing in industry ia
Great Britain are discussed. Legislation passed, in addition to the
Hater Act (1973), is outlined, and the interrelationships of various
acts are discussed. European Economic Commission regulations will also
need attention in future. A prime aim of good industrial aanagement is
to understand and accept legislation and make policy statements to this
effect. Management infrastructures will often develop to deal with new
legislation. Management infrastructures will often develop to deal with
new legislation. Management relationship with Water Authorities is
outlined. More detailed information is needed about the effects of
pollutants discharged to water, and industry's responsibility in this
matter is discussed, together with the need to be well informed when
negotiating with controlling authorities. The problems of setting
realistic standards are investigated and methods of obtaining them are
suggested. Alternatives such as incineration may need to be considered,
and waste discharged to sewage works, which is being actively
encouraged, may need full or partial treatment first. Management must
take action when problem areas are highlighted, through improved
housekeeping, reorganization, or, aore subtle, through safety audits
and value -judgements. The difficulties of allocating capital
expenditure to pollution control are discussed. Often a priority system
is required. Water supply and conservation is also the responsibility
of the Water Authorities under the Water Act, and this has varying
iaplications for different industries. Different types of water are
13
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
available, but costs factors arise if industry has to further treat the
water. Liaison with the fcater authorities is important in planninq for
water supplies of set quality in future. As costs rise, industry will
need to devise recycling schemes to optimize water use.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECON08ICS; EFFLUENT; GREAT BRITAIN; INDUSTBY; LAW;
fiASAGEMENT; PLANNING; RECLAMAriON; RESPONSIBILITY; SAFETY; SEWA3E;
STANDARD; TREATMENT; WATEa
(14) HIERARCH TEBSS: 1DD/20L; 1EA/2EB; 1HA/2SH
(15) STiaS ACC.NO.: OOS39093 (15) SECONDARY AU1HO8S: Batstone BJ;
Train D
(18) DOC.CIT.': Sees, T. D. , D. Train, and H. J. Batstone. Effects
on industrial management. Chemistry and Industry, (19): 821-824, Oct.
1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 038844
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Western solid wastes management technology was
discussed in relation to tropical and developing countries. It was
suggested that considerable adjustments in the normal British approach
were necessary when advice was being offered to people overseas. The
nest obvious difference between Great Britain and othet countries was
the quantity and character of wastes. Climatic differences and economic
factors are also important. The economic impact of a program designed
en the British scale could ae disastrous in poorer countries. However,
since a large part of solid waste collection and disposal is carried
out by manual labor this could be a compensating factor. There ace wide
differences between countries in management and technical resources.
Concerning refuse storage and collection, the first major difference
between overseas countries and the United Kingdom was that the latter
accepted weekly collections as normal. As for refuse disposal, crude
dumping is most universal. There is enormous scope for adapting manual
methods of landfillin-} to tue needs of the developing countries.
Composting is probably the most important method of disposal for both
rich and poor countries. Developing countries, whether rich or poor all
need advice from knowledgeable professionals. It was stressed that, when
assisting under developed countriss, no attempt oust be made to impose
western solutions on conditions which are particular to a developing
country. An endeavor should fie mane to help satisry its specific need
to inprove standards by the dissemination of knowledge and technical
skills possessed in Great Britain.
(12) KEYWORDS: CLIMATE; COLLECTION; COMPARISON; COMPOSTING;
DISPOSAL; DUMPING; ECONOMICS; GKKAI BRITAIN; INTERNATIONAL; MANAGEMENT;
REFUSE
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS37888
(18) DOC.CIT.: Western solid wastes management technology in
relation to tropical and developing countries. Solid Wastes,
66(8) : 384-395, Aug. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 038478
(2) DOHESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Haste management is discussed in relation to energy
utilization and conservation plans for livestock production facilities.
Haste management needs are having significant impacts on the design of
livestock housing units, due to emphasis on environmental control for
increased animal performance. This necessitates increased energy
requirements for ventilation; waste collection, transport, and
pretreatment; and terminal management. Consideration is given to feed
and energy needs associated with conventional and environmentally
controlled poultry production facilities, effects of environmentally
14
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
controlled swine housing on reproductive performance and energy
consumption, and technology for waste recycling and resource recovery
as an important step in reducing total energy requirements. Tabular
data are provided on energy requirements and costs in livestock
production in animal waste management are detailed. Energy conservation
improvements for existing livestock facilities are noted.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANIMAL; CONSERVATION; CONVERT; OATA; ECONOMICS;
ENERGY; FACILITY; LIVESTOCK; aANAGLHENT; POULTRY; SEPARATING; UriLIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.MO.: OOS37522
(18) DOC.CIT.: Driggt:rs, L. B. , G. E. Eaughman, and M. ii.
Cvercash. Energy aspects of livestock production and waste management.
Sorld Eeview of Animal Production, 12(3):13-19, July/Sept. 1976.
(1) SWIES ACC.NO. : 038465
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAB: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A mathematical reexamination of the role of market
structure for effluent charges AS presented. Tax systems l>ased on
minimizing the resource input costs of pollution abatement as opposed
to those which also consider the value of the output vectors associated
with pretax and po^t tax allocations are compared, A simple model is
developed which snows that efficient resource allocation in the
presence of product market distortions and a pollution externality
requires two respective policy instruments. It is concluded that where
there is more than one external diseconomy, public policy to achieve
cptimal resource allocation requires at least the same number of policy
instruments as iaiperfections to be corrected.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPARISON; CONTROL; DISCUSSION; ECONOMICS;
EFFLUENT; MANAGEMENT; HAaKET; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; POLLUTION; TAXES
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37509
(18) DOC.CIT.: Smith, V. K. A note on effluent charges and market
structure. Journal of Environaental Economics and Management,
2(4):309-311, Apr. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037875
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAfi: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The waste disposal strategy in Herseyside, England
is described. Merseyside is one of England's seven metropolitan
authorities and generates an annual load of 525,000 tons of domestic
and commercial waste. An additional 450,000 tons of other materials are
received at the authority's waste disposal sites each year. The amount
of waste being handled by the private sector is not quantified. The
major task facing engineers in Merseyside is to secure adequate
facilities to meet short term needs (5 years). With the exception of a
new incinerator which was planned Before reorganization in the
metropolitan authority and is scheiiuled for completion in October 1976,
there are no long term waste disposal facilities established or under
development. It is noted in a report by an engineer that the
availability of short term tippiny space could be improved by the
flexible use of existing sites and maximum use of the new incinerator.
Furthermore, site licensing could result in closures in the private
sector which would place additional pressure on the authority of
Herseyside. Consideration is oeing given to the possibility of using
waste disposal sites outside the authority's ^jurisdiction and creative
landfilling techniques which involve reclamation. Operating costs of
incineration are noted, along with transfer loading stations and
pulverization of favored long term disposal options.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; FACILITY; GREAT BRITAIN; INCINERATE;
LICENSE; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; SANITARY LANDFILL; SHREDDING; SITES
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36919
(18) DOC.CIT.; Millbanfc, P. Haste management gathers momenturn on
Herseyside. Surveyor, 148 (4388):15-16, Julv 16. 197fi.
15
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) S«IRS ACC.NO. : 037761
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAS: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: EPA's resource recovery demonstration grant projects
to date are summarized. Comprehensive technical discussions are
available in publications listed at the end of the report. The report
discusses the purpose of the grant program; the project approved for
the City of Franklin, Ohio, to demonstrate the recovery of materials by
a wet processing system; the St. Louis project to demonstrate the
feasibility of burning shredded municipal solid waste in an existing
utility boiler as a supplement to pulverized coal; the Baltimore,
Baryland, pyrolysis project to generate steam; the San Diego,
California, project to produce a liguid fuel from municipal solid waste
through pyrolysis which will oe burned as a supplement to fuel oil in
the electric utility boilers of the San Diego Gas and Electric Company;
and the Somerville and Marblehead, Bassachusetts, projects to
demonstrate the feasibility of weakly curbside collection of paper,
glass, and cans using a compartmentalized collection truck. The author
concludes that the EPA demonstration program has produced a number of
benefits which include: an increased amount of data available for the
various systems; improvements in setting marketing specifications
through experience of users ot the recovered energy and materials; and
acquisition of valuable waste handling experience which serves to
stimulate development of this new and important industry.
(12) KEYWORDS: BENEFIT; COLLECTION; ECONOMICS; EPA; FACILITY; FUEL;
GfiANT; MANAGEMENT; BASKET; PBOGKAM; PROJECTION; PULP; PYHOLYSIS;
RECLAHATION; SEPARATING; SHREDDING
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS36805
(18) DOC.CIT.: Lingle, S. A. ed. Demonstrating resource recovery;
status report en resource recovery technology. Waste Age, 7 (6):19, 22,
26, 42, 44-46, June 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037282
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 05 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Tne mdngement of refuse collection and
transportation in Japan is discussed in a paper presented at the Third
Japan-United States Governmental Conference on Solid Haste Management
in flay 1976. Emphasis is placed on two major goals: (1) reduce the
amount of refuse in order to promote city inhabitant liability for
refuse disposal and to reestablish a collection fee charging system
which will minimize rising disposal and transportation costs; and (2)
establish a system of night aud early morning working and promote
worker morale for wor* so as to increase working efficiency. The
history of refuse collection and transportation in Japan is traded in
relation to the banishment of wooden trash boxes and collection with
polyethylene containers, pack collection and common use metal container
collection, and problems in tae collection and transportation system.
Ihe status of Japan's refuse collection and transportation system is
discussed, and refuse collection and transportation methods are
outlined. Recommendation on improving Japan's refuse collection and
transportation system are made, and local activities to minimize the
generation of refuse and recover products for reuse are noted. Economic
aspects of refuse collection and transportation are cited, along with
supporting tabular data. (Document retained in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; CONFERENCE; CONTAINED; DISPOSAL;
ECONOMICS; FEE; HISTORY; JAPAN; MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL; POLYETHYLENE;
PROBLEMS; SEDUCTION; REFUSE; SYSTEM; TRANSPORT
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS36327
(18) DOC.cil.: Shimazaki, A. Improvement on refuse collection and
transportaion system - present situation of refuse collection and
transportaion in Japan. In: Hickman, H. L. , Jr. , ed. Proceedings;
Third Japan-United States Governmental Conference on Solid Waste
Hanagement, Tokyo, Hay 10-17, 1976. 753 p. (p. 5. 1. 1. 1 - 5. 1. 1.
47) .
iB
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037101
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A hydrogeologica1 investigation is reported that was
conducted to identify subsurface soil conditions, ground water levels,
and the effect of installing ground water monitoring wells in Saco,
Maine. Thirteen soil borings were taken in the subsurface investigation
and ground water monitoring program, and monitoring wells were
installed in 11 of these bore holes. In addition, a study was made of
ground water and surface hydrology in the area. Two basic alternatives
were considered for the control of leachate: (1) collection and
treatment; and (2) prevention of refuse/water contact. It was
determined that leachate collection could best be accomplished by
installing an underdrain system and assoicated works surrounding the
study site, in conjunction with proper closing and capping of the area.
Several alternative impervious liner systems were examined for
preventing refuse/water contact: synthetic liners, soil/bentonite
•ixture, soil/cement mixture, and natural clay. Vertical barrier
alternatives for preventing refusa/water contact included slurry trench
aethods, grouting, Imper-tfall system which increases the efficiency of
ground injection, steel sheeting, and concrete wall. Cost estimates
were developed for the various alternatives. The fololowing steps were
adopted for the prevention of leachate: cover area with an impervious
liner of clay, improve the efficiency of surface runoff in the vicinity
of the disposal area oy constructing drainage ditches to convey runoff
to natural drainage courses, and institute an expanded monitoring
program to measure ground water levels and quality.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; CONTAMINATE; CONTROL; DISPOSAL;
ECONOMICS; GEOLOGIC; GROUND HATEK; HYDROLOGY; LAND; LEACH; LINES;
BAINE; HANAGEMENT; MOKITOH; PROCESS; SITES
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36146
(18) BOC.CIT.: Atwell, J. S. Identifying and correcting ground
water contamination at a land disposal site. In: national Solid Hastes
Hanagenent Association. Proceedings; Fourth National Congress on Haste
Hanaqeaent Technology and Resource and Energy Recovery, Atanta,
Hoveiber 12-14, 1975. Washington, DC, D. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. 1976, J82 p. (p. 278-301).
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 037082
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOEY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
IEAB: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The developaent and installation of a cheaical waste
landfill at the Union Carbide plant in Institute, west Virginia is
described. Investigations leading to the chemical landfill project
pointed out the need for handling a large volume of waste, proximity of
landfill to plant, protection against uncontrolled leachate and
excessive rain, protection of personnel, and avoidance of fire and
odor. Design and operating practices were developed for the landfill,
and costs for landfill operations were initially based on an annual
waste load of 12,000 cu yd per year. Disposal costs of chemical
landfill were compared to those associated with incineration and
sanitary landfill technigues. A form was specially designed for waste
classification and control. Based on the experience at the Union
Carbide plant, it is concluded that chemical landfill is a viable
•ethod for handling hazardous and refractory chemical waste. Problems
in the chemical landfill project have included leachate collection and
odor, although it is anticipated that these will be corrected during
the final phase of landfill construction. It is felt that a highly
experienced landfill operator familiar with chemicals and chemical
process operations is essential to t^e successful control of a chemical
17
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
landfill facility.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; CLASSIFICATION; COMPARISON; CONFERENCE;
EISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; FIS±I; INCINERATION; INVESTIGATION; LEACH;
UANAGEMENT; ODOR; PERSONNEL; SANIIARY LANDFILL; WEST VIRGINIA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3t>127
(18) DOC.CIT.: Slover, E. A case nistory: implementing a chemical
waste landfill. In: National Solid Wastes Management Association.
Proceedings; Fourth National Congress on Haste Management Technology
and Resource and Energy Recovery, Atlanta, November 12-14, 1975.
Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, 382 p. (p.
46-66) .
(1) SBIBS ACC.NO.; 035013
(2) DOHESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 28 (2) SOBJ.TYfE: T (10) PDB.
YEAH: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The author reviews and discusses the present main
components and likely trends in transportation, collection, and
disposal of solid wastes. With regard to collection, the increase in
bulk and weight of solid wastes iias made it necessary to consider an
increase in on-site compaction equipment as well as improved volume
reduction equipment in collection vehicles. If recycling were
eventually to be carried out at the source, then a complete review of
collection venicles would be needed. Noise pollution could be markedly
reduced but cleansing officers do not seem to want to do anything about
it. The oil shortage and rising prices are also going to entail a
reevaluation of transport. Alternative fuel sources for road vehicles
will have to be found, such as electricity, nuclear power, or
electricity produced by nuclear power. Battery-operated vehicles have
not been noticeably successful because the higher operating costs did
not turn the battery vehicle into a financial competitor, liquefied
petroleum gas is another possioility which would reduce diesel saoke,
noise, exhaust emissions, cleaner combustion, and may lenyhten engine
life. It is likely that, witnir. the next few years, collection systems
will change from labor-intensive manual work to on-site compression
equipment with a single vehicle ana driver. The only other possible
alternative to road collection would be vacuum-assisted pipeline
transport.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; COaPACTlON; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
ELECTRICAL; FUEL; MANAGEMENT; OIL; PLANNING; BKCLAaATIOM; SEDUCPION;
SYSTEM; TRANSPORT; TRUCK; VOLJME
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3U063
(18) DOC.CI1.: Cooper, I. L. Transportation of solid wastes:
aechanical transportation-collection and disposal. Solid Wastes,
65(8) : 351-364, Aug. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 034t>75
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PDB.
YEAH: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Efficient development of energy resources and
distribution of energy research funds necessitate an analysis of a
number of social, economic, and environmental factors. A simple and
comprehensive set of consistent measures taken from one external
conceptual frame is the way to improvement. Such a system based on
energy accounting procedures or net energy analysis can be found in
writing of Oduo, Berry and Fels, Chapman, and Slesser. Discussion
comprises the concept of net energy, a description of how net energy is
seasured, its connection to energy demand, material shortages, dollar
costs, environmental pressures, and reserve evaluations. Net energy
analysis is illustrated through consideration of geothermal energy
development. Usage and drawbacks of the system in the policy-making
18
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
process are examined. A number of governmental agencies are concerned
with the standardization of energy analysis procedures. This factor,
combined with the legislation o£ PL 93-577, increases the likelihood of
employing net energy analysis which is capable of ameliorating the
input into the decision-Baking process. Energy analysis of alternative
energy supply technologies is capaole of giving additional information
of a less contradictory nature to policy-makers. Since all processes
contain energy which cannot be substituted for, utilizing it as the
physical measure of environmental and social tactors, of material,
capital, and manpower needs, and of reserve quantities lessens the
con-junction of dissimilar elements which cannot be adequately handled
together. Dollars are ineffective units because their estimates do not
coaprise environmental or or social costs, frequently blurr the more
sizable effects of an action, and change with time.
(12) KEYWORDS: BIBLIOGRAPHY; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; ENVIBOHHEHT;
BABAGEHENT; SYSTEM
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS33719
(18) DOC.CI1.: Gilliland, H. W. Energy analysis and public policy.
Science. 189 14208):1051-105b, Sept. 26. 1975.
(1) SHIES iCC.NO. : 03U2U1
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAK: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This is a summary of subsidized experiments and
studies on waste management and recycling projects by the Environmental
Protection Agency in fiscal 1975, which supports and aids the
improvement of a total scientific technology for the protection of the
environment. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates the projects
for the protection of environment for the other ministries and
agencies. This agency also maK.es inclusive lists of expenditures for
protection from pollution and monies in trust for research and
experiments. For fiscal 1975, 98 themes for research and experiments
nere chosen among 11 ministries and agencies, and the total
expenditures are estimated at 2,8Ho million yen. A list of the projects
subsidized for their high political value, and for the total
development of a technology for the management and retrieval of wastes
are provided with a description ot the institute in charge, period of
tine for each project and estimated appropriation. (Text in Japanese)
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; 3COHOHICS; ENVIRONMENT; GOVERNMENT; JAPAB;
BAHAGEMENT; RECLAMATION
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS33285
(18) DOC.CI1.: Taniguchi, I. Showa SOnendo kankyocho ikkatsu keijo
ni okeru haikibutsu no shori to sairiyo ni kansuru shikenkenkyu no
gaiyo. summary of subsidized experiments and studies on waste disposal
and recycling approved by tne Environment Agency in fiscal 1975. Toshi
to Haikibutsu, 5 (6):15-17, June 1975.
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO. : 033533
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CA1E30RY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
IEAH: 1975
(11) ABSTHACT: Concern about depletion ot out natural resources,
and the future state of the environment has led a number of persons to
advocate a policy of no-growth economy and that we use less energy.
However, many of these sane people also want the conveniences ot life
to continue as before. This is a basic failure to realize that problems
can only be solved through employing an adequate supply of energy and
materials. What is needed, it seems, is a plan that contains a
realistic balance of choices needed for solutions. Data is presented on
future resource needs and capacity, energy use per person, both present
and projected, our dependence on scrap and recommendations for new and
improved explorations in order to adequately expand our capacity to
19
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
produce a balanced use of energy.
(12) KEYWORDS: DATA; ECONOMICS; ENEBGY; ENVIfiONBENT; MANAGEMENT;
SLASHING
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS32577
(18) DOC.CIT.: Drift or direction? Industry Week,
185(12) :S-15/S-20, June 1975.
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: 032315
(2) DOBESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SUBJ.TYtE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This paper was a lecture delivered to the Royal
Society of Arts on Dec. 2, 1974. The lecture deals with management and
reutilization of agricultural waste. Four alternatives are given in
dealing with agricultural waste: 1) Seduce waste at source by
iaproving the efficiency of the process; 2) Use the waste from one
process as the raw material for another process; 3) Dump the waste and
run the risk of pollution, a very hazardous course of action, and 4)
Treat the waste before dumping, a last and expensive and difficult
course of action. As the cost or raw materials rises and the magnitude
of environmental pollution increases, eaphasis on reutilization Kill
and should increase. One or toe iaa]or causes tor the increasing
generation of agricultural *aste is the inefficiency of the farmer.
Crop yield, fertilizer utilization, grazing livestock units per acre,
etc. can be improved greatly, thus reducing waste. Manure and runoff
are the principal waste of livestock farms. Hethane can be produced
from manure and be used to produce heat energy for livestock buildings.
The residual of the fermentation to produce methane was a good source
cf plant nutrients. Use of manure as fertilizer will reduce pollution
by runoff and will also conserve energy and raw materials by replacing
inorganic sources of fertilizer. Straw can be used as bedding for
livestock, as feed for ruminants after treating it with sodiun
hydroxide to make it digestible, and it can be used industrially to
cake strawboard and paper. Good planning and improved technology will
fce necessary to make the industrial use econonical.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGBICULTUKK; AN1HAL; CKOP; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
IEED; GREAT BE IT AID; MANAGEMENT; MANUEE; HETHANr); 'I&EATMhNT; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS31359
(18) DOC.CI1.: 0 'Callaghaii, J. fi. The waste products of
agriculture. Journal of the Royal society of Arts, 123(5223):139-149,
leb. 1975.
20
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Section 4
EFFICIENCY AND AUTOMATION
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 045230
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 05 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Policy analysis for local government: public vs.
private refuse collection.
(4) AUTHOR: Savas ES
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Policy Analysis.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAE: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The study or. public and private residential refuse
collection identifies the prevalence and comparative efficiency (cost
to households) of different organizational arrangements used to provide
refuse collection services in netropolitan areas of the United States.
five service arrangements for the collection of nixed residential
refuse are discussed: municipal contract, franchise, private, and
self-service. Data on the utilization of these arrangements are
provided, and the relative efficiency of each arrangement is evaluated.
It is shown that contract collection is significantly lower in cost
than municipal collection. Private firas play a major r°lfc» collecting
residential refuse in almsot twice as many cities as municipal
agencies. In cities with a population o± over 50,000, collection by
private firms under contract to the city is significantly more
efficient than collection by municipal agencies. Policy recommendations
to improve the productivity of local governments with regard to refuse
collection and other services are offered, (Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; ECONOMICS; GOVERNMENT; LOCAL;
HANAGEHENT; REFUSE; RESIDENTIAL
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CC/2CG; 1EA/2EA; 1BA/2HD; 1MA/2MH
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44277
(16) CITATION: Goleta, CA, Kimberly Press, Inc., 1977. 26 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044017
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 05 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Lundquist 0E
(6) BOOK TITLE: laproved Efficiency for Kirtland Air Force Base
Solid Waste Collection.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: This effort was intiated to find new ways to improve
Air Force base level residential solid waste collection. This study
investigated two collection modifications which were intended to iarove
system efficiency and, thus, conserve resources. T
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.; 043979
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEuG&i": 16 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Solid waste program includes recovery, improved
collection.
(4) AOTHOfi: Hatts JW
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: APWA Heporter
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GfiO. AREA: 1US/2MI/3DT (10) PUB. JT EAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Detroit, Michigan's, solid waste collection and
disposal program is described. Future plans call for replacing old
landfills with new resource recovery systems designed to produce steam,
electricity, or both, which Detroit Edison is willing to purchase. An
economical refuse collection prograa has been initiated which is
replacing three man collection trucks with one nan trucks. One nan
trucks are averaging more pickup pounds per day than their three man
counterparts and are finishing their routes at the same time. Serious
confrontations with two powerful unions have been avoided by creating a
new operator class for one maa trucks: refuse collection packer
operator, which carries a aiguer pay rate.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; COST REDUCTION; DETROIT; ECONOMICS;
ENERGY; MANAGEMENT; MICHIGAN; PKiiS ONNiiL; RECLAMATION; REFUSE; SANITARY
LANDFILLS; UTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
(14) HIERARCH TE8MS: 1CC/2CR; UA/2BD; 1 KG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43021
(16) CITATION: 44(9):20-21, Sept. 1977.
(1) SKIRS ACC.NO.: 043236
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CA1EGO8Y: 05 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Solid waste collection methods.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: American Puolic Works Assoc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Solid Waste collection Practice.
(9) GRANT NO.: EPA T900511
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Types o£ residential solid waste collection systeas
are explained, including curb and alley, set-out, set-bacn, walk-in
service, one-man collection systems and mechanical methods. Smaller
crews are being used, since 70 percent of the cost of residential
collection is in labor. More efficient utilization of solid waste
collection personnel can be ootained by considering handling Methods,
transport methods from residences to collection vehicles, methods of
assigning tasks for the crews, and nuaan-factors, such as training, age
of personnel, wages, and safety. Collection methods can be made more
economical by using measurements of work output and input, comparisons,
better routing, improved scheduling, studies of work incentives, and
good supervision and administration. The productivity ot most
collection operations could be improved by about 20 percent.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; vJO«i> AEISON; CONTAINER; CRITERIA;
ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; HUSICIPAiirX; PERSONNEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL; PUBLIC
RELATIONS; KESIDENTIAL; SAFEIY; SURVEY; S^ST28; TRANSPORT
(14) HIERARCH TERfiS: 1CC/2CN; 1EA/2EA; 1EB/2ED; 1EB/2EE; 1HA/2MD;
1PD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42279
(16) CITATION: Chicago, IL, American Public Works Association,
1975. p.79-119..
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040957
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Molvar Ac: (10) GEO. ABEA: 1MA/2MH (10) PUB. ifEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The application of modern control systems to the
operation of wastewater treatment plants is discussed. Control
22
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EFFICIENCY AND AUTOMATION
strategies for the commonly used wet and dry weather treatment
processes and their collection systems are described. Wherever
possible, the benefits derived from, as well as the operating problems
associated with, the actual or proposed control strategies are
documented. Cost/benefit analysis indicates that aany untried feed
forward aass proportional control schemes are economically attractive
because of the lew payback periods. It is concluded that despite
current concepts, the smaller (1 to 5 mgd) plants can afford and need
greater amounts of automatic control. A lack of reliable field proven
analytical sensors for important parameters appears to be the principal
obstacle impeding the implementation of more sophisticated control
strategies. Centralized control wita semigraphic display should be used
in treatment plants since it saves on operating labor, improves
operation, and increases the safety of wastewater treatment. Automatic
data acquisition systems are cost effective and should be used in
•edium and large sized plants. Direct digital control and computerized
control can only be economically justified in large dry weather
treatment plants and large storm water control networks. (Retained in
SSIBS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AUTOMATIC; BENEFIT; CENTRALIZED; COHPUTES;
ICONOHICS; EQUIPMENT; FACILITY; MANAGEMENT; TREATMENT; HASTE WAP EH
(14) HIEEARCH TERMS: 1EE/2ES
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40Q01
[18) DOC.CIT.: Holvar, A. E. Selected applications of
instrumentation and automationin wastewater treatment facilities.
lavironmental Protection Publication EPA-600/2-76-276. Cincinnati, U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, Dec. 1976. 312 p. (Environmental
frotection Technology Series. )
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040895
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEG08Y: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Ashby RB (10) GEO. AHEA: 1EA; 1HJ (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: On-site waste management alternatives are identified
for multifamily dwellings. Cost effective and beneficial selection of
facility, equipment, and manpower that achieves improve refuse
management must receive accord foe government, building owners,
operating staff, engineers, equipment manufacturers, architects, and
planners. Recommendations are directed at each named group. The
»a-fority of Americans now live in mult if a mily dwellings. This fact
effects methods and alternatives available for ths approach and
solution to attendant problems. Alternatives identified are manual
methods, compactors, incinerators, pneumatic systems, wet pulverizers,
and shredders and grinders. Costs tor capital equipment, installation,
operation, maintenance, tax amortization, and dependent ancillary
features of alternatives are presented. Variations and combinations are
discussed to distinguish the true, least, and life cycle costs of
available systems, While categorized in broadest terms, the benefits of
ranked alternatives are determined and guidelines offered for the
selection criteria of compared alternatives. Recommendations are Bade
concerning practical and efficient approaches to the costs and the
benefits of waste management alternatives in residential highrise
applications. (Article appears in the Proceedings of the Conference on
Solid Haste Management in Buildings, St. Louis, Missouri, November
15-16, 1972. The entire proceedings may be found in the Handbook, cited.
)
(12) KEYWORDS: BUILDING; COMPACTION; COMPARISON; CRITERIA; DESIGN;
ECONOMICS; GRIND; INCINERATOR; flAN AGE.1ENT; MANUAL; PLANNING; PNEUHATIC;
REFUSE; RESIDENTIAL; SHREDDING
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39939
(18) DOC.CIT.: Ashby, S. 3. Design criteria: comparative costs. In
Building Research advisory Board. Handbook on Solid Waste Management in
Buildings. Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 1976. p. 126-132.
23
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) SHIKS ACC.NO. : 0401V9
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Goldberg A (10) GEO. ABEA: 1HA (10) PUB. YEA&: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT; The way to cuoose the correct scale systea for a
solid waste operation is described. The following should be considered:
Jcind of operation (sanitary landfill, transfer and reclamation or
soaiething between the two); type of workload including considerations
for the future; size and weignt of vehicles. Scale size and capacity
should be considered and, since scales are designed to last 20 or 30
years, future planning should take into account the probable increase
in road weight allowances. For 20 to 50 daily weighnents at a landfill,
a cabinet dial and printer is needed. Readings are taxen directly and
the printer operates electrically, allowing the entry of additional
information on the ticket. High truck volume calls for a digital
indicator and a card reader. Two platform scales are recommended for a
type of operation where a variety or services such as reclanation,
transfer or the removal of material is performed,
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; REFUSE; XHUCK; VOLUME; WEIGHT
(14) HIEBARCH TEEMS: 1EE
(1b) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS39223
(18) DOC.CI1.: Goldberg, A. Buying a scale systea? Here's the
•right weigh'. Solid Bastes Management, 19(11):28, 104, Nov. 1976.
(1) SWTRS ACC.HO.: 039575
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAfEuOBY: 05 (2) SUBJ.TYFE: G (10) PUB.
YEAfi: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Economic aspects in the achievement of solid waste
collection productivity are addressed. In most solid waste management
systems, 65 to 85 percent ot the total cost of management involves
collection costs. Most systeaa concentrate on the typical objective of
picking up waste on time and hauling it away. This satisfies
environmental, aesthetic, and continuity of service objectives but it
does not fulfill productivity and cost objectives. Increased
productivity is defined to uean more services collected per hour and
•ore tons collected per hour. A five step improvement process for
collection systems has been developed by the 0. 5. Environmental
Protection Agency. The steps include: (1) review existing policies and
•ethodoloqies and alternatives to these; (2) determine the optimum
assignment of daily collection routes to processing and disposal
facilities; (3) perform districting and route balancing to determine a
fair day's work and divide collection areas into egual workloads for
each crew; (4) determine the route a collection vehicle is to follow as
it collects waste from each service in a specified area; (5) implement
changes. Data are presented froa an analysis of crew productivity for
different crew sizes, levels of service, eguipment, and collection
nethodologies.
(12) Ki.YW.ORDS: COLLECTION; ECONOMICS; EPA; MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL;
EOOTE; SYSTEM
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS38619
(18) DOC.CIT.: Shuster, K. A. , and B. R. Keidle. Collectioa
productivity: how to achieve savings and improve service. In Buhler, F.
, ed. Municipal solid waste Management: collection productivity.
Washington, National League of Cities/U. S. Conference of Mayors, Dec.
1973. p. 5-16. (Municipal Solid Baste Management Series. )
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037497
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SUBJ.TYPfi: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Surveys on the practicality of installing modular
small incinerator plants by municipalities to process their
24
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EFFICIENCY AND AUTOMATION
residential, commercial, and industrial waste are reported.
Consideration is given to the processing of municipal solid waste by
incineration; refuse generation in Paliokee, Florida; Orlando, Florida;
and Siloam Springs, Arkansas; technical aspects of equipment and
incineration plants; plant operation systems; waste loads and charging
rates; characterization of incoming solid waste; residue
characterization; stack emission testing; laboratory analyses of raw
waste and residues; incinerator efficiency; economic aspects of modular
small incinerators; and steam production from small incinerators.
Incinerators examined in the surveys had individual waste burning
capacities of less than 50 tons per day and utilized a controlled air
principle. They operated on a batch feed basis rattier than continuously
over a 2k hr cycle. Due to combustion design and without mechanical or
water-opera ted pollution control devices, gases expelled by the
incinerators into the atmosphere had low particulate readings. Stack
emissions from the tested incinerators ranged from 0. 03 to 0. 08
grains of particulate matter per standard cubic foot of dry flue gas.
The efficiency of thermal processing by the incinerators was excellent.
A waste heat recovery system produced steam from effluent incinerator
qases as they passed through a companion boiler. Capital costs per ton
of design capacity for all buildings, site improvements, and
incinerators (completely installed) ranged from $9,093 to $9,484 for
straight incinerator plants, tfith energy recovery (steam production),
costs rose to $17,667 per ton of de-sign capacity. With interest
applied, capital costs accounted ror from $3. 57 to $4. 46 per ton of
waste processed in straight incinerator plants and up to $7. 31 per ton
processed in steam production plants. Operating costs of incinerators
en a per ton processed basis varied considerably. Total annual costs
compared favorably with large-scale plants, ranging rroo $8. 50 to $18.
53 per ton processed for straight incineration to a net of $9. 99 per
ton for steam production plants.
(12) KEYWORDS; ANALYSIS; COMMERCIAL; DESIGN; ECONOMICS; ENERGY;
ILLUSTRATIONS; INCINERATOR; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PLANT-INDUST&I AL;
fBOCESS; REFUSE; RfiS IDENl'IAL
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS36541
(18) DOC.CIT.: Soss Hoffman Associates. Evaluation of small modular
incinerators in municipal plants. Environmental Protection Publication
SW-113c. Washington, 0. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, 145
F. (Solid Kaste Management Series) .
(1) SWXRS ACC.NO.: 037283
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 05 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Improvements to the refuse collection system in
Japan are recommended in a paper presented at the Third Japan-United
States Governmental Conference on Solid Haste Management in May 1976.
The refuse management system is defined to include four steps or
subsystems: collection, transportation, treatment, and final disposal.
Eefuse collection is related to the other three subsystterns, and
characteristics of Japan's reruse collection system are discussed.
These characteristics are concerned with the direct connection of
refuse collection with city inhaoitants, external restrictions, and
high dependency on labor. A preferred refuse collection system is
identified as one that causes no iirticulty in environmental
conservation, is acceptable to majority of city inhabitants, is
flexible and stable, is low in cost, and involves a flexible
relationship with other refuse management subsystems. Improvements to
the refuse collection system in Kita-Kyushu City, Japan are noted.
Immediate and future improvements to Japan's refuse collection system
are delineated. (Document retained in SWIHS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; CONFERENCE: CONTROL: DISPOSAL:
25
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tCUNUMlCS UK MANAGING SOLID WASTES
ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; JAPAN; MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL; PUBLIC; SYSTEM;
IBANSPORT; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSJ6328
(18) DOC.CIT.: Moronaga, M. Improvement of refuse collection
system. In: Hickman, H. L. , Jr. , fed. Proceedings; Third Japan-United
States Governmental Conference on Solid Waste Management Tokyo, Hay
10-17, 1976. Washington, IX., U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Jane 1976, 753 p. (p. 5. 1. 2. 1 - 5. 1. 2. 11).
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 035706
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The adoption of computer technology for the
assessment of waste water treatment plant performance could provide a
direct cost savings. Manpower neeas are reduced. Corrective actions
could be suggested immediately iron the computer analysis of plant
performance. An easy to read program has been developed by the
University of Massachusetts Division of Hater Pollution Control. The
system includes an optical scanning form for use by plant treatment
operators in reporting monthly data and a program for storage of data
and analysis of key operational parameters. The reliability of
treatment plant performance 13 the concern of pollution control
agencies and consulting engineers. ttountine monitoring of plant
performance has become standard. To carry out this task State
regulatory agencies must DC able to rapidly assess plant operations
frcm monthly reports and plant inspections. The number of reports
received each month limits in depth analysis. At the present time, data
collection and review are performed without the aid of computer
technology. With a computer information storage system the job would
fce easier. Consultants responsible for the design of new plants could
use the information to improve these designs.,
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; COMPUTER; DATA; DESIGN; ECONOMICS;
HANAGEMENT; MONITOR; PERSONNEL; POLLUTION; REGULATIONS; SEHAGE; STATE;
TREATMENT; HASTE WATER; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS34751
(18) DOC.CIT.: DiGiano, F. A. , R. J. DuPuis, and P. J. Williams.
Computerized monthly reports: cost effective alternative? Water 6
Senaoe Works, 122 (12):U9-53, oec. 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 034924
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This environmental protection publication in the
solid waste management series presents information on the na^or
components of commercial refuse collection systems. This section
discusses equipment maintenance and repair aspects of commercial refuse
collection. Maintenance and repair represent the largest single
operating expense for a piece of refuse collection equipment.
Ereventive maintenance is an essential aspect of an effective
•aintenance program, and should include regularly scheduled inspections
for each piece of equipment by qualified mechanics, the immediate
correction of any problems or incipient failure, and daily servicing of
the equipment. A recommended preventive maintenance program is
presented. Historical records of all the operating and maintenance
costs should be kept for each vehicle. Sample printouts for a
computerized vehicle cost accounting system, called MAINSTEM, which is
used to provide a report on the operating and maintenance costs for
each vehicle, the budgeted costs, and the per mile costs, are included.
maintenance costs will include cleaning, painting, and
26
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EFFICIENCY AND AUTOMATION
welding the container. Container lire will depend on the quality of the
container, the refuse it is uaed Lor, the use it receives, and the
laintenance provided. A surplus of 10 percent of the total containers
should be kept on hand for service needs. Container maintenance costs
will generally range from 50 to 100 percent or the initial cost of the
container over its economic life. (This document is retained in the
SKIES library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; COMMERCIAL; CONTAINE£; DATA; ECONOMICS;
EQUIPMENT; MAINTENANCE; flANAGdMENT; PLANNING; REFUSE; TSOCK
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33969
(18) DOC.CIT.; The City of Scot.tsdale, Arizona. Equipment
considerations: equipment maintenance and repair. lu A handbook for
initiating or iaproving commercial refuse collection. Cincinnati, Ohio,
0. S, Environmental Protection Agency, 1975. p. 21-28.
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: 034236
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CAIJi«OkY: 07 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAK: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This is a design proposal for a waste treatment
plant which utilizes the theory of queuing for tne stocking of waste.
In general, the arrival or waste at the management plant cannot be
precisely predicted due to traffic circumstances. Also, the time
required for treatment and disposal of wastes is irregular due to the
diverse properties of the i«aste and the possibility or the mechanical
Devices for waste management encountering unexpected damages.
Considering the above factors, the new design for the waste management
center must incorporate inproveneuts in the stocking capacity of the
waste stock-yard and in the reparing services for the mechanical
devices. Here, calculations are introduced for chosing the proper
capacity of the waste stocK-yara, and for the operational costs of the
waste disposal plant. (Text in Japanese)
(12) KEYWORDS; CAPACITY; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; INDUSTRY; JAPAN;
MANAGEMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3328C
(18) DOC.C11.: Ono, T. , ana K. hakabayashi. Haikibutau shori
center no sekkei ni tsuite. System design of a waste disposal plant.
Bn-ji Kogyo Koto Senmom Ga*ko Kiyo, y(1):«7-50. Mar. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OJ3706
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) LATE^OttY: 07 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Witn tr.e improved economy and last development of
heavy industry, urban waste has greatly changed in its quality and
quantity. The problems or current waste disposal by incineration must
be solved by developing au mproved incineration technology or
selecting a better waste management technology. The fluidized thermal
cracking techniques mentioned here ara concerned with anti-pollution
aanagement, and cutting equipment and operation costs. An abstract of
uechanism and characteristics 01 tht fluidized the real-cracxing
technique is presented, and the results of a 1974 220-hr consecutive
laboratory test on a fluiaiztd thermal-crack ing incinerator is
reported. The material furtr.ec rtfers to tne necessity of solving tne
problems of urban garoage with a tiiyh water content wnich is an
obstacle to the thermal cracKing technique. (Text in Japanese)
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; EQOIPHENT; I'LUIDIiED liED;
INCINERATION; INCINESATOfi; JAPAN; dANAGEfliiST; StFOSF; THERMAL
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSJ2750
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hitacni, Ltd. 1'osni koKei naikibutsu no ryudo
nctsubunkai gijutsu no xenkyu Kaiuatsu. Etsearch and development of
fluidized thermal-cracking techniques for urban solid wastes. In Shigen
saisei riyo gijutsu system no ktnkyu kainatsu. vDe>velopratnt of resource
recovery and its technical systems for utilization. Japan. June 1975.
p. 25-28.
27
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 031540
(2) DOHESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) POB.
TEAS: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: An overall view of the growth, applications,
technology, problen areas, and future outlook, of the electrostatic
precipitation process as the major instrument for high efficiency
control of fine particulate emissions in heavy industry in the Dnited
States is presented. There seems to be a developing trend towards high
efficiency collectors which also involve high initial investments. The
highlights of precipitator technology are presented, along with the
recent advances in the field. A troubleshooting guide for precipitators
is presented citing common problems encountered in the operation of
electrostatic precipitators and strategies for correcting problems.
(12) KEYHOBDS: AIR; CONTROL; DESIGN; ECONOMICS; ELECTROSTATIC
PHECIPITATOR; EMISSION; iiUUIPHENT; INDOSTKY; MAINTENANCE; HANAGEHENT;
PARTICIPATE BATTER; POLLUTION; PROBLEMS; US
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS30584
(18) DOC.CIT.: White, H. J. Hole of electrostatic precipitators in
particulate control. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association,
25(2) : 102-107, Feb. 1975.
28
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Section 5
WASTE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO. : Out>114
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: iu (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Industrial wastes assigned pigeonhole in federal
regulatory program.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Wastes Magt/RRJ
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) *?UB. YtfAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) is critical of tne retast industry. Consequently, the way in
which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implements the Act
is being closely watcned oy tnat industry. So far, RCRA implementation
has concentrated on hazardous wastes regulations and improved land
disposal. Later, emphasis should shift to the more complex and long
range ob-jectives of resource oonservat ion. The Resource Conservation
Committee was set up by RC8A to eliminate economic and legal barriers
which prevent L source conservation from being a feasible alternative
for solid waste nanaqement. Tuere are indications that the Committee is
being accorded the priority it deserves by participating agencies and
ty Congress.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUTHORITY; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; EPA; FEDERAL;
GOVERNMENT; HAZARDOUS; INDUSTRY; LAND; LAW; LEGAL; MANAGEMENT;
EROBLEMS; RECLAMATION; REPOSE; REGULATIONS; SOLID; SPECIAL
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1LF/2EH; 1LF/2FF; 1HA; IRK
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: 0 OS 45164
(16) CITATION: 20(10):30, 86, Oct. 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 046083
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Considerations for in-plant solid waste control.
(H) AUTHOR: Eldredge RW
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Waste Age
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) t'UB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Thorough study of solid waste control procedures can
help industries improve their profits. If material is not wasted, it
does not require collection, storage, processing, or disposal as waste.
Some waste products have value as raw materials for other
manufacturers, representing aa income to offset waste control expenses.
Establishment of good waste control practices within the plant can be
achieved by: proper receptacle placement; proper sizing of receptacles;
establishing a collection route; using control equipment to reduce
theft; reevaluating management procedures; considering subsequent
actions when choosing container locations; considering horizontal and
vertical clearance, and cost saving movements; investigating labor
costs; and selecting compatible equipment. Management responsibility in
identifying hazardous wastes and their appropriate disposal
requirements is discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; CONTAINER; COST REDUCTION; DISPOSAL;
ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; HAZAKDOUS; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; MARKET;
RECLAMATION; REFUSE; SOLID; STORAGE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1IN/2C6; 1IN/2UT; 1MA/2TJ
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45133
(16) CITATION: 6(61:98-101, Jun. 1975.
29
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) SWIR3 ACC.NO.: 0442b7
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Resourje conservation and recovery—a plan to
act.
(4) AUTHOR: Hodgetts GL
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Waste Age
(10) LANGUAGE: £N (10) PUi>. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The realization of sophisticated central recovery
systems is becoming more feasible rollowing implementation of the
Fesource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCfiA). Implications of fiCfiA are
that by 1978 environmentally adequate treatment and disposal of
hazardous waste will oe prohiaitively expensive. Producers of suck
wastes are advised to consider constituent recovery and recycling as an
economic alternative. Central recovery facilities, providing the
correct technology, competent management, and ongoing improvement
programs can assure: recovery services at acceptable costs; that
federal water quality standards are met; and, a reasonable profit for
the facility operator.
(12) KEYfcOauS: ECONOMICS; FACILITY; FEDERAL; HAZABDOCJS; LAB;
HANAGEN2NT; AS CL AaAIION; REFUSE; SANIi'AHY LANDFILL; STANDARD; WATEfi
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HA/2HF; ILB/2LD; 1EG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: GOS43J01
(16) CITATION: 8 £4) :3fa, J8,j9,47, Apr. 1977.
(1) SKIfiS ACC.NO.: 043i>80
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAi'iiviOtfY: 20 (2) SU3J.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Impetus ror recycling.
(4) AUTHOR: ficCall Hw m
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Scrap Age
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GdO. AtfEA: 1 US (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The utilization ui scrap to conserve resources and
to sustain economic growtn in trie United States is discussed. The
Eesource Conservation and Recovery Ace (1976) will encourage the
recovery of greater quantities of scrap and it will fund research on
existing and potential markets. Resource recovery is tied to
environmentally sound solid waste management. Public resource recovery
(1) swifiS ACC.NO.: 041710
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Haarnoff Jri. (10) GEO. AEEA: 1MA (10) PUB. YEAK:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Methods ard presented for the management and
elimination of solid waste in an environmentally acceptable manner.
Statistics are reported on trie generation of solid waste in the United
States and the use of raw materials. Four methods are noted for turning
waste into productive use: soarce reduction, energy recovery,
recycling, and improved collection. Components of dolid industrial
waste management are considered to ue the same as those for residential
cr conmercial waste storage, naaely, storage, collection, processing,
and disposal. It is poiritea out, however, that industry aust consider
lore and different alternatives for nandling and disposing of its solid
waste. The importance or economic factors in the management of solid
waste is discussed. The ecououics 01 recycling are emphasized.
Combustible waste disposal systems, incineration, energy recovery, and
resource recovery are cited as erroits made by various industries to
manage solid waste generation and disposal. Guidelines are outlined for
effective inplant waste management,
(12) KjSYnORDS: COLLECTION; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENERGY;
INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; PPuCiiSS; RECLAMATION; JtEDUCT I':"' VOLUME
(14) HIEBAKCH TERMS: 1IC
(15) STIMS ACC.N3.: 00340/54
(18) DOC.CIT.: Haariioft, P. £. Cleaning up with solid waste.
Factory, 9 ( 12) : <43-46, Dec. 197o.
30
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WASTE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
Bust not impinge on the legitimate role of private industry oy forcing
•arket substitution rather than creating new markets. A recent study
suggests a significant underutilization of capacity in the scrap
industry. The Georgia Hdste Exchange, a tree information service wtiere
interested parties may buy or sell waste Materials, energy sources, and
used processing equipment, is described. In the future, the scrap
industry must try to corrtct marKetplace economics, seek fair
competition between sellers o£ virgin and nanmade resources and promote
neta! recycling.
(12) KEYHORDS: ECONOMICS; EKEKGi; ENVIRONMENT; HEALTH; INDUSTRY;
BANAGEMENT; HARKJT; NETAL; RECLAMATION; REPOSE; SANITARY LANDFILL;
SCBAP
(14) HIEHAKCH TERMS: 1EA/2EU; 1LB/2LD; 1SB
(15) STIHS ACC. NO.: 00542623
(16) CITATION: 34 (5) : 24,25,28, Hay 1977.
(1) SHIHS ACC.NO.: 040174
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Chlad K (10) GEO. AEEA: 1HD/2MS/38F (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A financially sound Kay of examining the business of
scrap yard is presented. Tne first step is to evaluate and audit the
handling equipment; the crane, tha generator and controller, cable and
reel and the lifting aagnet. The generator should be matched to the
potential capacity of the crane. On.ce the pertormance of each unit is
evaluated, a decision should be made as to whether a unit should be
replaced, rebuilt or upgraded. For yards handling mixed ferrous and
nonferrous scrap, a combination grapple and magnet is available. When
all the decisions about upgrading or replacing have been made, plans
for protecting the investment and profits should be made by setting up
a preventive and corrective maintenance program. Inspection and
performance checks should be made monthly. About 40 to 50 percent of
the cost of producing an end product is in actual handling costs so
shutdown time through equipment failure can be ruinous.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; HAINTEHANCE; HANAGEKENI;
flETAL; SCRAP
(14) HIE8AECH TERMS: 1SA
(15) STIMS ACC.HO.: OOS39218
(18) DOC.CIT.: Chlad, K. 'The bottom line'. Scrap Age, 33(9):106,
108. 110, Sept. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.SO.: 037472
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOKM: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Problems affecting the production and use of
ainerals are examined in relation to resource recovery from municipal
solid wastes. The flow pattern of taaterials is illustrated by a global
Materials cycle, and principal causes of materials supply and demand
imbalances are identified. Major strategies for the efficient
management of materials aie considered, including the improvement of
prospecting methods foi mineral deposits, improvement of mining and
extraction methods, improvement of pollution control technology,
«at€rials conservation in product design, materials substitution,
functional substitution, and recycling. The following issues are
discussed in terms of mineral resource recovery: (1) priorities for
•unicipal solid waste management policies; (2) establishment of
resource recovery systems; (3) organization of resource recovery
31
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
systems; (4) financial support and apportionment ot costs ana flenerits;
(5) policies for regulations, standards, and taxes; (6) making
information on resource recovery available; (7) promotion of markets
for recovered materials and energy; (8) need for research and
development; and (9) effect or product design and waste reduction on
resource recovery,
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOalCS; ENERGY; MANAGEMENT; HASKET; HINE;
HINEfiAL; MUNICIPALITY; PKOBLEaS; PROCESS; REGULATIONS; RESEARCH-
TECHNOLOGY; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36516
(18) DOC.CI1.; Commission on Mineral Besourcas and the Environaent.
flineral resources and the environment, supplementary report: resource
recovery from municipal solid wastes. Washington, DC, National Academy
cf Sciences, 1975, 416 p.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 03t>085
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 03 (2) SUiiJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A technological and economic assessnent is made of
alternative means for recovering waste ruober in scrap vehicle tires.
The objectives of the assessment were to review various available
technologies and those potentially available tor tire recycling and
reuse, to assess the relative benefits and costs of each, to identify
the most important barriers to increased tire reuse and recycling, to
eake recomnendations for tuture technological and economic research,
and to suggest various policy options that can be used to promote
greater recycling and reuse in a Banner that will lead to an
improvement of the national economic welfare. The following rubber
reuse technologies were reviewed: asphalt additives, energy recovery,
carbon black recovery, retreading, destructive distillation, and
reclaiming. The greatest potential Benefits were considered to occur
with retreading and asphalt additives, followed by carbon black aud
energy recovery.
(12) KEYWORDS: ASPHALT; CARBON; DISTILLATION; ECONOMICS; BNEBGY;
MANAGEMENT; EXCLAMATION; KbSfcAiiCU; aUfliiER; SCRAP; TECHNOLOGY; TIBE; US
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35130
(18) DOC.CIT.: Goddard, a. C. An economic evaluation of technical
systems for scrap tire recycling. Cincinnati, OH, D. 3. Environmental
Protection Agency, Dec. 1975, 4b p.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 035856
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYFE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Engineering of all types relating to the corrugated
tor industry can be a ma-jor ractor in achieving a lasting reduction of
waste, not only through uesign of machinery, layout, and handling
equipment, but by providing specific information and recommendations to
aid management in making optimal decisions concerning box plant
facilities and operation. Corrugated Containers Division is used as an
exanple of the effects proper engineering support can have on waste
management. Engineering economic studies, preventive maintenance
programs, and training have Been implemented. Inspections are
frequently carried out at ti.t; delivery end of the corrugator, as well
as all other operations. Detects can thus be detected at an warly stage
and waste can be eliminated or minimized. Pneumatic waste conveying
systems are used to reduce the cost of waste handling and to save floor
space. Special waste surveys are conducted to determine the waste
sources, the specific cause, and the guantity of waste, h'ith regard to
the corrugator, engineering ractors are examined including roll storage
32
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WASTE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
and handling, starch mixing proceiures, cut-off counters, web
alignment, single facer, takeup factor of corrugation rolls, glue
machine and doublefacer design, and corrugator cut-offs.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; COST REDUCTION; DESIGN; ECONOMICS;
EQUIPMENT; INDUSTRY; MANAGEdKNr; PAPEfi; PLANNING; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL;
QUANTITY; SYSTEM; TRAINING
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS34901
(18) DOC.CIT.: Lawler, C. B. Haste improvenents through
engineering. Tappi, 58 (8): 102-105, Aug. 1975.
08 (2) SUiiJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. : 035654
(2) DOMESTIC: ' D (2) CATKiiOBY:
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Haste generated during the production process must
be collected, stored, and transported. The composition and the voluae
of the waste stream will suggest appropriate collection, storage, and
transportation methods. The first step in any plan to recover wastes
should be to examine the industry's wastes and identify recoverable
•aterials. Next the feasibility or recovering certain fractions of the
waste stream should be determined. The ability to match a waste stream
with an available market determines the feasibility of secondary
materials recovery. It is essential that the storage, collection, and
transportation system preserve the integrity of the recoverable
material. Haste recovery must not interfere with the production
process. If management is interested only in the profit and cost
reduction aspects of resource recovery a comparison of revenues
expectations to potential costs may be all that is necessary. If the
motive is to improve community relations a different systems approach
night be used. A plan for coutainerization, storage, handling, and
transportation systems is needed that is acceptable to management. A
case study illustrates the results of the implementation of a recovery
system for an international manufacturer and marketer of heavy
equipment. The system does reduce the cost of waste handling and
disposal.
(12) KEYWORDS; COLLECTION; COMMUNITY; COST REDUCTION; DISPOSAL;
ECONOMICS; INDUSTRY; fiANAGKSESI; HAkKET; PROCESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL;
RECLAMATION; STORAGE; TRANSPORT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS34699
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bakkom, I. Solid waste: is there a profit potential?
Pollution Engineering, 7{11):38-39, Nov. 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 034&86
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T MO) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The water industry is faced with an urgent need for
energy conservation. Housekeeping uses of fuel should bt thoroughly
investigated and measures established which will entail a relatively
low capital expenditure. As advanced technology is to a great extent
energy intensive both in building and in operation, technological
improvements are necessary. In sewage disposal where activated sludge
and oxygenation ditches need more energy than the formerly used rotary
biological filters, gravity sewers have been replaced by the small bore
pumping of sewage long distances to large -works with high pumping costs
and in some instances by oxygen injection to avert the septicity
created by the long pumping runs. Digested sludge may eventually be
tanked to the land instead of being dumpled into the sea as fertilizer.
Where surplus methane is available, the scruobing—removal of carbon
dioxide—of the methane and selling it to engineering works as furnace
beating is beinq considered.
33
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(12) KEYWORDS: COST REDUCTION; DIGESTION; ECONOMICS; EL3CTBICAL;
ENEEGY; FUEL; MANAGEMENT; METHANE; SiiKAGE; SLUDGt; TREATSEMT; UTILIZE;
SATEH
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33730
(18) DOC.CIT,: Young, J. A. Entigy conservation: an essential and
urgent problem for the water industry. Water, (3): 12-14, Apr. 1975.
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: OJ3U08
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CttTr-UOfti: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Two new approacues to fuel saving have been
announced. In the United States, the Department of Commerce has
initiated a system which could achieve a saving of energy equivalent to
1. <4 million barrels of oil daily through Energy Conservation Program
Guide of Industry and Commerce (EPIC) . The system involves measures
such as changes in plant operation and maintenance. In the United
Kingdom a collaborative project is being set up with industry,
government and research centers to plan for better ho use-keeping,
improved plant performances, and long-term manipulation of energy costs
in corporate planning and management and exploiting new markets.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; JiNEflUY; FUJEI; GOVERNMENT; GKEAT BRITAIN;
HANAGEMENT; PLANNING; US
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OGS32452
(18) DOC.CIT.: Energy conservation programmes in D. S. and 0. K.
Laboratory Practice, 10£t);47, Jan. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. : 032773
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) t>0B.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The in dustridl-cneraica Is industry expects to achieve
a solid-waste reduction of 13. 6 percent by 1977. The study presents
the data on which this projection is based. It considers the
process-related solid wastes unique to the chemical industry.
liquid-solid slurries and sludges i.ave also been included due to the
inherent association with solid-waste production. The study evaluates
the significance of these wastes to the u. S. economy and environment
and evaluates their potential for resource recovery. Present disposal
practices are described and areas for improvement recommended. In
conclusion, the possibilities tor governmental action in developing
sound solid-waste management practices for the che ndcal-industrial
qroup are considered.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; CHlialCAL; DATA; DISPOSAL; ECONGaiCS;
iFFLUENT; ENVIRONMENT; GOVEaNMEhT; INDUSTRY; KANAGEHSNT; PROBLEMS;
RECLAMATION; SEDUCTION
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSJ1317
(18) DOC.CIT.: Saxton, J. C. , and «. Narkus-Kramer. EPA findings
en solid wastes from industrial cuemicals. Chemical Engineering,
62 (9) : 107-112, Apr. 1975.
34
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Section 6
TRANSPORTATION
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046835
(2) DOMESTIC: 1> (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) AflTICLfi TITLE: Discriminatory pricing.
(4) AUTHOR: Pajo r
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Conservation and Economic Efficiency: An
Approach to Materials Policy.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAh: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Discriminatory pricing in the competition between
virgin and scrap resources is considered primarily in the. cases of
railroad freight rates and energy pricing. Three major inequities are
found in freight rates: higher rates for scrap on the average;
allowance for equal percentage increases in rates for virgin and scrap
materials; and the fact that freight rates are a larger traction of the
total value of scrap materials than for virgin materials. Also, long
haul/short haul and shipping discrimination are noted. Ti«ree points of
view for more equitable rate making are reviewed: marginal cost
pricing, demand discrimination or value of service, and equivalency.
Discrimination in the energy market has been mainly by customer or
customer class, with larger customers oargaining for lower rates.
Although marginal cost pricing is desirable to correct market
inequities between virgin and scrap resources, it is concluded that it
lay not be feasible. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; MANAGEMENT; RESOUKCE; SCRAP
(14) HIEfiARCH TERMS: 1EC/2C6; 1EC/2MG; 1MA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45d87
(16) CITATION: Baltimore, HO, riie Johns Hopkins University Press,
1977. p.61-82.
(2) SUBJ.TY^E: T (10) PUB.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 034415
(2) DOMESTIC: U (2) CATEGORY: OB
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article describes freight payment plan proposed
to the scrap industry by the First American National Bank or Nashville,
Tennessee. Under this plan, first American would act as an agent for
both the shipper and the carrier, serving as a clearinghouse tor all
incoming collect and outgoing prepaid freight bills. First American's
Freight Payment Plan is already serving otiier industrial concerns. The
plan eliminates all the clerical *ork involved in the payment of
freight bills, automatically complies with all regulations of tne
Interstate Commerce Commission, and furnishes excellent proof of
payment information. The plan is available tor a service ree of 5
dollars per month. A computerised statement ot the automatic freight
payments is provided to the participant once a month. An automatic
credit for any incorrect payment is awarded following the return of a
simple correction form to tne bann. This feature can save many hours of
effort and months of delay in collecting on freight claims. The plan
can result in significant savings in terms of money, time, and effort
aad can give recycling firms signiricant leverage in dealing with the
various carriers.
(12) KEYWORDS: BENEFIT; COST REDUCTION; LCONOHICS; INDUSTRY;
HANAGEMENT; KAIL HAUL; RECLAMATION; SCRAP; SYSTEM; TRANSPORT
(15) STIHS ACC.JJO.: OOS33459
(18) DOC.CIT.: First American's freight payment plan can save
itoney. Recycling Today, 13(o);103, 105, 111, June 1975.
35
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 034317
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAE: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: this article presents a discussion of solid waste
disposal problems encountered by industrial plants aiid institutions.
Major difficulties in the solid waste handling include how to move it
from where it is generated, how to get it into centralized containers,
and hou dispose of it. It is suggested that there is more waste in the
handling of waste than in any other plant operation. Combustion of
organic wastes at the plant site, with or without heat recovery, offers
cost savings in the fora ot reduced hauling costs. Kany plants have
highly inefficient systems for aoving wastes from generation sites to
central storage areas. A materials nandling specialist should be
consulted when the solid waste handling system is being examined and
improved. Data should be collected on the solid waste volumes, density,
and composition and on current disposal costs. Pyrolysis provides a
highly efficient method for disposing of solid wastes and for
recovering energy resources from wastas.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; IHCINERATIOH;
INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; PROBLEMS; PYHOLYSIS;
STORAGE; SYSTEM; TRANSPORT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33361
(18) DOC.CIT.: Pfleger, R. H. Solid waste disposal. Industrial Gas,
55(7) :12-13, July 1975.
36
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Section 7
PUBLIC EDUCATION AND PARTICIPATION
(1) SWIfiS ACC.NO.: 046103
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ABTICLE TITLE: The Lincoln County experience.
(4) AUTHOR: Sullivan A
(6) BOOK TI1LE: In Pilcner, K., ed. Talking Trash: Proceedings of
the Heeting of. the National coalition on Solid Waste, Har. 4-6, 1977.
(9) GRANT NO.: T90551-01-0
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2MA (10) PUB. YEAn: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The experience or Lincoln County, aaine, in dealing
with rural solid waste is described. There the National Wildlife
Federation confronted the specific problems of a community, analyzed
the problems and alternate approaches, and discussed theia with the
citizens of the community. Solid waste management has consisted of tona
duaps which have open burning, inrrtguent supervision, and violation of
various state and Federal regulations. After inspection of tiie dumps, a
strategy was designed to improve the solid waste disposal system
through public meetings of decision makers and coamunity involved
citizens and through exposure of the problem and possible solutions to
the general public. Tnese educational efforts concentrated on defining
the scope of the problem, telling wny changes in tne system were
iminent, and describing the kind of changes being considered. The
overall goal was a long term solution. After voiciLg much concern with
economics and need for technical assistance, the county's decision
Bakers and citizens were convinced of the need for cnange and were left
with the infornation on alternatives to be considered. (Retained in
SSIRS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: CONSERVATION; COUNTY; DUNP; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT;
MAINE; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; t>ROBLEHS; RECLAMATION ; RESOURCE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1UU; 1EI/2PV; 1HA/2C7
(15) STIKS ACC.NO.: OOS45153
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, environmental Action Foundation,
1977. p.77-82 .
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.: 040040
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Poers E (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2NC; 1US/2VA (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Public education to promote cooperation in waste
reduction is discussed. The need for good public relations in waste
management is recognized. The Clean Community Systems (CCS) advocates
public involvement. CCS is sponsored by Keep America Beautiful lac.
(KAB) . The CCS is being impleaented by 29 cities and involves every
sector of local life including government, business, schools, the
media, and citizen groups. A »ain aim of the system is to change public
attitudes towards responsibility for cleanliness. Research has shown
that there is a network of 'njrms' governing littering that makes it
permissible to carelessly discard trash and that more than talf the
trash comes from sources other than pedestrians and motorists. The CCS
campaign is aimed at those in a position to make decisions about how
waste is handled, and at those who observe litteriny but do not want to
take any action. Four components are used to encourage cooperation,
updated ordinances, improved technology, continuous education, and
sensible enforcement. An example of the application of these methods is
given from Charlotte, North Carolina, and another that involved army
help to remove junked cars in Accomac County, Virginia. Surveys are
taken to determine behavior patterns regarding waste disposal. An
37
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ECONOMICS OF MANAGING SOLID WASTES
accurate measure ot waste reduction is needed and the Photometric Index
of litter accumulation was designed for KAB. The cost of operating the
system is low, within $3,000 to 35,000. Each community sends a three
lember project team to KAti's training worKshop. Business contributes
expertise to the CCS and civic organizations have also supported the
CCS. The results in test cities have been remarkable.
(12) KEYWORDS: ASSOC; AUTOMOBILE; CLEANUP; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
GOVERNMENT; LA*; LITTER; MANAGEMENT; NORTH CAROLINA; PROGRAM; PUBLIC
EELATIONS; VIRGINIA
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1D1J/2DP; 1EB/2 ED
(15) STI.1S ACC.NO.: OOS39092
(18) DOC.CIl.j Poers, H. KAB says educate the public, others push
waste reduction, solid Waste Systems, 5(5):24-26, Oct. /Nov. 1976.
(1) SHIES ACC.KO.: 039968
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT; A representative of the League of Women Voters
discusses hazardous waste management at a public meeting held by the
Environmental Protection Agency on December 9, 1975 in Houston, Texas.
The league supports the efforts of the Texas Water Quality Board and
the Texas Air Control Board to enforce antipollution lavs. Emphasis is
placed on the threat posed by the indiscrininate and unsupervised
disposal of hazardous waste to public health and to tne environaent.
Documented cases of ground water contamination are cited, and estimates
on the cost of correcting the problem are provided. The league believes
that the increasing amount of hazardous waste being produced by
industry, agriculture, government, hospitals, and laboratories reguires
that a program for managing hazardous waste be developed. Its position
on the environment states that the Federal government should establish
policies and programs to increase the demand for secondary materials in
crder to encourage recycling of waste and reduce the generation of
solid waste. Basic concerns in tee management of hazardous waste are
outlined. The use of public hearings on the siting of hazardous waste
disposal facilities is recommended. A question and answer session
follows the presentation.
(12) KEYWORDS: ASSOC; CONFERENCE; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
EPA; FEDEHAL; HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; MANAGEMENT; PROSKAM; PUBLIC;
RECLAMATION; SAFETY; SITaS
(15) STIMS ACC. NO.: OOS39012
(18) DOC.CIT.: Gehan, B. Representing the League of Women Voters,
on hazardous waste management. In Corson, A. S. , P. A. Savage, and C.
4. Baggatts, eds. Proceedings; the 1975 Public Meetings on Hazardous
Haste Management, Newark, HJ, Boseraont, IL, Houston, TX, and San
Francisco, CA, Dec. 1975. v. 1. Office of Solid Haste Management
Programs Publication S»-9p. Washington, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1976. p. 7U3-755.
38
-------
Appendix A
ABBREVIATIONS
Administration
Agrarie
Agricultural
Agriculture
America(n)
Annals, Annali, Annales
Applied
Archiv (e, es)
Association (cion)
Australasian
Berichte
British
Buildings
Bulletin
Canada(ian)
Chemical, Chemistry
Company
Communication(s)
Control
Conservation Development
Deutschen
Corporation
Department
Division
Energy
Engineer(s)
Engineering
Environment
Environmental
Experimental
Government
Highway(s)
Incorporated
Indian
Industrial
Industry
Institute
Institution
International
Izvestiya
Japan
Japanese
Journal
Laboratory
Limited
Management
Manufacture(r)
Materials
Metallurgical, Metallurgy
Microbiology (ical, ia)
Mining
National
New
Number
Organization
Packaging
Pollution
Proceedings
Production
Admin
Agra
Agric
Agri
Amer
Ann
Appl
Arch
Assoc
Austral
Ber
Brit
Bldg(s)
Bull
Can
Chem
Co
Comm
Contr
Conser Devt
Deutsch
Corp
Dept
Div
Ener
Engr(s)
Engring
Env
Environ
Eptl
Govt
Hgwy(s)
Inc
Indn
Indus
Ind
Inst
Instit
Inter
Izv
Jpn
Jpnse
J
Lab
Ltd
Mgmt
Manuf
Mater
Metall
Micro
Mng
Natl
N
No.
Org
Pkg
Poll
Proc
Prod
39
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Professional Prof
Publication(s) Pub(s)
Reclamation Reclam
Report(s) Rpt(s)
Research Rsch
Resource Res
Review(s), Revue, Revisca Rev
Service(s) Svc(s)
Science(s) Sci
South S
Technological Technol
Technology, Technische, Techn- Tech
ica, etc.
Toxicology Toxicol
Transactions Trans
Treatment Trtmt
University and variations Univ
United States U.S.
Water Wtr
Wissenschaftlichen Wissen
Zeitschrift Zeit
Zentrallblatt Zent
Zhurnal Zh
40
-------
Appendix B
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
acre (acre) millimeter (mm)
acre-foot (acre-ft) mile (mile)
centimeter (cm) newton (N)
cubic centimeter (cu cm) one kilogram force (kgf)
cubic foot (cu ft) one pound force (Ibf)
cubic inch (cu in) pascal (Pa)
cubic meter (cu m) pound (Ib)
cubic meters per minute pounds 'per square foot (psf)
(cu m/min)
pounds per square inch (psi)
cubic yard (cu yd)
square centimeter (sq cm)
ft (ft)
square foot (sq ft)
gallon (gal)
square inch (sq in)
gallons per minute
(gal/min) square kilometer (sq km)
hectare (ha) square meter (sq m)
inch (in) square mile (sq mile)
kilogram (kg) square yard (sq yd)
meter (m) ton (ton)
yard (yd)
Months of the Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oc t.
Nov.
Dec.
41
-------
Appendix C
LANGUAGE CODES
Language
Code
Mixed
Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Belorussian
(White Russian)
Bulgarian
Burmese
Cambodian
Cantonese
Chinese
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Dutch
English
Estonian
Finnish
Flemish
French
Georgian
German
Greek
Gujarat!
Hebrew
Hindi
Hindustani
Hungarian (Magyar)
Icelandic
Indonesian
Italian
Japanese
Javanese
Kashmiri
Khmer
Kirundi
Korean
Latin
Latvian
Lithuanian
AA
AF
AL
AR
AR
AE
BE
BU
BR
CA
CH
CH
CR
CZ
DA
DU
EN
ES
FI
FL
PR
G£
CM
GR
GU
HE
HI
HI
HU
1C
MI
IT
JA
JV
KA
CA
KI
KO
LA
LN
LI
Language
Lingala
Macedonian
Malayan
Malayalam
Malay-Indonesian
Malagasy
Maltese
Mandarin
Marathl
Mongolian
Nepali
Ngala
Norwegian
Papuan
Persian
Polish
Portugese
Punjabi
Pustu
Romanian
Russian
Rwanda
Servian
Sinhalese
Slovak
Slovene
Somali
Spanish
Swahill
Swedish
Tagalog
Tamil
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan
Turkish
Ukrainian
Urdu
Vietnamese
White Russian
Yiddish
Codt
NG
MC
ML
MA
MI
MS
MT
CH
MR
MO
HE
NG
NO
PA
PE
PO
PR
PU
PS
RO
RU
RW
SI
SI
SL
SV
SO
SP
sw
so
TA
TM
TE
TH
TI
TU
UK
UR
VI
BE
YI
-------
Appendix D
HIERARCHIC TERMS
1AC ACCIDENT
(See also PETROCHEMICALS)
1AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
(See also ANIMALS, MANURE, FOOD PROCESSING)
2C8 CROP RESIDUE
2LW LOGGING WASTES
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1AI AIR POLLUTION
2AN ANALYSIS
2C2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2DU DUMPS
2FD FEEDLOTS
2IC INCINERATOR
2IN INDUSTRY
2LF LAWS
2SQ SMOKE CONTROL
1AL ALGAE
CSee MICROORGANISM)
IAN ANALYSIS
1AQ ANIMALS
(See also MANURE)
2CD CARCASS
2FD FEEDLOTS
2VC VECTOR CONTROL
IAS ASH
2CN COMPOSITION
2DP DISPOSAL
2UT UTILIZATION
1AO AUTOMOBILES
2BU BURNING
2CL COLLECTION
2C6 COSTS
2DP DISPOSAL
2IC INCINERATION
2LF LAWS
2QU QUANTITY
2RT RAIL TRANSPORT
2TT TRANSPORT
2UT UTILIZATION
2VR VOLUME REDUCTION
IAY AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
(See also AUTOMOBILES)
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
43
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1BC
1BL
1BU
BACTERIA
CSee MICROORGANISMS)
1CP
1CH
BALING
2ET
2PD
2SC
BULKY WASTES
2CL
2DP
2TT
2UT
2VR
CELLULOSE
CHEMICALS
2 IN
EQUIPMENT
PAPER
SCRAP METAL
COLLECTION
DISPOSAL
TRANSPORT
UTILIZATION
VOLUME REDUCTION
2PC
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1CL
ICO
10?
ICQ
COLLECTION
CSee also
2CJ
2CM
2CZ
2C1
2C6
2ET
2FR
2 IN
2IW
2LF
2MY
2PH
2PQ
2RO
2RW
2TU
COMPACTION
2ET
COMPOST
2AN
2HE
2MG
2UT
COMPOSTING
2CC
2CF
2C6
2DP
2ET
2 HE
2IC
2 IT
2LF
2MX
CONTAINERS)
CHUTE SYSTEMS
COMMERCIAL WASTES
CONTAINERS
CONTRACTORS
COSTS
EQUIPMENT
FREQUENCY
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
LAWS
MUNICIPAL WASTES
PERSONNEL
PNEUMATIC
ROUTES
RURAL AREAS
TRUCKS
EQUIPMENT
ANALYSIS
HEALTH AND SAFETY
MARKETS
UTILIZATION
TANNERY WASTES
CELLULOSE
COSTS
DISPOSAL
EQUIPMENT
HEALTH AND SAFETY
INCINERATION
INSTALLATIONS
LAWS
METHODS
-------
HIERARCHIC TEPMS
2FD PAPER
2PS PROBLEMS
2SI SEPARATION OF NON-ORGANICS
2SP SLODGE
1CT COMPUTER
(See MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)
1O( CONSTRUCTION
CSee also DEMOLITION WASTES)
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3OT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1CZ CONTAINERS
2DP DISPOSAL
IDA DAIRY (.INDUSTRY)
IDE DEEP WELL STORAGE
1DM DEMOLITION WASTES
CSee also CONSTRUCTION)
1DP DISPOSAL
(See also INDIVIDUAL METHODS)
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2CM COMMERICAL WASTES
2C6 COSTS
2DG DREDGING
2FC FACILITIES
2HC HAZARDOUS WASTE
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2KX METHODS
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2RP RESEARCH
2RV RURAL AREAS
1DR DRUGS
(See also PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES)
1DU DUMPS
2EL ELIMINATION
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2LF LAWS
1EC ECONOMICS
2C6 COSTS
2MG MARKETS
2TX TAXES
1EI EDUCATION
2PH PERSONNEL
2PO PROFESSIONAL
2PV PUBLIC
45
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1EN ENERGY
2EC ECONOMIC?
2RD REFUSE DERIVED FUELS
2UT UTILIZATION
IBP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
1ET EQUIPMENT
2AN ANALYSIS
2BR BALERS
2CL COLLECTION
2CO COMPACTION
2C3 CONVEYOR
2HM HAMMERMILLING
2MH MATERIALS HANDLING
2SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
2SG SANITARY LANDFILL
2SI SEPARATORS - FITTERS
2SK SHEARING
2SL SHREDDING
2SU SPREADING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2WT WASTEWATER TREATMENT (CONTROL EQUIPMENT)
1FE FERTILIZER
(See also COMPOST, HAZARDOUS)
2DP DISPOSAL
2RF REFUSE DERIVED FERTILIZER
1FI FIRE
1FL FLY ASH
2AN ANALYSIS
2DP DISPOSAL
2MS MINE STABILISATION
2RC RECOVERY 0? CONSTITUENTS
2SS SOIL CONDITIONER
2UT UTILIZATION
3AR AGGREGATE
1FO FOOD PROCESSING HASTES
2BG BAGASSE
2BK BAKERY
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSTW/I
2BW BREWERY
2CC CANNERY
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2CK COFFEE
2DA DAIRY
2DP DISPOSAL
2FR FRUITS
2GF GRAIN AND FEED CROPS
2MF MEAT PACKING PLANTS
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2MU MOLASSES
2PA POULTRY
2SE SEAFOOD
2SO SLAUGHTERHOUSE
2SX SUGAR
2UT UTILIZATION
2VG VEGETABLE
1FU FUNGI
(See MICROORGANISMS)
1GA GARBAGE GRINDING
46
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
1GL GLASS
2IN INDUSTRIAL TASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
30T UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1GR GRANTS
1GW GROUND WATER
1HC HAZARDOUS WASTES
(See also RADIOACTIVE WASTES, HOSPITALS, PESTICIDES)
2AN ANALYSIS
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
1HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
1HH HEAT RECOVERY
(See INCINERATION)
1HO HOG FEEDING
IBS HOSPITALS
(See also INSTITUTIONAL WASTES; HAZARDOUS WASTES)
2CL COLLECTION
2DI DISPOSABLE ITEMS
2DP DISPOSAL
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IC INCINERATION
1IC INCINERATION
(See also SPECIFIC WASTES)
2AI AIR POLLUTION
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2CQ COMPOSTING
2C6 COSTS
2EM EMISSIONS
2ET EQUIPMENT
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
20S ON SITE
2PE PLANT DESIGN
2PG PLANT OPERATION
2PS PROBLEMS
2RS RESIDUE
2SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
2WA WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
2WE WATER POLLUTION
HE INCINERATOR
2FB FLUIDIZED BED
20P OPEN PIT
2RK ROTARY KILN
2SP SLUDGE
2ST SPECIAL PURPOSE
47
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1XN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
(See also SPECIFIC INDUSTRY, SPECIFIC TREATMENT METHODS)
2AN ANALYSIS
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSIKG
2CG CENTRALIZED DISPOSAL PLANTS
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2EF EFFLUENT CHARGES
2LF LAWS
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2MY MUNICIPAL HASTES
2PY PYROLYSIS
2SJ SEWAGE
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2UT UTILIZATION
IIS INSECTS
1IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1LC LAGOONS
1LD LAND RECLAMATION
(Sea also MINES, SANITARY LANDFILL)
1LF LAWS
2CL COLLECTION
2DP DISPOSAL
2ER ENFORCEMENT
2FF FEDERAL
2IB INTERNATIONAL
2MB MUNICIPAL
2SW STATE
1LH LEACHATE
(See also SANITARY LANDFILL, WATER POLLUTION)
1LR LITTER
2CB CAMPAIGNS
2C6 COST OF REMOVAL
2RJ RECREATION AREAS
1LU LUMBER
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER V7ASTSS
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
IMA MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2C7 COUNTY
2FF FEDERAL
2IB INTERNATIONAL
2MB MUNICIPAL
2StI REGIONAL
2BH RURAL
ISM STATE
2TQ TECHNIQUES
43
-------
HIERARCHIC TEEMS
1MB MANURE
CSee also ANIMALS)
2CE CATTLE
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2PA POULTRY
2PT PROCESSING
2SL SHEEP
2SN STORAGE
2SZ SWINE
2UT UTILIZATION
IMG MARKETS
1MI METAL, FERROUS
2EC ECONOMICS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2SC SCRAP
2SN SLAG
2SY SWARF
1MK METAL, NON-FERROUS
2AM ALUMINUM
2C4 COPPER
2EC ECONOMICS
2HV HEAVY
2LB LEAD
2NI NICKEL
2PK PRECIOUS METALS
2TI TIN
2ZI ZINC
1HM MICROORGANISMS
1MO MINERALS
1MR MINES
CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)
1MT MINING INDUSTRY
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1MV MONITORING
1MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
(See also REFUSE)
2CO COMPACTION
2DP DISPOSAL
2SH SEFAPvATION
2TT TRANSPORT
2UT UTILIZATION
1NO NOISE
IOC OCEAN DISPOSAL
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
43
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2IX INTERNATIONAL CONTROL
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2SP SLUDGE
10F ODOR CONTROL
10L OIL
IPS PACKAGING WASTES
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1PD PAPER AND PULP
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2NE NEWSPAPERS
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PF PATHOGENIC WASTES
1PH PERSONNEL
1PJ PESTICIDES
1PL PETROCHEMICALS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
201 OIL SPILLS
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PN PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES
1PP PLANNING
1PR PLASTICS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILISATION
1PT PROCESSING
1PV PUBLIC RELATIONS
(See EDUCATION)
1PY PYROLYSIS
(See also INCINERATION)
1BD RADIOACTIVE WASTES
(See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
50
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
2UP DISPOSAL
2SW STORAGE
IRQ RECLAMATION
(See SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION)
1RJ RECREATIONAL AREAS
CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)
1RM REDUCTION
1RN REFUSE
(See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
2CA CALORIFIC VALUE
2CO COMPOSITION
2QU QUANTITY
1RP RESEARCH
(See SPECIFIC TOPICS; GRANT)
1RR RESOURCE RECOVERY
1RU RUBBER
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2TS TIRES
1SB SAFETY
tSee HEALTH AND SAFETY)
1SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
(See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
1SF SAND
1SG SANITARY LANDFILL
(See also LAND RECLAMATION; SPECIFIC WASTES)
2CQ COMPOSTING
2C6 COSTS
2DC DECOMPOSITION
2DS DESIGN
2ET EQUIPMENT
2GS GASSES
2GW GROUND WATER
2MC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2OE OPERATIONS
2RL REGULATIONS
2SL SHREDDING
2SO SITES
1SI SEPARATION
2CH CHEMICAL
2LS LIQUID-SOLID
2MD MECHANICAL
2ML METAL
2MX METHODS
2RN REFUSE
1SJ SEWAGE
(See also SLUDGE)
2AN ANALYSIS
51
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IP IRRADIATION PROCESSING
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESS IMG
2TT TRANSPORTATION
1SL SHREDDING
1SN SLAG
CSee METAL, FERROUS)
ISO SLAUGHTERHOUSE
(See FOOD PROCESSING WASTES)
ISP SLUDGE
(See also INDUSTRIAL WASTES)
2AN ANALYSIS
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2DP DISPOSAL
2ET EQUIPMENT
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2HP HEAT PROCESSING
2IP IRRADIATION PROCESSING
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2UT UTILIZATION
1SR SNOW REMOVAL
1ST SOIL
1SU SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1SW STORAGE
2CZ CONTAINERS
2C6 COSTS
2LF LAWS
2MX METHODS
2SO SITES
1SX STREET CLEANING
1SY SURVEYS
1SZ SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
CSee MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)
ITS TANNERY WASTES
1TE TEXTILES
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1TM TOXIC MATERIALS
(See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
-------
TERMS
1TR TRANSFER STATIONS
(See also COLLECTION)
ITT TRANSPORTATION
(See also SPECIFIC WASTES)
2C6 COSTS
2MX METHODS
2PM PIPELINES
2PQ PNEUMATIC
2KB RAILROADS
2SN SHIPS
2TX TRUCKS
1TV TREATMENT
(See PROCESSING)
1TY TREES
(See BULKY WASTES; LUMBER)
1VC VECTOR CONTROL
(See ANIMALS; INSECTS)
1VG VEGETATION
1VR VOLUME REDUCTION
1WE WATER POLLUTION
(See also GROUND WATER)
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2AN ANALYSIS
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2C2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2EC ECONOMICS
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2SJ SEWAGE
1WO WOOD
(See LUMBER)
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Appendix E
GEOGRAPHIC CODES
1AF Africa
IAN Antarctica
IAS Asia
1AU Australia
1CA Canada
1CB Caribbean
1EU Europe
IMA Marshall Islands
1ME Mexico
1MI Middle East
1NZ New Zealand
ISA South America
1SU Soviet Union
1US United States
2AA Alabama
2AC Alaska
2AE Alberta
2AG American Samoa
2AI Arizona
2AN Argentina
2AR Arkansas
2AS Austria
2BE Belgium
2BI Brazil
2BR British Columbia
2CA California
2CH China (Mainland)
2CI China (Taiwan)
2CO Colorado
2CT Connecticut
2CZ Czechoslovakia
2DE Delaware
20N Denmark
2DT District of Columbia
2FI Finland
2FL Florida
2FR France
2GB Gabon
2GE Georgia
2GM Germany (East)
2GN Germany (West)
2GU Guam
2HI Hawaii
2HK Hong Kong
2HU Hungary
2IA Idaho
211 Illinois
2IL India
2IN Indiana
2IO Indonesia
2IQ Iowa
2IR Ireland
2IS Israel
2IT Italy
2JM Jamaica
2JP Japan
2KS Kansas
2Ky Kentucky
2LE Lebanon
2LI
2LT
2LU
2MA
2MD
2MH
2MI
2MJ
2MN
2MP
2MR
2MT
2NB
2NE
2NF
2NG
2NH
2NJ
2NM
2NQ
2NR
2NT
2NY
20H
2OK
2ON
2OR
2PC
2PE
2PJ
2PL
2PR
2RI
2SA
2SF
2SI
2SK
2SP
2SR
2SU
2SY
2TA
2TE
2TK
2TN
2UG
2UK
2UT
2VA
2VE
2VI
2VN
2VR
2WA
2WR
2WW
2WY
2YU
3AI
3AK
Libya
Lithuania
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Melbourne
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nepal
Netherlands
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Norway
Ohio
Oklahoma
Ontario
Oregon
Pakistan
Pennsylvania
Peru
Poland
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
Saskatchewan
South Africa
South Carolina
South Dakota
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Sydney
Tasmania
Tennessee
Texas
Thailand
Uganda
United Kingdom
Utah
Venezuela
Vermont
Victoria
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Yugoslavia
Aiken
Akron
54
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GEOGRAPHICAL
3AL Albany
3AM Ames
3AS Amsterdam
3AT Atlanta
3BA Baltimore
3BC Bangkok
3BI Basel
3BK Barking
3BL Bavaria
3BN Berkeley
3BR Berlin
3B8 Birmingham
3BT Boston
3BV Bridgeport
3BW Broward
3CA Calumet
3CD Camden
3CF Casteljaloux
3CI Cheshire
3CJ Chicago
3CN Cincinnati
3CP Cleveland
3CT Clinton
3CU Columbus
3CY Cook
3CZ Czestochowa
3DE Denver
3DI Detroit
3DN Dublin
3DT Duluth
3DU Dusseldorf
3EB Ebingen
3ED Edinburgh
3EK Elk Creek
3EM Elmira
3EY Ely
3FB Fairbanks
3FI Finham
3FL Flagstaff
3FN Frankfort
3FR Franklin
3SA St. Croix
3SC St. Joseph
3SD St. Louis
3SE St. Paul
3SG St. Petersburg
3SI San Diego
3SN San Francisco
3 SO Santa Ana
3SP Santa Barbara
3SR Savannah
3ST Stockholm
3SU Stuttgart
3TA Tel Aviv
3TC Tocks Island
3TK Tokyo
3TN Toronto
3TO Trenton
3TR Tripoli
3TU Tucson
3VC Venice
3GA Gainesville
3GE Geneva
3GL
3HA
3HF
3HG
3HJ
3HL
3HM
3 HO
3HR
3HU
SIT
3JE
3JH
3JP
3KC
3KH
3KN
3KS
3KW
3LC
3LI
3LL
3LO
3LS
3LY
3MA
3MD
3MH
3MI
3ML
3MM
3MO
3MP
3MR
3MT
3MU
3MY
3NA
3ND
3NL
3 NO
3NR
3NU
30C
30T
3 PA
3 PC
3PH
3PN
3PS
3PW
3RC
3RO
3VE
3VI
3WA
3WE
3WK
3WM
3WY
3YO
3ZU
Glasgow
Hague
Haifa
Hamburg
Hanford
Harlem
Hartford
Honolulu
Hopewell
Houston
Ithaca
Jerusalem
Johannesburg
Joplin
Kansas City
Karlsruhe
Knox
Kosovo
Kracow
Lancaster
Lima
Liverpool
London
Los Angeles
Lycoming
Madras
Madrid
Manchester
Maui
Melbourne
Miami
Milwaukee
Minneapolis
Mobile
Montgomery
Munich
Muskegon
Nashville
Mew Delhi
New Orleans
New York City
Niagara
Nurnberg
Ochtrup
Ottawa
Paris
Passaic
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Pinellas
Piscataway
Rochester
Rocky Flats
Ventura
Virginia Beach
Walcheren
Weidenau-Geisweid
West Nyack
Willamette River
Winnebago
Yosemite
Zurich
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Appendix F
DOCUMENT CATEGORY CODES
01 AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Crop residues
Manure
Timber/other vegetation
02 ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
Data
03 AUTOMOBILES
04 BULXY WASTES
05 COLLECTION
06 COMPOST
07 DISPOSAL
08 ECONOMICS
Disposal costs
Financing facilities
Pollution control costs
Marketing information
Taxes and incentives
09 HAZARDOUS WASTES
10 HEALTH/SAFETY
11 INCINERATION
12 INDUSTRIAL WASTES
13 INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
14 LAWS/REGULATIONS
15 LITTER
16 MANAGEMENT
Municipal
Regional
Rural
State
17 OCEAN DISPOSAL
18 PACKAGING
19 PROCESSING/REDUCTION
20 RECYCLING
Incinerator residue
Industrial wastes
Mining wastes
Municipal refuse
Scrap metal
21 RESEARCH
22 SANITARY LANDFILL
23 SEPARATION
24 SLUDGE
25 STORAGE
26 STREET CLEANING
27 TRAINING, EDUCATION,
PUBLIC RELATIONS
28 TRANSPORT
29 SOURCE REDUCTION
30 ENERGY
Demand, for solid waste
management
Fuel from wastes
Heat utilization from
incineration
yol787f
SW-786
U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1979 620-007/6320
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