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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Short and median term borrowing options, which include bank loans and
•ost leasing arrangements, are generally not suitable for resource
recovery program funding. Long term municipal funding alternatives
include revenue bond financing for a particular project and general
obligation bond financing, which covers a variety of projects in one
bond issue. Pollution control revenue bonds nay be issued by a public
authority for a private enterprise. The local government must determine
the effective interest cost and the effective debt service rate in
order to compare costs of various options. The municipality nay need to
utilize financial consultants, investment bankers, and/or bond counsels
in order to obtain capital funds. The role of each of these types of
financial experts is discussed in terms of various borrowing options.
It is suggested that capital funds may be difficult to borrow in cases
where the city is unwilling to issue general obligation bonds. (This
document is retained in the SWIHS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: BOND; JiCONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; -FACILITY; LOCAL;
MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING; PSOBLEaS; K£CLAMATION
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3t520
(18) DOC.CIT.: Randol, fi. E. Resource recovery plant
iuplementation: guides for municipal officials: financing. 0. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs, 1975. 20 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO. : 034922
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 05 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This environmental protection publication in the
solid vaste management series presents information on the major
components of commercial refuse collection systems. A municipality
setting up a refuse collection system must decide whether the
commercial collection operation should generate a profit, break even,
or be subsidized. A private hauler must decide if the expected return
on investment is adequate. In order to assess the conditions affecting
collection, the following guestions about the service area must be
explored: how much collection is being performed at present and by
whom; what are the charges for present service; what are the
characteristics of the potential customers in terms of types of
commercial establishments, accessibility, volume and composition of the
refuse they generate, and the physical layout of the area; and what are
the disposal options available and where are they located relative to
the service area. The potential for resource recovery should also be
investigated. The options available for equipment, route personnel, and
facilities and methods available tor funding capital costs must be
examined. In establishing a private collection service, the company
must plan an effective marketing effort to initially obtain custooers
in the collection area. (This document is retained in the SWIHS
library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; COLLECTION; COMMERCIAL; ECONOMICS;
INVESTIGATION; MANAGEMENT; MAflKET; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING; PfiiyftTE;
MOSLEMS; BEFUSE
(15) STIMS ACC.SO.: OOS33967
(18) DOC.CIT.: The City of Scottsdale, Arizona. Preliminary
investigations. In A handbook for initiating or improving commercial
refuse collection. Cincinnati, Ohio, 0. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1975. p. 1-u.
20
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ECONOMICS AND MARKETS
(1) SBIBS ACC.BO.: 034264
(2) DOMiSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.XYPE: I (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: These articles discuss efforts being Bade to
establish a wastes exchange among companies in the St. Louis, Missouri
area and the anticipated can on non-recyclable beverage bottles and
cans sold on Federal property. Chemical process companies with
operations in the St. Louis area are working with State and Federal
agencies to develop an industrial waste exchange among the companies.
the exchange would serve as a clearinghouse, providing lists of
available waste materials and solicitations for materials that might be
found in waste streams. Current efforts are directed at finding a
sponsor who would could be trusted to keep waste figures and
information confidential. Die p. S. Environmental Protection Agency is
considering a regulation banning the sale of non-returnable beverage
containers on Federal property. Both private industry and other
governmental agencies are opposed to the ban on the basis that it would
increase costs and reduce jobs.
(12) KEYWORDS: BOTTLE; CAM-fOOD; CHEMICAL; DISPOSABLES; ECONOMICS;
EPA; FEDERAL; INDUSTRY; MISSOOA1; PROBLEMS; EXCLAMATION; REGIONAL;
BEGULATIOH S; SI LOUIS; UTILiaK
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33306
(13) DOC.CIT.: Top of the news: wastes exchange sought; no-deposits
a no-no? Chemical Beek, 117{12):17, Sept. 17, 1975.
21
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Section 4
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 048119
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TTPE: T
(3) AitTJCLE TITLE: Optiaal recycling of aluainua beverage cans: an
empirical approach.
(4) AtTHDfi: Ogbudinkpa SN
(6) JOURNAL TITLt: J Environ Systeas
(10) LANGDAGE: EN (10) PUB. TEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: The recycling of alumin ua beverage cans as a aetnod
of solid waste disposal in the lignt of the growing importance of
beverage cans in solid waste is surveyed in order to find economic
justification for recyclin9, whicn, if found, will be evoked to
coapleaent ecological reasons lor better disposal of solid wastes. The
analysis employed the Simplex Method, which illustrated that, of the
aain products froa recycling the beverage cans, copper is the aost
iaportant. Hollowed by aluainum and zinc.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALOBINUfl; COMAlMJifi; RECLAMATION
(T») HIERABCH TERMS: 1CZ; TSK/2AH; 1RG
(15) STBIS ACC.NO.: OOS47172
(16) CITATION: 7(4) :343-354, 1978.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046160
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY; 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Resource recovery as a solid waste disposal
alternative.
(4) AUTHOR: Bimer AE
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Durham Urban observatory
(6) BOOK TITLE: In The Feasibility of Resource Recovery in Durham.
(8) NTIS NO.: PB 271 520 (8) REPORT NO.: UO-LCCM-DUR-76-008 (9)
CONTRACT NO.: H-2196S
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2IQ; 1US/2LO; 1US/2NH (10)
FOB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Resource recovery is exaained as a solid waste
disposal alternative for the city ol Durham, North Carolina. The
advantages of resource recovery are discussed. Resource recovery
systems are considered from the standpoint of materials recovery and
energy recovery. Materials may be recovered from a waste stream in
several ways: a front-end system (mixed waste is separated into various
components by a variety of methods); a bacX-end system (the residue
fron burned waste is separated for use) ; and source separation
(naterials such as glass, paper, aluminum and tin cans are kept
separate at the source of production). A typical front end system is
described in detail and indudes references to the systems in Ames,
Iowa, and New Orleans, Louisiana. The recovery of energy from municipal
solid waste may be accomplished by incineration with waste heat
recovery, pyrolysis or by supplensntal fuel production. Cities which
employ each concept are noted. The recovery of materials, their use and
characteristics are discussed for paper, glass, rubber, ferrous metal,
aluminum, other nonferrous aetals (copper, lead, zinc) and other
•aterials (wood, organics, textiles, and plastics). (Retained in SHIRS
library).
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; DISPOSAL; ENERGY; GLASS; HEAT;
INCINERATION; METAL; HUNICIPALIIY; NORTH CAROLINA; PAPER; EECLAHATION;
REFUSE; REFUSE DERIVED FUEL; HUbBER; SOLID
(14) HIEHARCH TEEMS: 1EN; 1MY/2UT; 1RR; ISO; 1SI/28N
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00345211 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: O'Brien JK;
vesilind PA
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, Department of Housing and Urban
Development, Bar. 1977. p.3-11.
22
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SWIBS ACC.NO.: 045451
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGOKY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 6
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Reclamation will be vital in Meeting world »etal
needs to 2000 and beyond.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Hateridls Reclamation Weekly
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. SEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: U.S. Bureau o± Mines studies show the steadily
growing importance of recycling in meeting the metal demands of the
future. In 1976, about two million pounds sterling worth of old scrap
was recovered in the U.S. Amounts ot copper, ferrous, and lead scrap
used in 1976 are noted. The Bureau forecasts world demand in the year
2000 for primary and secondary copper, nickel, and chromium and
predicts the probable average annual growth rate. Greater recovery ot
old copper scrap and possialy significant exploitation of ocean nodules
nay augiaen t terrestial copper mining. The increased level of recycling
of aluminum beverage cans is an efficient use of limited resources and
an environaental benefit. No difficulty is foreseen in meeting primary
nickel demands to the year 2000. A particularly high rate of growth in
reclamation of chromium is forecast to meet the projected deaand.
Recovery from industrial waste is envisioned as a possible Beans of
Meeting secondary chromium needs.
(12) REWORDS: ALUHINOM; BU MIMES; CAB-FOOD; CHROMIUM; IRON; METAL;
HIHE; NOB-FERROUS; OCEAN; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH; OS
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1EE/2MW ; 1HE/2HX; IRE; 1SB
(15) STB1S ACC.NO.: OOS44499
(16) CITATION: 130(16) :22-23, Oct. 15, 1977.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 045350
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 18 (2) SUBJ.TYPfc: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Energy use.
(4) AUTHOR: Goen RL
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Stanford kesearch Institute
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Potential for Reusable Homogeneous Containers,
Interim Report
(8) NTIS NO.: PB 265 100 (8) REPORT NO.: NSF/R A-770030
(9) GRANT NO.: AER 76-02396
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) POB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Energy savings data from studies of returnable
beverage containers are used as a basis to estimate the consumption of
energy by alternative reusable packaging systems in the food service
industry. Baterial and energy requirenents for 1,000 lt> of Cycopac 920
containers are listed in terms of processing steps for acrylonitrile,
styrene, aid butadiene. It is shown that about half the energy
requirement for container ^cod action is made up of the energy content
of crude oil and natural gas whioa serve as raw materials for the
production of a container's chemical constituents. In addition to
manufacturing the basic container, energy requirements for
manufacturing some type of closure must be considered. A conceptual
system for the production, distribution, use, and return of reusable
containers is constructed to calculate the energy requirements for
reusable Cjcopac 920 containers. The overall energy requirement for a
reusable container system aised on Cycopac 920 is 1,460 BTU per
filling, assuming 10 return trips per container.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTAINER; ENERGY; PACKAGING; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CI; 1EC/2EU; 1PA/2PC
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: 00 344 397 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Soaogyi LP;
Steele RV
(16) CI'iATION; Washington, DC, National Science Foundation, Feb.
1977. p.3 9-46.
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 0453U5
(2) DOHSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 18 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Goen RL
(5) CURtORATE AUTHOR: Stanford Research Institute
(6) BOOK TITLE: Potential for Reusable Homogeneous Containers,
Interim Kefort.
(8) KTIS NO.: PB 265 100 (a) HEPOET MO.: NSF-RA-770030
(9) GRANT NO.: AER 76-02396
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUJS. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The feasibility of reusable containers for food
products, excluding beverages, is explored. Five objectives of the
study are to identify product areas with potential for reusable
packaging, to formulate concepts and requirements associated with
reusable packaging, to forisualte concepts for a reusable packaging
return system, to estimate energy and materials consumption for
reusable packaging, and to estimate the relative costs or a reusable
packaging systen. Various studies on reusable beverage containers are
cited. The food packaging share of tae packaging market is examined.
Consideration is given to the significance of food packaging in solid
waste generation and to quantities of food used in the food service
industry. Glass and plastic reusable food containers are discussed. Iwo
types of return systeas are evaluated, a deposit system and a
nondeposit system. Total energy use for both glass and plastic reusable
container systeas is estimated. (Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: COHTAIH1B; ECONOHICS; ENERGY; FOOD; GLASS;
PACKAGING; PLASTIC; RECLAMATION; SYSTEM
(14) HIEKARCH TERMS: 1ia/2Ki; 1PA/2PC
(15) STJHS ACC.NO.: OOS44392 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Somogyi LP-
Steele RV
(16) CIORTION: Washington, DC, National Science Foundation. Feb.
1977. 48 p.
(1) SW1HS ACC.NO.: 045205
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Recycling of glass.
(4) AUTHOR: Hillerup Oh
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Conservation and Recycling
(10) LASGUAGE: BN (10) GBO. AREA: 1BO/2DN; 1EU/2SB; 1EO/2BK (10)
FOB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The recycling of glass in soae European countries is
exaained . 3n Denmark, household refuse contains 5 to 10 percent glass.
Per capita production of refuse is about 300 kg per annum, of which an
unusually low percentage compromises oeer and soft drink bottles, which
are returnable. Government legislation permits brewers to sell only up
to four percent of their total consumption in nonreusable bottles.
Arguments for and against nonreturnable beverage containers are
discussed. In some countries a continuing decline in the return rates
of returnable bottles and xheir retreat from the marketplace is seen to
be due to population affluence rather than bottle fragility. A Swedish
study reports the energy consumption required for returnable bottles,
nonreturna ike PVC bottles; nonreturnable steel cans, and nonreturnable
glass bottles. Studies of britisn, .Danish and Swedish test collections
of paper, glass, and metal are reported. Reuse procedures for collected
glass are described.
(12) KEYWORDS: BOTTLE; COLLECTION; CONTAINER; DOMESTIC; ENERGY;
EUROPE; GLASS; GREAT BRITAIN; LAH; LITTER; HETAL; PAPER; RECLAMATION;
BEFOSE; RESEARCH; SCANDINAVIA
(14) HIESARCH TERMS: 1GB/2GB/3GD; 1SB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS442S2
(16) CITATION: 1(1) :149-159, 1976.
24
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044956
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATKGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Resource recovery and the need for sanitary
landfills,
(4) AUTHOR: Stearns EP
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA/3LA (10) PUB. YfiAH:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Large scale resource recovery in urban areas can
achieve improved utilization of sanitary landfills, but maximum
resource recovery oannot achieve more than a 60 percent reduction in
urban solid waste going into landfill. The sanitary landfill will
reaain a part of any solid waste management system for years to cone.
Resource recovery systems primarily enployed are: incineration with
heat recovery; mechanical processing with materials recovery;
production and use of refuse derived fuels; pyrolysis to a synthetic
fuel; or source separation of recyclables for separate collection. Each
systen results in residue which has to be landfilled. The extent of
waste reduction must be accounted for before a system is implemented.
Hany states have Landfill classification systeas and it is necessary to
know what type of landfill will be used for the residue. Anticipated
volume reduction using the various resource recovery systems is noted.
(12) KEYHORDS: CALIFORNIA; CLASSIFICATION; COHPOSITION; CONCERT;
DISPOSAL; FUEL; INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PYROLYSIS;
RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; REFUSE; RESIDUE; SANITABY LANDFILL; SCRAP;
SEPARATING; STATE; UTILIZE; VOLUMK; WASTE HEAT
(14) HIEEA8CH TERMS: 1KG; 1SB; 1SD/2SG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OUS44002 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Woodyard JP
(16) CITATION: 108 (9):106-109, Sept. 1977.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 044266
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: I
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Resource recovery and the need for sanitary
landfills.
(4) AUTHOR: Stearns KP
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA/3LA (10) PUB. YEAB:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Resource recovery of municipal solid waste can mean
economic and environmental benefits, but can achieve no more than 60 .
percent reduction in landfill volume requirements. Various resource
recovery systems are examined, including: incineration with heat
recovery, mechanical processing with materials recovery; production and
use of refuse derived fuels (RDF); pyrolysis to a synthetic fuel; and
source separation of recyclables for separate collection. The impact of
the various resource recovery processes on the urban solid waste
loadings requiring land disposal is shown. The greatest reductions in
weight and volume are achieved with the pyrolysis to oil process.
Regardless of which resource recovery process is chosen, sanitary
landfills will remain a part of solid waste management's future.
(12) KEYWOBDS: CALIFORNIA; CONVERT; ENERGY; FUEL; IMCISEEAIION;
MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; OIL; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION; REFUSE;
RESOURCE; SANITABY LANDFILL; SCRAP; UTILIZE; HASTE HEAT
(14) HIERARCH TEEMS: 1BC/2EI; 1IA/2IR; 1MJ/2NA; 1PK; 1RG; 1SD/2SJ;
1SE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43310 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Woodyard JP
(16) CITATION: 108(9) :106-109, Sept. 1977.
25
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
(1) SHTflS ACC.NO.: 042923
(2) DOfliSTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: U
(3) AKTICLE TI'iLL: Current American alternatives in resource
recovery.
(4) AUiW>B: Hagerty DJ
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Wastes
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) G EO. AR£A: 1US (10) PUB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Current American alternatives in resource recovery
are presented. A partial listing of projects is given which includes:
heat recovery incinerators, pyrolysis plants, refuse derived tuel,
•aterials recovery, wet pulping aaterials recovery, and methane
recovery from landfills. .Refuse characteristics, aaterials recycling
• aricets, and energy demand in the U.S. today are outlined. In general,
materials recycling will continue to ue accomplished with a high degree
or success only within an mdut>try where manufacturing scrap is
systematically collected and reusuea. Voluntary separation and
recycling of components from municipal refuse is subject to the
vagaries ot secondary mate rials markets. The only exception is that at
recovery of aluminum beverage cans which has shown significant success.
The success of integrated aateriais recovery facilities over an
extended period is, as yet, unknown. Materials recycling is likely to
be accomplished as an adjunct to the preparation of a refuse derived
fuel. Construction and operation of heat recovery incinerators remains
extremely limited witfi little indication for expansion. Pyrolysxs of
refuse to produce liquid or gaseous xuels remains experimental. The
choice of the appropriate aethoa of resource recovery for a community
will depend upon the social, political, and economic characteristics of
that community and that region.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUalNUK; FUtL; INCINERATION; nARKBT; KETHANE;
MUNICIPAL; t-YKOLYSIS; RECLAMATION ; REFUSE; REFUSE DEKIVED FUEL; SCJKAP ;
OS; UTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
(14) HlifflARCH TEEMS: 1»A; 1PK; 1RG
(15) STOMS ACC.NO.: 00341966
(16) CITATION: 67 (6): 251-267, June 1977.
(1) SUBS ACC.NO.: 042717
(2) DOHBSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
{*} AUTHOR: Bartlett ES
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Battelle Memorial Institute
(6) BOOK TITLE: Honferrous metals industries. (8) REPORT HO.:
KPA-600/2-76-303
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) FOB. TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A study was made to: 1} consider alternative
methodologies for information collection, analysis, and presentation;
2) design a system for maintaining current awareness of the
environmental implications of technology in t-he nonferrous metals
industry; and, 3) estimate the costs required to implement the detailed
plans developed. Although this task was specific to the nonferrous
metals industries, the methodologies developed could be applied in
virtually any field. Existing information centers and systems vere
studied and pilot sampling operations were conducted to determine best
suited elements for the considered awareness task. The input output
elements recommended to serve the awareness function include the
reliance upon a preferred list of periodicals augmented by symposia,
reports, and communications with specialists; selection and analysis of
information deemed significant by a senior technologists; and timely
publication of an Awareness Bulletin. (Retained in SHIRS library).
(12} KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; COLLECTION ENVIRONMENT; INDUSTRY;
IHFOKMATIOH; HOB-FERROUS; SORfET; TECHNOLOGY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EB/2EP; 1BD; tIC/215; 1HE/2BC
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41790 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Hood RA
(16) CITATION: Cincinnati, OH, p.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, December 1976. 98 p. (Environmental Protection Technology
Series).
26
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SHIRS ACC.80, : 042727
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SUBJ.TY?E: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Tke impact of resource recovery on urban
landfill requirements.
(H) AUTHOR: Stearns RP
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Waste Age
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAE: 1977
Ml) ABSTRACT: The impact of resource recovery on urban landfill
requirements is exaained. Improved utilization ot landfill space can be
achieved via resource recovery. Thermal processing is the most
effective method for this purpose due both to significant volume
reduction plus production 01 an inert residue. Material recovery and/or
refuse derived fuel production are effective at removing significant
volumes of the waste, but the residue must continue to get to those
landfills limited to ordinary household and commercial refuse. »hen
applied to a major metropolitan area, resource recovery can be expected
to achieve no more than 60 percent reduction in future landtill volume
requirements and, therefore, is not a panacea for a city's landtill
replacement problems.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; FUEL; HANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY;
BBC1AHATION; REFUSE; SANITARY LANDFILL; THERMAL; UTILIZE
(14) HIERA8CH TER8S: 1LA; 1SD/2SH
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOSU1770 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Woodyard JP
(16) CITATION: 3(1):Ji:
AREA: 1EU/2DN
G
(10)
PUB. YEAR:
(1) SWIBb ACC.NO.: 0<*1369
(2) BOMESIIC: f (2) CATEGORY: 20
(4) AUTHOR: Wilierup OH (10) GEO.
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Household reluse generally contains 5 to 10 percent
of glass, ier capita production ot refuse in Denmark is about 300 Kg
per annum of waich an unusually low percentage comprises beer and soft
drinfcs bottles in a country where tae tradition persists of using
27
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
returnable containers, further, government, legislation permits brewers
to sell only up to 4 percent 01 taexr total consumption in nonrenewaole
bottles. The arguments for ana dgd.iust nonreturnable beverage
containers are discussed and a continuing trend towards shorter
trippage noted in soae countries.
{12} REWORDS: bOXl'LB; dRiiWKRi; COLLECTION; DOHESTIC; GLASS;
RKCLASATION; RBS0LATIONS; SCAfiMNAVIA
(14) HlffiASCH TEKHS: Id; 1Gb/2tia/3tiF
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: QOS404U
(18) DOC.CIT.: willeru^, o. H. ttecycling of Glass. Conservation and
Recycling, 1 (1): 149-159, 1 &76 .
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040469
(2) DOMESTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SOBJ.TYi-E: G
(4) AUTHOB; Berg DE (10) GEO. ABSA: 1EC/2ET (10) PUB. YEAK:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: fieseach, development, and demonstration (KD and D)
activities sponsored by tne U. 5. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
on materials and energy recovery iron waste, are reviewed. Over 40
million has been directed to SD ana 0, mainly emphasizing municipal
solid waste. Refuse derived fuel (3UF) has received much attention and
examples of RDF projects are discussed. Studies on other waste reuse
aspects are underway and eleven study areas are listed. Waste reuse
technology has siailar aspects to energy technology, municipal resource
recovery is overtaking disposal as a viable option, and numerous
opportunities exist resouce recovery schemes on the scale of nine
pro-jects sponsored by EPA in St. Louis. Operating, economic, and aarket
factors have also been clarified Dy the St. Louis project, devaluation
of the rocus of tae EPA program at the successful conclusion of the St.
louis program has led to concentration on three technologies in the
next few years: (1) a system for smaller cities for converting wastes
to densified refuse derived fuel; (2) a portable pyrolysis system for
rural areas; and (3) for forested regions, a technique to prepare
forest waste as fuel for industrial boilers. These smaller systems
would produce transportable fuel and increasing marKet stability for
their products.
(12) KEYWORDS: DEMONSTiUTION; ECONOMICS; LNESGY; EPA; FACILITY;
fOBESTBY; FUEL; GENEHAPIOh; BAKKSi'; MISSOURI; MUNICIPALITY;
BECLAflATION; BEFUSE; HESKABCU; ST LOUIS; TECHNOLOGY; UTILIZE
(14) HIERAfiCH TESdS: 1SG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39513
(18) DOC.CIT.: Berg, 0. fi. Tecanology assessment of resourca and
energy recovery from wastes. In proceedings; a Conference on Capturing
the Sun Through Bioconversion, Washington, DC, Bar. 10-12, 1976.
Washington, DC, Washington Center for Metropolitan Studies, 1976. p.
685-689.
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.: 040108
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Neff NT £10) GEO. AfiEA: 10S/20H/JFK (10) i>Ufl. YEAR:
1972
(11) ABSTRACT: The Frankilin, Ohio, resource recovery demonstration
project fcas eliciSsd widespread interest; and the purpose of this report
was to: (1) present a preliminary analysis of the solid waste disposal
and fiber recovery portions of the project; (2) provide preliminary
data by which others may Be guided in evaluating emargin solid waste
disposal and resource recovery technologies. The historical developnent
of this EPA sponsored project and a general description and evaluation
of the process used are included. Tne preliminary plant economics
28
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
presented are based on construction costs and the first six months of
operation. The plant began functioning in Juno 1971 and is now in
reqular operation recovering ferrous metals and paper fibers which are
sold to local industries. (Ketained in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; DEMONSTRATION; DISPOSAL; EPA; FACILITY;
JIBES; HISTORY; MUNICIPALITY; OUIO; PROGRAM; RECLAMATION; HEFUSE;
SEPARATING; SEHASE; TECHNOLOGY
(14) HIEBARCH TERMS: 1SB; 1TB/2TE/3TC
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS39152
(18) DOC.CIT.: Neff, N. T. Solid waste and fiber recovery
desonstration plant for the city of Franklin, Ohio; an interim report.
Environmental Protection publication EPA/SH-47D. 1-72. Washington, U.
S. Environmtntal Protection Agency, 1972. 90 p. (Distributed by the
Hational Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, as PB-.M3 646.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 039403
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Public and industry officials attending a recycling
seninar were told by one of the nation's top recycling consultants that
electricity to power almost 3 million homes a year could be reclaimed
fron Hichiqan's household garoage by 1980. Conservative projections
indicate that more than 57 trillion uTUs of energy per year will be
available from household trasn generated by that State's metropolitan
areas by then. Today, energy can be roughly valued at one dollar per
Billion BTOs. Detroit city proposals are being studied for one of the
nation's largest resource recovery systems. The system will process
5,700 tons of refuse daily, recovaring steel and other recyclables and
converting combustibles to steam to be used to heat and cool downtown
buildings and to generate electric power. Interest in resource recovery
has grown so that now more than 10 percent of 140 million tons of
•unicipal refuse generated each year in the United States is already
spoken for. More than 50 municipalities are planning facilities to
convert garbage to fuel, with nearly every system using magnetic
separation of steel cans froa trash. Speakers representing industries
that use ferrous scrap reclaimed rrom garbage explained how this
naterial should be processed to obtain ready buyers and best prices. In
Michigan there is at least $13 million worth of marketable steel in the
State's garbage each year, tivfc markets are competing for recovered
steel. The presence of these widely dispersed markets means adequate
cutlets for all reclaimed ferrous.
(12) KEYWORDS: DOMESTIC; ELECTRICAL; ENERGY; MABKET; METAL;
HICHIGAN; MUNICIPALITY; KliCLA MAT ION; UTILIZE; WAST£ HEAT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OUS384U7
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hichiqan's solid waste holds staggering energy
potentials, public and industry officials told. Recycling Today,
14(7):160, July 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037545
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The contents of a nandbook on resource recovery from
solid waste are discussed. The purpose of the handbooit is to present
for the benefit of municipal decisionmakers the results of a study
supported by the National Science Foundation which had as its major
objective the critical assessment of advanced technologies for the
economic utilization of municipal solid waste. Emphasis in the handbook
is placed upon advanced systems for energy recovery in the form of
electric power, steam, fuel gas, combustible liquid, or solid refuse
derived fuel. Engineering "judgments are given conceining the
29
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
operational reliability and environmental impact of the technologies
evaluated. Economic merits of resource technology are compared in terns
of such quantitative determinants as investment requirements, operating
charges, revenues from tiie sale of recovered energy and reclaimed
materials, and the net amortized disposal cost per ton of municipal
solid waste. A principal objective of the handbook is to aid public
officials in discriminating among available technological alternatives
when specifying, evaluating, or selecting the most cost effective
resource recovery system for a given set of conditions and constraints.
Jhe handbook is organized according to tne following topics:
characteristics of municipal solid waste, economic: comparison of energy
recovery processes, economic factors in materials recovery, biochemical
conversion process, guides for de-isionicaking, and appendices which
provide additional information on financial aspects of resource
recovery.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; OAT A; DISPOSAL; DiiYING; ECONOMICS; ENESGY;
FUEL; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALS Y; OCEAN; PYKOLYSIS; RECLAMATION; SEHAG.K;
SLUDGE; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36589
(18) DOC.CIT.: Benziger, J. B. , B. J. Bortz, and M. Neamatalla.
Fesource recovery technology for urban decision makers. New York,
Columbia University, Jan. 1976, 118 p.
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.; 037182
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CAPEGoaY: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A survey of resource recovery operations in a. S.
municipalities is reported. The survey was conducted by Midwest
fiesearch Institute in Kansas City, Missouri. Questionnaires were sent
to 55 cities, randomly selected to represent population categories froa
cnder 50,000 to over 500,000 and different geograpphic regions.
Twenty-nine of the 55 cities returned guestionnaires, an overall
response rate of 53 percent, Resource recovery was considered as a
solid waste management option in 7fa percent of communities. Twenty-two
sunicipalities had resource recovary studies in progress or completed,
iihereas 10 had not yet initiated any type of study. Three cities
considered resource recovery as an option but subsequently dropped the
idea. In two of these cases, 110 formal study was done but the cities
indicated that they had insufficient waste guantitites to make resource
recovery a viable option. It was found that the majority of cities
would like to implement resource recovery systems but that alnost half
were unable to do so primarily Because of financing problems. Varied
approaches to the concept of resource recovery were observed which
indicated that communities may need additional assistance if resource
recovery is to realize its potential for alleviating material
shortages, supplying energy, and solving the growing problem of
municipal solid waste disposal.
(12) KEYWORDS; DATA; fiCONGHICS; ENERGY; GEOGriAfrHY; MUNICIPALITY;
POPULATION; RECLAMATION; SURVEY; US
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36227
(18) DOC.CIT.: Simister, a. L. An assessment of resource recovery
status in American municipalities. Resource and Recovery and Energy
Beview, 3(2):6-7, Mar. /Apr. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. ; 037161
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAiEGOkY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPS: G (10) FOB.
YEAH: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Specifications are presented which represent first
efforts of define uniform Dualities of materials separated from
nunicipal solid waste in resource recovery processing plants for
30
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
subsequent sale and use. The establishment of specifications adds value
to outputs and promotes acceptance by users as a result of providing a
basis for quality assurance. Hecoverable materials investigated in this
study are: folded newsprint and and corrugated paper, ferrous metals,
aluminum, other nonfercous metals, glass cullet, inorganic fines, mixed
organics (for fuel). Indications of possible contamination were
obtained on a limited scale by reviewing literature, visiting plants,
and coordinating Kith the activities of a companion research grant
which included processing pilot quantities of municipal solid waste
from several cities. The resulting target specifications were written
as goals for plant design; the targets seen achievable with existing
technology. The livelihood of these target specificatins being accepted
was checked by reviewing them witn officials ot appropriate companies
and trade associations. (Document retained in S«IRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; FACILITY; FUEL; BASKET; HETAL;
HUNICIPALITY; NON-FERHOUS; PACKAGING; PUBLIC RELATIONS; RECLAMATION;
BEFUSE; SOLID; SPECIFICATION; SURVEY; UTILIZE
(15) STII1S ACC.HO.: OOS36206
(18) DOC.CIT. : Alter, a. , and h. E. Reeves. Specifications for
•aterials recovered from municipal refuse. Environmental Protection
Publication 670/2-75-034. Cincinnati, OH, 0. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Bay 1975, 120 p. (Environmental Protection
Technology Series)
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037040
(2) DOHE3TIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
JEARi 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The feasibility of recycling brewery wastes so that
there are only two exits £ torn the brewery process is examined. Organic
waste loads of a brewery originate primarily in the brewing process
itself and include such materials as excess yeast and tank bottoas,
kettle breaks and spent ho^is, entrained wort, and spent grain press
liguor. If full recycle of all brewing-related waste is achieved, only
two exits iroB the brewing process are necessary (beer and spent
grain). It is logical to enter wastes into brewing as early in the
process as possible. When wastes a.re recycled to wash mixers, the water
of wastes and all dissolved ana soluble materials surviving brewhouse
processes are transmitted to worts, where they are further modified by
fermentation and eventually eliminated as beer. Insoluble and
precipitated portions o± waste are automatically Mixed with and
eliminated in spent grain. The reaction of specific types ot waste
during recycling is described, and aata are tabulated on the
characteristics of recycled brewery wastes. Dse of the Varivoid
downflow filter in recycliny is discussed. This filter is a deep bed
filter consisting essentially o£ large grain media such that large
particles of suspended matter can reaaily penetrate the filter oeA.
Added to course media are tine media oi a size such that void spaces
between course grains can t« accommodated.
(12) KEYWORDS: BREWiRY; COHBINEU; DATA; FlLl'ER; LlgOOK; OfiUANIC;
EXCLAMATION; SOLUBILITY; YJiAST
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSJ60S5
(18) BOC.CIT.: Lewis, fi. j . Secyciing sone brewery wastes to the
brewhouse. Process Biochemistry, 11(3):4-5, 37, Apr. 1976.
(1) SWIKS ACC.NO.: 036977
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 15 (2) SUbJ.IYPE: G (10) POB.
YEAR: 197 6
(11) ABSTRACT: The hazardous nature of litter is investigated in a
study sponsored by the California Environmental Protection Prograa
31
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Fund. The rate ot roaasiae littering ranged from 303 items per mile per
week for open areas and. rural ireeways to 1,701 items per mile per week
on urban freeways. Littering rates for recreation areas varied from .
104 items per visitor hour in wilderness campgrounds to . 162 in park
picnic areas. Beer, soft drink, juice, wine, liquor containers, candy,
gun, cups and lids constitutea almost 50 percent of all littered iteas.
In a special survey conducted to calculate injuries due to litter which
involved 569 households in California, it was found that oroken glass
Dottles and pull tabs were leading causes ot injuries. Almost 60
percent of these injuries occurred in recreation areas. It was
determined that litter is a valuable resource if collected and
recovered, and an abatement program for litter was recommended through
levying a tax on a product wliidx contributes to more than U percent of
all litter or sore thaa U percent of all littered broken glass.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACCIDENT; CALIFORNIA; GLASS; HAZARDOUS; HIGHWAY;
LITTER; HOlnICIPALITY; PACKAGING; PROGRAH; RECLAMATION; RECREATION ABBA;
RURAL ; S OR VET; TAXES
(15) ST1HS ACC.NO.: OOS36022
(Id) DOC.CIT.: Anon. Litter dangerous, California study iinas.
American Caty and County, 91 (2):72, Feb. 1976.
(1) SwlBS ACC.NO.: 035957
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2U (2) SUBJ.TIPE: G (10) PUB.
1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Process technology available for resource recovery
and recycling of industrial wastes is discussed. Complex waste products
are examined, including aunicipal waste, packaging materials, scrap
automobiles, scrap railroad freight cars, scrap ship nulls, and sewage.
Other types of waste products are classified as follows: ferrous
•etals (iroi and steel), food and beverage industry wastes, glass and
ceramics, heat (recovery from gaseous wastes, liquid wastes, and solid
wastes), inorganic materials, natural products, nonterrous metals,
organic materials, paper urn wood mill wastes, plastics and fibers, and
rubber. Future trends in tue recycling of industrial wastes are
explored with emphasis on municipal wastes, rubber industry wastes,
textile industry wastes, anu metal and mineral wastes. Special
attention is given to tne environmental effects of recovery processes.
(12) KE WORDS: INDUSTRY; MANUAL; HETAL ; MINERAL; MUNICIPALITY;
HOH-FERKOOS; PACKAGING; PEOCESS; RAILKOAD CAR; RECLAMATION; ROBBER;
SCBAP; SEWAGE; SHIP; TEXTILE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOi>35GG2
(18) DOC.CIT.: Sittig, M. Resource recovery and recycling hand BO OK
of industrial wastes. Park fiidge, Mj, Noyes Data Corp. , 1975. 427 p.
Environmental Technology ilundbook NO. 3.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035774
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Currently, refuse disposal is tending toward
resource recovery, especially energy recovery. The history of
incineration and incinerator energy recovery is briefly given with
special reference to New York. City. New York City, American, and
Canadian works were primarily directed toward eliminating refusa
disposal problems. Within the past several years, eight new
incinerators, designed and constructed for maximum energy recovery by
producing steam, have been put into operation, both in the United
States and in Canada. It is thought by some, that these waterwall
incinerators could be modified and become economical in large urban
centers. Satisfactory results have been obtained from a major
32
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
installation in St. Louis, It operates using fractional suspension
burning with coal. Municipal refuse is shredded and put through an air
classifier which separates tne heavy conponents from the lighter ones.
The lighter materials constitute approximately 80 percent of the
refuse; it is burned in a utility furnace where pulverized coal is also
turning in suspension to produce electricity. Tin and steel make up the
bulk of reclaimed municipal waste materials, but local market
conditions might make other materials significant.
(12) KEYWORDS: BORNING; CANADA; DISPOSAL; ENERGY; POHNACE;
INCINERATOR; IRON; HETAi; MUNICIPALITY; RECLAMATION; REFUSE; US;
UTILIZE; HASTE HEAT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS34819
(18) DOC.CIT.: Fenton, K. Refuse incineration in New York City.
Public Works, 106(9):78-81, Sept. 1975.
(1) SWIKS ACC.NO.: 035140
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 1% (2) SOBJ.TYPB: G (10) FOB.
YEARr 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A recent study by the Midwest Research Institute,
Kansas City, Missouri, showed that the use of returnable bottles would
lead to 21 percent less virgin material use, 30 percent less water
pollution, 60 percent less air pollution, and 60 percent less energy
use. The D. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does reconvene!
bottle legislation at the FexJ«ral level. At present the EPA is working
on guidelines calling for the use of returnable containers at all
Federal agencies, unless a particular agency can solidly justify
noncoaplia nee. Bottle legislation has been left to the States. Oregon
has the oldest Bottle Law. The dire predictions presented by the
anti—Bottle Bill spokesman did not happen in that State. Beverage sales
did not go down and neitner did the number of jobs in the marketplace.
Here jobs were actually create a by the reusing of bottles. (Vermont and
South Dakota now have laws similar to the Oregon law. ) Reynolds is
trying to blunt the forces tor bottle bills by recycling aluminum.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALOHINUtt; BOTTLE; DISPOSABLES; ECONOBICS; ENERGY;
BPA; FEDERAL; LAW; OREGON; POLLUTION; RECLAMATION; flEGOLATIOSS; SOOTH
DAKOTA; STKTE; VERMONT
(15) ST1HS ACC.NO.: OOS34185
(18) DOC.CIT.: How is the battle of the bottle going? Environmental
Science and Technology, 9(10) :906, Oct. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 034523
(2) DOMESTIC: i> (2) CATKGOKY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Research conducted on the feasibility of using a
mid-city heating and cooling plant fueled by solid waste in the City of
Syracuse, New York, indicates that the system would be self-supporting,
would save tax dollars, and would improve the environment. The proposed
resource recovery plant would be operated by Onondaga County and would
use about 80 percent of the County's wastes. It is estimated that the
charges for steam and chilled water from the system and for the
disposal of wastes would be below current costs for these services. The
plant would reduce the solid waste disposal costs for the City and for
every town and village using the system, and would cut the cost of
cooling and heating for the 65 private and public buildings now being
served by gas-fired plants, which would use the new plant. The plant
would be located on land owned by Syracuse Oniveristy adjacent to the
existing university steam station, i'our transfer stations would be
needed to collect and transport wastes from other communities to the
heat recovery facility. Two existing shredder plants would be used for
transfer stations. The entire system is designed to accomodate such
33
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
technological developments as efficient system for the recovery of
glass and metal.
(12) KEYBORDS: BENEFIT; COUNTY; DESIGN; ECONOMICS; ENERGY;
JACILITY; HEATING VALUE; INCIHERAl'ION; HUNICIPALITY; NEW YOKK;
PLASHING; RECLAHATIOH; SYSTEM; UTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
(15) STISS ACC.NO.: OOS33567
(18) DOC.CIT.: Solid waste energy. Mechanical Engineering, tt2, Feb.
1975.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO. : 033724
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 23 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The results of research into the development of wind
separation technology for urban waste is reported. The purpose of the
research was to find the best possible separation technology. Wind
separation technology was applied as the first step of the process to
separate organic wastes froa inorganic wastes in 1974, and chemical
solution separation technology for separation of plastics among organic
wastes was adapted in 1975. An abstract of the process used in
separating polyethylene and polypropylene from polystyrene by chemical
solution is given followed by a description of a test plant and test
•ethod. The results of this test indicated the separation and retrieval
of polyethylene and polypropylene reached 97 to 98 percent whereas
polystyrene reached 70 to ao percent. These results encourage tne use
of this separation technology as part of a total system of urban solid
waste retrieval, (Text in Japanese)
(12) KEYWORDS: DOMESTIC; INOK3ANIC; JAPAN; 80NiCIPALITY; ORGANIC;
POLYETHYLENE; PROCESS; KEJFUSil; SEPARATING; SYSTKM
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32768
(18) DOC.CIT,: Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Ltd. Toshi kokei
haikibutsu no huryoku bunbttsu gijyutsu no kenkyu haihatsu. Development
of wind separation technology for urban solid wastes. In Shigen saisei
riyo giiyutsu system no kenkyu kainatsu. (^Development of resource
recovery and its technical systems for utilization. Japan. June 1975.
p. 29-32.
(1) SWIhS ACC.KO.:
(2) DOMJSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: la (2) SUBJ.TYPt: I (10) PUB.
IEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This report on the feasibility of using the
Ridgewood Army Weapons Plant iocility as a waste aanagement and
resource recovery center was prepared for the hanilton County (Ohio)
Board of County Commissioners. This section examines Material
separation tecnnology available for use ia solid waste resource
recovery prograns. Magnetic separators are used for the recovery of
ferrous metals froa solid wastes. Tney are generally used on the
heavier fraction resulting frot air classification or tne wastes, which
normally contains glass, wood plastic, rubber, and ferrous and
non-ferrous metals. The equipment ordinarily consists of either a belt
over a magnetic pulley or a fixed magnet with a travelling belt
suspended above a conveyor belt carrying the refuse. Total capital
costs foe magnetic separation systeas vould be about 8,000 dollars.
Although non-ferrous aetals comprise only aoout 1 percent of uroan
refuse, the relatively higa value of these materials makes their
recovery economically significant in a resource recovery operation.
About half of the non-ferrous fraction of the refuse is aluminum,
mostly in the form of beverage containers which can on recovered
Manually, techniques available for tne separation of and recovery of
aon-ferrous aetals include electromagnetic separation and heavy media
34
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
separation . Botn of these processes
could bHrnfi^le! °t?niiUdoc™^t ^retained iT?he SWIRS library. )
n2f\E^Sr AIR; ALIBIS; CLASSIFICATION; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT;
IRON; MAGNET; METAL; MUNICH ALII*; NO»-FERROUS; RECLAMATION; REFUSE;
SEPfeRATISG ; SEPARATOR; TE t AfM K KF
(151 STiflS ACC.NO.: OOS324t>a
nai DOC.CIT.: PEDCo-Eavircnmental Specialists, Inc. Resource
recovery: tystem technologies: 111. In Ridgewood Army Weapons 1-lant
evaluation and resource recovery legibility study, Cincinnati, Omo,
Apr. 1975. p. IV (56-b-J).
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 033423
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEtiOfcif: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTBACT: This report on tie feasibility of using the
Ridgewood Array Weapons Plant facility as a waste management and
resource recovery center *as prepared for the Hamilton County (3hio)
Board of County Commissioners. This section examines aaterial
separation technology available for use in solid waste resource
recovery programs. Separation ot components from mixed solid municipal
wastes is one of the most difficult technical tasks involved in
recovery of these materials. Moisture content of the refuse is one of
the major problems in separation processes. A second problem area is
the effect of other waste processing unit, operations, such as the use
cf coapactor trucks for collection. A third major problem is achieving
acceptable product quality. Separation processes are usually either the
first processing step or follow size reduction operations. Manual
separation as the first processing step provides relatively high
quality materials, especially paper products, for resource recovery,
and permits the removal ot glass which might damage equipment, tabor
costs are the greatest expense tor manual separation systems. The aost
common devices for tne separation ot recoverable materials from
shredded urban wastes are air classifiers. Althouga most ait-
classifiers can only separate two fractions, some can effect multiple
separation. Major operating proolems with air classifiers include
jaaming of the feed device, changes in the moisture content of the
refuse, and overloading. Cost data presented indicate that provision of
air separation capability ot 1. 000 tons per day would cost 0. 26
dollars per ton per year. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library. )
(12) KEYKOHDS: AIR; BENEFIT; CLASSIFICATION; ECONOMICS; EQUIPHENT;
BANOAL; MUNICIPALITY; OHIO; PERSONNEL; P80BLEMS; RECLAMATION; REFUSE;
REGIONAL; SEPARATING
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32467
(18) DOC.CIT.: PEUCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc. Resource
recovery: system technologies: II. In Ridgewood Army Weapons Plant
evaluation and resource recovery feasibility study. In Ridgewood Army
Beapons Plant evaluation and resource recovery feasibility study.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 1975. p. IV (47-56).
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 033246
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUtiJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This conrerence was cosponsored by the National
Solid Hastes Management Association and the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This presentation discusses the problems involved in
planning a large scale municipal resource recovery system for New
Orelans, Louisiana. The National Center for Resource Recovery (NCER)
35
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
undertook a project to effect a con tractural arrangement for the
recovery of resources from aunicipal solid waste on a fee for service
basis. NCRR initiated a search for a site to build a prototype facility
to attempt to recover paper by hand sorting and ferrous metals,
non-ferrous metals, and glass by mechanical means under research and
development conditions. The Center sought a city which would agree to
the use of city owned land for the facilities, a long term contract,
materials recovery programs, disposal in a landfill with no cover, and
a dumping fee of 5 to 6 dollars per ton. NCRR would agree to provide
markets for recovered materials meeting reasonable specifications and
would supply some of the risk aoney for the project. NCfifi also sought
an owner/operator who would supply the remaining capital, operate the
facility as a research and development site for a minimum of 3 years,
agree to full disclosure of records, and maintain a non-proprietary
position on developments during the test period. Haste Management, inc.
, agreed to be the owner/operator of the project facilities and New
Orleans agreed to the project. The initial contract between Waste
Management and the City was challenged in court and the city was
required to take the contract out for bids, delaying the project start
for several months. It took 15 months to arrange the initial contract
•ith New Orleans and another 2. 5 years to finally get the project
started. The final arrangements package includes the City/Center
contract, the City/Owner Operator contract, the Owner Operator/Center
loan and implementation agreements, and the marketing agreements. (This
document is retained in the SHIRS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTRACT; DEHONStfiATION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; LEGAL;
IOOISIANA; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALlr*; NEW ORLEANS; PLANNING; PHIVATE;
PROBLEMS; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH; STSTgH
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS32290
(18) DOC.CIT.: Abert, J. G. Planning large scale municipal resource
recovery systems—a case study. In Compilation of Papers from Third
National Congress, Waste Management Technology and Resource Recovery,
San Francisco, California, Nov. 14-15, 1974. Washington, D. C. ,
Rational Solid Hastes Management Association, 1975. p. 165-172.
(1) SKIKS ACC.NO.: 032905
(2) DOMESTIC: f (2) CATEGCRJ: 20 (2) SOBJ.TTPE: T (10) PUB.
IEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A method was needed to identify ways in which
thermoplastLcs could Jbe reclaimed from contaminated waste plastic. The
advantage to this would be that raw material would be conserved, and
some sectoxs of the plastics industry could enjoy improved operation
efficiency. Waste thermoplastics are obtainable from uncontaminated
o£f-shoots or plastics manufacture, contaminated bat well-characterised
plastics such as beer tank liners, and contaminated plastics in
domestic refuse. Experimental conditions trere set up, and are depicted
in a series of flow charts. One type or detergent was used in each
case. It was found that the costs of detergents necessary to reprocess
polyethylene need not be greater than 5 percent of the purchase costs
of virgin materials. Careful monitoring and control ot alkali and
detergency levels throughout washing enables detergent costs, as well
as water and heating costs to ba minimized.
(12) REWORDS: ANAUSIS; DATA; DETERGENT; POLY-EIfflfLENE;
RBCLAHATIOH; RESEARCH; WASH
(15) SIMS ACC.NO.: OOS31949
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bevis, a. , T. W. Owen, and D. Skellam. Recycling
contaminates polyethylene. Polymer Age, 6 (1/2) :27-28, Jan. /Feb. 1975.
36
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH, AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SHIfaS ACC.NO.: G324bb
(2) DOaESTIC: D (2) GREGORY: 03 (2) SUBJ.TYPfc: T (1U) PUB.
YEAR: 197 t,
(11) ABSTRACT: The search lor rxew sources oi fuel energy which will
also cut down on pollution has led researchers at Santa Clara,
California, MIS and elsewnere to suggest that the "new" fuel we*re
looking for could be methanol--nood alcohol—which is wade oy the
•illions or gallons, and has oeen used £>y industry for many purposes
for decade a. Sources of methanol are natural gas and petroleua, coal,
and oil shale as well as the renewable sources of lumbering waste, farm
vaste and municipal wastes. The City of Seattle, Washington has
completed a study wnicn demonstrates taat 370 ID of nethanol can oe
produced from each ton of solid waste. In other words, this would would
mean 31 milLioii gal of tethanol per year, enough to run the entire
municipal vehicle tleet with ruel left over to sell. Problems inherent
in the use of aethanol as a pure luel source in automobile engines are:
a high on take manifold a:eo.t, need for a starting aid, rejetting the
carburetor to compensate for the difference in air/ruel ratio, and, for
the same range as gasoline, a aou.ule-size tank because of the
difference in heat of combustion on a volume basis. However, in a
Mixture of 15 percent methanol to gasoline problems are very amor, and
the blend could reduce United States dependency on foreign oil ay 15
percent. A Table is provided wflica compares the properties of gasoline
and methunol. Another source ot energy could cooe from the production
of ethanol (the beverage aiconol), and research by the United States
Army has discovered a rung us whicn converts cellulose into glucose.
Proa glucose, it's a ^uick step to produce ethanol by fermentation. The
study estimates tnat 1 ton of waste paper can produce a halt-ton of
glucose, enough for 68 gal of ethanol. Our present ruel saortage of 2.
5 to 5 Billion Barrels of oil per day could easily be met by the daily
hydrolysis of 1. 5 to 3 million tons oi waste cellulose present in
municipal trash and agricultural wastes.
(12) KEYMOHBS: ALCOHOL; AU lOMOBILi.; CELLULOSE; COMBUSTIBLE;
CONVERT; ECONOMICS; ESESGY ; f£Wii.KTATlON; FUEL; FUNGUS; HEATING VALUE;
HYDROLYSIS ; PROBLEMS; PfiOCfiiiS; PRODUCE; UTILIZE; WASTE HEAT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00^314^9
(18) DOC.CIT.: Linosiey, E. F. Alcohol power. Can it help you Beet
the soaring cost oi gasoline: fopular Science, p. 6ti-72, Apr. 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 032313
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOBT: 27 (2) SOBJ.TIPE: G (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Congressman BcCormack states his views on the
formulation of an energy policy within the United States in this
article. Re discusses the potentials of oil, gas, coal, nuclear power,
solar power, and geother»al power. Re contends that, the United States
must practice conservation for the remainder of the twentieth century
and think of alternative leans of producing power for the twenty-first
century by phasing oat fossil and fission powered conversion systems
and operating on inexhaustible sources of enerby, such as solar and
geothermal. nuclear power for the remainder of this century will
probably be the most efficient means of energy generation in his
opinion. Consideration is given, to disposal of nuclear wastes also.
Coal gasification and burning of coal to produce electricity is
discussed as it relates to energy production, environmental protection,
and the economy. Presently, the most important factor is to establish
an integrated national energy policy based on the best facts available
and to aim for self-sufficiency of energy production in every country
by the year 2000.
(12) KEYWORDS: BURHIHG; ECONOMICS; ELECTRICAL; EMERGI; EBVIHOHHEHT;
FUEL; GASSES; GENERATION; GOVERNMENT; OIL; POWER; RADIOACTIVE; THERMAL;
OS
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS31357
(18) DOC.CIT.: McCormack, H. Energy, environment and the economy—a
dynamic equilibrium. Chemical Engineering Progress, 7t(2):26-31, Feb.
1975.
37
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Section 5
PROCESSING; RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS
(1) SWIES ACC.NO.: 047832
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) AfiTICLB TITLE: Aterrinning av burkskrot Bojlig i stor skala.
(fiecovery of tin scraps is possible on a large scale) .
(tt) AUTHOfi: Jonsson T
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Tefcnisk Tidskrift
(toj LANGUAGE: so (io) GKO. AREA: 1BO/2SK (10) PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Scrap iron trout used food and beer cans is an energy
rich Material. Each ton taat can oe recovered diminishes the need to
import energy corresponding to 200-600 1 oil. The difference is due to
the aaount of energy consuaed waen the scrap iron is recovered. More
than 100,000 t of tin plate is destroyed each year in Swedish duaps.
This corresponds to 35,000 t/yr ot oil. Since 1972, the tin plate
fraction of the cinder froa central refuse combustion stations has been
examined metailurgically at Gullspangt; Elektrokemiska AB. It has proven
to be an excellent raw aaterial for the production ot steel ingot and
for 45% silicon iron. The steel ingot from Gullspang that is of
reinforcement bar quality is rolled into steel bars at Uuarnhammars
Iron Mill. The hot rolling of crude iron that contains tin has usually
caused problems at the steel mills, because cracks are easily formed.
Crack fomation does not occur with the Gullspang method even when
there is as much tin as 0. 554, waich is ten times more than is usually
tolerable at the traditional steel aills. The tin of the Sullspang
steel ingot serves as an alloy aetai. The 45% silicon iron does not
contain tin or lead and it is used as an alloy metal at the steel
•ills. To produce crude steel by way of lo« percent silicon iron is
probaby th e aost energy saviny way of reusing tin plate. (Original text
din Swedish).
(12) KEWOKDS: IBOH; METAL; RECLAMATION; SCRAP; SWEDEN; UTILISE
(14) HIERAfcCH TEk«S: 1H1/21S/3UT; 1MK/2TI; 1RG
(15) ST3MS ACC.NO.: OOW6885 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Larsson P
(16) CITATION: 10 6 (7): 23, Apr. 8. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046079
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) STOJ.TTPB: T
(3) ARTICtF TITLE: Resource recovery-a review.
(«») iOTHOR: St Clair w
(6) JOORSJL TITLE: waste Age
(10) LAHGOAGE: EN (10) POB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The slow development of resource recovery facilities
does not mean that the prospect for widespread implementation is
limited, rather it indicates institutional, econo»ic, and technological
hardies. An increasing number of Municipalities are considering
recovery as an option to present waste disposal practices. Technologies
are reaching operational status and specifications for recovered
resources, marketing procedures, legal framework, and other economic
and institutional Mechanisms necessary for viable recovery have
progressed to iapleaentation at various locations. Other pressures
which will affect inpleaentation are the lack of landfill space and the
energy situation. Eighteen resource recovery projects are reviewed
which cover: separating ferrous, glass, aluminum, and newsprint;
burning waste for energy recovery; conversion of waste into a water
slurry; a slagging pyrolysis system which produces fuel gas energy from
solid waste; refuse derived fuel; codisposal of refuse with sludge;
extraction of usable, saleable long fibers; processing of residues fro»
municipal incinerators; and a central heating and cooling plant which
uses solid waste as fuel.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONVERT: ECONOMICS; ENBRGT; FACILITY; PIBEH; FUEL;
38
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PROCESSING; RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS
INCINERATION; LEGAL; MARKET; HONIC1PALITY; PYHOLYSIS; BECLABATION;
RESIDUE; SANITART LANDFILL; SEPARATING; SLUDGE; SPECIFICATION
(1t) HIERASCH TEBHS: 1EN/2RD; 1HT/20T; 1RR
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS45129
(16) CITATION: 6(6):102, 104, 106-107, Jun. 1975.
(1) SWIKS ACC.NO.: 046073
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYfE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Reruse: the urban ore,
(4) AUTHOR: Collins jp
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: The Military Engineer
(10) LANGUAGE: EH (10) GSO. AiiEA: 1US/2VN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: ProQleffls encountered in refuse to energy systems are
delineated. Two Department of Defense success stories are related, in
Norfolk and Portsaouth, Virginia. The Norfolk Naval Base steam
generating waterwall incinerator, installed in 1967, was the first
application of this technology in tut U.S. Daily, one hundred and forty
tons of mixed municipal/coamerciai refuse produces 40,000 Ibs/hr of 350
f, 200 psi (saturated) steam which provides 10% of the steam rejuired
at the base. While operation and maintenance costs for 1970 and 1976
rose 94%, a 350% increase in the value ot the steam produced occurred.
The Portsmouth Refuse Energy Facility was coapleted in 1977; it is
comparable, in operation and design, to the Norfolk systeo. It uses 80
tpd of refuse, supplemented with oil, to produce 30,000 Ibs/hr of 350
J, 125 psi (saturated) steam. The major modification is the codisposal
of refuse and oil. Future refuse to energy plants are anticipated
throughout the U.S. An alternative approach to large regional energy
recovery systeas may be the use of refuse derived fuel in existing coal
iired boilers.
(12) KEYWORDS: BOILER; COdViifiT; DOD; ECCNOHICS; ENERGY;
INCINEEATOR; MAINTENANCE; OIL; REFUSE; REfUSE DERIVED FUEL; REGIONAL;
UTILIZE; VIRGINIA; »ASTE HEAi'
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EN/2KO; 1EN/2UT; 1IC/2HA
(15) STISS 6CC,NO.: QOS4512J
(16) CITATION: 69 (45 1):318-321, Sep.-Oct. 1977.
(1) bWIaS &CC.NG.: 045563
(2) DG&EaTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.iYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Arizona recycling program wins approval of
consumers, legislators.
(6) JOOhfcAL TITLE: Food Dtuo PKg
(10) LANGUAGE: KN (10) GrO. AKtA: 1US/2A£ (10) FOB. YEAK:
(11) ABSIRACT: The succest.fe& of tne Beverage Industry Recycling
Program (BIRy) , a state-wiae vcauatary effort in Arizona, in the field
o± reclamation are reported. .Foregoing legislative measures involving
lavs and taxes, BIRt1 has coae tar in solving litter and pacxaging
problems DJ appealing directly to tue people, without goveraaent
intervention, Arizona Acts a recovery rate 01 alummun cans that is
alasot t¥iOR the national average, ihe program was started in 1971 by
Arizona oottlers and aistrioutors; it was subsidized oy the* in the
rirst year of operation, but nos oeen coapletely self-sustaining since*
BiRP succeat; is attrioutaa to its Droaaiy based nature. It created a
market for everything tne jeverac,e industry generates (tin, glass,
aluainua); it operates one-stop recycling centers; extensive public
relations, via the aeaia, is us<:a to reach tne general public. BlKtf
saves the Arizona cities an estimated »/5 tor every ton of aaterial it
collects (2.1 million Ibs were collected in Dec. 1976 alone). Food cans
and newspapers have recently btcn du,at-d to the list at materials bIRP
39
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; ARIZONA; CONTAINER; COST REDUCTION; GLASS;
INDUSTRY; MARKET; PUBLIC RELATIONS; HiCLAHATion
(14) HIIBARCH TEBMS: 1Gb/2bB/3GF; IMC; 1PJ ; 1SB
(15) STJHS ACC.NO.: 00yt«611
(16) CI'JATIOfi: 36(7):8, Apr. 7, 1977
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 04553tf
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Solid wasta reduction to provide city with
saleable energy.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: ius/2ou/3AK (io) PUB.
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A facility in Akron will be operable in 1979 which
will provide an economic and environaentally acceptable means of solid
waste disposal while providing tne city with saleable energy. The plant
involves direct burning 01 shredded waste which provides a high
conversion efficiency, as well as possibilities o± other resource
recovery. A boiler efficiency of 80 percent is readily obtainable.
Assuming 5,000 Btu per Ib of wasta as received and 1,000 Btu per Ib of
stean produced, 4.0 pounds o£ steam can be produced per pound of waste.
Ihe facility will convert more than 1,000 tons of solid waste per day
to saleable steam and scrap metals. Tae elements o± the process are all
essentially shelf technology. The details are discussed. Shredding is
compared to mass burning. Advantages of shredding include: acceptance
of a wider range of solid waste including bulk waste; higher steam
revenues due to higher conversion efficiency and control of steam
production, reducing atmospneres are eliminated; residue is more
uniform and less objectionable for till. An economical stt-an supply
iron this plant could play
-------
PROCESSING; RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; t-AKPAIGh; COMBUNITY; CONTAINER; ENERGY;
FACILITY; LAW; LITTER; hANAGSMLNT; ftAKKBT; PUBLIC RELATIONS;
RECLAMATION; SCRAP
(14) BIEBARCH TERMS: 1ni./2KH; 1PJ; ISd
(15) STBlS ACC.NO.: OOS44300
(10) CI2&TION: 62(7):.l, 32, Apr. 1, 1977.
(1) SHIHS ACC.NO. : 0447B6
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Current trends in municipal solid waste disposal
in New York City.
(4) AUTHOR: Fenton R
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Resource Recovery and Conservation
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AHEA: 1US/2NY/3HY (10) PUB. YEAt<:
1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The current trend in refuse disposal in New Kork
City is distinctly directed toward resource recovery, particularly
energy recovery, as exemplified by the design of a recovery facility
for refuse at Con Edison's Arthur Kill-20 boiler. The history of refuse
disposal and resource recovery in New York City is traced from the
1890's to the present. Tiiere is a local demand tor recovery of energy,
steel and paper, making these readily marketable. Trends in the
characteristics of solid waste show that it is getting drier and will
release more heat per mass unit wueu burned. Landfills, incineration,
and incineration with resource recovery are discussed in detail. The
promotion and development ot newer technologies has attracted private
capital and interest to an unprecedented degree. Tne serious interest
in New York City in resource recovery, new technologies, anJ
institutional arrangements will onng about significant advances.
(12) KEYWORDS: ENERGY; INCINEH ATION; KtTNICIPALIT Y; NEN YORK CITY;
RECLAMATION; REFUSE; S&NITAfiY LANDFILL
(1U) HIEHARCH TERMS: 1DD/2JP; 1MJ/2M8; 1 EG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43831
(16) CITATION: 1 (2) : 167-176, Oct. 1975.
(1) SWTRS ACC.NO. : 044648
(2) DOMESTIC: U (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYJPS: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Ames txpentnce breeds cautious optimism aaong
city managers.
(4) AUTHOR: Hart CH
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Ka^tes Hanagfcmt-nt/tUU
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) Gr.U. AKiiA: 1US/2IA/3A3 (10) PUB. YEAR:
1977
£11) ABSTRACT: The article details the Ames, Iowa resource recovery
facility and discusses the area*; of concern that other cities should
lock into if they are to develop their own resource recovery facility.
fines decided to build their recovery systea so that the burning of
solid wastes would act as a supplemental fuel in its eltctric power
plant boilers. The system uses two stage shredding and air
classification to produce the tuel supplement. Details of the operation
are given. The Anss facility rail into two kinds of problems:
institutional, and equipment. The problems, although corrected, breed
cautious optimism ror otner citv managers. Four general areas of
concern for city managers are detailed. (1) Wastes operation: the
amount of wastes was lower than predicted in the feasibility study, tnus
producing less fuel, and increasing costs. (2) Operation and
naintenance: a difficult cost for city managers to anticipate. (3)
Haterials markets: thest markets are unsteady, thus making exact
revenue pro lection almost impossible. (4) Forecasting: Ames experienced
41
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
problems predicting their wastes generation. Studies, estimates, ana
other factors on which predictions rest must be examined carefully. The
Ames system is working but it is tailing short of predictions and thus
costing Bore.
(12) KEYWORDS; ELECTRICAL; IHCUUWATICN; IOWA; MUNICIPALITY;
PROBLEMS; RECLAMATION; REi'USL DERIVED FUEL; RESOURCE; SOLID
(14) HIEHAHCH TSRflS: 1DD/2DP; 1EC/2ET; 1IA/21M; 1MA/2MD
{15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43&93
(16) CITATION: 20(7) : 54, a2, 84, July 1977.
(1) SBIfiSACC.NO.: 04464J
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAI'KGDi.Y: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Calirornia reviews 12 ma^or resource recovery
prelects.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid waste Systems
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. ASi.A: 1US/2CA (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The article describes twelve resource recovery
projects in various cities in California. One or more of the twelve
facilities listed will be in operation by January 1981. The California
prelects are tor big tont'.age .situations, more than 500 tons per day.
Also discussed are small ideas using pyrolysis or pyrolytic type
incinerators which can meet California's air pollution standards.
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; aUNICIPALITY; PYROLYSIS; RECLAMATION;
BESOURCE; SYSTEM
(14) HIERA8CH TEEliS: laiWDP; 1dA/2flG; 1HJ/2NA; 1PK; 1RG; 1SB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43688
(16) CITATION: 6(4): 12, Aug. 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 0*4496
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUtfJ.TyPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Solid wastt recovers land for industry use.
(6) JOUfiNAL TITLE: American City and County
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) (JEO. Afa£A: 1US/2LA/3SO (10) PUB. YEAfi:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A resource recovery operation in New Orleans is
described. The facility, called Recovery I was initiated when
incinerator costs oecame prohibitive. Nearby landfill sites, hijh
resale values of the land and guaranteed materials markets led to its
success. The processing operation is divided into separate lunctional
nodules; a reduction module consisting of two shredaars, and a recovery
nodule consisting of an air cla^SLt'ier and a recovery building.
Products recovered include glass, ferrous and nonferrous metal,
aluninum and newspaper. The processes are describee. Markets for
recovered products are insured cy firm letters of intent stipulating a
five year buying period, floor prices and material specifications.
Additional narlcets are being sought and other resource uses identified.
Befuse derived fuel, if produced, could reduce waste going to landfill
froffl 80 percent to 10 percent. The local geology is excellent for
landfill operations. Sale ar reclaimed land creates a major part of the
operation's income. Recovery i's financial arrangements are outlined.
If Recovery I proves cost erfective the city may expand it and piiase
cut other solid waste disposal operations.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUNINM; /AGILITY; FE38COS; 3LASS; MARKET; MilTAL;
KOHICIPALIT Y; PROCESS; SECL &D5 ATIOti; REFUSE; BtSOUKCE; SANITARY
IANDFILL; SHREDDING; SOLID
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: UA; IRC; 1HJ/2B8; IriG; 1SB; 1SD/2SH; 1SO.
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43542
(16) CITATION: 92(4):4o-43, April 1977.
42
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PROCESSING; RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044323
(2) DOHBSTrC: F (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Energy from waste and its potential use as a
fuel.
(«) AUTHOR: Hillard R
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Wastes
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) FOB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Advantages and disadvantages of using the
combustible part of municipal waste as a supplementary fuel were
examined at a British solid waste management convention. The
combustible part of the waste has a calorific value of veil over half
that of coal; its use would mean reduced disposal costs and reduced
fuel costs for the user. Several schemes for using the refuse derived
fuel (RDF) are described, all incorporate a shredding process and
magnetic extraction of ferrous metals. Two reclamation plants,
presently under construction, are described whose principal objective
is to determine whether mechanical separation of waste constituents on
a large scale is technically feasible and economical. A major problem
is the low density of refuse derived fuel; current research into making
RDF pellets or bricks is described. In the discussion period following,
future aspects of RDF use are examined, ways in which industry can be
involved in development of the new commodity are explored. A planned
codisposal project is described in which waste oil sludge will be mixed
with domestic waste before RDF conversion.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONVERT; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; EUROPE; FUEL; GREAT
BRITAIN; IRON; HUNICIPALITY; OIL; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; PROBLEH; REFUSE;
RESEARCH; SEPARATING; SHREDDING; SLUDGE
(11) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1EC/2ET; 1EE/2FP; 1SF/2SN
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: 00543367
(16) CITATION: 67(8):390-403, Aug. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041142
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CkiEUUhY: 20 (2) SObJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUXbOR: Testin RF (10) ULO. AREA: 1flt/2i1W; IPS (10)
TEAK: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The reclamation of aluminum is discussed. Aluminum,
particularly suitable for recycling, is recoverable using 5 percent of
the energy required to oake virgin aluminum, and is readily available.
In 1969, 13 percent of aiuainua availaale for reclamation was recycled,
oi whicn 70 percent was in three «nci use categories; containers and
packaging, consumer durables, ana transportation. The main locations of
aluminum waste are in sunicipai refute and automobile processing
residues, and the two main aetaous ol obtaining this material are by
separation before it meets the refuse stream, and processing the waste
stream that contains aluminum . beverage cans are a large source of
scrap aluminum, and the industry nas pioneered reclamation iron this
source, and in 1975, 25. 4 percent ol the cans were reclaimed.
Incineration and baling oi autoaobiies ror scrap has oeen largely
replaced by snredding iollowea by magnetic separation, and the basic
process is described, with a breakdown o± the ferrous and nonferrous
concentrates. There are aoout tweivt dense* meuia systcas for treating
tnese concentrates, using d wat»_r flow stop and a specific gravity
step. Larg e throughput is required ior efficient operation ana so
twelve systems are sufficient ior present requirements in the United
States, and freight coats are justified as the value o£ nonferrous
metals is hign. The main steps in municipal waste processing are
described.
(12) hKYWORDS: ALUfllNlU; AiriOMOULLS; EriKRUI; INCINERATION; METAL;
PROCESS; RECLAMATION; HhfObE; Sh iu. Iu> IN G ; TECHNOLOGY; TRANSPORT
(14) HIQiARCH TERMS: 1 bit
(15) STlrtS ACC.KO.: OOSUOlbb
(18) lK>i_CIT.: Testin, K. P. AluEinum: the recycled material.
Resource Recovery and anerjy Kfcviow, J(4):16-ia, July/Aug. 1976.
43
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
(1) SWIBS ACC-NO.: 0410*5
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEkOiiY: 20 (2) SUflJ.TYPE: I
(4) AUTU3R: aontagna D (10) GEO. AREA: ISB (10) PUB. YKAK: 1976
(11) ABSTBACT: The fluxiess recovery of metallic aluminum iron
Hastes is described. Dross, beverage can scrap and the like is heated
in a closed furnace to a tempera-Lure above the Belting point of
aluainum under an inert gaseous atmosphere. 1'ne dross is gently
agitated by stirring to agglomerate the metallic alu&inuo contained in
the dross aid to physically separate metallic aluminum from aluminum
oxide and otner nonmetallic constituents of the dross. The aluminum is
tappea from the furnace leaving a solid residue which may be further
processed. Argon is tne preferred inert: gas atmosphere. Nitrogen and
carbon dioxide are not as satisractory. Beverage cans contain zroia two
to four percent of organic materials such as linings, inks, labels and
the like. toen heated, these materials pyrolize and decoapose to form
flammable and explosive gases. Provisions oust be Bade to properly
dispose of -these gases by controlled burning while the scrap charge
within the furnace is heated.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUHINUfl; SXPLuSiO*; GASSES; HEAT; HETAL; PATENT;
PROCESS; PffiOLYSIS; RJiOLAJUl'IOfc; SCRAP
(14) HliKAfiCH TEKKS: I&L/^HM
(15) STIRS ACC.NO.: G0b40139
(18) DOC.CIT.: flontagna, i>. (£he United States of America,
Secretary of tae Interior) . Fluxiess recovery of metallic aluainum iron
wastes. U. S. patent 1,0. 3,999,9bU; filed flay 9, 1975; issued Dec. 28,
1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040993
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOKK: 30 (2) SUEJ.TfPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Junk UD (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2IA/3A3 (10) POB. YEAH:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Ames, Iowa fiesource Recovery Plant has been iu
full scale operation since Noveaber, 1975. The initial operating data
show that this type of resource recovery system can be an economical
alternative when as little as 150 tons per day are processed and the
energy market is as well suited as the Ames municipal power plant. The
operating experience of tins system from startup through the initial
few months of full scale operation is reported. The raw solid waste
(excluding demolition wastes/ liquids and hazardous/infectious wastes)
is processed by two stages of shreduing, magnetic separation, air
density separation and nonferrous separation to produce a refuse
derived fuel and reclaimed metals. The city uses the fuel to supplement
coal for electric power generation; and the metals are sold on the
secondary materials narket. Botn the processing plant and tne three day
refuse fuel storage facility are located adjacent to the city power
plant to allow the refuse fuel to be pneumatically conveyed.
(12) KEYWORDS: ELECTRICAL; EQUIPMENT; fAClLITY; GENERATION; IOWA;
MAINTENANCE; MARKET; HU NICIPAH'I Y; OPERATIONS RESEARCH;
ELANT-IHDOSTRI AL; KECLAaA'ilOK; HiiFOSE DERIVED FOEL
(14) HIErtAaCH TERMS: 1 ix./2ET; 1kG
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS40037 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Russell SH
(18) DOC.CIT.: Funk, H. D. , and S. H. Russell. Energy and
materials recovery systeia, Ames, Iowa. In Aleshin, S. , ed.
Proceedings; the Fifth Mineral Waste Utilization Symposium, Chicago,
Apr. 13-14, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1976. p.
133-140.
44
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PROCESSING; RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 040213
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBd.tYPE: T (10) GEO.
ABEAl 1UE/2MH (10) PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: National Comp actor/American Baler's introduction of
an aluainua scrap oaler is reported. 1'he Model NA-1450 aluminum scrap
baler was introduced in an effort to improve scrap handling systems and
is intended to be used primarily for the recycling of aluminum and tin
cans. Increased emphasis on the recycling of cans, both by the beer and
beverage companies as well as aluminum ail Is, prompted the new aluainum
scrap baler's development. The Model NA-1450 baler is an automatic
horizontal closed door baler. It is activateyd by an electric eye to
eliminate guess work and reduce labor. Uniform bale density, acceptable
for both shipping and recycling purposes, has been achieved through the
use of a balanced hydraulic system. The machine features heavy duty
components, and an extra large teed opening allows for easy feeding
either manually or by a conveyor chute automatic feed.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALDMINUfl; BALING; BENEFIT; COMPACTION; DESIGN;
EQUIPMENT; INDUSTRY; BECLAHATIQH ; SCRAP; SPECIFICATION; TECHBOJLOGY
(14) HIHtARCH TERMS: 1EE/2EG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39257
(18) DOC.CIT.: National Compactor introduces its Model NA-1450
aluminum scrap baler. Scrap Age, 33(9) :162, Sept. 1976.
(1) SWI1S ACC.NO.: 039770
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 2Q (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Nationa 1 Compactor's NA 1450 aluminum scrap oaler is
described. The new baler is to be used primarily for recycling aluminum
and tin cans. Development efforts were prompted by the increased
emphasis on can recycling by oeer and beverage companies. The Bodel NA
1450 is an automatic horizontal closed door baler which is activated by
an electric eye. The NA 1450 is designed with specific densities in
mind which are not achievable on standard duty oalers.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; BALING; CANNING; COMPACTION; EQUIPMENT;
INDUSTRY; ffiCLAMATION; SCRAP
(15) si IMS ACC.NO.: oossaaw
(18) DOC.CIT.: National compactor's NA-1450 baler. Recycling Today,
14(8) :62, Aug. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 039676
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: An experimental 45 ton/hour municipal solid waste
facility operated by the City of St. Louis, Missouri, is described. The
various studies conducted by the project included; particulate,
bacteria and virus emissions froiu the processing plant; and gaseous and
particulate emissions at the power plant. The facility was designed to
produce shredded, air classified refuse derived fuel. The difficulties
in measurements and shortcoming of the experimental data encountered
are discussed. A table ana two figures are included in the report which
is a preliminary treatment; the final report is in preparation.
(12) KEYWORDS: Alii; ilACTEdlA; BOILER; CLASSIFICATION; ELECTHUSTATIC
ERECIPITATOR; EMISSION; FACILITY; FOSSIL FUEL; FUEL; GASSES; MISSOURI;
MUNICIPALITY; PARTICULATb WAITER; KhCLAMATION; KEFUSE; SHREDDIS3; ST
LOUIS; VIRUS
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00338720
(18) DOC.CIT.: Holloway, J. R. EPA resource recovery demonstration:
summary of air emissions analyses. Haste Age, 7(8) :50-52, Aug. 1976.
45
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
(1) SHIES ACC.NO.: 039674
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (ioj POS.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The nation's first full scale facility for tne
recovery of marketable materials from muncipal solid wastes Has
officially dedicated July 20, 1976, in toe city of Sew Orleans,
Louisiana. The capacity 01 tne facility (called Recovery I) is 650 tons
per day, and it replaces three municipal incinerators. Ferrous and
nonferrous metals, glass ana paper will be reclaimed; it is estimated
that more than 1,200 tons of steel, 1,200 tons of glass, 94 tons of
aluminum, and 520 tons of paper could be recovered by Recovery I per
month. Three basic operations comprise the system: shredding; recovery;
and disposal of shredded residue. More than three years were devoted to
cooperative planning by government, private industry, and the National
Center for Resource Recovery.
(12) KEYHORDS: ALUMINUM; COST a^OOCTION; DISPOSAL; i'ACILITY;
FEBHOOS; GLASS; INDUSTRY; LOUISIANA; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; NEW OHLEANS;
SON-FERBOUS; PAPER; PLANNING; RECLAMATION; SCRAP; SHREDDING
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38718
(18) DOC.CIT.: Recovery I is dedicated in New Orleans. Scrap Age,
33(7):80. 86, July 1976.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 036399
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY; 30 (2) SOBJ.TYtfE: T (10) PUB.
YEAfi: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The opening or a resource recovery plant in &aes,
Iowa is discussed. It is anticipated that the refuse processing plant
will result in the production or fuel to be used by the city of Ames,
Solid Haste guantities and characteristics to be served by the Ames
solid Haste recovery .system are noted in tabular form, along with
operating and maintenance costs and costs associated nith processing,
conveying, and storage. Graphical illustrations of equipment and
processes envisioned for the resource recovery plant are provided. It
is noted that the plant is a system of devices designed to accoaaodate
materials handling problems, segregate noncombustible solid waste
components into separate categories, and process combustible fractions
into usable fuel. Details ot tne processing facility are presented in
terms of the receiving area, primary shredding magnetic separation,
secondary shredding, air density classifier, noncombustibles
separation, combustibles separation, tiring refuse fuel, and ecanoaics
(capital, operating and maintenance costs, and fuel 'and metal credits
resulting from recovery).
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSITION; DESIGN; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; FACILITY;
ILLUSTRATIONS; IOWA; MUNICIPALITY; pflOCESS; PRODUCE; QUANTITY;
RECLAMATION; UTILIZE
(15) STIflS ACC.NO.: OOS354H4
(18) DOC.CIT.: Chantiand, A. o. , and H. Funk. Ames, lona opens
recovery systera: refuse derived ruel to be used by city. Haste Age,
6(10):24-27, 30, 44-45, Oct. 1975.
(1) SSIHS ACC.NO.: OJ6099
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PCIB.
YEAfi: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Tiie results of a partially completed project
concerned with mineral recovery from the noncombustiole fraction of
municipal solid waste are presented. The first objective of the project
carried out by the City of Lowell, flassachusetts in October 1972 under
grant to the Office of Solid tfaste Management Programs was to
denonstrate the technical and economic feasibility ot a mechanical
46
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PROCESSING; RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS
system for recovering metal and glass from the noncombustible portion
cf solid wastes. A second objective was to evaluate the quality,
marketability, and potential uses for aaterials recovered from solid
waste, while a third objective was to demonstrate the value and
viability of a regional approacn to resource recovery systems. A
functional description of the process operation, as presently conceived
for mineral recovery from the noncoabustible traction of municipal
solid waste, is described and involves primary sorting, ferrous
separation, copper-zinc separation, buffer storage, aluminum
separation, glass separation and cleanup, and water treatment. Details
en the marketing of certain solid waste products are also presented, as
well as a discussion on the economics of resource recovery.
Environmental considerations relating to the recovery of noncombustible
municipal solid waste fractions are discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: CLEANUP; ECONOMICS; GLASS; BASKET; MASSACHUSETTS;
METAL; MINERAL; MUNICIPALITY; NON-iBBHOUS; OSWHP; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;
RESIDUE; SEPARATING
<15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS35144
(18) DOC.CIT.: Arella, D. G. and Y. M. Garbe. Mineral recovery from
the noncombustible fraction os. municipal solid waste: a proposed
project to demonstrate incinerator residue recovery. Cincinnati, OH, U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, Dec. 1975, 14 p.
(1) SWI8S ACC.NO. : 035721
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAS: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will
award grants totalling 490,000 dollars to assist in the planning and
implementation of energy-from-waste recovery systems. The funds will be
given to seven local governments, one local authority, and one State.
the grants are part of EPA's office of Solid Waste Management Programs
efforts to stimulate resource recovery at the community and State
levels. The receivers of the jrants were selected on a competitive
basis from a total of 102 applicants. Tht- localities that received
grants are: Middlesex County, sew Jersey; the Lexington-Fayette Urban
County Government, KentucKy; Richmond, Virginia; Western Berks County
fiefuse Authority, Pennsylvania; Lane County, Oregon; the Denver
Beqional Council of Governments, Colorado; Montgomery County, Ohio; New
York City, New York; and the State of abode Island. The Denver Regional
Council of Governments ana Montgomery County each will receive 70,000
dollars. The other seven will receive grants of 50,000 dollars. Some
resource and/or energy recovery systems have coiae into being without
the aid of grants. These are in located in Chicago, Illinois; Ames,
Iowa; and Saugus, Massachusetts.
(12) KEYWORDS: COUNTY; ENERGY; EPA; GOVERNMENT; GRABT; MANAGEMENT;
MUNICIPALITY; OSHMP; PLANNING; RECLAMATION; REFUSE; REGIONAL; RHODE
ISLAND; STATE; WASTE HEAI
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 0OS34766
(18) DOC.CIT.: Energy recovery grants. Solid Hastes, 65(11):569,
Nov. 1975.
(1) SW1ES ACC.NO.: 0354*»6
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAl'EtUttY: zO (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: coors is reporting tne best year ever tor its
cash-for-cans recycling campaign. Reports fro* -the 1167 independent
Coors distributors in 11 States show that tor the first S months of
1975, aoou t 4ttO mxllion aluminum beer and soft drink containers were
traded for cash. This is 155 Billion »ore than for the saae period last
year. Arouna 2. 9 Million aollar was paid our for tae cans. The
47
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
redemption rate is 0. 15 dollar per li>. The returns this year are
equivalent to 18 percent of ail the cans Coors sells. Since the start
of the ptoyra* in Jan. 1970, over 150 Billion 10 of cans have been
collected.
(12) REWORDS: ALUMINUM; C&UPAIGN; CAN-POOD; COLLECTION; ECONOMICS!
METAL; NOM-f'EK30US; BECLAttA'ilOfc
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOi>34i>4J
(18) DOC.CIT.: Coors rtsports record can recycling rate. Modern
aetals, 31 (10) ;92-93, Nov. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO,: 034555
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This column reports that both the Toledo, Ohio area
and New York City are exploring plans to recover energy from municipal
solid wastes. "The Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments has
proposed a solid waste processing tacility which would convert solid
wastes to fuel and reclaim steel cans. The Toledo Edison company has
expressed interest in using 300,000 tons per year of the municipal
waste as a supplemental fuel for generating electricity. The system
would reduce the amount of refuse requiring landfill disposal by about
75 percent, would conserve about 150,000 tons of coal per year, and
would recycle about 300 million cans per year. New York City is also
planning to recover energy from municipal refuse. The New York City
State Power Authority is planning to build a 700,000 kw plant which
will use 2, 100 tons per day of refuse to supplement its oil and coal
fuels. This plant will use about 10 percent of the refuse currently
being placed in landfills and will save about 300,000 tons of fuel per
year. Ferrous iretals will be recovered prior to combustion.
(12) KKYWOH0S: BENEFIT; ENERGY; FACILITY; FUEL; INDUSTEY; IfiON;
flETAL; MUNICIPALITY; NEW YOfiK; NEH YORK CITY; OHIO; PLANNING;
BECLAMATION; REfUSE; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33599
(18) DOC.CIT.: News: resource recovery set-up proposed for Toledo
area; NYC to join parade of trash-to-fuel cities. Modern Hetals,
31 (8): 83, 86, Sept. 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 034301
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article discusses the solid waste reclamation
program being implemented in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The city has signed
a 15 year contract with the American Can Company, of Greenwich,
Connecticut, under which American Can assumes full responsibility for
the disposal of Milwaukee's uunicipally collected refuse. The company
will operate an 18 million dollar, 1,200 ton per day resource recovery
facility which will be capable of handling all of the 270,000 tons of
solid wastes generated each year in Milwaukee. Shredding, air
classification, and magnetic and electro-mechanical separation
operations will enable the recovery of about 80 percent of the total
solid waste volume, all oi which is now deposited in a landfill. The
system will produce bundled newspaper and corrugate board, ferrous
metals, glassy aggregate, aluminum, and a combustible fuel product. The
fuel product, which will account £or about 50 to 60 percent of the
wastes, will be suitable for use as a boiler fuel in the generation of
electrical power. American Can has entered into a contract with the
Wisconsin Electric Power company for the development and use of this
material as an alternate fuel at their Oak Creek, Wisconsin, generating
plant.
48
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PROCESSING; RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTRACT; JlSPCiSAL; FACILITY; FUEL; GLASS; INDUSTRY;
8A8AGEMENT; MILWAUKEE; MUNICIPALITY; POWER; t-BIVATE; HECLAHATION;
SCRAP; WISCONSIN
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS33345
(18) DOC.CIT.: heclamation ot solid waste to conserve resources and
provide fiber-fuel. Industrial Heating, 42(3):53, Bar. 1975.
20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
(1) SHIhS ACC.wO.: 034077
(2) DOflESTIC: i> (2) CATEGOKY:
YEAR: 1975
(11J ABSTRACT: Highway ana traffic safety in Texas includes the use
of aluminum beer caas as crash cusaions. All-aluminum beverage cans
play an essential role in juistolliny crasn attenuator barrels. before
inter changes a.nd hazardous areas on Highway 69. The barrels were
positioned, to till the gapt= lert in tfie 3 ft retaining wall. The
barrels themselves serve as a carrier in the crasa of lightweight
automobileE, ana rolling the reaaining barrels with the aluminum cans
provides an auued protection neaaeci in crashes involving aucn heavier
vehicles. Aluminum cans were used because tney ao not rust, although
the Texas uspartaent of Highways aia not specify that they be used.
(12) *J2 WORDS: ALUttihiM; AUTOfi03ii.E; CONTAINER; HIGHWAY; SAFETY;
TEXAS; UTILIfcK
(15) STIHS ACC.hO.: 00^331/1
(18) DOC.CIT.: Can-fiiied rarreis provide crash cushion. Bodds and
Streets, 11b(5):13«, Kay 1*75.
20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
(1) SWTRS ACC.SO. : 034005
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY:
TKAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A club has been formed by three major Britisk
companies for the purpose of reslaiaing food and beverage tins for
pressing into fresh aaterial far can making. A total of 300,003 pounds
sterling is to be invested in the venture, two-thirds of which will go
for Machinery, The company, which will be called Material Recovsry, is
being forraed by British Steel Carp. , Metal Box and Batchelor Robinson.
The plant, it is estimated, will ultimately handle up to 6,000 tons per
year of scrap cans, which shoald be extracted fro* 100,000 tons of
rubbish processed at the site every year, one reason given for the
formation of the company, is that scrap steel is seen as a shortages
material in the lonq tscm. Ths 300,000 pounds sterling investment is to
be split equally among the three conpanies participating in the
prelect,
(12) KEYWORDS: CAN-FOOD; ECONOHICS; GREAT BEItilH; INDUSTRY; METAL;
PROJECTION; RECLAHATION; SCEAP
(15) STTMS ACC.NO.: OOS330«9
(18) DOC.CTT.: Sumnar, J, Companies club to reclaim tin scrip from
cans. The Engineer, 2«D(6213):7, Apr. 1975.
(1) SWTRS ACC.NO. : 03J2J5
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAri: 197U
(11) ABSTRACT: This conference was cosponsorsd by the National
Solid Wastes Management Association and tne 0. S. Environmental
Protection Aqency. This presentation discusses the use of municipal
refuse as a supplementary fuel soui.ce in the City of Chicago, Illinois.
The Chicago Department of Streets and Sanitation plans to sell a
portion of the refuse collected to the Commonwealth Edison Company for
49
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
use as fuel to generate power, following a study of available solid
waste disposal systems which indicated that use of refuse as a
supplementacy fuel was the least costly disposal systen and also had
the highest technical effectiveness of the systems considered. An
initial burning rate of about 500 tons of refuse per day has been
proposed, to be gradually increased to 1,100 tons per day. The
processing plant, where refuse will be prepared for use as a fuel and
such naterials as aluminum, glass, and ferrous netals will be
recovered, is capable of processinj 1,600 to 2,000 tons per day.
Processing includes coarse shredding, air classification, and fine
shredding followed by transfer of the processed refuse to the power
plant in a high pressure pneumatic pipeline. Combustibles ready for
burning are stored at the power plant site, although most of the
processed refuse is fed directly into the boiler with no storage
reguired. (This document is retained in the SWIGS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: CHICAGO; COJIUUSIIBLE; DEMONSTRATION; DISPOSAL; FUEL;
GRIND; ILLINOIS; HUNICIPALITY; PIPELINE; POWER; RECLAMATION; REPOSE;
SYSTEM; TRANSPORT; HASTE HEAI
(15) STIP1S ACC.NO.: OOS32279
(18) DOC.CIT.: Mitchell, B. E. Municipal solid waste—a
supplementary fuel resource—City o± Chicago. In Compilation of Papers
fron Third National Congress, Waste Management Technology and Hesource
Eecovery, San Francisco, California, Nov. 14-15, 1974. Washinyton, D.
C. , National Solid Wastes Management Association. 1975. p. 47-55.
(1) SHT8S ACC.NO.: 033234
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SDBJ.TIPE: T (10) PDB.
XEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This conference was cosponsored by the National
Solid Wastes Management Association and the U, S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This presentation discusses the use of refuse as a
source of supplemental fuel tor power generation in St. Louis,
Missouri. The city and the Union Electric Company cooperated in a
project to determine the feasibility of utilizing prepared solid waste
as a supplementary fuel in utility boilers. Milled municipal refuse
from which as much as possible of the non-burnable traction has been
reaoved is fired directly into the furnace of a suspension fired
utility grade boiler at a rate representing a very small fraction of
the total heat reguirement. Ihe project was funded by Federal and local
governments and by the company. Ihe Onion Electric Company has decided
to independently proceed w_ith a full scale project to utilize all of
the available combustible waste from the St. Louis metropolitan area.
Mutual confidence in the concept and cooperation between the company
and the municipality involved are necessary in order to pursue such
projects. There is generally not a significant economic incentive for
utilities to participate in such projects unless a regulated utility
will receive and process raw solid waste. Non-economic incentives
include the conservation ot fossil tuel resources, a desire to improve
public relations, provision of solid waste disposal at a. low cost to
the community, and a desire to assist the city in the solution Df solid
waste management problems. (This document is retained in the SWIRS
library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: BOILER; DEMONSTRATION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENERGY.;
F0EL; INCINERATION; MISSOURI; MUNICIPALITY; POWEH; KECLAHATION; REFUSE;
ST LOUIS; UTILIZE; WASTE HfiAl
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32278
(18) DOC.CIT.: Wisely, F. E. Betuse—a source of supplemental fuel
in power generation—City ot St. Louis. In Compilation of Papers fro»
Third National Congress, Waste Management Technology and Resource
recovery, San Francisco, California, Nov. 14-15, 1974. Washington, D.
C. , National Solid Wastes Management Association, 1975. p. 41-46.
50
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PROCESSING; RECOVERY OF ENERGY AND MATERIALS
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.; 032990
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CiTEGOBY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin has contracted with
the 4nerlean Can Company for the construction of an 18 million dollar
resource recovery project to process all of its municipal solid waste.
Under the terms of the 15-year contract, American Can's Americology
business unit will assume full responsibility for disposal of
Milwaukee's municipally-collected solid waste starting Jan. 1, 1976.
The company will operate a 1,200-ton-per-day resource recovery facility
on a site within the redevelopment area of the City in the Menomonee
fiiver Valley. The system will isolate the recoverable and recycable
materials in refuse—utilizing snredding, air classification, and
nagnetic and electro-mechanical separation—to enable recovery of up to
80 percent of the total incoming solid waste. Combustible refuse that
is suitable for use as a boiler fuel will be used as an alternative
fuel by the Wisconsin Electric Powei Company.
(12) KEYWORDS: ELECTRICAL; FACILITY; INDUSTRY; MILWAUKEE;
HDNICIPALITY; PLANNING; £>0*KR; RECLAMATION; KEFUSE; SEPAuATING; HASTE
BEAT; HISCONSIN
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS32034
(18) DOC.CI1.: Contract for Haste Recovery. Recycling Today,
13(U):144, Apr. 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 032411
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The City or Milwaukee has entered into a 15-year
agreement with the American Can Company to design, construct, finance,
and operate an 18 million dollar resource recovery project to process
all of the city's solid waste. Mxlwauic.ee, with a population of 700,000
is tne largest city in the United States to enter into a long-term
contract for solid waste recycling. The 1,200 ton per day facility will
handle all of the 270,000 tons of waste generated per year in the city,
with additional capacity for processing up to 400,000 tons. Using
shredding, air classification, magnetic and electromechanical
separation, up to 80 percent of the refuse will be recycled. Materials
recoverable from the refuse stream are estimated at 7 percent bundled
newspaper and corrugated board, 7 percent ferrous metals, 5 percent
glassy aggregate, and 0. 5 percent aluminum. The largest portion of tne
refuse, 50 to 60 percent is a combustible fuel product suitable as
toiler fuel in the generation of electric power. This material will be
used as an alternate fuel by the Wisconsin Electric Power Company at
its Oak Creek generating station.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; CONTRACT; FACILITY; FUEL; GLASS; INDUSTRY;
METAL; MUNICIPALITY; NON-FEBROUS; PAPER; PLANNING; RECLAMATION; REFUSE;
SEPARATING; STATE; WISCONSIN
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS31455
(18) DOC.CIT.: City OL ailwaukee enters agreement for systematic
solid waste recycling program. Professional Safety, 20(3) :54, Bar. 1975.
51
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Section 6
WASTE REDUCTION AND SOURCE SEPARATION
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 047412
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SOBJ.l'lfPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: By-product recovery and utilization in the food
processing industries.
(4) AUTHOR: BeszeUits S
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Engineering Digest
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT1: Byproduct recovery and utilization in the food
processing industries are discussed. These food processing industries
have taken a prominent and active role in the recovery of saleaole
products Iron liquid and solid wastes. Although animal feed supplement
ana fertilizer account for the bulk of the recovered materials,
numeric UK other products (i.e., activated caroon, Pharmaceuticals, and
fuel) have also been succejisfully reclaimed iron the effluents of food
and beverage processing plants.
(12) KEYWORDS: FOOD PROCESSING; INDUSTRY; RECLAMATION; OTILIZK
(14) HIERAHCH TEBBS: 1FO/2UT; 1KB
(15) STJKS ACC.NO.: OOS464&5 (15) SECONDARY AOXHORS: Lngowski A
(16) CITATION: 24(1):27-30, Jan. 1978.
(1) SWIKJ ACC.NO.: 046092
(2) DOBiSTIC: 0 (2) CATEGORY: 1b (2) SUBO.TYPK: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Internationai approaches to waste reduction.
(4) AUri'a»R: Conn KD
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Pilcher, K., ed. Talking Trash: Proceedings of
the Meeting of the National Coalition on Solid Waste, Bar. 4-6, 1977.
(9) GRAM1 NO.: T90551-01-0
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2FR; 1EO/2GM ; 1KU/2NF;
1EO/2SR; 1HJ/2SU (10) PUB. Y£AK: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Findings on international policy approaches to waste
reduction were reviewed in terms of taxes and fiscal instruments,
government regulation, industry-government cooperation, and deposits,
bounties, or buy—back approaches. Sweden, Norway, and Finland use taxes
and charges on beverage containers to control their disposal and
discourage the use of nonrtfi liable containers. Sweden, Norway, and
France regulate production and distribution or certain products (i.e.,
packaging thereof), while proposals for such legislation are pending in
other European countries. Voluntary industry-government cooperation is
noted in Denmark, Germany, and Norway. Incentive packaging return
programs are being operated in Denmark, Finland, Germany, The
Netherlands, Norway, and switztxiand, with nixed packaging practices in
other countries. It is concluded that, althougn packaging is only a
portion of the solid waste disposal problem, it is important because of
its visibility and syaioolism for aore extensive conservation efforts.
(Retained in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: CONSKR VATION; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; EDROPE;
PRANCE; GERMANY; INTERNATIONAL; ttANAGEHENT; NETHERLANDS; PACKAGINS;
RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; RKjOUiiCE; SWEDES; SWITZERLAND; TAXES
(14) H1ERARCH TERMS: 1JSL/2TX ; 1LF/2IB; 1MA/2IB; IPS
(15) STU1S ACC.NO.: OOS45142
(1t>) CITATION: Washington, DC, Environmental Action Foundation,
1977. p.2 7-31.
(1) SWIhS &CC.NO. : 0447J4
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPL: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Cities mino solid waste piles in searcn lor
52
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WASTE REDUCTION AND SOURCE SEPARATION
wasted profits.
(6) JOUKwAL TITLE: *.ng meering News Kecora
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) POil. YiiAfi: 1977
(11) AbStRACT: Interest ia resource recovery is growing throughout
the world. About 300 U.S. communities have taken at least one of three
possiole steps to increase recovery, iome states enacted waste
reduction .laws which inpose packaging restrictions or beverage
container deposits to .tower the aaount of solid waste generaged and
thereby reduce collection and disposal costs. Another possibility is
source separation, where localities separate recyclable wastes iron
other wastts and sell the recyclables for reuse, other cities have
chosen to build nixed waste recovery plants. Resource recovery nas been
prompted oy little landfill space aim a in a met for recovered materials
and energy produced. The Resource Conservation and Becovery Act of T976
phases out open dumps fay 1983 aim puts landfills under strict federal
regulations. The harvest from a resource recovery plant can be great.
By 1985, the U.S. could be recovering energy equivalent to 500,000 oaL
of oil a day. However, some plants nave had problems in turning a
profit due to fluctuations in marketing the fuel or recyclables; a
higher plant cost resulted than originally planned; variable amounts of
waste produced variable amounts of ruel; and equipment shakedowns
ensued. Tne EPA is offering grants for planning, research and
development. Market studies, reasioility studies and the like to
encourage states in developing their own resource recovery programs.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; ENERGY; MUNICIPALITY; PACKAGING;
RECLAMATION; REPOSE; kZPVSt. DEhlVisD FUEL; RESOURCE; SEPARATION
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 12A; lEC/2i.l'; 1MJ/2NA; 1SB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00:^3779
(16) CI-iii-ION: 199(11) :20-24, Sept. 1977.
(1) SWIffi ACC.NO.: 044t>10
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUEJ.TYPE: G
(3) AM1CLF TITLE: Yosemite concessionaire runs successful
recycling program; puclic relations is the Key.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Solid Waste Systems
(10) LANGUAGE: KN (10) GbO. AREA: 1US/2CA/3YO (10) PUB. YEAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Solid waste management in Yoseiaite National Park is
outlined. Two views are given lor handling the waste produced by the
park's 2.5 million visitori» annually. A five cent deposit is required
on all soft drink and oeer containers sold in the park. 73 percent were
returned, fiartial credit for the success is continuing the public
information activity of a parx newspaper distributed rree to visitors.
A truck collects containers every day from well marked refuse recycling
locations. The cans are sold uncoapacted to Reynolds Aluminum for $300
per week's haul. One ton or baled cardboard is also collected and sold
daily, along with other rt-iuse. Tne program is breaking even
financially. Yosemite is a unigue seli-contained COB muni ty with an
environmentally conscious client. EPA has ordered all National Parks to
begin similar programs soon.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; CALIFORNIA; CAN-FOOD; ECONOMICS; PUBLIC
RELATION S; rtECLAHATION ; RECHEATIOt, AREA
(14) HiifcArtCH TE3HS: Ittb/^lBW; 1HJ/2M8; 1PJ; 1MC; ISb
(15) STUIS ACC.NO.: 00bi43655
(1o) CI'JATION: b(4):5-o, Aug. 1977.
53
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
(1) SSIfiS ACC.NO.: 044553
(2) DOKJSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 18 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Continuing tne container controversy.
(4) AUTHOR: Bate R
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: New Scientist
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The debate between advocates of n on returnable
beverage containers and tiiose who favor returnable recycling measures
poses public interest problems. Written by two members of Friends of
the Earth (an environmentalist conservationist citizens action group),
this article reviews the lack. o± action in months following tne
publication of an FOE study on container recycling. Hith specific
application to British policy, few official previous reports are
useful; they are either desk studies or relate to North American
experience which is not transferable. Little original wort had been
done in Europe in the authors' opinion. In light of the FOE report a
subsequent study nas advanced a BOre precise method of handling the
problem. The study, presented to UMAC, concentrates on a total system
model, from extraction of raw materials through manufacture, filling,
retailing, consumption, to disposal or reclamation. Process design
includes not only economic costs but also energy consumption, raw
material usage, pollution generation and solid waste disposal aspects.
This is the first attempt to apply a systems analysis model to
determine the most acceptable mix of socially and environmentally
acceptable actions.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; CONTAINER; DISPOSABLES; ECOLOGY;
ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; GREAT BRITAIN; PACKAGING; PLANNING;
RECLAHATION; SYSTEB; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
(14) HIEflARCH TERMS: 1CI/2UV; 1£D; 1MA/2HH; 1RG; 1SB; ISP
(15) STEiS ACC.NO.: OOS43598 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Burke T
(16) CITATION: 75(1061):171, July 21, 1977.
(1) SUIHS ACC.NO.: 044425
(2) DOHSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The case for keeping throwaways.
(4) AUTHOR: King HB
(5) CORHJRATE AUTHOR: U.S. Brewers Assoc., Inc
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Tne Washington Post
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2DC (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: In the opinion of the author, energy cannot be saved
by implementing a returnable only beverage container system. The latest
figures frca EPA show that beverage containers constitute only six
percent of total municipal waste, leaving 94 percent to be dealt with
otherwise. When consideration is given to the amount of petroleum used
to return the containers tnrough the chain of distribution, the energy
saved in coal and natural gas is later burned up in petroleum use. The
author believes that the adjor reduction of containers from the solid
waste stream will dampen recycling efforts, even though the brewing
industry is concerned about resource conservation and energy.
(12) KEYWORDS: BTO; CONTAINER; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; RECLAMATION
(14) HIHtARCH TERMS: 1C1/2D? ; 1EA/2EA; 1GB/2GB/3GE; 1SB
(15) ST1MS ACC.NO.: OOS43469
(16) CITATION: 100 yr(243):A20, 1977.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 044261
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: Ob (2) SOBJ.TYPE- G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The impact of source separation and waste
reduction en the economics of resource recovery facilities
(4) AUTHOR: Skinner JH
54
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WASTE REDUCTION AND SOURCE SEPARATION
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Resource Recovery and Energy Review
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) FOB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Estimates are maae oi the ettect paper separation
programs and beverage container reduction programs could have on the
economics of mixed waste recovery facilities. Such programs could cause
significant reductions in the quantity of recyclable materials. These
Materials provide a source of supporting revenue and their removal
could adversely effect plant economics. Economic estimates are based
upon assumptions concerning the composition 01 the waste streak,
technology performance and costs, and recovered material market prices.
Analysis showed that the impact of paper separation on plant disposal
charges could range from a few cents per ton to several dollars per
ton, (the likely increase would be less than $1). For plants recovering
only ferrous metals, the removal of Beverage container materials could
reduce net revenues by about * .50 per ton oi solid waste processed.
Plants recovering aluminum and glass could suffer reduced revenues by
an additional $.35 to $1.15 per ton o± solid waste processed. (For most
plants, the likely impact of beverage container reduction prograas
would be less than $1 per ton.)
(12) KEYWORD: ALUMINUM; ANALYSIS; CHARGING; CONTAINER; DISPOSAL;
ECONOHICS; FACILITY; GLASS; IRUM ; PAfEB; RECLAMATION; RESOURCE;
SEPARATING
(14) KiiRAKCH TERMS: 1EA/2EA; 1HG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00343305
(16) dTATICW: 4(2):5p, Mar./Apr. 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.BO.: 043541
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 30 (2) SQBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Energy utilization requirements of beverage
containers .
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Researca Triangle last.. Franklin Assoc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Energy and Economic Impacts of Mandatory
Deposits. (8) BEPOkT NO.: PEA/D-7o/406 (9) CONTRACT NO.:
CO-04 -50 175-00
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. Y£Ah: 1S>76
(11) ABSTRACT: This appenaix contains the data, calculations, and
documentation used for the determination of the energy requirements of
total beverage container systems. The container systems are plastic
bottles, aluminum cans, steel cans, and glass bottles. The analysis
includes industrial operations such as mining of raw materials;
Manufacturing; filling and distribution operations; final disposal of
containers; and manufacture o± associated materials sucn as closures,
labels, and paper packaging. (Retained in SWIKS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; CAS-FOOD; ENERGY; GLASS; HETAL; PACKAGING;
PLASTIC; RECLAMATION
(14) HIERARCH 1'EUMS: 1CI; 1KC/2EV; 1RG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 005*42584
(16) CITATION: Wasa. D.C., Federal Knergy Administration, Sept.
1976. p.D-1 thru D-155.
(1) SHIflS ACC.NO.: 043540
(2) DOMESTIC: » (2) CATEGORY: Ob (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(5) CORPORATE AOTHOE: kesearcft Triangle Inst., Franklin Assoc
(6) BOOK TITLE: Energy and Economic Impacts of Handatory Deposits.
(8) RJBPOBT NO.: FE4/D-76/406 (9) COHTHACT NO.: CO-04-50175-00
(10) LAHGDAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: This study examines the energy, capital and labor
iapacts that woula be caused ay a five cent deposit on beer and soft
drink containers. The study examines the range of potential impacts
that could occur given various market responses to a nationwide
55
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Mandatory deposit law. Appendices include projected beverage
consumption, packaging, energy utilization requirements, analysis
methodology, and public opinion survey. (Retained in SV1RS library).
(12) KEYWOHDS: ALUMINUM; CAN-FOOD; CONTAINER; COST SEDUCTION;
ECONOMICS; ENERGY; GLASS; METAL; PACKAGING; PLASTIC; RECLAMATION
(14) HIJ»ARCH TERMS: 1EA; lEC/2£\f; 1RG
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS42S&3
(16) CimTION: Hash. D.C., Feaeral Energy Administration, Sept.
1976. 740 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 041885
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SUBJ.TTPE: 6
(*} AUTHOR: Corrado F (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2BH/3SP (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The pollution control program of the 3H Company in
St. Paul, Minnesota is detailed. The company's pollution control motto
is 3P (pollution prevention pays). The 3P program is an internal high
visibility program with awards and publicity for employees who find new
ways to control pollution and reduce costs. Accomplishments during the
first year of the 3P program include a special ozone oxidation system
used to regenerate a chemical bleach, the replacement of a system for
solvent based adhesive products emitting hydrocarbon vapors with a
water emulsion adhesive system emitting no harmful Water vapors and
eliminating the need for an oxidizer or solvent recovery device, and
the reduction of odors generated during the drying of adhesives by a
change in the manufacturing process which eliminated the need for a $1
million thermal oxidizer and prevented a community relations problem.
The cost savings realized by the installation of the water emulsion
adhesive system are estimated at $700,000 per year. Additional research
under the 3P program has resulted in an elimination of the need to
install at $1<^ "illion waste treatment facility and increased
production amounting to $315,000 in annual savings to the company. A
process to increase the efficiency of incinerator operation is noted
that involves segregating drums of hot and cold burning waste and
mixing hot and cold barrels of waste to control incinerator
temperature. This process has reduced fuel oil costs by $150,000 per
year.
(12) KBWORDS: BEHEFIT; CONTROL; COST REDOCTIOH; IHCEHTITE;
INDUSTRY; PERSONSEL; POLLUTION; PROGRAM; REDUCTION
(14) HIBRARCH TERMS: 1BA/2BA; 1IC; 1PD
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS40929
(18) DOC.CIT.: Corrado, F. 3H tries 3P-pollution prevention pays.
Environment Midwest, 12-14, Rov. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO. : 040033
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 23 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: EPA is demonstrating the effectiveness of large
scale household materials recovery in a community wide weekly
Bultimaterial curbside collection program in two Massachusetts
communities: suburban Marblehead and urban Somerville. The program was
designed to recover flat paper, cans, and glass. In the first 7 months,
Barblehead has recovered from 23 to 33 percent of residential solid
waste and Somerville has recycled from 7 to 10 percent. (Harblehead has
done so well because citizens wera involved in another recovery project
before the EPA program. ) In Harblehead, all recyclable materials are
collected weekly in a compartmentalized truck which holds about 3 tons
of material. It is estimated that at least 75 percent of householders
participate in the program. A public awareness campaign was a decisive
56
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WASTE REDUCTION AND SOURCE SEPARATION
factor in the high participation tate in the community. Cost riyures
show the town is making a profit. 3ood local markets for all separated
materials has had a major influence on the econonic success of the
programs. Harblehead has saved nearly $3,800 a month in disposal costs.
Harblehead program economics are shown in a table which notes revenue
from sales, diverted disposal savings, incremental collection costs,
and net savings. A similar taule is given for Somerville1s program
which is similar to aarblehead except that only paper and mixed glass
and cans are collected.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; COST HEDUCTIOK; DEMONSTRATION; DISPOSAL;
DOMESTIC; ECONOHICS; EPA; GLASS; aA&KET; MASSACHUSETTS; HUSICIPALITY;
PAPER; PBOGBAH; PUBLIC RELATIONS; k±.CLAHATIGK; SEPARATING
(15) STIBS ACC.SO.: OOS39077
(18) DOC.CI1.: Hansen, P. H. Kesource recovery through
nultimaterial source separation. Waste Age, 10(7):30-31, 34, 35, Oct.
1976.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO. : 038967
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATE30BY: 18 (2) SOBJ.rYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The role of noareturnable packages in the solid
waste problem is aiaminai. Packaging beer and soft drinks constues 25
billion cans per year in the Onitad States. Returnable containers are
considered as one solution to the solid waste problen, although
attempts to initiate their use have met with little success. The scrap
value of netals in waste cans is estimated at $200 million. Less than 1
percent is recovered, but technology is available to recover and
recycle more than 90 parcent. The deterrent to recovery in municipal
waste is that scrap metal represents less than ^ percent in a typical
conimnity. Such a small fraction of total waste, even though it is
valuable, cannot support the cost of processing all waste material if
the other 95 percent is discarded in an open dump or sanitary landfill.
aet.al cans typically represent 3 to 5 percent of total household waste.
Of this, approximately 95 percent are steel cans and the other 5
percent are aluminum cans. The idaal system for subsequent processing
is considered to be segregation of cans by the householder into
separate garbage cans before pickup. The most simple form of re;ovary
is magnetic separation of incoming refuse after coarse shredding. Haste
reprocessing systems can result in a clean, finely divided metallic
fraction. In some communities, solid waste is incinerated befora any
attempt is made to separate ferroas fractions. It is concluded that
citizens pay $4 billion for scrap and refuse collection and that an
investment of up to 50 parcent Df this figure may be necessary to fully
recover valuable elements in solid waste.
P2) KEYWORDS: CAN-FOOD; CONTAINER; DOHESTIC; ECONOBICS; BASNEP;
MARKET; HETAL; PACKAGING; RECLAMATION; SEPARATING; VOLDHE
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS38011
(18) DOC.CIT.: Naarstucnable packages. In Mantell, C. L. , ad.
Solid Wastes: Origin, Collection, Processing, and Disposal. New York,
John Wiley and Sons, 1975. p. 915-919.
(1) SWTRS ACC.NO. : 037880
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATE30RY: 18 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) POB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Packaging techniques adopted by the Fred KOCH
Brewery Inc. in Dunkirk, New York are detailed. Studies were made by
the brewery to develop a package that would meet their market area's
consumer needs and thus increase the brewery's share of the market. Ths
57
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
decision was aade to switch from the production of standard 2H bottle
returnable cases to a light and more attractive package with 12
returnable bottles. Criteria established for any new package required
that, it serves as a shipper, retail box, and vehicle for returning the
empty bottles and that it help sell the beer at the local supermarket.
The brewery consulted with St. Regis Paper Company whose Corrugated
Container Division recomaended its new Strnctur-pak system, a
corrugated box with up to 30 percent greater stacking strength than
conventional boxes. Advantages of the 12 bottle package are discussed
in teras of cost, spaca, and narketing advantages such as its easiness
to carry and its stacking stability. The Fred Koch Brewery can ieliver
12 bottles at a cost ranging from $2. 19 to $2. 25, excluding the one
time $1 00 da posit for the battles which is eventually returnei.
(12) KEYWORDS: BOTTLE; BREWER?; HARKET; PACKAGING; RBCLAHATIOH
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS3692U
(18) DOC.CIT.: Twslvs pact of returnables, Brewers Digest,
51 (<5):UO, 43, May 1976.
(1) SWTBS ACC.NO.: 037549
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY.: 29 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The impact of solid waste generation on the natural
resource sqpply in the United States, environmental quality, and the
management of solid waste in Minnesota is explored. Historical -trends
in the generation oi solid waste are reviewed, and the U. S. standard
of living is reviewed in relation to consumption patterns. Solutions to
the problems of solid waste generation in Minnesota are suggested, with
emphasis on source reduction, source reduction benefits are considered
to include the conservation ot natural resources, environmental quality
benefits, aid solid waste management savings. Two source reduction
strategies in Minnesota are discussed is in detail: (1) packaging
regulatory authority; and (2) beverage container legislation. Source
reduction goals are identiried as follows: reuse containers rather tiian
immediately disposing oi them, reduce the consumption of energy and
materials per product, extend product life, and decrease product
consumption. Consideration is given to materials and energy recovery
from solid waste, and the iapact of energy recovery from solid waste on
source reduction and paper recycling is assessed.
(12) KEWORDS: BEHEPi'J? ; BOSTLi; CAN-FOOD; EFFECT; ENVIRONMENT;
GLASS; LAH ; MANAGEMENT; METAL; MINNESOTA; NON-FERROUS; PACKAGING;
PLASTIC; PROBLEMS; RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; STATE; OS
(15) ST1MS ACC.NO.: OOS36593
(18) DOC.CIT.: Wendt, K. A. Damming the solid waste stream: the
beginning of source reduction in Minnesota. Roseville, Minnesota,
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Jan. 1975, 159 p.
(1) SHIBS ACC.NO.: 037342
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) S0BJ.TY.PE: T (10) PUB.
IEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The aluminum can recycling program of the Pearl
Brewing Company in San Antonio, Texas is described. The company
operation is unique in that the recycling center, can manufacturing
plant, and can filling lines are all part of a single complex located
on the grounds o£ the brewery. Collection centers are maintained by the
company which pay the public 15 cents per pound for returned aluminum
cans, between March 1973 and October 1975, the brewery paid out $1.4
million for slightly over 9 million los of aluminum which constituted
58
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WASTE REDUCTION AND SOURCE SEPARATION
in excess at 208 million individual cans. In 1974, about 82. 5 Million
cans were returned. During the first 10 months of 1975, 108 million
cans were reclaimed, compared to 161 million cans of beer sold. This
represented a return rate of nearly 67 percent. Operation of the
recycling center and the can manufacturing plant is detailed, and the
ultraviolet curing process of the brewery is described. It is estimated
that about $400,000 has been saved oy adopting the ultraviolet curing
system. Economical aspects of aluminum can use and recycling are
discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALUMINUM; BREHEHY; CANNING; COLLECTION; COMMERCIAL;
COST REDUCTION; ECONOMICS; FACILITY.; PROGRAM; RECLAMATION
(15) StIKS ACC.NO.: OOS36367
(18) DOC.CIT.: Kuhner, J. G. Pearl's total aluminum can program.
Brewers Digest, 51(1) :45-48, 60, Jan. 1&76 .
(1) SHIRS ICC.HO.: 036506
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SOBJ.T1PE: 6 (10) FOB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: 0. S. Environmental Protection Agency programs in
two Rassachusetts towns are discussed. The programs are experiments in
source separation of solid waste disposal whereby recyclable components
are separated from non-recyclable components by homeowners. The two
towns are Somerville and Marblehead, Massachusetts. The former is an
urban, blue collar community with high population density and the
latter is an affluent Boston suburb with a much lower density. The
article discusses the major concerns of the program, these being public
education, materials and markets, collection and economics, and closes
with recommendations by the authors to implement more effective
procedures in the program.
(t2) REWORDS: COHSERTATIOK; DESIGH; ECONOMICS; EPA; GRAHT;
IHCBHTIVB; LOCAL; MASSACHUSETTS; H01IICIPALITI; PUBLIC RELATIONS;
RECLAMATIOH; REDOCTIOK; REFUSE; REGULATIONS; SEPARATING
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35550
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hansen, p. , and J. Ramsey. Demonstrating
•nltimaterial source separation in Somerville and Harblehead,
Massachusetts. Waste Age, 7 (2):26-27, 48, Feb. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 036034
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CAIEGOKY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The need for a reduction of the amount of solid
waste generation (estinate 200 million tons of post-consumer municipal
solid waste in 1985) and an increased recovery of materials and energy
are discussed. Definitions of terns, "waste reduction", "resource
recovery" and "source separation" are presented. Largescale resource
recovery systeus in some instances may reduce disposal problems or
volumes of wastes by 75 to 95 percent, but from a national viewpoint
"cannot do it all". The case of beverage container waste solutian by
legislation, etc. , is discussed. Waste reduction, source separation,
recycling, and large-scale mixed-waste processing all shov high
potential or successful approaches to the solid waste problen.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTAINER; DISPOSAL; ENERGY; MUNICIPALITY;
RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; REGULATIONS; SEPARATING; SYSTEM
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35079
(18) DOC.CIf.: Humber, N. Haste reduction and resource recovery -
there's room for both. Haste Age, p. 2-4, Nov. 1975.
59
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
(1) SHIRS ACC.HO.I 034973
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATBGOBT: 27 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: 6 (10) PDB.
XBAB: 1974
(11) ABSTRACT: This chapter relates to campaigns for the
enlight»ent and promotion of waste retrieval systems, which is the
purpose of the Clean Japan Campaign sponsored by the Chamber of
Commerce and Industry of Japan. The positive movement of this campaign
must be assisted by various sources when diverse contradicting opinions
related to the disposal of wastes exist. This campaign ia very
important at present when extensive consensus of various industries are
requested for the solution of waste problems. The chapter describes the
Clean Japan Campaign in the following details: public relations;
counseling; conciliation and mediation; curtailment of wastes and
retrieval of resources; conservation of energy and resources;
collection and information services and others. (Text in Japanese)
(This document is retained in the SHIRS library. }
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLBCTION; DISPOSAL; EHERGI; IHDUSTRT; JAPAH;
PROBLEMS; PDBLIC RELATIONS; RECLAMATION; UTILIZE
(15) STIHS ACC.HO.: 0OS34018
(18) DOC.CIT.: Committee for Retrieval and Reuse of Hastes,
Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Keimo fnkyu undo.
Campaigns for enlightment and promotion. In Haikibutsu shigenka.
^Recovery of resources from wastes. Tokyo, Japan, Industrial
Pollution Prevention Association, Sept. 15, 1974. p. 158-159.
60
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Section 7
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
(1) SRIRS ACC.RO.: 046086
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 6
{*) AUTHOR: Pilcher K ed
(6) BOOK TITLE: Talking Trash: Proceedings of the Meeting of the
National Coalition on Solid Haste, Bar. 4-6, 1977.
{9| GB1HT »0.: T90551-01-0
(tO) LANGUAGE: EH (10) PUB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Twenty-five papers given at the meeting of the
Rational Coalition on Solid Haste, held March 4-7, 1977, Washington,
DC, are presented. The focus of the meeting was on citizen involvement
in solid waste issues such as resource conservation. Topics of papers
included aspects of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976,
waste reduction concepts and programs, the beverage container issue,
source separation, rural solid waste, resource recovery, and economics
and solid waste. (Retained in SHIRS library}.
(12) KEYWORDS: BOTTLE; COBSERTATIOH; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT;
PROCESS; PUBLIC RELATIONS; RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; RESOURCE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DP/2LF; 1DP/2HX; 1PT; 1P»; 1RR
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS45136
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, Environmental Action Foundation,
1977. 112 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 045113
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The induction of sustained recycling behavior
through the foot-in-the-door technique.
(4} AUTHOR: Arbnthnot J
(6} JOURNAL TITLE: J Environ Sci
(10) LANGUAGE: KM (10) GEO. AREA: 1DS/2OH (10) PUB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A study of the effectiveness of the
•foot-in-the-door" technique in stimulating recycling is described. The
hypothesis to be tested was that a subject who compiled with requests
for minor prorecycling activity would begin to perceive herself or
himself as prorecycling, and thus would be more likely to comply with a
later request to make more substantial efforts for recycling. Almost
three hundred subjects fro* nonstndent neighborhoods of Athens, Ohio
were involved in the study. Those who had never recycled before were
dropped. A control group was exempted from the first phase of the
study: an in-person appeal for participation in recycling, a survey of
recycling attitudes, and a prorecycling Bailout. Other segments of the
test group were subjected to only one or two of the three aspects of
this first phase. Those who complied with more than one of the minor
requests associated with each aspect of the first phase were found to
be lore likely to make use of the city recycling center in the second
phase of the study, conducted 12 to eighteen months after the
conclusion of the first phase.
(12) KEYWORDS: INCENTIVE; INVESTIGATION; LOCAL; MUNICIPALITY; OHIO;
PSYCHOLOGICAL; PUBLIC; PUBLIC RELATIONS; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH;
RESIDENTIAL
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EB/2ED; 1HA/2MH; 1PJ; 1RB
{15} STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS44159 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Tedeschi R;
Hayner H
(16) CITATION: 6(4} :355-367, Mar. 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 040955
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2J CATEGORY: 27 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 6 (10) GEO.
AREA: 1EC; ISO (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
61
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
(11) ABSTRACT: Examination is made of the prevailing attitudes of
the public toward the energy situation. A series of ten focus group
•eatings consisting of 8 to 10 participants fro» a widely heterogeneous
cross section were conducted in four different regions of the United
States by a professional interviewer. The findings provide guidelines
for the development of public education policies that are responsive to
the public's perceptions and needs rather than on economic and
political considerations. Eranpies of questions asked are as follows:
(1) The public's attitudes toward the credibility of various parties
involved in energy conservation. (2) Sources from which the public
draws its information. (3) The public's view of its own energy
conservation behavior. (5) Public's perception of the impact of various
factors on energy conservation. (6) The public's understanding of the
benefits resulting from altered energy consumption patterns. (Retained
in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CONSERVATION; EHEHGT; PSYCHOLOGICAL; PUBLIC; PUBLIC
RELATIONS; SURVEY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EB/2ED
{15} STIRS ACC.NO.: OOS39999
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bee Angell and Associates, Inc. Qualitative study of
consumer attitudes toward energy conservation. Federal Energy
Administration Publication FEA/D-76/115. Washington, DC, Federal Energy
Administration, Nov. 1975. 49 p. (Distributed by the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA, as PB 254 564.
(t) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040048
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Poers R (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2HC; 1US/2VA (10) PUB.
YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Public education to promote cooperation in waste
redaction is discussed. The need for good public relations in waste
management is recognized. The dean Community Systems (CCS} advocates
public involvement. CCS is sponsored by Keep America Beautiful Inc.
(KABJ. The CCS is being implemented by 29 cities and involves every
sector of local life including government, business, schools, the
media, and citizen groups. A main aim of the system is to change public
attitudes towards responsibility for cleanliness. Research has shown
that; there is a network of 'norms* governing littering that makes it
permissible to carelessly discard trash and that more than half the
trash comes from sources other than pedestrians and motorists. The CCS
campaign is aimed at those in a position to make decisions about, how
waste is handled, and at those who observe littering but do not want to
take any action. Four components are used to encourage cooperation,
updated ordinances, improved technology, continuous education, and
sensible enforcement. An example of the application of these methods is
given from Charlotte, North Carolina, and another that involved army
help to remove junked cars in Accomac County, Virginia. Surveys are
taken to determine behavior patterns regarding waste disposal. An
accurate measure of waste reduction is needed and the Photometric Index
of litter accumulation was designed for KAB. The cost of operating the
system is low, within $3,000 to $5,000. Each community sends a three
•ember project team to KAB's training workshop. Business contributes
expertise to the CCS and civic organizations have also supported the
CCS. The results in test cities have been remarkable.
(12) KEYWORDS: ASSOC; AUTOMOBILE; CLEANUP; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS;
GOVERNMENT; LAW; LITTER; MANAGEMENT; NORTH CAROLINA; PROGRAM; POBLIC
RELATIONS; VIRGINIA
(14) HIERARCH TERNS: 1DD/2DP; 1EB/2ED
(15) STIBS ACC.NO.: OOS39092
(18) DOC.CIT.: Poers, R. KAB says educate the public, others push
waste reduction. Solid Waste Systems, 5(5):24-26, Oct. /Nov. 1976,
62
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PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
(1) SWISS iCC.NO.: 03a362
(2) OOHJtSTIC: D (2) CATEGC&Y: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Recycling activities in the city of Millburn, New
Jersey are reported. Efforts are directed toward three types of
•aterial: paper, glass, and alumina*. There are four different bins at
the recycling center in the city where residents bring their materials.
The paper area accepts only newsprint, the aluminum bin accepts only
beverage cans, and two glass bins take clear glass in one and a mixture
of green and amber glass in tiie other. A processor from another city
picks up material from tne recycling center. Equipment involved in t he
recycling program is described, as well as eguipaent associated with
the city's sanitation system. landfill operations for the city are
noted, in addition to a leat coaposting program.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALOBINUH; EQUIPMENT; GLASS; MANAGEMENT;
MUNICIPALITY; NEW JERSEY; PAPSK; RECLAMATION; SEPARATING; SYSXitt
(15) STMS ACC.NO.: OOS37406
(18) DOC.CIT.: K. J. town tecycj.es - tor recycling's sake. Solid
Wastes Management, 19 (6): 14-15, June 1976.
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 037131
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 6 (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Tht transformation of discarded junk materials into
furniture ty a gr'oup of students at Tulane University School of
Architecture is noted. An entire .Living room was furnished by the
students at a cost of $120. Furnishings included a sofa made from a
base of empty paint cans, end tables aade of steel chain link fence,
coffee table made from Volkswagen windshield, and an armchair otade from
a mannequin, in another display, a sofa was Bade fro* two 55-93.1.
barrels and automobile tires. laid tables were constructed iron
newspaper, and two lamps were made fros a fire extinguisher, soft drink
bottles and straws. A coffee table was built from an old double sink,
and a floor laap was constructed iron a garbage can and three Ulled
garbage bags.
(12) KEYWORDS: BULM: WASTx-S; CONVEKT; ECONOMICS; JUKK; STrfA*; TIRE;
ONIVEMSITY ; UTILIZE
(15) STIflS ACC.NO.: OOS3622b
(18) DOC.CIT.: Anon. Students recycle discards into furniture.
Solid tfaste Systems, 5(1):18-19, r'ejj. 1976.
(t) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 034425
(2) DOHESTIC: D (2) CATEGORI: 27 (2) SUBJ.TIPS: T (tO) FOB.
TBABl 1974
(11) ABSTRACT: This publication presents a teachers* guide for an
educational program on resource recovery. The purpose of the Resource
Recovery Educational Program is to introduce students to the problem of
solid waste disposal, including development of a familiarity with the
scientific facts and technological advances in the field of solid waste
disposal and resource recovery. In addition, the program is designed to
install an appreciation of the implications of waste disposal and
reclamation activities and concern for the problem of waste disposal.
This oTerview is designed to introduce teachers to the philosophy and
scope of the entire program. The individual components of the packet
prepared for this series include teachers' guides for social studies,
science, and industrial arts, a students' booklet entitled Resource
Recovery and lou, and a wall chart illustrating solid waste management
and resource recovery activities. The objectives of each of the unit
63
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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
topics in the teachers* guides are outlined. There are a wide variety
of environmental careers open to students interested in environmental
•atters, and a list of organizations active in environmental protection
and control is included. Instructional materials on the environment,
solid waste problems, collection and transportation of wastes, solid
waste disposal, resource recovery, and solid waste management are
available from many organizations, periodicals, and governmental
agencies. A variety of audiovisual materials are also available for
loan or purchase. 'This document is retained in the SHIRS library. )
(T2) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; EN7IROH8BKT; HABAGEHENT;
PROBLEMS; PUBLIC; RECLAMATION; REPOSE; TRAIHIHG
(15) SUMS ACC.BO.: OOS33469
(18) DOC.CIT.: national Association of secondary School Principals,
and Rational Center for Resource Recovery, Inc. Resource recovery
education program. Resource recovery overview. Washington, D. C.
1974. 20 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 034130
(2) DOMESTIC: P (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SOBJ.TTPE: I (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article discusses the need for public education
in the areas of resource conservation and reclamation of secondary
materials. While public awareness and activity in resource recovery has
recently increased substantially, this has not been accompanied by a
similar increase in the provision of information or education on even
the most basic levels, while many citizen groups throughout Great
Britain have organized collection of various waste materials, markets
for these materials are often extremely unstable or non-existent. Both
Governmental and private industry public relations activities must
switch from the promotion of interest in recycling to a promotion of
understanding of what is practicable. Publicity should be directed at
helping the public to achieve a basic grasp of the realities involved
in the transportation, handling, processing, and decontamination of
waste materials and of the nature of market instability in the
industries involved. In addition, industry must exercise both
moderation and caution in the promotion of new areas of development in
this field.
(12) KEYWORDS: CAMPAIGN; GLASS; GREAT BRITAIN; INDUSTRY; METAL;
PAPER; PLASTIC; PROBLEMS; PUBLIC; PUBLIC RELATIONS; RECLAMATIOH;
RESPONSIBILITY; SCRAP; TRAINING
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS33174
(18) DOC.CIT.: Laight, J. G. Education—the key to public
participation. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 126(14}:23, Apr. 5, 1975.
64
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Appendix A
ABBREVIATIONS
Administration
Agrarie
Agricultural
Agriculture
America(n)
Annals, Annali, Annales
Applied
Archiv (e, es)
Association (cion)
Australasian
Berichte
British
Buildings
Bulletin
Canada(ian)
Chemical, Chemistry
Company
Communication(s)
Control
Conservation Development
Deutschen
Corporation
Department
Division
Energy
Engineer (s)
Engineering
Environment
Environmental
Experimental
Government
Highway(s)
Incorporated
Indian
Industrial
Industry
Institute
Institution
International
Izvestiya
Japan
Japanese
Journal
Laboratory
Limited
Management
Manufacture(r)
Materials
Metallurgical, Metallurgy
Microbiology (ical, ia)
Mining
National
New
Number
Organization
Packaging
Pollution
Proceedings
Production
Admin
Agra
Agrlc
Agri
Amer
Ann
Appl
Arch
Assoc
Austral
Ber
Brit
Bldg(s)
Bull
Can
Chen
Co
Coma
Contr
Conser Devt
Deutsch
Corp
Dept
Div
Ener
Engr(s)
Engring
Env
Environ
Eptl
Govt
Hgwy(s)
Inc
Indn
Indus
Ind
Inst
Instit
Inter
Izv
Jpn
Jpnse
J
Lab
Ltd
Mgmt
Manuf
Mater
Metall
Micro
Mng
N'atl
N
No.
Org
Pkg
Poll
Proc
Prod
G5
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Professional Prof
Publication(s) Pub(s)
Reclamation Reclam
Report(s) Rpt(s)
Research Rsch
Resource Res
Review(s), Revue, Revista Rev
Service(s) Svc(s)
Science(s) Sci
South S
Technological Technol
Technology, Technische, Techn- Tech
ica, etc.
Toxicology Toxicol
Transactions Trans
Treatment Trtat
University and variations Univ
United States U.S.
Water Wtr
Wissenschaftlichen tfissen
Zeitschrift Zeit
Zentrallblatt Zent
Zhurnal Zh
66
-------
Appendix B
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
acre (acre) millimeter (mm)
acre-foot (acre-ft) mile (mile)
centimeter (cm) newton (N)
cubic centimeter (cu cm) one kilogram force (kgf)
cubic foot (cu ft) one pound force (Ibf)
cubic inch (cu in) pascal (Pa)
cubic meter (cu m) pound (Ib)
cubic meter* per minute pounds per square foot (psf)
(cu m/min)
pounds per square inch (psi)
cubic yard (cu yd)
square centimeter (sq cm)
ft (ft)
square foot (sq ft)
gallon (gal)
square inch (sq in)
gallons per minute
(gal/min) square kilometer (sq km)
hectare (ha) square meter (sq m)
inch (in) square mile (sq mile)
kilogram (kg) square yard (sq yd)
meter (m) ton (ton)
yard (yd)
Months of the Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec .
67
-------
Appendix C
LANGUAGE CODES
Language Code
Mixed AA
Afrikaans AF
Albanian AL
Amharic AR
Arabic AR
Armenian AE
Belorusaian BE
(White Russian)
Bulgarian BU
Burmese BR
Cambodian CA
Canconese CH
Chinese CH
Croatian CR
Czech CZ
Danish DA
Dutch DU
English EN
Estonian ES
Finnish FI
Flemish FL
French FR
Georgian GE
German GM
Greek GR
Gujarati GU
Hebrew HE
Hindi HI
Hindustani HI
Hungarian (Magyar) HU
Icelandic 1C
Indonesian MI
Italian IT
Japanese JA
Javanese JV
Kashmiri KA
Khmer CA
Kirundi KI
Korean KO
Latin LA
Latvian LN
Lithuanian LI
Language
Llngala
Macedonian
Malayan
Malayalam
Malay-Indonesian
Malagasy
Maltese
Mandarin
Karachi
Mongolian
Nepali
Ngala
Norwegian
Papuan
Persian
Polish
Portugese
Punjabi
Puatu
Romanian
Russian
Rwanda
Servian
Sinhalese
Slovak
Slovene
Somali
Spanish
Swahlli
Swedish
Tagalog
Tamil
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan
Turkish
Ukrainian
Urdu
Vietnamese
White Russian
Tiddisb
Code
KG
MC
ML
MA
MI
MS
MX
CH
MR
MO
HE
NG
NO
PA
PE
PO
PR
PU-
PS
RO
RU
RW
SE
SI
SL
SV
SO
SP
sw
SD
TA
TM
TE
TH
TI
TU
UK
UR
VI
BE
YI
68
-------
Appendix D
HIERARCHIC TERMS
1AC ACCIDENT
(See also PETROCHEMICALS)
1AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
(See also ANIMALS, MANURE, FOOD PROCESSING)
2C8 CROP RESIDUE
2LW LOGGING WASTES
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1AI AIR POLLUTION
2AN ANALYSIS
2C2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2DU DUMPS
2FD FEEDLOTS
2IC INCINERATOR
2IN INDUSTRY
2LF LAWS
2SQ SMOKE CONTROL
1AL ALGAE
CSee MICROORGANISM)
IAN ANALYSIS
1AQ ANIMALS
(See also MANURE)
2CD CARCASS
2FD FEEDLOTS
2VC VECTOR CONTROL
IAS ASH
2CN COMPOSITION
2DP DISPOSAL
2UT UTILIZATION
1AU AUTOMOBILES
2BU BURNING
2CL COLLECTION
2C6 COSTS
2DP DISPOSAL
21C INCINERATION
2LF LAWS
2QU QUANTITY
2RT RAIL TRANSPORT
2TT TRANSPORT
2UT UTILIZATION
2VR VOLUME REDUCTION
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
(See also AUTOMOBILES)
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
G9
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1BC
1BL
1BU
BACTERIA
CSee MICROORGANISMS)
1CF
1CH
BALING
2ET
2PD
2SC
BULKY WASTES
2CL
2DP
2TT
2UT
2VR
CELLULOSE
CHEMICALS
2 IN
EQUIPMENT
PAPER
SCRAP METAL
COLLECTION
DISPOSAL
TRANSPORT
UTILIZATION
VOLUME REDUCTION
2PC
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1CL
ICO
1CP
ICQ
COLLECTION
CSee also
2CJ
2CM
2CZ
2C1
2C6
2ET
2FR
2 IN
2IW
2LF
2MY
2PH
2PQ
2RO
2RW
2TU
COMPACTION
2ET
COMPOST
2 AN
2 HE
2MG
2UT
COMPOSTING
2CC
2CF
2C6
2 DP
2ET
2HE
2IC
2 IT
2LF
2MX
CONTAINERS)
CHUTE SYSTEMS
COMMERCIAL WASTES
CONTAINERS
CONTRACTORS
COSTS
EQUIPMENT
FREQUENCY
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
LAWS
MUNICIPAL WASTES
PERSONNEL
PNEUMATIC
ROUTES
RURAL AREAS
TRUCKS
EQUIPMENT
ANALYSIS
HEALTH AND SAFETY
MARKETS
UTILIZATION
TANNERY WASTES
CELLULOSE
COSTS
DISPOSAL
EQUIPMENT
HEALTH AND SAFETY
INCINERATION
INSTALLATIONS
LAWS
METHODS
70
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
2PD PAPER
2PS PROBLEMS
2SI SEPARATION OF NON-ORGANICS
2SP SLUDGE
1CT COMPUTER
(See MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)
1CX CONSTRDCTION
(See also DEMOLITION WASTES)
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1CZ CONTAINERS
2DP DISPOSAL
IDA DAIRY (.INDUSTRY)
IDE DEEP WELL STORAGE
1DM DEMOLITION HASTES
(See also CONSTRUCTION)
1DP DISPOSAL
(See also INDIVIDUAL METHODS)
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2CM COMMERICAL WASTES
2C6 COSTS
2DG DREDOING
2FC FACILITIES
2HC HAZARDOUS WASTE
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MX METHODS
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2RP RESEARCH
2RV RURAL AREAS
1DR DRUGS
(See also PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES)
1DU DUMPS
2EL ELIMINATION
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2LF LAWS
1EC ECONOMICS
2C6 COSTS
2MG MARKETS
2TX TAXES
1EI EDUCATION
2PH PERSONNEL
2PO PROFESSIONAL
2PV PUBLIC
7i
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1EN
1EP
1ET
ENERGY
2EC
2RD
2UT
ECONOMICS
REFUSE DERIVED FUELS
UTILIZATION
1FE
1FI
1FL
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
EQUIPMENT
2AN ANALYSIS
2BR BALERS
2CL COLLECTION
2CO COMPACTION
2C3 CONVEYOR
2HM HAMMERMILLING
2MB MATERIALS HANDLING
2SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
2SG SANITARY LANDFILL
2SI SEPARATORS - FITTERS
2SK SHEARING
2SL SHREDDING
2SU SPREADING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2WT WASTEWATER TREATMENT (CONTROL EQUIPMENT)
FERTILIZER
tSee also COMPOST, HAZARDOUS)
2DP DISPOSAL
2RF REFUSE DERIVED FERTILIZER
FIRE
FLY ASH
2 AN
2DP
2MS
2RC
2SS
2OT
ANALYSIS
DISPOSAL
MINE STABILISATION
RECOVERY OF CONSTITUENTS
SOIL CONDITIONER
UTILIZATION
3AR AGGREGATE
1FO
1FO
1GA
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
2BG BAGASSE
2BK BAKERY
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSTW?
2BW BREWER*
2CC CANNERY
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2CK COFFEE
2DA DAIRY
2DP DISPOSAL
2FR FRUITS
2GF GRAIN AND FEED CROPS
2MF MEAT PACKING PLANTS
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2MU MOLASSES
2PA POULTRY
2SE SEAFOOD
2SO SLAUGHTERHOUSE
2SX SUGAR
2UT UTILIZATION
2VG VEGETABLE
FUNGI
CSee MICROORGANISMS)
GARBAGE GRINDING
72
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
1GL GLASS
2IN INDUSTRIAL PASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
30T UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1GR GRANTS
1GH GROUND WATER
IRC HAZARDOUS WASTES
CSee also RADIOACTIVE WASTS:, HOSPITALS, PESTICIDES)
2AN ANALYSIS
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
1HE HEALTH ANt SAFETY
1HH HEAT RECOVERY
(See INCINERATION)
1HO HOG FEEDING
1HS HOSPITALS
(See also INSTITUTIONAL WASTES; HAZARDOUS WASTES)
2CL COLLECTION
2DI DISPOSABLE ITEMS
2DP DISPOSAL
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IC INCINERATION
1IC INCINERATION
(See also SPECIFIC WASTES)
2AI AIR POLLUTION
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2CQ COMPOSTING
2C6 COSTS
2EM EMISSIONS
2ET EQUIPMENT
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
20S ON SITE
2PE PLANT DESIGN
2PG PLANT OPERATION
2PS PROBLEMS
2RS RESIDUE
2SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
2WA WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
2WE WATER POLLUTION
HE INCINERATOR
2FB FLUIDIZED BED
20P OPEN PIT
2RK ROTARY KILN
2SP SLUDGE
2ST SPECIAL PURPOSE
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
IIM INDUSTRIAL HASTES
(See also SPECIFIC INDUSTRY, SPECIFIC TREATMENT METHODS)
2AN ANALYSIS
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CG CENTRALIZED DISPOSAL PLANTS
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2EF EFFLUENT CHARGES'
2LF LAMS
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2MY MUNICIPAL HASTES
2PY PYROLYSIS
2SJ SEWAGE
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2UT UTILIZATION
IIS INSECTS
1IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1LC LAGOONS
1LD LAND RECLAMATION
(S«a also MINES, SANITARY LANDFILL)
1LF LAWS
2CL COLLECTION
2DP DISPOSAL
2ER ENFORCEMENT
2FF FEDERAL
2IB INTERNATIONAL
2MB MUNICIPAL
2SW STATE
ILK LEACHATE
(See also SANITARY LANDFILL, WATER POLLUTION)
1LR LITTER
2CB CAMPAIGNS
2C6 COST OF REMOVAL
2RJ RECREATION AREAS
1LU LUMBER
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER V7AST2S
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
30T UTILIZATIOH
IMA MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2C7 COUNTY
277 FEDERAL
2IB INTERNATIONAL
2MB MUNICIPAL
2R1 REGIONAL
2DM RURAL
2SW STATE
2tQ TECHNIQUES
74
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HIERARCHIC TEEMS
1MB MANURE
CSee also ANIMALS)
2CE CATTLE
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2PA POULTRY
2PT PROCESSING
2SL SHEEP
2SN STORAGE
2SZ SWINE
2UT UTILIZATION
IMG MARKETS
1MI METAL, FERROUS
2EC ECONOMICS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3TJT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2SC SCRAP
2SN SLAG
2SY SWARF
1MK METAL, NON-FERROUS
2AM ALUMINUM
2C4 COPPER
2EC ECONOMICS
2HV HEAVY
2LB LEAD
2NI NICKEL
2PK PRECIOUS METALS
2TI TIN
2ZI ZINC
1MM MICROORGANISMS
1MO MINERALS
1MR MINES
CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)
1MT MINING INDUSTRY
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1MV MONITORING
1MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
(See also REFUSE)
2CO COMPACTION
2DP DISPOSAL
2SH SEPARATION
2TT TRANSPORT
2UT UTILIZATION
1NO NOISE
IOC OCEAN DISPOSAL
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2IX INTERNATIONAL CONTROL
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2SP SLUDGE
10F ODOR CONTROL
10L OIL
1PB PACKAGING WASTES
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1PD PAPER AND PULP
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2NE NEWSPAPERS
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PP PATHOGENIC WASTES
1PH PERSONNEL
1PJ PESTICIDES
1PL PETROCHEMICALS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2OI OIL SPILLS
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PN PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES
1PP PLANNING
1PR PLASTICS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PT PROCESSING
1PV PUBLIC RELATIONS
(See EDUCATION)
1PY PYROLYSIS
(See also INCINERATION)
1RD RADIOACTIVE WASTES
(See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
76
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HIERARCHIC TERMS
2DP DISPOSAL
2SW STORAGE
IRQ RECLAMATION
(See SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION)
1RJ RECREATIONAL AREAS
(See also LAND RECLAMATION)
1RM REDUCTION
1RN REFUSE
(See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
2CA CALORIFIC VALUE
2CO COMPOSITION
2QU QUANTITY
1RP RESEARCH
CSee SPECIFIC TOPICS; GRANT)
1RJI RESOURCE RECOVERY
1RU RUBBER
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2TS TIRES
1SB SAFETY
CSee HEALTH AND SAFETY)
1SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
(See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
1SF SAND
1SG SANITARY LANDFILL
(See also LAND RECLAMATION; SPECIFIC WASTES)
2CQ COMPOSTING
2C6 COSTS
2DC DECOMPOSITION
2DS DESIGN
2ET EQUIPMENT
2GS GASSES
2GW GROUND WATER
2MC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2OE OPERATIONS
2RL REGULATIONS
2SL SHREDDING
2SO SITES
1SI SEPARATION
2CH CHEMICAL
2LS LIQUID-SOLID
2MD MECHANICAL
2ML METAL
2MX METHODS
2RN REFUSE
1SJ SEWAGE
(See also SLUDGE)
2AN ANALYSIS
77
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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IP IRRADIATION PROCESSING
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
1SL SHREDDING
1SN SLAG
CSee METAL, FERROUS}
ISO SLAUGHTERHOUSE
CSee FOOD PROCESSING HASTES)
ISP SLUDGE
(See also INDUSTRIAL WASTES)
2AN ANALYSIS
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CZ CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2DP DISPOSAL
2ET EQUIPMENT
2HZ HEALTH AND SAFETY
2HP HEAT PROCESSING
2IP IRRADIATION PROCESSING
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2UT UTILIZATION
1SR SNOW REMOVAL
1ST SOIL
1SU SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1SW STORAGE
2CZ CONTAINERS
2C6 COSTS
2LF LAWS
2MX METHODS
2SO SITES
1SX STREET CLEANING
1SY SURVEYS
1SZ SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
CSee MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)
ITS TANNERY WASTES
1TE TEXTILES
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1TM TOXIC MATERIALS
(See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
73
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HIERARCHIC TERMS
1TR TRANSFER STATIONS
CSee also COLLECTION)
ITT TRANSPORTATION
(See also SPECIFIC WASTES)
2C6 COSTS
2MX METHODS
2PM PIPELINES
2PQ PNEUMATIC
2RB RAILROADS
2SN SHIPS
2TK TRUCKS
1TV TREATMENT
(See PROCESSING]
1TY TREES
(See BULKY HASTES; LUMBER)
1VC VECTOR CONTROL
(See ANIMALS; INSECTS)
1VG VEGETATION
1VR VOLUME REDUCTION
1WE WATER POLLUTION
(See also GROUND WATER)
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2AN ANALYSIS
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2C2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2EC ECONOMICS
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2SJ SEWAGE
1WO WOOD
(See LUMBER)
79
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Appendix E
GEOGRAPHIC CODES
1AF Africa
LAN Antarctica
IAS Asia
1AU Australia
1CA Canada
1CB Caribbean
1EU Europe
IMA Marshall Islands
1MB Mexico
1MI Middle East
1NZ New Zealand
ISA South America
1SU Soviet Union
1US United States
2AA Alabama
2AC Alaska
2AE Alberta
2AG American Samoa
2AI Arizona
2AN Argentina
2AR Arkansas
2AS Austria
2BE Belgium
2BI Brazil
2BR British Columbia
2CA California
2CH China (Mainland)
2CI China (Taiwan)
2CO Colorado
2CT Connecticut
2CZ Czechoslovakia
2DE Delaware
2DN Denmark
2DT District of Columbia
2FI Finland
2FL Florida
2FR France
2GB Gabon
2GE Georgia
2GM Germany (East)
2GN Germany (West)
2GU Guam
2HI Hawaii
2HK Hong Kong
2HU Hungary
2IA Idaho
211 Illinois
2IL India
2IN Indiana
210 Indonesia
2IQ Iowa
2IR Ireland
2IS Israel
2IT Italy
2JM Jamaica
2JP Japan
2KS Kansas
2Ky Kentucky
2LE Lebanon
2LI
2LT
2LU
2MA
2MD
2MB
2MI
2MJ
2MN
2MP
2MR
2MT
2NB
2NE
2NF
2NG
2NH
2NJ
2NM
2NQ
2NR
2NT
2NY
20H
20K
20N
20R
2 PC
2PE
2PJ
2PL
2PR
2RI
2SA
2SF
2SI
2SK
2SP
2SR
2SU
2SY
2TA
2TE
2TK
2TN
2UG
2UK
2UT
2VA
2VE
2VI
2VN
2VR
2WA
2WR
2WW
2WY
2YU
3AI
3AK
Libya
Lithuania
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Melbourne
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nepal
Netherlands
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Norway
Ohio
Oklahoma
Ontario
Oregon
Pakistan
Pennsylvania
Peru
Poland
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
Saskatchewan
South Africa
South Carolina
South Dakota
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Sydney
Tasmania
Tennessee
Texas
Thailand
Uganda
United Kingdom
Utah
Venezuela
Vermont
Victoria
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Yugoslavia
Aiken
Akron
80
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GEOGRAPHICAL
3AL Albany
3AM Ames
3AS Amsterdam
3AT Atlanta
3BA Baltimore
3BC Bangkok
3BI Basel
3BK Barking
3BL Bavaria
3BN Berkeley
3BR Berlin
3BS Birmingham
3BT Boston
3BV Bridgeport
3BW Broward
3CA Calumet
3CD Camden
3CF Casteljaloux
3CZ Cheshire
3CJ Chicago
3CN Cincinnati
3CP Cleveland
3CT Clinton
3CU Columbus
3CY Cook
3CZ Czestochowa
3DE Denver
3DI Detroit
3DN Dublin
3DT Duluth
3DU Dusseldorf
3EB Ebingen
3ED Edinburgh
3EK Elk Creek
3EM Elmira
3EY Ely
3FB Fairbanks
3FI Finham
3FL Flagstaff
3FN Frankfort
3FR Franklin
3SA St. Croix
3SC St. Joseph
3SD St. Louis
3SE St. Paul
3SG St. Petersburg
3SI San Diego
3SN San Francisco
3SO Santa Ana
3SP Santa Barbara
3SR Savannah
3ST Stockholm
3SU Stuttgart
3TA Tel Aviv
3TC Tocks Island
3TK Tokyo
3TN Toronto
3TO Trenton
3TR Tripoli
3TU Tucson
3VC Venice
3GA Gainesville
3GE Geneva
3GL Glasgow
3 HA Hague
3HF Haifa
3HG Hamburg
3HJ Hanford
3HL Harlem
3HM Hartford
3HO Honolulu
3HR Hopewell
3HU Houston
3IT Ithaca
3JE Jerusalem
3JH Johannesburg
3JP Joplin
3KC Kansas City
3KH Karlsruhe
3KN Knox
3KS Kosovo
3KW Kracow
3LC Lancaster
3LI Lima
3LL Liverpool
3LO London
3LS Los Angeles
3LY Lycoming
3MA Madras
3MD Madrid
3MH Manchester
3MI Maui
3ML Melbourne
3MM Miami
3MO Milwaukee
3MP Minneapolis
3MR Mobile
3MT Montgomery
3MU Munich
3MY Muskegon
3NA Nashville
3ND Mew Delhi
3NL New Orleans
3NO New York City
3NR Niagara
3NU Nurnberg
30C Ochtrup
3OT Ottawa
3PA Paris
3PC Passaic
3PH Philadelphia
3PN Phoenix
3PS Pinellas
3PW Piscataway
3RC Rochester
3RO Rocky Flats
3VE Ventura
3VI Virginia Beach
3WA Walcheren
3WE Weidenau-Geisweid
3WK West Nyack
3VM Willamette River
3WY Winnebago
3YO Yosemite
32U Zurich
81
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Appendix F
DOCUMENT CATEGORY CODES
01 AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Crop residue*
Manure
Timber/other vegetation
02 ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
Data
03 AUTOMOBILES
04 BULKY WASTES
05 COLLECTION
06 COMPOST
07 DISPOSAL
08 ECONOMICS
Disposal costs
Financing facilities
Pollution control costs
Marketing information
Taxes and incentives
09 HAZARDOUS WASTES
10 HEALTH/SAFETY
11 INCINERATION
12 INDUSTRIAL WASTES
13 INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
14 LAWS/REGULATIONS
15 LITTER
16 MANAGEMENT
Municipal
Regional
Rural
State
17 OCEAN DISPOSAL
18 PACKAGING
19 PROCESSING/REDUCTION
20 RECYCLING
Incinerator residue
Industrial wastes
Mining wastes
Municipal refuse
Scrap metal
21 RESEARCH
22 SANITARY LANDFILL
23 SEPARATION
24 SLUDGE
25 STORAGE
26 STREET CLEANING
27 TRAINING, EDUCATION,
PUBLIC RELATIONS
28 TRANSPORT
29 SOURCE REDUCTION
30 ENERGY
Demand, for solid waste
management
Fuel from wastes
Heat utilization from
incineration
pa!787g
SW-787
ft U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1979 620-007/3798
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