DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

           IN RECREATIONAL AREAS
   This report (SW-91ts) Was written by

              HARRY R. LITTLE
   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                   1972

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Mention of oommeroidl products does not constitute  endorsement
or recommendation for use by the  U.S. Government
                  An environmental  protection publication
              in  the solid  waste management  series  (SW-91ts)
               For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
                           Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 75 cents

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                               FOREWORD


     Solid waste systems in recreational areas, as elsewhere, are normally

designed for maximum use.  Because of the periods of low usage that occur

in recreational areas, the overall system cost on a unit basis (dollars

per ton or per can) is much higher than in areas with constant use.  The

proper design of a solid waste system in a recreational area is, there-

fore, even more critical than in an urban area where continuous use

tends to reduce the unit cost.

     Most of the information available to planners and designers of solid

waste systems in recreational areas has been limited and dated (the basic

data were gathered between 1955 and I960).1'2  Recently, however, the

Office of Solid Waste Management Programs (OSWMP) began collecting new

data suitable for design purposes in recreational areas.3  This report

is an attempt to bring together additional data from recent studies,

demonstrations, and research projects and to relate them to the problems

of solid waste management in recreational areas.
                                     — SAMUEL HALE,  JR.
                                      Deputy Assistant  Administrator
                                      for Solid Waste Management
                                   i i i

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                           CONTENTS

 I nt reduction    	„<,<>	°	«	  1

 Ad mi nlst ration    »..«	o	»	»..  2

 Amounts Collected    	  5

 Storage    	  8

 Collection    	„	„	<>.. 18

Transfer Stations  0.	o o o»„	.	oo.	.....   30

D i sposa 1   .„	oo.o	o	...o.o...	o.o.   3^

References	   51

Acknowledgments	   52

Appendix A  .0.0.0.000	   53

Appendix B	O....o....o	   65



                            List of Figures

Figure  1    Cost allocation in  a general solid waste cost
            accounting system	   6

Figure  2   Use of 55-gal drums  for storage	0....   11

Figure  3   Minimum acceptable  storage container    .......o	   11

Figure  A   Acceptable storage  container	   12

Figure  5   Alternate container  design	   12

Figure  6   Alternate container  design	   13

Figure  7   Underground storage  container	   13

Figure  8   Rotating "bearproof" container rack	   \k

Figure  9   Reinforced "bearproof" container	   lA

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Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14

Figure 15
Figure 16

Figure 17
Figure 18

Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 2k
Figure 25

Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30

1-1/2-ton truck with stake body ....<, 	 0...».
13-cu-yd packer truck 	 o.o.o...» 	 «...
Use of small trailer for collection ....<, 	 0>.
Temporary storage container that doubles as
collection vehicle ...„..<, 	 „ 	 „ 	
Economic effect of employing a second collector
Front-loading packer truck servicing 8-cu-yd
conta i ner „ . . „ „ „ . . „ . . „ „ 	 0 0 	

Transfer station utilizing medium-size bulk

Transfer station utilizing pull-on containers ...
Air pollution from open dump in recreational area .
Water pollution from open dump in recreational

Water pollution from open dump in recreational

Air and water pollution from open dump in


Large incinerator without adequate air pollution





Trench operation of a sanitary landfill . . „ 	
19
19
20
21

21
28

31
31

33
35
37

37

38

38
39

39
41
k]
k2
43
kk

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Figure 31   Spreading and compacting waste on a slope in an
            area fill operation  „	  45

Figure 32   Waste being covered at the close of operation   ....  45

Figure 33   Trench prepared for landfill operations   	  46

Figure 34   Small front-end loader suitable for use on a
            sanitary landfill  in recreational areas   »	  46

Figure 35   Equipment operator time for sanitary landfills
            using small equipment   	  43


                            List of Tables

Table  1     Solid waste collection rates for recreational areas .   7

Table  2    Characteristics of solid waste collected   «,	   8

Table  3    Estimated number of 32-gallon storage containers
            needed in recreational areas   	»	o.o.o..  16

Table  4    Cost of solid waste storage using 32-gallon
            containers   	<,.<,..,. o.o.o	  17

Table  5    Average cost and design characteristics for selected
            solid waste collection vehicles   	„  23

Table  6    Average cost and design characteristics of boats
            and barges used for collection   	,	  29

Table  7    Estimated cost factors for transfer stations in
            recreational areas   .„	„	„..<> .<....<>..  36

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               DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT




                          IN RECREATIONAL AREAS






     The six basic elements of a solid waste management system, be it




urban, rural or recreational, are administration, storage, collection,




transport, processing, and disposal.




     A combined or regional, solid waste management system will usually




operate more efficiently and at less cost than a fractionalized, piecemeal




operation.  This applies to recreational solid waste management systems,




particularly in the area of economical and satisfactory disposal.  This




will often require coordination with and cooperation of recreational area




administrators, city and county officials, and various State and Federal




agencies.




     Storage in recreational areas is usually accomplished by  the use of




32-gal, galvanized steel containers.  There has been increased use of larger,




bulk containers, and as labor costs continue to rise, these mechanically




loaded receptacles will become more prevalent.




     The predominant collection vehicle in recreational  areas  is the 1-ton




pickup truck, which is often equipped with wooden stake sides and a hydraulic




dumping mechanism.  If collection personnel have no other duties, such




as campground maintenance and cleaning, it is usually more economical to




have only one collector on each truck.  If they perform other functions,




the general practice is to assign two men to a truck.

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     As regional disposal systems become more common in recreational




areas, there will be a rise in the number of small transfer stations




where solid wastes from widely dispersed areas are concentrated, then




periodically removed to disposal  sites.  If private contractors in




adjacent communities possess the necessary equipment to service these




transfer stations, contracting with them can often prove to be an




economical way to remove solid wastes from the area.




     Because a sanitary  landfill  can accomodate widely varying amounts




of waste at low operating costs,  it is usually the most efficient




disposal method for recreational  areas.




     In isolated areas and where suitable land is not available, small




incinerators can provide adequate volume reduction and organic removal




as long as they are capable of meeting prevailing air and water quality




standards.  Incinerators are somewhat  limited, however, by capacity




requirements and by the need to dispose of the residue satisfactorly.






                             Admi ni stration
     Recreational areas, particularly the larger public ones, are




often divided  into several districts, each reporting to a central




headquarters.  The headquarters staff is responsible for overall planning,




budgeting, and support services, but personnel are usually assigned




to collect and dispose of solid waste at the district  level.  This




arrangement normally works quite well for collection,  but no one district




is usually large enough to economically and adequately process and




dispose of the solid waste it has collected.   It is often advisable,




                                    2

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therefore, that districts join together and cooperate under the leadership




of the area headquarters in operating the more costly systems and




facilities necessary to properly treat and dispose of solid waste




in this age of environmental awareness.




     In the interest of effective solid waste management, it is often




desirable, even necessary, to cross jurisdictional lines and establish




jointly operated, regional solid waste systems with other recreational




areas and nearby communities.  A permanent population, such as a city,




will  allow continual use of processing and disposal facilities and




result in a lower unit cost for disposal than is possible with only




intermittent use, as would be provided by a strictly recreational




area.  If it is at all possible, therefore, the administrators of




solid waste systems in recreational areas should attempt to coordinate




their efforts with those of other agencies in the region so that all




parties can more effectively meet the mounting problems caused by




increasing amounts of solid waste.




     The objectives of good solid waste management are to remove and




dispose of all  solid waste in a manner that maintains high standards




of sanitation at the lowest cost.  The first objective requires an




awareness of the importance of proper waste handling by management,




on both the district and headquarters levels, so that the necessary




personnel, equipment, and facilities can be provided.  The second




objective requires continuous supervision over each element in the




system and a constant flow of information between all levels of




responsibi1i ty.

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     An awareness of proper solid waste management practices and a commit-




ment to them can be achieved only through experience and training.  Training




is important at all levels:  (l) general sanitation and waste handling




practices tor area administrators and supervisors; (2) process and system




design for those responsible for design; (3) operation and maintenance




of equipment for those charged with its operation.




     The most effective method of attaining an information flow  is the




use of a well-designed accounting system that provides for frequent report-




ing of all costs and operating parameters associated with the various




elements of the system (Appendix A).  Several such systems have been




developed by the OSWMP for use under various conditions, and all have




several features in common; 1*~7




     (l)  They facilitate the orderly and efficient collection and




transmission of all revelant data.




     (2)  Reports are clear, concise, and present only data required




for effective control and analysis.




     (3)  Data are grouped in standard accounting classifications.




     (4)  They account for all relevant costs of operations.




     (5)  Accumulated data from them can, over a period of time,  lead




to standards of performance and efficiency.




     (6)  They include automatic provisions for accountability.




     (7)  Collected data aid in short- and  long-range forecasting




of operating and capital budgets.




     The actual cost items collected will depend to some extent on the




system under consideration; in general, however, they are classified

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as operating expenses and capital costs (Figure 1).  The costs assigned




to each element of the system can be further divided and allotted




to cost centers within the element.  For example, processing costs




might be assigned to cost centers such as receiving and storage, volume




reduction, and effluent handling and treatment.






                           Amounts Collected
     Before discussing collection and disposal, it is necessary to




determine both the amounts and the characteristics of the solid waste




collected in recreational areas.  It must also be remembered that




there is a distinction between wastes generated and collected.  Some




waste is not collected by recreational area personnel; it is taken




out of the area by the visitor, left where collection is not provided




(wilderness areas and lake bottoms), or burned in campfires.  Subsequent




discussions and designs will be concerned only with those wastes that




are collected and end up in the handling and disposal systems.




     In general, the amounts and characteristics of the solid waste




collected depend on the habits of the individual visitor, the length




of his stay, the activities he engages in, and the policies of the




collecting agency.  While it is difficult to catalog personal habits




and their effect on waste production, it is possible to record both




the length and activities of individual visits.  Many recreational




area managers do this continually, others frequently, and some infrequently




or not at all.  Where such data have been gathered, it is usually




found that the length of visits depends on the activities of the visitors.

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OPERATING
 EXPENSES

 Labor

 Oil and
 gasoline

 Parts and
 supplies

 Utilities

 Charges from
 other activities

 External  contracts
 and charges

 Miscellaneous
     CAPITAL
     COSTS

  Buildings

  Equipment

  Site
  improvement

  Miscellaneous
     Administration
     and  supervision
     Storage
     Collection
     Transport
     Processing
     Disposal
Depreciation-
Interest-
 Total
operating
                        expenses
                 Total  financing
          Total
         annual
                                                      cost
                 and ownership  costs
Figure I.  Cost  allocation  in a general  solid  waste cost
          accounting system.

                           6

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                                TABLE  1

          SOLID WASTE COLLECTION RATES FOR RECREATIONAL AREAS
          Recreational
              si te
       Average amount
  of solid waste collected
 (90% confidence interval)3
Campground

Family pi cnicground

Group picnicground

Organization camp

Resort area

  Rented cabin (w/kitchen)

  Lodge room (wo/kitchen)

  Restaurant

  Res i dence

Ski  area

  Overnight lodge (all facilities)

  Day lodge (all  facilities)

Observation site

Visitor center

Swimming beach

Concession stand

Administrative residence
1.26 +_0.08 Ib/camper/day

0.93 +_ 0.16 Ib/picnicker

1.16 +_ 0.26 Ib/picnicker

1.81 +.0.39 Ib/occupant/day



1.46+_p.31 Ib/occupant/day

0.59 +0.59 Ib/occupant/day

0.71 +_0.40 Ib/meal served

2.13 +.0.54 Ib/occupant/day


                          J,
1.8? +.0.26 Ib/visi tor day"
                          j-
2.92 +_ 0.61 Ib/visitor day"

0.05 +_ 0.03 Ib/incoming axle

0.02 + 0.008 Ib/visitor

0.04 +_ 0.01 Ib/swimmer

0.14 Ib/patron

1.37 +.0.035 Ib/occupant/day
      Reporting unit often used in recreational areas; it  is defined as
the equivalent of one visitor doing one activity for  12 hr.
     t
      No confidence interval possible because of limited data.

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It is possible, therefore, to predict the amount of solid waste collected




from visitors engaged in various recreational activities (Table 1).




The characteristics of the collected solid waste also vary by the




type of activity carried out (Table 2).






                                TABLE 2




                CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTED




                         FROM RECREATIONAL AREAS
Site
Campground
Family picnicground
Group picnicground
Organization camp
Recreation residence
Ski area
Overnight lodge
Day lodge

Food
waste
37
44
23
59
2k

34
17
Average values
(% by weight)3
Other
combust! bles
30
29
31
18
41

33
59

Noncombusti b les
33
27
40
23
35

33
24
                                Storage






     Solid waste storage containers must be durable, easy to clean,




provided with tight-fitting lids to protect the waste from rodents,  insects

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and other disease-carrying vectors, and small enough to allow easy




handling.  Animals often cause problems by scavenging in storage containers




and special provisions must, therefore, be made.  In addition, there




should be sufficient capacity to contain all the waste generated between




collections, and the containers must be conspicuous enough to discourage




1i tteri ng.




     Solid waste storage containers generally fall into two groups:




individual-size and bulk containers.  The first may be constructed




of metal or plastic or can be paper or plastic sacks with a holder.




They vary in capacity from 5 to 55 gal, but the use of 20 to 32 gal-




types  is recommended.  Bulk containers are normally unloaded by mechanical




hoists or lifting arms and have from 1 to 50 cu yd capacities.  They




can be further divided into those that are emptied into a collection




vehicle and those that are taken to disposal areas to be emptied.




The first group usually ranges in size from 1 to 10 cu yd, while the




second group includes 3~ to 15~cu yd sizes, as well as 30- to 50-




cu yd containers.




     As a rule, individual-size containers are used because collection




trucks capable of handling bulk containers cannot be economically




justified in isolated areas.  Bulk containers have been successfully




used, however, in some large recreational areas and near urban centers




where such equipment is available.  Bulk containers have also been used




in some campgrounds, but it has not been determined how far people




will carry their waste to place it in a container, so most administrators




and planners prefer to place a single, small container at each campsite.

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Until such data on bulk containers have been gathered, design will




have to center around the use of individual-size containers, as is




done in this report.




     When individual-size containers are used, factors to consider




are:  (l) the need to provide a tight-fitting lid; (2) the use of




a rack to hold the container; (3) the durability and appearance of




the receptacle (Figures 2,3).  The container must be secured in position




so that it will not be knocked over or carried off by scavenging animals




or by destructive visitors.   There are almost as many designs for




racks and stands as there are recreational areas, but if they are




to work properly, they should hold the container upright and stationary,




keep the cover with the container, and provide surroundings that are




easily kept clean and free of litter (Figures 4-9).




     Rigid plastic containers, although acceptable from a sanitation




viewpoint, are normally not: used because  it is difficult to secure




them to racks without damaging them.  They are also easily cut and




ripped by bears and vandals.  Similarly, paper and plastic bags are




not acceptable unless placed  in a locked cabinet to keep them from




being ripped and destroyed.




     The container most widely used is a 32-gal, galvanized steel




can having a tight-fitting  lid.  Plastic  liners are often placed  in




the cans and removed with the deposited waste at the  time of collection.




     Plastic liners have been used  in  recreational areas for a relatively




short time, but  their employment  is now almost universal.  They have




been accepted because:   (l)  they  improve  general sanitation by keeping
                                    10

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Figure 2.  Use of 55-gal drums for storage (note lack of lids),
Figure 3.  Minimum acceptable storage container.




                               11

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Figure 4.  Acceptable  storage  container.
                        .
Figure 5.  Alternate container design.
                                 12

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                                     j ,




Figure 6.  Alternate container design.
Figure 7.  Underground  storage container,
                              13

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 Figure 8.   Rotating "bearproof" container rack.
Figure 9.  Reinforced "bearproof" container.
                              14

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the storage containers from accumulating encrusted waste; (2) they




speed up collection by eliminating the need to lift each container




to empty it into the truck.  Liners come in several sizes, colors,




and thicknesses.  Color is not too important in recreational areas,




and clear bags are commonly used.  The size employed depends on the




capacity of the containers, but other than that is not a critical




factor.  Thickness, however, is something that needs to be considered.




Most manufacturers market bags having nominal thicknesses of from




1.25 to about 3.00 mil.  It has been found that bags about 2.00 mil




thick give reliable service; thinner bags often tear and spill waste.




     Four items are needed for designing solid waste storage systems:




(1) the number of containers (Table 3); (2)  the amount of waste;  (3)




the cost of all system elements; (k) the expected  life of all elements




(Table 4).  In determining the number of containers, a minimum collection




frequency of once a week was used.   In most cases, however,  at least




two collections should be provided each week, especially during warm




weather to reduce the possibility of fly breeding  in the containers.




Twice-weekly collection requires but 0.72 containers per site in a




campground, provided that all of those placed there are used.  When




capacity is less than maximum, fewer containers are needed.   For example,




in a campground with one container per site,  collection more than




once each week is needed only when the capacity exceeds 70 percent of




maximum.
                                   15

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                                TABLE 3

            ESTIMATED NUMBER OF 32-GALLON STORAGE CONTAINERS

                      NEEDED IN RECREATIONAL AREAS
               Site
    Number of_,
   contai ners
Campground

Family picnicground

Group picnicground

Organization camp

Resort area

  Rented cabin (w/kitchens)

  Lodge room (wo/kitchens)

  Restaurant

  Res idence

Ski  area

  Overnight lodge (all facilities)

  Day lodge (all  facilities)

Observation site

V isi tor center

Swimming beach

Concession stand

Administrative residence
               t
1.43 per site

1.10 per si te

1  per 20 people

1  per 1.8 people
1  per 2.5 people

1  per 6.0 people

1  per 7.5 meals

2.75 per residence



1  per 1.8 people

1  per 1.2 people

1  per 150 vi s i tors

1  per 180 vi s i tors

1  per 7-3 swimmers

1  per 2^ patrons

1 .65 per resi dence
      Based on a minimum of once-a-week collection and  170  Ib per cu
yd waste density in storage containers.
     t
      Collect after each use.
      Based on a density of 350 Ib per cu yd.

                                   16

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                                TABLE k

         COST OF SOLID WASTE STORAGE USING 32-GALLON CONTAINERS"


                    I tern                                      Amount


First cost of container                                      $ 7-00

Cost of rack or stand                                          15.00

Jost of installation                                           20.00

     Total first cost per container                          $42.00

Estimated 1ife                                                 10 yr

Annual cost per container                                    $ 4.20

Annual maintenance cost                                        0.50

Annual cost of plastic liners (125 used)                       4.30

     Total annual cost per container                         $ 9-00

     j-
      Note:  Cost estimates presented here and elsewhere in this report
are based on information available to the author when he conducted this
investigation during the period 1968-1970.



     Certain sites will  be used more frequently than others, and unless

the visitors are willing to take their waste to an unused (or  less

frequently used) container, littering and overflowing containers will

result.3  Additional containers are, therefore, normally placed  in the

area,  or collection is provided more frequently.  The collection fre-

quency required for a particular area should be determined on  the basis

of prevailing temperatures, visitation,  and insect and animal problems.

Once the collection frequency is chosen, the total storage requirements

can be calculated.
                                    17

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                               Col lection






     The purpose of collection is to remove the waste from storage areas




where it is close to human habitation and activity and to transport it




to a disposal site.  This is done in order to reduce the chance of contact




between people and the waste and with the insects and animals attracted




by the waste.  Collection, therefore, should be frequent and thorough.




Normally, the interval between collections should be no longer than 1




week, but it will often have to be much shorter because of high usage,




waste loads, and climatic conditions.




     The total storage capacity required in an area can be calculated




based on the frequency of collection as previously described and




compared with the expected quantity of solid waste for the week (based




on visitation and use).  One 32-gal container holds about 0.15 cu yd, or




25 lb, of typical solid waste.




     Collection vehicles used are normally of three types:  pickup




trucks, stake-body trucks, and packer trucks (Figures 10-12).  Some




areas, however, use more unconventional equipment (Figures 13,1^)-  Aside




from their  low first and operating costs, pickup and stake-body trucks




can often be shared with other activities when waste collection is not




required, ensuring full utilization of equipment and a low cost




assigned to collection.  Packer trucks are specialized pieces of




equipment and cannot be assigned  to other tasks.  When compared to open




trucks, they have a high annual cost, but they can carry from 5 to 10




times as much waste.  They are very useful in high-use areas  remote
                                    18

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Figure 10.  Pickup truck (with dumping body) used for collection.
Figure 11.  1%-ton truck with stake body.
                              19

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Figure 12.  13-cu-yd packer truck.
                              20

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Figure 13.  Use of small trailer for collection.
Figure 14.  Temporary storage container that doubles as
            collection vehicle.

                               21

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from disposal sites, and as many dumps in and near recreational areas
are closed, packer trucks will come into more widespread use.
     The primary considerations in selecting a collection vehicle are
that it be:  (l) capable of enclosing the waste; (2)  easily  loaded and
unloaded;  (3) of a size to negotiate all necessary roads and to provide
economical operation.  As long as the solid waste is contained in tied-
off plastic bags, the truck itself need not be enclosed.  In the
following discussions, four trucks will be considered:   (l)   1-ton
pickup truck (with A-ft sides added); (2) l^-ton stake-body  truck; (3)
13~cu yd packer; (k) 20-cu yd packer.  In computing collection costs,
the time needed for collection, labor costs, and vehicle costs must all be
considered.  Labor presently costs about $4 per man per hr (including
fringe benefits), and vehicle costs vary from $0.80 to $2.50 per hr
(Table 5).  The time required for collection, however, varies significantly
in different areas, depending on local characteristics.
     Collection is assumed to consist of three operations:   (l) travel to
and from the area to be serviced; (2) travel to and from the disposal
site; (3) collection within the area.  The total time required to collect
from an area can be expressed as:

     TC =  tTT + CTF + tTD + tDS + tFD + rC
where:
     T   is the  total time required for collection,
     tTT  is  the time required to travel to the area,
     tJF  is  the time required to return from the area,
     tTn  is  the time required to travel to the disposal  site,
                                   22

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                                 TABLE 5

          AVERAGE COSTS AND DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS FOR SELECTED

                     SOLID WASTE COLLECTION VEHICLES
Collection vehicle
Item 1-ton
pi ckup
1-1/2-ton
stake
13~cu yd
packer
20-cu yd
packer
Initial cos t


Depreciation
  (assume 7~year or
  14,000-hr life)


Operation cost


Total vehicle cost
Normal pay load.,
  (contai ners)
$3,000     $4,000     $10,000    $15,000


$35/mo     $45/mo     $120/mo    $l80/mo

$0.20/hr   $0.30/hr   $0.?0/hr   $l.lO/hr


$0.60/hr   $0.70/hr   $1.10/hr   $l.Whr


$0.80/hr   $1.00/hr   $1.80/hr   $2.50/hr
Maximum capacity (cu
  yd)                    10


Maximum payload (tons)   1

                     JU
Normal payload (tons)    0.85
15
1.5
1.28
13
5
3.25
20
10
5.00
70
100
250
400
      Expected amount of solid waste per full load.
     Note:  Table is based on the most recent costs reported from many
sources and is presented for discussion only.
                                    23

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     tn~ is the time spent unloading at the disposal site,
     tp- is the time required to travel from the disposal site to the garage
area,
     tp is the time required to collect in the area.
     The travel times can easily be determined for most areas and can
be replaced by the sum of the terms, or t_.  The distribution of the
different travel  times within t_ will depend on local conditions
(e.g., travel  to several areas before going to a disposal site, disposal
site adjacent to a collection area).
     The time spent unloading at the disposal site (tn<-) depends
on the type of vehicle used, its size, and the number of men who unload
it.  This time can usually be determined by making a few observations
or by questioning the collectors.
     The time required to collect solid waste in an area (tr)  is a
                                                           U
function of the amount of waste, its concentration, and the number of
men collecting.  Expressed mathematically for any given crew size, this
is:
     tr = a,c + a9m  + a,d
      w    I      ^ C    _5 C
where:
     c is the number of containers serviced,
     m  is the number of miles driven within the area,
      c
     d  is the distance (in feet) walked by the collectors in  the area,
     a,, a_,  a_ are constants.
     The number of containers should be easily determined, and the
time to service one of them (remove the waste and install a new plastic

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bag) should be between 0.50 and 1.00 min based on observations during



field studies in recreational areas.  The time to service one container



is assumed to be 0.75 min, and a,  is, therefore, equal to 0.0125 hr per



contai ner.



     The number of miles traveled within an area (m ) is also easily



determined.  If an average travel  speed within the area to be collected



is assumed to be 5 mph, then a- is 0.20 hr per mile.



     A collector must walk a certain distance (d )  within an area even
                                                c


when using a vehicle.  The actual  distance depends on the placement of



the containers and the number of men in the collection crew.  The average



walking speed is about 2^0 ft per min; a, is, therefore, 0.000071^ hr per



ft.  The distance that must be walked averages about  10 ft per container



when the containers are located on or at the road and the collector works



directly from the truck.   If the containers are located back from the



road, the distance to and from each of them must be included.  If a collector



does not work with the truck and walks through the area, the distance he



walks will be essentially the same as the road distance covered, plus any



distance to containers located back from the road.



     The total time needed to collect in any given recreational area is



therefore:



     tr = 0.0125c + 0.20m  + 0.00007l4d
      L                  C             C


     As mentioned previously, the number of men collecting will influence



this time and should be evaluated.  Let us assume that collection is



needed in a 100-unit campground having one container per unit and that



the receptacles are located on the road.  The total road mileage within
                                     25

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the area is 0.50 mile, and three collection strategies are  investigated:



(l) one man collecting by himself;  (2) two men working together  (at each



stop each man will service one container and return to the  truck);  (3)



two men working independently (each man will walk through the area emptying



containers and leaving filled plastic liners on the road; both men will



then drive through the area loading the bags into the truck).



     The time required under each of these strategies can be determined



from the general equation.  Strategy 1:



     t-, = 0.125(100 containers) + 0.20(0.50 mile)




           + 0.00007U [—  • 5- —)  (100 containers)
                       ycontainerj



     tcl = 1.25 + 0.10 + 0.07



     tc] = 1.42 hr



     Strategy 2 must be analyzed a  little differently.  Each man  is



assumed to collect from 50 sites and to walk an average of  50 ft  per



site (more walking is done per site because the truck stops between



sites).  The time required by each man, and also the elapsed time,  is:



     t   = 0.0125(50 containers) + 0.20(0.50 mile)
      U £.
             0.0000714 (—5° f*—) (50 containers)
                       y container /
     t   = 0.62 + 0.10 + 0.18
      Lr L-



     tC2 = 0.90 hr




     Strategy 3 must also be analyzed differently.   If each man  services




50 containers, walks 0.25 miles, and then rides through the area collect-




ing bags (no additional time is assumed for  loading  bags  into  the truck)




the time for each man, and also the elapsed  time,  is:
                                    26

-------
     tr, = 0.0125(50 containers) + 0.20(0.50 miles)
      v» j

           + 0.000071A (1,320 ft)


     tr. = 0.62 + 0.10 + 0.09
      L 5

     tr, = 0.81 hr
      v> J

     There are many other variations that can be applied to collection


procedures.  Each would have to be analyzed in a manner similar to


those presented here.  In general, however, it can be shown that two


collectors are able to service from 1.5 to 2.0 times as many containers


as a single collector in the same amount of time.  The economy of using


a second collector drops, however, as travel time to the area increases


(Figure 15).  The amount of time available for and the total cost of


collection depend on the time needed to travel between areas and to


disposal sites.  The total collection cost should be determined for


each area, with the four collection vehicles discussed, and for both


one- and two-man crews.  This allows selection of the most economical


collection system.


     Some recreational areas have areas that are accessible only by


boat.  Small pontoon barges or motorboats (either inboard or outboard)


are normally used if collections are made in these areas.  (Backpack or


horseback collection is sometimes carried out but is not discussed in


this report.)  The cost of using these two types of collection "vehicles"


is about $3-^0 and $6.00 per hr (Table 6).


     The time required to collect the solid waste in a boat-access-only


area can be calculated in a manner similar to that for vehicle collection;


there will, however, be only servicing time and walking time:


     tr = 0.0125c + 0.0000714d
      u                       C



                                    27

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-------
                                TABLE 6

                AVERAGE COSTS AND DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS

                OF BOATS AND BARGES USED FOR COLLECTION
                                 Pontoon barge               Boat
         Item                    (about 20 ft)          (about 20 ft)
Initial cost
  (including motor)                  $2,000                 $5,000

Depreciation                        $20/month              $50/month
  (assume 8-yr or
  5,000-hr life)                     $O.Whr               $1.00/hr

Operation cost                       $3.00/hr               $5.00/hr

Total hourly cost                    $3.^0/hr               $6.00/hr

               "
Normal capacity                     10 cu yd                8 cu yd
               *
Normal capacity                  70 containers          50 containers

Average speed of travel              10 mph                 20 mph
     *
      Expected amount per full load.
      Note:  This table is based on the most recent costs reported by
many sources and is presented for discussion only.
     For a 10-site campground, where the sites are spaced as in the

larger one discussed previously, one man requires:

     tc = 0.0125(10 containers) + 0.0000714(500 ft)

     t  = 0.12 + 0.06
      Is

     t. = 0.18 hr
      u

Two men would require one-half as much time.

-------
     Travel time between areas by barge and boat can be extremely




long.  Since most boat-access-only campgrounds are small, it is usually




more economical to use only one man to collect.




     If boat or barge collection is being considered, the total cost




(including travel time) should be calculated.  It is usually found that




the cost is extremely high, and it may be advisable to require that




boaters using the areas bring out their solid wastes, as is done in




wilderness areas.  This requires increased awareness of the problem




by the boaters and increased surveillance by the area managers to ensure




compliance with the regulation.  In the long run, however, the increased




effort lowers the cost of solid waste management.






                           Transfer Stations
     Transfer stations are sometimes used at which waste is transferred




from small collection vehicles to larger trucks and hauled to a distant




disposal site.  They can be elaborate facilities that have baling




or compaction equipment, or they can be simple containers designed to




hold the waste until pickup.  Transfer stations in recreational areas




are more often of the latter type; they range from wire holding pens




(in which the waste collected daily from campgrounds is stored in their




original bags for weekly removal to a disposal site) to standardized,




bulk containers serviced by a transfer truck.




     Two relatively simple types of transfer stations provided with




readily available components appear adaptable to recreational areas.  The




first uses medium-size containers (6, 8, or  10 cu yd) (Figure 16), and
                                     30

-------
Figure 16.  Front-loading packer truck servicing 8-cu-yd container.
Figure 17.  40-cu-yd pull-on container.
                                31

-------
the second has large containers (30, ^0, or 50 cu yd) (Figure 17).




Each system might involve the appropriate number of containers placed on




a level area without any other facilities, or it might have special




structures designed to protect and hide the receptacles.  The costs of




ownership and operation would vary widely, depending on the amount of




site preparation and sophistication inherent in the design.  Basically,




however, transfer containers should be placed in an area where:    (l)




they can be serviced by the transfer vehicle; (2) individual collection




vehicles can unload their waste; (3) they are hidden from general view; (k)




they are protected from wildlife and inquisitive visitors.  These four




basic requirements are all that are considered in subsequent discussions.




     The number of containers used by either system would depend on the




amount of waste and the frequency of transfer.  The density of waste




in the bulk containers, if no compaction were applied, would be about 170




Ib per cu yd.  If a packer truck were used for collection, the density




in the transfer containers would be about 300 Ib per cu yd because of




the increased density achieved in the truck.




     In the system using medium-size containers, the receptacles are




lifted and emptied into a packer truck, normally a front-loading  type




(Figure 18).  The truck empties many containers and uses  its compaction




equipment to reduce the volume of waste picked up.  The basic transfer




station is large enough to accommodate  the proper number of containers.




The tops of the containers are about 3  ft above the groung to facilitate




unloading from pickup and stake trucks, and each receptacle has channels




welded along its sides to allow the forks of the transfer vehicle  to
                                    32

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                                    33

-------
lift it.  An alternative method would be to have the top of the containers




level with the ground and to provide an area behind them where the transfer




vehicle could manuever and service them.  This arrangement would require




more land, but the containers would not be so visible from the road.   The




design shown in Figure 18 would cost approximately $6,000 and, with an




estimated life of 25 years, would have an annual depreciation cost of




about $240.




     Large containers are loaded directly onto a truck carriage and




transported to a disposal site for emptying.  Normally, an empty




container is carried on the truck to the transfer station to replace




the full container.  A typical transfer station using a large container




consists of a dumping area and an area needed to change the containers




(Figure 19).  This type would cost approximately $15,000 and, with




a 25-year life, have an annual depreciation cost of $600.




     The cost of using a transfer station (Table 7) should be compared




with that for direct haul to a disposal site.  Because of the seasonal




variation in most recreational areas, the costs associated with using




a transfer station are often not justified when compared to direct



haul.   If it is desirable, however, to remove the solid waste totally




from the area for disposal, the increased costs might be acceptable.






                                Disposal






     The principal method of solid waste disposal in recreational areas




has historically been the open, burning dump.  With increased environmental




awareness and more stringent regulations on all types of waste disposal,

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35

-------
as expressed in Executive Order No. 11507 (Appendix B), the old method

is no longer considered satisfactory, but it still endures (Figures 20-23)


                                TABLE 7

                  ESTIMATED COST FACTORS FOR TRANSFER

                     STATIONS IN RECREATIONAL AREAS
             tern
Medium-size container
type transfer station
Large container
type transfer station
Capital cost of one
  container

Annual cost of con-
  tainers (Estimated
  1i fe = 10 years)

Capi tal cost of
  transfer truck

Annual depreciation of
  truck (Estimated
  1i fe = 8 years)

Operational cost of
  transfer truck
       $900"



        $90


    $30,000



     $3,750


         $2.50/hr
       $2,000+



         $200


      $20,000



       $2,500


           $1.50/hr
      For an 8-cu yd container.
     'For a 40-cu yd container.
      Note:  Costs are typical of those reported by manufacturers.
     The only ways to dispose of solid waste that meet present local

and Federal standards are the sanitary landfill and incineration followed

by the landfill ing of residue.  At a sanitary landfill, the waste is

spread and compacted (to decrease the volume) and is covered with an

earth layer to seal  it from insects and rodents.8   Incineration was in

disfavor for some time in recreational areas because the small units used

did not meet air pollution standards (Figures 2k, 25) but it  is staging
                                    36

-------
 Figure 20.   Air pollution from open dump in recreational
                                                          area.
Figure 21.  Water pollution from open dump in recreational
                                                           area.
                             37

-------
Figure 22.  Water pollution  from  open dump in recreational area.
                                                     Tjjf *- ^Wp^Sp^^^WW^W
                                                     *      #* *> si-
Figure 23.  Air and water pollution  from open dump in recreational
            area.
                              38

-------
Figure 24.  Unacceptable incinerator operation.
Figure 25.  Large incinerator without adequate air pollution
            control devices.

                              39

-------
a comeback; a new type "starved-air" combustion unit  is now being  em-




ployed (Figures 26, 27).  These incinerators recirculate hot combustion




gases to sustain high temperatures and reduce the total amount of  air




used in combustion.  Units are available that can burn from 200  to 1,200




Ib of solid waste per hr.  Operational costs are low  because auxiliary




fuel is only used to start combustion and because the units are  usually




operated by one man.  A number of them have been approved for use  on




Federal facilities.  A listing of such types can be obtained from  the




Office of Air Programs (OAP).




     The three basic methods of operating a sanitary  landfil are area,




ramp, and trench (Figures 28-30).  The area method is commonly used




when excavation is  impossible, and cover material is  frequently




brought in from other areas.  The waste is dumped at  the bottom  of




the fill, and each  load is then spread up the working face  in thin




layers and compacted (Figure 31).  The slope of the working face should




be maintained at about two to one, and all cells should be between one




and two blade widths across.  Before the operator leaves the site  at  the




end of the day, all the waste is covered with at least 6 in.  of




compacted soil9 (Figure 32).  The ramp method differs from  the area  in




that cover material is excavated from in front of the fill, and  waste




is subsequently placed in the excavation.  A trench landfil] is  operated




by excavating a trench as deeply as soil and ground water conditions




allow  (less if desired);  it  should be about twice as  wide as the landfill




equipment used (Figure 33).  Waste is then dumped into the  trench




(from the side, on  top of the working face, or at the bottom of  the

-------
Figure 26.  Starved-air type incinerator.
Figure 27.  Starved-air type incinerator.
                                41

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Figure  31.   Spreading and  compacting waste  on  a  slope  in  an
             area  fill operation.
Figure 32.  Waste being covered at the close of operation,
                                45

-------
Figure 33.  Trench prepared for landfill operations.
Figure 34.  Small front-end loader suitable for use on a
            sanitary landfill in recreational areas.
                              46

-------
face), compacted, and covered.  The soil from  the  trench can be  used

as cover materi al.

     The density of solid waste in a sanitary  landfill varies with  the

type of waste, the skill of the compacting operator, and the size and

weight of the equipment used.  For an average  landfill serving a  recrea-

tional area, a density of 600  Ib per cu yd is  a  reasonable value  for

design purposes.  The amount of cover material used varies between  20 and

40 percent; recreational area  landfills use about  kO percent because of

the small quantities of waste  that are received  each day.  The volume

needed for any period3 can be  computed as:

              P        P
     V =  0.6 X 600 = 356"

whe re:

     V is the volume in cubic  yards,

     P is the amount of waste  in pounds.

     The cost of sanitary landfill equipment varies as much as any  of

the other factors discussed.   In general, cost is  related to the  size

of the operation and equipment.  Sanitary landfills in recreational areas

are usually small and are operated seasonally.   It is not economical,

therefore, to use as large a piece of machinery  as would be employed

in a year-round operation.  At present, reasonable costs for equipment

used in recreational areas are about $110 per month and $1.50 per hr

for a small, under 20,000 Ib and 70 hp, loader or  dozer10 (Figure 34).

     The amount of waste that  can be handled per hour is a function of

the experience of the equipment operator, the size of the equipment, and

the quantities received.  Considering that small  equipment is normally

-------
used in recreational areas and that small quantities of waste are handled,




about 1 ton of waste can generally be placed, compacted, and covered  in




1 hr (Figure 35).  As the amount received increases, the time required




will rise; at about 35 tons of waste per day, the capacity of the small




equipment will be exceeded, and larger equipment will be needed.




     The first cost and operating expenses of the previously mentioned




package incineration units are influenced by the size of the unit selected.




For purposes of discussion, two units (500 Ib per hr and 1,000  Ib per hr)




have been investigated.  First cost is about $10,000 (installed) and about




$20,000 (installed), respectively.  The assumed life of each unit,  10




years, results in annual costs of $1,000 and $2,000.




     Manufacturers say that because auxiliary fuel  is needed only until




operating temperatures are reached fuel costs are low.  In the  absence




of we11-documented operating costs, assumed costs have been assigned,




based on observations made by OSWMP and OAP personnel.  These are $0.50




per day for the 500-lb-per-hr unit and $1.00 per day for the other.




     After the solid waste \s incinerated, the residue must be  disposed




of.  In recreational areas, it frequently amounts to as much as 30




percent of the weight of the waste (Table 2).  The  volume of the waste




is  reduced by a greater amount, and the residue may occupy only 10  to 20




percent of the space occupied by the original waste.  The best way  to




handle the residue  is to dump it into a prepared trench and cover it at




the end of a season's operation.   If all the organics are not destroyed

-------
C/3
ce.
    4.0
    3.0
=   2.0
    1.0
    0.0
                                     TIME REQUIRED FOR
                                     LANDFILL OPERATIONS
                                      TIME REQUIRED FOR
                                    PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
                                        ON EQUIPMENT
                                                                    10
                     AMOUNT OF WASTE - TONS PER DAY
       Figure 35.  Equipment operator  time  for sanitary  land-
                   fills using  small  equipment  (less  than
                   20,000  Ib  and  70 hp).
       Source:  This  data  has been  compiled  from manufactur-
       ers'  literature, experience in similar operations,  and
       personal  observations  by  the author.
                                    49

-------
by incineration (as may happen if a unit is overloaded), daily cover




must be applied and the trench operated as a sanitary landfill.  Assuming,,




however, that complete combustion occurs and that only annual cover




is needed, the annual  cost of preparing the trench and covering the




residue is about $300.
                                    50

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                                REFERENCES
 1.   Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency  Committee  and  Columbia  Basin  Inter-
       Agency Committee.   Suggested  design  criteria  for  refuse  storage,
       collection  and  disposal  in  recreational  areas.  Washington,  U.S.
       Department  of Health,  Education,  and Welfare,  1963.   19  P-

 2.   Environmental  health  practice in  recreational areas.   Public  Health
       Service Publication No.  1195.   Washington,  U.S. Government  Print-
       ing Office,  1965.   13^ p.

 3.   Spooner, C.  S.  Solid waste management in recreational  forest  areas.
       Public Health Service  Publication No.  1991.   Washington, U.S.
       Government  Printing Office, 1971. 96 p.

 k.   Zausner, E.  R.  An accounting system for  incinerator operations.
       Public Health Service  Publication No.  2032.   Washington, U.S.
       Government  Printing Office, 1970.  17 p.

 5.   Zausner, E.  R.  An accounting system for  sanitary  landfill operations
       Public Health Service  Publication No.  2007.   Washington, U.S.
       Government  Printing Office, 1969.  18 p.

 6.   Zausner, E.  R.  An accounting system for  solid  waste collection.
       Public Health Service  Publication No.  2033-   Washington, U.S.
       Government  Printing Office, 1970. 24 p.

 7.   Zausner, E.  R.  An accounting system for  solid  waste management  in
       small  communities.   Public  Health Service Publication No. 2035-
       Washington,  U.S. Government Printing Office,  1970.   18 p.   (In
       press .)

 8.   Sorg, T. J.,  and  H.  L.  Hickman, Jr. Sanitary  landfill  facts.
       Public Health Service  Publication No.  1792.   Washington, U.S.
       Government  Printing Office, 1968. 26 p.; 2d  ed.,  1970.  30  p.

 9.   Sanitary landfill operation agreement  and recommended  standards  for
       sanitary landfill  design and  construction.  National  Solid Wastes
       Management  Association and  Bureau of Solid  Waste  Management.
       [Cincinnati], U.S.  Department of  Health, Education,  and  Welfare,
       1969.   kk  p.

10.   Little,  H. R.   Solid  waste disposal in Yellowstone  National Park; a
       Division of Technical  Operations  open-file  report  (TO 1.1.101/0).
       [Cincinnati], U.S.  Department of  Health, Education,  and  Welfare,
       1970.   82  p.  [Restricted distribution.]
                                     51

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                            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS






     The author wishes to thank all the people who cooperated  in making




this report possible.  Aside from the personnel of the OSWMP who reviewed




and edited it, the U.S. Public Health Service Consultants to the National




Park Service also reviewed early drafts.  Personnel of the National Park




Service, the Forest Service, and GAP who were contacted in connection




with this effort should be commended for their cooperation and concern




about the problems of solid waste handling in recreational areas.
                                    52

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                               APPENDIX A




             AN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE HANDLING




                         IN RECREATIONAL AREAS






     This accounting system is intended for use by those who have




the responsibility for collecting and disposing of solid waste in




recreational areas.  It is designed as a series of forms to be




completed by different levels of operation so that control can be




exercised over the system, costs can be identified for planning and




budgeting, and operating and design parameters can be established.




     Form 1  is to be filled out daily by the driver of each collection




truck and turned in to his supervisor.  It should be filled out completely




and accurately.  Those items that are not self-explanatory on the form




are the follow!ng.




     "Area,"which is the individual campground, visitor center, etc.




that is being serviced.  Collection from roadside containers should be




listed as a separate entry.




     "Task," which is the service being performed, such as solid waste




collection,  restroom cleaning, general maintenance, etc.  All services




performed by the crew should be listed so that the percent of time spent




on solid waste collection can be determined.




     "Comments," where items that should be reported to the supervisor




can be listed.  These might be missing or damaged storage containers,
                                    53

-------
needed maintenance, or some problem within the area.




     "Time to disposal," which is the time that an identified area was




left in order to haul solid waste to the disposal site.




     "Time at disposal," which is the time of arrival at the disposal




site.




     "Amount of waste," which can be expressed in pounds, tons, cubic




yards, or number of containers collected.  The units used should be




listed.




     "Time from disposal," which is the time of departure from the




disposal site.




     "Time at area," which is the time of arrival at an identified area.




     Form 2 is to be filled out daily by the operator of a sanitary




landfill and turned in to his supervisor.  The item that is not




self-explanatory on the form is the following.




     "Act!vity," which is landfilling (spreading, compacting, and/or




covering waste), excavating, maintaining of equipment, or other.  All




activity marked other should be explained under "Remarks".




     Form 3 is to be filled out daily by the operator of an incinerator




and  turned in to his supervisor.  The form should be self-explanatory.




     Form k is intended for use at medium to large-size disposal facilities




where either a foreman is on duty and can gather the data or charges




are  made to several users of the site on the basis of the amount of




waste  received from each.  Form k should be filled out daily and




turned  in to the supervisor.  Those items that are not self-explanatory




on  the  form are the following.

-------
     "Wastes, Source," which is the predominant area serviced by the




truck, such as campground, roadside containers, or resort.




     "Wastes, Type," which is refuse, kitchen waste (garbage), brush,




lumber, etc.




     "Weight in," which can only be used if there ere scales at the




disposal site.




     "Weight out," (same as above).




     "Net amount, Wastes," which is the number of pounds, tons, cubic




yards, or equivalent storage containers on the truck.




     "Net amount, Residue," can only be used for an incinerator and




is the amount to be disposed of by burial.  This is not necessarily




associated with an incoming truck, and it should be weighed or




measured to help evaluate incinerator performance.




     Form 5 is to be completed each week by the district supervisor




from daily Forms 1 and 2.  This information is submitted to the




appropriate department for payroll purposes.  Each employee may be




listed as doing more than one job if he spends only part of his time




on solid waste collection or disposal.  Listing the time on each job




separately will allow calculation of the total amount of time spent on




solid waste collection and disposal.




     Form 6 is to be maintained by the supervisor for each piece of




equipment detailed to solid waste collection and disposal.  Entries




should be made whenever costs for repairs or maintenance are incurred.




This information should be totaled annually and summarized for the




area solid waste director.
                                    55

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     Form 7 can be completed monthly, quarterly, or annually.  The more




frequently it is filled out, the better the control that will be main-




tained over the system.  Either quarterly or annually, the supervisor




should forward this information to the area director.




     Form 8 is to be filled out annually by the area director so that




this information will  be available, along with that submitted by the




district supervisors,  for planning and budgeting purposes.

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         FORM 1



COLLECTOR'S DAILY REPORT
Driver
Helper
Time in
Time out
Date
Truck No.
Mileage in
Mileage out
Area














Task














Time @ start














Time @ finish














Comments














Gas purchased
(eal)

Check if abnormal:
Eng. temp. 1 J
Oil press. | J
Ammeter | 1
Packer 1 J
Brakes 1 I
Lights | |
Other | |
Check if relevant
and report to supervisor:
Personal injury
Automotive accident
Property damage
1
n
n

Time to Time at Amount of Time from Time
disposal disposal waste disposal area
at






              57

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                              FORM 2
             SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATOR'S DAILY REPORT
Operator
Helper
Time heqin


Activity















Time begin















Time end










Site
Date
Time end


Remarks










Equipment hour meter reading:
Fuel consumed (gal)
begin
end
Oil added (qt)



REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE DATA
Equipment
description




Cause




Hours
down




Labor
hours




Labor
cost




Parts
cost




External
costs




Total
cost




                                    58

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                              FORM 3
                INCINERATOR OPERATOR'S DAILY REPORT
Operator
Helper
Time begin
Facility
Date
Time end
Incinerator:
  Start time
Auxiliary fuel:
  Start time
End time
End time
  Fuel consumed
Amount of solid waste incinerated
Residue disposal:
  Amount of residue
  Time required for disposal
  Equipment used for disposal
  Cost of equipment 	
REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE DATA
Equipment
description




Cause




Hours
down




Labor
hours




Labor
cost




Parts
cost'




External
costs




Total
cost




                                   59

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                                       FORM 4
                                 DISPOSAL FACILITY
                                DAILY TRUCK RECORD
SIGNATURE:
                                                    DATE:
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
12
15
16
17
18
19
20
Truck
identification





















Totals
Time





















X
Wastes
Source





















X
Type





















X
Weight
in





















X
Weight out
(or tare weight)





















X
Net amount
Wastes






















Residue






















                                          60

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District
         FORM 7



SOLID WASTE COST SUMMARY



          Period:  from
to
Factor

Amt. of waste collected
Amt. of waste transferred
Amt. of waste disposed
Storage containers replaced
Cost of maintenance
Cost of plastic liners purchased
Number of liners used
Collection labor cost
Collection equipment cost
Collection overhead cost
Total collection cost
Collection cost/amt. collected
% time on route
% time hauling
Number of accidents
Transfer labor cost
Transfer equipment cost
Transfer overhead cost
Total transfer cost
Transfer cost/amt. transferred
Number of accidents
Disposal labor cost
Disposal equipment cost
Disposal overhead cost
Total disposal cost
Disposal cost/amt. disposed
Number of accidents
This period




























Year to date




























Total budgeted
amount

X
X
X



X





X
X
X





X





X
                                    63

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                   Appendix  B

                    Executive Order  11507
   PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND ABATEMENT OF AIR AND WATER
               POLLUTION AT FEDERAL FACILITIES
  By virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United
States and in furtherance of the purpose and policy of the Clean Air
Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1857), the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 400), and the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1909 (Public Law No. 91-190, approved January 1,
1970), it is ordered as follows:
  SECTION 1. Policy. It is the intent of this order  that the Federal
Government in the design? operation, and maintenance of its facilities
shall provide leadership in the nationwide effort to protect and en-
hance the quality of our air and water resources.
  SEC. 2. Definitions. As used in this order:
  (a) The term "respective Secretary" shall mean the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare in matters pertaining to air  pollu-
tion control and the  Secretary of the Interior in  matters pertaining
to water pollution control.
  (b) The term "agencies" shall mean the departments, agencies, and
establislunents of the executive branch.
  (c) The term "facilities" shall mean the buildings, installations,
structures, public works,  equipment, aircraft,  vessels, and   other
vehicles and property,  owned by or constructed or manufactured for
the purpose of leasing to tlie Federal Government.
  (d) The term "air and water quality standards" shall mean respec-
tively the quality standards and  related plans of implementation,
including emission standards, adopted pursuant to the Clean Air Act,
as amended, and the  Federal  Water  Pollution  Control  Act, *as
amended, or as prescribed pursuant to section 4(b) of this order.
  (e) The term "performance specifications" shall mean permissible
limits of emissions, discharges, or other values applicable to a particu-
lar Federal facility that would, as a minimum, provide for conform-
ance with air and water quality standards as defined herein.
  (f) The term "United States" shall moan the fifty States, the Dis-
trict of Columbia, the Commonwealth  of Puerto  Jtico, the Virgin
Islands, and Guam.
  SFXX 3.  Responsibilities,  (a)  Heads of agencies shall, with regard
to all facilities under their jurisdiction:
  (1) Maintain review and surveillance to ensure that the standards
set forth in  section 4 of this order are met on a continuing basis.
  (2) Direct particular  attention to identifying potential air and
water quality problems associated with the use  and production of
new materials and make provisions for their prevention and control.
  (3) Consult with the respective Secretary concerning the be.st tech-
niques and methods available for the protection and enhancement of
air and water quality.
  (4) Develop and publish procedures^ within six months of the date
of this order, to ensure that the facilities under their jurisdiction are
in conformity with this order. In the preparation of such procedures
there shall be timely and appropriate consultation with the respective
Secretary.
  (b) The respective  Secretary shall provide leadership in imple-
menting this order, including the provision of technical advice and
assistance to the heads  of agencies in connection with their duties and
responsibilities under this order.
 _ (c) The Council on Environmental Quality shall maintain con-
tinuing review  of the  implementation of this order and shall, from
time to time, report to the President thereon.
       fEDERAl REGISTER, VOU 35, NO. 25—THURSDAY, FEBRUARY i, 1970


                            65

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  SEC. 4. Standards, (a) ]leads of  agencies shall ensure that  all
facilities under their jurisdiction are designed, operated, and main-
tained so as to moot the following requirements:
  (1) Facilities shall conform to air and water quality standard* as
defined  in section 2(d) of this order. In those  cases where no such
air or water quality standards arc in force for a particular geographi-
cal area, Federal  facilities in that area shall conform to the standards
established pursuant to subsection (b) of this section. Federal facili-
ties shall also conform  to the performance specifications  provided
for in this order.
  ('2) Actions shall.be  taken  to avoid  or minimize wastes  created
through the complete cycle of operations of each facility.
  (3) The use of municipal  or regional waste collection or disposal
systems shall be the preferred method  of disposal of wastes from
Federal facilities. Whenever use of such a system is not feasible or
appropriate, the heads  of agencies concerned  shall take necessary
measures  for the satisfactory disposal  of such  wastes, including:
  (A) When appropriate, the installation and operation of their own
waste treatment  and disposal facilities in a manner consistent with
this section.
  (B) The  provision of trained manpower, laboratory and  other
supporting facilities as appropriate to meet the requirements of this
section.
  (C) The  establishment of requirements that  operators of Federal
pollution control facilities meet leve.ls of proficiency consistent with
the operator certification  requirements  of the State in which  the
facility is located. In  the absence of such State requirements  the
respective Secretary may issue guidelines, pertaining to operator
qualifications and performance, lor the use of  heads  of agencies.
  (4) The use, storage,  and  handling of all materials, including  but
not Limited  to(   solid fuels, ashes, petroleum  products, and  other
chemical and biological  agents, shall be carried out so as to avoid or
minimize the possibilities for water and  air pollution. When appro-
priate, preventive measure shall be taken to entrap spillage or dis-
charge  or otherwise to  prevent  accidental pollution. Each  agency,
in consultation with the respective Secretary, shall establish appro-
priate emergency plans and procedures for dealing with accidental
pollution.
   (5) No waste shall be disposed of or discharged in such  a  manner
as could result in the pollution of ground water which would endanger
the health or welfare of the public.
   (6) Discharges of radioactivity shall  be in  accordance with  the
applicable rulas,  regulations, or requirements of the Atomic  Energy
Commission and  with the policies and guidance, of the Federal Radia-
tion Council as published in tihe FKDKRAI, RKOINTKK,
   (b) In those cases where there arc no air or water quality .standards
as defined in section 2(d) of this'order in force for a particular geo-
graphic area or in those, cases where more stringent requirements are
deemed advisable for Federal facilities, the respective Secretary, in
consultation with appropriate Federal,  State,  interstate,  and local
agencies, may issue regulations establish ing air or water quality stand-
ards  for  the purpose of this order, including  related schedules  for
implementation.

   (c) The heads of agencies, in consultation with the respective Sec-
retary, may from time to time identify facilities or uses thereof which
are to bo exempted, including temporary relief, from provisions of this
order in  the interest of national security or in extraordinary cases
where it is in the national interest. Such exemptions shall be reviewed
periodically by the respective Secretary and the heads of the agencies
concerned. A report on exemptions granted shall l>e submitted to the
Council on Environmental Quality periodically.
                               66

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  SKC. 5. 1'rocfdui'en jor (ilxucnu'nt of air and water pollutioti al mtf,-
  ff Federal facttitiex. (a) Actions necessary to meet the requirements
of subsections (a) (1) and (b) of section 4 of this order pertaining to
air and water pollution at existing facilities arc to IK- completed  or
under way no later than December 81,1072. In cases where an enforce-
ment conference called pursuant to law or air and water quality stand-
ards require earlier actions, the earlier date shall be applicable.
   (b) Tn order to ensure full compliance with the requirements  of
section 5(a) and to facilitate budgeting for necessary corrective and
preventive measures, heads of agencies .shall present lo the Director of
the Bureau of the, Budget by June 30, 1070, a plan to provide for such
improvements aa may be necessary to meet the required date.  Subse-
quent revisions needed to keep any such plan up-to-date shall  be
promptly submitted to the  Director of the Bureau of the Budget.
   (c) Heads of agencies shall notify the respective Secretary as to
the performance specifications proposed for each facility to meet the
requirements of subsections 4  (a) (1) and (b) of this order. Where the
respective Secretary finds that such performance specifications are
not adequate to meet  such requirements, he shall consult with  the
agency head and the latter shall thereupon develop adequate, perform-
ance specifications.
   (d) As may be  found necessary, heads  of  agencies may  submit
requests to the Director of the Bureau of the Budget for extensions of
time for a project beyond the time specified in section 5 (a). The 1 )irec-
tor, in consultation with the respective Secretary, may approve such
requests  if the Director deems that such project is  not  technically
feasible or immediately necessary to meet the requirements of sub-
sections 4 (a) and (b). Full justification as to the extraordinary cir-
cumstances necessitating .any such extension shall be required.
   (e) Heads of agencies shall not use  for any other purpose  any of
the amounts appropriated and apportioned for corrective and preven-
tive measures necessary to meet the requirements of subsection  (a)
for the fiscal year ending June 30,  1971,  and for any  subsequent
fiscal year.
  SEC. 6. Procedures for new Federal fact/Hiss,  (a) Heads of agencies
shall ensure that the requirements of section 4  of this order are con-
sidered at the earliest possible stage of planning for new facilities.
   (b) A request for funds to defray the  cost of designing and con-
structing new facilities in the United States shall !>e  included in the
annual budget estimates of an agency only if such request includes
funds to defray the costs  of such measures as may be necessary to
assure that the now facility will meet the requirements of section 4
of this order.
   (c) Heads of agencies shall notify the respective Secretary as to the
performance specifications proposed for each facility when action is
necessary to meet the requirements of  subsections 4 (a) (1) and  (b)
of this  order. Where  the  respective Secretary finds  that such per-
formance specifications are not adequate  to meet such requirements
he shall consult with the agency head  and the  latter shall thereupon
develop adequate performance specifications.
   (d) Heads of agencies shall give duo consideration to  the quality
of air and water resources when facilities  are constructed or operated
outside the United States.
   SKC. 7. Procedures for Federal water resources project*, (a)  All
water resources projects of the Departments  of Agriculture,  the
Interior, and the  Army, tho Tennessee Valley Authority, and the
United  States Section of the International  Boundary and  Water
Commission  shall  be consistent with the requirements of section 4
of this order. In addition, all such projects shall bo presented  for the
consideration of the Secretary of the interior at the earliest feasible
stage if they involve proposals or recommendations with respect to
                            67

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tlio authorization or construction of any Federal w.al.er resources proj-
eot in tho United Stales. The Secretary of tho Interior shall review
plans and supporting data for all such  projects relating  to water
quality, and shall prepare a report to the head of the responsible
agency describing the potential impact of tho project on water quality,
including recommendations concerning any changes or oilier measures
with respect thereto which ho considers to be necessary in connection
with tho design, construction, and operation of tho project.
   (b) Tho report of the Secretary of the Interior shall accompany
at tho earliest practicable stage any report proposing authorization
or construction, or a request for funding, of such a water resource
project. In any  case in which the Secretary  of tho Interior fails to
submit a  report within 00 days after receipt of project plans, tho
head of the agency concerned may propose  authorization^  construc-
tion, or funding of the project without such an accompanying report.
In such a  case, tho head of the agency concerned shall explicitly  state
in his request or report concerning the project that the Secretary of
tho Interior has not  reported on the potential impact of the project
on water quality.
  SEC. 8.  Saying pi-ovivions. Except to the extent that they are in-
consistent with this order, all outstanding rules,  regulations, orders,
delegations, or other  forms of administrative action issued, made, or
otherwise token under tho orders superseded by  section 9 hereof or
relating to tho subject of this  order shall remain in full force and
effect until amended,  modified, or terminated by proper authority.
  Sue. 9.  Orders superseded. Executive Order No. 11282 of May 26,
19C6, and  Executive  Order No. 11288 of July 2, 19C6, are hereby
superseded.
  TUB Wiirra
            February 4, 1970.
               Doc. 70-1500} IPlIed, Feb. i, 1070;  12:83 p.m.J
                             68

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