vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water &
Waste Management
Washington DC 20460
SW823
December 1979
Solid Waste
Source Separation
in Marblehead and
Somerville, Massachusetts
Composition
of Source-Separated
Materials and Refuse
Volume
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An environmental protection publication (SW-823) in the solid waste
management series. Mention of commercial products does not constitute
endorsement by the U.S. Government. Editing and technical content of this
report were the responsibilities of the State Programs and Resource Recovery
Division of the Office of Solid Waste.
Single copies of this publication are available from Solid Waste
Information, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
-------
MULTIMATERIAL SOURCE SEPARATION
IN MARBLEHEAD AND SOMERVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS
Composition of Source-Separated Materials and Refuse
Volume III
This report (SW-823) was prepared
under contract no. 68-01-3964
for the Office of Solid Waste
UT f^yirorrv-Mtal Protection Agency
R?'~ ; i V, ["- -;/
250 CJM:;; ,'X:..L-orn Street
Chicsgo, iiiinois 60604
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1979
-------
MULTIMATERIAL SOURCE SEPARATION REPORT SERIES
This volume is one in a series of reports about the
demonstration of multimaterial source separation in
Marblehead and Somerville, Massachusetts. The series
presents the key results of demonstration programs
initiated and funded by the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency in 1975. Intended to provide local
governments and the interested public with useful
information for planning, implementing, and operating
their own source separation programs, the reports in
the series cover a range of issues related to source
separation. The reports are:
The Community Awareness Program in Marblehead
and Somerville, Massachusetts (SW-551)
Collection and Marketing (SW-822)
Composition of Source-Separated Materials and Refuse (SW-823)
Energy Use and Savings from Source-Separated Materials
and Other Solid Waste Management Alternatives for
Marblehead (SW-824)
Citizen Attitudes toward Source Separation (SW-825)
Any suggestions, comments, or questions should be
directed to the Resource Recovery Branch (WH-563),
Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460.
Resource Planning Associates, Inc. conducted the
studies and prepared this series under contract no.
68-01-3964.
0,5.
-------
Acknowledgements
From October 1977 to October 1978, Resource Planning
Associates, Inc. (RPA) conducted an extensive program
of field sampling and analysis to determine the compo-
sition of source-separated materials and refuse in
Somerville and Marblehead, Massachusetts.
It would be extremely difficult to acknowledge the
great number of people who contributed to the success
of this complex study. However, we would like to thank
the following people for their help: Mr. Raymond Reed,
Marblehead Board of Health; Mr. Ugaletto, Commissioner,
Somerville Department of Public Works; Mr. John Clement,
MATCON Recycling; Mr. David Grebow, Environmental and
Education Services; Dr. Allan Molvar, Clevepak
Corporation (subcontractors to RPA for the field
sampling and moisture analysis, respectively); and
Ms. Penelope Hansen and Mr. Stephen E. Howard, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Henri-Claude Bailly, Project Director
Lawrence Oliva, P.E., Project Manager
Contract No. 68-01-3964
-------
Contents
CHAPTER
PAGE
TITLE
CHAPTER 1
APPENDIX C
1 INTRODUCTION
5 COMPONENT ANALYSIS
6 Component Percentages
10 Seasonal Variation of the
Components
14 Component Variability within
Samples
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
17
23
23
25
31
35
RECOVERY RATES
MOISTURE AND HEAT CONTENT
Moisture Content
Heat Content
Program Background
Composition Analysis
45
Methodologies
Component Analysis Sample
Data
APPENDIX D
71
Moisture Analysis Data
-------
Exhibits
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
l.a Average Composition of Total
Residential Waste, Source-
Separated Materials, and Refuse
l.b Seasonal Variation of the
Composition of Total Residential
Waste, Marblehead
l.c Seasonal Variation of the
Composition of Source-Separated
Materials, Marblehead
l.d Seasonal Variation of the
Composition of Refuse, Marblehead
l.e Coefficients of Variation,
Marblehead
l.f Coefficients of Variation,
Somerville
2.a Average Recovery Rates
2.b Seasonal Recovery Rates,
Marblehead
2.c Seasonal Recovery Rates,
Somerville
3.a Average Moisture Content of
Source-Separated Materials
and Refuse
3.b Moisture Content for Four
Seasons
3.c Heat Content for Four Seasons
3.d Average Heat Content Per Day
of Refuse and Source-Separated
Materials
3.e Heat Content Available to an
Energy Recovery Facility
-------
Introduction
Early in 1976, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) awarded 3-year grants to the communities of
Marblehead and Somerville, Massachusetts, to demonstrate
the source separation of paper, cans, and glass by
residents. For the first 2 years of the grants, the
communities commissioned Resource Planning Associates,
Inc. (RPA), to assist them in designing and implementing
their programs. For the third grant year, EPA engaged
RPA to assess the results of the two programs and to
study the characteristics of the communities' residential
waste streams.
Marblehead and Somerville were selected for the demonstra-
tions for several reasons. First, Marblehead had
conducted a relatively successful municipal curbside
source-separation program for several years before the
start of the new program; Somerville had no previous
source-separation experience. Second, Marblehead is an
affluent suburban community in the Boston metropolitan
area with a population of 23,000; Somerville is an
urban community adjacent to Boston with a population of
90,000. Marblehead's median income is much higher and
its population density much lower than Somerville's.
Both source-separation programs implemented under the
EPA grants were designed to collect paper, glass, and
metals at curbside using specially designed compartmental-
ized collection vehicles, but some specific requirements
of the programs differed. Marblehead residents were
asked to separate materials into three categories and
to place their materials at curbside on different days
than their refuse. Somerville residents were asked to
separate materials into two categories and to place
their materials at curbside on the same day as their
refuse.
EPA has commissioned RPA to conduct studies and to
prepare a series of reports about the two demon-
stration programs. The reports concern the collection
and marketing of source-separated materials, citizen
attitudes toward source separation, the composition of
-------
INTRODUCTION
the source-separated materials and refuse, the energy
requirements of source separation vs. other solid-waste
management alternatives, and the community awareness
programs developed to encourage participation in the
source-separation programs.
This report presents the results of our study of the
composition of the source-separated materials and refuse.
The study was conducted during the third year of the
demonstration programs, from fall 1977 to summer 1978.
In each season, we collected and analyzed samples of
source-separated materials and refuse during one week.
We then analyzed the samples in terms of categories of
materials that can be sold most readily, and at a higher
price than mixed materials, to reprocessing plants.* We
separated beverage containers from nonbeverage glass
and cans in order to assess the potential impact of
beverage container legislation on source-separation
programs. In all, 14 recoverable components were
studied:
Newsprint Other clear glass
Magazines Other green glass
Corrugated paper Other brown glass
Other paper Ferrous beverage
containers
Clear glass beverage Other ferrous
containers
Green glass beverage Nonferrous beverage
containers containers
Brown glass beverage Other nonferrous
containers
* An intermediate materials processor further separates
materials from the two or three categories separated by
residents; a reprocessor in nearby Salem, Massachusetts
provides this service for Somerville and Marblehead.
-------
INTRODUCTION
The composition study was conducted to develop three
sets of data on source-separated materials and refuse:
Relative percentages of the 14 recoverable components
in the source-separated, refuse, and total residential
waste streams
Recovery rates, or the percentage of each component
that is source-separated
Moisture content and heat content of the source-
separated materials and refuse.
The results of these three analyses are presented in
the three chapters of this report. The averages of the
tour seasonal analyses ana seasonal trends are described
in each chapter. The appendixes provide general
bacKground information on the programs and detailed
data from the composition study: Appendix A provides
demographic data on the two communities and describes
their source-separation programs; Appendix B describes
our methodologies for sampling and data analysis;
Appendix C provides data from the samples taken in each
of the four seasons; and Appendix D presents laboratory
data on the moisture content of the components.
-------
1
COMPONENT ANALYSIS
An important aspect of our study was to analyze the
components of source-separated materials and refuse to
determine the amounts of various recoverable components
in the Marblehead and Somerville residential waste
streams, and to provide information that a variety of
other communities can use in planning, designing, or
implementing their programs. We studied three streams
of waste for this analysis: total residential waste, or
the combination of source-separated materials and
refuse; source-separated materials; and refuse, or the
residential solid waste remaining after source separation.
We analyzed the percentages of recoverable components
in each stream, determined how the percentages varied
seasonally, and how the percentages varied among each
sample within the seasons.
We found that recoverable materials constitute more
than half of the total residential waste streams in
both communities. Newsprint and glass were the major
components in the source-separated stream. Other paper
was the major recoverable component in the refuse
stream.
We also found that the seasonal fluctuations in the
component percentages were relatively minor, although
'some components changed more than others. The fluctua-
tions do not reveal any significant seasonal trends
in the percentages of recoverable materials in the
waste streams. However, an analysis conducted over
2 or 3 years would be more conclusive.
The percentages of some recoverable components were
more consistent than others from sample to sample.
Newsprint, glass beverage containers, and other glass
varied least among both the source-separated and refuse
samples.
-------
COMPONENT ANALYSIS
COMPONENT PERCENTAGES
The percentages of recoverable components in the total
residential, source-separated, and refuse streams differed
between Marblehead and Somerville. The total residential
waste streams of the two communities were composed of
different percentages of various recoverable components,
and the composition of source-separated materials and
refuse also differed between the communities. There
are several reasons for these differences:
The two communities have different socioeconomic
characteristics, and the products and materials they
consume and discard are different.
A much higher percentage of Marblehead residents
participated in the source-separation programs than
did Somerville residents.
Marblehead residents source-separated materials
into three categories, Somerville residents into
two.
The collection of source-separated materials and
refuse was on the same day in Somerville, and on
different days in Marblehead.
We analyzed the composition of total residential waste,
source-separated materials, and refuse in terms of
component percentages by weight (see Exhibit l.a for a
summary of the component percentages of these streams).
Component Percentages
in tne Total
Residential Waste Stream
We analyzed the average component percentages of the two
communities' total residential waste streams, and made
the following comparisons:
Recoverable materials constituted more than half
of the residential waste stream of both communities;
about 60 percent of Marbleheaa's and 56 percent of
Somerville"s residential waste were recoverable
materials.
-------
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COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Marblehead had about 5 percent more newsprint and
7 percent more total paper in its total residential
waste than Somerville.
Other paper was found more than any other individual
recoverable component, at about 19 percent in each
community.
The total amounts of glass beverage containers in
both communities were similar; however, Somerville had
more clear and brown glass beverage containers and
Marblehead had more green glass containers.
The percentages of other glass components and
ferrous and nonferrous materials were similar between
tne two communities.
Beverage containers made up about 14 percent of
Somerville's and about 10 percent of Marbleheaa's
total residential waste.
Component Percentages
in the Source-Separated
Materials Stream
Although Marblehead had significantly more paper
in its total waste stream than Somerville, Marolehead
had substantially more glass and metals tnan Somerville
in its source-separated stream. Marblehead had about
1U percent less paper than Somerville in its source-
separated stream, primarily because it had over 8 percent
more other glass. Other findings about the recoverable
components in the communities' source-separated streams
are:
Over 80 percent of the source-separated paper was
newsprint in both communities.
About 5 percent of the source-separated materials
in both communities was other ferrous; other terrous
made up 60 percent of the source-separated metals.
Less than 1 percent of the source-separated
materials was nonferrous.
-------
COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Clear glass constituted over 2b percent of the
source-separated stream in Marblehead and 16 percent
in Somerville.
Almost half of the source-separated glass and
metals was beverage containers in Marblehead (47
percent); for Somerville, about 54 percent of the
glass and metals was beverage containers.
Beverage containers represented a significant percentage
of source-separated materials in Somerville and Marblehead;
they are a large percentage of tne recoverable materials
in many communities. Some citizens and local officials
are therefore concerned about the effect of beverage
container legislation, which would outlaw no-deposit,
no-return bottles, on potential revenues from source-
separation programs. Removing beverage containers from
the source-separated stream would reduce the amount of
marketable materials in the stream. However, if the
need for collection equipment, labor, or collection
frequency is reduced correspondingly, beverage container
legislation may not substantially decrease the net
revenues from source-separation programs.
Component Percentages
in the Refuse Stream
There were more recoverable materials in Somerville's
refuse stream than Marblehead's; 60 percent of
Somerville's refuse stream was recoverable materials,
compared to 48 percent for Marblehead. Marblehead had
less newsprint and more other paper in its refuse tnan
did Somerville. Paper constituted over 30 percent of
the refuse in both communities, and other paper was the
largest paper category.
Because Marblehead's residents source-separated more
than Somerville's, there were less recoverable glass
and metals left in its refuse than in Somerville's.
The difference was much greater for clear glass than
for the colored glass and metal components.
-------
COMPONENT ANALYSIS 10
SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE COMPONENTS
The percentages of recoverable components in the total
residential waste, source-separated, and refuse streams
fluctuated seasonally. However, the fluctuations generally
did not show patterns or trends, with one exception:
There were less glass and metals and more paper in the
fall ana spring than in the winter and summer in the
source-separated stream. This is because there were more
glass and metals available from the total residential
waste stream in those seasons.
We analyzed seasonal component variation only for
Marblehead; data were not available for Somerville in
the winter and summer because its program was interrupted.
Our results are based on samples taken over 3 days in
Marblehead curing each season.
The percentages of recoverable materials were generally
less variable than remaining waste in Marblehead"s
total residential waste stream; almost all of the
recoverable components varied only a tew percentage
points in the total waste stream over the four seasons
(see Exhibit l.b). Glass beverage containers and
ferrous and nonferrous metals were very consistent
seasonally.
Some components were more variable than others in
the source-separated stream. Metals, newsprint, and
clear glass were relatively consistent seasonally (see
Exhibit l.c). Glass beverage containers in the source-
separated stream fluctuated from season to season,
paralleling the seasonal fluctuations of other glass.
Ferrous and nonferrous materials were most consistent
seasonally. All paper materials varied more seasonally
in the source-separated stream than in the total
residential waste stream.
Paper materials in refuse varied in patterns similar
to paper in the total residential waste stream (see
Exhibit l.d). The other recoverable components in the
refuse stream varied slightly and followed no particular
pattern.
-------
11
Exhibit l.b
Seasonal Variation of the Composition
of Total Residential Waste, Marblehead
Percent 30
by weight
Season
SOURCt Resource Planning Associates, Inc.
-------
Exhibit 1.c
Seasonal Variation of the Composition
of Source-Separated Materials, Marblehead
12
60-
50
40
Percent 30
by weight
20
10
Fall
Winter Spring
Season
AH paper materials
Newsprint
Glass beverage containers
Other glass
Ferrous metals
Summer
SOURCE Resource Planmna Associates, Inc
-------
13
Exhibit 1.d
Seasonal Variation of the Composition
of Refuse, Marblehead
50
40
Percent 30
by weight
20
Other glass
Glass beverage containers
Ferrous metals
Nonferrous mstals
Summer
Season
-------
COMPONENT ANALYSIS 14
COMPONENT VARIABILITY WITHIN SAMPLES
we examined the component percentages among tne samples
to determine wnich components varied the most. To
quantify variability, we used a coefficient of variation,
defined as the standard deviation divided by the mean
(see Appendix B for a detailed discussion of the
coefficient of variation). The components with the
lowest coefficients were those that varied least among
the samples. Components with tne highest coefficients
varied most from sample to sample (see Exhibits l.e and
l.f) .
For both refuse ana source-separated materials, the
components that had the lowest average coefficients of
variation were newsprint, other glass, glass beverage
containers, other ferrous, and otner paper. Of these
components, newsprint and both glass components had the
lowest coefficients. Nonferrous materials, magazines,
and corrugated paper had the highest coefficients.
however, these components made up only a small percent-
age of the refuse or source-separated materials
streams, and their variability had only a minor impact
on the percentages (and variability) of other components.
The coefficients for newsprint, glass beverage containers,
and other glass were relatively consistent in source-
separated materials and refuse. Remaining waste was
the most consistent component in refuse.
-------
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-------
Exhibit 1.f
Coefficients of Variation, Somerville
(Percent)
16
Source-Separated Materials
Component
Newsprint
Magazines
Corrugated
Other paper*
Glass beverage containers
Other glass
Ferrous beverage containers
Other ferrous
Nonferrous beverage containers
Other nonferrous
Remaining waste
Fall
16.8
-
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80
395
22 1
86.4
17.5
114.5
1172
768
Spring
179
1274
69.2
702
180
51.5
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152
126.0
1470
66.0
Average
17.3
127.4
694
39.1
28.7
368
77.8
163
1202
132 1
71.4
Refuse
Fall
10.0
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10.0
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21.2
51.5
50
2000
16.7
4.3
Spring
11.3
33.8
67.2
3.5
8.1
17.1
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194
17.3
71.9
8.4
Average
10.6
33.6
67.2
67
16.6
19.1
68.5
12.2
1086
44.3
6.3
SOURCE Resource Planning Associates, Inc
*For the fall season, "other paper" .ncluded magazines
and corrugated paper
-------
2
RECOVERY RATES
The recovery rate for each recoverable component is
the percentage of tne component that is source-separated
from the total amount of the component available in the
residential waste stream. Our composition stuay
focused on recovery rates in Marblehead and Somerville
to determine (1) which materials residents find easiest
and most difficult to source-separate, and (2) which
materials could be recovered in larger quantities
if tney received more emphasis in public education
programs. We were also interested in identifying
differences in recovery rates between the two communities,
determining now differences in the structure of the two
programs affected recovery rates, and analyzing seasonal
variations in recovery rates.
Marblehead residents recovered about 25 percent of
their total solid waste during our study; Somerville
residents recovered less than 5 percent. In Marblehead,
we found that residents source-separated newsprint and
clear glass more than any other components; over 65
percent of the available newsprint and clear glass was
recovered. Newsprint, corrugated paper, and brown
glass were recovered more than other components in
Somerville. (See Exhibit 2.a for recovery rates for
each community by component.)
Marblehead residents were not asked to source-separate
corrugated paper or cardboard; however, on the average
for the year, 6 percent was recovered. Residents were
asKea to recycle junk mail, telephone books, envelopes,
paper bags, and other flat paper, but only 3 percent of
these materials and a small percentage of milk cartons
and paper wrappings were recovered.
Somerville residents were asked to source-separate
cardboard; on the average for the year, 7 percent
was recovered. Residents of Somerville were also asked
17
-------
Exhibit 2.a
Average Recovery Rates
(Percent)
18
Marblehead
Newsprint 669
Maga/mes 44 4
Corrugated paper 6 6
Other paper 3 0
Clear glass beverage 67 5
Green glass beverage 50 7
Brown glass beverage 33 9
Ferrous beverage 43.4
Other ferrous 37 8
Nonferrous beverage 51 0
Other nonferrous 12.9
Somerville
Newsprint 169
Magazines 1 6
Corrugated paper 7 o
Other paper 03
Clear glass beverage 2 2
Green glass beverage 2 4
Brown glass beverage 6 5
Other clear glass 1 7
Other green glass 2 9
Other brown glass 4 1
Ferrous beverage 2 2
Other ferrous 3 6
Nonferrous beverage 2 7
Other nonferrous 1 0
75
SOURCE Resource Planning Associates, Inc
-------
RECOVERY RATES
19
to recycle envelopes, letters, telephone books, and
paper bags, but less than 1 percent of such material
was collected.
More than half of all glass was recovered through
source separation in Marblehead, with the exception of
brown glass beverage containers. In Somerville, brown
glass beverage containers were recovered at a rate of
6.5 percent, Higher than the rate for any other glass
or metal component. In addition, colored glass had
higner recovery rates than clear glass in Somerville.
The opposite was true for Marblehead, where clear glass
was recovered most. Because clear glass is more
marketable and generally has a higher value than mixed
colored glass, Marbleheaa required its resiaents to
separate clear glass from colored. On the other hand,
Somerville's program had only a single category for
glass, which appears to have encouraged the source
separation of colored glass.
Other metal components (ferrous and nonferrous) were
generally recovered at a lower rate than glass and
newsprint in both communities. The other nonferrous
component had the lowest average recovery rate of
metal components in both communities. Nonferrous
beverage containers were recovered slightly more than
ferrous beverage containers; nonferrous containers were
recovered at a 50-percent rate in Marblehead. The
higher rate may result from labeling found on many
aluminum cans that encourages recycling. Other non-
ferrous materials, such as aluminum trays and foil,
were recovered at a much lower rate than other metals
in Marblehead and at a slightly lower rate in Somerville,
we found recovery rates to be more variable from season
to season than the component percentages in either
source-separated materials or refuse (see Exhibits 2.b
and 2.c for the seasonal recovery rates for the two
communities). For example, the recovery rates for
newsprint varied by 15.8 percent, magazines by 24,
glass beverage containers by 15.6, ferrous beverage
containers by 17.9, and nonferrous beverage containers
by 26.8. All other materials stayed within a 15-percent
range from season to season. Although the different
paper components varied significantly, total paper
varied only 2.6 percent.
-------
20
Exhibit 2.b
Seasonal Recovery Rates, Marblehead
(Percent)
Component
Paper
Newsprint
Magazines
Corrugated
Other paper
Subtotal
Glass beverage containers
Clear
Green
Brown
Subtotal
Other glass
Clear
Green
Brown
Subtotal
Ferrous beverage containers
Other ferrous
Nonferrous beverage containers
Other nonferrous
Remaining waste
Total
Fall
60.0
130*
32.0
55.0
54.0
43.0
36.0
50.0
0
1.0
24.0
Winter
68.0
40.0
0
26
32.9
755
51.5
36.4
59.7
47.3
56.9
52.8
50.8
34.6
39.8
36.4
8.7
0.8
25.4
Spring
75.8
34.4
5.6
2.8
30.4
61.6
46.5
10.7
44.7
633
564
51.8
60.5
43.7
34.9
63.2
23.1
0.6
22.1
Summer
63.7
58.9
1^-.3
3.5
33.0
654
54.1
54.6
60.3
555
70.1
46.2
58.7
52.5
40.5
54.5
20.0
1.1
24.7
Average
66.9
44.4
6.6
3.0**
32.1
67 5
50.7
33.9
54.9
55.4
61.1
50.3
56.0
43.4
37.8
51.0
12.9
0.9
24.0
SOURCE Resource Planning Associates, Inc
"Includes magazines and corrugated paper
**Average does not include fail season
-------
21
Exhibit 2.c
Seasonal Recovery Rates, Somerville
(Percent)
Component
Paper
Newsprint
Magazines
Corrugated
Other paper
Subtotal
Glass beverage containers
Clear
Green
Brown
Subtotal
Other glass
Clear
Green
Brown
Subtotal
Ferrous beverage containers
Other ferrous
Nonferrous beverage containers
Other nonferrous
Remaining waste
Total
Fall
21 0
30*
9.0
_
13.0
-
8.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
5.0
0
5.0
Spring
17 5
1 8
135
04
6.5
44
48
13 0
5.7
35
58
82
4.2
1.7
4.7
1.0
0.6
0.1
3.3
Summer
123
1 3
05
03
3.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
Average
16 9
1 6
7.0
03**
6.3
22
24
6.5
6.2
1 7
2.9
4.1
3.1
2.2
3.6
2.7
1.9
0
3.1
SOURCF Resource Planning Associdtes, Inc
* I ncludes magazines and corrugated paper.
**Average does not include fall season.
-------
RECOVERY RATES 22
The seasonal data did not indicate a trend in recovery
rates from season to season. However, the spring season
had both the highest and lowest recovery rates for individual
components in Marblehead. Newsprint had the highest
recovery rate in the spring of any component in any season
(75.8 percent), although total paper had a lower rate in
the spring than in the other seasons. Glass beverage
containers were recovered less in the spring, but other
glass components were generally recovered more. Spring
also had the lowest total recovery rate of 22.1 percent.
For Somerville, recovery rates generally decreased from
the hignest in the fall to lowest in the summer. (The
Somerville recycling program was discontinued during
the winter months and the program did not include glass
and metals after the spring.) Interrupting the program
in the winter apparently decreased the spring recovery
rates.
-------
3
MOISTURE AND HEAT CONTENT
Many community officials and resource-recovery plant
operators are concerned about the effect of source
separation on the heat content of refuse. During our
composition study, we performed a preliminary analysis
of the moisture content and heat content of Somerville's
and Marblehead's source-separated materials and refuse
to determine the effect of source separation on energy
recovery.
We measured the moisture content of source-separated
materials and refuse, and then computed the heat content
from the moisture content. (Appendix B presents the
methodologies we followed in detail.) It appears that
source separation has two divergent effects on the heat
content of the refuse delivered to energy-recovery
plants. The heat content per pound of refuse increases
when noncombustibles such as glass and metal are
removed by source separation. But combustibles,
mostly the paper components, are also removed from
refuse, which lowers the total heat content available
to energy-recovery plants on a daily basis. However,
an energy-recovery facility can replace the heat
content lost because of source separation by burning
waste from another community.
MOISTURE CONTENT
We conducted moisture content analyses on source-
separated materials and refuse during each of our
four seasonal component analyses. We then averaged the
moisture data from Marblehead and Somerville to provide
a general characterization of the moisture content of
urban solid waste (see Exhibit 3.a).
-------
24
Exhibit 3.a
Average Moisture Content of Source-
Separated Materials and Refuse
(Percent H20)
Component
Newsprint
Other paper
Glass beverage containers
Other glass
Ferrous beverage containers
Other ferrous
Nonferrous beverage containers
Other nonferrous
Remaining waste
All components
Source-
Separated
Materials
64
6 1
00
1.0
1.9
2 1
1.8
0.9
12.8
4.2
Refuse
13.0
18 1
0.0
0.1
6.6
2.8
0.6
128
23.7
17.2
SOURCE Resource Planning Associates, Inc
-------
MOISTURE AND HEAT CONTENT 25
The composite moisture content of refuse was 17 percent,
more than 4 times the 4-percent composite content of
source-separated materials. Newsprint, other paper,
and remaining waste had the highest moisture content of
all components.
The moisture content of newsprint, other paper, and
remaining waste varied greatly from season to season.
We studied the variability of the moisture content of
these three components and the sum of all components
over four seasons for the two communities (see Exhibit
3.b). The composite moisture content of source-
separated materials is more consistent than that of
refuse from season to season because of the more
consistent composition of source-separated materials,
and because cans and bottles are usually emptied before
source separation.
HEAT CONTENT
After measuring the moisture content, we computed the
heat content of source-separated materials and remaining
refuse in two ways: heat content per pound and total
heat content per day available to an energy-recovery
facility.
We found that the heat content per pound of Marblehead's
refuse was higher than Somerville's because there are
less noncombustibles in Marblenead's refuse (see Exhibit
3.c). However, because Marblehead's source-separated
material has less paper and more glass and metals than
Somerville's, the heat content per pound of Marblehead's
source-separated materials was significantly lower than
Somerville's. Furthermore, the heat content per pound
of source-separated materials of both communities was
more consistent seasonally than the heat content of
refuse, because the composition of source-separated
materials is more seasonally consistent than refuse.
It appears that source separation can increase the heat
content per pound of a community's solid waste if a
significant amount ot noncombustibles is removed. We
found that the heat content per pound of Marblehead's
refuse is considerably higher than the heat content of
-------
Exhibit 3.b
Moisture Content for Four Seasons
(Percent H20)
26
Source-Separated
Somerville
Component
Newsprint
Other paper
Remaining waste
All components
Fall
60
45
172
45
Spring
66
11.5
-
4.9
Materials
Refuse
Marblehead
Winter
92
4 1
3 2
4.1
Summer
3.9
46
18 1
32
Somerville
Fall
21 8
18.2
229
15 1
Spring
14 0
29.8
30.9
21.5
Marblehead
Winter
7.8
14.5
229
188
Summer
86
10.0
182
134
SOURCb Resource Planning Associates, Inc.
-------
Exhibit 3.c
Heat Content for Four Seasons
(Btu/lb)
Somerville Marblehead
Fall Spring Winter Summer
Source-Separated 4,911 4,813 3,661 3,717
Materials
Refuse 4,704 3,981 4,734 5,254
SOURCE: Resource Planning Associates, Inc
27
-------
MOISTURE AMD HEAT CONTENT 28
Marblehead's total residential waste stream. "with
source separation, there are proportionately fewer
noncombustibles and more other paper in refuse. The
heat content of refuse with source separation was about
4,950 Btu/lb, approximately 14 percent higher than the
4,340 Btu/lb for the total residential waste stream
(without source separation).
The total heat content of refuse per day available for
energy recovery is lowered by source separation because
combustibles are removed. For the average solid-waste
collection day in the fall season in Somerville, source
separation removed about 5 percent of the heat content
per day from the total residential waste stream (see
Exhibit 3.d). For Marblehead in the winter season,
source separation removed about 21 percent of the daily
heat content of residential waste.
However, the increase in the heat content per pound of
Marblehead's refuse offsets the decrease in heat
content in the total residential waste stream caused Dy
source separation. An energy recovery facility can
easily replace the heat content removed by source
separation by burning refuse from other communities.
If the additional refuse is obtained from a community
tnat does not source separate, the total heat content
will increase slightly because ot the higher Btu
content per pound of Marblehead's refuse. If additional
refuse is obtained from communities that do source
separate, the increase in total heat content is even
greater (see Exhibit 3.e).
-------
29
Exhibit 3.d
Average Heat Content Per Day
of Refuse and Source-Separated Materials
Marblehead, February
Total Heat Content
259 million Btu
Source-Separated
Materials
54 million Btu
20 8 percent
Refuse
205 million Btu
79 2 percent
Somerville, October
Total Heat Content
1,343 million Btu
Source-Separated
Materials
69 million Btu
5 1 percent
Refuse
-1,274 million Btu
94.9 percent
SOURCE Resource Planning Associates, Inc
-------
30
Exhibit 3.e
Heat Content Available to an
Energy Recovery Facility
300
259 .
Heat content of
Marblehead's
*" total residential
waste
200
Heat content
(millions of Btu)
150
100
50
Key:
MB Marblehead's refuse.
Hill Total residential waste from a community with the same
heat content per pound as Marblehead's, without source
separation.
| | | Refuse from a community with the same heat content
per pound as Marblehead's, with source separation.
SOURCE Resource Planning Associates, Inc.
-------
Appendix A
PROGRAM BACKGROUND
As part of its evaluation of different types of resource-
recovery programs, EPA selected Somerville and Marblehead,
Massachusetts for demonstration studies of source
separation. This appendix provides demographic informa-
tion about Marblehead and Somerville and describes how
their source-separation programs operate.
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Marblehead is an affluent suburban community in the
Boston metropolitan area with a population of 23,000
and a density of 5,200 persons per square mile.
Seventy percent of the families live in single-family
homes. Fifteen percent of the families rent their
homes or apartments, and 85 percent own their residences.
The median income is $12,600 per year, and the median
education level is 13.2 years.
Somerville is an urban community also within the Boston
metropolitan area, with a population of 90,000 and a
density of 22,600 persons per square mile, one of the
highest in the nation. Single-family homes house 10
percent of the families in Somerville; most of the
remaining people live in two- , three-, and four-
family homes. Sixty-five percent of the families rent
their homes or apartments, and 35 percent live in
their own homes. The median income is $9,600 per year,
and the median education level is 11.6 years.
31
-------
PROGRAM BACKGROUND 32
Salient demographic characteristics of the communities
and their source-separation programs can be summarized
as follows:
Somerville Marblehead
Population 90,000 23,000
Land area (sq mile) 4 4.5
Population density
(persons/sq mile) 22,600 5,200
Housing: Single-family 10% 70%
Multi-family 90% 30%
Median income (per year) $9,600 $12,600
Median education (years) 11.b 13.2
PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS
Altnough Marblehead has had an organized source-
separation program since 1972, that program offered
only monthly collection for each of four materials. One
week paper was collected, tne following week cans, the
next week clear glass, and the fourth week green glass.
During certain holidays, no materials were collected.
The collection schedule was confusing and residents
were required to carefully prepare materials by washing
bottles, removing labels and rings, and so on. The
publicity for the program was also limited.
On January 12, 1976, Marblehead initiated a new,
substantially improved collection program: Recycle
Plus. The new multi-materials program was preceded by
extensive public education/public relations activities
and offered a much better collection service.
-------
PROGRAM BACKGROUND 33
Althougn source separation was mandatory in Marblehead
under the old program, and still is, participation
since January 12, 1976, has more than doubled. This
indicates both the difficulty of enforcing source-
separation legislation and the importance of good
public relations to encourage voluntary participation.
In Marbleheact, residents place three bundles flat
paper, clear glass and cans, and colored glass and cans
-- at the curb for collection on source-separation
days, which are different than regular trash collection
days. As in Somerville, no other preparation is
necessary. Special crews with three-compartment trucks
pick up the materials. In addition to the weekly
collection of source-separation materials, Marblehead
has open bins at the site of the former town landfill
for residents who wish to bring their materials. The
success of Recycle Plus helped the town to reduce the
frequency of the remaining mixed-housenold-refuse
collection from twice per week to once per week. The
town also was able to reduce its mixed-refuse equipment
and labor needs.
In Somerville, collection of source-separated materials
began on December 1, 1975. At that time, Somerville"s
residents could put flat paper and a mixture of clear
glass and cans at the curbside next to their regular
refuse on the regular weekly collection day. In 1976,
Somerville added colored glass to its glass and can
mixture. No preparation was necessary except to sort
waste into the source-separation categories. The
paper and glass and can mixtures were then picked up
by special town crews. Somerville is paid by tne ton
of source-separated materials delivered, based on the
current secondary materials marKet. Participation in
the program by Somerville residents is voluntary, and
the major inducement to source separation has been a
public education/public relations program.
Somerville suspended its source-separation program
for the winter early in December 1976, as a result of
collection problems caused by severe weather. The
program was again suspended during the winter of
1977-1978.
The political leadership in Somerville changed in January
1977, and it was not until April 24, 1977, that
-------
PROGRAM BACKGROUND
34
Somerville was able to resume the source-separation
program.
On May 10, 1978, Somerville was notified by the company
that buys its glass and cans that it would no longer
buy colored mixed glass or cans mixed with glass. The
last load of glass and cans left Somerville May 13, and
there have been no collections of these materials since
then. Paper collections are continuing as usual.
Salient features of the two programs can be summarized
as follows:
Somerville
Marblehead
Program name
Materials collected
"Somerville Saves" "Recycle Plus"
Recyclables collec-
tion frequency
Refuse collection
frequency
Recycling crews
Refuse crew
Collection vehicles
Disposal cost
per ton
Flat paper
Cans and mixed
glass
Weekly
Weekly
Two 3-man crews,
one 4-man crew
Nine 3-man crews
Compartmentalized
trucks with rear-
loading hydraulic
buckets; 2 compart-
ments
$9.40
Flat paper
Cans and clear
glass
Cans and colored
glass
Weekly
Weekly
Two 3-man crews
Four 3-man crews
Compartmentalized
trucks with rear-
loading hydraulic
buckets; 3 compart-
ments
$18.95
-------
Appendix B
COMPOSITION ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES
The Marblehead and Somerville studies represent the
first seasonal composition analysis of the recoverable
components in refuse and source-separated materials.
Therefore, a review of the methodologies used for our
waste composition study is important. We have generally
followed a consistent approach to our analysis over
four seasons, except that we increased the number of
recoverable sample components from 8 to 14 after the
fall season's analysis. This appendix describes our
methodology for sampling and for analyzing data.
SAMPLING METHODOLOGY
The sampling methodology we used for our component
analysis consisted of two steps: collecting samples
and sorting samples. This approach could be applied to
composition studies in most communities.
Collecting Samples
Before our component analysis began, we decided to take
twice as many samples of refuse and source-separated
materials in Marblehead as in Somerville. Our efforts
were more concentrated in harblehead because its
source-separation program was much more successful and
because we knew that Somerville's program would be
suspended for the winter, disrupting our seasonal
analysis. We collected two samples from each of eight
representative areas in Marblehead and from four areas
in Somerville. The sampling areas are geographically
dispersed and cover the range of social and economic
35
-------
COMPOSITION ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES 36
characteristics of each community. One of the two
samples was refuse, the other was source-separated
materials. Therefore, 16 samples were collected in
Marblehead and 8 in Somerville for each season. In
Marblehead, we collected samples that varied from 145
to 547 pounds for refuse, and 83 to 580 pounds for
source-separated materials. Samples in Somerville
ranged from 267 to 368 pounds for refuse and 153 to 425
pounds for source-separated materials. We collected
samples for one week (Monday through Friday) in each
season. Samples were collected in Marblehead on
Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and on Tuesday and
Thursday in Somerville.
We documented weather conditions for three days before
and for each day we sampled (see Exhibit B.a). This
was to account for the effect excess moisture may have
had on the weight or neat content of the samples, since
some residents stored their waste out of doors uncovered.
Little or no rain or snow fell during any of the sample
periods, and no snow melted during the winter period.
It is unlikely that these conditions could have increased
the weight or moisture content of the refuse or source-
separated material samples.
The number of housing units per sample ranged from 3 to
13 units for refuse, and 4 to 20 for source-separated
materials, and sampling was conducted just before the
normal municipal waste was collected by the town/city
crews. Source-separated materials were collected from
every house in the sample area until a sample, estimated
to be between 250 and 300 pounds, was accumulated.
Slightly smaller samples of recovered materials were
taken in Somerville because fewer residents partici-
pated in the source-separation program.
The sampling crew consisted of a driver/recorder and at
least three collectors who would later sort the samples.
The driver was responsible for knowing the collection
route. The driver was also responsible for completing
collection forms and noting all deviations in the
sample (such as changes in address or route) and
materials that were not collected.
Collectors took only refuse and source-separated materials
that were placed at tne curbside. During the refuse
-------
37
Exhibit B.a
Weather Conditions During Sampling Periods
Season
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Date
October 21
October 22
October 23
October 24
October 25
October 26
October 27
October 28
January 27
January 28
January 29
January 30
January 31
February 1
February 2
February 3
February 20
February 21
February 22
February 23
May 5
May 6
May 7
May 8
May 9
May 10
May 11
May 12
July 14
July 15
July 16
July 17
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 21
Temperature
(ฐF)
__
37
49
57
62
69
29
30
21
38
49
53
60
62
59
62
59
63
74
68
66
65
71
78
80
81
Precipitation
(Inches)
Traces of ram
0
0
0
0
0 13
Traces of rain
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
034*
0
0
Traces of rain
0.25*
Traces of ram
0
0
0
0 12
0
0.27*
0.02
0
0
0
SOURCE National Weather Bureau, Logan International Airport.
* After sampling.
-------
COMPOSITION AiMALYSIS METHODOLOGIES 38
collection, it a previously selected house did not have
trash out, refuse was taken from the next house and the
deviation from collection procedures was noted on the
data collection sheet. Refuse items that were large or
were clearly not routine -- furniture, large appliances,
bundles of wood, tires -- were left at the curbside and
noted on the collection forms. These items were
described and their approximate size noted. Yard
wastes, with the exception of large prunings, were
collected as refuse. When exceptionally large quantities
of yard wastes were found, some bags were left and the
number left was noted on the data form.
The collection vehicle was a 14-foot U-Haul truck with
an overhang above the cab. The interior floor area was
7 feet by 11 feet. This area was divided into four
sections, each measuring 3-1/2 feet by 5-1/2 feet. The
partition was constructed from pine board and pressboard.
A single l-by-12-inch pine board, cut to a length ot 11
feet, was placed in the center of the truck. Three
notches were cut into the board in the back, middle,
and front. Crosspieces, measuring l-by-12 inches by 7
feet, were notched and fitted at each of these points.
The sides of each section were pieces of 3-foot press-
board. All pieces could be removed, which made sorting
quick and relatively simple. The floor of the truck
was covered with plastic drop cloths before the parti-
tion pieces were installed. After the boards were in
place, four separate drop cloths were placed in each
section. All additional materials were stored in the
overhang of the truck, where they were easily accessible.
Sorting Samples
The samples were taken to the municipal garage for
sorting. The garage floor directly behind the truck
was covered with plastic drop cloths, and one sample at
a time was removed from the truck for sorting and
weigning. The best method was to remove the rear
partition in the truck and wrap the drop cloth around
the sample and slide it onto the floor. After this was
done, the following items were used in the sorting and
weighing: 15 32-gallon plastic barrels, work gloves,
No. 10 clear plastic barrel liners, a 100-pound Horns
dial scale with an extended platform, tags, twist-ties,
-------
COMPOSITION ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES 39
2 snow shovels, 2 push brooms, and 4 magnets. The
barrels were clearly labeled, one for each of the 14
components and remaining waste. The barrels were
arranged in a semicircle behind the sample. The scale
was placed off to one side of the truck with the
brooms, shovels, liners, ties, and tags. Two magnets
were attached to each side of the truck near the
work space. Each barrel was lined with a No. 10 clear
plastic trash liner. Clear plastic liners were used to
enable easy identification of the samples after they
were removed from tne barrels.
Large, easily identifed objects were sorted first.
Magnets were used to determine ferrous materials. All
questionable materials (such as composites) or materials
difficult to separate (such as bags of extremely wet
refuse) were set aside.
For any glass, metal, or plastic container that held
other materials, the contents were removed and appropriately
sorted. In cases where the contents were food remains
or liquids, the materials were shaken out into the
remaining waste barrel. Removable container tops were
sorted separately from the container. Only beer, ale,
and carbonated soft-drink containers were placed in the
beverage container bins (ferrous, nonferrous, and
glass). Mirrors and plate glass cannot be recycled and
were placed in the remaining waste barrel. Glass was
sorted into colors: clear, green, and brown.
After all tne large and easily identified objects were
sorted, the remaining materials were then separated.
Composites that were more than 75 percent by weight of
any designated component were placed into the appropriate
barrel; for example, cardboard/metal juice cans were
sorted into the other paper category. The work crew
attempted to separate all items larger than a cigarette
pack. All materials left behind were placed in the
remaining waste barrel.
After the sample was completely sorted, the plastic
barrel liners were closed with the ties and tagged
with the sample number, category, and date. The
contents of the barrels were tnen weighed.
-------
COMPOSITION ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES 40
One crew member recorded all final weights in each
category and the total sample weight. This person was
also responsible for filling out the sorting forms,
maKing final decisions on questionable items being
sorted, checking the sample for any contamination, and
making general reference notes.
DATA ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
Our analysis methodology for interpreting data derived
from our component analysis includes tnree parts:
determining recovery rates, measuring component
variability, and analyzing moisture and heat content.
The methodology can be used in developing city and
regional solid-waste management policies.
Determining
Recovery Rates
Recovery rates are one way to measure the success of a
multimaterial source-separation program. The recovery
rate is defined as the percentage of a recoverable
material that is actually recovered from the total
amount of that material in the waste stream. Recovery
rates indicate the recoverable materials that residents
find easiest or most difficult to source-separate, and
what materials could be recovered in larger quantities.
To compute recovery rates, we first performed a component
analysis for the combined streams of refuse and source-
separated materials. We factored the component percentages
against the total weights of refuse and source-separated
materials reported for the month in which our seasonal
analysis took place.
For each component, we determined what percent of the
combined streams was recovered material. For example,
of the 113.2 tons of newsprint discarded by Marblehead
residents in July, 72.1 tons were recovered. This
gives us a recovery rate of 63.7 percent for newsprint.
-------
COMPOSITION ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES 41
Measuring Component
Variability
To determine the significance of our component analysis,
we measured the amount that each component varied trom
sample to sample. Component fractions that show the
least variability among a group of samples are statisti-
cally more significant than component fractions that
have a high variability. However, an established value
for acceptable variability for waste composition is not
available. Therefore, we can only show which component
fractions varied more than others, without drawing con-
clusions on the significance of the fractions.
To measure how the percentages of each component
varied among the individual samples, we calculated the
coefficient of variation (CV), defined as tne standard
deviation divided by the mean for each component.
However, since the component percentages for the
samples are small (less than 2u percent) and tnere
are a small number of samples, the actual statistical
distribution is sKewed from a "normal curve." Therefore,
to compute the CV, a transformation of the data to
counter skewness is appropriate. We used an arcsin
transformation as follows*:
Y = 2 arcsin X
Where X is the mean of the component percentages in
each sample and Y is the transformed mean.
The CVs were computed for 11 components (beverage
containers were not separated by color). High CV
values represent component percentages that vary widely
from sample to sample; low values represent percentages
that are less variable.
* U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare,
Puolic Health Service, Analysis of Solid Waste Composition,
1969.
-------
COMPOSITION ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES 42
Analyzing Moisture
and Heat Content
Our methodology for the moisture and heat content
analysis was designed to provide preliminary data on
whether the moisture content of recovered materials and
refuse differs, and to find out if source separation
affects the heating value of residential waste. A more
rigorous sampling program would be required to accurately
quantify typical values for moisture and heat content.
After dividing samples into their 15 components, we
combined like sample components (e.g., two refuse
samples of newsprint) and mixed them by hand to obtain
a homogeneous mixture. A representative sample of
about 10 pounds was taken from the combined samples,
placed in plastic bags, and delivered to a laboratory
for analysis. In the laboratory, each moisture sample
was shredded, crushed, and mixed to increase homogeneity
and then dried in an oven. The percent of moisture in
the sample was then derived by the weight loss of
H20. The results of this analysis for four seasons
are included in Appendix D.
The heating value, in Btu/lb, was computed for refuse
and recovered material sample components, using the
moisture analysis results and the known heating values
of those components in typical municipal waste (see
Exhibit B.b).
-------
43
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Appendix C 45
COMPONENT ANALYSIS SAMPLE DATA
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46
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52
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53
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co co ^ ^f oo
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56
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CO
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CO
CM
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q o q
LO' d - in
CO LO r- CM
CO' ' CN l~>
LO LO O O
O <* CO ซ
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00 CO CN 00
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Glass beverage
Clear
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Subtotal
CO
LO < '
0 0
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Subtotal
ci
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q
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<- CM
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co ^ ^t >
LO ^ O
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r^ < ^-' r^
r
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cd en ^-' cd
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58
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1
to
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a.
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Percent
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ro 05 i
Percent
CM O -Q
Percent
I- IN. _l
Sampled
Sample No.
Housing Units
CO CO | ^ *
3- 00 CO CM
OM PO
LO LO | O O
IT! OM O> IN.'
CN - LO CD <*
co d -xF ro PN'
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LO LO o o q
< o co <-' cri
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co ro ro LO IN.
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3- O < v- IN.'
CD 00
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CD LO CD CO in
< ป LO O>
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co o r^ un
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CO CN CO PN
CN OO IO
CO CN CO CO
co o d ro
LO LO O O
o o < CM'
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CD ^ CN O
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co r^ o d
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containers
Glass beverage
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Subtotal
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01
u
6
0
00
o
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,
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0
CN
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CD
CN
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CO
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d
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in
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in
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in
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in
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