DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN RECREATIONAL AREAS
This report (SW-91ts) Was written by
HARRY R. LITTLE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1972
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Mention of oommeroidl products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government
An environmental protection publication
in the solid waste management series (SW-91ts)
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 75 cents
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FOREWORD
Solid waste systems in recreational areas, as elsewhere, are normally
designed for maximum use. Because of the periods of low usage that occur
in recreational areas, the overall system cost on a unit basis (dollars
per ton or per can) is much higher than in areas with constant use. The
proper design of a solid waste system in a recreational area is, there-
fore, even more critical than in an urban area where continuous use
tends to reduce the unit cost.
Most of the information available to planners and designers of solid
waste systems in recreational areas has been limited and dated (the basic
data were gathered between 1955 and I960).1'2 Recently, however, the
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs (OSWMP) began collecting new
data suitable for design purposes in recreational areas.3 This report
is an attempt to bring together additional data from recent studies,
demonstrations, and research projects and to relate them to the problems
of solid waste management in recreational areas.
SAMUEL HALE, JR.
Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Solid Waste Management
i i i
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CONTENTS
I nt reduction <,<> ° « 1
Ad mi nlst ration »..« o » ».. 2
Amounts Collected 5
Storage 8
Collection <>.. 18
Transfer Stations 0. o o o» . oo. ..... 30
D i sposa 1 . oo.o o ...o.o... o.o. 3^
References 51
Acknowledgments 52
Appendix A .0.0.0.000 53
Appendix B O....o....o 65
List of Figures
Figure 1 Cost allocation in a general solid waste cost
accounting system 6
Figure 2 Use of 55-gal drums for storage 0.... 11
Figure 3 Minimum acceptable storage container .......o 11
Figure A Acceptable storage container 12
Figure 5 Alternate container design 12
Figure 6 Alternate container design 13
Figure 7 Underground storage container 13
Figure 8 Rotating "bearproof" container rack \k
Figure 9 Reinforced "bearproof" container lA
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Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 2k
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
1-1/2-ton truck with stake body ....<, 0...».
13-cu-yd packer truck o.o.o...» «...
Use of small trailer for collection ....<, 0>.
Temporary storage container that doubles as
collection vehicle .....<,
Economic effect of employing a second collector
Front-loading packer truck servicing 8-cu-yd
conta i ner . . . . . . 0 0
Transfer station utilizing medium-size bulk
Transfer station utilizing pull-on containers ...
Air pollution from open dump in recreational area .
Water pollution from open dump in recreational
Water pollution from open dump in recreational
Air and water pollution from open dump in
Large incinerator without adequate air pollution
Trench operation of a sanitary landfill . .
19
19
20
21
21
28
31
31
33
35
37
37
38
38
39
39
41
k]
k2
43
kk
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Figure 31 Spreading and compacting waste on a slope in an
area fill operation 45
Figure 32 Waste being covered at the close of operation .... 45
Figure 33 Trench prepared for landfill operations 46
Figure 34 Small front-end loader suitable for use on a
sanitary landfill in recreational areas » 46
Figure 35 Equipment operator time for sanitary landfills
using small equipment 43
List of Tables
Table 1 Solid waste collection rates for recreational areas . 7
Table 2 Characteristics of solid waste collected «, 8
Table 3 Estimated number of 32-gallon storage containers
needed in recreational areas » o.o.o.. 16
Table 4 Cost of solid waste storage using 32-gallon
containers <,.<,..,. o.o.o 17
Table 5 Average cost and design characteristics for selected
solid waste collection vehicles 23
Table 6 Average cost and design characteristics of boats
and barges used for collection , 29
Table 7 Estimated cost factors for transfer stations in
recreational areas . ..<> .<....<>.. 36
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DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN RECREATIONAL AREAS
The six basic elements of a solid waste management system, be it
urban, rural or recreational, are administration, storage, collection,
transport, processing, and disposal.
A combined or regional, solid waste management system will usually
operate more efficiently and at less cost than a fractionalized, piecemeal
operation. This applies to recreational solid waste management systems,
particularly in the area of economical and satisfactory disposal. This
will often require coordination with and cooperation of recreational area
administrators, city and county officials, and various State and Federal
agencies.
Storage in recreational areas is usually accomplished by the use of
32-gal, galvanized steel containers. There has been increased use of larger,
bulk containers, and as labor costs continue to rise, these mechanically
loaded receptacles will become more prevalent.
The predominant collection vehicle in recreational areas is the 1-ton
pickup truck, which is often equipped with wooden stake sides and a hydraulic
dumping mechanism. If collection personnel have no other duties, such
as campground maintenance and cleaning, it is usually more economical to
have only one collector on each truck. If they perform other functions,
the general practice is to assign two men to a truck.
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As regional disposal systems become more common in recreational
areas, there will be a rise in the number of small transfer stations
where solid wastes from widely dispersed areas are concentrated, then
periodically removed to disposal sites. If private contractors in
adjacent communities possess the necessary equipment to service these
transfer stations, contracting with them can often prove to be an
economical way to remove solid wastes from the area.
Because a sanitary landfill can accomodate widely varying amounts
of waste at low operating costs, it is usually the most efficient
disposal method for recreational areas.
In isolated areas and where suitable land is not available, small
incinerators can provide adequate volume reduction and organic removal
as long as they are capable of meeting prevailing air and water quality
standards. Incinerators are somewhat limited, however, by capacity
requirements and by the need to dispose of the residue satisfactorly.
Admi ni stration
Recreational areas, particularly the larger public ones, are
often divided into several districts, each reporting to a central
headquarters. The headquarters staff is responsible for overall planning,
budgeting, and support services, but personnel are usually assigned
to collect and dispose of solid waste at the district level. This
arrangement normally works quite well for collection, but no one district
is usually large enough to economically and adequately process and
dispose of the solid waste it has collected. It is often advisable,
2
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therefore, that districts join together and cooperate under the leadership
of the area headquarters in operating the more costly systems and
facilities necessary to properly treat and dispose of solid waste
in this age of environmental awareness.
In the interest of effective solid waste management, it is often
desirable, even necessary, to cross jurisdictional lines and establish
jointly operated, regional solid waste systems with other recreational
areas and nearby communities. A permanent population, such as a city,
will allow continual use of processing and disposal facilities and
result in a lower unit cost for disposal than is possible with only
intermittent use, as would be provided by a strictly recreational
area. If it is at all possible, therefore, the administrators of
solid waste systems in recreational areas should attempt to coordinate
their efforts with those of other agencies in the region so that all
parties can more effectively meet the mounting problems caused by
increasing amounts of solid waste.
The objectives of good solid waste management are to remove and
dispose of all solid waste in a manner that maintains high standards
of sanitation at the lowest cost. The first objective requires an
awareness of the importance of proper waste handling by management,
on both the district and headquarters levels, so that the necessary
personnel, equipment, and facilities can be provided. The second
objective requires continuous supervision over each element in the
system and a constant flow of information between all levels of
responsibi1i ty.
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An awareness of proper solid waste management practices and a commit-
ment to them can be achieved only through experience and training. Training
is important at all levels: (l) general sanitation and waste handling
practices tor area administrators and supervisors; (2) process and system
design for those responsible for design; (3) operation and maintenance
of equipment for those charged with its operation.
The most effective method of attaining an information flow is the
use of a well-designed accounting system that provides for frequent report-
ing of all costs and operating parameters associated with the various
elements of the system (Appendix A). Several such systems have been
developed by the OSWMP for use under various conditions, and all have
several features in common; 1*~7
(l) They facilitate the orderly and efficient collection and
transmission of all revelant data.
(2) Reports are clear, concise, and present only data required
for effective control and analysis.
(3) Data are grouped in standard accounting classifications.
(4) They account for all relevant costs of operations.
(5) Accumulated data from them can, over a period of time, lead
to standards of performance and efficiency.
(6) They include automatic provisions for accountability.
(7) Collected data aid in short- and long-range forecasting
of operating and capital budgets.
The actual cost items collected will depend to some extent on the
system under consideration; in general, however, they are classified
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as operating expenses and capital costs (Figure 1). The costs assigned
to each element of the system can be further divided and allotted
to cost centers within the element. For example, processing costs
might be assigned to cost centers such as receiving and storage, volume
reduction, and effluent handling and treatment.
Amounts Collected
Before discussing collection and disposal, it is necessary to
determine both the amounts and the characteristics of the solid waste
collected in recreational areas. It must also be remembered that
there is a distinction between wastes generated and collected. Some
waste is not collected by recreational area personnel; it is taken
out of the area by the visitor, left where collection is not provided
(wilderness areas and lake bottoms), or burned in campfires. Subsequent
discussions and designs will be concerned only with those wastes that
are collected and end up in the handling and disposal systems.
In general, the amounts and characteristics of the solid waste
collected depend on the habits of the individual visitor, the length
of his stay, the activities he engages in, and the policies of the
collecting agency. While it is difficult to catalog personal habits
and their effect on waste production, it is possible to record both
the length and activities of individual visits. Many recreational
area managers do this continually, others frequently, and some infrequently
or not at all. Where such data have been gathered, it is usually
found that the length of visits depends on the activities of the visitors.
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OPERATING
EXPENSES
Labor
Oil and
gasoline
Parts and
supplies
Utilities
Charges from
other activities
External contracts
and charges
Miscellaneous
CAPITAL
COSTS
Buildings
Equipment
Site
improvement
Miscellaneous
Administration
and supervision
Storage
Collection
Transport
Processing
Disposal
Depreciation-
Interest-
Total
operating
expenses
Total financing
Total
annual
cost
and ownership costs
Figure I. Cost allocation in a general solid waste cost
accounting system.
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TABLE 1
SOLID WASTE COLLECTION RATES FOR RECREATIONAL AREAS
Recreational
si te
Average amount
of solid waste collected
(90% confidence interval)3
Campground
Family pi cnicground
Group picnicground
Organization camp
Resort area
Rented cabin (w/kitchen)
Lodge room (wo/kitchen)
Restaurant
Res i dence
Ski area
Overnight lodge (all facilities)
Day lodge (all facilities)
Observation site
Visitor center
Swimming beach
Concession stand
Administrative residence
1.26 +_0.08 Ib/camper/day
0.93 +_ 0.16 Ib/picnicker
1.16 +_ 0.26 Ib/picnicker
1.81 +.0.39 Ib/occupant/day
1.46+_p.31 Ib/occupant/day
0.59 +0.59 Ib/occupant/day
0.71 +_0.40 Ib/meal served
2.13 +.0.54 Ib/occupant/day
J,
1.8? +.0.26 Ib/visi tor day"
j-
2.92 +_ 0.61 Ib/visitor day"
0.05 +_ 0.03 Ib/incoming axle
0.02 + 0.008 Ib/visitor
0.04 +_ 0.01 Ib/swimmer
0.14 Ib/patron
1.37 +.0.035 Ib/occupant/day
Reporting unit often used in recreational areas; it is defined as
the equivalent of one visitor doing one activity for 12 hr.
t
No confidence interval possible because of limited data.
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It is possible, therefore, to predict the amount of solid waste collected
from visitors engaged in various recreational activities (Table 1).
The characteristics of the collected solid waste also vary by the
type of activity carried out (Table 2).
TABLE 2
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTED
FROM RECREATIONAL AREAS
Site
Campground
Family picnicground
Group picnicground
Organization camp
Recreation residence
Ski area
Overnight lodge
Day lodge
Food
waste
37
44
23
59
2k
34
17
Average values
(% by weight)3
Other
combust! bles
30
29
31
18
41
33
59
Noncombusti b les
33
27
40
23
35
33
24
Storage
Solid waste storage containers must be durable, easy to clean,
provided with tight-fitting lids to protect the waste from rodents, insects
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and other disease-carrying vectors, and small enough to allow easy
handling. Animals often cause problems by scavenging in storage containers
and special provisions must, therefore, be made. In addition, there
should be sufficient capacity to contain all the waste generated between
collections, and the containers must be conspicuous enough to discourage
1i tteri ng.
Solid waste storage containers generally fall into two groups:
individual-size and bulk containers. The first may be constructed
of metal or plastic or can be paper or plastic sacks with a holder.
They vary in capacity from 5 to 55 gal, but the use of 20 to 32 gal-
types is recommended. Bulk containers are normally unloaded by mechanical
hoists or lifting arms and have from 1 to 50 cu yd capacities. They
can be further divided into those that are emptied into a collection
vehicle and those that are taken to disposal areas to be emptied.
The first group usually ranges in size from 1 to 10 cu yd, while the
second group includes 3~ to 15~cu yd sizes, as well as 30- to 50-
cu yd containers.
As a rule, individual-size containers are used because collection
trucks capable of handling bulk containers cannot be economically
justified in isolated areas. Bulk containers have been successfully
used, however, in some large recreational areas and near urban centers
where such equipment is available. Bulk containers have also been used
in some campgrounds, but it has not been determined how far people
will carry their waste to place it in a container, so most administrators
and planners prefer to place a single, small container at each campsite.
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Until such data on bulk containers have been gathered, design will
have to center around the use of individual-size containers, as is
done in this report.
When individual-size containers are used, factors to consider
are: (l) the need to provide a tight-fitting lid; (2) the use of
a rack to hold the container; (3) the durability and appearance of
the receptacle (Figures 2,3). The container must be secured in position
so that it will not be knocked over or carried off by scavenging animals
or by destructive visitors. There are almost as many designs for
racks and stands as there are recreational areas, but if they are
to work properly, they should hold the container upright and stationary,
keep the cover with the container, and provide surroundings that are
easily kept clean and free of litter (Figures 4-9).
Rigid plastic containers, although acceptable from a sanitation
viewpoint, are normally not: used because it is difficult to secure
them to racks without damaging them. They are also easily cut and
ripped by bears and vandals. Similarly, paper and plastic bags are
not acceptable unless placed in a locked cabinet to keep them from
being ripped and destroyed.
The container most widely used is a 32-gal, galvanized steel
can having a tight-fitting lid. Plastic liners are often placed in
the cans and removed with the deposited waste at the time of collection.
Plastic liners have been used in recreational areas for a relatively
short time, but their employment is now almost universal. They have
been accepted because: (l) they improve general sanitation by keeping
10
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Figure 2. Use of 55-gal drums for storage (note lack of lids),
Figure 3. Minimum acceptable storage container.
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Figure 4. Acceptable storage container.
.
Figure 5. Alternate container design.
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j ,
Figure 6. Alternate container design.
Figure 7. Underground storage container,
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Figure 8. Rotating "bearproof" container rack.
Figure 9. Reinforced "bearproof" container.
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the storage containers from accumulating encrusted waste; (2) they
speed up collection by eliminating the need to lift each container
to empty it into the truck. Liners come in several sizes, colors,
and thicknesses. Color is not too important in recreational areas,
and clear bags are commonly used. The size employed depends on the
capacity of the containers, but other than that is not a critical
factor. Thickness, however, is something that needs to be considered.
Most manufacturers market bags having nominal thicknesses of from
1.25 to about 3.00 mil. It has been found that bags about 2.00 mil
thick give reliable service; thinner bags often tear and spill waste.
Four items are needed for designing solid waste storage systems:
(1) the number of containers (Table 3); (2) the amount of waste; (3)
the cost of all system elements; (k) the expected life of all elements
(Table 4). In determining the number of containers, a minimum collection
frequency of once a week was used. In most cases, however, at least
two collections should be provided each week, especially during warm
weather to reduce the possibility of fly breeding in the containers.
Twice-weekly collection requires but 0.72 containers per site in a
campground, provided that all of those placed there are used. When
capacity is less than maximum, fewer containers are needed. For example,
in a campground with one container per site, collection more than
once each week is needed only when the capacity exceeds 70 percent of
maximum.
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TABLE 3
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF 32-GALLON STORAGE CONTAINERS
NEEDED IN RECREATIONAL AREAS
Site
Number of_,
contai ners
Campground
Family picnicground
Group picnicground
Organization camp
Resort area
Rented cabin (w/kitchens)
Lodge room (wo/kitchens)
Restaurant
Res idence
Ski area
Overnight lodge (all facilities)
Day lodge (all facilities)
Observation site
V isi tor center
Swimming beach
Concession stand
Administrative residence
t
1.43 per site
1.10 per si te
1 per 20 people
1 per 1.8 people
1 per 2.5 people
1 per 6.0 people
1 per 7.5 meals
2.75 per residence
1 per 1.8 people
1 per 1.2 people
1 per 150 vi s i tors
1 per 180 vi s i tors
1 per 7-3 swimmers
1 per 2^ patrons
1 .65 per resi dence
Based on a minimum of once-a-week collection and 170 Ib per cu
yd waste density in storage containers.
t
Collect after each use.
Based on a density of 350 Ib per cu yd.
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TABLE k
COST OF SOLID WASTE STORAGE USING 32-GALLON CONTAINERS"
I tern Amount
First cost of container $ 7-00
Cost of rack or stand 15.00
Jost of installation 20.00
Total first cost per container $42.00
Estimated 1ife 10 yr
Annual cost per container $ 4.20
Annual maintenance cost 0.50
Annual cost of plastic liners (125 used) 4.30
Total annual cost per container $ 9-00
j-
Note: Cost estimates presented here and elsewhere in this report
are based on information available to the author when he conducted this
investigation during the period 1968-1970.
Certain sites will be used more frequently than others, and unless
the visitors are willing to take their waste to an unused (or less
frequently used) container, littering and overflowing containers will
result.3 Additional containers are, therefore, normally placed in the
area, or collection is provided more frequently. The collection fre-
quency required for a particular area should be determined on the basis
of prevailing temperatures, visitation, and insect and animal problems.
Once the collection frequency is chosen, the total storage requirements
can be calculated.
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Col lection
The purpose of collection is to remove the waste from storage areas
where it is close to human habitation and activity and to transport it
to a disposal site. This is done in order to reduce the chance of contact
between people and the waste and with the insects and animals attracted
by the waste. Collection, therefore, should be frequent and thorough.
Normally, the interval between collections should be no longer than 1
week, but it will often have to be much shorter because of high usage,
waste loads, and climatic conditions.
The total storage capacity required in an area can be calculated
based on the frequency of collection as previously described and
compared with the expected quantity of solid waste for the week (based
on visitation and use). One 32-gal container holds about 0.15 cu yd, or
25 lb, of typical solid waste.
Collection vehicles used are normally of three types: pickup
trucks, stake-body trucks, and packer trucks (Figures 10-12). Some
areas, however, use more unconventional equipment (Figures 13,1^)- Aside
from their low first and operating costs, pickup and stake-body trucks
can often be shared with other activities when waste collection is not
required, ensuring full utilization of equipment and a low cost
assigned to collection. Packer trucks are specialized pieces of
equipment and cannot be assigned to other tasks. When compared to open
trucks, they have a high annual cost, but they can carry from 5 to 10
times as much waste. They are very useful in high-use areas remote
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Figure 10. Pickup truck (with dumping body) used for collection.
Figure 11. 1%-ton truck with stake body.
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Figure 12. 13-cu-yd packer truck.
20
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Figure 13. Use of small trailer for collection.
Figure 14. Temporary storage container that doubles as
collection vehicle.
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from disposal sites, and as many dumps in and near recreational areas
are closed, packer trucks will come into more widespread use.
The primary considerations in selecting a collection vehicle are
that it be: (l) capable of enclosing the waste; (2) easily loaded and
unloaded; (3) of a size to negotiate all necessary roads and to provide
economical operation. As long as the solid waste is contained in tied-
off plastic bags, the truck itself need not be enclosed. In the
following discussions, four trucks will be considered: (l) 1-ton
pickup truck (with A-ft sides added); (2) l^-ton stake-body truck; (3)
13~cu yd packer; (k) 20-cu yd packer. In computing collection costs,
the time needed for collection, labor costs, and vehicle costs must all be
considered. Labor presently costs about $4 per man per hr (including
fringe benefits), and vehicle costs vary from $0.80 to $2.50 per hr
(Table 5). The time required for collection, however, varies significantly
in different areas, depending on local characteristics.
Collection is assumed to consist of three operations: (l) travel to
and from the area to be serviced; (2) travel to and from the disposal
site; (3) collection within the area. The total time required to collect
from an area can be expressed as:
TC = tTT + CTF + tTD + tDS + tFD + rC
where:
T is the total time required for collection,
tTT is the time required to travel to the area,
tJF is the time required to return from the area,
tTn is the time required to travel to the disposal site,
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TABLE 5
AVERAGE COSTS AND DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS FOR SELECTED
SOLID WASTE COLLECTION VEHICLES
Collection vehicle
Item 1-ton
pi ckup
1-1/2-ton
stake
13~cu yd
packer
20-cu yd
packer
Initial cos t
Depreciation
(assume 7~year or
14,000-hr life)
Operation cost
Total vehicle cost
Normal pay load.,
(contai ners)
$3,000 $4,000 $10,000 $15,000
$35/mo $45/mo $120/mo $l80/mo
$0.20/hr $0.30/hr $0.?0/hr $l.lO/hr
$0.60/hr $0.70/hr $1.10/hr $l.Whr
$0.80/hr $1.00/hr $1.80/hr $2.50/hr
Maximum capacity (cu
yd) 10
Maximum payload (tons) 1
JU
Normal payload (tons) 0.85
15
1.5
1.28
13
5
3.25
20
10
5.00
70
100
250
400
Expected amount of solid waste per full load.
Note: Table is based on the most recent costs reported from many
sources and is presented for discussion only.
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tn~ is the time spent unloading at the disposal site,
tp- is the time required to travel from the disposal site to the garage
area,
tp is the time required to collect in the area.
The travel times can easily be determined for most areas and can
be replaced by the sum of the terms, or t_. The distribution of the
different travel times within t_ will depend on local conditions
(e.g., travel to several areas before going to a disposal site, disposal
site adjacent to a collection area).
The time spent unloading at the disposal site (tn<-) depends
on the type of vehicle used, its size, and the number of men who unload
it. This time can usually be determined by making a few observations
or by questioning the collectors.
The time required to collect solid waste in an area (tr) is a
U
function of the amount of waste, its concentration, and the number of
men collecting. Expressed mathematically for any given crew size, this
is:
tr = a,c + a9m + a,d
w I ^ C _5 C
where:
c is the number of containers serviced,
m is the number of miles driven within the area,
c
d is the distance (in feet) walked by the collectors in the area,
a,, a_, a_ are constants.
The number of containers should be easily determined, and the
time to service one of them (remove the waste and install a new plastic
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bag) should be between 0.50 and 1.00 min based on observations during
field studies in recreational areas. The time to service one container
is assumed to be 0.75 min, and a, is, therefore, equal to 0.0125 hr per
contai ner.
The number of miles traveled within an area (m ) is also easily
determined. If an average travel speed within the area to be collected
is assumed to be 5 mph, then a- is 0.20 hr per mile.
A collector must walk a certain distance (d ) within an area even
c
when using a vehicle. The actual distance depends on the placement of
the containers and the number of men in the collection crew. The average
walking speed is about 2^0 ft per min; a, is, therefore, 0.000071^ hr per
ft. The distance that must be walked averages about 10 ft per container
when the containers are located on or at the road and the collector works
directly from the truck. If the containers are located back from the
road, the distance to and from each of them must be included. If a collector
does not work with the truck and walks through the area, the distance he
walks will be essentially the same as the road distance covered, plus any
distance to containers located back from the road.
The total time needed to collect in any given recreational area is
therefore:
tr = 0.0125c + 0.20m + 0.00007l4d
L C C
As mentioned previously, the number of men collecting will influence
this time and should be evaluated. Let us assume that collection is
needed in a 100-unit campground having one container per unit and that
the receptacles are located on the road. The total road mileage within
25
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the area is 0.50 mile, and three collection strategies are investigated:
(l) one man collecting by himself; (2) two men working together (at each
stop each man will service one container and return to the truck); (3)
two men working independently (each man will walk through the area emptying
containers and leaving filled plastic liners on the road; both men will
then drive through the area loading the bags into the truck).
The time required under each of these strategies can be determined
from the general equation. Strategy 1:
t-, = 0.125(100 containers) + 0.20(0.50 mile)
+ 0.00007U [ 5- ) (100 containers)
ycontainerj
tcl = 1.25 + 0.10 + 0.07
tc] = 1.42 hr
Strategy 2 must be analyzed a little differently. Each man is
assumed to collect from 50 sites and to walk an average of 50 ft per
site (more walking is done per site because the truck stops between
sites). The time required by each man, and also the elapsed time, is:
t = 0.0125(50 containers) + 0.20(0.50 mile)
U £.
0.0000714 (5° f*) (50 containers)
y container /
t = 0.62 + 0.10 + 0.18
Lr L-
tC2 = 0.90 hr
Strategy 3 must also be analyzed differently. If each man services
50 containers, walks 0.25 miles, and then rides through the area collect-
ing bags (no additional time is assumed for loading bags into the truck)
the time for each man, and also the elapsed time, is:
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tr, = 0.0125(50 containers) + 0.20(0.50 miles)
v» j
+ 0.000071A (1,320 ft)
tr. = 0.62 + 0.10 + 0.09
L 5
tr, = 0.81 hr
v> J
There are many other variations that can be applied to collection
procedures. Each would have to be analyzed in a manner similar to
those presented here. In general, however, it can be shown that two
collectors are able to service from 1.5 to 2.0 times as many containers
as a single collector in the same amount of time. The economy of using
a second collector drops, however, as travel time to the area increases
(Figure 15). The amount of time available for and the total cost of
collection depend on the time needed to travel between areas and to
disposal sites. The total collection cost should be determined for
each area, with the four collection vehicles discussed, and for both
one- and two-man crews. This allows selection of the most economical
collection system.
Some recreational areas have areas that are accessible only by
boat. Small pontoon barges or motorboats (either inboard or outboard)
are normally used if collections are made in these areas. (Backpack or
horseback collection is sometimes carried out but is not discussed in
this report.) The cost of using these two types of collection "vehicles"
is about $3-^0 and $6.00 per hr (Table 6).
The time required to collect the solid waste in a boat-access-only
area can be calculated in a manner similar to that for vehicle collection;
there will, however, be only servicing time and walking time:
tr = 0.0125c + 0.0000714d
u C
27
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-------
TABLE 6
AVERAGE COSTS AND DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
OF BOATS AND BARGES USED FOR COLLECTION
Pontoon barge Boat
Item (about 20 ft) (about 20 ft)
Initial cost
(including motor) $2,000 $5,000
Depreciation $20/month $50/month
(assume 8-yr or
5,000-hr life) $O.Whr $1.00/hr
Operation cost $3.00/hr $5.00/hr
Total hourly cost $3.^0/hr $6.00/hr
"
Normal capacity 10 cu yd 8 cu yd
*
Normal capacity 70 containers 50 containers
Average speed of travel 10 mph 20 mph
*
Expected amount per full load.
Note: This table is based on the most recent costs reported by
many sources and is presented for discussion only.
For a 10-site campground, where the sites are spaced as in the
larger one discussed previously, one man requires:
tc = 0.0125(10 containers) + 0.0000714(500 ft)
t = 0.12 + 0.06
Is
t. = 0.18 hr
u
Two men would require one-half as much time.
-------
Travel time between areas by barge and boat can be extremely
long. Since most boat-access-only campgrounds are small, it is usually
more economical to use only one man to collect.
If boat or barge collection is being considered, the total cost
(including travel time) should be calculated. It is usually found that
the cost is extremely high, and it may be advisable to require that
boaters using the areas bring out their solid wastes, as is done in
wilderness areas. This requires increased awareness of the problem
by the boaters and increased surveillance by the area managers to ensure
compliance with the regulation. In the long run, however, the increased
effort lowers the cost of solid waste management.
Transfer Stations
Transfer stations are sometimes used at which waste is transferred
from small collection vehicles to larger trucks and hauled to a distant
disposal site. They can be elaborate facilities that have baling
or compaction equipment, or they can be simple containers designed to
hold the waste until pickup. Transfer stations in recreational areas
are more often of the latter type; they range from wire holding pens
(in which the waste collected daily from campgrounds is stored in their
original bags for weekly removal to a disposal site) to standardized,
bulk containers serviced by a transfer truck.
Two relatively simple types of transfer stations provided with
readily available components appear adaptable to recreational areas. The
first uses medium-size containers (6, 8, or 10 cu yd) (Figure 16), and
30
-------
Figure 16. Front-loading packer truck servicing 8-cu-yd container.
Figure 17. 40-cu-yd pull-on container.
31
-------
the second has large containers (30, ^0, or 50 cu yd) (Figure 17).
Each system might involve the appropriate number of containers placed on
a level area without any other facilities, or it might have special
structures designed to protect and hide the receptacles. The costs of
ownership and operation would vary widely, depending on the amount of
site preparation and sophistication inherent in the design. Basically,
however, transfer containers should be placed in an area where: (l)
they can be serviced by the transfer vehicle; (2) individual collection
vehicles can unload their waste; (3) they are hidden from general view; (k)
they are protected from wildlife and inquisitive visitors. These four
basic requirements are all that are considered in subsequent discussions.
The number of containers used by either system would depend on the
amount of waste and the frequency of transfer. The density of waste
in the bulk containers, if no compaction were applied, would be about 170
Ib per cu yd. If a packer truck were used for collection, the density
in the transfer containers would be about 300 Ib per cu yd because of
the increased density achieved in the truck.
In the system using medium-size containers, the receptacles are
lifted and emptied into a packer truck, normally a front-loading type
(Figure 18). The truck empties many containers and uses its compaction
equipment to reduce the volume of waste picked up. The basic transfer
station is large enough to accommodate the proper number of containers.
The tops of the containers are about 3 ft above the groung to facilitate
unloading from pickup and stake trucks, and each receptacle has channels
welded along its sides to allow the forks of the transfer vehicle to
32
-------
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lift it. An alternative method would be to have the top of the containers
level with the ground and to provide an area behind them where the transfer
vehicle could manuever and service them. This arrangement would require
more land, but the containers would not be so visible from the road. The
design shown in Figure 18 would cost approximately $6,000 and, with an
estimated life of 25 years, would have an annual depreciation cost of
about $240.
Large containers are loaded directly onto a truck carriage and
transported to a disposal site for emptying. Normally, an empty
container is carried on the truck to the transfer station to replace
the full container. A typical transfer station using a large container
consists of a dumping area and an area needed to change the containers
(Figure 19). This type would cost approximately $15,000 and, with
a 25-year life, have an annual depreciation cost of $600.
The cost of using a transfer station (Table 7) should be compared
with that for direct haul to a disposal site. Because of the seasonal
variation in most recreational areas, the costs associated with using
a transfer station are often not justified when compared to direct
haul. If it is desirable, however, to remove the solid waste totally
from the area for disposal, the increased costs might be acceptable.
Disposal
The principal method of solid waste disposal in recreational areas
has historically been the open, burning dump. With increased environmental
awareness and more stringent regulations on all types of waste disposal,
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as expressed in Executive Order No. 11507 (Appendix B), the old method
is no longer considered satisfactory, but it still endures (Figures 20-23)
TABLE 7
ESTIMATED COST FACTORS FOR TRANSFER
STATIONS IN RECREATIONAL AREAS
tern
Medium-size container
type transfer station
Large container
type transfer station
Capital cost of one
container
Annual cost of con-
tainers (Estimated
1i fe = 10 years)
Capi tal cost of
transfer truck
Annual depreciation of
truck (Estimated
1i fe = 8 years)
Operational cost of
transfer truck
$900"
$90
$30,000
$3,750
$2.50/hr
$2,000+
$200
$20,000
$2,500
$1.50/hr
For an 8-cu yd container.
'For a 40-cu yd container.
Note: Costs are typical of those reported by manufacturers.
The only ways to dispose of solid waste that meet present local
and Federal standards are the sanitary landfill and incineration followed
by the landfill ing of residue. At a sanitary landfill, the waste is
spread and compacted (to decrease the volume) and is covered with an
earth layer to seal it from insects and rodents.8 Incineration was in
disfavor for some time in recreational areas because the small units used
did not meet air pollution standards (Figures 2k, 25) but it is staging
36
-------
Figure 20. Air pollution from open dump in recreational
area.
Figure 21. Water pollution from open dump in recreational
area.
37
-------
Figure 22. Water pollution from open dump in recreational area.
Tjjf *- ^Wp^Sp^^^WW^W
* #* *> si-
Figure 23. Air and water pollution from open dump in recreational
area.
38
-------
Figure 24. Unacceptable incinerator operation.
Figure 25. Large incinerator without adequate air pollution
control devices.
39
-------
a comeback; a new type "starved-air" combustion unit is now being em-
ployed (Figures 26, 27). These incinerators recirculate hot combustion
gases to sustain high temperatures and reduce the total amount of air
used in combustion. Units are available that can burn from 200 to 1,200
Ib of solid waste per hr. Operational costs are low because auxiliary
fuel is only used to start combustion and because the units are usually
operated by one man. A number of them have been approved for use on
Federal facilities. A listing of such types can be obtained from the
Office of Air Programs (OAP).
The three basic methods of operating a sanitary landfil are area,
ramp, and trench (Figures 28-30). The area method is commonly used
when excavation is impossible, and cover material is frequently
brought in from other areas. The waste is dumped at the bottom of
the fill, and each load is then spread up the working face in thin
layers and compacted (Figure 31). The slope of the working face should
be maintained at about two to one, and all cells should be between one
and two blade widths across. Before the operator leaves the site at the
end of the day, all the waste is covered with at least 6 in. of
compacted soil9 (Figure 32). The ramp method differs from the area in
that cover material is excavated from in front of the fill, and waste
is subsequently placed in the excavation. A trench landfil] is operated
by excavating a trench as deeply as soil and ground water conditions
allow (less if desired); it should be about twice as wide as the landfill
equipment used (Figure 33). Waste is then dumped into the trench
(from the side, on top of the working face, or at the bottom of the
-------
Figure 26. Starved-air type incinerator.
Figure 27. Starved-air type incinerator.
41
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Figure 31. Spreading and compacting waste on a slope in an
area fill operation.
Figure 32. Waste being covered at the close of operation,
45
-------
Figure 33. Trench prepared for landfill operations.
Figure 34. Small front-end loader suitable for use on a
sanitary landfill in recreational areas.
46
-------
face), compacted, and covered. The soil from the trench can be used
as cover materi al.
The density of solid waste in a sanitary landfill varies with the
type of waste, the skill of the compacting operator, and the size and
weight of the equipment used. For an average landfill serving a recrea-
tional area, a density of 600 Ib per cu yd is a reasonable value for
design purposes. The amount of cover material used varies between 20 and
40 percent; recreational area landfills use about kO percent because of
the small quantities of waste that are received each day. The volume
needed for any period3 can be computed as:
P P
V = 0.6 X 600 = 356"
whe re:
V is the volume in cubic yards,
P is the amount of waste in pounds.
The cost of sanitary landfill equipment varies as much as any of
the other factors discussed. In general, cost is related to the size
of the operation and equipment. Sanitary landfills in recreational areas
are usually small and are operated seasonally. It is not economical,
therefore, to use as large a piece of machinery as would be employed
in a year-round operation. At present, reasonable costs for equipment
used in recreational areas are about $110 per month and $1.50 per hr
for a small, under 20,000 Ib and 70 hp, loader or dozer10 (Figure 34).
The amount of waste that can be handled per hour is a function of
the experience of the equipment operator, the size of the equipment, and
the quantities received. Considering that small equipment is normally
-------
used in recreational areas and that small quantities of waste are handled,
about 1 ton of waste can generally be placed, compacted, and covered in
1 hr (Figure 35). As the amount received increases, the time required
will rise; at about 35 tons of waste per day, the capacity of the small
equipment will be exceeded, and larger equipment will be needed.
The first cost and operating expenses of the previously mentioned
package incineration units are influenced by the size of the unit selected.
For purposes of discussion, two units (500 Ib per hr and 1,000 Ib per hr)
have been investigated. First cost is about $10,000 (installed) and about
$20,000 (installed), respectively. The assumed life of each unit, 10
years, results in annual costs of $1,000 and $2,000.
Manufacturers say that because auxiliary fuel is needed only until
operating temperatures are reached fuel costs are low. In the absence
of we11-documented operating costs, assumed costs have been assigned,
based on observations made by OSWMP and OAP personnel. These are $0.50
per day for the 500-lb-per-hr unit and $1.00 per day for the other.
After the solid waste \s incinerated, the residue must be disposed
of. In recreational areas, it frequently amounts to as much as 30
percent of the weight of the waste (Table 2). The volume of the waste
is reduced by a greater amount, and the residue may occupy only 10 to 20
percent of the space occupied by the original waste. The best way to
handle the residue is to dump it into a prepared trench and cover it at
the end of a season's operation. If all the organics are not destroyed
-------
C/3
ce.
4.0
3.0
= 2.0
1.0
0.0
TIME REQUIRED FOR
LANDFILL OPERATIONS
TIME REQUIRED FOR
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
ON EQUIPMENT
10
AMOUNT OF WASTE - TONS PER DAY
Figure 35. Equipment operator time for sanitary land-
fills using small equipment (less than
20,000 Ib and 70 hp).
Source: This data has been compiled from manufactur-
ers' literature, experience in similar operations, and
personal observations by the author.
49
-------
by incineration (as may happen if a unit is overloaded), daily cover
must be applied and the trench operated as a sanitary landfill. Assuming,,
however, that complete combustion occurs and that only annual cover
is needed, the annual cost of preparing the trench and covering the
residue is about $300.
50
-------
REFERENCES
1. Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee and Columbia Basin Inter-
Agency Committee. Suggested design criteria for refuse storage,
collection and disposal in recreational areas. Washington, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1963. 19 P-
2. Environmental health practice in recreational areas. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1195. Washington, U.S. Government Print-
ing Office, 1965. 13^ p.
3. Spooner, C. S. Solid waste management in recreational forest areas.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1991. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1971. 96 p.
k. Zausner, E. R. An accounting system for incinerator operations.
Public Health Service Publication No. 2032. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1970. 17 p.
5. Zausner, E. R. An accounting system for sanitary landfill operations
Public Health Service Publication No. 2007. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1969. 18 p.
6. Zausner, E. R. An accounting system for solid waste collection.
Public Health Service Publication No. 2033- Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1970. 24 p.
7. Zausner, E. R. An accounting system for solid waste management in
small communities. Public Health Service Publication No. 2035-
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. 18 p. (In
press .)
8. Sorg, T. J., and H. L. Hickman, Jr. Sanitary landfill facts.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1792. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1968. 26 p.; 2d ed., 1970. 30 p.
9. Sanitary landfill operation agreement and recommended standards for
sanitary landfill design and construction. National Solid Wastes
Management Association and Bureau of Solid Waste Management.
[Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
1969. kk p.
10. Little, H. R. Solid waste disposal in Yellowstone National Park; a
Division of Technical Operations open-file report (TO 1.1.101/0).
[Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
1970. 82 p. [Restricted distribution.]
51
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank all the people who cooperated in making
this report possible. Aside from the personnel of the OSWMP who reviewed
and edited it, the U.S. Public Health Service Consultants to the National
Park Service also reviewed early drafts. Personnel of the National Park
Service, the Forest Service, and GAP who were contacted in connection
with this effort should be commended for their cooperation and concern
about the problems of solid waste handling in recreational areas.
52
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APPENDIX A
AN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE HANDLING
IN RECREATIONAL AREAS
This accounting system is intended for use by those who have
the responsibility for collecting and disposing of solid waste in
recreational areas. It is designed as a series of forms to be
completed by different levels of operation so that control can be
exercised over the system, costs can be identified for planning and
budgeting, and operating and design parameters can be established.
Form 1 is to be filled out daily by the driver of each collection
truck and turned in to his supervisor. It should be filled out completely
and accurately. Those items that are not self-explanatory on the form
are the follow!ng.
"Area,"which is the individual campground, visitor center, etc.
that is being serviced. Collection from roadside containers should be
listed as a separate entry.
"Task," which is the service being performed, such as solid waste
collection, restroom cleaning, general maintenance, etc. All services
performed by the crew should be listed so that the percent of time spent
on solid waste collection can be determined.
"Comments," where items that should be reported to the supervisor
can be listed. These might be missing or damaged storage containers,
53
-------
needed maintenance, or some problem within the area.
"Time to disposal," which is the time that an identified area was
left in order to haul solid waste to the disposal site.
"Time at disposal," which is the time of arrival at the disposal
site.
"Amount of waste," which can be expressed in pounds, tons, cubic
yards, or number of containers collected. The units used should be
listed.
"Time from disposal," which is the time of departure from the
disposal site.
"Time at area," which is the time of arrival at an identified area.
Form 2 is to be filled out daily by the operator of a sanitary
landfill and turned in to his supervisor. The item that is not
self-explanatory on the form is the following.
"Act!vity," which is landfilling (spreading, compacting, and/or
covering waste), excavating, maintaining of equipment, or other. All
activity marked other should be explained under "Remarks".
Form 3 is to be filled out daily by the operator of an incinerator
and turned in to his supervisor. The form should be self-explanatory.
Form k is intended for use at medium to large-size disposal facilities
where either a foreman is on duty and can gather the data or charges
are made to several users of the site on the basis of the amount of
waste received from each. Form k should be filled out daily and
turned in to the supervisor. Those items that are not self-explanatory
on the form are the following.
-------
"Wastes, Source," which is the predominant area serviced by the
truck, such as campground, roadside containers, or resort.
"Wastes, Type," which is refuse, kitchen waste (garbage), brush,
lumber, etc.
"Weight in," which can only be used if there ere scales at the
disposal site.
"Weight out," (same as above).
"Net amount, Wastes," which is the number of pounds, tons, cubic
yards, or equivalent storage containers on the truck.
"Net amount, Residue," can only be used for an incinerator and
is the amount to be disposed of by burial. This is not necessarily
associated with an incoming truck, and it should be weighed or
measured to help evaluate incinerator performance.
Form 5 is to be completed each week by the district supervisor
from daily Forms 1 and 2. This information is submitted to the
appropriate department for payroll purposes. Each employee may be
listed as doing more than one job if he spends only part of his time
on solid waste collection or disposal. Listing the time on each job
separately will allow calculation of the total amount of time spent on
solid waste collection and disposal.
Form 6 is to be maintained by the supervisor for each piece of
equipment detailed to solid waste collection and disposal. Entries
should be made whenever costs for repairs or maintenance are incurred.
This information should be totaled annually and summarized for the
area solid waste director.
55
-------
Form 7 can be completed monthly, quarterly, or annually. The more
frequently it is filled out, the better the control that will be main-
tained over the system. Either quarterly or annually, the supervisor
should forward this information to the area director.
Form 8 is to be filled out annually by the area director so that
this information will be available, along with that submitted by the
district supervisors, for planning and budgeting purposes.
-------
FORM 1
COLLECTOR'S DAILY REPORT
Driver
Helper
Time in
Time out
Date
Truck No.
Mileage in
Mileage out
Area
Task
Time @ start
Time @ finish
Comments
Gas purchased
(eal)
Check if abnormal:
Eng. temp. 1 J
Oil press. | J
Ammeter | 1
Packer 1 J
Brakes 1 I
Lights | |
Other | |
Check if relevant
and report to supervisor:
Personal injury
Automotive accident
Property damage
1
n
n
Time to Time at Amount of Time from Time
disposal disposal waste disposal area
at
57
-------
FORM 2
SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATOR'S DAILY REPORT
Operator
Helper
Time heqin
Activity
Time begin
Time end
Site
Date
Time end
Remarks
Equipment hour meter reading:
Fuel consumed (gal)
begin
end
Oil added (qt)
REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE DATA
Equipment
description
Cause
Hours
down
Labor
hours
Labor
cost
Parts
cost
External
costs
Total
cost
58
-------
FORM 3
INCINERATOR OPERATOR'S DAILY REPORT
Operator
Helper
Time begin
Facility
Date
Time end
Incinerator:
Start time
Auxiliary fuel:
Start time
End time
End time
Fuel consumed
Amount of solid waste incinerated
Residue disposal:
Amount of residue
Time required for disposal
Equipment used for disposal
Cost of equipment
REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE DATA
Equipment
description
Cause
Hours
down
Labor
hours
Labor
cost
Parts
cost'
External
costs
Total
cost
59
-------
FORM 4
DISPOSAL FACILITY
DAILY TRUCK RECORD
SIGNATURE:
DATE:
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
12
15
16
17
18
19
20
Truck
identification
Totals
Time
X
Wastes
Source
X
Type
X
Weight
in
X
Weight out
(or tare weight)
X
Net amount
Wastes
Residue
60
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District
FORM 7
SOLID WASTE COST SUMMARY
Period: from
to
Factor
Amt. of waste collected
Amt. of waste transferred
Amt. of waste disposed
Storage containers replaced
Cost of maintenance
Cost of plastic liners purchased
Number of liners used
Collection labor cost
Collection equipment cost
Collection overhead cost
Total collection cost
Collection cost/amt. collected
% time on route
% time hauling
Number of accidents
Transfer labor cost
Transfer equipment cost
Transfer overhead cost
Total transfer cost
Transfer cost/amt. transferred
Number of accidents
Disposal labor cost
Disposal equipment cost
Disposal overhead cost
Total disposal cost
Disposal cost/amt. disposed
Number of accidents
This period
Year to date
Total budgeted
amount
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
63
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Appendix B
Executive Order 11507
PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND ABATEMENT OF AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION AT FEDERAL FACILITIES
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United
States and in furtherance of the purpose and policy of the Clean Air
Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1857), the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 400), and the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1909 (Public Law No. 91-190, approved January 1,
1970), it is ordered as follows:
SECTION 1. Policy. It is the intent of this order that the Federal
Government in the design? operation, and maintenance of its facilities
shall provide leadership in the nationwide effort to protect and en-
hance the quality of our air and water resources.
SEC. 2. Definitions. As used in this order:
(a) The term "respective Secretary" shall mean the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare in matters pertaining to air pollu-
tion control and the Secretary of the Interior in matters pertaining
to water pollution control.
(b) The term "agencies" shall mean the departments, agencies, and
establislunents of the executive branch.
(c) The term "facilities" shall mean the buildings, installations,
structures, public works, equipment, aircraft, vessels, and other
vehicles and property, owned by or constructed or manufactured for
the purpose of leasing to tlie Federal Government.
(d) The term "air and water quality standards" shall mean respec-
tively the quality standards and related plans of implementation,
including emission standards, adopted pursuant to the Clean Air Act,
as amended, and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, *as
amended, or as prescribed pursuant to section 4(b) of this order.
(e) The term "performance specifications" shall mean permissible
limits of emissions, discharges, or other values applicable to a particu-
lar Federal facility that would, as a minimum, provide for conform-
ance with air and water quality standards as defined herein.
(f) The term "United States" shall moan the fifty States, the Dis-
trict of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Jtico, the Virgin
Islands, and Guam.
SFXX 3. Responsibilities, (a) Heads of agencies shall, with regard
to all facilities under their jurisdiction:
(1) Maintain review and surveillance to ensure that the standards
set forth in section 4 of this order are met on a continuing basis.
(2) Direct particular attention to identifying potential air and
water quality problems associated with the use and production of
new materials and make provisions for their prevention and control.
(3) Consult with the respective Secretary concerning the be.st tech-
niques and methods available for the protection and enhancement of
air and water quality.
(4) Develop and publish procedures^ within six months of the date
of this order, to ensure that the facilities under their jurisdiction are
in conformity with this order. In the preparation of such procedures
there shall be timely and appropriate consultation with the respective
Secretary.
(b) The respective Secretary shall provide leadership in imple-
menting this order, including the provision of technical advice and
assistance to the heads of agencies in connection with their duties and
responsibilities under this order.
_ (c) The Council on Environmental Quality shall maintain con-
tinuing review of the implementation of this order and shall, from
time to time, report to the President thereon.
fEDERAl REGISTER, VOU 35, NO. 25THURSDAY, FEBRUARY i, 1970
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SEC. 4. Standards, (a) ]leads of agencies shall ensure that all
facilities under their jurisdiction are designed, operated, and main-
tained so as to moot the following requirements:
(1) Facilities shall conform to air and water quality standard* as
defined in section 2(d) of this order. In those cases where no such
air or water quality standards arc in force for a particular geographi-
cal area, Federal facilities in that area shall conform to the standards
established pursuant to subsection (b) of this section. Federal facili-
ties shall also conform to the performance specifications provided
for in this order.
('2) Actions shall.be taken to avoid or minimize wastes created
through the complete cycle of operations of each facility.
(3) The use of municipal or regional waste collection or disposal
systems shall be the preferred method of disposal of wastes from
Federal facilities. Whenever use of such a system is not feasible or
appropriate, the heads of agencies concerned shall take necessary
measures for the satisfactory disposal of such wastes, including:
(A) When appropriate, the installation and operation of their own
waste treatment and disposal facilities in a manner consistent with
this section.
(B) The provision of trained manpower, laboratory and other
supporting facilities as appropriate to meet the requirements of this
section.
(C) The establishment of requirements that operators of Federal
pollution control facilities meet leve.ls of proficiency consistent with
the operator certification requirements of the State in which the
facility is located. In the absence of such State requirements the
respective Secretary may issue guidelines, pertaining to operator
qualifications and performance, lor the use of heads of agencies.
(4) The use, storage, and handling of all materials, including but
not Limited to( solid fuels, ashes, petroleum products, and other
chemical and biological agents, shall be carried out so as to avoid or
minimize the possibilities for water and air pollution. When appro-
priate, preventive measure shall be taken to entrap spillage or dis-
charge or otherwise to prevent accidental pollution. Each agency,
in consultation with the respective Secretary, shall establish appro-
priate emergency plans and procedures for dealing with accidental
pollution.
(5) No waste shall be disposed of or discharged in such a manner
as could result in the pollution of ground water which would endanger
the health or welfare of the public.
(6) Discharges of radioactivity shall be in accordance with the
applicable rulas, regulations, or requirements of the Atomic Energy
Commission and with the policies and guidance, of the Federal Radia-
tion Council as published in tihe FKDKRAI, RKOINTKK,
(b) In those cases where there arc no air or water quality .standards
as defined in section 2(d) of this'order in force for a particular geo-
graphic area or in those, cases where more stringent requirements are
deemed advisable for Federal facilities, the respective Secretary, in
consultation with appropriate Federal, State, interstate, and local
agencies, may issue regulations establish ing air or water quality stand-
ards for the purpose of this order, including related schedules for
implementation.
(c) The heads of agencies, in consultation with the respective Sec-
retary, may from time to time identify facilities or uses thereof which
are to bo exempted, including temporary relief, from provisions of this
order in the interest of national security or in extraordinary cases
where it is in the national interest. Such exemptions shall be reviewed
periodically by the respective Secretary and the heads of the agencies
concerned. A report on exemptions granted shall l>e submitted to the
Council on Environmental Quality periodically.
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SKC. 5. 1'rocfdui'en jor (ilxucnu'nt of air and water pollutioti al mtf,-
ff Federal facttitiex. (a) Actions necessary to meet the requirements
of subsections (a) (1) and (b) of section 4 of this order pertaining to
air and water pollution at existing facilities arc to IK- completed or
under way no later than December 81,1072. In cases where an enforce-
ment conference called pursuant to law or air and water quality stand-
ards require earlier actions, the earlier date shall be applicable.
(b) Tn order to ensure full compliance with the requirements of
section 5(a) and to facilitate budgeting for necessary corrective and
preventive measures, heads of agencies .shall present lo the Director of
the Bureau of the, Budget by June 30, 1070, a plan to provide for such
improvements aa may be necessary to meet the required date. Subse-
quent revisions needed to keep any such plan up-to-date shall be
promptly submitted to the Director of the Bureau of the Budget.
(c) Heads of agencies shall notify the respective Secretary as to
the performance specifications proposed for each facility to meet the
requirements of subsections 4 (a) (1) and (b) of this order. Where the
respective Secretary finds that such performance specifications are
not adequate to meet such requirements, he shall consult with the
agency head and the latter shall thereupon develop adequate, perform-
ance specifications.
(d) As may be found necessary, heads of agencies may submit
requests to the Director of the Bureau of the Budget for extensions of
time for a project beyond the time specified in section 5 (a). The 1 )irec-
tor, in consultation with the respective Secretary, may approve such
requests if the Director deems that such project is not technically
feasible or immediately necessary to meet the requirements of sub-
sections 4 (a) and (b). Full justification as to the extraordinary cir-
cumstances necessitating .any such extension shall be required.
(e) Heads of agencies shall not use for any other purpose any of
the amounts appropriated and apportioned for corrective and preven-
tive measures necessary to meet the requirements of subsection (a)
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971, and for any subsequent
fiscal year.
SEC. 6. Procedures for new Federal fact/Hiss, (a) Heads of agencies
shall ensure that the requirements of section 4 of this order are con-
sidered at the earliest possible stage of planning for new facilities.
(b) A request for funds to defray the cost of designing and con-
structing new facilities in the United States shall !>e included in the
annual budget estimates of an agency only if such request includes
funds to defray the costs of such measures as may be necessary to
assure that the now facility will meet the requirements of section 4
of this order.
(c) Heads of agencies shall notify the respective Secretary as to the
performance specifications proposed for each facility when action is
necessary to meet the requirements of subsections 4 (a) (1) and (b)
of this order. Where the respective Secretary finds that such per-
formance specifications are not adequate to meet such requirements
he shall consult with the agency head and the latter shall thereupon
develop adequate performance specifications.
(d) Heads of agencies shall give duo consideration to the quality
of air and water resources when facilities are constructed or operated
outside the United States.
SKC. 7. Procedures for Federal water resources project*, (a) All
water resources projects of the Departments of Agriculture, the
Interior, and the Army, tho Tennessee Valley Authority, and the
United States Section of the International Boundary and Water
Commission shall be consistent with the requirements of section 4
of this order. In addition, all such projects shall bo presented for the
consideration of the Secretary of the interior at the earliest feasible
stage if they involve proposals or recommendations with respect to
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tlio authorization or construction of any Federal w.al.er resources proj-
eot in tho United Stales. The Secretary of tho Interior shall review
plans and supporting data for all such projects relating to water
quality, and shall prepare a report to the head of the responsible
agency describing the potential impact of tho project on water quality,
including recommendations concerning any changes or oilier measures
with respect thereto which ho considers to be necessary in connection
with tho design, construction, and operation of tho project.
(b) Tho report of the Secretary of the Interior shall accompany
at tho earliest practicable stage any report proposing authorization
or construction, or a request for funding, of such a water resource
project. In any case in which the Secretary of tho Interior fails to
submit a report within 00 days after receipt of project plans, tho
head of the agency concerned may propose authorization^ construc-
tion, or funding of the project without such an accompanying report.
In such a case, tho head of the agency concerned shall explicitly state
in his request or report concerning the project that the Secretary of
tho Interior has not reported on the potential impact of the project
on water quality.
SEC. 8. Saying pi-ovivions. Except to the extent that they are in-
consistent with this order, all outstanding rules, regulations, orders,
delegations, or other forms of administrative action issued, made, or
otherwise token under tho orders superseded by section 9 hereof or
relating to tho subject of this order shall remain in full force and
effect until amended, modified, or terminated by proper authority.
Sue. 9. Orders superseded. Executive Order No. 11282 of May 26,
19C6, and Executive Order No. 11288 of July 2, 19C6, are hereby
superseded.
TUB Wiirra
February 4, 1970.
Doc. 70-1500} IPlIed, Feb. i, 1070; 12:83 p.m.J
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