\
V-X
ASSESSMENT OF RCRA/EP TEST RESULTS ON FBC RESIDUE
PART II - PROPOSED PROCEDURE IN FEDERAL REGISTER, Dec. 18, 1978
by
C. C. Sun and J. T. McAdams
Vlestinghouse R&D Center
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
-------
F o r w a r d
' i e port prepared by the We3tir,ft!;^
->p;nent Center is part of a r.id. i ,.;
industrial Environmental ?ese-ir-:,
Park), U.S. Environmental Pro'., -^
pcict of regulations developed j ,.
*.
Disposal Act, as amended by t ':<.;
'.. :,;very Act (RCRA) of 1976 on :
_ si dues. This report was not . ', <
.. ';rjng the extension of the COT...'
This report
,house fr~brn testing several V'r,'
i^ction Procedure ( E P ) for i <
16, 1978 (U3 FR 58956-57),
should be noted that publicc- t 1 i
, .1.1 Regist_e_r does not sign"5 i\v ;
.oessarily reflect the views -:.
i ' v -j t e c t i o n Agency nor d o e L- ^
; products constitute en dor:-
-------
ASSESSMENT OF RCRA/EP TEST RESULTS ON FBC RESIDUE
PART II - PROPOSED PROCEDURE IN FEDERAL REGISTER, Dec. 18, 1978
by
C. C. Sun and J. T. McAdarrs
Westinghouse R&D Center
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
May 4, 1979
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The federal laws hax'ing legislative power over the environ-
mental impact of solid waste disposal are:
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 1976
- Solid Waste Disposal Act, 1965
Resource Recovery Act, 1970
Clean Water Act, 1977
- Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 1972
Safe Drinking Water Act, 1974
Clean Air Act Amendments, 1977
- Clean Act Act, 1970
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 1977
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 1970
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, 1972.
The passage of RCRA closed the legislative loop of environ-
mental laws (air/water/solid) and created a new level of control over
solid waste disposal. Of special concern are the regulations to be
1-4
promulgated under Subtitle C - Hazardous Waste Management. Of the
characteristics currently proposed for hazardous waste (ignitability-
corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity), toxicity causes the most concern.
2
Both the previously drafted March 1978 toxic extraction procedure (TEP)
-------
and the recently proposed extraction procedure (EP) were carried out
on selected samples of the fluidized-bed combustion residues and refer-
ence solids. Results from the former tests (T.EP) and recommendations
were communicated to EPA. »^>-)
The results of EP tests are summarized here along with comments
on the proposed procedures in the hope of providing EPA with useful
information for its continued efforts to refine the extraction procedures
and promulgate regulations.
-------
2.0 BACKGROUND
Table 1 summarizes the history of regulation development under
RCRA Sec. 3001, and efforts undertaken by Westinghouse accordingly.
Table 2 lists the key differences among the previous draft versions and
the proposed regulations (Fed. Reg. Dec. 18, 1978).
The results of Westinghouse efforts in testing the TIP
procedures with residues from FBC processes and recommendations were
summarized in an informal document entitled "Assessment of RCRA/TEP
test results on FBC residue, Part I" and communicated to EPA in
4
December of 1978. Thi:
proposed EP procedures.
4
December of 1978. This report represents continued effort with the
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3.0 EXPERIMENT
3.1 Samples
Ten FBC residue samples were selected for preliminary RCRA/EP
tests to include process variations: limestone/dolomite,* AFEC/PFBC/
adiabatic, bed/cyclone/additional filter. Untreated and treated FGD
sludges, and a conventional coal ash were also tested for comparison.
Raw sorbent and natural gypsum were tested in parallel to provide
references.
3.2 Procedures and Equipments
The EP procedures as,, specified in the Federal Register
December 18 were followed, allowing for the following interpretations or
adjustments:
"Representative Sample" - We used 25 g instead of 100 g
because of the limited quantities of FBC solids
available. Because of the granular nature of the
solids, however, we believe that the samples (25 g)
were representative.
Neither the structural integrity test (SIT) nor the
handling of liquor was required for FBC residue because
of the nature of the solids (dry granular, <3/8 in).
"Suitable extractor" - We used an Eberbach automatic
shaker at its highest speed (140 excursions per min.)
and found that it provided good solid/water mixing
and prevented stratification. The high-speed shaker was
selected also because of the following facts:
The suggested extractor by Associated Design and
Manufacturing Co., Alexandria, VA was not commercially
available at the time we initiated the EP tests.
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Oak Ridge National Laboratories who were testing the
EP procedures under contract to the EPA Office of
Solid Waste designed and built their own extraction
apparatus.
A Chemtrix Type ASA pH controller was used for auto-
matic titration of some samples. Prior to obtaining
«.
the automatic titrator, we followed the manual pH
adjustment procedures. Both performed satisfactorily.
3.3 Results
Table 3 summarizes the trace elements in the EP leachates and
compare them to the criteria for hazardous waste, ten times the primary
drinking water standards (DWS). None exceeded the criteria, thus all
were nontoxic. Although lower than the criteria, EP leachates of the
AFBC and PFBC fir.es (from the 3rd cyclone or the final filter) had Cr
concentrations rauzfh higher than did the other leachates and were close
to 10 x DWS. They, therefore, warrant special attention in future
investigations. Similarly, Se in the EP leachates of conventional coal
ash and FGD sludge was near 10 x DWS (0.1 ppir,) and was much higher than
the average Se concentrations found in the FBC leachates. Analyses for
the chlorinated organic pesticides and herbicides which were also proposed
in Sec. 3001 criteria were felt to be unnecessary.
Table i summarizes the characteristics of EP leachates in
addition to the trace elements. As expected, the major species, such
as Ca, SO^, and TDS were high in the EP leachates of FBC residues. In
most cases the maximum allowable acid (A ml of 0.5N acetic a-1-' Dei-
gram of solid) was reached so that the final pH was much higher than 5.
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4.0 DISCUSSIONS
Preliminary results indicated that the FBC waste would not be
considered hazardous (Table 5). Keither would conventional coal ash and
FGD sludge, based on test results of a single sample (which may or may
not be representative). Although these results indicated that the FBC
residue would not be hazardous, and, therefore, need not be subject to
the regulations on "special waste category" under RCRA Sec. 3004, it-
should be pointed out that the proposed "special waste," utility wastes
among the list, did not mention FBC residue. We recommend, therefore-, ,
that the FBC waste be added to the list of utility wastes that currently
includes FGD, bottom ash, and fly ash. /
4
In our previous communication to EPA , several difficulties
encountered in testing TEP procedure were mentioned: the high concentra-
tion of acetic, acid specified in TEP, the large amount of acid required
to neutralize the highly alkaline FBC residue" to reach pK-3, the c.;;trac-
tion temperature, and the agitation mode. The first three situations
were significantly improved by the new EP procedure, as shown on Table 2.
Some uncertainty still exists as to what is a suitable extractor because
"well-mixing" depends not only on the type of apparatus but also on the
nature of the solids. In this test we found that a high-speed automatic-
shaker (e.g., 140 excursions/inin) provided good mixing of the F!>C solids.
Other q\:?stiDns may arise in the future, such as th^ corrpatability
of biological testing with rr.o acetic-based le^hate, ar.d the c.^:t and
reliability of the various specified procedures (mutagenicity, bioaccur»ula-
tion, and radioactivity). We hope that the forthcoming report by Oak
Ridge-National Laboratories8 on the RCRA-TEP and E? test results will
provide some answers.
10
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Finally, experts in the area differ in their opinions about the
best approach to identifying hazardous waste: the "single-test" approach
(which differentiates solid wastes into hazardous or nonhazardous) versus
"multi-test" screening (which may classify wastes into degree of
hazardousness). In the former approach, EPA-OSW has successfully
formulated an Extraction Procedure to which we react favorably on the
basis of our experience with FBC solids. On the other hand, because a
waste can bo hazardous or nonhazardous depending on where and how it is
disposed of, an approach based on "degree of hazardousness" on a site-
specific ir.ulti-test screening basis also requires serious consideration.
12
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REFERENCES
1. Corson, A., D. Friedman, and D. Viviani, Hazardous Waste Management
Division, EPA-OSW, 1978.
2. "Hazardous Waste Guidelines and Regulations-Criteria, Identification,
and Li ting of Hazardous Waste" EPA Draft, March 1978.
3. "Hazardous Waste: Proposed Guideline? and Regulations and Proposal
on Identification and Listing", Federal Register, Dec. 18, 1978.
4. Sun, C. C., and J. T. McAdams, "Assessment of RCRA/TEP Test Results
on FBC Residue, Part 1 - EPA Draft Procedure of March 1978". Informal
Memo for Communication to EPA, December 1978.
5. Henschel, D. B., EPA-IEPL. December 1978.
6. Yarouxis, Associated Design and Manufacturing Co., Private
Coir>n>unication, October 1978.
7. Arora, H., Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Private Connunication,
October 1978.
8. Boegly, W. , C. Francis, and H. Wilson, Oak Ridge Kational Laboratorifi.
Private Communication, October 1978 to Apri] 1979.
SW-818
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