SECOND SESSION
September 11, 1967
PROGRESS EVALUATION MEETING
In the matter of Pollution of
the Interstate Waters of the
Grand Calumet River, Little
Calumet River, Calumet River,
Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and
their Tributaries
U.S. Department of Interior-Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
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Opening Statement
by Murray Stein 5
Closing Statements 561
Hon. Richard J. Daley 9
Hon. Ray J. Madden 16
H. W. Poston 21
Col. S. B. Warner 24
Robert J. Bowden 29
Grover Cook 1?6
Dr. Roland Smith 192
James C. Vaughn 206
Perry E. Miller 223
Clarence W. Klassen 271
John E. Egan 292
Vinton W. Bacon 522
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Progress Meeting in the Matter of Pollution of
the Interstate Waters of the Grand Calumet River., Little
Calumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and
their Tributaries, held at the Ceremonial Courtroom, New
Federal Building, Jackson and Adams Streets, Chicago,
Illinois, on September 11, 1967, at 9:10 a.m.
PRESIDING:
Mr. Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner
for Enforcement, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Department of the
Interior.
CONFEREES:
H. W. Poston, Regional Director, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration,
Department of the Interior, Chicago, Illinois
John E. Egan, President, The Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois
Blucher A. Poole, Technical Secretary,
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board,
Indianapolis, Indiana
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CONFEREES (Continued):
Clarence W. Klassen, Technical Secretary,
Illinois Sanitary Water Board, Springfield,
Illinois
AIDES TO ABOVE:
Vinton W. Bacon, General Superintendent, The
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Perry E. Miller, Assistant Director,
Division of Sanitary Engineering, Indiana
State Board of Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
Douglas B. Morton, Chief, Bureau of Stream
Pollution Control, Illinois Department of
Public Health, Springfield, Illinois
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PARTICIPANTS;
Hon. Richard J. Daley, Mayor of the City of
Chicago, Illinois
Hon. Ray J. Madden, Member of Congress from the
First Congressional District of Indiana
H. W. Poston, Conferee and Regional Director,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department of
the Interior, Chicago, Illinois
Colonel E. B. Warner, Chief, Engineer Division,
Headquarters Fifth United States Army
Robert J. Bowden, Director of the Calumet Area
Surveillance Project^ Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Department of the Interior, Chicago, Illinois
Grover Cook, Chief, Regional Office, Enforcement
Activities, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Department of the Interior, Chicago, Illinois
Dr. Roland Smith, Assistant Director for Biological
Research, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Department of the
Interior
James C. Vaughn, Engineer of Water Purification,
Bureau of Water, Department of Water and Sewers, City of
Chicago, Illinois
Perry Miller, Assistant Director, Division of
Sanitary Engineering, Indiana State Board of Health,
Indianapolis, Indiana
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PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Clarence W. Klassen, Conferee and Technical
Secretary, Illinois Sanitary Water Board, Springfield,
Illinois.
John E. Egan, Conferee and President of the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois
Vinton W. Bacon, General Superintendent, The
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois
THOSE IN ATTENDANCE:
Richard P. Anderson, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois
Mrs. H. L. Arenson, Jr., Glencoe League of Women
Voters, 1010 Eastwood Road, Glencoe, Illinois
Frank Armour, Vice President, Engineering, Inter-
lake Steel Corporation, 310 S. Michigan, Chicago, Illinois
Vinton W. Bacon, General Superintendent, Metro-
politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, 100 East Erie
Street, Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued);
Mrs. C. S. Barrett, Water Resources, Chicago
League of Women Voters, 5756 Blackstone Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois 60637
Lawrence P. Beer, Hydraulic Engineer, Commonwealth
Edison Company, 72 West Adams, Chicago, Illinois
Irving Bernstein, Chemical Engineer, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, 33 E. Congress
Parkway, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Mrs. Russell Borgings, Jr., League of Women
Voters, Chairman, Lake Michigan Inter-League Group, 1120
Chestnut Avenue, Wilmette, Illinois 60091
Austin Boyle, Assistant Secretary, E. C. Manu-
facturers Association, 900 E. Chicago Avenue, East Chicago,
Indiana 46312
John R. Brough, Director, Air and Water Control,
Inland Steel Company, 3210 Watling Street, East Chicago, Indiana
William D. Calhoun, Governmental Affairs Representa-
tive, Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, Riley and Dickey
Roads, East Chicago, Indiana
B. W. Capek, Assistant to Executive Vice President,
Union Tank Car Company, 111 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago,
Illinois
J. Roland Carr, Regional Editor, Engineering
News Record, 645 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Joseph T. Chantigney, General Vice Chairman,
Cook County Clean Streams Committee, 14823 Evers Street,
Dolton, Illinois 6c4l9
Daniel Chorowicki, Aquatic Sampler, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, 1819 Pershing Road, Chicago,
Illinois
A. J. Cochrane, Assistant to Vice President,
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, 69 West Washington Street,
Chicago, Illinois
Richard J. Daley, Mayor, City of Chicago
William J. Degutis, Monitor Technician, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, 1819 Pershing Road,
Chicago, Illinois
Herbert J. Dunsmore, Assistant to Administrative
Vice President - Engineering, U. S. Steel, 525 William Perm
Place, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230
S. A. Foust, Engineer, Union Carbide, P. 0. Box
750, Whiting, Indiana
James A. Fowler, Technical Assistant, Sinclair
Refining Company, 3500 Indianapolis Boulevard, East Chicago,
Indiana
Merrill B. Garnet, Federal Activities Coordinator,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 33 East
Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois 60605
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
George Gockstetter, Superintendent, Republic
Steel Corporation, 11600 Burley Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
60617
Mrs. Gilbert Goodfriend, League of Women Voters,
9704 S. Merrion Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
C. Fred Gurnham, Professor, Illinois Institute
of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
James F. Grutsch, Coordinator of Waste Disposal,
American Oil Company, 910 South Michigan, Chicago, Illinois
Frank E. Hall, Planning and Program Grants
Officer, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 33
E. Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Robert A. Hirshfield, Chairman, Water Resources
Committee, Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry,
Inland Steel Building, Chicago, Illinois
D. D. Hunter, General Attorney, U. S. Steel,
208 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois
Ruth Irvine, League of Women Voters, 311 Moccasin,
Buchanan, Michigan
George F. Jackson, Research Chemist, Cities Service
Oil Company, Box No. 7l8, East Chicago, Indiana
James W. Jardine, Commissioner of Water and Sewers,
City of Chicago, Room 403, City Hall, Chicago, Illinois
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Raymond D. Johnson, Deputy Commissioner for .Water,
Department of Water and Sewers, Room 4C4, City Hall, Chicago,
Illinois 60602
Mrs. Eileen Johnston, Water Resources, League
of Women Voters, 505 Maple Avenue, Wilmette, Illinois
Mrs. Morrie Kaplan, League of Women Voters, 8901
Lake Shore Drive, Gary, Indiana
Laurel Koertgen, Water Resources Chairman, League
of Women Voters, 51^9 Howard, Skokie, Illinois
Leslie Kozlowski, Secretary, Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration, 33 East Congress Parkway,
Chicago, Illinois
Fred G. Krikau, Environmental Control Engineer,
Interlake Steel Corporation 135th and Perry, Chicago,
Illinois 60627
T. E. Larson, Head, Chemical Section, Illinois
State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 6l801
Benn J. Leland, Sanitary Engineer, Illinois
State Sanitary Water Board, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Chicago,
Illinois 60612
Harry R. Macdonald, Plant Manager, Lever Brothers
Company, 1200 Calumet Avenue, Hammond, Indiana 46320
Gerald Marks, Trustee, Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago, 100 East Erie Street, Chicago,
Illinois 60608
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THOSE IN ATTENANCE (Continued);
J. 0. McDonald, Regional Construction Grants
Program Director, Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion, 33 East Congress Parkway, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Fran McGeachie, Reporter, City News Bureau, 188
W. Randolph, Chicago, Illinois
J. Edward Meers, Superintendent - Manager, Sanitary
District of Bloom Township, P. 0. Box 251, Chicago Heights,
Illinois 60411
Henry A. Miller, Co-Chairman, Lower Des Plaines
Cook County Clean Streams Committee, 23 Longcommon Road,
Riverside, Illinois
D. B. Morton, Chief, Bureau of Stream Pollution
Control, Illinois State Sanitary Water Board, 6l6 State
Office Building, Springfield, Illinois 62706
Richard S. Nelle, Sanitary Engineer, Illinois
Department of Public Health, 6l6 State Office Building,
Springfield, Illinois 62706
Frank J. O'Donnell, Engineer Sewer Construction
and Maintenance, Department of Water and Sewers, Room 408,
City Hall, Chicago, Illinois
Richard A. Pavia, Assistant Commissioner, Depart-
ment of Water and Sewers, Room 403, City Hall, Chicago,
Illinois
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Ernest D. Premetz, Deputy Regional Director,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the
Interior, 5 Research Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103
Peter P. Picchi, Auditor, U. S. General Accounting
Office, 6lO South Canal Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607
Clifford Risley, Jr., Director, Chicago Program
Office, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 1819
W. Pershing Road, Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Samuel Rome, Water Resources Chairman,
League of Women Voters, 67 E. Madison, Chicago, Illinois 60603
R. J. Schneider, Deputy Regional Director, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, 33 East Congress Park-
way, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Roger G. Seaman, Administrative Assistant to
President, Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago,
100 East Erie, Chicago, Illinois
Donald R. Shiras, Manager, Public Information,
Inland Steel Company, 30 West Monroe, Chicago, Illinois
Jerome E. Stein, Director of Research and Develop-
ment, Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, 100
East Erie, Chicago, Illinois
William Straczek, Director of Lab, Sanitary
District, Bloom Township, Box 251, Chicago Heights, Illinois
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Joseph V. Slovick, Hydraulic Technician, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, 1819 W. Pershing
Road, Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Donald Trump, Chairman, Water Resources
Director, League of Women Voters, R5 - Box 26, Valparaiso,
Indiana ^6383
James C. Vaughn, Engineer, Wetter Purification,
Bureau of Water, 1000 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Illinois
DeYarman Wallace, Research Supervisor, Youngstown
Sheet and Tube Company, P. 0. Box 9^0* Youngstown, Ohio
Robert 0. Waller, Chief Water Engineer, Bureau of
Water, City of Chicago, Room 404, City Hall, Chicago, Illinois
60602
Rob Warden, Science Writer, Chicago Daily News,
Chicago, Illinois
R. V. Weil, Assistant Manager, Engineering,
Sinclair Refining Company, 410 East Sibley Boulevard, Harvey,
Illinois
B. F. Willey, Director, Water Purification Lab,
City of Chicago, 1000 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611
Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, Field Museum
of Natural History, Roosevelt Road and Field Drive, Chicago,
Illinois
Charles L. Woody, Assistant to Manufacturing Super-
intendent, Lever Brothers, 1200 Calumet Avenue, Hammond, Indiana
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
PROŁEED_INGŁ
OPENING STATEMENT
BY
MR. MURRAY STEIN
MR. STEIN: This is a meeting of the conferees
representing the States of Indiana and Illinois, the Metro-
politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, and the U. S.
Department of the Interior. The purpose of this meeting is
to evaluate progress toward water pollution control in the
waters covered by the enforcement conference in the matter of
pollution of the interstate waters of the Grand Calumet River,
Little Calumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan,
and their tributaries.
The first session of the enforcement conference
was held under the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, on March 2-9, 1965. A technical session of the
conference was held on January 4-5, 1966. The conferees
then met in executive session on January 31 and February 1,
1966, and the conclusion of the conferees was announced at a
public meeting on February 2, 1966. A progress evaluation
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
meeting was held on March 15, 1967.
As you can see, we have put quite a bit of work in
this area. I also think that we, the conferees at the
table, and the industries involved, are way ahead of most of
the areas in the country in dealing with water pollution
control.
These conferees are Mr. John E. Egan, President of
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago; Mr.
H. W. Poston, who is Regional Director for the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Department of the Interior,
with headquarters in Chicago; Mr. Clarence W. Klassen,
accompanied by Mr. Douglas Morton, of Illinois; and Mr.
Blucher Poole, accompanied by Mr. Perry Miller, of Indiana.
My name is Murray Stein. I am from the Department
of the Interior, Washington, D. C., and I am the representative
of Secretary Stewart Udall.
We have not been quite as fortunate in other areas
of the country as we are here in achieving unanimity of goals
and of a program and a time schedule such as we have achieved
in the area in the lower end of Lake Michigan. This in no
small measure has been due to the long-time and cooperative
effort placed in this program by the representatives of the
agencies at this table, together with representatives of
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
industry, notably the steel and petroleum industries. These
people have labored long and hard in working out pollution
control requirements for the area.
All of industry has indicated its desire to move
ahead with this program. Much of the industry has made con-
siderable progress. As a matter of fact, the petroleum
industry has, to all intents and purposes, almost completed
its program, and what we need is some surveillance.
Possibly a difficulty with the problem is that
once we feel we have the program under way and the problem on
the way towards solution, new problems crop up.
For example, we were struggling in the last few
years to prevent bacterial contamination of the beaches. The
Chicago beaches have remained open. We may have passed the
crisis and turning point there where that has been halted.
At least, it is not getting any worse.
Lo and behold, what are we faced with? Alewives
and persistent and little algae known as cladophora. As a
matter of fact, until a few months ago, unless you were a
biologist, you probably did not know what cladophora was.
When I first heard of it, I thought perhaps it was the end
girl of the chorus of a Sophocles Greek play, but we find it
is a problem.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
When I got to Chicago last night, I received the
following telegram, which was addressed to me, which I would
like to read:
"My intense interest in the cause of Lake
Michigan continues unabated. With Lake Erie in
danger of death, it is unthinkable that we might
lose another through neglect and the abuse of a
few wasteful generations. I desire a complete
progress report on the results of your Chicago
meeting. Specifically I will be interested in
action taken to carry pollution reduction measures
recommended at the enforcement conference on March
2, 1965, and the technical session on January 4,
1966. Please inform everyone that we shall use
every resource available to this Department to help
save Lake Michigan.
/s/ Stewart L. Udall
Secretary of the Interior."
With this, you can see that our Department
has given this the highest priority.
Though most of you are familiar faces, just
briefly, let me say this: The Great Lakes are our single
greatest fresh water resource, perhaps the single greatest
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
fresh water resource in the world.
Lakes are a little different than rivers. Once
they get polluted, we are not sure that, given all the money
in the world or the best will in the world, we can restore
them again. Once these Great Lakes go, I am not sure we are
going to have anything left. If they do go, it will cer-
tainly change the entire economic base and structure of this
area. As a matter of fact, it may even have repercussions
on the position of the United States as a world power. There
is no more important research Job than to save the Great
Lakes.
That is the theme of our discussion. The
Secretary has evidenced his interest in this by the telegram,
and the Department of the Interior and the Federal Government
are here to do all they can.
At this point, we would like to take the oppor-
tunity of calling on Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago, who has
just come in.
Mayor Daley.
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE RICHARD J. DALEY,
MAYOR OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MAYOR DALEY: Thank you very much, Mr. Stein.
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Hon. R. J. Daley
Mr. Chairman, Mr. Egan, Conferees and Ladies and
Gentlemen:
As you know, the first Federal interstate hearing
on Lake Michigan was called in March 1965 to discuss ways
and means of preventing further deterioration of the southern
end of the lake. The States of Indiana and Illinois, together
with the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago,
the City of Chicago, and concerned industrial and municipal
representatives, joined with the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration to find a solution to this critical
problem. Today, after approximately two and one-half years,
the interstate hearing of March 19^5 is generally classified
as one of the most successful ever held. This was not by
accident. This initial success was achieved through the
sincere efforts of all the participants. We were encouraged
by this cooperation but nevertheless we are deeply concerned
that the objective set forth, namely the elimination of all
pollution resulting from untreated discharges, by December
31, 1968, will not be met. Later today you will hear from
the conferees representing both Illinois and Indiana, and
they, in turn, will report in detail as to the progress which
has been achieved.
In spite of the fact that prevention of water
pollution has become a public crusade, there are still many
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Hon. R. J. Daley
who have to install the facilities necessary to achieve
this objective. Everybody must understand that failure to
comply will lead to strict enforcement.
Although areas of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Lake
Michigan have already deteriorated to the point where their
use for water sui.ply and recreation is severely threatened,
there are still people who doubt that the situation we face
is really a crisis. If we were to be guided by these persons,
all of the Great Lakes would have to be destroyed before the
public would be called upon to respond to the challenge.
Fortunately, these people are few in number.
Water pollution in itself is not always visible,
but the damaging effects are most conspicuous * Many of us
have noticed the increased weed growth, the presence of
objectionable algae, the nuisance of dead alewives or signs
"No Swimming — Polluted Beaches." Should any additional
proof be needed to support our contention that Lake Michigan
is deteriorating, I should like to report to you that over
the past twenty years the problems of treating Lake Michigan
water to the level of quality and purity necessary for public
consumption have increased manyfold; and even more alarming,
have increased at an accelerated rate. Problems which formerly
were experienced only at the South Water Filtration Plant,
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Hon. R. J. Daley
located at 79th Street and Lake Michigan, are now becoming
more frequent at the newly constructed Central Water Plant,
located north of Navy Pier. Slugs of pollution which pre-
viously drifted only from the southern end of Lake Michigan
are now, on occasion, reaching our plants from the north also.
During this twenty-year period, the quantity of chlorine used
to achieve the water safety which Chicago requires has in-
creased from 15 pounds per million gallons to 25 pounds per
million gallons, a 67% increase. The activated carbon dosage
used to remove objectionable odors and tastes has Increased
from 24 to 41 pounds per million gallons and coagulants used
to remove suspended matter from 103 to 119 pounds per million
gallons. These represent increases of 71 and 15 percent,
respectively. The cost of treatment with these chemicals has
increased by 92 percent during this period. These findings
cannot be disputed; they are, in fact, indications that pollu-
tion of Lake Michigan is increasing.
While we in Chicago are most proud of our heritage
as a great city, and proud of our contributions to the science
of sanitary engineering, in water filtration and treatment as
well as waste water treatment, we recognize that we cannot
rest on our accomplishments. Another battle over the fate of
Lake Michigan is upon us, and we must use every weapon at our
disposal. This means that we must attack all forms and sources
of pollution, whether they emanate from industrial complexes,
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Hon. R. J. Daley 13
municipalities, or the commercial and pleasure craft which
operate in our waters. Focusing all of our efforts on one
group and ignoring the others is not only unfair, but will
not yield the results we are seeking. For this reason, last
Thursday we proposed to the Chicago City Council, amendments
to Chicago's Harbor Code which will update and clarify the
regulations we intend to use in preventing further pollution
of the harbor of Chicago by pleasure craft and commercial
vessels. It is not our intention that in seeking a solution
to the problems of harbor pollution, we will resort to piece-
meal measures which, in the long run, could result in greater
costs to the community. Instead, we intend to promote the use
of retention or recirculation devices which will prevent any
pollution from vessels and pleasure craft being discharged
into lake waters. The waste products will be collected, re-
tained, and disposed of at appropriate shore-side facilities.
This means that an extensive program will be required to
develop enforcement measures as well as to provide adequate
shore-side facilities in all of the harbors and boating
marinas of Chicago in time for the 1968 boating season, when
implementation and enforcement will begin. While this is no
little task, we intend to carry it out.
We would like to encourage the other lake States,
and particularly those bordering Lake Michigan, to consider
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Hon. R. J. Daley
similar action. Uniform regulations would greatly simplify
accommodation and enforcement. In establishing Chicago's
program to prevent harbor pollution, we have enlisted the
advice and cooperation of the State of Illinois and the local
office of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Their support is most appreciated.
The City of Chicago is also in the process of
examining new techniques which may prove useful in protecting
Lake Michigan from pollution and preserving it as Chicago's
most priceless asset. Over the last few months, efforts have
been made to determine the feasibility of using aerial
reconnaissance in conjunction with infrared photography or
Laser techniques to measure water quality. The city is
cooperating with other agencies in the study of alewife prob-
lems. Efforts are being made to consider ways and means of
controlling the natural cycle by which all lakes, including
Lake Michigan, age and die over a period of thousands of
years, but with vastly accelerated rates through the effects
of man-made pollution.
In conclusion, we would like to commend all of
you for your past efforts to solve this problem, but all of
us must understand that we are not yet doing enough. It is
our belief that the efforts of all of us must be accelerated
and intensified if the battle for Lake Michigan is to be won.
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Hon. R. J. Daley
The City of Chicago stands ready to support any and all
efforts to achieve this objective.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for the opportunity of
appearing here.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Mayor. Thank you for a
truly comprehensive and sophisticated analysis of the problem.
With the cooperation and the understanding, such
as we have had from Mayor Daley, we have hopes that we can
preserve Lake Michigan and move forward to an abatement of
the pollution problem.
Here we have a mayor of one of the largest cities
in the country, thoroughly conversant with a very technical
and a very difficult problem.
Thank you very much.
At this point we would like to call on Congressman
Ray Madden of Indiana.
Congressman Madden has been an old friend. You
know, now in Congress they passed the Water Pollution Control
Bill practically unanimously, but there were times in the past
when we squeaked through by one or two votes. At that time
Congressman Madden was always a stalwart friend, and particu-
larly in the Rules Committee he often provided the needed
vote to get the legislation through.
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Hon. R. J. Madden
I think as much as anyone in the country or in the
Congress, Congressman Madden can be considered to be an
architect and responsible for the Federal Water Pollution
Control Program. Thank you, Congressman.
STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE RAY J. MADDEN,
MEMBER OF CONGRESS FROM THE FIRST CONGRES-
SIONAL DISTRICT OF INDIANA
CONGRESSMAN MADDEN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for
those words.
Mayor Daley and Members of this Commission:
I have nothing prepared. I am on my way back to
Washington after the recess, but I think that next to Vietnam,
this question of water pollution and, you might add, air
pollution, is the No. 1 menace that our Ration is facing.
I want to commend Mayor Daley for the great work
that he and his aides have been doing in trying to solve
the situation here in the Chicago-*land area.
I made a statement in Congress eight or ten years
ago that I represent the greatest industrial Congressional
District in the United States, and Congressman Eberharter
of Pittsburgh got up and asked if I knew that there was a
town by the name of Pittsburgh. I said I realized there was
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Hon. R. J. Madden
a town by the name of Pittsburgh, but I asked, "How many
Congressional Districts do you have there?" He said, "Five."
"Well," I said, "there is only one in the Calumet
region of Indiana."
We here in Indiana and in the Calumet region
in Chicago, of course, are joined. Our problem is mutual
as far as pollution is concerned, and although this is a
water pollution hearing, nevertheless air pollution is in
about the same category.
I can state that if any civilized nation and all
the people in the Nation realized what air pollution does to
the health of humanity and to the health of the people
generally, this question would have been handled years ago.
It can be handled. There is nothing complex about these
industries cooperating with the States and the Nation and the
local communities, and putting all these great, progressive,
modern inventions, and if they will cooperate, within five
years from now we can purify the waters of every lake of the
Great Lakes and a lot of these other areas over the Nation.
Water pollution in the Chicago—land area, which
includes my district, affects everybody in the country. Over
the years I venture to say that a great percentage of the
people in this country, in the Middlewest especially, come
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Hon. R. J. Madden
into Chicago. It affects them.
Dr. Downing in Gary told me not long ago, "You go
over the death lists in the Chicago, Gary, Hammond and East
Chicago newspapers, and I sometimes wonder how much air and
water pollution has added to that list over the years, day
by day, month by month, when they drink this water that comes
out of this lake."
You don't have to be a chemist to see it. You can
taste it if you drink the water around here. Of course, we
have done a great job, as far as science allows, to purify
this water, but I have turned on the faucets in the hotels
in Chicago and the hotels in Gary and in the homes down in
my area, and the first thing that comes out of the faucet is
a lot of dirt, and you don't know what it is, but that is
because there is probably something wrong with the filtration
system. We have great filtration systems, but sometimes they
go wrong, and the health of the people is jeopardized by
reason of that.
I do not want to take up any time here because I
know you have a great schedule, but, in closing, let me say
this:
I am not blaming anybody connected with these
industries living in my area or living in Chicago, because
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Hon. R. J. Madden
some of these major industries -- and it is not confined to
the major industries, but the automobile industry and the
smaller industries can cooperate, and I think most of them
are -- but there has not been much movement going on in the
last two years since you gentlemen started. It is not your
fault either. Those boys back in New York are at fault that
control these big industries. It is not you boys who are out
here representing them. You are doing the best you can, but
I am going to make this statement:
I know something about the sentiment that is
generated in Congress on this pollution problem, and that
doesn't apply to the people, representatives and senators
living in congested areas like our area, but it applies all
over the Nation.
There is going to be legislation passed by the
Congress of the United States to clean up pollution if the
heads of these industries back in New York and in Chicago and
in my area and throughout the country don't get behind this
problem. They have got to get behind it, because, if they
don't, there will be legislation passed and it will be cleaned
up, but it will probably cost them a dollar where it will cost
them about ten cents now if they will cooperate, pro rata
speaking.
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Hon. R. J. Madden
They have not moved so far in spite of all the
publicity. The Mayor of East Chicago can testify to that.
Mayor Daley has done a great job, but we need help
from the industries that are contributing to this thing. The
cities are doing the best they can to cooperate, so let's all
get together.
Thank you for the opportunity to say a few words.
MR. STEIN: Thank you very much, Congressman
Madden, for an excellent statement.
Mayor Daley, I know you have a busy schedule, but
I would like to just read the last sentence of a telegram I
received last night in Chicago at the Palmer House from
Secretary Udall, which I read before:
"Please inform everyone that we shall use
every resource available to this Department
to help save Lake Michigan."
Now, you can be assured, and Secretary Udall has
asked me to tell you, that any cooperation we can give you
has the highest priority in our Department, and whatever our
resources, our budget and the law will allow, we are ready to
work with you on helping you solve the problem.
MAYOR DALEY: Thank you very much.
MR. STEIN: Thank you very much.
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21
H. W. Poston
At this point;, we would like to call on Mr.
Poston for the Federal presentation.
I might point out that we will call for the
Federal presentation first. Then we will call on the States
and the Sanitary District of Chicago.
Mr. Poston.
STATEMENT OF H. W. POSTON, CONFEREE AND
REGIONAL DIRECTOR, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR,CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, Fellow Conferees,
Ladies and Gentlemen:
At the March 15> 1967* progress meeting, the con-
ferees agreed that progress was being made but there were
strong indications that the industries in the conference area
were not going to be in compliance with the schedule that
called for construction completion by December 1968. Final
engineering plans were to have been completed by June 1967.
We expect to hear a report on this today. I am most anxious
to hear from the other regulatory agencies as to whether or not
the agreed upon deadlines have been met.
While obviously the major pollution is from
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22
H. W. Poston
municipal and industrial sources, I am equally anxious that
the Federal agencies comply with the conference recommenda-
tions at the Nike Sites in the area. These are the only
Federal pollution sources remaining. Colonel Warner of the
Department of the Army is here today I think to give us a
report on the status of these installations.
Both the Corps of Engineers and the Coast Guard
have installed treatment devices on their boats, and the
Coast Guard Indiana Harbor Light Station has installed
secondary treatment.
Concerning pollution from dredging, we are working
closely with the Corps of Engineers to find alternate methods
of disposal of pollutional dredged materials. Although
dredgings are still being dumped in the lake, it is encouraging
to know that some of the dredgings from the Calumet River are
being disposed of on land. By next year we expect to have a
report on the studies now being conducted to find alternate
disposal methods for the entire Great Lakes.
Our agency has been involved in surveillance of the
area, and a report of water quality conditions will be
presented. This is the third such report since the first
session of the conference in March 1965, and I can tell you
now that we are not able to present a rosy picture.
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23
H. W. Poston
Since our last meeting, we have been involved in
another area of pollution that was so enormous that the
entire country knew about it. That was the massive die-off
of alewives. When the die-off began, we immediately investi-
gated conditions in the southern half of the lake and found
no evidence that pollution caused the die-off. Tests were
made for water quality characteristics such as pesticides,
toxic metals and other substances that are usually implicated
in a fish kill. As you know, the billions of dead fish
restricted recreational uses and increased the cost of water
treatment; and for those reasons, the dead fish were con-
sidered pollutants. Above all, the odor they gave off was
more than anyone could bear. High-level concern for this is
evidenced by the fact that Secretary Udall organized a
task force in the Department of the Interior to combat the
problem. The task force is headed up by Assistant Secretary
Stanley A. Cain. Although the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
is the principal agency involved in the alewife problem, the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration will continue
to work closely with them to bring about some kind of relief.
Another problem that followed on the heels of the
massive alewife mortalities was the algal growth cladophora.
These green plant masses were scattered through the water so
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24
H. W. Poston
swimmers became draped with green slime, and it washed up on
the beaches in stinking windrows. The Chicago beaches
suffered moderately, but pileups of cladophora in southwest
Michigan and in Indiana have been the worst ever. This is a
most serious problem, not only because of the nuisance it
causes, but because it is a positive indicator of over-
fertilization.
At this time, I would like to call on Colonel
Warner of the Fifth Army to make a statement to this group.
MR. STEIN: Would all those other than the panel
members making a statement, come to the lectern and identify
themselves for the record before making their statement?
Thank you.
Colonel Warner.
STATEMENT OF COLONEL E. B. WARNER, CHIEF,
ENGINEER DIVISION, HEADQUARTERS FIFTH UNITED
STATES ARMY
COLONEL WARNER: Members of the Conference on
Pollution of the Interstate Waters of the Grand Calumet
River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake
Michigan and its Tributaries:
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25
Col. E. B. Warner
I am Colonel E. B. Warner, Chief, Engineer
Division, Headquarters Fifth United States Army. I represent
Lt. General John H. Michaelis, Commanding General, Headquarters
Fifth United States Army, and will provide a status report
on the pollution sources within the jurisdiction of Head-
quarters Fifth United States Army that are of interest to the
conferees. These pollution sources consist of the discharges
from four small NIKE sites located wholly within the State of
Indiana. Their specific locations have previously been made
part of the record of this conference.
Responsibility for operation and maintenance of
the sewage treatment facilities at these NIKE sites is delegated
to the Post Engineer, Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and that office
has previously provided the conferees with periodic status
reports on an "as requested" basis. The most recent report
was furnished the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion on March 13, 19^7, and was read into the record of this
conference on March 18, 1967.
That report stated the difficulties that had been
experienced in reconstructing the sand filter at NIKE Site
C-45, Gary, Indiana, but stated that operation would be
achieved in April 1967. This objective was met. It should
be noted that the chlorination facilities had been available
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26
Col. E. B. Warner
for use since the previous September.
The report also stated that chlorine contact tanks
and chlorination facilities would be installed at NIKE Site
C-32, Porter, Indiana, NIKE Site C-46, Munster, Indiana, and
NIKE Site C-47, Wheeler, Indiana, with bid to be requested
in May 19&7 and construction to be accomplished in June 1967.
Requests for bids were, in fact, issued on April 11, 1967,
but no bidders responded. As a result, Fort Sheridan under-
took a canvassing operation to generate bid interest in the
project. Invitations for bid were reissued on May 19, 1967,
and one bid for $16,905 was received. This headquarters con-
sidered the single bid to be excessive since the only work
involved was installation of a 750-gallon pre-cast chlorine
contact tank and a chlorine drip-feeder controlled by an
electrically operated solenoid valve. However, since other
delays beyond this headquarters control had occurred, as
already indicated, and since Fort Sheridan had made a commit-
ment to the conferees, this headquarters approved award of
contract 5641 on June 29, 1967. Installation of the required
chlorination facilities is proceeding as scheduled. The
chlorine contact chambers have already been installed, the
drip feeding equipment has been installed, and necessary
electrical and plumbing connections are nearing completion.
The scheduled completion date is September 19, 1967, and
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27
Col. E. B. Warner
this headquarters has been advised that the contract will be
completed by the scheduled date.
The status report of March 13* 1967, also stated
that routine testing of the performance of these sewage treat-
ment plants would be accomplished upon completion of the
chlorination systems.
Periodic laboratory testing has already been
accomplished; however, routine laboratory testing has presented
serious logistical problems. The only military laboratory
facility available to the NIKE sites is the one located at the
Port Sheridan Sewage Treatment Plant. The location of the
sites relative to Port Sheridan makes it necessary to hand-
carry collected samples to Fort Sheridan for testing. This
approach is costly, time-consuming and impractical. Port
Sheridan has been unsuccessful to date in making arrangements
with a local sewage treatment plant to perform the necessary
testing on a fee basis. Negotiations are currently under way
with Gary, Indiana, and a decision is anticipated on September
13 j 1967. If these local type arrangements are rot possible,
this headquarters will be unable to perform the more meaning-
ful biochemical oxygen demand test and will initiate the
relative stability test on the final effluent.
Equipment for settleable solids and chlorine residu-
al testing is being ordered to coincide with the operation of
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28
Col. E. B. Warner
the completed chlorination facilities. These tests will be
performed by the water and sewerage man assigned to the four
sites and he will also be instructed in the performance of
the relative stability test if this latter test becomes
necessary.
This headquarters concludes that it has followed
the schedule contained in the last status report except for
delay due to circumstances beyond its control.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Colonel Warner.
Are there any comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: That is a very encouraging report
indeed.
As Mr. Poole and Mr. Klassen and the others with
whom I have worked over the years know, there is only one way
to get at pollution control in an area, and that is you have
got to get at every source no matter.how large or how small.
There is no cut-off. We have been through this many, many
times.
We recognize that while pollution control from
the NIKE sites is relatively small, in any event, I think
the Fifth Army is to be commended for taking such action,
because they are a Federal agency and a sister Federal agency,
and our mandate is to show the way, if we can, to take such
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29
Col. E. B. Warner-
action and do this.
This report is encouraging indeed.
If I understand this, this means that all Federal
installations in the area have adequate waste treatment
facilities. Is that correct?
MR. POSTON: That is correct.
MR. STEIN: Thank you very much.
Mr. Poston?
MR. POSTON: I would like to call on Mr. Robert
Bowden, who is our Engineer in Charge of Surveillance
Activities, to make the presentation on his surveillance
activities.
Mr. Bowden.
STATEMENT OF ROBERT J. BOWDEN, DIRECTOR OF
THE CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT,
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRA-
TION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CHICAGO,
ILLINOIS
MR. BOWDEN: Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Ladies and
Gentlemen:
I am Robert J- Bowden, Director of the Calumet Area
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30
R. J. Bowden
Surveillance Project. This project was organized at the
request of the States of Illinois and Indiana, in order to
assist them in the monitoring of the Calumet Area. Its basic
function is to determine the quality and changes in quality
of the various waters of the enforcement area and to report
to the States and to the conferees so that they may evaluate
the progress that has been made.
Today I am presenting a report on the water
quality in the area which covers the period January to June
196? and includes a section on the beaches which is updated
to include July 196?. I would like to have this report
entered into the record in its entirety.
Gentlemen, the report has just come off the
presses, and I would like to distribute them to the conferees
now.
MR. STEIN: Let me see the report.
MR. BOWDEN: There are copies available out on the
table in the hall, if anybody would like to have them.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, this report will
be entered into the record as if read.
By the way, the transcript of the conference is
being made by Mr. Al Zimmer, who is a contract reporter with
the Federal Government, and he received the job on a low bid
basis.
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31
R. J. Bowden
We will print the entire proceedings, and
distribute them, but they may not be available for about four
months. If any of you should desire to get a transcript
beforehand, you may feel free to deal directly with Mr.
Zimmer. I expect that Mr. Zimmer will charge you as reason-
able a fee as he charges us.
(The following is the report submitted by Mr.
Bowden:)
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32
R. J. Bovrden
REPORT ON THE WATER QUALITY OF LOWER
LAKE MICHIGAN, CALUMET RIVER, GRAND
CALUMET RIVER, LITTLE CALUMET RIVER
AND WOLF LAKE
By
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FOR THE PERIOD
JANUARY 1967 THRU JUNE 196?
ILLINOIS - INDIANA
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
August 1967
* * *
STATUS REPORT ON THE
CALUMET AREA POST ACTION SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FOR THE PERIOD
JANUARY THROUGH JUNE 1967
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33
R. J. Bowden
ILLINOIS - INDIANA
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes Region
Chicago Program Office
August 1967
* * *
INTRODUCTION
This report on the changes in water quality in
the Calumet Area is the fourth in a series of semi-annual re-
ports made by the Calumet Area Surveillance Project of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA).
Previous reports covered the periods July to December 1965,
January to June 1966 and July to December 1966. This report
covers January to June 196? and includes a section on the
beach surveillance program which covers data collected
during July 1967.
The waters reported on include the Grand Calumet
River, the Indiana Harbor Canal, Indiana Harbor, the Little
Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Wolf Lake Outlet, Calumet Harbor
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R. J. Bowden
and the lower end of Lake Michigan. Beaches include Rainbow
Beach, two Calumet Park Beaches, Hammond Beach, Whiting
Beach, East Chicago Beach and the Hammond Beach on Wolf Lake.
The cooperation provided by the Indiana Stream
Pollution Control Board, the Illinois Sanitary Water Board,
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, the
United States Coast Guard, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and
(
others in supplying valuable information and facilities is
gratefully acknowledged.
FWPCA personnel who participated include:
Robert J. Bowden, Director
Anne Byrne, Microbiologist
Joseph V. Slovick, Sampler-Hydraulics Technician
William J. Degutis, Sampler-Monitor Technician
Daniel Chorowicki, Aquatic Sampler
Lillian Ehlert, Secretary
BACKGROUND
Authority and Organization
A conference on pollution of the interstate
waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little Calumet River,
Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan and their tributaries,
called by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
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35
R. J. Bowden
under the provisions of Section 8 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act (33 USC 466 et. seq.) was held in
Chicago, Illinois, March 2-9, 1965.
Paragraph No. l4 of the Conclusions and Recom-
mendations of the conferees for this conference provided
that "Surveillance will be the primary responsibility of
the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, the Illinois
Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago. The Department of Health, Education
and Welfare will make available a resident technical group and
visiting groups of experts which will assist the State
agencies and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago at such time as requested by them."
The State of Indiana, on April 6, 1965, and the
State of Illinois, on April l6, 1965^ requested an extensive
sampling program by the Federal Government to monitor the
water quality in the Calumet Area. The Metropolitan
Sanitary District has not formally requested a sampling
program, but has requested laboratory assistance in the
analysis of samples they have collected and in special
studies they have conducted on chlorination of the effluent
from their sewage treatment plant. The Calumet Area Sur-
veillance Project was organized in the latter part of June
1965 to fulfill the requirements of paragraph No. 14 and
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36
R. J. Bowden
the requests of the States.
On January 1, 1966, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration was created within the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare and incorporated the sur-
veillance project.
On May 10, 1966, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration was transferred from the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare to the U. S. Department
of the Interior.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of the Calumet Area Surveillance
Project is to assess the progress in the abatement of
pollution in the conference area in cooperation with appro-
priate State and local agencies. This is being accomplished
through a sampling program to monitor the water quality at
various locations within the conference area and a series
of electronic water quality monitors to continuously
monitor the water quality at selected key points in the
basin. Streamflow measurements are being made so that
laboratory analyses in milligrams per liter can be con-
verted to pounds per day. The information obtained through
Federal, State and local sampling programs and the informa-
tion furnished by the industries to the State or other
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R. J. Bowden '7
responsible agencies on the quality and quantity of their
waste flows are evaluated.
Reports are prepared and presented to the
conferees and reconvened conferences on the current water
quality and the progress toward abatement of the pollution.
Criteria
The conclusions drawn in this report regarding
water quality conditions in the Calumet Area are made
relative to certain specific water quality standards. These
standards, which are referred to throughout the report, are
those proposed by the State of Indiana and approved by the
Secretary of the Interior on July 18., 1967.
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
The Calumet area is a flat plain located at the
southern end of Lake Michigan and includes the Calumet-
Little Calumet River system, the Grand Calumet-Indiana
Harbor Canal system, Wolf Lake and its outlet. It includes
approximately 7^-2 square miles and forms a part of the
continental divide between the Mississippi River Basin and
the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin. Approximately
60% of the area drains to Lake Michigan and the remaining
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7 R. J. Bowden 38
40$ drains to the Mississippi River by way of the
Illinois River system. Despite this fact the area is not
well drained. There are large, marshy, low-lying areas
which are subject to flooding during and after heavy rain-
falls. The streams are sluggish and meandering except
where they have been artificially maintained and/or supple-
mented by industrial or municipal waste flows.
The Grand Calumet and the Little Calumet Rivers
both traverse the divide. On the Grand Calumet the divide
is normally located at the Hammond, Indiana, Sewage
Treatment Plant outfall. Approximately two-thirds of the
effluent flows west into the Calumet River in Illinois and
one-third flows east to the Indiana Harbor Canal and Lake
Michigan. Rainfall and lake level conditions can cause
the divide to shift to either the east of the west.
The location of the divide on the Little Calumet
River is not definite and varies over a distance of several
miles in the vicinity of Highland, Indiana. The western
portion flows to the Gal-Sag Channel in Illinois, which
connects the system to the Illinois River. The eastern
portion flows to Lake Michigan by way of Burns Ditch, which
discharges to the lake near Ogden Dunes, Indiana.
Flow in the Calumet River is controlled by the
O'Brien Lock and is directed from Lake Michigan to the
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8 39
R. J. Bowden
Gal-Sag Channel except during periods of heavy flooding or
unusually low lake levels.
The Indiana Harbor Canal connects the Grand
Calumet River to Lake Michigan. The Grand Calumet River
east of the Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant outfall is
tributary to Lake Michigan through the canal.
Wolf Lake is located on the Illinois- Indiana
State line between Chicago, Illinois, and Hammond, Indiana.
The original outlet from Wolf Lake to Lake Michigan has been
blocked and an outlet to the Calumet River in Chicago has
been constructed. The City of Hammond maintains a park
which occupies most of the Indiana shoreline of the lake.
This park and the lake are extensively used for recreation.
The Illinois portion of the lake is a part of the Wolf Lake
Conservation Area.
Cities and Industries
The major population centers in the area are
East Chicago, Gary, Hammond and Whiting in Indiana; and
Calumet City, Chicago Heights and a part of the south side
of Chicago in Illinois. The area is highly industrialized.
There are ten major steel mills including the United States
Steel Corporation's Gary Works, Gary Sheet and Tin Mill,
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, and Inland Steel
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ko
R. J. Bowden
Company in Indiana; and United States Steel's South Works,
the Wisconsin Steel Company;, the Interlake Iron Corporation,
the Republic Steel Corporation and the Acme Steel Company
in Illinois. There are five petroleum refineries includ-
ing the American Oil Company, the Cities Service Petroleum
Company, the Mobil Oil Company, and the Sinclair Refining
Company in Indiana; and the Clark Oil and Refining Company
in Illinois. Other industries include Lever Brothers,
Union Carbide Chemical, E. I. DuPont, M & T. Chemicals,
American Maize and a large number of smaller concerns.
These industries are located in three major
groups. One group is concentrated along the Calumet River
in Illinois. Another is along the Indiana Harbor Canal;
and the third is in Gary, Indiana, and discharges to the
headwaters of the Grand Calumet River. These three groups
make the Calumet Area one of the most important industrial
centers in the Nation and also one of the most significant
from the standpoint of water pollution.
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a?
11 R. J. Bowden
DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMS
Stream and Harbor Sampling Programs
Seventeen stream, harbor and water intake
stations were scheduled to be sampled on a weekly basis to
determine chemical and microbiological quality during the
period January to June 1967. Thirteen of these were sampled
during the entire period. The remaining four are lake
stations that required a boat for sampling, and were not
sampled before May 5, 196?^ due to ice and inclement weather
on the lake. The results of this sampling program are the
basis for this report. The sampling locations are indicated
on maps dispersed throughout this report, preceding the
discussion of the results for each station.
Beach Sampling Program
Sampling on seven beaches in the area was initi-
ated on May l6, 1967, and will continue on a twice weekly
basis until September 15, 19&7. Six of these beaches are
located on Lake Michigan and one on Wolf Lake. A map showing
the location of these beaches is on page 10. Five of the
beaches were sampled at their mid-points 'An water approxi-
mately three feet deep. Rainbow Beach an^ Calumet Inner
Beach were each sampled at two locations / Samples were
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12
43
R. J. Bowden
collected on Tuesday and Thursday of each week and analyzed
for total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci,
This program was coordinated with the beach sampling
programs of the Chicago Park District and the Indiana
State Board of Health and data was distributed freely among
the agencies.
Automatic Monitoring Program
Many operations of the industries in the basin
result in discharge of wastes on a batch basis. This may
occur at various times, depending on the operations of the
industry. These discharges and accidental spills of oil
or other pollutants could pass into Lake Michigan or down
the Illinois River unobserved by a once-a-week sampling
program. As the general quality of the waters in the area
improves, these spills will become more significant. Such
spills will be detrimental to water uses which otherwise
would be supported by the improved water quality.
A system of 24-hour automatic water quality
monitors is being established in the area to detect such
spills. Two of these instruments are in place and four
more will be installed before the spring of 1968. A
centralized computer station for the efficient handling of
data from these instruments has been proposed to make the
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13 M
R. J. Bowden
system an on-time system with a short reaction time. An
on-time system is a system capable of detecting and reacting
to pollution as soon as it occurs.
Biological Sampling Program
The kinds and number of aquatic plants and
animals inhabiting a particular body of water reflect the
quality of the water that prevails in the area. Those that
inhabit the bottom reflect the quality that existed in the
past. Some organisms are capable of withstanding polluted
conditions and will multiply rapidly when competition from
other less tolerant organisms is eliminated. These pollution
tolerant organisms include sludgeworms, bloodworms, leaches,
blue green algae and pulmonate snails. In an unpolluted
environment the number of these organisms is restricted
by competition from other species but when the other species
are killed off by pollution they multiply rapidly. There-
fore,, the continuous or sudden introduction of toxic wastes,
settleable solids or oxygen consuming materials alters the
composition of the benthic population. A balanced benthic
population is not restored immediately upon the return of
optimum water quality because the lengths of the life
cycles of these organisms vary from weeks to years. This
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14 45
R. J. Bowden
fact makes it possible to detect slugs of pollution that
have passed through a sampling station.
In order to develop a more uniform and reliable
biological sampling technique, an experimental program using
artificial substrates has been established. During April
1967 five Dendy type samplers were placed in streams of
various quality in the Calumet Area. Regular bottom samples
using a Peterson dredge were collected when the Dendy samplers
were retrieved. A report on the results of this program is
included in this report.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Industrial pollution in the Grand Calumet
River-Indiana Harbor Canal System has become more severe
since 1965. The findings indicate that concentrations of
iron, cyanide and phenolic compounds were all higher than
in 1965.
2. Bacterial quality in the Grand Calumet River-
Indiana Harbor Canal System is still unsatisfactory.
3. Floating oil was consistently reported at
all stations on the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor Canal
System.
4. The water quality in the western portion of
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15
R. J. Bowden ^
the Grand Calumet River at the State line improved slightly
during the summer of 1966, but deteriorated during the
winter due to an increased amount of raw or inadequately
treated sewage reaching the stream. The stream did not
meet the standards at any time.
5. Overflow from combined sewers associated with
heavy rainfalls during April and May of 19&7 caused a sig-
nificant increase in bacterial counts at all stations.
6. The water quality in the Little Calumet
River has improved since 1965, but the stream is still
subject to severe pollution from combined sewer overflows
and does not meet the standards.
7. Wolf Lake is a high quality body of water,
suitable for all water uses but is threatened by high
nutrient concentrations. Except for nutrients there was
substantial compliance with the standards.
8. The water quality at the East Chicago and
Hammond water intakes meets some of the standards but is
affected by wastes from Indiana Harbor and direct discharges
to the lake, causing violation of the standards for ammonia,
total phosphates, iron, phenol and threshold odors.
9. The water quality at Chicago's Dunne Crib
and the Gary Crater intake did not meet the standards for
chlorides, ammonia, total phosphate, iron, phenol and
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16 R. J. Bowden ^7
threshold odor.
10. The water quality at Chicago beaches was
satisfactory except during early July and during periods
of easterly winds when such winds locked in the contamina-
tion that might otherwise have been carried away.
11. Oil and grease was consistently found in
samples from all of the water intakes.
12. The large number of alewives that died and
were washed onto the beaches caused a severe odor and
esthetic problem, but did not cause immediate increases in
the bacterial counts. Decaying fish may have caused the
increased counts during July.
13. The water quality at Indiana beaches was not
satisfactory, due to wastes from Indiana Harbor and direct
discharges to Lake Michigan.
Recommendations to the Conferees
1. That numerical criteria for total iron,
cyanide, sulphate and oil be included in the standards
adopted for the Grand Calumet River.
2. That the criteria for ammonia in open Lake
Michigan waters be reviewed in light of the high levels
routinely found in the lake and the recommendations in the
Laboratory Committee's report on ammonia.
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17
R. J. Bowden
3. That the criteria for MBAS be reviewed in
light of the limitations of the laboratory analytical pro-
cedure reported in Standard Methods.
WATER QUALITY
Beach Sampling Program
Six Lake Michigan beaches in the Calumet Area
are being sampled twice each week for bacterial quality
during the 1967 bathing season. This program, which started
on May 18, 1967^ and will continue until September 15,
1967, includes Rainbow Beach, Calumet Park Inner Beach,
Calumet Park Outer Beach, Hammond Beach, Whiting Beach and
East Chicago Beach. Rainbow Beach and Calumet Park Inner
Beach are each sampled at two points. In addition, the
Hammond Beach on Wolf Lake is being sampled.
Samples are obtained in four feet of water at
elbow depth by samplers who wade into the lake wearing
rubber waders. The purpose of the rubber waders is to
prevent contamination of the sample by the sampler. The
samples are immediately stored on ice and are processed
by the laboratory within a few hours of collection. Samplers
record the following information at the time of collecting
the sample: number of bathers within 100 feet, air
-------
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10
-------
19 c.n
R. J. Bowden ->u
temperature, water temperature, wind speed and direction,
height of waves, cloud and weather conditions and any other
factors that may affect water quality.
Samples collected by the Surveillance Project
are processed in the Chicago Program Office by means of the
membrane filter (MR) method to determine total coliform,
fecal coliform and fecal streptococci.
The laboratory methods followed are in accordance
with the procedure established in "Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater" (12th ed). Fecal coli-
form determinations are made by the MF method, using M-FC
broth base (Difco) with Rosolic acid as an indicator. This
method was developed by Geldreich et al at the Robert A.
Taft Sanitary Engineering Center in Cincinnate, Ohio.
The criteria for determining satisfactory water
quality for bathing at the Calumet Area beaches are the
following:
a. The water quality is satisfactory if MF
coliforms are less than 1000 and MF fecal streptococci are
less than 100 per 100 milliliter (ml) of sample.
b. The water quality is satisfactory if MF
coliforms are between 1000 and 5000 and MF fecal strepto-
cocci are less than 20 per 100 ml of sample.
An average of the five most recent counts is
Geldreich et al '65, J.A.W.W.A., 57:2:208-214, Feb.
-------
20 51
R. J. Bowden
used to determine if the water quality is satisfactory.
Results
This report considers the results of the beach
sampling program up to the end of July 196?. The next semi-
annual report will consider the entire 1967 swimming season.
Table B-l and Figures B-l, B-2 and B-3 on pages
12 through 15 compare the beaches during the period May
18, 1967, to July 27, 1967, with a similar period in 1966.
Table B-l indicates no significant change in the water
quality at the beaches. There are two exceptions; the
Calumet Park Outer Beach met the criteria more often in
1967; on the other hand, East Chicago Beach did not meet
the criteria as often as in 1966. Rainbow Beach and the
two Calumet Park beaches met the criteria until the
beginning of July, when several very high counts were made.
During this period there were a large number of partially
decomposed alewives on the beaches and in the water. It
has been considered a possibility that the high coliform counts
during July may have been related to the decomposing fish;
however, studies directed at confirming this fact have thus
far been inconclusive. During the last week of July the
alewives disappeared. At this time the coliform counts
returned to a level which meets the criteria.
-------
21 52
R. J. Bowden
The correlation between winds with an easterly
component and the high counts which was noted in 1966
continued in 1967. In addition, the easterly winds lock
in contamination that might otherwise be carried away from
the beaches.
Hammond Beach, Whiting Beach and East Chicago
Beach are still heavily polluted. This is due to the
combined sewer overflows that discharge in the area and the
beaches' proximity to the mouth of the heavily polluted
Indiana Harbor. Wolf Lake continued to meet the criteria
during the first half of the 1967 bathing season.
-------
TABLE B-l
BEACH SAMPLING RESULTS
53
Ralnbov-T5th
Rainbow-TTth
Calumet Outer
CalunBt Inner-
99th
Calumet Inner-
100th
Hammond
Whiting
E. Chicago
Wolf Late
May
No. of
Samples
18
IB
IB
18
IB
IB
18
18
IB
1966
31-July 28
No. of
Failures
7
8
14
10
J2
IT
18
10
0
% of
Failures
39
44
78
56
67
9^
100
56
0
No. of
Samples
20
ao
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1967
May 18-July
No. of
Failures
7
8
5
9
10
IB
14
16
0
27
% of
Failures
35
40
25
^5
50
90
70
80
0
12
-------
(IB)
10 __
—
^~
.-5
~
m_n
~—
1
1 *'-=
\- _
5ANISMS pe
i*
i i t!
Ł io—=
o —
-
—
-
Ł
10 — =
—
t
^ ^
i n i
i \j ^^^
(20)
(IB)
-H
i
1
i
(i>
i
1
j <
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i -j
(18)
T
i
1
1
il
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> i
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i
i
j_
i
-L
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i
)
75th 77th
RAINBOW
(IB)
1
1
I (19)
Tl
1 '
i C
i
1
I
i
1
i
)
1
±
Middle
OUTER
CALUMET
(20)
(18)
T<
1
1 .
1 <
^
i
j
i-
i
99th
(20)
(18)
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1
1
-M
i,
I
i
i
i
i
1
|
i
i
i
i
1
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)
100th
INNER-PARK
T
i
1
| (20)
1
I
1
.1
Y
i <
]
1 (
I
I
i
1
1
i
i
>
>
-L
Middle
HAMMOND
(IS)
I (20)
I 1
(j)
j'
1 c
!
>
>
Middle
WHITING
(20)
(IB)
1
1 '
1
j'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
J_
•«•
•w
1
)
Middle
E.CHGO
n
,
S)
" !!
!,
t
t
C
>)
1
Middle
WOLF LAKE
FIGURE B-l
LEGEND
(20) NO. TIMES SAMPLED (20)
MAXIMUM
~M~EAN
Q MEDIAN
-J- MINIMUM
1966 DATA
• _Moximum Permitted
"TFecol Strep. <20)
Maximum Permitted
TFecol Strep.
-------
O
o
t_
o>
Q.
(O
V)
z
o
K.
O
5
10 __
—
^ •
io4__
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s
—
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2
_
-
_
io-—=
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(20)
(
(16)
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i
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>
75th
(20)
(is) y
I
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1
Y <
i
P
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I
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f
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1
i
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(16)
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1
1
I
'
$
! |
1
1
cj> c
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1
1
1
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i
i
F
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OUTER
CALUMET
(19)
07)
T
i
i«
y
T,
1
1
1
-L
>
>
99th
T (16)
(J9)
(15)
T
I
1
i
i
I
T
t-
i
i
i
1
J_
)
100th
INNER-PARK
i
I
1
| (is)
r
i
<
i
, <
p
i
i
i
i
1
1
i
1
I
i
±
»
1
Middle
HAMMOND
(20)
i y
i
i
4
i
A
j
<
i
1 J
i
Middle
WHITING
(19)
(17)
T
I
1
1
*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
_L
»
)
Middle
E.CHGO
(15)
!
, 09)
T
1
1
i <»
V
1
-L i
Middle
WOLF LAKE
FIGURE B-2
LEGEND
(20) NO. TIMES SAMPL
T- MAXIMUM
O MEAN
•
(J) MEDIAN
-*- MINIMUM
1966 DATA
ED (20)
1 •
T
1967 DATA
1)1
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BEACH SAMPLING RESULTS
Fecol Coliforms
1966 and 1967
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN.
Greof Lok.es Region Chicago.tllinois
-------
56
o
o
o.
V)
5
w
z
<
C9
OH
O
10 _
—
I0i__.
~
—
__
_
9
10 -=
— -
—
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(18)
T
o <
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(18)
J
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75th 77th
RAINBOW
(18)
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__
\
<
j
_JL'
<
S-
i
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L
Middle
OUTER
CALUMET
(20)
<13) <
1 20 (18)
II
1 '
1 f
1 ^
l
1
1 <
JL
Y
1
1 .
— 1—
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, 4
UA-
9
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i
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_L 1
99th |lOOth
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(2
(IB)
T
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-1
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>
L
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HAMMOND
(18)
<
-
i
' r
A
i
<
j_ _
\
»
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WHITING
(18)
T
\
(20)
-t
\
1
' r
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{
M
E.
>'
^
iddle
CHGO
(19)
T
1
1
j
J (20)
1
1
A
T
i 4
i i
i
i
i
l -L
i
_L
Middle
WOLF LAKt
FIGURE B-3
LEGEND
(20) NO. TIMES SAMPLED (20)
T- MAXIMUM
"OMEAN
MEDIAN
-- MINIMUM
1966 DATA
Moximum Permitted
"Hotol Coli.
-------
26 57
R. J. Bowden
Stream, Harbor and Water Intake Sampling
Thirteen stream and harbor stations and four
Lake Michigan water intakes were scheduled to be sampled
for bacterial and chemical quality during the first six
months of 1967. Samples were collected once each week
except that stations requiring a boat could not be sampled
during severe weather. All stream stations were sampled at
midstream except for the monitor stations, Numbers 6 and 11,
which were sampled at the water quality monitor intake. The
samples for bacterial analyses were taken at a depth of one
foot. The samples for chemical analyses were taken at mid-
depth or 10 feet in the case of navigable channels. All
water intake samples were taken from the raw water tap at
each of the water fitlration plants.
All samples were immediately preserved and/or
iced where required in accordance with procedures estab-
lished in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 12th Edition, 1965." Laboratory analyses on
samples subject to deterioration were initiated on the day
they were collected.
Bacterial analyses were performed as described
on page 11.
Chemical analyses were performed in accordance
with methods agreed upon by the Calumet Area Enforcement
-------
58
27 R. J. Bowden
Laboratory Directors Committee.
In the following discussion criteria have been
applied to some stations for which they were not specifically
designated in the Water Quality Standards previously referred
to. This was done for data evaluation purposes only. Where
stations were not designated as control points and had no
specific criteria established the most applicable and reason-
able criteria were used.
Station 1 - Grand Calumet River at the Pennsylvania R.R.
Bridge
This station is located approximately two miles
downstream from the United States Steel Company's complex
at Gary,, Indiana. The bulk of the flow is industrial waste
from this complex with some combined sewer overflows from
the City of Gary, Indiana.
Figure 1 on page 19 shows that the improvement
in the bacterial quality of the stream still does not meet
the criteria. April and May of 19^7 were unusually wet
months in the Calumet Area and caused increased discharges
of stormwater overflows from the City of Gary which resulted
in higher counts during these months. It appears that the
goals set by the State of Indiana cannot be reached until a
solution is found for the problem of combined sewer overflows
-------
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-------
29 60
R. J. Bowden
The industrial waste problem at this station
continued to grow more severe. Figures 2 and 3 on pages
20 and 21 and Table 1 on page 22 show increased amounts of
iron, phenols and cyanide in the stream. All of these
are constituents of steel mill wastes. Sulphates have not
decreased since the beginning of the surveillance in 19^5•
Occasional high concentrations of sulphate accompanied by a
low pH indicate the presence of spent pickling liquor. The
latest detected incident of this occurred on March 5? 196?.
This indicated that the deep well was not in satisfactory-
operation at that time.
The continued discharge of industrial wastes to
the stream caused a considerable amount of sedimentation.
During May and June of 196? this sedimentation raised the
level of the river to a point where it reportedly overtopped
the outer weirs of the bypass structures on the Gary's com-
bined interceptor sewers. This reportedly resulted in
excessive pumping by the city of Gary and threatened to
cause serious flooding at the sewage treatment plant and in
the city. The steel company subsequently dredged a large
amount of material from the river and pumped it to storage
lagoons, lowering the river by six inches to one foot, there-
by temporarily relieving the problem.
-------
61
CAUUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION I
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Greot Lokes Region Chicogo^llinois
/find. Criterio \ SPC 8)
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Oofa bated on monthly averages.
Approiimately four samples per month.
1965
1967
-------
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1965
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1965
1967
Doto bosed on monthly overoges.
Approximotely four somples per month.
FIGURE 2
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION I
Grand Columef River at
Pennsylvania R.R. Bridge
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo.tllinois
20
-------
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63
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1965
Data based on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 3
21
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION I
Grand Calumet River at
Pennsylvania R.R. Bridge
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great LoX.es Region Chicogo.Tllmois
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-------
34 65
R. J. Bowden
Station 2 - Indiana Harbor Canal at 131st St.
This station is located immediately downstream
of the point where the eastern and western portions of the
Grand Calumet River converge to form the Indiana Harbor
Canal. The quality of the water entering the canal which
eventually reaches Lake Michigan is measured at this point.
Effluents from the Gary, Hammond and East Chicago sewage
treatment plants as well as effluents from several industries
on the Grand Calumet River affect this point. All of the
sewage treatment plants are chlorinating their effluents
at present.
Figure 4 on page 25 shows that the bacterial
quality still did not meet the criteria. Figure 4 also
shows an increase in bacterial counts during April, May and
June of 1967. This increase may be explained by three
factors: the heavy rainfall during April and May which
increased the flow from combined sewer overflows, the in-
creased temperature of the water and an experiment which
was conducted at the Gary sewage treatment plant to deter-
mine if coke mill wastes from the U. S. Steel complex could
be treated at the plant. The treatment of these wastes by
the activated sludge process resulted in a great reduction
in cyanide and phenol content but produced a very high
concentration of ammonia in the plant's effluent. This
-------
35
66
R. J. Bowden
ammonia combined with the chlorine to form chloramines,
thereby greatly reducing the effect of the chlorination
process. The plant did not have sufficient chlorination
capacity to produce a free residual] therefore the bacterial
counts in the effluent were high.
The increase in industrial wastes noted at
Station 1 is also evident at Station 2. Figure 5 on
page 26 and Table 2 on page 27 show the increased concentra-
tions of iron and phenol. During January and February of
1967 phenol concentrations were 100 micrograms per liter
(ug/l) higher than during January and February of 1966 in
spite of slightly higher water temperatures. On March 1,
1967) a heavy slug of phenolic materials was found at this
station. The concentration was l6,750jag/l and the sample
had a strong odor. The Hammond and East Chicago water treat-
ment plant operators were notified and a special sampling
run was made on March 2, 1967, but the estuarial effect of
Lake Michigan on the canal dispersed the slug and made it
impossible to trace. Phenol concentrations at the downstream
stations were only slightly higher than normal for that time
of the year. Moderately high threshold odors were reported
by the East Chicago and Hammond water filtration plants
during the following week. An investigation by the Indiana
Stream Pollution Control Board revealed that the slug
originated at the United States Steel Company in Gary when
an employee "mistakenly discharged the wrong vat to the
-------
36
R. J. Bowden
67
river."
Low pH values accompanied by high concentrations
of sulphates indicate that this station is still affected
by discharges of pickling liquor wastes.
Samples from this station were composited on a
monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The following
table compares the average values for July to December 1966
and January to June 1967.'
Cadmium
Copper
Chromium
Potassium
Manganese
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Sodium
Arsenic
July-Dec. 1966
less than 0.005 mg/l
0.07 "
0 . 07 "
4.6
0.24 "
0.14 "
0.03 "
1.17 "
18
less than 1 jug/1
Jan. -June 1967
less than 0.005
0.03
0.05
4.6
0.47
O.l6
0.03
1.20
20
30 >
mg/l
"
n
n
»
"
n
"
n
ig/1
Except for arsenic the data does not indicate
any increase or decrease in the concentrations of these
elements. During 1967 arsenic was detected in March, April
-------
37 68
R. J. Bowden
and May. None was found during January, February or June.
It is probable that these results represent slugs that
were caught by the samplers. It is possible for such slugs
to be missed by a weekly sampling program; therefore this
arsenic is probably not a new contaminant but one that was
periodically present but not detected during 1966.
-------
69
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 2
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greot Lokes Region Chicogo^llinois
10'
FIGURE 4 —
I05
K
LU
O.
CO
2
u>
O
DC
O
I02
10
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
•- — — — FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Doto bated an monthly average*.
Approximately four
Z
w iJ >«
o a. o
2 < 2
3
->
i S
1966
.
S <
1967
25
-------
O
O
I
O
z
O
—100
- 80
- 60
- 40
- 20
70
3
<
c
* O-
•3 <
1966
o.
a>
CO
o
O
o
2
o
a>
O
xi >-
a) o
U- 5
a>
c
1967
r-400
O»
3
O
o
»«•
I
o
-J
o
2
LU
I
a.
1965
Doto based on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 5
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 2
Indiana Harbor Canal
at 151st St reet
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN.
Great Lak.es Region ChicagoJINnois
26
-------
O
H
en
en
o
Pi I
3 S
s S
EH
fc CO
O
EH
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rf H
3*
S °
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w
1
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CM
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31
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en UA H en H
en
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en ON c>- H c^- CM UA
UA H H H
O NO H
• • *
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CO ON
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CJ
en 8 -4
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0
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71
27
-------
72
R. J. Bowden
Station 3 - Indiana Harbor Canal at Dickey Road
Station 3 is located at Dickey Road Bridge on
the Indiana Harbor Canal. This station is downstream from
the St. George Branch of the Indiana Harbor Canal and
receives the wastes from all of the refineries which dis-
charge to the canal system.
Fluctuating lake levels cause the canal to act
as an estuary in this area. The water level in the canal
fluctuates two to three feet every six hours. Flow is
often upstream at Dickey Road. The net discharge is esti-
mated to be 1100 to 1200 cubic feet per second (cfs) toward
Lake Michigan.
Figure 6 on page 30 indicates declining bacterial
counts until April 1967 when they rose sharply. This rise
was due to the combined sewer overflows caused by heavy
rainfalls that occurred during these months and to the higher
summer temperatures.
The recently approved water quality standards
permit a maximum total coliform count of 5000 per 100 ml and
an annual average of not more than 2000 per 100 ml. During
January to June 1967 the maximum coliform count was 1,500,000
per 100 ml with an average of 325,880 per 100 ml. It is
evident that a great deal must be done to meet these goals,
-------
42 73
R. J. Bowden
particularly in respect to combined sewer overflows.
The extent of the industrial pollution problem
is indicated by comparing the standards for iron, cyanide,,
dissolved solids and phenolic compounds with the existing
levels in the stream. Table 3 on page 33 indicates that the
existing levels for each of these parameters were many times
higher than the standards. Figures 7 and 8 on pages 31 and
32 indicate that concentrations of these pollutants have
increased during the past two years.
Low dissolved oxygen was an increasing problem
at this point. During June 19^7 zero dissolved oxygen
was found in two of four samples. The dissolved oxygen
was less than 1.0 milligrams per liter (mg/1) after the
beginning of May. During 1966 dissolved oxygen contents less
than 1.0 mg/1 were not found until June 3.
Samples from this station were composited on
a monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The follow-
ing table compares the average values for July to December
1966 and January to June 1967.
-------
43
Cadmium
Copper
Chromium
Potassium
Manganese
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Sodium
Arsenic
R . J . Bowden
July Dec. 1966
less than 0.005 nig/1
0.08
0.04 "
4.5
0.22 "
0.06 "
0.03 "
0.63
21
less than 1 Jig/1
Jan. -June 196?
less than 0.005 mg/1
0.05 "
0.01 "
4.8
0.32 "
0.07 "
0.04 "
0.52 "
24 "
6 ug/1
As at Station 2, the data does not indicate a
definite trend. Significant arsenic was found in only the
March 1967 composite, indicating that a slug was detected.
It is probable that such slugs existed but were missed
during 1966.
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 3
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greot Lokes Region Chicogo^llinois
FIGURE 6 „—-
(Ind.Criterio SPC7)
Annual Average
(Ind.Criterio SPC7)
dnd.Crit. SPC71
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
«— FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data bated on monthly averages.
Approximately four lamplet per month.
1967
-------
E
O
I
O
z
O
o:
—io
-8
6
-2
3
-J
3
<
(U C
I/)
1965
>
o
Annual Average 0-15 ~)|
Maximum 0.30j
Crjt SpC7
c
o
-3
o.
<
a>
c
3 ^
1966
ci
0)
O
76
XI k-"
o o
u- S
1967
=
X
CJ>
•3
O
O
^J-
I
O
UJ
I
D.
—400
200
- 100
Annuol Averoge
Moximum
IOug/I
jf
= ft « e S
< OT ° z °
1965
C xi i-' >•' >. «> ><
O «, O O. o C —
•* ^ 2 < Z ^ 4
1966
o
z
c
o
-3
o a
S <
1967
a>
c
3
Ooto based on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 7
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 3
IrxJiono Horbor Canol
ot Dfckey Road Bridge
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION .CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lokes Region Chicago.Illinois
-------
I—0.50
o>
E
O
IO
i°
o
o
IU -
<
>-
o
Mox. Ind Criterio SPC7.
77
1966
1967
I—10
E
O
I
O
LJ
O
>-
X
O
o
ui
o
CO
CO
Min.Annuol Ave. (Ind Cnt SPC 7\
Doto bosed on monthly overoges.
Approximotely four somples per month.
FIGURE 8
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 3
Indiona Harbor Canal
at Dickey Rood Bridge
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lok.es Region ChicagoJIImois
-------
•PO
P.O.
OCO
rt
^°
NO
o
ffi
H
II
i
vŁ
PQ
«J •<
00
NO
NO
0)
§;
&
ID
o
•
CM
w\
H
• • d
CO CM
ir\ O
CO
to
Oi
ON O rH O
vO
CO i-t
ON
S-,
Q)
•P
(D
E
i
(2
to
«o i
H
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c^ O
CM H o
NO
O I O
o
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0 ^ 0- 0 rH 0 0 0 CD 0 0
-* ^
0
O
•
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o
o
Water Temp
•d
•H
d,
n
o>
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w
CM
C
o
•o
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n
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to
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d
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ts
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78
33
-------
•ft
o
Ul
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cc
UJ
o
z
L-J
vwvia^i
8IONI11L
r
-------
49 80
R. J. Bowden
Stations k, 5 and 6 - Indiana Harbor
Indiana Harbor was sampled at three points.
Station 4 is located at the mouth of Indiana Harbor Canal,
upstream of the Inland Steel and Youngstown Sheet and Tube
ship turning basin. Station 5 is located immediately down-
stream of the ship turning basins and downstream of all in-
dustrial discharges to the harbor. The average dry weather
flow to Lake Michigan past this station is 2700 cfs, but under
certain wind and lake level conditions lake water is backed
up into the harbor creating the effect of an estuary. Sta-
tion 6 is located at the east breakwall inner light which is
about 150 feet from Station 5 and contains a water quality
monitoring station.
Stations 4 and 5 are boat stations and cannot
be sampled in rough weather. During 1967 they were not sampled
until May 5 and were missed several times thereafter. A com-
parison of the monthly data from Station 5 a^d 6 reveals
that there is no essential difference in water quality
between the two points. Therefore sampling of Station 5 was
discontinued as of July 1967.
Figures 9, 10 and 11 on pages 36, 37 and 38 in-
dicate that bacterial counts at these three stations did not
meet the standards. The high counts during May and June
were probably due to overflows from combined sewers
-------
50
81
R. J. Bowden
resulting from the heavy rainfalls.
Tables 4 and 5 on pages 40 and 4l show high iron,,
cyanide and phenol concentrations at each of these points
which indicate the continued presence of heavy industrial
pollution.
Station 6 is the control point designated by the
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board for the Indiana Harbor
Canal. Table 6 on page 42 and Figure 12 on page 39 compare
the proposed criteria with the actual water quality for the
past two twelve-month periods. The criteria for temperature
is being met. The median pH is below the range required by
the criteria. In general the criteria for dissolved oxygen
is met. This is because most of the oxygen demand is satis-
fied before the wastes reach this point and higher quality
water from Lake Michigan often intrudes into the harbor.
The criteria for sulphates, chlorides, ammonia and phosphate
were not met. The most serious problems are iron, cyanides
and phenols. The criterion for iron has often been violated
and the criteria for phenols and cyanides were extensively
violated during the colder months.
The bacterial criteria were violated in more than
95$ of the samples. Many of the subjective criteria such as
those calling for freedom from floating oil, floating solids
and debris, odor and turbidity were also violated. The
-------
51 82
R. J. Bowden
samplers reported floating oil on almost every sampling
run and the waters often are turbid and have an unpleasant
odor.
-------
10
id5
o
o
LU
a.
CO
2
to
o
rr
o
I02
10
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
83
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 4
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo.Illinois
FIGURE 9
Maximum
\
V
Annual Average
(Jnd.Crif. SPC7J —
(IndCrit SPC7)
Maximum
(IndCrit SPC7)
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Oota based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per monTIv
1965
cr« •*-
3 Q.
1966
36
o «,
2 O
c J° u ,; >,
O V O Q. o
-i U- S < 5
1967
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 5
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greof Lakes Region Chicogo^Cllinois
FIGURE 10 —
Annual Averog
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data based on mcntMy average*.
Approximately four tamples per month.
1965
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
85
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 6
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greot Lokes Region Chicogo,Illinois
FIGURE II
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
and. Crit. SPC 7) »_/
Data based on monthly overoges.
Approiimotely four samples per month
1967
-------
I
O
z
O
CE
—10
8
- 6
- 2
u
O
y,
1965
> o
O «
Z O
Annuol Averoge 0
Moximum 0.30
>.I5 •)
>.30j
ttnd.Crit. SPC 7
»- w >*
I < I
1966
a u
a> o
tn
86
V
U.
1967
1 §
—300
O
O
ro
I
O
o
z
- 150
Annuol Averoge 5 ug/l"land Crit. SPC-;
lOug/IJ
Moximum
1965
OoJo based on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 12
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 6
Indiana Harbor
Easl Breakwol! Inner Lighl
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN.
Great LoK.es Region Chicago.Illinois
39
-------
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-------
91
60 R. J. Bowden
Station 7 - Grand Calumet River at the Indiana Harbor Belt
R. R. Bridge
This station is located on the Grand Calumet
River in Illinois within a few hundred yards of the Illinois-
Indiana State line and reflects the amount of pollution
crossing the State line. It is one of the water quality
control points established by the Calumet Area Technical
Committee.
The dry weather flow in this portion of the
stream consists of effluent from the Hammond sewage treat-
ment plant and industrial effluent from a steel mill and
several smaller industries.
Figure 13 on page 45 indicates that the December
1966 increase in bacterial levels reported in the previous
report continued into the first week of 1967,, after which
the counts dropped one order of magnitude to the levels
achieved between July and November of 1966. The higher
counts noted in June 1967 once again reflected the results
of combined sewer overflows. Figure 13 also shows that at
no time did the counts meet the standards.
Figures 14 and 15 on pages 46 and 47 indicate
the concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total phosphate,
ammonia and dissolved solids at Station 7. The dissolved
-------
61 92
R. J. Bowden
oxygen, normally high in winter in an unfrozen stream,
dropped sharply during December and January. It is evident
that there was heavy sewage pollution during December 1966.
The reported bypassing by the Hammond sewage treatment pla.nt
is the most likely cause.
Table 7 on page 48 compares the actual water
quality with the criteria established by the Calumet Area
Conferees and proposed by both the States of Indiana and
Illinois. The criteria for water temperature and pH were
met. Dissolved oxygen increased during the last twelve
months so that the criteria were met except on one occasion
when the minimum value of 0.50 mg/1 was recorded. The mesm
for the period May 1966 to September 1966 was 3-03 mg/1,
which just meets the criterion of 3.0 mg/1. The criteria
for BOD, chlorides, MBAS, ammonia, dissolved solids and
phenols were violated many times.
The subjective criteria requiring freedom from
floating oil, floating solids and debris, sludge banks and
obnoxious odors were often violated. Samplers reported these
conditions on many occasions.
Samples from this station were composited on a
monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The following
table compares the average values for July to December 1966
and January to June 1967.
-------
62
Cadmium
Copper
Chromium (total)
Potassium
Manganese
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Sodium
Arsenic
R. J. Bowden
July-Dec. 1966
less than 0.005 mg/1
0.03 "
9.3
less than 0.005 "
0.09 "
less than 0.005 "
0.01 "
less than 0.04 "
79
less than 1
93
Jan.-June 1967
less than 0.005 mg/1
0.02 "
8.6
less than 0.005 "
0.22 "
0.04
0.02 "
0.10 "
88
8
-------
10'
.0*
o «
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DC
IU
Q.
CO
o:
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I02
10
I I s
1965
>
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u
a>
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CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 7
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo,Illinois
Maximum
(Ind. Criteria SPC 8) /
Maximum
(Ind. Criteria SPC 8)
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
• ——— FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four sample* per month.
C .0 w* k*
o ai o a.
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1966
FIGURE 13
a>
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1967
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I—10
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95
1966
1967
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h-
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No Criterion Estoblished
1965
1967
Ooto bosed on monthly overoges.
Awoximotely four somples per month.
FIGURE
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 7
Grand Calumet River ot
In-diano Horbor B elt R.R. B r idge
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greof Lok.es Region Chicogo.Tllmois
-------
o>
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O
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z
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ro
X
z
Moximum I (Ind. Criteria SPC 8)
96
to
1965
1966
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Data based on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 15
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 7
Grand Calumet River at
Indiana Harbor Belt R.R.Bridge
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lok.es Region Chicogo,Illinois
-------
97
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-------
98
6? R. J. Bowden
Station 8 - Little Calumet River at Wentworth Ave.
The Wentworth Avenue Station monitors the wastes
in the Little Calumet River flowing from Indiana to
Illinois. The station is located approximately one-half
mile downstream from the State line and is one of the control
points established by the Calumet Area Technical Committee.
Figure l6, page 50, indicates that the bacterial
counts at Station 8 did not meet the water quality standards.
The primary problem on the Little Calumet River is combined
sewer overflows; therefore, the heavy rainfall during April
and May caused the bacterial counts to rise sharply. The
completion of the south side interceptor sewer which will
direct much of the sewage to the Hammond Sewage Treatment
Plant should improve the condition of the river.
Figures 17 and 18 and Table 8 on pages 51> 52
and 53 show that there has been little significant variation
in the remaining parameters. Dissolved oxygen is slightly
higher in 196? but the minimum of 2.0 mg/1 was violated
three times during June. BOD, MBAS, ammonia, cyanide and
phenols are often higher than the maximum permitted by the
criteria.
Suspended material in the stream varies widely
with flow. During high flow periods suspended material can
be over 800 mg/1 and when the stream is low, less than
-------
68
99
R. J. Bowden
10 mg/1. The average, however, has not changed significantly
since 1965.
The criteria call for the stream to be substan-
tially free of floating oil, floating solids and sludge banks.
Floating oil and solids have frequently been observed during
1967 and gas bubbles indicate the presence of sludge banks.
Biological sampling of the river bottom at this
station revealed a very large population of sludgeworms but
little else which indicates extensive organic pollution.
Samples from this station were composited on a
monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The following
table compares the average values for July to December 1966
and January to June 1967.
Cadmium
Copper
Potassium
Chromium (total)
Manganese
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Sodium
July-Dec. 1966
less than 0.005 mg/1
0.07 "
6.8
0.06 "
0.23 "
0.02 "
0.20 "
0.03 "
68
Jan. -June 1967
less than 0.005 mg/1
0.03 "
5.3
0.02 "
0.23 "
0.04 "
0.08 "
0.09 "
Arsenic
less than 1
8
-------
100
R. J. Bowden
Most of these changes are not significant but
the one for total chromium is interesting because Simmons
Co., the only industry upstream of this sampling station,
discharges chromium as part of their wastes.
-------
0
101
10'
lo5
o 10'
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O
10*
10
CAUUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 8
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicoqo.Illinois
FIGURE 16 —
z: o-
3 3
-5 <
in
1965
o
2
6
v
O
Maximum
and.Crif. SPC 9)
LEGEND
• TOTAL COLIFORMS
* FECAL COLIFORMS
- FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
DOto based on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month.
•o ,_•
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-> "5
1966
5 <
1967
c
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— ,
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Coto based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 17
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 8
Little Columet River
ot Wcntworth Avenue Bridge
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great -Lok.es Region Chicogo.Illinois
-------
103
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1966
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-------
§
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-------
75 103
R. J. Bowden
Stations 9 and 10 - Wolf Lake and Outlet
Wolf Lake, which is located on the Indiana-
Illinois State line, has been sampled at two points. Station
9 is directly on the State line, which runs along a causeway
that bisects the lake. This station monitors the quality of
the water crossing the State line and has been established
as a control point by the Calumet Area Technical Committee.
Station 10 is located on the Wolf Lake outlet at Carondolet
Avenue about 3000 feet downstream from Wolf Lake and monitors
the quality of the water leaving the lake.
The bacterial qualify of Wolf Lake and its outlet
was good. At the State line bacterial counts met the
criteria on all occasions during the first six months of
1967. This is shown on Figure 19, page 56. The outlet met
the criteria on all but one occasion in June when there was
a heavy rainfall on the sampling day. This is shown on
Figure 20, page 57. The beach at 121st Street in Hammond
has been sampled twice each week since May 18, 1967> f°r
bacterial quality, as was indicated on Table B-l on page 12.
It met the criteria on all occasions.
The dissolved oxygen concentration in the lake
and its outlet was adequate for all uses. The minimum, as
Tables 9 and 10, pages 60 and 6l indicate, found in the
-------
76
R. J. Bowden
lake over the past two years was 7.1 mg/1 and 5-9 nig/1 in
the outlet.
Foam was observed on the lake on several
occasions. Analyses of this foam revealed that the MBAS
concentration was no more than that of the surrounding
water and was far below the amount to cause foaming. It
was concluded, therefore, that the foam was due to natural
causes. Figures 21 and 22 show the concentrations of MBAS
and phosphates.
The concentrations of ammonia and phosphates in
the lake were above the standards.
On May l6, 1967, the concentration of phenolic
compounds in the lake increased from its normal level of
less than 5 jug/1 to 57 Jig/1 and did not subside until June.
On May 31? 1967, a discharge of dark brown material was ob-
served coming from an outfall just south of the Indianapolis
Boulevard bridge over Wolf Lake. The outfall was sampled
and 7^-jog/I of phenol compounds were found. The source of
this discharge is being investigated.
-------
•77
10'
«05
Ł
O
o
(E
Ul
0.
CO
I10'
o:
o
10*
10
Maximum
& '
1965
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
108
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 9
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago^llinois
FIGURE 19 —
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
_...*.« FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Und. Crit. SPC10)
Data based on monthly overages.
Approximately four camples per month.
c •Ł> w* >J
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1966
o.
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1967
GPO 804-863—6
-------
109
10'
10s
I02
to
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 10
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo^Tllinois
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
FIGURE 20 —
f ? a
-^
O
.
c -d w
0 «) 0
"* u. 5
Data based on mon
Approximately four
Q. o c — 5'
tocc
My averages.
samples per month.
o. o o Ł
?
0 * ° 0. 0
o U. 2 < 2
41
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57
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2E
»966
1967
r— 0.50
1965
1966
Doto bosed on monthly overoges.
Approximotely four somples per month.
FIGURE 21
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 9
Wolf L o k e
at State Line
U-S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN.
Great Lok.es Region Chicogo.THmois
-------
111
o>
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CM
r
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m
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Moximum
(Ind Criteria SPC 10)
Annual Average (ina- Criteria SPC 10)
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1965
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0)
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Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 22
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 10
Wolf L o k e Outlet
at Carondolet Avenue
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIN.
Great Lakes Region ChlcagoJIImois
-------
&
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112
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115
84
R. J. Bowden
Stations 11, 12 and 13 - Calumet Harbor
Calumet Harbor was sampled at three points.
Station 11 is located at the mouth of the Calumet River
immediately adjacent to the north pierhead light. Station
12 is located at the mouth of the Calumet River at midstream.
The purpose of these stations is to monitor the quality of
the water entering the river from the harbor. Station 13
is located in mid-harbor approximately 3500 feet from the
mouth of the river. This station monitors the quality of
the water flowing from Lake Michigan to the river. Stations
12 and 13 require a boat for sampling and therefore can be
sampled only when weather permits. A comparison of the
data from Stations 11 and 12 revealed that they are essentially
the same in terms of water quality. Sampling at Station 12
has, therefore, been discontinued as of July 1967.
Operation of the O'Brien Lock shown on the loca-
tion map for Stations 11, 12 and 13, page 62, tends to isolate
the lower end of the Calumet River by reversing the natural
flow of the river. Under these conditions water flows from
the lake to the river most of the time. For this reason it
can be stated that most of the pollution in the harbor and
at the river mouth originates in the immediate area.
Figures 23, 24 and 25, on pages 64, 65 and 66,
-------
85
R. J. Bowden
show that the bacterial quality in this area is generally
satisfactory. No criteria have been established specifically
for the harbor but the criteria for Lake Michigan Inner
Harbor Basins can reasonably be applied and are used for
comparison purposes. At Stations 11 and 12 the maximum of
5000 total coliforms per 100 ml was exceeded on only one
occasion during the first six months of 1967 and the
arithmetic average of 1500 per 100 ml is within the allowable
limit. The criteria for fecal streptococci (100 per 100 ml)
was violated approximately 25$ of the time. This indicates
that whatever pollution is present is fresh in nature. The
only known sources of human wastes are ships using the harbor.
The major industrial pollution problem in the
area is iron discharged by the U. S. Steel Corporation's
South Works, which often discolors the entire area. Phenols
were generally within the limit set by the criteria (50^ig/l)
except for a period in January and February when they were
high for a two-week period. Except for ammonia nitrogen,
all of the other criteria were met. Concentrations of these
and other parameters measured at Stations 11, 12 and 13
are shown on Figures 26 and 27 and Tables 11, 12 and 13 on
pages 69 through 71.
Samples from Station 11 were composited on a
-------
86
117
R. J. Bowden
monthly basis and analyzed for heavy metals. The 'following
table gives the average values for the first six months of
1967.
Cadmium
Copper
Potassium
Chrome
Manganese
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Sodium
Arsenic
less than 0,005
0.04
3-9
less than 0.005
0.22
0.04
0.03
0.09
8
6
mg/1
it
it
it
it
ti
ti
ii
it
Jig/1
-------
^
10'
1C?
8*
K
UJ
D.
W
(O
< IOJ
o
cc
o
I02
10
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
118
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION II
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greet Lokes Region Chicogo .Illinois
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
FIGURE 23 —
Date tiottt on monthly overage*,
Approximately four tamples per nontti
1967
64
GPO 804-863—5
-------
119
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 12
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greot Lokes Region Chicogo,Jllinois
FIGURE 24 —
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
(Ind.Criterio SPC 6)
Annual Average
(Ind.Crit. SPC 6)
• (Ind.Crit. SPC 6)
Data bated on montnly overage*.
Approximately four lamplet per ftiomri.
-------
10'
E
O
2 rf
Ul
flu
CO
10*
10
120
CAUJMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 13
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
\
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
— — — - FECAL COLIFORMS
• FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Maximum
ffnd.Crit. SPC 6)
Data bated on monthly averages.
Appro»lma1el» four tomptes per month.
Z 0>
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S
ti
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1965
*.'»-•>.
o o. o
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1966
66
u
O
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FIGURE 25 —
ffnd.Crif. SPC 6) —
k
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U.
5
1967
,,
Ł
-------
|~50
121
X
o»
E
i
o
z
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200
Annuo
d Crit SPC 6)
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O
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O
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o
IU
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Moximum 230 mg/l. (SPC 6)
- 100
. o>
0 C
2 ^
Ooto based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 26
67
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION II
Columet Harbor
North Pierhead Light
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lok.es Region Chicogo.Illinois
-------
O
10
t"
O
O
I
ro
X
z
Moximum (Ind. Crit. SPC 6)
122
1966
1967
cn
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Moximum (Ind. Crit. SPC 6)
Annui JAveroge
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v >.
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1966
u
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1967
O)
c
3
Doto bosed on monthly overoges.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 27
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 13
Calumet Harbor
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lok.es Region Chicago.Illmois
-------
123
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-------
96
R. J. Bowden
Station 14 - Gary West Water Intake
The Gary West water intake Is one of the control
points designated by the Calumet Area Technical Committee
for Lake Michigan open waters . The intake is located at a
point remote from major sources of pollution and is exposed
to the predominate clockwise current in the southern end of
the lake. The water is of a high quality and should reflect
the characteristics of the open waters of Lake Michigan.
The bacterial quality of the water was good
during the first six months of 1967. The water quality
standards for total coliforms (maximum 2500 per 100 ml;
average 200 per 100 ml) was met on every occasion. The
standards for fecal streptococci (maxium 25 per 100 ml) was
met on all but four occasions.
As indicated on Table 14 on page ?4 chemical
quality of the water was also good although several criteria
were not met. The criteria for ammonia and phosphates
tentatively established by the Technical Committee were
adopted as Water Quality Standards by the State of Indiana.
The concentrations found in the lake at Station iM exceed
these standards .
The maximum sulphate and dissolved solids were
within the range permitted by the standards but the averages
-------
97 128
R. J. Bowden
were slightly above those required by the standards. The
standards for iron and chloride were not met which may
indicate that surface drainage from the U. S. Steel complex
in Gary affected the lake during the period of heavy runoff.
In the previous report it was stated that the
pH was consistently below the range required by the criteria.
At that time samples were being taken into the laboratory to
be tested for pH. It was believed that because the samples
were iced and tested within a few hours of collection there
would be no change in pH. Comparisons of laboratory results
with field measurements on the same sample revealed that
the pH measured in the field was 0.3 to 0.6 units higher than
the laboratory pH. All pH values are now being measured in
the field when the sample is collected.
-------
129
TABLE 14
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION Ik - GARY WEST WATER FILTRATION INTAKE-LM 512.2
Parameter
Water Temp. °C
pH
Conductivity umho/cm
Alkalinity mg/1
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates "
Chlorides "
MBAS "
NH3-N )
N02+N03-N)tot.N "
Org.N )
Sol P0|f "
Total P04 "
Iron "
Cyanide "
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids "
Fluorides "
Oil & Grease
Phenol ug/1
Turbidity units
Color "
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.4
9-0 7-7
-
-
8.1-8.4
-
-
80$ sat. 90$ sat. -
-
-
50
15
0.20
0.05*
0.04*
-
0.04*
0.30
0.025
_
200
1.3
-
-
23
8
0.05
0.02*
-
0.03*
0.15
-
162
1.0
Free from floating oil
3.0*
No contrast
1.0*
with
natural appearance
15
8
^-tentative
5
4
Aug . 1966 - June
Max Min Mean
22
8.5
335
120
14.80
2.9
22.0
37
26
0.14
0.28
0.5k
0.50
0.18
0.24
3-9
0.01
149
215
0.40
4.8
5-0
49.0
20.0
60.0
Data
1
7.1
240
90
4.90
0.1
2.0
16
7
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.00
3
112
0.12
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
1.5
based
9
-
287
106
11.00
1.5
10.7
24
11
0.05
0.08
0.27
0.23
0.04
0.08
0.57
0.00
18
175
0.29
0.8
1.4
11.0
3.5
6.1
on 48
1967
Median
10
7.9
290
107
11.25
1.5
10.0
23
10
0.05
0.06
0.27
0.24
0.04
0.06
0.35
0.00
10
172
0.32
0.5
1.0
9.0
3.5
315
samples
74
-------
99
R. J. Bowden
Stations 13 and 16 - East Chicago Water Intake and Hammond
Water Intake
The East Chicago and the Hammond water intakes
are the two control points designated by the Calumet Area
Technical Committee for inner harbor basins. These control
points have been adopted for the Indiana Water Quality
Standards.
The East Chicago water intake (Station 15) is
located east of the mouth of Indiana Harbor. It is often
affected by wastes discharged from Indiana Harbor despite
the prevailing northwesterly current. North and west winds
often cause adverse currents which carry wastes to the
intake.
Table 15 on page 77 compares the results for the
period August 1966 through June 1967 with the Standards.
The bacterial quality of the water is fairly good, although
the standard for fecal streptococci was violated 24$ of the
time.
The dissolved oxygen concentration was sufficient
for all water uses. Nitrogens and phosphates are far above
levels designated by the Standards. Standards for para-
meters indicating domestic pollution (BOD, coliforms, MBAS,
dissolved solids) were all met, but the criteria for
parameters indicating industrial pollution (iron, phenol,
-------
100
R. J. Bowden
ammonia) were not. This was consistent with the conditions
found in Indiana Harbor and the Indiana Harbor Canal.
The Hammond water intake (Station 16) is located
west of Indiana Harbor in the path of the prevailing current
from the harbor. It is therefore much more seriously affected
by wastes from the harbor. In addition it can be affected
by combined sewer overflows which discharge to Lake Michigan
in the vicinity.
During the last week of January and" the entire
month of February bacterial counts, turbidity and suspended
solids were very high at Station l6. This indicates that
combined sewer overflows to the lake resulted from the heavy
snows during that period. The bacterial counts also rose
sharply in June after a period of heavy rains.
Except for these higher bacterial counts the
pattern was the same as at the East Chicago Water Intake
(Station 15). As Table l6 on page 78 indicates the nutrients
and industrial parameters (except cyanide) all violated
the standards. Standards for MBAS, dissolved solids and
dissolved oxygen were met.
The standard for cyanide (an industrial waste)
was met at both stations 15 and 16 because, given time,
cyanide breaks down in water and the time it takes for an
individual slug of pollution to reach the Intakes is
-------
101 132
R. J. Bovrden
considerable. This time is lengthened by the estuarial
nature of the harbor and canal which causes considerable
mixing, particularly during periods of northerly winds.
At both stations the standards for threshold odor and
turbidity were often violated while those for fluoride and
true color were met.
The superintendents of both the East Chicago
and the Hammond water filtration plants were informed of
the heavy slug of phenol detected in the Indiana Harbor
Canal on March 1, 1967. (See previous discussion on page
23.)
A special sampling run on March 2 failed to
detect the slug but the threshold odor records of the plants
reveal both had periods of higher than normal odors during
the next few weeks. It is not possible to say whether or
not the slug caused these odors, but it must certainly have
been a contributing factor.
-------
O I/
133
TABLE 15
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION 15 - EAST CHICAGO WATER FILTRATION 3UTAKE-LM 516.9
Parameter
Water Temp. °C
PH
Conductivity umho/cm
Alkalinity mg/1
DO
BOD
COD "
Sulphates "
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
N02+N03-N
Org. N
Sol PO^ "
Total PO^ "
Iron "
Cyanide "
Sus. Solids "
Dis. Solids "
Fluorides "
Oil & Grease "
Phenol ug/1
Turbidity units
Color
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.4
9-0
-
-
-
-
-
75
30
0.30
0.12*
-
-
-
0.10*
0.30
0.1
-
230
1.3
Free
5.0*
7.5 8.0-8.5
_
.
65$ sat. 80$ sat.-
_
-
35
16
0.10
0.05*
_
_
_
0.05*
0.15
_
187
1.0
from floating oil
2.0*
No contrast with
natural appearance
15
20*
5
8*
*tentative
Aug. 1966 -June
Max Min Mean
21 0
8.4 7.4
360 245
132 86
17.05 8.30
6.0 0.2
68 3
36 16
19 7
0.16 0.01
0.80 0.02
0.60 0.00
1.19 0.05
0.07 0.01
i.oo 0.03
22.00 0.05
0.02 0.00
464 1
211 77
.50 .14
4.8 0.0
16 o
160.0 0.6
50 0
175.0 1.5
9
-
296
105
14.29
1.8
15
26
11
0.06
0.18
0.27
0.32
0.05
0.12
1.12
0.00
33
171
.29
1.0
3
13.0
5
46.9
Data based on 48
1967
Median
8
7.8
300
106
13.90
1.7
10
25
10
0.06
0.15
0.26
0.29
0.04
0.08
0.37
0.00
12
174
.28
0.6
1
8.0
4
9.0
samples
77
-------
TABLE 16
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION 16 - HAMMOND WATER FILTRATION INTAKE-LM 527-2
Parameter
Water Temp. °C
pH
Conductivity umho/cm
Alkalinity mg/1
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates "
Chlorides "
HBAS
NJfo-N "
NOo+NO^-N "
Org. N
Sol PO^ "
Total POj^ "
Iron "
-Cyanide "
Sus. Solids "
Dis. Solids "
Fluorides "
Oil & Grease "
Phenol ug/1
Turbidity units
Color
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.1*
9.0 7.5 8.0-8.5
_
-
65$ sat. 80$ sat. -
_
-
75 35
30 16
0.30 o.io
0.12* 0.05*
-
_
_
0.10* 0.05*
0.30 0.15
0.1
_
230 187
1.3 1.0
Free from floating oil
5.0* 2.O*
No contrast with
natural appearance
15 5
20* 8*
*tentativa
Aug. 1966- June 1967
Max Min Mean Median
22 0 9 7
8.1 7.2 - 7.8
31*5 21*5 296 300
119 80 106 107
ll*.35 5.70 10.63 10.60
5.5 0.9 1-7 1.9
32 2 13 13
38 13 25 26
20 8 11 10
0.20 0.02 0.07 0.07
0.38 0.03 0.17 0.16
0.76 0.05 0.31 0.26
0.73 0.05 0.33 0.32
0.07 0.01 0.05 O.Ql*
0.32 0.03 0.10 0.09
5.90 0.04 0.78 0.52
0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
202 2 21* 13
275 87 171* 173
0.1*6 0.16 0.27 0.28
5.1* o.o i.o 0.9
29 0 1* 2
180.0 0.6 15.1* 8.0
15 0 5 1*
800 1* 56 30
Data based on 1*8 samples
78
-------
135
1C4 R- J- Bovrden
Station 1? - Dunne Crib Water Intake
The Dunne Crib water intake supplies water to
the city of Chicago's South District Water Filtration Plant
and is the second control point designated by the Calumet
Area Technical Committee for open Lake Michigan water. The
Calumet Harbor breakwater protects this intake from pollu-
tion originating in the Calumet Area so that the water
quality at this point is better than at any of the other
water intakes previously mentioned.
The bacterial quality of the water is good. The
criterion for total coliforms and the criterion for fecal
streptococci was violated only twice during the first six
months of 1967.
The dissolved oxygen concentration was high and
the oxygen demand was low. Table 17 on page 80 shows that
several of the chemical criteria, especially the nutrients,
were violated.
The criteria for chlorides, ammonia, total phos-
phates, iron, dissolved solids and phenol were also violated,
This may have resulted from long periods of turbulent
weather which is known to cause higher concentrations of
many of the chemical constituents in the lake.
-------
136
TABLE IT
CHEMICAL QUALITY OP WATER
STATION IT - SOUTH DISTRICT DUNNE CRIB WATER FILTRATION INTAKE-LM 536 A
Parameter
Water Temp. °C
pH
Conductivity umho/cm
Alkalinity mg/1
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates "
Chlorides "
MBAS
NH3-N )
N02+N03-N)tot.N"
Org. N
Sol P04
Total PO^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Fluorides
Oil & Grease "
Phenol ug/1
Turbidity units
Color
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.4
9.0 7-7 8.1-8.4
_
_
- 80$ sat. 90$ sat.
~
_
50 23
15 8
0.20 0.05
0.05* 0.02*
0.04*
_
o.ok* 0.03*
0.30 0.15
0.025
-
200 162
1.3 i.o
Free from floating oil
3.0* i.o*
No contrast with
natural appearance
15 5
8 4
*tentative
Aug. 1966- Jun* 1967
Max Min Mean Median
23 3 12 12
8.5 7.2 - 7.9
350 250 288 290
120 88 106 108
16.30 6.5 12.33 13.20
3.0 0.2 1.2 1.1
18 2 10 8
32 13 23 23
17 8 10 9
0.12 0.01 0.05 0.04
0.33 0.01 0.08 0.05
0.92 0.05 0.25 0.22
0.70 0.02 0.24 0.23
0.25 0.01 0.04 0.0k
0.21 0.02 0.07 0.05
3.90 0.01 0.41 0.23
0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
135 1 17 7
205 37 165 168
.50 .16 .30 .26
6.7 0.0 0.9 0.9
9011
160.0 0.6 29.3 4.5
10 0 3 3
50.0 1.5 7.8 5.0
Data based on 48 samples
80
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107 138
R. J. Bowden
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING PROGRAM
For the purpose of the biological sampling program
five stations were selected from the seventeen regular
sampling stations utilized by the Calumet Area Surveillance
Project. The five selected represent a wide variety of water
quality conditions.
Station 1 (Grand Calumet River-east) represents
a stream highly polluted by industrial wastes.
Station 7 (Grand Calumet River-west) represents
a stream highly polluted by industrial and municipal
wastes.
Station 8 (Little Calumet River) represents a
stream heavily polluted by combined sewer overflow.
Station 9 (Wolf Lake) represents a relatively
pollution-free lake.
Station 10 (Wolf Lake Outlet) represents a
relatively pollution-free stream.
On April 13, 196?, Dendy-type samplers containing
sand, shell and sawdust substrates were set on the bottom at
each of the five stations. This permitted the gathering of
information on biological conditions at various locations
in the Calumet Surveillance Area during the spring of 196?.
The effectiveness of sampling benthic organisms by the Dendy
-------
108 139
R. J. Bowden
sampler was compared with that of two conventional bottom
sampling devices, the Eckman dredge and the Petersen dredge.
A previous study during October 1966 indicated that the
Bendy sampler did not quantitatively sample the benthic
organisms as well as the other two samplers. The samplers
were set for a period of 14 days after which time they were
retrieved and examined for various organisms that had been
attracted to the various substrates. At the time (April
2.7) 1967) each of the Dendy samplers was retrieved, a bottom
sample was collected in the vicinity with either an Eckman
dredge or a Petersen dredge. A surface water sample also
was collected at each of the sites for phytoplankton analysis
The Dendy sampler at Wolf Lake (Station 9) was destroyed by
fishermen or vandals.
All sanjples were analyzed by personnel of the
Biology Laboratory, Chicago Program Office, during the
period May-June 1967. Results are shown in Tables 18 and
19 on pages 84 and 85.
Benthos
Table l8 indicates that pollution tolerant
organisms, especially the Tubificidae (sludgeworms) were
taken at all stations except the Wolf Lake Outlet (Station
10) by both sampling devices. At Station 10, both the Dendy
-------
109
R. J. Bowden
sampler and the Petersen dredge took species less pollution-
tolerant than sludgeworms.
The numbers of sludgeworms taken at the Indiana
Harbor Belt Railroad Bridge (Station 7) by Dendy and Eckma,n
samplers were quite similar. An oil film was noted on the
surface of the water at this station. The number of
sludgeworms taken by Eckman Dredge at the Pennsylvania
Railroad (Station 1) and at the Wentworth Avenue Bridge
(Station 8) far exceeded the number of these organisms
collected by the Dendy sampler at the same sites.
Table 18 indicates that materials used as sub-
strates on the Dendy sampler vary considerably in their
effectiveness in luring benthic organisms. In the present
study, sawdust was most effective for collecting sludgeworms,
followed by shells and then by sand. The kinds of organisms
collected on the three substrates were quite similar.
In conclusion, it was noted that pollution-
tolerant organisms, especially sludgeworms, were taken by
both samplers at all stations except the Wolf Lake outlet.
These worms indicate pollution in the streams at these sites.
In comparing the effectiveness of the Dendy
samplers with the other two samplers, it was noted that
the numbers of the organisms taken by either the Eckman
dredge or the Petersen dredge far exceeded those taken by
-------
no 141
R. J. Bowden
the Dendy sampler at the same sites. This difference in
numbers of organisms collected by the samplers was noted in
the previous study. Therefore, it has been concluded that,
although the Dendy sampler may qualitatively sample a stream
fairly well, it is not as effective in quantitatively sampling
a body of water for benthic organisms as is either the
Eckman dredge or the Petersen dredge.
Phytoplankton
Table 19 shows the presence of all algal groups
except green filamentous algae in Wolf Lake. Fewer groups
were represented in the samples collected fron the Little
Calumet River (Station 8) and Grand Calumet River (Station 1).
However, considerable numbers of green flagellates, mainly
Euglena, were recorded in Little Calumet River at the Went-
worth Avenue Bridge. This indicates that some organic
enrichment such as sewage is entering the stream above this
station. Fewer numbers of algae were found in the Grand
Calumet River. A heavy film of oil was noted on the surface
of the stream at the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Bridge
(Station 7). The water in the stream at the Pennsylvania
Railroad Bridge (Station 1) was turbid with some reddish
colored material and an oil film was noted on the surface.
-------
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113
R. J. Bowden
United States Steel Landfill Surveillance
During March 1967 the United States Steel Company
at Gary, Indiana, began work on a 330-acre landfill in Lake
Michigan. Shortly thereafter the mayor of Gary expressed
concern about the possibility of excessive turbidity or other
adverse effects on the municipal beach at Gary being caused
by the landfill operation. A weekly surveillance of the
beach and landfill area has been established with the con-
currence of the State of Indiana.
Samples from a series of ten points were analyzed
for turbidity and pH. As of July 20, 1967, no adverse effects
on the Gary beaches, attributable to the landfill operation,
have been observed. The following table presents the
results of this program. Turbidity is in Standard Jackson
turbidity units.
-------
114
145
R. J. Bowden
U. S. STEEL LANDFILL
20 April - 20 July, 196?
Station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Max
33.0
11.0
11.0
9.0
9.0
22.0
27.5
37.0
32.5
45.0
Turbidity
Min Mean
1.2
0.7
0.7
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
6.8
3.0
3.3
3.0
2.8
7.3
5.6
8.0
8.5
9.5
Max
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.5
8.3
8.2
8.0
8.1
Min
7.7
7.3
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7-7
7.1
7.3
7.6
Median
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.9
8.1
7.8
7.9
7.9
Data based on 10 samples
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akes Region
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-------
R. J. Bowden
MR. STEIN: Will you continue, Mr. Bowden?
MR. BOWDEN: The report is based on data from a
weekly sampling program at 17 points throughout the area.
This data has been supplied on a regular basis to the two
States and the Metropolitan .Sanitary District. The report on
the beaches is based on a twice-weekly sampling program that
has been carried out on seven beaches since May 18, 1967.
The beaches sampled are Rainbow Beach and the two Calumet
Park beaches in Chicago, Hammond Beach, Whiting Beach, East
Chicago Beach and the Hammond, Indiana, Beach on Wolf Lake.
The State of Indiana and the Chicago Park District also carry
out complementary sampling programs and the data from these
programs is freely interchanged.
In general, the bacterial quality of the three
Chicago beaches remained the same as in 1966. That is, they
met the standards about 60 percent of the time. The alewife
kill greatly reduced the attractiveness of the beaches, but
the bacterial counts did not increase until after the peak of
the alewife invasion in June.
During the first three weeks in July the counts
did increase considerably. It is possible that this was be-
cause the decaying alewives provided an environment in which
the coliform multiplied rapidly. During the latter part of
the month the counts returned to safe levels.
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R. J. Bowden
The Lake Michigan beaches in Indiana are still
subject to heavy pollution and were unsafe for bathing about
80 percent of the time during 1967. This is due, in part, to
their proximity to Indiana Harbor, but primarily to the
presence of combined sewer overflows which discharge untreated
sewage to the lake during and immediately after periods of
rainfall.
The beach on Wolf Lake met the criteria on all
occasions.
The most serious pollution discharge to Lake
Michigan is from Indiana Harbor and its canal. The first
group of slides show pollution discharging from the harbor to
the lake.
The first slide shows pollution from the harbor
to the lake. It does not show up as well as it should here,
but on the right of the slide you can see a plume of yellow
water which is discharging from the harbor, which is on the
right, to the lake, which is on the left. The boat you see
in the middle of the slide is taking samples for the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is another picture showing the
same plume. You can see the yellow color compared with the
darker blue color of the lake.
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R. J. Bowden
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is a close-up showing the border-
line between the yellow plume coming from Indiana Harbor and
Lake Michigan waters.
All of these pictures were taken during July and
August of 1967.
As you can see on the map, the Indiana Harbor
Canal is an extension of the eastern portion of the Grand
Calumet River, which rises in Gary, Indiana. This stream is
the most heavily polluted stream in the area and has, since
March 1965, become more heavily polluted. Floating oil and
grease has been consistently observed all along the stream, as
can be seen in the following slides.
This (indicating) is a slide taken at Columbia
Boulevard, and it shows oil being discharged to the Indiana
Harbor Canal. The canal is flowing from the lower left to
the upper right and discharging into Lake Michigan.
MR. POSTON: When was that slide taken?
MR. BOWDEN: This slide was taken early in 1966.
MR. POSTON: In 1966?
MR. BOWDEN: I'm sorry. Early in 196?.
Next slide, please.
This slide (indicating) shows the confluence of
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150
R. J. Bowden
the St. George Branch on the right and the main Indiana
Harbor Canal on the left. The canal flows toward the lower
left of the slide towards Indiana Harbor, and you can see the
oil in the harbor coming from the main portion of the canal,
along which there are several industries, including Sinclair
Oil, and, of course, as you can see, the steel company.
Next slide, please.
This slide (indicating) was taken in Indiana Harbor
Canal, the main branch of Indiana Harbor Canal near the lake.
On the upper part of the slide is Youngstown Sheet and Tube
Company, and on the lower part of the slide is the Inland
Steel Company. As you can see, there is considerable oil
which is flowing towards Lake Michigan.
Next slide, please.
This slide (indicating) is taken further out in the
harbor itself. The boat you see there is in the main shipping
channel, and the water is flowing from the left to the right
towards Lake Michigan. As you can see, there is considerable
oil all over the harbor.
Next slide, please.
This slide (indicating) is further out. We are
looking out from the harbor out towards the lake. That black
spot on the slide there is a navigation buoy, and you can see
the oil flowing from the harbor to Lake Michigan.
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R. J. Bowden 151
The bacterial counts in Indiana Harbor and its
canal are still far above the levels permitted by the standards
and concentrations of industrial wastes have increased sig-
nificantly. The concentrations of iron, cyanide and phenols,
all typical of steel mill wastes, were higher during the
first six months of 1967 than they were during 1966.
The next two slides, taken upstream in Gary,
Indiana, show the color of the Grand Calumet River.
As you can see, the grass on the bank is green,
and you compare that with the muddy brownish-red color of the
water.
The suds in the slide, by the way, come from the
Gary Sewage Treatment Plant, and the column there reflected
is on the Indiana toll road.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is another slide showing the
Gary Treatment Plant in the background and the muddy brownish-
red color of the water.
Further downstream, on the Indiana Harbor Canal
at Dickey Road, the dissolved oxygen fell below 1.0 mg/1 one
month earlier in 1967 than in 1966. Zero dissolved oxygen was
often found during June, indicating the severity of the prob-
lem. As the water enters Indiana Harbor it mixes with water
from the lake so that dissolved oxygen ceases to be a serious
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R. J. Bowden
problem, but the pollutants that caused the problem are still
there and eventually find their way to the water intakes of
Hammond, East Chicago, Whiting, Gary and Dunne Crib, and also
to the beaches of Hammond, East Chicago and Whiting.
The other branch of the Grand Calumet River, which
flows across the State line to Illinois, had shown some signs
of improvement during 1966 but had suffered a relapse during
December. During January of 196? the stream returned to its
pre-December condition, but is still far more polluted than
the standards permit. At the March 15, 1967, meeting the
reason for this relapse had not been determined, but a sub-
sequent study of the data has revealed that it was due to the
presence of a large quantity of raw or inadequately treated
sewage in the stream. The heavily polluted condition of the
stream is apparent in these slides taken near the State line
during May 1967.
This slide (indicating) is taken from the Indiana
Harbor Belt Railroad Bridge and is looking on to the Illinois
side of the bridge. The water is flowing from the left to the
right, and, as you can see, there is a considerable amount of
oil, and there is a sludge bank right in the middle.
MR. BACON: Mr. Bowden, where is that on this map?
MR. BOWDEN: Right here (indicating).
MR. BACON: At the Belt Railroad Bridge?
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7
153
R. J. Bowden
MR. BOWDEN: Right there.
This slide (indicating) is also taken at the Belt
Railroad Bridge. It is looking from the Illinois side of
the bridge towards Indiana, and the water is flowing from
the right to the left underneath the bridge.
As you can see, there is a considerable amount of
debris and the water is black, and there is a tremendous amount
of sludge in the area. In general, the situation is not good.
MR. BACON: Mr. Bowden, may I ask a question about
this?
MR. BOWDEN: Certainly.
MR. BACON: Mr. Chairman, all right?
MR. STEIN: Go right ahead.
MR. BACON: Where is this coming from? Is this
basically the Hammond plant, or is it pulling from the entire
river system?
MR. BOWDEN: No, this is basically from the
Hammond plant and from one or two small industries that are
on this portion of the river.
This roughly is a continental divide (indicating)
and this is located at the Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant
outfall. The waters on this side of the dotted line (indi-
cating) flow to Lake Michigan and eventually into the St.
Lawrence River, and the waters on this side of the dotted
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8
R. J. Bowden
line (indicating) flow down the Illinois River, down the
Mississippi River, to the Gulf of Mexico.
MR. BACON: Thank you.
MR. BOWDEN: During June 1967 the bacterial counts
rose, but this time the increase occurred in all of the
stream stations in the area and, therefore, can be attributed
to combined sewer overflows and runoff from the rains that
occurred during May and June. The effect of years of con-
tinuous heavy pollution in this stream is apparent in the
next slide which was recently taken at the confluence of the
Grand Calumet River western branch with the Little Calumet
River.
As you can see (indicating), the color of the water
is very black, and there is very black sludge being boiled up
by the boat.
By the way, the boat almost ran aground on this
ride when the pictures were being taken. The picture was taken
right about here (indicating) at the confluence of the river
with the Little Calumet River.
The Little Calumet River at Wentworth Avenue is
still very severely affected by combined sewer overflows. The
stream often has heavy algae blooms and is heavily infested
with sludgeworms and is often very turbulent. The following
two slides, taken in May of 196? near the State line, show
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155
R. J. Bowden
the extent of the algal bloom, and the turbidity in the
stream.
This (indicating) is the Wentworth Avenue Bridge,
which is in Illinois very close to the State line. The water
is flowing from under the bridge towards the right of the
slide in Illinois. As you can see the color, there is a
greenish cast to the water and it is very turbulent.
Next picture, please.
This (indicating) is another picture showing the
same condition, this time looking under the bridge towards
the Indiana portion of the stream. The water is coming from
the background towards the foreground.
Wolf Lake and its outlet continue to be high
quality bodies of water suitable for all uses, but higher
than normal concentrations of phosphates and ammonia threaten
to cause algae blooms and other problems in the future. Foam
is periodically reported on the lake and on the shore. The
cause of this foam is not certain. Standard tests reveal no
significant concentration of detergents in the lakes. The
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Chicago
laboratory has received new equipment that will be used for
the purpose of making more sophisticated analyses to determine
the cause of this foam.
Conditions in Calumet Harbor and at the mouth of
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10 156
R. J, Bowden
the Calumet River have not changed significantly since 1965.
The predominant flow is from the lake to the river because of
the control at the O'Brien Lock. This results in higher
quality lake water diluting the river water and, therefore,
the quality is good except for oil and iron which is dis-
charged to the harbor and often discolors the water.
The following slides show waste being discharged
to the harbor.
The breakwater you see there (indicating) is the
Calumet Harbor breakwater, and the industry at the bottom is
the United States Steel South Works.
MR. POSTON: Where is that located on the map?
MR. BOWDEN: It is located right here (indicating),
Here is the harbor and here is the river mouth, which you see
on the left of the slide.
Next slide, please.
This slide (indicating) shows red discharge to
the harbor, probably consisting of mostly iron. This is
coming from the United States Steel South Works into Calumet
Harbor.
MR. POSTON: This goes into Calumet Harbor?
MR. BOWDEN: That is correct.
MR. POSTON: Part of Lake Michigan then?
MR. BOWDEN: That is correct.
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11
157
R. J. Bowden
This (Indicating) is another slide showing,the
same discharge from another angle.
Next slide, please.
This slide (indicating) shows oil being discharged
from the North Slip of United States Steel into Calumet
Harbor. The Calumet River is being pointed out now, showing
Inland. The breakwater down here is part of the Calumet
Harbor breakwater.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is another shot showing the oil
being discharged into the harbor from the North Slip of United
States Steel.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is another shot showing a close-up
of the same problem.
MR. POSTON: Where is that picture taken?
MR. BOWDEN: That picture is taken at the North
Slip, United States Steel.
Next slide, please.
This slide (indicating) illustrates part of the
problem that Mr. Poston mentioned earlier. This is a dredge
taking material from Calumet Harbor out into the lake. As you
can see, it is leaving a considerable trail of material which
is coming from the barge as it goes out to the dumping end.
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158
12
R. J. Bowden
MR. BACON: How far offshore was that barge?
MR. BOWDEN: To tell you the truth, Mr. Bacon, I
don't know.
MR. POSTON: Probably two or three miles.
MR. BACON: How far is the dumping area?
MR. POSTON: About 14 miles.
This gives you an idea of some of the problems that
we have to work out in the study that has been goingon between
the Corps of Engineers and the Department of the Interior to
find better disposal methods than the dumping of dredge
material in the lake.
MR. BACON: Was this simply a leakage from the
barge?
MR. POSTON: We noticed this many times in many
areas where they are dredging. These are hopper-bottom
dredges, where they open the bottom when they get out there.
I think it may not even be necessary to do more
than turn around if this is the practice, to get to the
dredging area and turn around and come right back.
MR. BACON: Do these hopper-bottoms have locks on
them, on the mechanism?
MR. POSTON: Supposedly they are tight — supposedly.
MR. BACON: Are they accompanied by an inspector?
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R. J. Bowden
MR. POSTON: I think they do not have inspectors
on these barges at the present time.
MR. BACON: There are two things that would very
easily solve this problem if there does happen to be inad-
vertent leakage along the way, and that would be a lock and an
inspector.
MR. POSTON: Yes.
MR. BOWDEN: Thank you.
The water intake at East Chicago was affected by
wastes from Indiana Harbor. The standards for iron, phenols
and ammonia were not met. The industrial nature of this pollu-
tion is made evident by the fact that the criteria for para-
meters indicating domestic pollution (BOD, coliforms, MBAS
and dissolved solids) were met; however, the Hammond Water
Intake was affected by the direct combined sewer discharges to
Lake Michigan as well as by wastes from Indiana Harbor.
At the Gary water intake and the Dunne Crib intake,
which serves the City of Chicago, the standards for chlorides,
ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphate, iron, dissolved
solids, phenols and threshold odors were not met.
I would like to summarize the report by reading its
conclusions and recommendations, which can be found on Pages
9 and 9-A.
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160
lA R. J. Bowden
CONCLUSIONS
1. Industrial pollution in the Grand Calumet River-
Indiana Harbor Canal System has become more severe since 1965.
The findings indicate that concentrations of iron, cyanide
and phenolic compounds were all higher than in 19&5-
MR. BACON: Do you have a percentage figure on
that? Is it 10 percent, or 20, or 50?
MR. BOWDEN: I haven't got an actual percentage
figure.
MR. BACON: Can you generalize?
#2 MR. BOWDEN: I can generalize. For phenols, in
the winter of 1966-67* they were about 50 percent higher thsm
during the previous winter. Iron has increased almost 100
to 150 percent.
MR. POOLE: That general conclusion is predicated.
on those three parameters, or on all parameters, when you sa,y
it was worse?
MR. BOWDEN: The conclusion is based on those
three parameters, which, of course, are indicative of industri-
al wastes.
MR. POOLE: I think there was quite a phenol spill
in January or early in 1967.
MR. BOWDEN: Yes, there was, and this was an
incident where, right here, we found a concentration of
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161
R. J. Bowden
16,007 parts per billion of phenol, which is considerable
when the criteria call for a maximum of five.
MR. POOLE: Granted.
MR. BOWDEN: This figure was not included in the
average that I am referring to, because it was an individual
spill from United States Steel in Gary, and they, I under-
stand, have taken measures to see that this is not repeated.
MR. STEIN: Did you have another question, Mr.
Bacon?
MR. BACON: Yes. I wanted him to continue with
the generalization on the cyanides.
MR. STEIN: Yes. Would you characterize that?
MR. BACON: Generalize as to the increase on
cyanides.
MR. BOWDEN: The cyanides were approximately 50
percent higher all along the river.
MR. BACON: Thank you.
MR. BOWDEN: 2. Bacterial quality in the Grand
Calumet River-Indiana Harbor Canal System is still unsatis-
factory.
3. Floating oil was consistently reported at all
stations on the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor Canal
System.
4. The water quality in the western portion of
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R. J. Bowden
the Grand Calumet River at the State line improved slightly
during the summer of 1966, but deteriorated during the winter
due to an increased amount of raw or inadequately treated
sewage reaching the stream. The stream did not meet the
standards at any time.
5. Overflow from combined sewers associated with
heavy rainfalls during April and May of 1967 caused a sig-
nificant increase in bacterial counts at all stations.
6. The water quality in the Little Calumet River
has improved since 1965* but the stream is still subject to
severe pollution from combined sewer overflows and does not
meet the standards.
7. Wolf Lake is a high quality body of water,
suitable for all water uses but is threatened by high nutrient
concentrations. Except for nutrients, there was substantial
compliance with the standards.
8. The water quality at the East Chicago and
Hammond water intakes meets some of the standards but is
affected by wastes from Indiana Harbor and direct discharges
to the lake* causing violation of the standards for ammonia,
total phosphates, iron, phenol and threshold odors.
9. The water quality at Chicago's Dunne Crib and
the Gary water intake did not meet the standards for chlorides,
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163
R. J. Bowden
ammonia, total phosphate, iron, phenol and threshold odor.
10. The water quality at Chicago beaches was
satisfactory except during early July and during periods of
easterly winds when such winds locked in the contamination
that might otherwise have been carried away.
11. Oil and grease was consistently found in
samples from all of the water intakes.
12. The large number of alewives that died and
were washed onto the beaches caused a severe odor and
esthetic problem but did not cause immediate increase in the
bacterial counts. Decaying fish may have caused the increased
counts during July.
13. The water quality at Indiana beaches was not
satisfactory, due to wastes from Indiana Harbor and direct
discharges to Lake Michigan.
Recommendations to the Conference
1. That numerical criteria for total iron,
cyanide, sulphate and oil be included in the standards adopted
for the Grand Calumet River.
2. That the criteria for ammonia in open Lake
Michigan waters be reviewed in light of the high levels
routinely found in the lake and the recommendations in the
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164
R. J. Bowden
Laboratory Committee's report on ammonia.
3. That the criteria for MBAS be reviewed in light
of the limitations of the laboratory analytical procedure
reported in Standard Methods.
Thank you.
MR. POSTON: What is MBAS?
MR. BOWDEN: MBAS is methylene blue active sub-
stance, and it is used as an indicator of the factors for
detergent material in the water.
MR. STEIN: Are there any further comments or
questions?
Mr. Klassen?
MR. KLASSEN: There was one statement, Mr. Bowden,
on Page 3 of your report, which confuses me just a little as
a conferee. The statement is:
"The conclusions drawn in this report regarding
water quality conditions in the Calumet area are
made relative to certain specific water quality
standards."
This is the statement that confuses me. These
standards, which are referred to throughout the report, are
those proposed by the State of Indiana and approved by the
Secretary of the Interior on July 18, 1967?
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R. J. Bowden
As a conferee, I am under the distinct impression
that the conferees adopted standards, and up to this point
all of the evaluation was on the basis of the conferees'
standards.
When did the conferees lose their standards? I
don't recall ever adopting the standards to which you refer,
and which apparently is a unilateral action on the part of the
Federal Water Pollution Agency.
I would like to have you explain that.
MR. BOWDEN: The conferees have never lost their
standards. The standards adopted by the State of Indiana for
this area are identical to the standards proposed by the
conferees.
MR. KLASSEN: Then why didn't you use the conferees'
standards ?
MR. BOWDEN: They are also identical to the
standards proposed by the State of Illinois for the area.
The reason I did not label them as the conferees'
standards as such is that — well, you might call it political.
It is actually the standards that have now been adopted and
actually are law, whereas with reference to the conferees'
standards, I don't know if they were actually that strong,
but the standards as they are now adopted are part of the law
of the land, and that is the only reason that I labeled them
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R. J. Bowden
as such.
They are exactly the same standards adopted by
the conferees at that last meeting.
MR. KIASSEN: The next part of it really concerns
me, because if these have been adopted then as the law of the
land, they supersede the conferees' standards.
You are talking about criteria. Now, you are
talking about standards and part of the standards that the
Federal Water Pollution Control Agency has adopted then include
in these standards, which are now standards, the implementation
schedule which gives the industries until June 30, 1970, to
complete their facilities.
This is not what the conferees had adopted. We
have never changed this. Yet it looks like, by unilateral
action, the Federal Water Pollution Control Agency, by adopting
these, adopted a new time schedule.
MR. BOWDEN: I don't believe this is the case.
However, I would like to call on Mr. Poston or Mr. Stein to
clarify the point.
MR. STEIN: Well, I will make a deal with you. If
you stay out of the law, I will stay out of the engineering
business.
Mr. Poston?
MR. POSTON: Well, I think what is applicable here
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R. J. Bowden
is the standards that the conferees adopted, and I think if
it is necessary to change this report, that we should talk
about the standards that the conferees have adopted.
MR. KLASSEN: If you adopted standards, which you
say you have, then you are adopting a whole new time schedule
with those standards, and this is something that negates every-
thing that the conferees have agreed to, and it makes me wonder
just where in this picture the conferees stand now. It looks
like we have been superseded unilaterially by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Agency.
Is this true?
MR. BOSTON: I think not.
MR. KLASSEN: That is what it says here.
MR. STEIN: Are there any other comments or
questions?
MR. BACON: Mr. Chairman, I have one.
MR. STEIN: Yes?
MR. BACON: You mentioned that the Little Calumet,
at the State line, due to the combined sewer overflows, shows
turbidity and algal growths.
What about dry weather conditions? What is the
condition of the Little Calumet as far as meeting water
quality standards is concerned? What is the situation?
In other words, we can understand that during a
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R. J. Bowden
combined sewer overflow, but what about dry weather conditions?
MR. BOWDEN: Dry weather conditions are somewhat
better, but, of course, when there is heavy overflow there is
settling out, and sometimes the water is clear and meets most
of the criteria, and in other cases it does not.
MR. BACON: You see what I am getting at. I would
like to have you generalize if you can't be more specific as
to whether standards are being met during dry weather condi-
tions at the State line.
MR. BOWDEN: During dry weather conditions, the
standards are being partly met.
MR. BACON: Partly met? Thank you.
MR. POOLE: I think, Mr. Bacon, there is still some
raw sewage and Hammond is in the process of building an inter-
ceptor now, so there is minor dry weather flow in there in
addition to storm overflow.
MR. BACON: Thank you.
MR. POSTON: Mr. Bowden, I noticed that your
reports deal primarily with pollution in the Indiana portion.
Why didn't you get into the Calumet River?
You did point out one place in Illinois there in
Calumet Harbor and showed pictures where oil pollution and
heavy solids were coming into the lake. Why didn't you get
down into some of the other areas of the Calumet River?
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R. J, Bowden
MR. BOWDEN: The reason I didn't deal with the
other areas of the Calumet River is because our surveillance
project is mainly located east of the Calumet River.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District has been main-
taining surveillance of the Calumet River — in fact, the
Cal-Sag Channel and other streams in the Chicago area.
MR. POSTON: In other words, the conferees' direc-
tions to you have been to do this other area?
MR. BOWDEN: That's right.
MR. STEIN: Yes, Mr. Bacon?
MR. BACON: Isn't it true also that the original
conferees' findings and recommended criteria did not apply to
the Calumet River, the position being taken that that was
under the jurisdiction of the Sanitary District and would be
covered by State and Sanitary District criteria which have
been adopted?
MR. KLASSEN: This is correct. It was not con-
sidered as an interstate stream.
MR. BACON: At the time of the original conference
and in any conference since then, this has never been included
beyond the lake point, the mouth of the river, in the criteria.
MR. KLASSEN: Correct.
MR. POSTON: This is a part of the conference area,
and it was felt that the Sanitary District would do monitoring
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R. J. Bowden
in this stream and maintain treatment facilities.
MR. BACON: I am really rising to the defense of
Mr. Bowden here. How could he make the report since until so
very, very recently criteria were not available on the Calumet
River as of June 28th, I believe, or 30th, Mr. Klassen, at the
time Mr. Egan took over the monitoring, but that is the first
we had of specific criteria on the Calumet River.
MR. POSTON: I think Mr. Bowden's pictures are
very clear now. It doesn't really need any criteria to show
us that Lake Michigan is being polluted in the Calumet Harbor
area with this oil and this heavy turbidity and the iron solu-
tions that are coming out into the lake at that point.
MR. BACON: Excuse me. I want you to very clearly
understand I am not talking about the lake. We traveled it
just last Saturday again, right at the mouth of the river.
I am talking about the river itself, and I am
surprised a comparison was not made or some analytical com-
parison was not made here.
As you see, as it stands now, Mr. Chairman and
conferees, by our program of positive displacement at all times,
either through the O'Brien or through the lock and dam, we are
keeping the flow. It is either a stagnant lake or pool or we
are keeping it moving away from the lake at all times, and
really, what we are doing, whatever pollution is reaching the
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R. J. Bowden
mouth of the lake at the mouth of the river is being drawn
into our system, and we are taking it out through the canal
system.
MR. STEIN: In those slides he did show us, that
stuff was getting into the lake.
MR. BACON: Lots of it. We can't get it all out.
W« are not flushing that fast.
MR. STEIN: Right.
MR. BACON: We haven't that much water.
MR. STEIN: I have a clarification question on
your recommendations to the conferees. I am not quite sure
I understand what you are getting at when you mention numerical
criteria for total iron, cyanide, sulphate and oil being in-
cluded in the standards. Rather than going through several
questions, let me give you my problem.
I think at least with oil and cyanide, this has
come up many times before, and I guess the numerical criteria
you would want to use is zero, but then we get into that prob-
lem of zero tolerance. The people who develop the requirements
considered the oil problem very, very seriously with the oil
companies and the steel companies and representatives of the
Sanitary Districts, with the States and us. The notion is if
you say zero on oil, what happens? You really run into a
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R. J. Bowden
problem, which I will come to in a second. What they came up
with was no visible oil.
Now, I don't know, once you get down to the zero
tolerances, whether you can do better, or you may have that
with cyanide.
Here is what happens when you are talking about
numerical values when you are getting down to zero tolerances:
These people, as Mr. Bowden has indicated, have a
series of standard tests. You come down to a zero tolerance,
or very close to that, you get a standard test, and these
tests are one part per billion, and if it is below one part
per billion you don't find anything.
Sure enough, while you are doing that testing
and all the industries and the cities are putting out the same
wastes, some bright young boy, like Mr. Bowden or one of his
colleagues, comes up with a new test, and instead of one part
per billion we can discover one part per trillion. Suddenly
we begin finding the material you could not find before.
Nothing has changed except the accuracy of the testing tech-
nique, and you have a violation.
The question here is, I wonder, when you are dealing
with stuff like cyanide and oil, Mr. Bowden, is it realistic?
Do you have a numerical kind of testing that would be realistic
under those circumstances, or are we facing the zero tolerance
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R. J. Bowden
problem?
MR. BOWDEN: Whether or not a low value being per-
mitted is desirable, the present circumstance is that there
is no criteria whatsoever.
MR. STEIN: I thought you said "no visible oil."
MR. BOWDEN: No visible oil. For cyanides —
MR. STEIN: What gets me is when you begin talking
about numerical criteria. I am all for numerical criteria
when we can get them, and numerical criteria are reasonable.,
But when we get to that vexing problem that we have had many,
many times, and Food and Drug has had many times, to that zero
tolerance, how meaningful is the development of numerical
criteria for cyanide and oil, for example, as a concept?
MR. BOWDEN: At present cyanide can be detected one-
hundredth of a milligram per liter. A criterion set at such a
level would be better than no criterion at all, and there is
no criterion for cyanide at all on the Grand Calumet River.
There is for some of the otfrer points, but not on the Grand
Calumet River, so that if there is no criterion set whatsoever,
why, there is no way that you could be in violation.
The same thing applies to iron, which can be
detected at very low values. I am not a chemist, but I know
that we can detect it at less than 10 parts per billion
reliably.
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R. J. Bowden
There Is no criteria set for sulphates, and
once again, I have to admit I am not a chemist and I don't
know how low we can detect it, but we can certainly detect it
at a range below anything that would be objectionable.
MR. STEIN: How about oil?
MR. BOWDEN: Oil and grease, the criteria states,
"no visible oil and grease."
Unfortunately, when oil is emulsified in water, it
is below the water line, it is below the surface, and you might
not be able to see it. In fact, sometimes you can have a
thin layer on the top and not be able to see it.
MR. STEIN: Again, I am not arguing for a specific
figure. What would you suggest as a possible value for this
sort of thing, if we are talking in terms of numerical criteria?
MR. BOWDEN: Well, I believe that emulsified oil
and grease can be detected at levels of one-tenth of a milli-
gram per liter.
MR. POOLS: Mr. Stein?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. POOLE: I don't know whether I can clarify this
or confuse it. There are criteria for the inner lake that
were adopted by the conferees, and they are the same ones
that were subsequently adopted by Indiana and submitted to the
Secretary. Where those two are in Indiana Harbor there,
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R. J. Bowden
right about there is the control point on the Indiana standards
for Indiana Harbor.
Now, there are numbers for everything but oil that
Mr. Bowden is talking about at these points. It seems to me
personally that what is back in the Grand Calumet River is
immaterial if we have the right numbers where those two dots
are as you go into Indiana Harbor, so I think that is their
indirect control.
MR. BOWDEN: Unfortunately, Mr. Poole, there are
criteria established for this entire river and there are
control points established in these criteria for the river in
this area.
I believe there is one at Kennedy Avenue and if,
for instance, an industry located in Gary were meeting these
criteria, and in a large measure they are meeting them except
for phenol, in spite of the fact that this is one of the most
polluted rivers in the world, then they can say they are
meeting the criteria here. And how is anybody going to
prosecute them for violations out here when there are other
large industries located here and here (indicating)?
MR. POOLE: I don't believe that will be the case.
MR. BOWDEN: I hope not.
MR_^ STEIN: Do we have any further comments or
questions?
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G. Cook
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much, Mr.
Bowden.
At this point, we will recess for ten minutes.
(Whereupon a recess was had.)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
Mr. Poston?
MR. POSTON: I would like Mr. Grover Cook, who
is head of our Regional Office Enforcement Activities, to give
us a brief rundown about the cladophora.
STATEMENT OP GROVER COOK, CHIEF, REGIONAL
OFFICE, ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES, FEDERAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MR. COOK: Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Ladies and
Gentlemen:
I have a brief discussion on the cladophora prob-
lem, but before that, and to get you attuned to it, I have a
few slides I would like to run through hurriedly, so that we
can show you some of the problem.
This (indicating) is a rock, a big boulder,
actually, up by Saugatuck, Michigan. It is probably six feet
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G. Cook
across. I learned to swim in the water right near there
actually, and I have known of this boulder for a good many
years — I am not going to tell you how many, but a good many
years — and I have watched the algae grow on this thing over
the years. I was interested more critically in the last few
years as a biologist.
The filaments that are about two or three feet long,
in the old days, and in fact only ten years ago, were only a
matter of inches long.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is another boulder in the same
area, with the same story. Underneath you can see the green
growth that kind of comes out like a skirt in the water.
This (indicating) is the Calumet Park Inner Beach,
a little overexposed, but you can see the cladophora that is
washed ashore and, with waves, will wash up on the beach and
start rotting.
MR. POSTON: Where is the cladophora there? Will
somebody point that out?
MR. COOK: This (indicating) is the green growth
that is washed up. It is almost in the water here. That is
about ankle-deep, I imagine.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is another part of the same beach.
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G. Cook
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is another shot of the same beach.
Some of it has washed up on the beach there.
Next slide.
This (indicating) is the same thing. Here is a
pretty heavy mat of it. That is probably well over ankle-deep
there and is very unpleasant for swimmers.
As Mr. Poston said, the increase in algae over the
past several years is of great concern to us. I would like to
d iscuss what is happening by outlining briefly some of the
technical aspects of the problem.
Cladophora is the genus name for a group of fila-
mentous green algae. These are very simple plants that may
consist of one or of thousands of cells. The cells are shaped
like minute green pipes and are about ten times as long as
they are wide. In reproduction they divide in the middle and
both halves grow to full length so that there are two cells
linked end to end. As long as growth conditions are favorable,
they continue to divide and the filament gets longer and
longer. The original cell has a holdfast on one end that acts
like a suction cup and keeps the filament attached to any firm
object in the water.
The requirements for growth are water movement,
sunlight, nutrients and a water temperature range of about
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G. Cook
50 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit.
Cladophora is extremely efficient in taking up
nutrients from the water and is found in lakes where nutrients
are very sparse. However, under conditions of low nutrient
concentrations the filaments may grow to only a fraction of
an inch. If nutrients are increased, the length of the fila-
ments increase.
This was demonstrated in a very carefully controlled
experiment by John Neil of the Ontario Water Resources Commis-
sion in 1963. In three areas of Lake Huron that were complete-
ly devoid of cladophora but where all environmental require-
ments except nutrients existed, Neil fed phosphorus and
nitrogen separately and combined. Where he fed phosphorus and
nitrogen combined, a luxuriant growth developed. Where he fed
phosphorus alone, he also obtained a very heavy mat of
cladophora. But where he fed nitrogen only no growth developed.
He concluded from this that phosphorus was the most essential
element required for algal growth.
Phosphorus, nitrogen and all other plant growth
elements are present in sewage. The conventional sewage treat-
ment plant removes only a small fraction of the nutrients.
The rest finds its way to a watercourse. If the sewage
originates in the Lake Michigan drainage basin, most of the
nutrients will eventually reach the lake. Added to this are
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G. Cook
the fertilizing elements from farm lands and livestock, wild
animals and industry. Obviously there is continual buildup
of nutrients and an accompanying increase in aquatic plants,
especially algae.
Growths of caldophora in the southern end of Lake
Michigan have been observed by me and by other biologists
for many years, but more critically in the past ten years when
nuisance conditions began to occur on the beaches. Where
small tufts occurred ten years ago, there are now mats with
filaments several feet long. When these growths break loose
in heavy seas, they wash ashore to litter the beaches in slimy
windrows. They clog water intake screens and interfere with
swimming. When they decay they produce a putrid odor and pro-
vide a breeding place for flies and other insects.
Lakes Erie and Ontario have experienced these kinds
of algal problems since about 1930. They have worsened over
the years until now the algae builds up in knee-deep windrows.
The southern end of Lake Michigan is now in about the same
condition that Lakes Erie and Ontario were in the thirties.
The ills of Lake Erie have been diagnosed. Essen-
tially we have said that we must greatly reduce inputs of
phosphorus, and other nutrients, if we are to restore the
biological health of the lake. With Lake Michigan some thirty
years behind, we should be heedful of what happened in Lake
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G. Cook
Erie and start immediately here to take every necessary step
to prevent nutrients from entering the lake.
I would also like to introduce the alewife problem --
MR. STEIN: Wait a minute, please. Let's just
handle these separately.
MR. COOK: Yes, sir.
MR. STEIN: Are there any comments or questions
on the cladophora problem?
MR. POOLE: I want to ask Mr. Cook one question.
Do you think this is a subject that we might well
reconvene our Technical Committee for and put back into their
hands, Grover?
MR. COOK: I think it might be a good idea.
We are bringing it up here because we are so greatly
concerned about the problem. Of course, we will use any forum
we can find to push for some kind of a remedy, and I think
this might be a good start, the reactivation of such a
committee.
MR. KLASSEN: May I just raise a point that Mr.
Poole mentioned here?
While I think that as conferees certainly we should
be concerned with it, I wonder whether this is primarily an
interstate problem between Illinois and Indiana.
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G. Cook
It would seem to me that this is pretty much
directly in the lap of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Agency, and while I am not adverse to the conferees getting
involved in it, why hasn't the Federal Government itself
taken the lead, or why don't they take the lead instead of
using the conferees as a springboard?
If you need this kind of help, we will go along.
MR. COOK: We need all the help we can get. Yes.
MR. KLASSEN: If this is a problem, and it un-
doubtedly is all over the lake, then why confine the efforts
to starting it here in the south end of Lake Michigan, be-
cause certainly my concern is that if the conferees get into
this, it is going to look like this is a problem between
Illinois and Indiana, and one of the two of us is causing it,
and I don't believe this is necessarily the case.
MR. COOK: I think you are right, of course.
Wisconsin is a much greater contributor than Illinois, for
instance.
MR. STEIN: This may involve all of the States
bordering Lake Michigan.
Mr. KLassen, I think your remarks were pertinent
before when you talked about unilateral Federal action. I
don't know how unilaterial it was when they accepted Indiana's
proposal, but I think if we are going to have a genuine State-
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G. Cook
Federal program, on the one hand, you can't have unilateral
action, and, on the other hand, when someone makes a proposal
for State participation with the Federal Government, you
say isn't this a Federal problem?
If we are going to have a genuine State-Federal
program--«Jid I think we are both in this--when a problem like
cladophora comes up, or any other generalized problem in
water pollution control, whatever technique we can use to get
the States and the Federal Government in on the ground floor
is, it seems to me, the best approach.
It also seems to me that your point is very well
taken that if we are dealing with a cladophora problem, this
is certainly not Just an Illinois-Indiana problem in Lake
Michigan. Evidently, if it is a problem caused by some
activity of man, all the States bordering on the lake are
probably equally concerned, as well as the Federal Government,
and I don't think there should be any implication that these
two States are the responsible parties for this problem.
MR. POSTON: The cladophora problem I regard as an
indicator. The cladophora problem, in the first place, is a
much more serious problem in others of the Great Lakes, but
it is an indicator that there is a great deal of urgency in
this pollution abatement matter, if we are not going to have
more and more serious problems from these particular algal
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G. Cook
blooms, from the nutrients.
I think the same thing applies to the alewife,
which we will be discussing a little later, that the alewife
situation is an indicator that you upset the balance in this
lake and you can look for some real problems that are not
only expensive, but that you just are not going to tolerate.
MR. KLASSEN: My point, Mr. Chairman, is this —
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. KLASSEN: This is a problem of all of the
lake States, and it is rather ironic that Illinois had to go
to lengthy court proceedings to keep from being forced to put
all of the Chicago sewage back into the lake, which would
undoubtedly be a major contributor to the aging of the lake,
and now Illinois and Indiana are being asked to spearhead this
whole lake problem.
I don't mind being in the forefront of getting
something done, but I think that it certainly is a responsi-
bility of the Federal Government to get particularly Wisconsin
into this picture.
MR. STEIN: I would agree.
Mr. Klassen, I know you went through lengthy
proceedings and a lot of expense here, but you know on both
sides of the operation, the United States did not have to
enter this case. But we did enter the case as a party at
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G, Cook
considerable expense to the United States. As you know, the
record will show that we supported the position of not
putting wastes into the lake. I think this is a State-
Federal program.
Now, let's see if I understand the statements here,
because I think we might be saying the same thing.
What you are saying is the cladophora is an indi-
cator of perhaps an excessive nutrient problem which is
changing the character of the lake. If this is so, then it
becomes a lake-wide problem. To get together on this, we
should try to find a means or a forum for all the contributors
to the nutrient problem. This will include other lake States
and the Federal Government.
Now, whether the enforcement technique or another
technique is the one for it, I am not entirely sure. But, I
think you are right, Mr. Klassen, this should certainly be
established to include those other States.
MR. KLASSEN: Where does the newly created Great
Lakes Commission enter this picture? Don't they have some
authority in this?
MR. POSTON: The Great Lakes Basin Commission?
MR. KLASSEN: Yes. This is something they could
start working on.
MR. POSTON: They are a planning agency and would
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G. Cook
certainly be involved in this, to get something stimulated
to do necessary research and study as to what can be done.
MR. KIASSEN: My whole point is that the finger
is always pointed here. Illinois has taken the lead on pre-
venting lake dumping, which, in my opinion, is a necessity,
but it is a drop in the bucket compared to what the other
States are putting into the lake, and they have not been in
this picture at all, and I think that if we are going to get
into a lake Michigan problem, it is time that we get one of
the major contributors of pollution, and I mean Wisconsin,
into this thing with us.
MR. POSTON: Are you inferring, Mr. Klassen, that
this should be a Lake Michigan enforcement action and expanded
to the whole of the lake?
MR. KLASSEN: I am only saying that all of the
States that are contributing should be involved in this.
Maybe we should take the lead on this, but I just
raise the question whether it is entirely within the purview
of this conference.
This is a legal question and I will defer to the
Chairman.
MR. STEIN: Here we go.
You know, I made a remark to our young engineer
before, but, you know, Mr. Klassen and Mr. Poole as engineers
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6. Cook
arc probably two of the beat water lawyers in the country.
MR. KLASSEN: That's bringing up a controversial
subject, Mr. Chairman.
(Laughter.)
MR. STEIN: Do you know what the favorite topic of
the engineers is at water pollution control conferences when
they have their professional or national meetings? It is
largely law, and not engineering.
However, Mr. Klassen, you have raised several
pertinent points.
I think this should be kept in mind. The first
is: There is something very paradoxical about this water
pollution control business. That is, the State and the city
which are doing the best Job often get a lot of criticism
and have the brunt of the problem, because they do the best
Job in pointing out these problems.
Now, we saw something this morning indicative of
that — this surveillance survey they did while the corrective
remedial program was going on.
It is fair to say that in most cities, most
industries and most States, they order a remedial facility
and no one checks to see if it works.
The points is that as far as the lower end of
Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois and Indiana are concerned,
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G. Cook
I know of no place in the country that is ahead of you in
the program. But when you finally go out and make the checks
that no one else does and you come up with results that may
not be too appetizing, then you invite criticism. However,
if you are going to preserve the water resource, there is
no other way to do it.
I fully agree that if we are going to get into
this nutrient problem, this should be considered from the
standpoint of the area as a whole.
As you noted from the telegram that Mr. Udall sent,
he is very much interested in a program to preserve Lake
Michigan, and the nutrient problems will be presented to him.
Whether the enforcement route is the one to be
taken, I cannot say. But these eminent engineer-lawyers on
my left know the law as well as I do. If the Governor of
either Indiana or Illinois requested it, under the law, we
would be required to extend the case to include the other
States.
MR. KLASSEN: You can do it without a request from
the Governor. You have all the data and under Section 8(b)
you could call such a conference.
MR. STEIN: We sure could do it without his re-
quest, but we would have to if the Governor did request it.
If this were something that Illinois wanted, this
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G. Cook
would be a very simple matter. The law is very clear. We
have no option if the Governor requests it. We have to do it.
MR. KLASSEN: My point is that you can do it on
your own if you feel the problem warrants it.
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. POOLS: I started all this, Mr. Chairman, with
a little innocent question, and while the debate has been
going on I have looked into the record, and I think that we
have the same criteria, or essentially the same, for the
waters that are under the jurisdiction of this conference,
as the Lake Erie technical group and the conferees on Lake
Erie agreed upon.
I concur wholeheartedly in what my friend from
Illinois is saying, that this is a lake problem. I would hope
that we could interest the States of Michigan and Wisconsin
in this, short of an expansion of the conference, but I do con-
cur in your recommendation that it is something that we have
got to keep looking into and keep on top of.
It is my personal conviction that the day is not
very far around the corner when anyone who is putting treated
sewage into Lake Michigan would be removing the phosphorus —
at least, as much of it as he possibly can.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any further comments or questions on the
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G. Cook
cladophora question?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: By the way, just because we leave a
topic does not mean it is closed. At any appropriate time,
comments may be made.
If not, would you comment on the alewife situation?
KR. COOK: Dr. Roland Smith of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries is going to give a presentation on the
alewives, but we have some pretty nice slides here, so I will
show you these prior to his presentation.
First slide, please.
This (indicating) is the Ohio Street Beach in
Chicago on the 19th of June of this year.
Next slide.
This (indicating) is the 79th Street Greenville
Beach, between the City of Chicago South District Filtration
Plant and the United States Steel South Works. All these
little white things are fish.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is the Belmont Harbor, Chicago,
same time, same date.
Next slide.
This (indicating) is at Foster Avenue, North Side.
Next slide.
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G. Cook
This (indicating) must be Belmont Harbor too --
it is one of the Chicago harbors.
Next slide.
Beverly Shores is over by Michigan City. They are
using a deodorant there to hold down the odor. As some of
you know, the odor that came from this was unbearable.
Next slide.
Here (indicating) the kids are helping clean up
over at Beverly Shores.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: One of the increments of moving the
Federal water pollution control program into the Department of
the Interior was that we would have even closer relationships
with the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries. On related water problems, such as the alewife
problem, we can call them or members of the other bureaus.
As I understand the alewife problem, it is by no
means certain and, as a matter of fact, it Is more than doubt-
ful that pollution causes the death of the alewives. However,
after they die, they surely cause a pollution problem.
The Fish and Wildlife Service has been successful
in dealing with other problems, notably that of the lamprey.
Perhaps the way to control the alewife
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R. Smith
problem may come from a discipline or a group of disciplines
which are somewhat different than the ones usually employed
by water pollution control agencies, city, State or Federal.
With that, we would like to call on Dr. Roland
Smith of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to give us an
analysis of the problem and a possible prognosis of where we
go from here in trying to solve it.
Dr. Smith.
STATEMENT OF DR. ROLAND SMITH, ASSISTANT
DIRECTOR FOR BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, BUREAU
OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR
DR. SMITH: My name is Roland Smith. I am
Assistant Director for Biological Research of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries.
Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Ladies and Gentlemen:
Mr. Stein, maybe I would like to request that you
appear before our Congressional committees and Bureau of the
Budget and make those fine remarks. Perhaps we could get some
money.
MR. STEIN: On the record of my success in the past
doing that, maybe you don't want me.
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R. Smith
(Laughter.)
DR. SMITH: In this year when the alewife die-off
in Lake Michigan has created so much attention nationally, it
seems somewhat paradoxical to say that neither the alewife
nor the problems caused by it are either recent or new to the
Great Lakes.
Now, the alewife is an anadromous fish common
to the Atlantic Coast, and it goes up our streams and spawns
there, and then returns to the ocean. Normally, there are
no die-offs in the marine population of alewives. However,
the alewife has gotten introduced into some of our fresh
water environment. It has gotten introduced into some of the
lakes in New York, New Jersey and the Finger Lakes in New York,
and it has gotten introduced into the Great Lakes.
We are not sure exactly how it did get into the
Great Lakes. We know it was first recorded in Lake Ontario
in 1870. Perhaps it came up the river, or perhaps it was
introduced with a shipment of shad that was dumped into the
lake at about that time.
In the early days, fish culturists tried to intro-
duce all kinds of fish throughout our fresh water areas, and
they dumped shad and other things into the Great Lakes as
well, so we are not sure just how it did get into Lake Ontario.
After the alewife did get established in Lake
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R. Smith
Ontario, the movement to the other lakes was slow. It seemed
as though the Welland Canal was a rather significant barrier
to the movement of the fish into the lake, after it was con-
structed in 1829. Contrary to popular belief, this canal did
not provide this easy route that a lot of people have
suggested. Its many locks that raise a ship 327 feet between
Lake Ontario and Lake Erie imposed partial barriers, and the
strong downstream currents created as the huge locks are
repeatedly emptied are major deterrents to upstream migration,
so it took about 100 years for the first sea lamprey, which
was also in Lake Ontario, to get into Lake Erie, and it took
about 58 years for the alewife to get into Lake Erie from
Lake Ontario.
I have stressed the difficulty of fish passage
through Welland Canal to point out that the construction of
the St. Lawrence Seaway below Lake Ontario probably is not a
major factor in fish moving between these two lakes.
When the alewife reached Lake Erie, it had free
access to all of the other Great Lakes. It was first found
in Lake Huron in 1933, in Lake Michigan in 19^9, and in Lake
Superior in 195^.
The alewife was abundant in Lake Erie by 19^2, but
it has never become the dominant species. We are not entirely
sure why it has not been the dominant species, but probably
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R. Smith
it is because there has remained in Lake Erie a rather sub-
stantial population of predative fish.
Here is where we come into a very interesting
story, and a very interesting relationship between the alewife
and the lamprey eel.
Now, as the lamprey eel entered the other four
lakes, it started to feed on many of the predative species,
such as the lake trout and some of the whitefishes, and so on,
and it has almost exterminated these predators in many of
these lakes, particularly Lake Michigan.
This left a void here, and as the alewife moved
into Lake Michigan, there was nothing to feed on the alewife.
They would have been a natural forage fish for these predators,
but there was nothing to feed on them, and consequently they
literally exploded.
Furthermore, the alewife is an efficient feeder.
It feeds on a variety of foods, and behavior studies at our
biological laboratory at Ann Arbor suggest that, for some
reason — perhaps it has B.O., or what have you — when it moves
into an area, other fish will just move out of it without any
belligerent action on the part of the alewife.
So they occupy space, and they also feed on food
that other forage fishes are feeding upon. What is happening
is that the alewife not only has exploded because of the lack
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R. Smith
of predators in some of these lakes, but it has also moved
out some of the other perhaps more desirable forage fishes.
Now, the alewife has spread into Lake Huron and
into Lake Superior. It is just beginning to get abundant
there. Its future in Lake Superior is uncertain. The lake
not only has a larger population of predators, but it is a
colder water lake, and the alewife does not do as well in
colder water.
As I mentioned, the alewife was first noted in the
Lake Michigan area in 1953 and was abundant throughout the lake
by 1956. During recent years, the adult population has been
more than doubling each year.
Obviously, this can't go on forever, and within
recent years there have been more and more die-offs noted on
the lake.
The unusual magnitude of the die-off this year is,
of course, related to the high density of the fish.
I might add that this alewife die-off is not only
common to Lake Michigan. It has occurred in Lake Huron; it
has been common in Lake Erie for at least fifty years; it is
common in many of the Finger Lakes in New York, but the mag-
nitude of the die-off in Lake Michigan this year was much
greater than has ever occurred in previous years, much greater
than we might ever have been able to predict, and much greater
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R. Smith
than we would really expect.
And so, why was this unusual heavy die-off? Well,
we are not sure. We have not had an opportunity to really
study the entire ecological relationships in the Great Lakes,
and so we can only speculate, but it seems as though, for one
thing, the mid-lake temperatures during the winter were colder
than usual.
Now, alewives do not tolerate very cold temperatures
in fresh water. They are primarily a marine fish and they are
not entirely adapted to the fresh water environment.
Consequently, when it gets to an environment that is
a little bit critical, they can't quite adjust to it, and so
cold water temperature and sharp temperature gradients are
things that the alewives cannot tolerate.
Our scientists noticed that contrary to usual years,
there was an alewife mortality that started in mid-winter of
this year. We don't know exactly when it started, but we know
that it did occur in the winter, and this mortality continued.
We know that there was a rather extreme temperaturegradient
between the middle of the lake and the shoreline areas this
year, and we feel that possibly this was a factor, so that
perhaps a combination of hydrological conditions along with
the normal die-off associated with the alewives probably
contributed to this very exceptionally high level of mortality
-------
198
R. Smith
this year.
The question is: Will the mortality occur in
future years? I think we can say without hesitation that we
can expect mortalities in future years. I don't think that we
can expect a series of environmental conditions next year or
the year after that would cause perhaps as serious a mortality
as occurred this year, but there will continue probably to be
some serious mortalities.
Now, what are we going to do about this? Well,
Secretary Udall was concerned enough to appoint a task force,
as you have already heard, to make recommendations for allevi-
ating the problems in the Great Lakes, and particularly Lake
Michigan.
The task force looked into available data on the
possible causes of the alewife die-off, and, as you have
already heard, there is no evidence that pollution is directly
contributing to this excessive alewife die-off.
The task force has recommended a program of research
and development that will have an immediate pay-off, we hope,
and provide a long-term solution to the alewife problem.
Basically, the task force report is in three parts.
The first part would be sort of a monitoring program to deter-
mine when the alewives are concentrating in any given area of
the lake, whether or not there is a mortality pending, whether
-------
199
R. Smith
or not it is going to be a mortality of high magnitude, and,
hopefully, to alert the local municipalities and States to be
ready for it.
The second is a program in research and development
of techniques and efficient ways of removing dead and dying
fish from the water or on the beaches.
Thirdly, the task force believes that the ultimate
solution to the alewife mortality problem is to reduce this
population to a level where it no longer is of a sufficient
quantity to create this problem, and perhaps even to eliminate
the fish entirely, although this is probably impossible to do
now.
The way this is to be done is gradually to reintro-
duce other species of fish, other predators, and continue
necessary commercial fishing, to gradually reduce the alewife
population, and, at the same time, introduce other predatory
species and other forage fish to take the place of the alewife.
This is a much longer program and requires a much greater
knowledge of the entire lake environment.
The idea, of course, would be to do this for the
entire Great Lakes and, hopefully, return the Great Lakes to
its earlier species complex.
Thank you very much.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Smith, for a very lucid
-------
200
R. Smith
explanation of the alewife problem.
Are there any comments or questions?
MR. KLASSEN: I have one question.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Klassen.
MR. KLASSEN: I had read in a newspaper account,
Dr. Smith, that there had been control facilities proposed in
the St. Lawrence Waterway that would have cost only a million
dollars, and they were eliminated because of economies.
Apparently, from what you said, this would not have
materially affected the problem?
DR. SMITH: No. In fact, as far as the specific
alewife problem is concerned, this problem was on its way to
producing these kinds of conditions long before the St. Lawrence
Seaway got under way. The environment was developing the con-
ditions for this increased population.
MR. KLASSEN: Just one other comment. I am just
checking these things.
They are so abundant and travel in such large
schools that when they get into an area to feed, there is in-
sufficient food, and therefore a lot of them die from starva-
tion. Is this a layman's interpretation?
DR. SMITH: No. This could be a factor. We haven't
studied enough about the alewife in this particular condition
to know whether or not this might be a factor, but it could very
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201
R. Smith
well be that one of the contributing causes of this mortality
is a lack of food in certain areas.
On the other hand, they have got to cover quite a
large area here, because they could conceivably move to other
areas of the lake where there is food, so I wouldn't rule it
out, but, on the other hand, I am not sure that it remains a
factor.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Poole?
MR. POOLE: I didn't hear you mention commercial
fishing pressure as one of the elements of control. I have
heard that discussed.
DR. SMITH: Yes, I did mention it.
MR. POOLE: Did you? I beg your pardon.
DR. SMITH: I think that increased commercial
fishing will, for a time, be very desirable in controlling
the alewife population.
Ultimately, of course, we hope to reduce the alewife
population, and then, of course, there won't be a commercial
fishery for them — hopefully, something better.
MR. KLASSEN: Is it a fact that you are going to
harvest them and turn them into fish meal?
DR. SMITH: Well, I can say that it is possible to
do this, and they are, in fact, being made into fish meal now.
Is that right, Mr. Premetz? Mr. Premetz is
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202
R. Smith
Assistant Regional Director for this region and is backing me
up here in case I get stumped.
They are making fish meal out of it now, but to
expand this program to a very significant degree, I think
should be considered with caution here, because we may not
have -- I hope we are not going to have these large numbers of
alewives in a few more years from now.
MR. POSTON: When may this report on the alewife
situation by the Secretary's committee be anticipated?
DR. SMITH: It should be released early this week.
It has gone up to Secretary Udall. I think early this week.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Bacon?
MR. BACON: I take it that the fish is now native
to the fresh water lake. What is its life cycle, reproduction,
and how old does it ordinarily get, and size?
DR. SMITH: Well, in marine waters the alewife
gets to be six or seven years old and gets to be up to 14
inches, and it runs up the stream to spawn several times in
its life.
In fresh water, because this is not its natural
environment, because there are physiological processes which
have not been quite evolved yet to permit the fish to really
be efficient in fresh water, the life cycle is much shorter.
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203
R. Smith
Three to four years is the average maximum life span, and
generally they spawn only once in their life. They don't
grow anywhere near as large. In some of the New Jersey
lakes, I know six inches is a good large size for alewives.
In the Great Lakes, I suspect maybe seven or eight inches is
probably the maximum size they get, so they don't get as large
in fresh water, generally speaking, nor do they live as long.
MR. BACON: We then probably saw the adult fish,
the size we were looking at?
DR. SMITH: Yes, these were adult fish, but the
other interesting thing was that they were three-year-old
fish, and the older fish are primarily the major population,
and these were the bulk of the fish that were killed. There
were also some one-year-old fish, and maybe 25 percent of
these were one-year-old fish, but there were very few two-year-
old fish, and we don't know what happened to tne two-year-old
fish, although we have evidence that they are still around, so
maybe they occupied a different level of the water during this
period. We don't know.
MR. POSTON: I noted that in Upper Lake Michigan
they had a bigger alewife. Does this mean a different species
of alewife?
DR. SMITH: No. I don't know the reason, except
probably I would suspect that better food conditions would be
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204
R. Smith
my first guess, but I think that we would have to study this
in more detail to know.
MR. BACON: Doctor, did anyone make an estimate as
to what kind of a pollutional load this die-off caused in
terms of phosphates or nitrates?
DR. SMITH: I would have to ask Mr. Poston that.
MR. BACON: You know, we are always trying to keep
these problems in perspective, the big ones and the little
ones alike, but I am interested in hearing someone say what
kind of a pollutional load did this die-off represent, whether
they take it from a nitrate point of view or a phosphate point
of view.
MR. POSTON: We might ask Grover Cook to comment
on this.
MR. COOK: Well, the alewife is a plankton feeder,
and if alewife weren't there, the plankton would be there. The
plankton would grow and die off naturally without anything
feeding on them, so the same biomass is present regardless,
whether the alewife is there or not.
MR. BACON: In other words, the phosphorus goes
from the plankton to the fish.
MR. COOK: Right.
MR. BACON: And it is no addition. Now, it might
redistribute this material. Fish that may have died in the
-------
205
R. Smith
northern part of Lake Michigan may have moved down here and
settled at the bottom, and may have increased the load in this
part of the lake. We don't really know, but the same biomass
is present.
DR. SMITH: Of course, you did get a more immediate
release of the nutrients, and so on.
MR. STEIN: Are there any further questions?
MR. BACON: Yes, I have one more.
MR. STEIN: Yes, surely.
MR. BACON: Where do these fish breed, in the
rivers, feeding streams, in the deep water or shallow water?
DR. SMITH: They breed in shallow water on reefs,
and I guess in larger lakes they also went up the stream to
spawn.
MR. STEIN: Are there any further questions or
comments?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very much.
Let's try to get one more statement in, and I think
this is the last one on water quality. This afternoon we
probably can hear from the States and the District on their
programs.
We will now hear from James C. Vaughn.
Mr. Vaughn.
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206
J. C. Vaughn
STATEMENT OF JAMES C. VAUGHN, ENGINEER OF
WATER PURIFICATION, BUREAU OF WATER, DEPART-
MENT OF WATER AND SEWERS, CITY OF CHICAGO,
ILLINOIS
MR. VAUGHN: Mr. Chairman, Conferees and Ladies
and Gentlemen:
I am James C. Vaughn, Engineer of Water Purifica-
tion in the Bureau of Water, Department of Water and Sewers,
in the City of Chicago.
Over the years there has been a continuing and
steady decline in the quality of the raw water in the southern
end of Lake Michigan. Numerous reports and papers have
described this decline in considerable detail.
In March 1965, the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration for the Calumet Area and the Southern End of
Lake Michigan, held a conference in Chicago in which the
nature and degree of pollution were reported upon by a number
of groups concerned. Mr. H. H. Gerstein, then Chief Water
Engineer of the Bureau of Water in the Department of Water and
Sewers, City of Chicago, reported upon the quality of water
in Lake Michigan and its tributaries as revealed by regular
surveys of these waters conducted by the Water Purification
-------
20?
J. C. Vaughn
Division over the past twenty years. The conferees following
this meeting established a Technical Advisory Committee which
was assigned the task of drawing up the criteria by which the
water quality of Lake Michigan and its tributaries would be
evaluated. This committee held a total of 24 meetings under
the chairmanship of F. W. Kittrell and agreed on 24 parameters
These were adopted as official by the conferees in a meeting
in January 1966.
It was hoped that the passing of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration Act in 1965 &nd the activi-
ties of the conference would result in a definite and immedi-
ate improvement in raw water quality. However, this has not
been the case. On the contrary, there has been a steady de-
terioration of the raw water quality, especially with regard
to the "open waters" of Lake Michigan. In Table 1 we have
tabulated the average and maximum daily carbon doses, and the
average and maximum ammonia nitrogen values for the raw water
at the South Plant for the years 1965, 1966 and 1967 (Jan.-
June), are shown. The average daily carbon dose rose from
23 Ib/mg in 1965 to 43 Ibs/mg for the first half of 1967.
The maximum dosage in Ibs/mg was 230 in 1965 and 400 for the
first half of 1967. The average ammonia nitrogen was .017
ppm in 1965, .028 in 1966, and .038 for the first half of
1967. This means that this value has more than doubled in
-------
208
J. C. Vaughn
two and one-half years. The maximum ammonia nitrogen values
were .111 ppm in 1965, .126 ppm in 1966, and .376 ppm in the
first half of 1967. This represents a steady and rapid
degradation in the quality of the raw water at the intake of
the South Plant. The lower half of the table shows the
similar values for the Central Plant.
While the average carbon dose did not show much
variation, the maximum carbon dose does show a very sharp
increase. This is also true of the average and maximum
ammonia nitrogen values. Two incidents occurred at the
Central Plant which are very significant in estimating the
quality of the raw water received at this plant. During one
of the high hydrocarbon waste periods at the South Plant, a
slug of pollution migrated as far north as the intake of the
Qfentral Plant. It was during this period that the maximum
carbon dosage of 104 Ibs/mg was reached. The maximum ammonia
nitrogen value of .138 ppm was reached during this period also,
On another occasion, an organic waste entered the lake from
a point 40 miles north of Chicago and migrated down the lake
as far as the intake of the Central Plant. This material
has the property of not being detectable in the raw water, and
causing very disagreeable, musty, moldy odors in the distribu-
tion system several days after leaving the filtration plant.
Each municipality, in turn, from North Chicago south to
-------
209
J. C, Vaughn
Chicago, experienced this difficulty and warned its southern
neighbor.
By reducing the amount of post-chlorination, this
musty, moldy taste was minimized and after a. short time,
passed out of the system. Another experience at the Central
Plant involved the presence of a high chlorine demand over a
prolonged period of time, approximately six weeks. This was
rlue to the presence of a high ammonia nitrogen content. This
resulted in an average chlorine demand for April of 25 Ibs/mg
and for May of 22.2 Ibs/mg. The maximum figures for these
months were 3^-7 Ibs/mg for April and 35 Ibs/mg for May.
The general range of chlorine demand for previous years at
this plant was in the 10-20 Ib/mg range.
Of the 24 parameters adopted as official in January
1966 by the conferees of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration for the Calumet Area and the Southern End of
Lake Michigan for open waters, the control point for these
criteria being the raw water header of the South Plant, four
parameters are considered important as related to tastes and
odors. They are threshold odor, ammonia nitrogen, phenol-like
substances and total phosphates. The latter being significant
because of their contribution to the growth of plankton and
the ultimate effect of this plankton on tastes and odors.
-------
210
J. C. Vaughn
Table 2 shows the days on which these values were exceeded
during 1965* 1966 and January-July period of 1967. In
threshold odor, the daily average value of 4 was exceeded in
7 days in 1965, 52 days in 1966, and 40 days for the first
seven months of 1967. The single daily value of 8 was ex-
ceeded on 4 days in 1965, 37 days in 1966, and 14 days for the
first seven months of 1967. The ammonia nitrogen daily
average value of .05 ppm was exceeded 26 days in 1965, 43 days
in 1966, and 54 days in the first seven months of 1967. No
figure is given for the annual average. The value of .003
ppm for phenol-like substances (this test was only run once
each day) was exceeded 48 days out of 74 days in 1965, 224
days out of 365 in 1966, and, however, only 7 days out of 164
for the first seven months of 1967. The total phosphates were
also run only once each day. The single daily value of .04
ppm was exceeded in 34 days out of 166 in 1965, 43 days out
of 258 in 1966, and 106 days out of 192 days in the first
seven months of 1967. The steady increase of these values
represents a progressive deterioration of raw water quality in
the southern end of Lake Michigan.
In Table 3 we have also tabulated the average and
maximum carbon dosage, and the average and maximum ammonia
nitrogen values for the raw water at the South Plant for the
years 1962 through 1966, and for the first six months of 1967.
-------
211
J. C. Vaughn
In addition, this table shows the number of days each year
in which the total carbon usage at the South Plant exceeded
30,000 Ibs. It must be recognized that the handling of this
much carbon in itself represents a tremendous problem. If
we were still using bag carbon, the task would be much more
demanding. Each 100 Ibs. would represent 3 bags of carbon;
each thousand Ibs., 30 bags; and 30*000 Ibs. would represent
900 bags. The disposal of this many empty bags would in
itself be a major undertaking. The increase in the number
of days each year, particularly in 1966 and for the first six
months of 1967 in which 30,000 Ibs/day was exceeded, indicates
a rapid deterioration in the quality of raw water received at
the South Plant. Examination of the other values in this
table shows the same progressive deterioration in the quality
of the raw water.
The increase in the use of the three critical
chemicals -- coagulants, carbon, and chlorine — have resulted
in a steady and sharp increase in the chemical costs in
treating raw water in Chicago. Some of this increase in cost
has, of course, been due to a slight increase of prices in
the chemicals delivered. The bottom part of Table 3 shows the
contract prices delivered for alum, carbon, and chlorine.
Those prices have increased as follows: Alum in
1965, $39.95 per ton delivered; 1966, $40.55 per ton, and the
-------
212
J. C. Vaughn
first six months of 1967, $41.85 per ton.
Activated carbon delivered in bulk powder, $156.70
per ton in 1965 and 1966, and it went up to $166.60 per ton
in 1967.
Chlorine has increased from $83.20 per ton delivered
in 1965 to $97.20 per ton delivered in 1967.
These price increases account for part of the
total cost increase but by far the vast majority of the in-
crease is due to the degradation in the raw water quality.
Nowhere has it been stated that one can determine
the cost of removing one threshold odor unit of a given odor
characteristic. In the two Chicago filtration plants, each
supervising engineer is held responsible for producing a
treated water that is always palatable, with a maximum thresh-
old odor of 1.5. This results in quite a variation of inter-
pretations of the required dosage. It is known that volatile
hydrocarbons and kerosene-like odors require the lowest dosages
of activated carbon while the musty chemical odors and specific
chemical wastes require the higher dosages. In general, the
requirements range from 1 ppm to 4 ppm of activated carbon for
each threshold odor unit removed.
The rapidly accelerating rate of decline in the
quality of the raw water at the southern end of Lake Michigan
is reflected in the rapidly accelerating costs of producing
a satisfactory treated water from this source.
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213
J. C. Vaughn
While it is still possible, although increasingly expensive
to produce a satisfactory finished water, it may be that we
are rapidly approaching the point where with present treatment
facilities it will be extremely difficult if not impossible to
produce a satisfactory and acceptable finished water in the
years ahead.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Vaughn.
Are there any comments or questions?
MR. BACON: I have one.
MR. STEIN: Yes, Mr. Bacon?
MR. BACON: What portion of your total cost of
treatment per million gallons wouM the chemicals represent,
5 percent, 10 percent, or what would it be?
MR. VAUGHN: The cost of treatment is primarily
the cost of chemicals, and my guess is that the chemicals run
from 10 to 20 percent of the total cost of the water at the
outlet of the plant.
MR. BACON: Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Are there any other comments or
questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: This indeed is a disturbing
report and I think we should not underestimate its
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214
TABLE 1
ODORS, AMMONIA NITROGEN (NH3-N) AND CARBON DOSES
South Water Filtration Plant
1965.1966. and Jan.-June. 1967
Year
1965
1966
1967 )
Jan.June)
Average daily
carbon dose
(Ib/mg)
23
33
43
Maximum daily
average carbon
dose (Ib/mg)
230
328
400
Average JL_
ammonia
nitrogen
0.017
0.028
0.038
1 Raw Water Header
ODORS, AMMONIA NITROGEN (NH3-N) AND CARBON DOSES
Central Water Filtration Plant
1965.1966, and Jan.-June. 1967
Maximum
ammonia
nitrogen
0.111
0.126
0.376
Year
1965
1966
1967 )
Jan.June)
Average daily
carbon dose
fib/me)
23
20
22
Maximum daily
average carbon
dose (Ib/mg)
36
24
104
Average _!_
ammonia
nitrogen
0.014
0.017
0.027
Maximum
ammonia
nitrogen
0.101
0.132
0.138
1 Raw Water Header
-------
215
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-------
216
TABLE 3
ODORS, AMMONIA NITROGEN (NH3-N) AND CARBON DOSES
South Water Filtration Plant
1962-1966, and Jan.-June. 1967
No. of days of
over 30,000 Ib
Year carbon use
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967 )
Jan. -June)
6
12
19
7
30
24
Average daily
carbon dose
qb/mg)
21
23
27
23
33
43
Maximum daily
average carbon
dose (Ib/mg)
192
252
361
230
328
400
Average _!_ Maximum
ammonia ammonia
nitrogen nitrogen
0.010
0.023
0.026
0.017
0.028
0.038
1 Raw Water Header
CONTRACT PRICES PER TON
Central and South Filtration Plants
,1965,1966 and Jan.-July. 19,67
0.102
0.140
0.203
0.111
0.126
0.376
Chemical
Year Alum
(Liquid)
1965 $39.95
1966 40.55
1967 )
Jan-July) 41.85
Carbon
$156.70
156.70
166.60
Chlorine
$83.20
95.20
97.20
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217
J. C. Vaughn
significance.
Before we get into the bad part, I must say I
have tasted your water again. I have looked at this
professionally and Chicago has always put out one of the best
municipal water supplies in the country. Despite cost, you
are doing a very good Job. Your water is Just fine.
The problem is — and this will become increasingly
evident — that we have a situation here in which there
really isn't any difference among the States, the Federal
Government, the municipality and probably the industries con-
cerned on the goals of the program. We find little difference
on the measures and what we are to do. The difference is on
details.
Now, the points is, despite this, maybe we are
not making the progress we should. If we are slipping back
and losing it, maybe we are not doing enough. Possibly we
don't have all the elements to it.
This is really the problem we have to face in this
area. It may be a greater Lake Michigan problem — I don't
know. I will say that I think we probably have the best
State-Federal-municipal-industrial program for pollution
abatement in this area, or as good as we have in the country.
It is probably more advanced than most.
If we are still getting these results, maybe we
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218
J. C. Vaughn
have to take another hard look. This is not a case in which
we are battling each other, or there is a difference of
opinion. This is a case in which everyone is working the
best he can.
The report gives us a lot of food for thought, and
I think we are going to have to think long and hard about
what we are doing when we get something like this.
MR. VAUQHN: Mr. Chairman, if I may refer to
cladophora for a moment, we are having increasing difficulties
each year with the cladophora torn loose from the bottom of
the lake by the storms and collecting on our screens. It is
costing us more and more each year to clean those off.
MR. STEIN: Right.
MR. POSTON: One other question.
I know that you have intakes at the cribs out in
the lake and you have a shore intake.
MR. VAUGHN: Yes.
MR. POSTON: Is there a marked difference between
the waters in the two?
MR. VAUGHN: On rare occasions, the difference is
sharp, and at the South Plant we shifted back and forth, I
think about ten or twelve times in the two years, from one
intake to the other, but normally we run a little of both all
of the time. That is why the Technical Committee picked that
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J. C. Vaughn
rather than the crib or shore intake, because that represents
a mixture of the waters we treat.
MR. POSTON: You normally take from both? You have
no evaluation as to what kind of difference you get?
MR. VAUGHN: We measure the quality of each water
and the number of parameters each day. Normally, the shore
water is not as good as the crib water, but on frequent
occasions the crib water is much worse than the shore water.
That is why we shut off the crib and open up the shore, and
we shift back and forth.
At the Central Plant we can't do that yet. We
are not connected to the crib, but we hope to be in another
year. We have the shore intake, which is again several
thousand feet from the shore line.
MR. POSTON: Well, I think yours was a very im-
pressive report here.
MR. VAUGHN: Thank you very much.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Vaughn.
Are there any further comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: Thank you for a very, very enlightening
report.
Let me just make this point once again. I hope
this gets across. In an electric utility a water utility or
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220
J. C. Vaughn
a telephone utility, when you put something in and it doesn't
work, you begin to get complaints. That is, on a winter day
when the men are putting their lights on in the office and
the ladies are putting on the appliances at home, if the light
doesn't go on, there are loads of complaints. If you don't
get a telephone connection, there are loads of complaints,
or if Mr. Vaughn puts water out with a taste or odor problem,
I am sure the phone doesn't stop ringing.
The problem with water pollution control is, once
we put in the system, there really are very few indicators of
complaint.
Now, one of the best groups of consumers is the
water companies who are processing the water. The others are
the groups here who are doing the surveillance.
In very few parts of the country do we have
accurate records or the analytical capability which we have
in Chicago, both in the Water Department and in doing the
s urveillance ; so the fact that this is showing up indicates a
reflection of probably the most sophisticated program in the
country, and this is something we should keep in mind.
However, I think with all of us we have to follow
the facts where they are going to take us, whether we like
them or not, because the waters won't know the difference,
and if we don't do the job, they are going to deteriorate and
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J. G. Vaughn
we are going to have a real problem.
^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^
Are there any further comments or questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not. we will recess until 1:30
for lunch, and then we will continue with the States and
District presentations.
Whereupon, at 12:00 o'clock noon, a luncheon
recess was taken.)
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222
AFTERNOON SESSION
(1:40 p.m.)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
We will now call on Mr. Poole of Indiana for a
progress report.
Before we begin, I have a letter here
we should read into the record, dated September 11. 196?
This is addressed to me:
The undersigned, Chairman of the Water Pollu
tion and Water Resources Commission of the State of
Illinois, asks that in addition to the agenda pub
lished for your conference in the newspapers in
regard to industrial pollution of the rivers and
canals in the Chicago land area, that you also con
sider a prohibiting against dumpings of any dredgings
into Lake Michigan whether from the State of Illinois,,
or the states of Indiana. Wisconsin, or Michigan.
"Lake Michigan is the most precious possession
which the bordering states have because of the
abundance of water for both domestic and industrial
use.
"The Lake must remain available and must not
fall into the same state of pollution as Lake Erie
-------
P. E. Miller
223
It
Your attention to this matter would be
appreciated.
"Very truly yours.
/s/ Carl L. Klein.
Chairman."
Mr. Poole?
MR. POOLE: I will just introduce Perry Miller,
whom all of the regulars of this conference are acquainted
with already. He will present our report.
STATEMENT OF PERRY E. MILLER, ASSISTANT
DIRECTOR, DIVISION OP SANITARY ENGINEERING,
INDIANA STATE BOARD OP HEALTH, INDIANAPOLIS,
INDIANA
MR. MILLER: Mr. Chairman, Conferees, Ladies and
Gentlemen:
My name is Perry Miller. I am Assistant Direct
of the Division of Sanitary Engineering, Indiana State Board
f Health and am makin thi statment n behalf f t
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board.
^^^r
The Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board has
continued efforts to comply with the recommendations of the
conferees.
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224
P. E. Miller
The Board promulgated the water quality criteria
adopted by the conferees for water covered by the conference.
In addition, criteria were developed and promulgated for the
Indiana Harbor Canal with the control point at the inner
harbor light.
In compliance with the Federal Water Quality Act
of 1965, the criteria and plans of implementation were sub
mitted to the Secretary of the Interior on June
. The
Secretary approved the interstate standards on July 18,
The Plans of Implementation state the Board will
require the following:
1.
Expansion of treatment facilities will be
required by Hammond on or before the end of 1972.
(Hammond will have to provide up to 95$ treat
ment to meet water quality requirements in the
Grand Calumet River.)
2.
Installation of advanced waste treatment will be
required at East Chicago, Gary, Hammond and
Michigan City as soon as practicable.
The municipalities of Hammond and Whiting will
be required to provide treatment and disinfection
of sewage and storm water overflows from the
Robertsdale, Atchison Avenue, and Front Street
outlets to Lake Michigan on or before the end
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225
P. E. Miller
of 1970. The municipalities of East Chicago.
Gary, Hammond, and Michigan City with storm and/
or combined sewer overflows will be required to
provide disinfection and control of pollution
from these overflows as soon as practicable.
Secondary treatment will be required at all new
installations.
All industries will be required to provide a degree
of treatment or control that is equivalent to that required
of municipalities on the same stretch of the stream. Except
in rare instances this will be the equivalent, at least, of
secondary treatment. Exceptions must be justified to the
satisfaction of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board and
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Municj
Sewa
Treatment
All sewage treatment plants serving Indiana munici
palities in the conference area provide secondary treatment
and effluent chlorination. Projects completed since the
first convening of the conference in March 1965* include new
sewage treatment plants, including effluent chlorination at
Dyer and Schererville; plant expansion at Crown Point: efflu
ent chlorination facilities for Hammond, Gary, and East Gary
and improvements to chlorination facilites at East Chicago
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226
P. E. Miller
and Valparaiso; and completion of a sewer project and connec
tion to the Gary Sanitary District for the Merrillville
Conservancy District. The Merrillville project now has
approximately 750 service connections serving an estimated
4,000 population equivalent.
Interceptor sewer projects under construction by
the Hammond Sanitary District and the Town of Highland will
provide for the discharge of all sewage to the Hammond
Sanitary District that now is discharged to the Little Calumet
River.
The Stream Pollution Control Board order, which
requires the Town of Porter to provide adequate sewage treat
ment facilities, has been referred to the Attorney General for
enforcement.
The Town of Portage has authorized its engineers to
proceed with the design of a sanitary sewer system and sewage
treatment facilities. The Hammond Sanitary District has re
ceived a preliminary report from its consulting engineers on
expansion of its sewage treatment facilities and consulting
gineers for the Town of Dyer and Griffith are investigating
the feasibility of sewer separation.
The section on Industrial Waste Treatment provides
details on the additional industrial wastes that are being
discharged or proposed for discharge, to the East Chicago,
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227
P. E. Miller
y. and Hamm
Sanitary District plants. The possibl
effects on the Districts1 plants and effluents are receivin
consideration prior to acceptance by the respective Districts
of these industrial wastes.
Semi-Public Sewa
Treatment
Increased surveillance of semi-public installations
continues to improve operation of facilities. Efforts also
continue towards obtaining connections to municipal sewer systems
and effluent chlorination where municipal connections are not
feasible. Tertiary treatment
day terminal lagoons) is now
required of most new installations.
Eighteen plants are providing effluent chlorination
and plans have been approved for chlorination facilities at
five other plants. Five plants include^ or have plans approved
to include, tertiary treatment in the form of a 7-day terminal
lagoon.
Negotiations are in progress for the connection of
five developments to the Merrillville Conservancy District
sewer system. Plans for such a connection have been received
for Turkey Creek Meadows Subdivision and the Independence Hill
area. Future municipal connections are possible for four other
developments.
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228
P. E. Miller
Industrial
Twenty-seven industrial plants have established
ffluent monitoring programs and one industry (Adolph Plating
Inc.,, East Chicago) has yet to accomplish this. Routine
monitoring programs were not required of Vulcan Detinning
Division,, Vulcan Materials Company, U.S.S. Lead Refinery.
Inc., General American Transportation Corporation, American
Steel Foundries. Inc.. Commonwealth Edison Company. Union
Tank Car Company, and Berry Refining Company.
Sixteen industrial plants have adequate waste
control facilities; ten have adequate waste treatment or control
facilities under construction and/or proposed; five have addi
tional waste treatment facilities under construction but
additional treatment or control will be needed; two are negoti
ating to connect to sanitary district's sewerage systems; one
needs additional waste treatment or control facilities; and one
plant is no longer operating.
Officials of industrial plants have agreed to comple
tion of treatment facilities on or before December 31* 1968,
with the exception of certain facilities at four steel plants
The latest completion date for facilities at steel plants is
June 30. 1970.
Further reduction of threshold odor substances.
oils, and BOD will be required at the four oil refineries
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22Q
P. E. Miller
and reduction of threshold odor substances at Union Carbide
Corporation.
Industrial Waste Treatment
Grand Calumet-Indiana Harbor Canal-Lake Michi
Vulcan Detinnin
ial
Mate
Inspections by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being maintained.
Cities Service
Com
East
The company is investigating methods of additional
r
T
mixed with a larg
amount of cooling water prior to discharge to the Grand
Calumet River and the concentration of contaminants in mg/1
^•rt''
is small. The company will be required to provide additional
reductions in BOD and threshold odor-producing substances.
duront
Nemours
Co.
Inc
Chica
Th
comp
h
expanded it
it
prog
t
include flow measurements on all outfalls. The results of
the monitoring program show that concentrations of suspended
solids, acidity, and zinc are significant. On September 1.
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230
P. E. Miller
1967* the zinc ore roasting operation at the plant was ter
minated and the source of zinc contamination eliminated.
The company's plans consist of improvements to the existing
acid neutralization facilities and the existing clarification
facilities for settling diatomaceous earth filter aid from
the Ludox operation. The company's pollution abatement
program will be completed by December 313 1968.
U. S. S. Lead Refiner
East
Inspections by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being maintained.
General American Trans
tati
All wastewater continues to be discharged to the
East Chicago Sanitary District's sewerage system. Adequate
waste control is being maintained.
Blaw Knox Com
The company has completed its waste control program
and is now providing adequate waste control. The following
projects have been completed: insulation of the clarifloccu
lator. installation of continuous sludge removal facilities on
the clariflocculator. connection of roll grinder coolant
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231
P. E. Miller
waste flow to the East Chicago Sanitary District's sewerage
system, and installation of a new wet dust collector on the
No. 1 sand system. Consistent with the Board's policy requir
ing adequate waste treatment or control facilities for new
P
P
tions. filtrati
quipment will b
tall
t
handle wastes from a new roll grinder. The effluent monitoring
program has been expanded to provide satisfactory data on all
outfalls.
American Steel Foundries. East
Inspections by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being maintained.
Union Carbide Cor
The results of the corporation's effluent monitoring
program and inspections by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being provided.
Mobil Oil Com
The company is investigating installation of an
air flotation unit for additional treatment of the effluent
from the API oil separator, the discharge of phenolic waste
streams into the East Chicago Sanitary District's sewerage
system, and additions to the API oil separator. The company
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232
P. E. Miller
will be required to provide additional reductions in BOD,
oils, and threshold odor-producing substances.
Calumet Nitro
any
Hammond
The company's monitoring program for the first
seven months of 196? shows the following: flow, 0.22 mgd;
ammonia-nitrogen 48 Ibs.: and nitrate-nitrogen, 34 Ibs.
These values represent a 46 percent reduction in ammonia
nitrogen and 53 percent reduction in nitrate-nitrogen when
compared to the 1966 annual average waste loadings.
The
company has virtually eliminated periodic high concentrations
of ammonia- and nitrate-nitrogen previously experienced. Good
housekeeping practices and good waste control management will
maintain adequate waste control.
Union Tank Car Com
The company has completed the recirculation system
for tank car pressure testing waters and has started construe
tion of a storm water diversion system and waste equalizing
tank
d umin stat
water and convey the wastewater to the Hammond Sanitary District's
sewage treatment plant. The facilities are scheduled for com
pletion during November 1967. Completion of the facilities will
provide adequate waste control.
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233
P. E. Miller
Sinclair Refinin
On July 18. 1967, the Board approved final plans
for construction of sewers, sump, pumps, and force mains to
convey water drawoff from storage tanks in the north and
south tank farm to the Ballast Oil Separation Tanks, a sludge
dewatering tank to handle water treatment sludges, and two
55,000-barrel storage tanks and pumping station to pump and
store storm water flow that exceeds the design capacity of the
API oil separator, for later treatment through the oil separa
tion facilities. The company is preparing plans and specifica
tions for a presettling tank equipped with mechanical sludge
and oil skimming equipment for installation ahead of the API
oil separator. The proposed projects will be completed by
December 31, 1968. Studies are being made relative to
secondary treatment of the wastewater.
The company will be
required to provide additional reductions in BOD, oils, and
threshold odor-producing substances.
U. S. G
The results of the company's effluent monitoring
program and inspections by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being maintained.
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234
P. E. Miller
Youn
Sheet
Tub
town
an
om
On July 19, 1967, final plans and specifications
for waste treatment facilities for the No. 1 Tin Mill, No.
2 Open Hearth, and No. 3 Hot Strip Mill were approved by the
Board. The plans propose the following:
Coke Plant
The company has completed in May of this year
construction, which was completed ahead of the schedule
proposed, which was June of 1967, of naphthalene scrubbers in
the Coke Plant and connection of contaminated wastes from the
Coke Plant to the East Chicago Sanitary District's sewerage
system.
No.
Hearth
Construction of clarification and sludge handlin
facilities for treatment and reuse of 11,440 gpm of gas wash
water and cooling towers to cool and reuse 14,580 gpm of gas
cooling water. The facilities are to be completed by the end
of 1967.
No. 1 Tin Mill
Waste Pickle
uor System
Construction of sewers, sumps, pumps and storage
tanks to collect and store waste pickle liquor for subsequent
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235
P. E. Miller
haulage by tank truck for disposal on a hot slag fill
The
facilities are to be completed by October 1, 1967.
No. 3
Stri
Mill
Construction of primary oil and solids removal
facilities, chemical flocculation and clarification, and sludge
handling facilities for treatment of 3*000 gpm of oily wastes,
primary and secondary scale pits for treatment of 9,600 gpm
of roughing stand wastewater and 51*000 gpm of finishing stand
wastewater, and pressure filters for filtration of the total
wastewater flow. The facilities are to be completed during
the first quarter of 1968.
The company has made substantial progress in the
construction of facilities. The construction of facilities
for disposal of pickle liquor from the No. 1 Tin Mill is about
one year ahead of the schedule originally submitted and the
Coke Plant facilities were also completed ahead of schedule
Final plans for the Buttweld Mill are to be submitted this
year, and construction will be completed on December 31* 1968
Final pi
B F
s
ar
progressing satisfactorily, which will be completed June 30,
1970. The projects in the No. 1 Tin Mill, No. 2 Tin Mill,
and Cold Reduced Sheet Mill are interceptor sewers to collect
oil and additional work is required to prepare final plans for
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236
P. E. Miller
these sewers. These facilities are to be completed by
December
The North Lagoon will treat the effluent from the
No. 3 Hot Strip Mill waste treatment facilities and the efflu-
ent from the No. 5 Stand of the Tandem Rolling Mill in the
No. 3 Cold Reduced Sheet Mill. The North Lagoon will be
completed by June
> 1970.
The company's proposed waste treatment facilities
should provide adequate waste control. The company is main
taining an adequate effluent monitoring program
National Tube Division
rat
Tube Works
On March 21, 196?> the Board approved final plans
and specifications for waste pickle liquor disposal facilities
to handle 120,000 gallons per month of waste pickle liquor
from the Gary Tube Works and final plans and specifications
for a scale pit for pretreatment of 5.25 mgd of wastewater
from a new Seamless Tube Mill. The waste pickle liquor will
be hauled to the Gary Sheet and Tin Mill for disposal in the
deep well disposal system and the Seamless Tube Mill scale pit
will discharge to the solids removal and oil skimming facili
ties for treatment of the total wastes from the Tube Works.
On August 15. 1967, the Board approved plans for
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237
P. E. Miller
solids removal and oil skimming facilities for treatment of
10,500 gpm of combined wastewater from the Gary Tube Works
All the facilities at the Tube Works will be completed by
September 30, 1968.
Completion of the proposed facilities should pro
vide adequate waste control. The corporation is maintaining
an adequate effluent monitoring program
Gary Steel Works. U. S. Steel
oration
Gary
On August 159 1967* the Board approved plans for
treatment facilities to provide treatment of wastewater from
the Gary Steel Works. The proposed facilities are as follows:
Coke and Coke Chemicals Plant
Pumps, sumps and piping will be installed to
segregate and discharge contaminated wastes into the Gary
Sanitary District's sewerage system in accordance with the
approval of the Gary Sanitary District dated August 9, 1967.
If the wastewater causes difficulty in the Gary Sanitary
District's sewage treatment plant, the corporation will install
the necessary treatment and control facilities. Either project
will be completed by December 31, 1969.
Blast Furnace Area
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238
P. E. Miller
The proposed facilities consist of clarifier
scalpers ahead of the flue dust settling basin, a floating
dredge to remove sludge from the settling basin, one-third
increase in size of the flue dust settling basin, oil
separation facilities at the Electric Power Station No. 1,
and diversion of all secondary and tertiary precipitators and
sludge blowdown from the Central Water Treatment Plant into
the flue dust settling basins. The projects are to be completed
by June 30. 1970.
Steel Makins Area
The corporation will construct oil separation
facilities for wastes from the Blowing Engine House No. 1 and
Electric Power Station No. 1 and divert treated wastewater
from the gas cleaning thickener to the flue dust settling
basins. The projects to be completed by June 30, 1970.
Hot Strit) Mills Area
The treatment works for the Hot Mills consist of
ump
P
d piping t
y 96,275 gp
f w
tewat
from the West Mill sewer GW 12 and Central East Mill and West
Mill sewers GW 10 and GW 11 to three settling and oil skimming
basins. The project will be completed by June 30, 1970.
Completion of the facilities should provide adequate
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239
P. E. Miller
waste control. The corporation is maintaining an adequate
effluent monitoring program
Gar
Mill
On August 15. 196?> the Board approved plans for
waste treatment facilities for the Sheet and Tin Mill.
The
plan is as follows:
1
Acid rinse waters from the existing Sheet and
Tin Mill 66-inch Continuous Pickling Line and
the new 84-inch Continuous Pickling Line will
be diverted to the existing
Stand Cold Reduc
tion Mill waste treatment plant (Terminal Treat
ment Plant) by December 31> 1968.
Segregated wastewater from the Tin Mill will be
discharged to the existing Terminal Treatment
Plant by December 31, 1968.
3
Segregated wastewater from the Sheet Mill will
be discharged to the expanded Terminal Treatment
Plant by March 30, 1970.
Wastewater from the 80-inch Hot Strip Mill scale
pits will be diverted to the expanded 84-inch Hot
Strip Mill Filtering Plant by June 30, 1970.
Oily wastewater from the 80-inch 5-Stand Cold
Reduction Mill treatment plant will be diverted
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239
P. E. Miller
to the expanded Terminal Treatment Plant by June
30, 1968.
In order to handle the additional waste loadings
listed in Items 3 and 5, additional primary solids and oil
skimming, flocculation-clarification and oil solids handling
facilities will "be constructed at the Terminal Treatment
Plant. Additional filtration facilities will be added to the
84-inch Hot Strip Mill waste treatment plant to handle the
waste load listed in Item 4. The expansion of the Terminal
Treatment Plant and the Hot Strip Mill waste treatment plant
will be completed prior to June 30, 1970.
Completion of the proposed facilities should pro
vide adequate waste control.
During August 1967, the corporation completed con
struction of the o-Stand Cold Reduction Mill waste treatment
plant (Terminal Treatment Plant), and it was in operation
throughout the entire month of July; the 84-inch Hot Strip
Mill waste treatment plant, and it too was in operation for
the entire month of July; and the deep well disposal system,
which was placed in operation on August 14, 196?. Acid
neutralizing facilities for nitric acid and other small
amounts of acid are expected to be placed in operation in
September of 196?.
I might say that these acids that are being
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240
P. E. Miller
discharged to the well formerly were discharged into a
lagoon on hot slag at the Sheet and Tin Mill.
The corporation is maintaining an adequate effluent
monitoring program
American Brid
Divisi
Inspections by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being provided.
Steiner Tissue Division
Pacific
The corporation has reduced waste loadings to the
Grand Calumet River by recirculation of waters and is installing
a new vacuum save-all for recovery of fiber. A flow meter has
been installed in the effluent pipe and flow and waste
characteristics are being determined. The corporation con
tinues to negotiate with the Gary Sanitary District regarding
connection of wastewater to the District's sewerage system.
The Board will require construction of waste treatment facili
ties by the corporation or connection to the Gary Sanitary
District's sewerage system by December 31* 1968. and I might
say here, if progress is not maintained, this Corporation will
be scheduled for a hearing before the Stream Pollution Control
Board to insure that the facilities are completed by December
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241
P. E. Miller
31, 1968.
Berr
omp
The refinery is being dismantled, at the present
time.
Northern Indiana Public Service Company. Bailly Station,
Bailevtown
Results of the company's effluent monitoring
program and inspection by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being maintained.
Inland Steel Com
Final plans for the waste treatment facilities for
the Plant No. 2 and No. 3 Coke Plant, and Plant No. 2 and No
Blast Furnace Areas were approved on June 20, 1967.
The
plans for the terminal solids clarification and oil skimming
facilities for treatment of wastes from nine Plant No. 2 sewers
were approved on August 15, 1967. The facilities proposed are
as follows:
Plant No. 2 and No.
Coke Plant Areas
The company will provide additional in-plant
controls and permanent facilities to convey ammonia still
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242
P. E. Miller
wastes and other plant wastes to the East Chicago Sanitary
District's sewerage system. The permanent facilities will
be completed by October 1. 196?. The ammonia still wastes
are currently being discharged to the East Chicago Sanitary
District's sewerage system through temporary pumping facili
ties. Additional settling basins and recirculation pumps
will be installed at the Coke Quenching Station. These facili
ties are to be completed during 1968.
Plant No. 2 and No. 3 Blast Furnace Areas
The company will provide additional in-plant
controls and construction of secondary flue dust settling
basins. The facilities are to be completed during 1968.
Terminal Treatment Plant
The plans require construction of primary and
secondary solids removal facilities and oil skimming basins.
solids handling facilities and oil dewatering and storage
facilities for treatment of 1^0.000 gpm of wastewater from nine
Plant No. 2 sewers. The facilities are to be completed in May
1970.
The company is in the process of letting bids for
construction of waste treatment facilities for the new 12
inch Merchant Mill that were approved by the Board on March
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243
P. E. Miller
21, 1967. The deep well disposal system approved by the
Board on February 21, 1967, is under construction.
The
Merchant Mill waste treatment facilities .will be completed
by December 31* 1968. and the deep well system will be com
pleted by June 30, 1968. Construction has been completed on
the additions to the North End Lagoon that were approved by
the Board on February 3* 1966.
The company has an adequate effluent monitoring
program. Completion of the facilities proposed by the company
should provide adequate waste control.
Universal Atlas Cement Division
Ste
The results of the corporation's effluent monitoring
program and inspections by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being maintained.
Northern Indiana Public Service Com
Mitch
on
Gary
The results of the company!s effluent monitoring
prog
inspect
by representat
f th
d
how
that adequate waste control is being maintained.
Union Carbide Corporation, Chemicals Division. Whiting
The corporation has made substantial progress
toward reduction of BOD, oils, and suspended solids to Lake
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244
P. E. Miller
Michigan and has virtually eliminated the waste discharge to
the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal. Among the changes are:
An oil skimmer on the power plant condensate return
tank, a sludge concentration tank at the boiler water treat
ment plant, connection of product tank storage area drainage
to the water reuse system, construction of storage tanks to
store wastewater during periods of upset, piping, sumps, and
pump to collect and convey floor drainage to the oil separa
tion facilities, and Rapstan Filter to collect polyethylene
pellets in the rail car and truck washing area.
Additional in-plant controls and sewer changes are
currently under construction and will be completed before the
end of 196?- The corporation is negotiating with the Hammond
Sanitary District and the East Chicago Sanitary District re
garding the discharge of 240,000 gpd of wastewater into the
Hammond Sanitary District.
The corporation's latest effluent monitoring data
show the following waste loadings: flow, 46.9 mgd; BOD, 3,138
Ibs.; oils, l8l Ibs.; and suspended solids, 922 Ibs. When
compared with the average waste loadings for the year 1966,
the results show a 56 percent reduction in BOD, an 80 percent
reduction in oil, and a 72 percent reduction in suspended
solids.
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245
P. E. Miller
I might say that in March we reported a 56 reduc
tion over previous information, and this is additional informa
tion that has been gotten since that time in the effluent
at
Union Carbide.
The corporation has installed a total carbon
iy
f
tomat
tori
f w
tewat
and
tep
are
being taken to equip the instrument for analyses of multiple
waste streams
The project is to be completed by September
1967,
The facilities recently completed and under con
struction by the corporation should provide adequate waste
control in respect to levels of BOD, oils, and suspended
solids in the effluent. Additional studies must be made to
determine if the facilities will provide adequate control
relative to taste and odor-producing substances. The corpora
tion will be required to control threshold odor-producin
substances.
American Oil Com
WhitD
On July 1, 1967, the company completed construction
of a sour water stripper on selective waste streams from
catalytic cracking units. The sour water stripper was
completed ahead of the December 1968, completion date out
lined earlier. Analyses show that sulfides have been reduced
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246
P. E. Miller
by 99 percent, the ammonia-nitrogen reduced by 90 percent and
substantial phenols removed.
Originally the design was for an 80 percent
r
1
f
Ifid
itrogen. Th
c
i
con
inuin
k on searat
improvin
operation of the stripper. Engineering studies continue in
respect to in-plant control of contaminants. A review of the
company's monitoring program shows that progress has been made
towards elimination of periodic high concentrations of con
taminants in the effluent. The company will be required to
provide additional facilities to control the concentrations
of BOD, oil and threshold odor-producing substances.
American Maize Products
Hammond
The company has completed removal of sludge from
the aerated lagoon and waste stabilization pond and has in
stalled additional aerators in the aerated lagoon section
bringing the total aeration capacity to 250 hp. Plans are
being formulated to increase the aeration capacity by 100
percent. Also completed was the diversion of several process
drains to the lagoon system, and reuse of approximately 3-5
mgd of water. A double-effect evaporator is currently being
installed in the syrup refinery. The company's program shows
completion of all projects before December 31, 1968.
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P. E. Miller
Commonwealth Edison Com
Indian
Hammond
Inspections by representatives of the Board show
that adequate waste control is being provided.
Little Calumet River-West
Simmons Company, Munster
The company has located the source of wastewater
that has caused periodic high concentrations of chromium in
the effluent and has diverted the wastewater to the chromium
treatment facilities. The effluent monitoring data and in
spections by representatives of the Board show that adequate
waste control is being provided.
Grand Calumet River-West
Adol
Plata
D* • •
1V1S3
an
in
in
on
East
Chica
Inspections by representatives of the Board show
that concentrations of cyanide, zinc, and suspended solids in
the effluent are excessive. The company has not established a
routine effluent monitoring program. It will be recommended
to the Board at its September 19, 1967, meeting5 that an
enforcement hearing be scheduled concerning pollution of the
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P. E. Miller
Grand Calumet River caused by Adolph Plating, Inc
LaSalle Steel
ration. Hammond
The corporation's effluent monitoring program shows
a reduction in suspended solids since March 1967. The latest
effluent monitoring data show an average flow, 25,500 gpd;
average suspended solids, 15,4 Ibs.; and mean pH, 6.1.
The
corporation plans to install automatic bar descaling by the
end of 196? that will eliminate the acid pickling operation
Chemicals
The company and the East Chicago Sanitary District
are negotiating an agreement for a sewer connection.
The
Board will require construction of waste treatment facilities
by the company or connection to the East Chicago Sanitary
District's sewerage system by December 31> 1968.
Here again, if this project is not moved, it will
be recommended to the Board that it establish a hearing to
determine whether or not the company is causing pollution.
Wolf Lake
Lever Brothers
Hammond
The company's effluent monitoring program and
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P. E. Miller
inspections by representatives of the Board show that the
company is making progress toward reduction of BOD. oils, and
suspended solids in the effluent to Wolf Lake. Engineering
studies and evaluation of a cooling tower system for cooling
and reuse of certain process waters is continuing. The Board
will continue action under a stipulation agreed to during
1963,, requiring satisfactory conditions in Wolf Lake Channel
The company is currently meeting the water quality standards
established for Wolf Lake.
MR. STEIN: Thank you. Mr. Miller.
Are there any comments or questions?
MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Chairman. I would like to ask Mr
Miller to confirm something that I believe I mentioned before
On Pages o, 7 and o, I believe, there are comple
tion dates that differ from the conferees1 dates up to June
30, 1970.
Have these dates been approved by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Agency?
MR. MILLER: These were approved by Secretary Udall
when he approved the water quality criteria and plans for
implementation for the interstate waters.
MR. KLASSEN: Do you have an estimate, Mr. Miller,
on the overall problem in that area, of what percentage
maybe this can't be answered -- of the pollution has already
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P. E. Miller
been cleared up, or can't you make that kind of an answer?
MR. POOLE: I can't. Maybe Perry could.
MR. KLASSEN: How much of the problem has been
taken care of?
MR. MILLER: Well, let me approach it a little bit
differently.
I can't give you a figure on an estimate, but th
major pollution problems in the area are in the area of the
three steel mills. Inland, Youngstown and United States Steel
comprise the three plants, and from this report, I think it
is obvious that we are just beginning to get into the work in
the big steel mills as far as removal of contaminants by the
installation of treatment facilities.
We have been doing this on new installations as we
o along, but here we are beginning now to pick up the older
installations.
MR. POOLE: I remember one figure, Mr. Klassen,
and maybe you do, from the original 1965 report, and it seems
to me it was somewhere between 95 and 97 percent of the oil was
coming from the steel mills.
You see, we are just starting to make a change in
there. I don't know about the others, but that is one that
sticks in my mind.
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P. E. Miller
MR. KLASSEN: Yes.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Bacon.
MR. BACON: On Page 2 you make the statement that
"Tertiary treatment (7-day terminal lagoons) is now
required of most new installations."
Is this the way you define tertiary treatment?
MR. MILLER: This is the way we would define one
form of this.
Tertiary treatment may take different forms, but
for these small subdivisions, we have usually complete or
secondary treatment, plus chlorination, plus the seven-day
lagoon.
MR. BACON: Could you express that in terms of the
effluent quality on BOD and suspended solids, since you are
talking semi-public? Is that possible, Mr., Miller?
MR. MILLER: I can't really do that for you
MR. POOLE: We have had a few. I have asked them
for more investigations on this, Mr. Bacon, and there have
been a few of them that have been sampled, and they are doin
better than 95 percent BOD. That is through the lagoons.
I should point out on the subdivisions as a matt
of policy, where the lagoon comes in is if they are on a dry
ditch, why, the lagoon is insisted upon
MR. BACON: Mr. Poole, the reason I am asking this
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P. E. Miller
is because it will figure into our comments later on in the
relationship of tertiary to the municipal wastes and to these
iteria. I know this is not a difference of opinion, but a
different definition of "tertiary."
I wondered if you had arrived at one that would
apply to all wastes in terms of BOD or suspended solids?
MR. POOLE: We have not.
MR. MILLER: No.
MR. STEIN: We even run into different definit
of secondary. Mr. Bacon.
Are there any further questions?
MR. POSTON: I would like to ask this
In Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, you indicate
that further additional work is required to prepare final
plans. Do you have any date when these works would be com
pleted insofar as planning, and when you might complete the
construction?
MR. MILLER: I gave the date for the completion of
the construction facilities.
MR. POSTON: This is for Youngstown?
MR. MILLER: This is for Youngstown. Yes.
MR. POOLE: Go over them again.
MR. MILLER: That is to be completed construction
by December 31, 19o8; the blast furnace recirculation system
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P. E. Miller
by June 30, 1970; and the sewer work for collection of oils
and additional work in the No. 1 tin mill. No. 2 tin mill,
and the cold reduced sheet mill are to be completed by
December 31» 1969.
These are completion dates for construction work
The final plans for the Buttweld mill were submitted by
Youngstown in March of this year, and some of the others are
spaced out.
I think there is work being done on these, and
undoubtedly these will be submitted to us in the very near
future.
MR. POSTON: Then to go back on Page 3, on Cities
Service I note that the company will be required to provide
additional reductions in BOD and threshold odor-producing
substances.
Let me ask it this way: What kind of a schedule do
you have for them on this work?
MR. MILLER: Well, this, I think, is going to
depend on what actually is going to be involved in removing
threshold odor substances. As yet we have not arrived at the
need or what must be done in this area.
MR. POSTON: Does this then apply to Mobil?
MR. MILLER: This would apply to American, Mobil ,
Sinclair, Cities Service and Union Carbide.
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P. E. Miller
MR. POSTON: As I analyze this then. Cities Service.
Mobil. Sinclair and American Oil, U. S. Steel, Inland Steel
and Youngstown, will not meet the schedule of December 31.
1968, for completion of construction?
MR. MILLER: I would say hopefully on all of them
they would meet it, with the exception of Youngstown. Inland
and U. S. Steel, and even Sinclair, as I recall, is scheduled
ahead of this, so that hopefully these would be done.
The threshold odor is an area where I think we are
going to have to tie down what the problem really is before we
can come up with the treatment process, so this one is a little
undecided.
MR. POSTON: Well, I think you have given us a good
summary of your progress. We can visualize what parts you are
able to meet and what areas you cannot meet from this report
MR. STEIN: Mr. Bacon?
MR. BACON: I think we are at a rather fundamental
question here now about these completion dates, and, of course,
it applies to one of our dischargers as to whether it is going
to be December 31, 1968, or, as I understand, Mr. Poole's
adopted standards and criteria specify June 30, 1970. There
is a year and a half difference here.
MR. POSTON: I think that's all.
MR. STEIN: I think that that is a fair statement
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P. E. Miller
or a fair question.
MR. BACON: Well* I mean, I think it is going to
be fundamental to our relationship here of the various regu
lators to the dischargers and it is up to the conferees to
have a degree of uniformity among the States.
MR. STEIN: That is very true.
MR. KLASSEN: I think Mr. Bacon raised a funda
mental question here as to where the conference stands and its
status, which came into being before the present Federal
jurisdiction came into being, and I sort of sense that we may
be now in an entirely different status.
Are we on a lower level than we were? Are we a
rubber stamp for the Federal Water Pollution Agency?
These, I think, are some fundamental questions,
whether we have a place here any more, or whether the Federal
Water Pollution Agency is taking over. I think these are some
fundamental things, although Mr. Bacon hasn't quite expressed
it this way, but this is what I kind of sense.
I mean, whose rules are the industries going to
follow now?
MR. BACON: Well, can't we view the conference
proceedings, as important as they have been and will continue
to be, a prior proceeding or one that predated the Federal
Standards Act, you might call it, and I would envision in the
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P. E. Miller
long run that the Federal law was to take over if it really
superseded the conference proceedings.
In fact, we have had lots of discussions among
all of us, I am sure, as to where the conference fits into the
Federal process, and it shouldn't really make any difference
here to the deliberations of this body that this is a
conference.
I am more concerned about getting the uniformity
rather than who has jurisdiction at the present time, or if
one is transcending the other. I just believe that whatever
we are going to follow, we should pretty much put across the
board, because although we are basically concerned in the
Sanitary District as long as we can maintain the positive
flow away from the lake, or, conversely, enough toward the
lake, we are interested in really one discharge as far as the
lake is concerned, but still we want to be consistent with
our fellow conferees.
Furthermore, what we do with that discharge appl
to all of those along the Calumet, because you have got to be
consistent among the dischargers.
MR. POOLE: We debated this situation in executive
session, if you will recall it, in the March conference.
Now, it has been the position of the State of
Indiana from the beginning of the conference in 1965 that we
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P. E. Miller
want to get this job done as quickly as it is feasible to get
it done.
As you know, however, I, as the Indiana conferee,
e had misgivings about the practicability of the Decemb
1968 date on some of the Indiana installations for some time
now. That had been expressed earlier even than at the March
conference, when I expressed it again then.
I urged the conferees at the March conference to
consider a different set of dates, reminding them that before
this September conference the State of Indiana would have had
to have adopted criteria and held hearings for these very
waters to meet our requirements under the 1965 law.
Short of getting any agreement at the close of our
March conference, I guess that you might say that the State of
Indiana took the bull by the horns and put in its report for
the hearings this June 30, 1970, date. That was exposed to
public hearing in Gary, and subsequently to a second public
hearing in Indianapolis.
I can assure you that if I and my staff thought that
all of this work could have been done by June 30, 19&9* we
would have put down June 30, 19^9^ instead of June 30, 1970.
I as an enineer know somethin of the magnitud
of the work. I just don't believe that it can be done short
of shutting the steel mills down and doing nothing else, by
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P. E. Miller
December of 1968.
This, I guess, is an excuse, if you will, or an
explanation for the proposal we have advanced. I think it is
realistic.
I have been a party to the Lake Erie Conference.
which none of the rest of you except Mr. Stein and Mr. Post
have. As I recall it, the Lake Erie dates go into June 1971,
and I believe there is one mill in Buffalo that is in 1972.
The very same thing was debated, as Mr. Stein knows,
in the Lake Erie Conference.
MR. BACON: Is there any doubt in your mind that
these large mills of yours can meet that June 30, 1970, date?
Is this a practical date?
MR. POOLE: I think it is a practical date, but a
tight one. and as far as doubt in my mind, I would say with
the delivery of equipment and that sort of thing, that is
going to determine it. I still think it is a pretty tight
schedule for some of the work.
MR. POSTON: Is there any estimate of the amount
or the percentage of construction that has been initiated
compared to the total that must be done? H
t
evaluate how much pressures have been exerted to getting this
job done so far?
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P. E. Miller
MR. MILLER: I don't have any percentage figures.
I would say to you that there is anywhere from three to four
projects that were completed in each one of those mills last
year, and there may be more than this.
There are many that we know are currently under
construction* and then we have had a number of final plans
that came in by June of this year that were approved in June.
July and August, which will carry on for some time to come.
I don't have an actual percentage figure, but there
is work under construction, work that has been completed, and
more work planned and in progress
MR. POOLE: My personal feeling, for whatever it
may be worth, is that with the exception of the three small
ones which Mr. Miller mentioned — that is. Adolph Plating
Company, which I intend to recommend for formal enforcement
hearing in our Board, the Steiner Tissue and M & T Chemical
Company, that Indiana industry is operating in good faith now
and about as expeditiously as they can.
Maybe they have pulled the wool over my eyes
MR. STEIN: Well. I don't know. It seems to me
that obviously we have a very fundamental question here.
As to the supremacy of one Federal Act or one
section over the other. I don't think we can say that. Both
are co-equal. Perhaps it is the one that comes later.
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P. E. Miller
Obviously, both have an effect on the other, and you can t
either avenue. In other words, the States have either
avenue, or the Federal people have either avenue.
I don't know that we disagree on this, Mr. Klassen
As far as I can see I don't consider a standard, as the
Congress wrote it. a unilateral action, so to speak. As far
as I can see. what was done with these Indiana dates — what
ever you may think of the dates -- was done with the full con
currence of the State of Indiana*
In other words, there was no difference between
Indiana and the Federal Government, This was not a unilateral
State action. This was an action of the Federal Government
endorsing a State plan as the State plan was put in.
If there is any difference between the Indiana and
the Federal officials on that standard operation and your
implementing schedule. I know of none, but if there is we will
get to it. or we should hear about it. There is not, as far
as I know.
The next Doint we should «et at. and I think thi
is a fundamental thing if we are dealing with pollution control.
is how can we move pollution control forward as rapidly as w
can and as reasonably.
If I understand your statement, we have a 1968 date
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P. E. Miller
or the beginning of 1969. Mr. Poole says a year and a half
is a tight schedule. Obviously, on the facts, if Mr. Poole
is correct that a year and a half more is a tight schedule.
then the 1968 date seems out of the question and unrealistic
and should be viewed again.
Now. certainly, the Sanitary District of Illinois
has not committed themselves and should make their views
clear, but if this is the case, I think we should proceed on
the basis of the facts to get the thing cleaned up rather
than get ourselves involved in the jurisdictional issue.
What we are all interested in is getting pollution
control and getting these things as rapidly as possible.
I would like to just say one thing more. I think
Mr. Miller's presentation is the kind of presentation that,
at least, gives all the other jurisdictions — that is, the
other States, the District, the Federal Government, the people
and the press — a pretty good idea in enough detail with
ecificity as to what is going on and if they are meet
the schedule or not.
The question we have to raise is this: While we
are proceeding with this problem, we have heard a report of
the Federal monitoring people and of Mr. Vaughn of the Chicag
Water Works that the waters were not getting any better. If
anything, they were getting worse. The question is, why is
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P. E. Miller
this so?
I would like vour comments on this, Mr. Mill
The point is the three big forces of waste discharge, at least
within Indiana, are just moving ahead on schedule with the
program* And as yet the effects of their remedial program have
not been felt. And since the effects of this program are not
felt and won't be felt for a year or two years, or so forth,
we will not get the results, nor can we expect to get the
results in the receiving waters until these programs are in
effect.
Is this substantially correct?
MR. MILLER: I think this is right. I think we
have seen some projects go in this year, like the coke pi
Youngstown and the one that is temporary that will be mad
permanent at Inland, that have gone in recently, and the
dripper at American, which went into operation in July and is
doing very well on ammonia, and also reducing phenols, and I
would be hopeful at least that in these areas we would see
some reduction as we go along.
Up to now we have not had these reductions in the
big contributors, and we don't see much.
MR. STEIN: This seems to dovetail.
Let me ask you another question: As I listened
to the reports of Mr. Vaughn and the Federal report of the
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P. E. Miller
monitoring, the kinds of wastes they were complaining about
were not the bacteriological complaints usually associated
with municipal wastes. They were complaints about substances
or materials usually associated with industrial wastes.
Is this a fair statement?
MR. MILLER: This is a fair statement.
MR. POSTON: Well. I
MR. STEIN: Pardon me
I think you know that the problem we have faced here
is a beach problem, and so forth. If we have reversed the
trend or, at least, stopped the trend from getting worse from
bacterial pollution. I think we have made the first step in
the order of priority and are moving ahead.
If we are dealing with industrial wastes, and your
report of progress and what you are moving on seems to be
in in on these places, it would seem then that we migh
expect to find commensurate improvement in water quality
MR. MILLER: I think this must be so.
MR. STEIN: All right. This is the picture that
I think we have to put together here, as I see it.
If any of you people have some other views on this,
we would like to have thenu but, as far as I can see, the
statements here are pretty much consistent from departments
which are running independently^-from the Water Department
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P. E. Miller
hlch is running tests at the water intake, the Federal peopl
going out and measuring the stream, and Mr. Miller working
with the industries. These independent reports that have
come in seem to present a picture that dovetails one with the
other.
This. I think, is just part of the growing pains of
progress when you are in the midst of a clean-up program. I
think there might be agreement on that.
However, I do think this question of the dates and
the impact of the standards will be something that the con
ferees will have to check into.
MR. BACON: I do think that this is so fundamental
and it touches so many people!s pocketbooks and so many people
that use the water, that it deserves a public discussion now,
or whenever it is held, publicly rather than retiring.
MR. STEIN: I can understand that. Mr. Bacon. I
have never, unless the conferees wished, wanted a
MR. BACON: I am simply saying now or sometime
before this adjourns, because this is a fundamental question,
as I said originally.
MR. STEIN: I understand your view.
We have gone into this both ways, Mr. Bacon. We
have had executive sessions or we have done this in public.
I think we would like an expression from the
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P. E. Miller
conferees as to how they would like their discussion.
Are there any further questions of Mr. Miller?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not. may I suggest that before w
go to Illinois for their presentation — did you have some
thing?
MR. POSTON: Just so that we don't get the illusion
that we have solved all the bacteriological problems. I think
it should be very clear that the beaches at Hammond are not
open to the public, and that we still have a problem there.
While I am not sure where this total problem comes
from, it appears to me that it is probably a stormwater over
flow problem, but we certainly have this problem with us yet
MR. STEIN: Yes.
Again, this may be the crux of the question of
treatment, precisely.
I hope no one has that illusion. What I said is,
we stopped the increase. That is all. That does not mean
you have solved the problem. As you know, meeting here summer
fter summer, we were in a position in which it was nip and
tuck whether to recommend the closing of additional beaches
here as we did in New York this year.
There were many, many extra beaches declared
polluted and unsafe for swimming in the New York area, and
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P. E. Miller
that involved Coney Island, Staten Island, and so forth,
this year. This has not happened in Chicago, and this is
something to remember.
In view of the point that Mr. Bacon raised, I
suggest we take a ten-minute recess. Possibly during that time
you will have a chance to think over how you want to call the
signals as to whether you want to take up this question and
if you wish to hold a public or executive session
We will stand recessed for ten minutes
(Whereupon a recess was had.)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
Sometimes the best thing we do is call a recess
Maybe we should have them longer and more frequently. I
always felt that way in high school.
Maybe we have something in the record on the
acceptance of the standards which can provide a basis for an
accommodation.
I wonder, Mr. Poston. If you would read the per
tinent point from the Indiana standards that was adopted by
the Secretary.
MR. POSTON: These are the criteria of the State
of Indiana adopted for the waters, including the State of
Indiana and including the Calumet area.
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P. E. Miller
I was a little bit chagrined to hear that the
Secretary had approved something that was possibly supersedin
a little power of this conference, but in this document which
was approved by the Secretary. I would like to read a statement
Item 2 concerned the four oil refineries, and I will
read it.
"The Cities Service Oil Company. Mobil Oil
Company, Sinclair Refining Company. American Oil
Company, in addition to Union Carbide Chemical
Corporation, will have to provide time-tables for
construction of additional waste treatment facilities
to control BOD. oil and threshold odor substances.
which are consistent with the requirements of the
conference on pollution of the Grand Calumet River.
Little Calumet River, Calumet River> Wolf Lake, Lake
Michigan and tributaries"
and this is this conference.
"The conclusions and recommendations of the con
ferees established December 1968 as the latest date
for completion of water pollution abatement facilities
by industry except for a few industries where varia
tion is justified and approved by the Board and the
conferees.
This means to me that until other dates are approved
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P. E. Miller
by the conferees, this is a condition which the Secretary
at the time knew of when he signed approval of the standards.
MR. POOLE: Read the next one, though.
MR. POSTON: Do you want me to read that?
MR. POOLE: Read No. 3.
MR. STEIN: Read No. 3-
MR. KLASSEN: Before we go to No. 3. Mr. Stein
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. KLASSEN: -- there is one point here. Mr.
Poston. That is not quite the same language.
I don't want to be in the category of the man wh
was picking flyspecks out of the pepper, but it said here
that "except for a few industries where variation is justified,"
and the conferees said "where variation may be justified,"
which puts a little different connotation on it.
MR. POSTON: Well, I was reading it out of the
document that was submitted to the Secretary by the State of
Ind iana.
MR. KLASSEN: Yes, but the conferees used different
wordin
MR. POSTON: Yes.
MR. STEIN: But No. 3 makes a flat statement.
MR. POSTON: Do you want me to read the next item,
No. 3?
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P. E. Miller
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. POSTON: "The four steel plants, Inland
Steel Company, Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company,
United States Steel Corporation Gary Steel Works
and the Gary Sheet and Tin Mill will have progressive
waste treatment construction programs, with the latest
completion date being June 30. 1970. The fifth steel
plant, Gary Tube Works of United States Steel, will
complete facilities in 1968.
n
MR. STEIN: I think Mr. Bacon's point is still
pertinent. I don't think the oil refineries are presenting
us really with a problem, are they?
When you have to consider a variation, the conferees
will always consider it. but I think that No* 3 is a pretty
flat statement, and unless someone else has a different reading
to it, it seems that they differ in numbering, that that last
sentence in No. 2 refers to the precedent references to the
four oil refineries, and the steel mills stand by themselves
Now, did you mean that any differently? Did you
mean that last sentence to imply the three?
MR. POOLE: No- I think we meant from the beginning,
as I indicated here before the recess, that in our judgment
the steel mills meet the June 30, 1970, date.
MR. STEIN: I think that is a fair reading of this,
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P. E. Miller
Mr. Poston. unless someone else has a contrary reading.
MR. POOLE: Obviously* we are trying to get some
thing resolved here.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District has some prob
*
lems from industries, and I think what the Metropolitan
Sanitary District is proposing or what tney consider realistic
is one of the important considerations here in resolving this
issue.
There was wording, as Mr. Klassen read, from the
beginning in the conclusions of the conferees going back to
the very first conclusions where we had this 1968 date, that
there would be opportunity or would be consideration of
other dates. I don't remember exactly how it is worded, but
that was the intent of the wording.
MR. STEIN: That is right.
MR. POOLE: It would seem to me that we are now
confronted here with
MR. STEIN: I would suggest, in order to move
ahead with this, that we get the Illinois report and the
Metropolitan Sanitary District report, because we can stay
on this issue all day. and then we will have all the facts
before us, and then we can resolve the issue.
Mr. Klassen. would you proceed with the Illinois
report?
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C. W. Klassen
MR. KLASSEN: Yes.
STATEMENT OF CLARENCE W. KLASSEN, CONFEREE
AND TECHNICAL SECRETARY, ILLINOIS SANITARY
WATER BOARD, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Chairman, Conferees and Ladies
and Gentlemen:
I will summarize the report I have, but I would
ask that the entire report be included in the record.
MR. STEIN: Without objection it will appear in the
record as if read.
MR. KLASSEN: The Conference called by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration March 2-9, 1965,
resulted in agreement to obtain secondary treatment of all
sewage and adequate effluent disinfection by April 15, 1966,
^^^^^^^^^^^^
and immediate action to assure optimum operation of industry
waste control facilities.
The maximum time schedules for control of waste
discharges from industry provide for final engineering plan
documents by June 1967, with construction completion and facili
ty operation by December 1968.
Most of Cook County is encompassed by the Metro
politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. This Sanitary
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C. W. Klassen
District is exempted from the jurisdiction of the Sanitary
Water Board "by Section 16 of the Act. The last General
Assembly amended Section 16 by specifying that the Sanitary
Water Board adopt and enforce water quality standards with!
any sanitary district with a population of 1,000,000 or more
This was contained in HB 1177 sponsored by the Water Pollu
tion and Water Resources Commission, chaired by Representa
tive Carl L. Klein. This bill passed the Legislature June 12
^^» ^^^^^
and became effective June 23* 1967* when signed by Governor
Kerner. The Sanitary Water Board held a public hearing on
ter quality standards for streams within MSD on June 20
and the standards were officially adopted by the Board June
28, 1967. Those standards involving interstate waters were
immediately submitted to the U. S. Department of the Interior
in order to meet the June 30, 19&7, deadline contained in the
Federal Water Quality Act of 1965. These interstate water
quality standards for the Calumet region are identical with
the criteria adopted by the conferees. The Calumet inner harbor
area and the Calumet River were included in the Chicago area
standards since the area involved is entirely within MSD
territory. All industry will be required to provide adequate
treatment by the end of 1968. in accord with the schedule
approved by the conferees of this conference. It is expected
that MSD will submit a full progress report today. An area
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273
C. W. Klassen
in the SE portion of Cook County operates independent of the
MSB and is under the jurisdiction of the Sanitary Water Board
This area includes the following municipalites: Bloom Town
ship Sanitary District., which serves Chicago Heights, Park
Forest and South Chicago Heights; Crete; Flossmoor; Homewood;
Lansing; Olympia Fields, Richton Park, Steger; and Thornton
The industries in the area are mostly in or ad
jacent to Chicago Heights and are tributary to the Bloom
Township Sanitary District sewage treatment works. A number
of these industries have cooling water discharge to the City
of Chicago Heights storm sewer which discharges via State
Street Ditch to Thorn Creek. Under Sanitary Water Board
Order of December 1. 1966, the city and industry are workin
to abate contaminants which have been discharged with this
cooling water. The city is submitting periodic reports to
the Sanitary Water Board on action being taken. While slow,
progress is being made.
All municipalities have had secondary treatment
of sewage for many years. Some of these facilities receive
flows at design capacity and overload flows at peaks and durin
storm flow. Although much of the sewer systems are designed
to carry sewage only, there being separate storm systems,
excess amounts of ground water infiltration and surface wat
ingress creates hydraulic problems.
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274
C. W. Klassen
All communities have been required by the
Sanitary Water Board to provide additional treatment facili
ties where needed and auxiliary or third stage facilities to
control or abate pollution from bypassed peak or storm flows.
Such facilities have been completed by five communities, are
under design or preliminary engineering by four communities
and are under construction at Bloom Township Sanitary District
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
conference on pollution of lower Lake Michigan and the Calumet
Area was held in Chicago March 2-9. 1965. The conferees
representing the State water pollution control agencies of
Indiana and Illinois, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago and the U. S. Department of the Interior
agreed to take immediate action to obtain secondary treatment
of all sewage plus effluent disinfection by April of 1966.
In the Sanitary Water Board area of Cook County this was
accomplished during 1966 with one exception, however, three
other communities missed the target date by 2 to 5 months.
Installation of temporary chlorination facilities at seven
locations was necessary, since location and construction of
permanent facilities had to be correlated with plant expansions
or other necessary improvements. All but one community has
chlorination equipment in operation, and that one now has the
equipment on hand.
-------
275
C. W. Klassen
Operation deficiencies continue to be an important
factor in the control and prevention of stream pollution.
Effort will continue toward minimizing this problem. This
area has been plagued with high intensity rains, flood
tornadoes, blizzards, and power outage during the last two
years. Under such adverisities some pollution cannot be pre
vented. Credit must be given to those who had to face and
adjust to these problems.
This report includes a table summarizing the
results of stream water quality analyses for Thorn Creek and
portions of the Little Calumet River through 1966 and for 1967.
Key parameters under the stream water quality criteria where
improvement is still needed is reflected in these summaries.
Periodic low dissolved oxygen levels have an adverse effect
on fish life. Continued high levels of dissolved solids,
chlorides, sulfates and phosphates reflect the industrial
activity of the area.
The presence of detergents appears to be decreasing
and may reflect the formula change in cleaning compounds and
also better industry control and use of surfactants. The
average and maximum biochemical oxygen demand remains above
normal for streams but is not at excessive level. The coli
form and enterococcus bacteria counts are excessive and have
an adverse effect on the full recreational use of the streams.
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276
C. W. Klassen
Pull effect of effluent disinfection had not been obtained
during the sampling periods reported. Also the Little
Calumet River results reflect some flow from Indiana* Maximum
benefit of improvement and pollution control activities will
not be reflected by stream sample tests until the Homewood
and Bloom Township sewage works expansion and improvements
are completed in 1969.
The Sanitary Water Board, the industries and the
municipalities are conducting a program of waste treatment
control, facility improvement and operation efficiency within
the limits of present technology to obtain maximum stream
improvement benefits.
Submitted by C. W. Klassen. Technical Secretary,
Illinois Sanitary Water Board.
-------
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280
C. W. Klassen
MEMORANDUM
September 8. 196?
SUBJECT: CALUMET AREA - LAKE MICHIGAN
STATUS REPORT
ILLINOIS-INDIANA INTERSTATE POLLUTION
TO: C. W. Klassen, Technical Secretary
Illinois Sanitary Water Board
The following is a summary of the activity of the
communities and industries in the Calumet Area to comply with
the recommendations of the conferees of the 1965 enforcement
conference. This area in south Cook County is under Sanitary
Water Board jurisdiction.
All municipal sewage treatment works provide
dary treatment. Six of the twelve plants have additional
facilities (polishing ponds) in operation to provide supple
mental treatment of the effluent and partial treatment of the
bypass flows. All twelve have chlorination facilities installed
SUMMARY BY COMMUNITY
SANITARY DISTRICT OF BLOOM TOWNSHIP
Temporary chlorination facilities in operation
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281
C. W. Klassen
utilizing the troughs of the final tanks for contact. Con
struction started during the first week of August 196? on
plant expansion project, which includes permanent chlorina
tion facilities. Anticipated construction time is 18 to 24
months. The superintendent of the District has had numerous
conferences with representatives of the industries, encourag
ing them to connect to the Sanitary District sanitary sewer
system, after proper pre-treatment.
CRETE - Village
Permanent chlorination and polishing pond in
operation since September 1966. Operation and maintenance is
satisfactory. All bypass flow receives at least chlorination
and primary treatment in lagoon.
CRETE - Greenbriar Subdivision
Plant includes activated sludge, polishing pond
and chlorination. Operation and maintenance is satisfactory.
All bypass flows receive chlorination and primary treatment in
lagoon.
FLOSSMOOR
Permanent chlorination and polishing pond in opera
tion since July 1966. All bypass flows receive chlorination
-------
282
C. W. Klassen
and primary treatment in lagoon. Village has retained
engineers to study treatment facilities for an expansion and
improvement project. Operation and maintenance is satisfactory
HOMEWOOD
Temporary chlorination facilities using final tanks
for contact, in operation since March 31, 1966. Engineers
have submitted report on inadequacies of sewer system and
sewage treatment facilities and have been retained to prepare
final plans and specifications for sewage treatment plant
expansion and improvement project. Operation and maintenance
of existing sewage treatment facilities is satisfactory.
The Sanitary Water Board has refused to issue per
mits for sanitary sewer extensions tributary to existing
Homewood facilities pending specific assurance that capacity
will be expanded. ThJs has resulted in a court suit by a
developer for a mandamus directing the Board to issue a
permit for this project.
LANSING
Temporary chlorination facilities using final
tanks for contact in operation since September 17* 1966.
Village obtaining site for permanent chlorine contact tank
and polishing pond. Operation and maintenance remains
-------
283
C. W. Klassen
excellent.
LINCOLNSHIRE COUNTRY CLUB
Interim chlorination still in operation.
OLYMPIA FIELDS
Temporary facilities in operation at all three
plants since March 31, 1966. Sanitary Water Board permit
issued for improvements, including effluent pump station and
polishing pond, at the Woods plant and plans to convert the
Graymoor sewage treatment facilities to a pump station and
bandon this plant. Operation and maintenance at the th
plants is satisfactory.
RICHTON PARK
Chlorination facilities not yet operational.
Existing facilities, including lagoon for polishing and treat
ment of bypass flows, well maintained and operating satis-
factorily.
STEGER
Permanent chlorination facilities, and polishing
pond in operation since October 1966. All bypass flows receive
chlorination and primary treatment in lagoon. Operation and
-------
284
C. W. Klassen
maintenance satisfactory.
THORNTON
Temporary chlorination facilities using final tank
for contact in operation since April-?, 1966. Construction
has not yet started on the polishing pond. The Village has
retained new operator, August 1, 196?, to improve operation
and maintenance of plant.
WOODHILL UTILITY COMPANY
Permanent chlorination facilities installed with
ginal project. Effluent polishing pond in operati
Operation and maintenance is satisfactory.
**#•*#***
INDUSTRIES WITH DIRECT DISCHARGE
INTERNATIONAL MINERAL AND CHEMICAL CORP.
Pre-treatment facilities in operation since July 18,
1967, now discharge all flow to sanitary sewer system
and the sewage treatment facilities operated by the
Sanitary District of Bloom Township.
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285
C. W. Klassen
CERTAIN TEED PRODUCTS
Engineering Department developing plans for closed
^^^^^^^^^^
system for industrial wastes. Sanitary wastes dis
charge to City sanitary sewer system.
CHICAGO HEIGHTS
State Street Ditch
Sanitary Water Board Order (December 1, 1966) requires
that discharge of industrial wastes to Third Creek
^^^^^^^^^T
(State Street Ditch*) be discontinued before June 1,
1968.
The city is submitting periodic reports to the
Sanitary Water Board on action being taken by the City
of Chicago Heights to locate and to eliminate sources
of industrial waste discharged to the storm sewer
system.
PREPARED
Carl
Blom
ren
Carl T. Blomgren, Sanitary Engineer
REVIEWED BY /s/ Benn J. Leland
Benn J. Leland
Engineer-in-Charge of Chicago Office
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286
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MR. STEIN: Are there any comments or questions?
MR. POSTON: Mr. Klassen, on the last page you
talk about Homewood and Bloom Townships sewage works expansion
and improvements to be completed in 1969•
Does this mean that you too are asking for an ex
tension of the time schedule?
MR. KLASSEN: No. Bloom Township has secondary
treatment and chlorination. They are expanding their plant.,
and so is Homewood. to take care of proposed expansions in
that area.
Bloom Township had a Federal grant, and this is when
their expanded plant will be completed.
MR. STEIN: Are there any further comments or
questions?
(No response.)
MR. STEIN: If not, may we call on the Sanitary
District, Mr. Egan?
STATEMENT OF JOHN E. EGAN, CONFEREE AND
PRESIDENT OF THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY
DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO, CHICAGO,
ILLINOIS
MR. EGAN: Chairman Stein, Conferees, Ladies and
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293
J. E. Egan
Gentlemen:
Attached is a detailed summary of progress reports
recently presented to the Illinois Water Pollution and Water
Resources Commission of the following subjects:
1. Deep Tunnel Project for Flood and Pollution
Control.
2. Con-crol of Industrial Wastes. (Calumet Region,
which is attached.)
3. 10-Year Program for Financing.
^^^^ ^*^^^
Waterways Cleanup, Monitoring and Research.
One area of the District, to a greater or lesser
often affects the other, so I believe all the facts con
tained therein are pertinent. Because of their length I will
not attempt to read them, but ask that they be made part of the
record of our conference.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, they will be entered
in the record as if read.
(The following documents were submitted for the
record by Mr. Egan:)
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll . . . Superior 7-8900
August 29, 1967
-------
29^
J. E. Egan
Honorable Carl L. Klein. Chairman
and Members of the
Water Pollution and Water Resources
Commission
PROGRESS REPORT ON WATERWAYS
CLEANUP, MONITORING. AND RESEARCH
Gentlemen:
Attached are:
1. PROGRESS REPORT ON CHLORINATION. NORTH SIDE SEWAGE
TREATMENT WORKS, JULY 26,, 196? (pp
Chlorination facilities went on line at the Metro
politan Sanitary District North Side Sewage Treatment Works
on July 10. 1967* over 1-1/2 years ahead of the schedule set
tinder the Proceedings of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act. December 1968, was the schedule for completion embodied
in the Federal enforcement program as submitted by the Illinois
State Sanitary Water Board. Such speed was possible by
utilizing the effluent conduit and the North Shore Channel for
the contact basins, thus obviating long and costly construe
tion. The simplicity of this system is shown on the attached
schematic diagram (p, 3) and the photo montage (p. 4). The
chlorine is simply injected into the effluent channel, which,,
together with the North Shore Channel9 form the contact basin
in which the chemical kills the bacteria. Further, as shown
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295
J. E. Egan
on page 1, the construction costs for this unique design
show a savings of over 52 to 1, when compared to the standard
design fo,r chlorine contact basins.
2. BACTERIA REPORT (pp. 5-7)
North Side Sewage Treatment Works chlorination
facilities went on line July 10. 1967. Studies since that
time through August 16 have shown that chlorine dosages of
about 1-1/2 parts per million will reduce the bacteria count
below the usual standard of 5*000 conforms per 100 mis. of
effluent, or river water. Should it become desirable to have
greater kills of bacteria during the recreational season, the
dosage can simply be increased. But the 1-1/2 parts per
million is extremely low for secondary effluents, the usual
figure being in the neighborhood of 5 to o ppm. This is be
cause of the high quality of the plant effluent,, and the lower
organic demands. To date, the system is proving to be ex
tremely efficient, in addition to the low construction costs
Only about 1200 feet of the North Shore Channel need be
utilized as a contact basin to attain the 30-minute contact
between chlorine and bacteria, and to get the required bac
terial reduction.
-------
2Q6
J. E. Egan
3. NEWS RELEASE RE HANOVER TERTIARY WASTEWATER FACILITY.
DATED AUGUST 29, 196?, (pp. 8-18)
Under construction at a cost of $1,126.000. this
lity is a major step in the District's fight against
water pollution. The first of its kind and size in the
nation, it will be on line early in the spring of 1968.
Utilizing chemicals, sedimentation, and sand-filtration
similar to a water treatment plant, this tertiary plant will
produce an effluent that is more than 99^ pure . At present
secondary treatment used throughout the country produces an
effluent from which about 90^ of the impurities have been
removed.
The Hanover Tertiary Plant will have a rated
capacity of 2,000.000 gallons per day, which is over 20 times
larger than any of the similar facilities so far constructed
by the Federal Government for research and demonstration
purposes. The figure on page 11 shows the 72! x 242' building
in which the facilities shown on page 12 will be housed.
Photos 13 through 17 are of construction under way, while
photo 18 is of the micro-strainer imported from England in
the search for new and cheaper tertiary methods. It alone
represents a cost of over $98,000.
From the Hanover Tertiary Plant, the District will
get design, loading, labor, chemicals, costs, performance,
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297
J. E. Egan
and other criteria needed in the design of the facilities
at the three large plants of the District. While others are
talking about tertiary treatment^ the Sanitary is building
the first of its kind in the nation.
4. INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (p. 19)
In the past, in order to determine the condition
of the inland waterways, the District made frequent boat and
s ampling surveys , Additionally,, one automatic sampling and
dissolved-oxygen analyzing station was maintained at Lockport
The data from these surveys were used to budget and regulate
the direct diversion water for maximum use of it. The
regulation could be characterized as somewhat a "from the seat
of the pants" operation.
Nowadays, automatic sampling, analyzing, recording,
and transmitting cells are available to measure dissolved
oxygen, temperature, pH, chlorides, turbidity, sulfates, total
solids, solar radiation, and other parameters of water
quality. Taking advantage of these modern developments, the
Sanitary District has contracted at a total cost of $402,700
for the eleven-station program shown on the map on page 19.
These stations will measure the quality of the water at the
three intake points (Wilmette, Chicago River, and Calumet
River), at the three major treatment plants, and at five key
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2 Q8
J. E. Egan
points on the waterways system. Samples will be taken and
analyzed at approximately 15-minute intervals, and will be
telemetered into the nearest sewage treatment plant, and all
results will be telemetered into the headquarters office. A
computer will analyze and report on waterways conditions as
they are measured, and appropriate alarms will be sounded when
conditions become critical. Naturally, the ideal eventual
application will be to use the river conditions to determine
how much water must be diverted to maintain prescribed water
quality conditions.
The contract for the housing at the stations where
housing is not already available, was let some months ago.
and will be completed shortly. The electronic equipment for
the actual sampling, analyzing, and reporting has a complet
date of May 21, 1968.
Although similar systems have been operating else
where, such as on the Ohio River and its tributaries, this
is undoubtedly one of the most intense applications for a
small area in the nation, if not the world. From this system
not only will the District know the immediate condition of
the waterways, but it will be able to measure the results of
increasing or decreasing diversion water or the results of
new treatment processes. It will give us a base from which
to measure total progress in upgrading the waterways in
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J. E. Egan
future years
5. RADIATION RESEARCH (Pages 20-23)
The Sanitary District is the first agency, private
or governmental, to initiate extensive research on the possi
bility of using nuclear radiation, in the form of gamma rays,
to fight water pollution and to improve treatment processes
This is described on pages 20 through 23. Purdue Research
Institute is studying the possibility of applying radiation
to the conditioning, stabilizing, and disinfecting of raw
and digested sewage and sludge. At Battelle Memorial Research
in Richland, Washington, research is under way to establish
design criteria for treatment of effluents containing
phenolics, cyanides, petroleum-related wastes, and bacteria.
Each project costs a little over $50,000. for which purpose
the District has applied for Federal Grants totaling $107,600.
To round out the research in this field, the
District is seeking a third institute and project which will
develop the methods of application, should the processes
prove effective and economical. Page 23 shows graphically the
initial thoughts as to the method of application. The wastes
to be treated would simply be passed through an underground
U-tube, being exposed to gamma rays from spent fuel cells
from nuclear power plants. No radioactivity is imparted to
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J. E. Egan
the sewage or sludge in passing through the exposure area.
It is the same process and type of radiation that is used to
sterilize foods, perishables, medical and surgical supplies
and instruments, and in pasteurizing food.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
encl: 5
# * *
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll . . . Superior 7-8900
July 26, 1967
To the President and Members
of the Board of Trustees
Office
PROGRESS REPORT ON CHLORINATION
NORTH SIDE SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS
Gentlemen:
Chlorination facilities went on line at the
Metropolitan Sanitary District North Side Sewage Treatment
Works on July 10, 1967, over 1-1/2 years ahead of the
schedule set under the Proceedings of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act. December, 1968, was the schedule for
completion embodied in the Federal enforcement program as
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J. E. Egan
submitted by the Illinois State Sanitary Water Board. Such
speed was possible by utilizing the effluent conduit and the
North Shore Channel for the contact basins, thus obviating
long and costly construction. The simplicity of this system
is shown on the attached schematic diagram and the photo
montage.
The savings in construction costs is dramatic
when compared with chlorination facilities which include 30
minute detention contact basins
which is usually the standard
design. The Calumet Sewage Treatment Works chlorination facili
ties are under construction at a contract cost of $1.844,000
for 220 mgd dry weather capacity. The North Side contract
cost was $48.573 for 300 mgd capacity. When reduced to cost
per unit capacity, the cost savings is 52 : 1.
Calumet Plant:
000
$8,380/mgd capacity
220 mgd
North Side Plant:
573
l62/mgd capacity
300 mgd
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
reports the costs of construction of chlorination facilities
for secondary effluents as $l6,000/mgd for two local chlorina
tion facilities in the capacity range of 10-30 mgd, $10,000 for
a 5
facility, and $21,000 for a 1 mgd facility.
Thus the capital savings are overwhelming where
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J. E, Egan
plant channels and receiving waters can be used for contact
between chlorine and sewage-effluent bacteria. (Calumet
was designed for concrete contact basins on the plant site
because the Calumet River is already used extensively for
recreational purposes, and because of other factors which
might interfere with the chlorination process, including the
industrial waste load.)
At the rated capacity of 300 mgd at the North Side
Plant, a Q-minute detention is achieved in the effluent
conduit. Twenty-one minutes of detention is achieved in
2.000 feet of the North Shore Channel - the receiving water
way. Dilution in the North Shore Channel will average less
than 1 to 1 with Lake Michigan low-demand water. Summer-long
tests are under way to determine the efficacy of the system.
Prior to construction at the North Side Plant.
chlorine kill studies were run on the plant effluent for over
a year. On the basis of a 30-minute detention, the studies
showed that the desired bacteria kill (that is, standards),
could be met with an annual average dosage of 0.7 mg/1. and a
summer average dosage of 0.8 mg/1. These are extremely low
dosages, made possible by the high quality of the pi
effluent. Somewhat higher standards, and thus chlorine
dosages, will be required by upgrading the North Shore Channel
waters to recreational use. Our Research and Development
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J, E. Egan
Department is recommending higher dosages (1.8 mg/1), in
initial operations to give added protection, and to offset
any unknown chlorine demands from bottom deposits and the
dilution water. The Research and Development Department
will continue dosage-kill studies until the greatest efficiency
at the lowest dosage for varying flow and sewage strength con
ditions is achieved.
The North Side Plant is the first of the District's
three large plants to provide chlorination. The Calumet Plant
should be on line before the end of the year, or one year ahead
of schedule.
The West-Southwest Plant, with a dry weather rated
capacity of 900, must be on line by July 1972. This should pose
rr> problems in time if the Sanitary and Ship Canal is used for
the contact basin. Here again, the dilution ratio is approxi
mately 1 to 1, so the length of canal dedicated for use to the
final waste treatment process is 1,000 feet. The capital cost
savings should exceed $f, 000,000 by using the Sanitary and
Ship Canal for the contact basin.
Solely from the point of view of safety considera
tions, both North Side and Calumet are designed to use sodium
hypochlorite.
It is a pleasure to be able to give you an ahead
of-schedule report on installation of the chlorination
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J. E. Egan
facilities at our major plants.
Very truly yours,
/$/ Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
encls: 2
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CHLORINATION
306
NORTH
300
SIDE
M G D
SEWAGE
TREATMENT
WORKS
CAPACITY (dry weather flow)
Sodium hypochlorite storage tanks, 11,000 gallon
capacity each.
Single control panel, Fisher-Porter Chlorina-
tion Feed and Control Equipment.
Meter vault immediately above effluent conduit
9 minutes of contact in effluent conduit.
Effluent conduit outfall at North Shore Channel.
Dilution no more than 1 to 1 with Lake Michigan
water. 21 minutes of contact provided in 2000 feet
of channel.
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J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St.. Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll . . . superior 7-8900
August 29, 1967
Mr. Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
OFFICE
RE: BACTERIA REPORT
Dear Sir:
Prior to the design and construction of the
chlorination facilities at the North Side Sewage Treatment
Plant> the Department of Research and Development was called
upon to work on the unique feature of using the effluent
conduit and the North Shore Channel as contact basin. Their
task was to develop design criteria pertaining to chlorine
dosage and contact time. The primary goal was to disinfect the
plant effluent, within the conduit and North Shore Channel, so
that the bacterial count would be 5*000 coliforms per 100 mis.
of effluent.
Laboratory studies indicated that using the conduit
ing streams was highly feasible and that with a con
tact time of thirty minutes and on an annual average, the
dosage required would be 0,7 mg/1. The required summer dosage
was found to be 0.8 mg/1.
On July 10. 1967* the chlorination system was
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J. E. Regan
ready for operation. The Department of Research and Develop
ment carried out field surveys designed to regulate dosages
and ascertain degree of disinfection. A number of minor
problems pertaining to the operation of the equipment were
required to be solved and within the past few weeks the opera
tion is now running smoothly.
A preliminary dosage of 1.8 mg/1 of chlorine was
recommended by Research and Development for the purpose of
assuring that the upstream chlorine demands would be satis
fled. Within the last two weeks it has been found that at a
one to one dilution of plant effluent and river water, a
dosage of 1.6 mg/1 was required to attain a value of 5.000
coliform per 100 mis. of plant effluent within the receiving
waters. Contact under these conditions was nine minutes in
the conduit and twenty-one minutes in the receiving waters.
This represents a river length of approximately twelve hundred
feet. The results of more recent runs are shown in Table I.
This work will be continued for the purpose of ascertaining
dosages at different river flows and temperature conditions
From these studies it is concluded that the utiliza
tion of the receiving waters in the North Shore Channel, as a
contact basin, is a successful and practical approach. It
offers considerable degree of flexibility and it is only a
matter of increasing the dosages of chlorine to obtain
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30Q
J. E. Egan
recreational standards. Another important feature is*the low
cost of construction for this facility. The contract cost of
the North Shore operation was found to be $l62/mgd capacity
while for the Calumet facility, which involves the installa
tion of a contact basin, it was found to be $8,380/mgd
capacity.
Yours very truly,
/s/ Jerome E. Stein
Director of Research and Development
JES/pd
-------
TABLE I
CHLORINATION RESULTS
NORTH SIDE TREATMENT PLANT
310
DATE
Chlorine Dosage
Total Coliform
30 Minute Contact
8-1
1.4
2,000
8-2
1.6
24,000
8-3
1.5
4,600
8-7
1.6
14, 000*
8-8
1.4
4, 000
8-9
1.6
4, 000
8-10
1.6
285
8-11
1.6
<100
8-14
1.6
4, 500
8-15
1.6
4,500
8-16
1.6
1, 600
* Standard of 5, 00 coliforms per 100 mis. of effluent not attained because
storm overflow resulted in high chlorine demand. In future overflows will
be compensated by increasing chlorine dosages.
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J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St.. Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll . . . Superior 7-8900
August 28, 1967
FOR: IMMEDIATE RELEASE
SANITARY DISTRICT FIGHTS POLLUTION WITH CONSTRUCTION
OF TERTIARY WASTE WATER FACILITY
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
is taking a major step forward in its fight against water
pollution with the construction of a 'tertiary1 waste water
treatment facility that is the first of its kind in the nation.
The plant is being constructed at a cost of
$1.126,000 in the district's Hanover Water Reclamation Works,
Hanover, Illinois. It will be on line by early spring 1968.
The tertiary treatment will produce waste water
that is more than 99$ pure". Present secondary treatment
used throughout the country produces water that is 90$ pure.
District General Superintendent Vinton W. Bacon
said that increasing population densities and industrial
activity demand more efficient and advanced methods of waste
treatment.
Bacon noted that tertiary treatment is a major
part of the district's recently started 10-year plan designed
to clean up the six inland waterways and tributaries within
its boundaries and to maximize all water uses in the area.
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J. E. Egan
Tertiary treatment, at a 10-year project cost of
$300.000.000. will be under way by 1971, Bacon said. Much
of this will be offset by federal and state funds, he noted.
Other steps in the 10-year timetable call for chlorination
at all waste treatment plants by 1968. removal of visible and
settleable solids by 1969* and combined sewer separation or
its equivalent under way by 1972.
The plan is designed to make inland waterways fit
for such uses as fish and wildlife habitation, irrigation.
boating, and to some degree, swimming.
Hanover is one of the district's eight small waste
water treatment plants (that supplement three large facilities)
serves 15,000 persons in the northwest area of Cook County
Bacon said that tertiary treatment of the waste
water, which empties into the DuPage river, will produce an
effluent that "little children can play in".
The tertiary process involves chemical dosage.
flocculation, settling, and agitation of rapid-sand filtration.
chlorination, and post-aeration to satisfy any remaining oxygen
demand.
The Hanover tertiary plant will have a rated
capacity of 2,000,000 gallons (m.g.d.) per day to coincide
with the primary and secondary treatment stages within the
mplex. It will be entirely housed in a 72! x 242' building
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J. E. Egan
Bacon said that the Hanover tertiary plant will
not only function as a full-scale operating plant, but will
serve as an experimental station for future tertiary installa
tions throughout the district.
In line with such experimentation, the district is
installing two separate but parallel tertiary treatment
processes. One, a traditional rapid-sand filtration process.
will remove o or 9 percent of the solids still remaining in
the domestic sewage after secondary treatment.
The other involves use of a relatively new micro
strainer, which was imported from Crane-Glenfield, the Scottish
subsidiary of Crane Company, early in August.
The microstrainer, bought for $98.000. is expected
to remove 5 or o percent of the remaining solids after secondary
treatment.
If the microstrainer proves to be sufficient, a
substantial savings in future installations could be realized,
Bacon said.
He noted that microstrainers have been in use for
years at Luiten on the River Lea, 20 miles above the intakes
for the London water supply in England.
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315
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-------
321
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J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St.. Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... Superior 7-8900
August 14, 1967
FOR: IMMEDIATE RELEASE
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago is studying the possibility of using nuclear radiation,
in the form of gamma rays, to fight water pollution.
The district is the first agency, private or govern
mental, to initiate such a proposal. The agency contracted
with two research groups, one at Purdue University, and the
other at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory of Batelle Memorial
Institute in Richland. Wash.
District general superintendent Vinton W. Bacon
said increasing population densities and industrial activity
demand more efficient and advanced methods of waste treatment.
These expected volumes of wastes will probably exceed known
capabilities of biological treatment, and new approaches must
be investigated.
The district hopes to use gamma rays, which are
identical to X-rays except in their source, to help convert
tewater into water suitable for drinking and swimming
The gamma rays will not cause the treated water to become
radioactive; consequently it will be safe for swimming and
non-lethal to the fish population.
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324
J, E, Egan
The commercial and governmental use of radiation
has been increasingly widespread in recent years* but little
application has been made into the possibilities of treatin
sewage or industrial wastes.
The district found ample evidence of radiation to
sterilize medical supplies, treating wood-plastic products and
pasteurizing food, but no published references specifically
to work with industrial wastes, especially the pollutants
cyanides and phenols.
If research at Purdue and Batelle prove fruitful.
the district hopes to construct a pilot pollution treatment
plant at Argonne National Laboratory. Each study will cost
about $50,000. To support these projects, the district has
applied for Federal grants totaling $107,600.
The district foresees that radiation would be used
in combination with standard anti-pollution equipment. The
radiation plant would be in the shape of a giant U-tube. built
underground to protect persons on the surface, through which
polluted water would be directed and treated by the gamma
rays
The Purdue research will be toward applying radia
tion to the conditioning, stabilizing and disinfecting of raw
and digested sewage, sludge, and also activated sludge.
At Batelle. initial research would be taken to
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325
J. E. Egan
establish design criteria for treatment facilities aimed
primarily at the effects of radiation on effluents containing
cyanides, phenolics and petroleum related wastes.
Officials at Batelle cautioned that problems will
be encountered if only because there is so little experience
in employing radiation to treat contaminants in municipal and
industrial wastewaters. But they feel there is sufficient
evidence that such treatment might offer economical solutions
to some of the more difficult problems in water pollution
control.
0
For information contact
Vinton W. Bacon
100 East Erie
Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll
8/14/67
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326
r
• i
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327
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OP GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... superior 7-8900
August 29, 1967
The Honorable Carl L. Klein, Chairman,
and Members of the
Water Pollution and Water Resources Commission
State of Illinois
PROGRESS REPORT ON DEEP TUNNEL PROJECT
FOR FLOOD AND POLLUTION CONTROL
Gentlemen:
Attached are:
1. Chronological Summary, August 29, 1967, Pages 7
through 11
Exhibit 1, CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL PLAN p. 7
Exhibit 2, FLOOD RELIEF PROJECT p. 8
Exhibit 3, CHICAGO DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM p. 9
Exhibit 4, AQUIFER PROTECTION
p. 10
Exhibit 5, CHICAGOLAND FLOOD CONTROL p. 11
PLANS COMPARISON
Exhibit 5 is extremely important (p. 11) in that
it shows that the deep tunnel project is the only
one of the five studied by the Sanitary District
which fulfills the eight following objectives:
Protect Lake Michigan
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328
J. E. Egan
Reduce channel flood flows
Reduce basement flooding
Reduce pollution from overflows
Improve degree of sewage treatment
Increase recreation uses
Produce electric power
Provide other benefits
Exhibit 5 also shows that other proposals fall
short, some far short, of the above objectives.
In fact, none of the other proposals gives the
equivalent of sewer separation, thus reducing
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
pollution of waterways from overflows, and none
gives improved degree of sewage treatment or the
possibilities of treatment of combined sewer
overflows.
2. Special Progress Report on Sanitary Engineerin
Aspects, August 15, 1967, pages 12-17.
Originally the combined sewage - storm water
in tunnel was to be pumped to storage reservoirs
and thence to the waterways with minimal treatment.
With the recently established waterways standards,
tertiary treatment will be required. This progress
report sets forth the basic concepts and require
ments, and it emphasizes the great advantage of
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J. E. Egan
the tunnel and reservoir system which "gets
its hands" on the wastes long enough so that
adequate treatment can be provided.
The prefeasibility study was completed in May
1966. at a cost of approximately $130,000.
The feasibility study now underway will be completed
April 1968 at a total cost of $2,370,000 which will include
approximately $1,850,000 for soil-and rock boring and seis
mographic work. The breakdown is as follows:
Harza-Bauer Studies $520,000
Rock Boring 550,000
Seismographic Survey 1,300,000
$2,370,000
The engineers making the study estimate that the
first contract can be awarded in 19&9 and that operation can
start in the first zone in 1972. Purchase of surface reser
voir sites will be recommended to the Board of Trustees very
soon.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
Ends. 2, pp. 1-17
* *
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330
J. E. Egan
METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL PLAN
ENGINEERING PROGRESS REPORT
HARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
BAUER ENGINEERING. INC.
August 29, 1967
Chronolos::!
Summar
The basic ideas of the Deep Tunnel Plan for pollu
tion abatement and flood control were conceived by Dr. William
J. Bauer. President of Bauer Engineering, Inc. The concept
was reviewed and modified by the Harza Engineering Company.
at which time the idea of hydroelectric power generation was
added. In 1964, the two companies, in association, proposed
that the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
authorize engineering investigations. A pre-feasibility study,
with the objective of determining the merit of more detailed
engineering investigations, was carried out between November
19o5 and May 1966. In May 1967, the District authorized the
engineering planning studies which are presently under way
by Harza and Bauer.
The first concept of the project placed strong
emphasis on flood relief, particularly at the neighborhood
level. In recognition of the District's accelerated program
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331
J. E. Egan
for waterway pollution abatement, present planning is
emphasizing protection of the waterways against pollution.
with extension of the system for neighborhood flood relief to
follow at a later date.
Dee
Tunnel
Plan
Storm water and domestic sewage are carried by the
s
sewers in
h of the Chicagol
area.
g
derat
and heavy rainstorms9 these combined sewers overflow, carrying
rainwater mixed with raw sewage directly into the area!s
rivers and channels. Under severe conditions overflows occur
into Lake Michigan. Because of the flat topography,, the
lateral and main sewers give inadequate protection against
basement and underpass flooding in many cases.
Storage of floodwaters in reservoirs is a solution
widely used for flood protection. The water is first stored,
then released under controlled conditions. Space for con
ventional reservoirs is. however, seldom available within an
established urban area. The increase in use of excavated
chambers for storage of gas led to the concept of storing
flood waters underground close to their point of origin
Excavation of underground storage space in the form of an
interconnected tunnel system can provide both storage and a
conveyance system for collection of waters to a convenient
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J. E. Egan
location of treatment and discharge.
Description of the System
The tunnels comprising the underground storage
reservoir will generally be located under the waterways,
rivers, or public rights-of-way in the metropolitan area as
shown schematically on Exhibit 1. Overflows from combined
sewers, which presently discharge into the waterways, will be
directed into vertical shafts. These shafts will be connected
to tunnels excavated in solid rock, some 700 to 800 feet below
the surface. The location of the underground reservoir has
been selected to make use of a rock formation that will not
require structural bracing or tunnel lining. Later extension
of branching tunnels into the areas between waterways will
allow interception of excess flows within the sewer network
and will have the effect of greatly increasing sewer capacity
without replacing the sewers.
A pumping station, located in a chamber in the
rock, 'will transfer water from the underground reservoir to
a surface reservoir to be built in open space areas near Lake
Calumet. The pumps and their electric motors will be reversible
so that they can also operate as turbines and generators. In
addition to the removal of storm water, the reversible pump
turbine station will operate as a "pumped-storage" hydro
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333
J. E. Egan
electric plant. Water would be dropped from the surface during
the day to generate high-value peaking power and pumped back
up at night using low-cost off-peak power. A generalized
cross-section of the Deep Tunnel System is shown on Exhibit 2.
The concept of the Deep Tunnel Plan during the pre
feasibility stage included provisions for treatment of the
stormwater overflows by conveying these flows from the upper
reservoir to the Calumet Treatment Plant. Although final
decisions have not been made, the present studies indicate
that it probably will be more desirable to provide special
treatment facilities for the stormwater overflows at the upper
reservoir.
Under the present concept, the contaminated,
combined-sewer overflow waters will undergo grit removal in
the underground reservoir. Aeration would be provided in the
upper reservoir and could also be provided during the pumping
and generating cycles. Excess water will be passed through a
final settling tank and tertiary treatment before discharge to
the waterway system. Grit and sludge from the upper and lower
reservoirs will be disposed of by conventional means. A
schematic flow diagram of the functioning of the Deep Tunnel
Plan is shown on Exhibit 3-
Groundwater Protection
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J. E. Egan
The underground storage and conveyance system will
be located in a relatively unproductive section of the "deep
aquifer". This aquifer is heavily used and its piezometric
level, although now generally higher than the tunnels, may
fall below the tunnel level in a few years in some areas.
For positive protection of this important aquifer, a recharge
system to maintain the piezometric level higher than the
tunnels will be installed as shown schematically on Exhibit
Since the tunnels are designed to be at atmospheric pressure,
the higher water pressure in the rock will guarantee steady
inflow of groundwater into the tunnels with no possibility of
outflow of contaminated water.
Proper recharge of the deep aquifer will prevent
the decline of the water table in the area of the tunnels.
On a general area basis this will improve the groundwater
situation and will contribute to overall management of the
water resources of the region
Benefits
The Deep Tunnel Plan will eliminate waterway
pollution by combined sewer discharge, alleviate flood
damage, and produce electric power. The return from electric
power will serve to reduce the net cost of the project. By
concentrating construction underground, the use of this
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J. E. Egan
alternative will avoid extensive disruptions to street
traffic that would be required in alternative plans.
The Plan will serve as the equivalent of separation
of combined sewers while also eliminating pollution caused by
separate urban storm sewers. The cost of separation of com
bined sewers in the Chicagoland area would be in the order
of three billion dollars while the net cost of the Deep
Tunnel Plan will be under one billion dollars.
Ultimate extension of the Deep Tunnel Plan to
intercept flows within the sewer systems will allow raising
the level of flood protection from five-year damage re
currence to 100-year recurrence, if desired.
A comparison of the objectives which will be
achieved through the Deep Tunnel Plan with those of other plans
put forward for the Chicagoland area is shown on Exhibit 5-
Schedule of Development
The Deep Tunnel Plan will be constructed in two
stages, each with several construction zones. The first
stage will encompass the area draining into the Chicago
River System and the Calumet River System. The second stage,
to the west, will encompass the Des Plaines River system and
portions of the Sanitary and Ship Canal and the Cal-Sag
Channel. Construction zones will be initiated at one-year.
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336
J, E. Egan
intervals starting from the Calumet area, as shown on
Exhibit 1.
gineering studies now underway should lead to
awarding the first contract in 1969. The timing of these
construction zones will be overlapping with each construction
zone taking about three years for completion. Operation of
the first zone is scheduled for 1972.
Present Engineering; Status
Engineering studies and investigations now underway
have two objectives: (l) to develop engineering systems for
realizing the concepts of the project and (2) to prepare
definite plans for the first construction zone.
The first construction zone has been located in
the Lake Calumet area and recommendations have been made for
acquisition of land for the upper reservoir and associated
wastewater treatment facilities.
Preparations have been made for a program of
geologic investigations which will include geophysical sound
ings, core drilling, and extensive groundwater investigation
and testing. Field operations will start in September.
Computer programs have been developed to use
methods of systems analysis in sizing project features and for
simulating the hydrologic, hydraulic, and bio-chemical
operation of the system.
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METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
CHICAGO DEEP TUNNEL PLAN
PHASE B - FEASIBILITY STUDIES
SPECIAL PROGRESS REPORT ON
SANITARY ENGINEERING ASPECTS
AUGUST 15, 1967
HARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
BAUER ENGINEERING, INC.
I. General
On July 6, 1967, and August 7, 196?, meetings were
held with the Sanitary Engineering Consultants. The Con
sultants retained for this study are:
1. Mr. Paul E. Langdon of Greeley and Hansen.
2. Prof. Don E. Bloodgood, Purdue University.
3. Prof. G. A. Rohlich, University of Wisconsin.
Mr. Walter A. Lyon, Director of Division of
Sanitary Engineering, Pennsylvania State Department
of Health.
The various sanitary engineering aspects were dis
cussed, with particular emphasis on the operation of the Deep
Tunnel System sewage treatment processes and on solids collec
tion. Although additional detailed studies are needed in
certain areas of the system operation, no overly difficult
problem areas came to light during these meetings.
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343
J. E. Egan
The Deep Tunnel System is now being developed on
the premise that the system effluent must meet the recently
tablished waterway standards. Although we had formerly
considered that treatment would be accomplished at the Calumet
Sewage Treatment Works, we have now determined that the Calumet
Sewage Treatment Works is not well suited to handle the large
volumes of weak sewage to be expected. This is the reason
why separate treatment facilities are required.
II. Elements of Deep Tunnel System
The elements of the system as developed thus far
are shown on Figure 1. The system is divided into two major
sections, the tunnel area and the upper reservoir area.
A. Tunnel
The tunnel area would be separated into two
sections. The conveyance section, while providing
flood storage capacity, would be used primarily
to transport the combined sewage overflows to the
tunnel loop sump area. The loop sump would pro
vide an area in which floating and settleable
solids would be concentrated and the flow
aerated.
Construction of the loop sump area would per
mit continuous one-direction flow in the tunnel
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J. E. Egan
even with the introduction of pumped-storage
flow. A plan illustrating how the two tunnel
sections would be related is shown on Figure 2
B.
Reservoir Area
Th
reservoir are
d a
divided into two basic sections, the aerated
lagoon sections and the settling section. Although
some settleable solids would be collected in por
tions of the compartmented aerated lagoon, the
primary purpose of this area is to reduce the
Biochemical Oxygen Demand to the required level
The settling section would provide for the
necessary suspended solids removal prior to
tertiary treatment.
C. Tertiar
tme
Removal
Since the Calumet Sewage Treatment Works is
located near the reservoir site, it is con
templated that the necessary tertiary treatment
and sludge treatment and removal would be co
ordinated with the Calumet operations.
III.
Alternative
erational Procedures
Besides consideration of the basic system function of
handling combined sewage overflows, consideration has also
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-------
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FIGURE
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LOOP
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UPPER
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TUNNEL
LOOP SUMP AREAS
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Of
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TUMNB.L
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3*7
J. E. Egan
been given to the operation of the system with secondary
sewage treatment plant effluent; raw sewage, and pumped
storage flow. It now appears that the use of pumped-storage
flow and the possible introduction of small quantities of raw
sewage are the preferable alternatives. The use of secondary
sewage treatment plant effluent for flushing and a long-range
program of large-scale raw sewage additions to the system are
possibilities.
Pumped-storage flow would provide for the dilution
of smaller volume, high BOD concentration combined sewage
overflows and for the dual use of pumping facilities. The use
of pumped-storage flow would probably reduce the general ob
ligation bond capitalization, resulting in a net reduction
in cost to the taxpayers.
IV.
Possible Solids Handling Procedures
It is contemplated that
e trash and floating
terials would be excluded from the system because of the
inlet structure design.
During system operation, predominately grit-type
inorganic solids would be collected in the loop sump area.
Th
ing
lid
Id b
llected in th
r
i
area and in the tertiary treatment facilities.
Mathematical Model Analyses
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348
J. E. Egan
Comput
prog
m
imulating th
perat
f th
Deep Tunnel System components are being developed. These
programs would analyze the system during selected critical
time periods.
* * *
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St.. Chicago, Illinois 60611 ... Superior 7-8900
August 29, 1967
Honorable Carl L. Klein. Chairman,
and Members of the
Water Pollution and Water Resources
Commission
Station of Illinois
PROGRESS REPORT ON TEN-YEAR
PROGRAM AND FINANCING
Gentlemen:
As mentioned previously, the State Sanitary Water
Board through SWB-15, set a 10-year goal which municipalities
within the Sanitary District must meet, and which industrial
dischargers must match. Basically, the program requires
effluent chlorination, removal of visible and settleable
solids, tertiary treatment, sewer separation or its equivalent,
-------
J. E. Egan
and no more construction of combined sewers. To implement
this program, the Sanitary District on July 27, 1967. adopted
a policy on 10-year program and goals which embodies th
following timetable:
By 1968, chlorination at all plants, or facilities
under construction.
By 1969* solids removal, visible and settleable.
By 1971> tertiary treatment under way.
By 1972, equivalent of sewer separation under way
This program is actually more advanced in cleanup
than required in the State Water Quality Standards, in that
the North Side chlorination facility is already one and a
half years ahead of schedule, having been put on line in July
1967, the Calumet chlorination facility will be on line over-
one year ahead of schedule, that is, before the end of 1967,
and it is anticipated that chlorination at Stickney will be
well in advance by two or three years of the 1972 deadline.
The total 10-year program is portrayed in pages 1 through .
To the year 2000, the total cost will be $1,778,000,000.
while the first ten-year cost will be $1,098,000,000. The
result of the program will be to maximize the water uses of
the inland waterways within a 10-year period, as shown on
page 4, permitting all of the uses from waste assimilation
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350
J. E. Egan
at the bottom of the scale to municipal water supply source,
at the top of the scale, with fishing and swimming, and
other higher uses, along the 71 miles of the inland waterways
Pages 5 through 7 of the attached is a news release on the
10-year program to eliminate pollution of inland waterways,
and it is a less detailed description of the program than the
foregoing.
The 10-year program must be implemented not only
in design, but in financing. The District is required to file
with the State Legislature every five years, what is called
a "Five-Year Pegged Levy Construction Program". The last one
was filed in 1965. It simply sets forth, on a year-by-year
basis, what facilities the District intends to construct at
the time of the filing of the program, and the best cost
estimate that can be made at that time. One of the first
steps necessary to get the 10-year program under way is to
bring the 5-year pegged levy program ahead just as soon as
possible. This is proposed in a letter dated July 27,
from the office of the General Superintendent, to the Board
of Trustees (pages 8 through 14). This document simply shows
that there must be a vastly accelerated 5-year pegged levy
construction program, as presently it is estimated that there
will be a disbursement gap of 13-8 million dollars in 1968,
as shown on page 10. In bringing the entire 5-year pegged
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351
J. E. Egan
levy construction forward by three years, which is necessary
to avail the District of the State and Federal funds, it
will be necessary to increase the tempo of the Design program,
through the use of outside consultants. It is not possible
to multiply by many fold a Design and Construction program,
and do it through present or future staff in the present
professional market. Accordingly, as shown on pages 15
through I7y the District is utilizing the services of seven
teen consulting and surveying firms, for some 26 projects.
The major sewer projects that are being brought forward in
the accelerated 5-year program are shown in orange on page 14
Possible financing of the 10-year program, includ
ing the flood control aspects, is discussed on pages 18
through 22. The chart on page 22 depicts the 10-year accel
erated cleanup program construction expenditures. The
analysis and chart show that sufficient funds are available
to cover the cost of routine extensions, chlorination, and
tertiary treatment. Revenue sources include the current
MSD maximum tax levy of $22,500,000, and appropriation of th
full authorization of existing Federal and State Grant
programs. Under other needed financing, shown at the top of
the bar graphs on page 22, a total of $470,000,000 of add!
tional funding is required* It is believed that a substantial
portion of these funds can be made available through the
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352
J. E. Egan
Federal flood control funds for the Deep Tunnel Project.
and a substantial portion of the $1.000.000.000 Bond election
proposed by the State for 1968 for flood, pollution control.
and recreational purposes.
Thus it can be concluded that the 10-year water
ways cleanup program is technically feasible, is reasonable
in timetable, and very likely, can be financed to a great
extent from presently available funds. The chart on page 22
was constructed without showing an increase in the Sanitary
District Construction Fund Tax Levy, which yields $22.500,000
per year. It is reasonable to expect that this tax rate will
have to be increased, and it is also reasonable to expect that
financing through General Obligation Bonds will be necessary
for the Deep Tunnel project, in order to rightfully pass some
of the costs on to future generations.
Recognizing the need for the maximum in Federal
and State aid in order to accomplish the waterways cleanup
program, the District has addressed itself to both the State
Government and the Federal Government. On pages 23 to 26,
under date of February 7> 1967, the District pointed out to
the Governor's office the inequities in the former system, where
by the State determined priority for projects for Federal funds
Under the priority system then used by the State, not only
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, but
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353
J. E. Egan
Iso other metropolitan areas would receive only a very small
portion of the Federal funds made available to the State.
The position was taken by the Sanitary District that the
Federal funds, and any matching State funds, should be
distributed to the Sanitary District generally, in proportion
to either population or total taxes paid. Through the sponsor
ship of this Committee, and through the help of many legis
lators, the State Sanitary Water Board did agree and adopt a
policy that the Metropolitan Sanitary District area should
receive 50$ of available Federal and State funds. Thus,
that portion of the graph shown on page 22, designated as
"State and Federal Funds11, becomes a much more meaningful and
dependable source, and thus the District can prepare better
for its future program
The United States Congress has authorized an
appropriation for the current fiscal year in the amount of
$450,000,000 for grants for construction of sewerage facili
ties. In February of 19o2, and subsequent thereto also,
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration had asked
for approximately $200,000,000. Believing that the full
thorization should be appropriated in order for the muni
cipalities to accomplish the needed water pollution abatement,
the Sanitary District, on February 20, 196?> addressed a letter
(pages 27-28), to Senator Muskie, asking that the full
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J, E. Egan
$450,000.000 authorized for construction grants by the
Congress in the Clean Waters Act of 1966, be restored. Many
states, municipalities, and districts such as ours have
advocated that the full authorized amount be appropriated
To our knowledge, neither your Committee, the State Sanitary
Water Board, or the State of Illinois has taken a position
on the full Federal appropriation; and we respectfully suggest
that this is an issue to which your Committee might well
address itself. In the foregoing, I think the Sanitary
District has given ample demonstration of its intensive and
extensive program for the next 10 years. We are going to need
all the financial help we can get. in order to execute the
program
Yours very truly,
/s/ Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
* * *
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll superior 7-8900
July 21, 1967
Members of the
Board of Trustees
Office
POLICY ON TEN-YEAR PROGRAM AND GOALS
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355
J. E. Egan
Gentlemen:
On April 7, 1967, a program was recommended for
the clean-up of the six inland waterways and tributaries with
in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago.
The ten-year program was designed to maximize all water uses
in the area, that is, to provide for all uses of water, not
just a few. The program of improvement was depicted on a
chart showing the ten-year period 1967 to 1977, the water uses
to be maximized, and the program for the construction of
facilities and processes necessary to upgrade the wat
Essentially, the program was:
By 1968, chlorination at all plants, or facili
ties under construction.
By 1969, solids removal, visible and settleable.
By 1971, tertiary treatment under way
By 1972, equivalent of sewer separation under way
This program was prepared after careful discussion
among my office and the three departments most concerned,
namely, Engineering, Maintenance and Operation, and Research
and Development. And if pursued with a sense of urgency, It
was believed by all that the program's time schedule is
reasonable.
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356
J. E. Egan
For the District, estimated costs for routine
tension of the sewerage facilities and for the accelerated
cleanup are compatible with past capital outlays of the
District ($601,000,000). Estimated future needs are:
Ten Years To Year 2000
Rout ine extens ion $ 303*000,000 $ 713,000,000
Chlorination
15,000,000 15,0003000
Tertiary Treatment 300,000,000 300,000,000
Combined sewer & flood
control 480,000,000 750,000,000
$ 1,098,000,000 $1,778,000,000
Much of the financing can be done with Federal
and State funds provided they are equitably distributed.
It was pointed out that the program recommended
is compatible with the report and findings of fact of the
Special Master for the U. S. Supreme Court in the Lake
Diversion case. Subsequent to the letter of April 7, the
Supreme Court has issued the decree in the Lake Diversion
case, and the recommended program is completely compatible
with it.
Rules and Regulations of the Illinois State
Sanitary Water Board designated SWB-15, pertaining to water
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J. E. Egan
quality criteria of interstate waters in the Chicago River
and Calumet River system, as adopted by the Illinois State
Sanitary Water Board June 28, 1967, provide in part:
That effluent chlorination facilities shall be
provided as follows:
At Lemont - 1Q68
At Calumet - 1968
At North Side - 1968
At West-Southwest - July. 1972.
That advanced waste treatment (tertiary in our
language), may be required at North Side, Calumet.
and West Southwest within ten years.
That phosphate removal will be required as soon
as practical methods are developed.
That interception and treatment of storm overflow
from combined sewers and from pump stations will be
required within the next ten years
That industries will be required to provide a
degree of treatment or control equivalent to that
required of the municipalities on the same reach of
the stream. And that adequate industrial treatment
facilities will be required by the end of 1968.
That tertiary treatment providing 9o^ B.O.D.
"j^ p^ta ^^*^P
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J. E. Egan
reduction, four mg/1 B.O.D. in the effluent, five
mg/1 suspended solids in the effluent for situa
tions where the stream dilution is less than 1 to *
which will be the situation in the Sanitary District's
sewerage system.
Thus, the requirements of the State Sanitary
Water Board are essentially the same as those recommended on
April 79 although the nomenclature might vary slightly.
Accordingly, it is respectfully requested and recommended
that the Board of Trustees adopt a policy that the ten-year
program for upgrading of inland waterways, as recommended on
April 7, and that the ten-year program specified in SWB-17
Rules and Regulations be the program of the Sanitary District
for purposes of design, financing, construction, and operation
Very truly yours
/s/ Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
cc: Department Heads
Mr. Coyne
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J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St.. Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... superior 7-8900
AUGUST 14. 1967
FOR: IMMEDIATE RELEASE
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago has embarked on a 10-year program to eliminate pollu
tion in the inland waterways under its jurisdiction.
In vision, the district's goals can be compared to
the pace-setting boldness of the turn of the century, when
the district reversed the flow of the Chicago River and
created the Sanitary and Ship Canal to protect Lake Michigan
against pollution.
The new plan, introduced by general superintendent
Vinton W. Bacon, and endorsed by the Board of Trustees last
July 27, is designed to make its inland waterways fit f
other uses, such as fish and wildlife habitation, irrigation,
recreation (boats), and eventually, to some degree, swimming.
Because of the district's reversal of the Chicago
River, carrying effluent away from Lake Michigan, metropolitan
Chicago is the only large Great Lakes city with unpolluted
swimming facilities and uncontaminated raw water supply.
The district's timetable calls for chlorination
at all plants, or facilities under construction, by 1968;
removal of visible and settleable solids by 19^9; tertiary
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J. E. Egan
treatment under way by 1971; and the equivalent of combined
sewer separation by 1972.
The estimated cost for this program is $1,098,000,000,
much of which is expected to be offset by Federal and State
fund s.
The district currently spends $22,000,000 a year on
construction of pollution abatement works. Bacon said annual
construction outlays will rise to $100,000,000. Much of the
design plans will have to be prepared by outside consulting
engineers because the district's engineering department is
not geared to handle such a load.
The district has approved contracts with four
consulting engineering firms for preparation of studies, plans
and specifications to expand and build water reclamation
plants for the northwest portion of Cook County.
The firm of Brown and Caldwell of San Francisco
will design a 45.5 mgd (million gallons per day) plant, esti
mated to cost $14,000,000 to serve parts of the communities
of Des Plaines, Elk Grove Village, Mt. Prospect, Arlington
Heights and Wheeling. Connecting sewers are expected to cost
about $16,859,000.
Camp, Dresser and McKee, of Boston, will design
a plant of 29 mgd initial capacity to serve parts of Palatine,
Rolling Meadows, and Elk Grove Village. The estimated cost
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J. E. Egan
of the plant is $10.200,000, and the estimated cost of the
sewers is $8.350.000. The district retained Harza Engineer
ing Co. to aid in locating 2,780 acres of land for the water
reclamation plants and for utilization of the solids.
The Chicago firm of Greeley and Hansen will design
and draw specifications to construct Battery D aeration tanks
and to expand and rehabilitate sections of the West-Southwest
Treatment Works. The $20.000.000 expansion is needed to
meet the increasing waste load and provide maximum hydraulic
capacity of two times the average dry weather flow.
0
for additional information:
Vinton W. Bacon
100 East Erie
Chicago, 111. 60611
SU 7-9^04
8/14/67
* * *
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 EAST ERIE ST.. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 6o6ll ... Superior 7-8900
July 27, 1967
Members of the
Board of Trustees
Office
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J. E. Egan
ACCELERATED 5-YEAR PEGGED LEVY CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM
Gentlemen:
Attached is a study made by the Engineering
Department, showing the impact of estimated Federal and State
funds for 1968 and 1969, on our construction program. This
study shows that unless the pace of our construction program
increases, a potential gap in construction disbursements of
13.8 million dollars will occur in 1968. By way of intro
duction, this information was furnished to you yesterday in
the President's office.
The highlights of this study are as follows:
1. An estimated 42.8 million dollars will be available
for disbursement during 1968.
2. Our present construction program (even though it has
been somewhat accelerated by the insertion of several
new contracts ) will disburse an estimated 29 mill
dollars during 1968.
3. Therefore, we estimate a disbursement gap of 13-8
million dollars in 1968. Our present program is ob
viously not sufficient to make full use of available
fund s.
The last three pages of the attached report outline a
program to eliminate this potential deficit. In pre
paring this program> we have included all projects
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J. E. Egan
which were contained in the Report in Support of
1965 Legislative Program, (called the 5-Year Pegged
Levy Program), along with other projects. We have
identified those projects which will be designed, by
our engineering staff and indicated, with estimat
those projects which must be performed with outside
engineering services.
In summary, this report clearly shows that our
first step in implementing the ten-year program for the clean
f the six inland waterways and tributaries, (which was
adopted as a Policy of the Board today), must be to immedi
ately accelerate our design and construction program. We
recommend bringing the entire five-year pegged levy program
forward by three years to avail the District of Federal and
State funds and to prepare for the larger components of the
ten-year program. This acceleration is compatible with our
previous recommendations and the ten-year program specified
in SWB-15 Rules and Regulations of the State Sanitary Wat
Board as submitted to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration.
This recommendation will be formally submitted to
the Board at its next regular meeting on September 7, 1967,
or possibly at any special meetings held in the interim, for
policy decision on change of program
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364
J. E. Egan
Very truly yours
/s/
Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
attachment
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ACCELERATED CONSTRUCTION FUND
PROGRAM FOR 1968
(INCLUDES 5 YEAR PROGRAM PROJECTS)
PrDJect Control
7-25-67
LRD
JW
PROJECTS
Calumet Plant
EST. CONSTR
COST
1968
ESTIMATED DISBURSEMENTS
STUDIES
DESIGNS
CONS TR
Scum Incinerator
Hydraulic Study for Conduits
Final Tanks
Study Whole Calumet Area and
Plant Requirement
Replace 440V Breakers and
Transformers
Rehabilitate Electric for
Batteries
Replace M.G. Sets Pump and
Blower House
300,000
West-Southwest Plant
Additional Final Tanks Battery
Aeration and Final Tanks Battery
440V and 6600V Switchgear
Air Pollution
Replace Blowers
New Vacuum Pump
Report)
Revise Aerated Grit Chambers
North side Plant
Replace Outdoor Substation
Pumping Station,Screens, Prelimin-
ary and Grit Chambers (G&H Report)
Electrical Work
Additional Plants
Salt Creek Plant (30 M.G.D.)
O'Hare Plant (45 M.G.D.)
Poplar Creek Plant (5 M.G.D.)
915,000
50,000
$300,000
36,000
750,000
100,000
300,000
20,000,OQO
750,000
4,000,000
1,500,000
125,000
100,000
750,000
6,600,000
100,000
15,000,000
23,000,000
100,000
in house
in house
15,000
in progres
in house
700,000
40,000
160,000
in house
in house
in house
Award
75,000
396,000
in house
Small Plants' and Pum
Stations
Hanover Addition
North Branch
500,000
Punip ing
Station
Pumps)
Subtotal,
$1,600,000
Page
(Additional
100,000
100,000
500,000
750,000
150,000
100,000
Consultant) 500,000
Dec. 1967
50,000
-------
ACCELERATED CONSTRUCTION FUND
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^^___^__^^^^^^^^__^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^•^^^^^^^^^^^^^•^^^^^^^^^^^H^^v^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
PROGRAM FOR 1968
(INCLUDES 5 YEAR PROGRAM PROJECTS)
367
Project Control
7-25-67
LRD
JVV
Page 2
PROJECTS
Small Plants and Pum
Stations
Interceptor East
Pumping Station
Broadway Sewer
North Branch
Glenwood and
Telemeter Unmanned Pumping Static
Street Pumping Station
Replace Breakers and Transformer
Sewers
S T. CONS TR
COST
7,000,000
100,000
125,000
1968
ESTIMATED DISBURSEMENTS
STUDIES
DESIGNS
in house
in house
CONSTR
Calumet
Contract 17F Repair or Replace
Contract 17G
Contract 17H
Contract 18F Extension
Contract 18F Extension
Contract 19F
(Changed from 19E Extension
Contract 19F Extension
Contract 19H
ilelief
Controls
Crawford Avenue Relief
Northwest
Contract
Compact
Otriart- Plant North West
C'Hare *>lant North West
O'Ht»re Plant North West 15A
Upper Salt Creek North West
Poplar Creek Interceptor
Houar'j
Howard Interceptor Relief
3 and
2,500,000
1,400,000
3,100,000
500,000
350,000
2,100,000
3,100,000
1,700,000
100,000
9,000,000
6,300,000
6,000,000
4,400,000
3,000,000
500,000
4,400,000
3,500,000
Southwe ;t
Controls and Connections
50,000
,000
in house
93,000
in house
in house
in house
51,000
in house
in house
in house
134,000
90,000
20,000
134,000
144,000
900,000
250,000
300,000
250,000
500,000
, 000
Rel
Sewer
C: r.tract 13A
50,000
,000,000
og
17C
Extension
5,105,000
Suntota1,
P?qe
Contract.
55,000
-------
PROJECTS
Des Plaines
368
ACCELERATED CONSTRUCTION FUND
PROGRAM FOR 1968
(INCLUDES 5 YEAR PROGRAM PROJECTS)
Project Control
7-25-67
LRD
JW
Page 3
EST. CONSTR
COST
1968
ESTIMATED DISBURSEMENTS
STUDIES
DESIGNS
CONSTR
Contract 11D Extension
Contract HE (Palatine)
Contract 11H Extension
Controls
Other
Borings Deep Tunnel
Land Purchase
500,000
1,100,000
660,000
100,000
400,000
20,000
35,000
in house
in house
660,000
400,000
1,897,000
Subtotal, Page
Total
§2,760,000
$55,000 $2,957,000
$153,430,000 $600,000 $3,538,000 $9,662,000
Total Estimated New 1968 Program Disbursements
$13,800,000
Estimated 1968 Disbursements on 1967 Construction
Contracts and 1968 Engineering Department Costs
29,000,000
Total Estimated 1968 Construction Fund Disbursement
$42,800,000
-------
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-------
373
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... superior 7-8900
August 21. 1967
Honorable John E. Egan. President,
and
Members of the Board of Trustees
Office
FINANCING TEN-YEAR PROGRAM,
INCLUDING FLOOD CONTROL ASPECTS
Gentlemen:
We have a continuing study of not only the
sequence of construction within the ten-year program, but
also possible methods of financing.
On the subject of financing, I am enclosing a copy
of a report dated August 18, 1967* from DiVita to Mickle,
under the general title of "Funding of Ten-Year Accelerated
Clean-up Program". This deals primarily with the possibility
of Federal funds for the flood control aspect. Please note
particularly paragraphs 1 and 2, and the chart which sh
that we estimate that approximately half of the funds would
be available from current sources, without increasing the
District's construction pegged levy.
I have started meeting with both State and Federal
presentatives regarding the availability of flood control
-------
fund s.
J. E. Egan
Sincerely yours
cc w/att:
Department Heads
Mr. Coyne
Harza Engineering
Bauer Engineering
Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
* *
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREAT
CHICAGO
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DATE: August 29, 196?
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: C. T. Mickle. Chief Engineer
FROM: L. DiVita, Engineer of Project Control
SUBJECT: Funding of Ten Year Accelerated Cleanup Program
Attached is a graphical illustration of the
financial requirements of our ten year cleanup program
This analysis shows that sufficient funds are available to
cover the cost of routine extensions, chlorination and
tertiary treatment. Revenue sources included maximum MSD
tax levies and full authorizations of existing Federal and
State sewage treatment plant grant programs. The total
-------
375
J. E. Egan
portion of our billion dollar clean-up program that requires
additional funding is approximately $470.000.000.
I've looked into the availability of Federal and
State financial assistance for flood control purposes. Two
agencies, the Corps of Engineers and the State Water Resources
Board, are both committed to financially support and construct
flood control and multipurpose water resource works. I recom
mend we take immediate steps to establish our deep tunnel
project in the programs of both these agencies. My reasons
for this recommendation are as follows:
1. Project fits the three basic categories of
civil works the Corps is authorized to construct.
A. Flood Control - Corps is responsible for providing
flood control protection through civil works
improvements. Moreover, in the past the State has
acted as local sponsor of many flood control projects
constructed by the Corps in Illinois.
B. Recreation - In 1965 Congress passed an Act urging
the Corps to support multipurpose water resource
development. This Act provides for picking up 50$
of project costs allocated to recreation. I am
certain final plans for the deep tunnel project
will provide areas for water related recreation.
C. Navigation - Because of the high velocities
-------
J. E. Egan
376
during flood stages, navigation on our waterways
is curtailed about 3% of the year. The deep tunnel
plan will eliminate this problem.
2. In terms of public benefits the project has
solid economic justification.
A. Prom the figures I've reviewed on past flood
damages in the metropolitan area, I am certain
this project is justified on a cost-benefit basis.
The Corps usually requires a favorable cost-benefit
ratio before they will report a recommendation for
a project.
B. Flood water storage in the metropolitan area will
also provide benefits and protection to downstream
communities.
C. An alternate plan for flood control in the area
(deepening, widening, etc.) developed by Meissner
Engineers for MSD is estimated at $300,000,000
(1958 prices. )
3. Corps annual appropriations are large and it is
not unusual for them to take on big projects.
A. In 1966 the Corps spent $1,360,000,000. In that year,
$375*000,000 was for flood control projects and
$323,000,000 for multipurpose projects. The
$70,000,000 per year we need for the deep tunnel
-------
377
J. E. Egan
project represents only
of their total annual
budget.
B.
A State of Illinois study states the Corps has
C.
projects valued at $95,000,000 either under con
struction or proposed along the lower Illinois River
basin. Yet, virtually no flood control projects have
been done or considered in our area by the Corps.
The Corps does take on single large projects.
A
review of their 1965 authorizations shows they are
currently working on three flood control projects
having respective values of $181,000,000, $218.000.000
and $227,000.000.
4.
Local participation can be provided by the State
of Illinois.
A.
The proposed $1,000.000,000 State Water Plan has
earmarked $100,000,000 for flood control purposes
Only $30,000,000 is earmarked for actual projects
It is stated in the Water Plan report that
$70,000,000 remaining is to enable the State to
participate as local sponsors in Federal flood
control projects.
B.
The proposed $1,000,000,000 State Water Plan has
earmarked $250,000,000 to finance programs for water
related recreation facilities. They point
-------
378
J. E. Egan
particularly to developing these facilities near
metropolitan areas.
C.
If the 50$ allocation of Federal sewage
plant grants is extended to flood control and water
related recreation projects, it will mean
$150.000,000 can be allocated to Cook County
In conclusion. I believe existing Corps of
gineers
and State of Illinois programs are geared for undertaking
financial support of a project such as our Deep Tunnel Plan
Since the project will provide benefits for the bulk of the
States population (62% in metropolitan Chicago), I feel we
should be able to gain the support of the city, county and
State governments.
/s/ Leo R. DiVita
Engineer of Project Control
LRD:lb
Attach. (3)
cc :
Braxton
Pile
-------
379
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-------
380
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... Superior 7-8900
February 7. 1967
Mr. Robert Maher, Assistant to the Governor
207 State House
Springfield, Illinois 62706
Dear Mr. Maher:
In our recent nteeting in Springfield, President
John E. Egan and I spoke to you about how we have been excluded
from receiving Federal funds allocated to the State of
Illinois because of the inequity of the State Sanitary Water
Board's present priority rating system. As we see it, unless
the State Sanitary Water Board's present priority system is
changed, municipalities such as ours will continue to be passed
over in the State's allocation of Federal funds. I was asked
to explain to you how the systan works against us.
For example, in the 1966-1967 fiscal year the
formula Congress established in the anti-pollution legislation
(Public Law 660 as amended) required two-thirds of the
authorization to be distributed to the states in direct pro
portion to the population of each state. Congress intent
was clear: the chief beneficiaries of the grant program were
to be the more populous urban municipalities whose pollution
abatement programs benefit a proportionately larger number of
-------
381
J. E. Egan
people. Yet in the State Sanitary Water Board's initial
priority list for fiscal year 1966-1967 not one of the 15
bona fide applications submitted by the Metropolitan Sanitary
District was sufficiently high in priority to qualify for a
grant award. This in spite of the fact that the District
serves over 5,000.000 people in Cook County, or 50?& of the
population of our State. In fact our analysis of the State
Sanitary Water Board!s priority listing of projects that fell
within the State of Illinois1 allocation shows (l) that only
of the State's population would receive benefit from
Federal funds; (2) one percent of the population will receive
50$ of all the money allocated to our State. The average
amount of aid given to those communities awarded grants was
$33 per capita, whereas the District's highest priority
application which sought aid of only 35 cents per capita re
ceived little consideration. This performance clearly shows
that their priority system does not properly reflect the
population formula set up by the Congress.
Getting down to the priority system criteria
themselves, the following illustrations are examples of how
their system works against us and other multiple-cities such
as ours. I will refer to the priority criteria scoring sheet
(Exhibit No. 1) from time to time.
1. The system provides maximum benefits to
-------
382
J. E. Egan
communities who are doing the poorest job in com
bating pollution. Items A-l and A-2 of Exhibit 1.
which represent 19$ of the total point scoring system,
actually gives the maximum number of points to com
munities that have not carried out any effective
programs for preventing or controlling pollution.
As can be seen on Exhibit 1, the highest scores go to
the communities where pollution complaints have been
filed and the degree of pollution is serious. In
other words, those communities which have the least
to solve their own pollution problems received the
highest scores. Whereas the municipalities such as
ours, where the community has made sacrifices to keep
pollution down to a less hazardous level, are receiving
lower scores. However, in our case, we discharge
sewage treatment plant effluent to our canals that
has an equivalent of raw sewage from a population of
over 800,000. Communities downstream from us consistently
raised objections - nevertheless, we are able to keep
this discharge down to the point where we do not
jeopardize the health and safety of our neighbors. Cer
tainly a priority system that rewards those who are lax
is an incentive in the wrong direction, and is a penalty
for communities that have made efforts to control
-------
383
J. E. Egan
pollution.
2. The State Sanitary Water Board priority
system penalizes those communities that are on a sound
• I — -•- ^^ ^H 1^*1 ^k. — • ^ ^K .^h. M ^- - _^_. r t
pay-as-you-go funding system for financing their
capital improvements. In Part II, Subsection B
(Construction Cost) of Exhibit 1, the most points
are given to projects that have the highest cost per
capita. The maximum of nine points, or 215&, of the
total score is involved.
Most communities finance the construction of
sewage treatment plants and intercepting sewer systems by
floating bond issues on an intermittent basis. These issues
normally have a life of 20 to 50 years. Now when these
communities submit their grant applications for facilities
they intend to finance with a 20 to 50 year bond issue, the
State Sanitary Water Board computes the cost per capita by
using the total project cost, and divides by using the
community!s population: in effect this gives you a figure
reflecting the total cost to the community over the 20 to 50
year bond period, rather than the average yearly cost per
capita.
At the District we construct and finance our im
I I ^h_^H_ ^^^ ^H ^M* ^^k _^^H ^^ h^& -- .• _ ^k^A _^k_ V I
provements from annual tax collections or a pay-as-you-go
system. When we submit our applications, the total project
-------
384
J. E, Egan
cost is divided by our population, and yields a per capita
construction cost on a yearly basis. The effect is quite
obvious. The per capita construction cost figure for com
munities financing with bonds has 20 to 50 times leverage
over the Metropolitan Sanitary District in scoring, since
we finance our construction on an annual tax collection
basis. The figures from the 1966 applications clearly
illustrate this point. The successful 1966 grant applications
by communities who finance their projects with long-term
bond issues average per capita construction costs of $117.00
per community for projects having value of $20.8 million.
For our District, which finances on a yearly basis, the per
capita construction cost computed by the State Sanitary Water
Board for an application that received their highest priority
rating was $2.91. This project had a value of $7.4 million.
As a result, other communities received an average of 7.
priority points whereas the District received 0.2 points.
From this explanation. I feel you can agree that the present
priority system clearly works against us.
There are several other examples we can point to
regarding the inequity of the priority system, but we feel
we would be belaboring our case. I feel the case has been
plainly established. If the Metropolitan Sanitary District
is to keep pace with the demands for improving water quality
-------
385
J. E. Egan
standards we must have Federal support. To this end, we
seek your assistance in righting the present State Sanitary
Water Board priority system.
Very truly yourss
/s/ Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
Att: 1
cc: Honorable John C. Kluczynski (Wash. & Chgo.)
Edward Pinzak. Administrative Assistant
Klassen - State San. Water Board
President and Trustees - Metro. Sanitary District
Department Heads
Seaman
Poston - Fed. Water Control Pollution Admin.
Schneider - Fed. Water Control Pollution Admin.
-------
ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER B^AKJ C.UTSRIA
386
I.
V.'ater Pollut.-.on Control.
Necossity
1.
Pollution Category
a. Pollution exists - complaints filed
b. Poor quality or no treatment
c. Potential pollution
d. Local nuisance
Points
4
3
2
1
2
Degree of Pollution
a. Extremely serious
b. Serious
c. iModerate
d. Light
4
3
2
1
3
Primary Use of Stream
a. Domestic Water Supply
b. Residential, Fish & Wildlife, Agricul
tural, Recreational
c. Industrial, policy, compact
d. Other
4
3
2
1
B.
Abatement Progress
1.
2.
3.
Voluntary
Satisfactory
Poor
3
2
1
C.
Prevention Progress
1. Excellent
2. Satisfactory
3. Poor
3
2
1
II
Financial Need (Midpoint figures)
^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^^_^^^^fc^™^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^_^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ V ^^. ^^f •
A.
Assessed Valuation
B.
Construction Cost
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Points
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
011557
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387
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ...SUperior 7-8900
February 20, 1967
The Honorable Edmund S. Muskie
The United States Senate
Washington. D. C
Dear Sir:
Recently I read an article stating it was your
belief that the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra
tion has underestimated the pollution control needs of the
Nation. We couldn't agree with you more. We thought that
with the passage of the Clean Waters Act of 1966, Congress
was seriously concerned with combating pollution, and had
established effective legislation and funding to deal with it
Yet, a few months later, the FWPCA announced that funds for
construction grants are not needed. This is not the case in
metropolitan Chicago.
Due to lack of funds in the Federal Construction
Grant Program, we have been able to make only slight progress
on our backlog of needed sewage treatment facilities. In
fact, we are hard pressed to keep pace with the growth in our
area.
From our experience during the past two years,
we can convincingly show how the lack of funds in the
-------
388
J. E. Egan
Construction Grant Program seriously effected us. Briefly, our
two year background of applications for sewage treatment work
Construction Grants can be summarized as follows:
YEAR NO. OF TOTAL TOTAL FEDERAL GRANT AWARDS
GRANT APPLI- VALUE OF GRANT TO DATE
CATIONS SUB- PROJECTS REQUESTED
MITTED
1965 12 $22.896.000 $ 6,850,000 $1,145,000
1966 15 33,721,500 10,107,400
TOTAL 27 $56,617,500 $16,957,400 $1,145,000
Needless to say, if these worthy projects would
have been funded by the Federal Government's Construction
Grant Program, our pollution abatement schedule would have
been that much further along.
These applications represented bona fide projects,
approved by our State agency. In fact, one of the applica
tions not funded was for a full-scale truly tertiary treat
t plant addition at one of our outlying plants — th
first of its size and kind in the United States. Neverthe
less, our State agency tells us it could not fund our projects
because there are insufficient Federal grant appropriations
to Illinois.
In the light of our experience, we must take
-------
389
J. E. Egan
exception to the FWPCA's position that Construction Grant
Ponds are not needed.
Through our Capital Improvement Program, we are
making every effort to combat pollution. However, we know
we need Federal support to do the job. To this end, we
ask your assistance in restoring the full $450 million
authorized for Construction Grants by the Congress in the
Clean Waters Act of 1966.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
cc: Congressmen Blatnik, Dirksen, Kluczynski, Percy
Messrs. DiLuzio, Klassen, Leland, Maher, Poston,
Quigley, Schneider, Yoder
SD Board of Trustees
Department Heads
Messrs. Braxton, DiVita, Seaman
*• * •*
STATUS REPORT
OF
INDUSTRIES DISCHARGING TO MSD WATERWAYS
IN THE CALUMET REGION
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392
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... Superior 7-8900
August 29, 1967
Honorable Carl L. Klein, Chairman
and Members of the
Water Pollution and Water Resources
Commission
State of Illinois
Gentlemen:
Attached are:
1. "INFORMATION AND DATA PERTAINING TO INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESTIC WASTES", Dated June 21, 1967, Pages 1 Through 58
In addition to listing the domestic discharges,
this report, on pages 25 through 40, lists the ninety-nine
industrial discharges that are direct to the 3 rivers, the
channels, and Lake Michigan. This is the complete inventory
of the industrial discharges, and it will be noted that many
of the discharges are simply cooling water. On page 25, the
total daily discharge of 3,186,366,000 gallons is shown by
the quantities to the various waterways. It should be
emphasized that the inventory list does not purport to indi
cate the degree of pollution, or the seriousness of any
problems through the quantity of discharge through the indi
vidual industries.
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393
J. E. Egan
Municipal discharges are summarized on page
It will be noted that the principal discharges come from the
Sanitary District's three large plants and eight small
plants. The discharges from the 51 privately owned and
operated sewage treatment works within the District are in
ventoried on pages 11 through 21.
2. LIST OF TEN MOST CRITICAL DISCHARGES TO SEWERS AND
STREAMS (pages 59-^3)
On pages 60 to 6l is the list of what the District
considers the ten most critical dischargers to our sewers on
a pound-loading basis. The load to the sewers is important.
as it can cause a degradation in the quality of the effluent
if it becomes too large.
Pages 62 and 63 list the ten most critical dis
chargers to the waterways* again on the basis of pound-loading
3- SUMMARY LISTS OF SHOW CAUSE HEARINGS FROM 1965 TO PRES
(Pages 64 to 70)
Pages 65 through 68 list the twenty-eight dischargers
which have been cited into Show Cause hearings because they
are in violation of the 1962 Industrial Waste Ordinance, as to
what can be put into the District's sewerage system. It
will be noted that thirteen of the companies have already
-------
394
J. E. Egan
installed facilities that have been approved by the Sanitary
District, and that 3 of the companies have installed facilities
which are presently being evaluated by the Sanitary District
On pages 69 and 70 are listed the thirteen dis
chargers which were cited into Show Cause hearings because
the effluents were in violation of the 1946 ord
because substantial progress toward correction was not being
made at the time. Five have already eliminated the pollu
tion,in most cases by connecting to the sewerage system.
4. LISTS OP INDUSTRIES IN COMPLIANCE WITH SEWER AND
STREAM ORDINANCES (Pages 71 Through 78 Inclusive)
Investigations and chemical surveys have been
made of innumerable industries that discharge either to the
sewer or to the streams. Pages 72 through 76 show that
there are 104 industries in compliance with the sewer ordinance
of 1962, and pages 77 and 78 show that there are 35 industries
in compliance with the Stream Pollution Control Ordinance of
1946. At this point it should be emphasized that although
there are many industries that are in violation of the
Pollution Control ordinances, that most of them are on very
active programs and tight schedules to comply. The monthly
progress reports of the Industrial Waste Section give great
detail of this activity, and such reports can be made available
-------
395
J. E. Egan
to the Committee, if it desires.
5. LIST OF INDUSTRIES DISCHARGING COOLING WATERS TO
WATERWAYS (Pages 79 to 83)
These pages list the 33 dischargers of record, who
discharge cooling water to the waterways within the boundaries
of the Sanitary District. Generally, in our area as yet.
cooling water has not been classed as a pollutant. But the
new Water Quality Standards for the waterways imposes a
tanperature limitation which is getting close to being ex
ceeded during certain seasons of the year. Undoubtedly, the
waterways cannot receive much more cooling water without
exceeding the limit, and certainly, any single large dis
charger would cause the limits to be exceeded in certain
areas at the present time.
6. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA - RULES AND REGULATIONS - SWB-15
ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER BOARD (Pages 84 to 100)
In essence, for all municipal-type discharges.
this regulation requires chlorination^ tertiary treatment,
and either sewer separation or its equivalent, all within
ten years. It requires that industrial effluent be of a
quality equal to that of municipal effluents. The Sanitary
District Board has not set criteria equal to or higher than
-------
396
J. E. Egan
those of SWB-15.
7. COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE FOR INDUSTRIES
(Pages 101 Through 107)
This compliance schedule simply sets forth a time
table for industry to follow in its in-plant housekeeping,
debris removal, spill control, sewer separation, neutraliza
tion of acid and alkaline wastes, monitoring, degree of treat
ment, removal of floating and settleable materials, control
of toxic materials, and other treatment necessary in order
for the industries to comply and dovetail with the SWB-15,
and the ten-year program adopted by the Sanitary District,
8. RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE SANITARY
DISTRICT REGARDING ENFORCEMENT (Page 108)
This Resolution of the Board of Trustees, adopted
on June 28, 1967. simply states that the Sanitary District
assumes the responsibility for the enforcement of water
quality criteria pertaining to both domestic and industrial
wastes, as such criteria were adopted by the State Sanitary
Water Board in SWB-15-
Very truly yours,
/s/ Vinton W. Bacon
enc
1: 8
General Superintendent
* * *
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397
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OP GREATER CHICAGO
INFORMATION AND DATA
PERTAINING TO INDUSTRIAL
AND
DOMESTIC WASTES
Joseph L. Minkin, P. E.
Research and Control Department
Waterways Research Section
Chicago, Illinois
June 21. 1967
# # # *
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Description of the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
MSD Waste Discharge Inventory
Appendix 1 - Summary of Municipal Discharges
Appendices 2 and 2a - Municipal Treatment Plant
Discharges
Pa
Figure I - MSD Chart showing River and Canal System 1
2
7
-------
398
J. E. Egan
Pa
Appendix 3 - Summary of Discharges of Privately
Owned Treatment Plants
19
Appendices 4 and 4a - Pumping Stations
20-21
Figure II - Chart location of Pumping Stations 22
Appendix 5 - Summary of Industrial Discharges 23
Appendix 6a - North Shore Channel Industrial Discharges 24
Appendices b^ c, d - Chicago River and Tributaries
Industrial Discharges
Appendix 6g, h - Calumet River and Tributaries
Industrial Discharges
Appendices 6i. j, k, 1 - Sanitary and Ship Canal
Industrial Discharges
Appendices 6m. o - Des Plaines River and Tributaries
Industrial Discharges
Appendices 7 to 7L - Summary of Chemical and Bac
teriological Data showing Parameters measures at
Sampling Stations
Appendices 8 to oc - Sampling station locations and
designations
Figure III - Chart of Water Quality Sampling Stat ions
Location of Automatic Monitoring Stations
Figure IV - Charts of Electronic Water Quality
Monitoring Stations
25-27
Appendix be - Lake Michigan Industrial Discharges 28
Appendix 6f - Cal-Sag Channel Industrial Discharges 29
30-31
32-35
36-38
39-50
51-53
55
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J. E. Egan
DESCRIPTION OP THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT
OF GREATER CHICAGO
Area Served
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago (MSD) legal status and area served: The MSB was
organized under the laws of the State of Illinois in 1889
It provided for sanitation control of the Des Plaines
River and Illinois River in the Cook County area. The
original act has been amended and now the District is within
Cook County. The area covered is 858 square miles. The
District up to the present has responsibilities concerned with
flood control, navigation, sewage and liquid waste collection,
treatment and disposal.
The major activities of the MSD are directed to
prevent pollution of Lake Michigan, the Illinois River and
waterways within the District. The population served is
approximately six million. There are approximately 75 miles
of navigable canals and waterways in the system.
The MSD serves over one hundred cities and villages
within the county and numerous local sanitary districts.
Although the connected population is only approximately
million, the population equivalent of treated waste is over
nine million.
-------
401
J. E. Egan
The MSD river and waterway system is primarily a
man-made and man-controlled artificial canal system. The
main stem has its headwaters from Lake Michigan. Three
tributaries from the lake join to form the Sanitary and
Ship Canal. This drains the major populated area down to
Lockport. which is the control terminus of the system.
The Des Plaines River traverses the western half
of the area. It has its headwaters in an agricultural area
within the state of Wisconsin and is a natural flowing stream
Sub-Basins and their uses
Lake Michigan Shore line: This is the eastern
edge of the land area of Cook County from the Cook County
Indiana boundary on the south to the Cook County - Lake County
boundary on the north. The shore line miles are approximately
forty miles, of which nearly thirty are in sand beaches for
swimming and other whole body recreational use.
North Shore Channel: This is a control channel
from Wilmette Harbor inlet to the junction with the North
Branch of the Chicago River. It is eight miles long and is
used primarily for the directed diversion from the lake into
the waterways and to carry the effluent from the North Side
Sewage Treatment Plant. There is some limited recreation in
the channel, and it has a potential for greater recreational
-------
402
J. E. Egan
uses* It traverses a heavily populated area.
Chica
River and Tributaries: Chicago River
tributary has its headwaters in Lake County. This natural
stream joins the North Shore Channel after passing through
a heavily populated area. It is used to carry wastes from
the communities and has some limited recreational use. Prom
the junction with the North Shore Channel it flows down
stream for eight miles and then joins the Chicago River.
The North Branch of the Chicago River and the Chicago River
formerly flowed into Lake Michigan. The locks, elevations, and
controlling works at Lockport are controlled so that flow is
now always away from Lake Michigan. Flow in the Chicago
River and South Branch of the Chicago River have been reversed
to flow away from the lake.
The main line tributary from Lake Michigan is the
Chicago River which enters the system from the lake at Chicago
lock control works. The flow from the lake is only two miles
where the Chicago River joins the North Branch and South
Branches. These tributaries join and flow downstream south
ward under the control of Lockport Controlling Works. The
South Branch of the Chicago River is two miles long and is
from the junction of the Chicago River and North Branch.
The
constructed Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal begins at the
southern end of the South Branch. This portion of the system
-------
403
J. E. Egan
is used primarily for waste assimilation* shipping, industri
al use. and some limited boating.
The Chica
Sanit
and
Canal: This canal
was constructed to carry the reversed flow from the South
Branch Chicago River from its upstream point at Western
Avenue over the topographic divide to Lockport. The canal
is approximately 40 miles long. It carries the metropolitan
discharges, diversion water, and natural surface runoff to
the Lockport Power House, Lock and Controlling Works.
The
present controlling works are a two mile extension, con
structed in 1908. from the original Sanitary and Ship Canal
This waterway is used for waste assimilation, shipping and
industrial cooling and process water.
Calumet River
stem:
The Calumet River system
consists of the Calumet River. Little Calumet River and the
tructed Cal-Sag Channel. Th
yst
carries wat
f
Lake Michigan approximately 30 miles to the junction with the
Sanitary and Ship Canal. The internal reaches of this system
are:
The Calumet River from the Calumet Harbor to
its junction with the Grand Calumet River, a
distance of eight miles. These joined rivers become
the Little Calumet River, which flows to the junction
with the Cal-Sag Channel, a distance of six miles.
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404
J. E. Egan
From the junction, the Gal-Sag Channel con
tinues to its junction with the Chicago Sanitary
and Ship Canal, a distance of sixteen miles. The
Little Calumet River is a tributary to this system
at the junction with the Gal-Sag Channel. The
Calumet River System is used primarily for waste
assimilation, heavy industrial shipping, processing,
and cooling water use.
The O'Brien Lock and Dam, located between the
tributary to Lake Calumet and the junction with the
Grand Calumet River, is the controlling works for
the Calumet River System.
* # *
METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OP GREATER CHICAGO
WASTE DISCHARGE INVENTORY
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago (MSD) system of waste collection, treatment, disposal
and flood control serves approximately 6,000,000 people. The
three large MSD plants serve 5.5 million. Eight small plants
serve approximately one-half million. The effluent from these
secondary treatment MSD plants is discharged into rivers and
waterways, and constitutes nearly 60 percent of the normal
flow in the system.
-------
405
J. E. Egan
The total daily discharges are approximately
132.000 pounds of BOD per day; or 795,000 P.E.* In addi
tion to the above loads there are ninety-five industries
discharging industrial wastes. Their discharges are over
billion gallons per day of mixed cooling water, oil, acid,
chemical solids, and BOD. The MSD also supervises the
peration of sixty privately owned sewage treatment plant
These discharge 1,100 pounds of BOD per day or 6,600 P.E.
^^^^^^^^^^^^
The ninety-five industrial plants include a combination of
primary, secondary, and special treatment plants. The sixty
private plants range from septic tanks to third stage treat
^^^^^^^^^
ment plants. Locations and load discharges are on the
attached maps
Population Equivalent
-------
406
Appendix No. 1
METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT PLANTS
SUMMARY OF DISCHARGES
MUNICIPAL
Source
^— — • ^—^— i • —^^^m^-^ — — ^^^—^^^— ^^^^—^^^^ — - — • ^—^—^^^^^«-
P.E. Discharge
5 Dav B.O.D.
LARGE PLANTS
North Side
West-Southwest
Calumet
Total
110,000
540.000
130.000
780.000
SMALL PLANTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Harrington Woods
Bartlett
East Chicago Heights
Hanover
Hazelcrest
Lemont
Orland Park
Streamwood
Total
60
350
1.900
850
1. 100
8.300
900
1. 100
^^_^^.^^.^^^^^^_^^j^^^^^^^^^_
14.560
TOTAL LARGE PLANTS
TOTAL SMALL PLANTS
780.000
14. 560
GRAND TOTAL P.E. DISCHARGE
794.560
6
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Appendix No. 3
40Q
Summar
f Di
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Prtvatelv Owned Treatment Plants
Sub Basin Source
P, E.* Discharge
5-Dav BOD
North Shore Channel
None
North Branch Chicago River
310
Chicago River
None
Lake Michigan
None
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422
LAKE
WILKETTE
MICHIGAN
Chicago ftivsr
-So.GrChgo fliirer
CHICAGO
COOK
%
EASt
Channel
JOLIET
CO.
COOK
PUMPING
STATIONS
ILL
MMONO
WHITING
-------
Appendix No* 5
423
SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES
SUB-BASIN SOURCE
GALLONS OP1 WASTE
REMARKS
NORTH SHORE CHANNEL
500
Oil, Solid
NORTH BRANCH CHICAGO RIVER
844,619,600
Cv
Oil
i ing Waxer.
LAKE MICHIGAN
440,043,000
Oil Acid Solids
B.O. D. (220 P.E
CAL-SAG
40,073,000
Oil, Chemical,
Acid, Iron
CALUMET RIVER & TRIBUTARIES
395.643,100
Cooling Water,
Oil, Chemical,
Acid, Solids
SHIP
SANITARY CANAL
1,464,876,300
Oil, Solids, Acic
Cooling Water,
B.O. D. , C.O.D.
Trade Metals
DES PLAINES RIVER fc TRIBUTARIES
1,110,500
Cooling Water,
Oil, Chemicals
TOTAL
3,186,366,000
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454
METTE
LAKE
MICHIGAN
^^H
River
6r Chgo River
CHICAGO
COOK
Chicago
WHITING
Chonne*.
K.W.
OOLIET
quency of Sampling - Bi-weekly
COOK
CO.
ILL
Water Quality
imvlOND
EAS
Figure
-------
455
J. E. Egan
Automatic Monitoring Stations - Locations
1. Wilmette Pumping Station
2. North Side Sewage Treatment Plant
3. Ohio - Ontario Expressway Bridge
. Outer Drive Bridge
5. West - Southwest Sewage Treatment Plant
6. Willow Springs
7. Calumet-Sag Channel near Archer Avenue
8. Lockport
q. South District Filtration Plant
10. Calumet Sewage Treatment Plant
11. Thomas J, O'Brien Locks
At the present time there is one automatic monitor
ing station at Lockport. It is planned to increase this to
two in the next year and then to nine additional stations in
the following two to five year period. At these stations,,
eight water quality parameters will be measured. These are
dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity,
chlorides, chlorine residual, and oxidation reduction poten
tial. More parameters may be added later. The automatically
monitored data will be telemetered constantly to central
recording stations.
-------
456
TIE
Chicago
BtChgo
CHICAGO
COOK
AR
HAMMOND
Co/t
Cat
Ch
Co/
Col
LockPCffT
Co/
JOLIET
V COOK
ELECT
CO.
WATER
QUA
MON
\WILL
STAT
WHITING
EAST C
I
-56
Figure IV
-------
457
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OP GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... superior 7-8900
August 29, 1967
Mr. Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
OFFICE
Dear Mr, Bacon:
Please find attached the lists of the Ten Most
Critical Stream Dischargers and the Ten Most Critical Sewer
Dischargers. These dischargers were determined to be most
critical on a pound-loading basis.
Yours very truly,
/s/ Jerome E. Stein, Ph.D.,
Director of Research and
Development
JEStbcs
-------
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
DEPARTMENT OF RESEARCH AND CONTROL
458
IWC
DIVISION
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
DATE: August 24, 1967
TO:
Jerome E. Stein, Director of Research and Development
FROM: John V. Vivoda, Coordinator - Industrial Waste Control
SUBJECT: Ten Most Critical Sewer Dischargers
Name of Com
Receiving
Treatment Plant
Flow GPD
Type of
Violation
Armour Industrial Chern
8401 W. 47th Street
Me Cook, Illinois
Southwest
970,000
Hexane
Soluble
United Chemical
Calumet City, Illinois
Calumet
450, 000
Hexane Soluble
Settleable
Solids
International Harvester
10400 W. North
Melrose Park, Illinois
Southwest
750,000
Hexane
Soluble
Taylor Forge
4735 W. 14th Street
Cicero, Illinois
Southwest
100, 000
Hexane Soluble
Settleable
Solids
Alkalinity
Standard Screw
2701 Washington Blvd
Bellwood, Illinois
Southwest
250, 000
Hexane
Soluble
Borg Warner
25th Avenue at Madison
Bellwood. Illinois
Southwest
250,000
Hexane
Soluble
-------
J, E. Stein
Page 2
459
Name of Com
Receiving
Treatment Plant
Flow GPD
Type of
Violation
Bliss & Laughlin
281 E. 155th Street
Harvey, Illinois
Calumet
35,000
Alkalinity
Trumbull Asphalt
Summit, Illinois
Southwest
20,000
Hexane
Soluble
Enterprise Wire
2842 W. Vermont
Blue Island, Illinois
Calumet
200,000
Hexane Soluble
Settleable
Solids
Motor Oils Refining
7601 W. 47th Street
McCook, Illinois
Southwest
150,000
Hexane
Soluble
Y5
ohn V. Vivoda, Coordinator
i Industrial Waste Control
JVV/bcs
-------
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
DEPARTMENT OF RESEARCH AND CONTROL
46o
I.W.C.
DIVISION
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
DATE:
August 24, 1967
TO:
Jerome E, Stein, Director of Research and Development
FROM:
John V. Vivoda, Coordinator
Industrial Waste Control
SUBJECT:
Ten Most Critical Stream Dischargers
Name of Company
Receiving
Stream
Flow-GPD
Type of
Discharge
United States Steel
3426 East 89th St.
Chicago, Illinois
Cal. River
and
Cal. Harbor
440,000,000
Oil, Acids
Solids,
Phenols,
Cyanide
Republic Steel
117th & Burley
Chicago, Illinois
Cal. River
85,000,000
Oil, Acids
Solids
Phenols
Cyanide
Wisconsin Steel
106th & Torrence
Chicago, Illinois
Cal. River
70,000,000
Oils, Acids
Solids
Phenols
Cyanide
Interlake Steel
104th & Burley
Chicago, Illinois
Cal. River
33,000,000
Oil, Acids
Solids
Phenols
Cyanide
Interlake Steel
135th & Perry
Riverdale, Illinois
Cal. River
48,000,000
Oil, Acids
Solids
Phenols
Cyanide
-------
J.E, Stein
Page 2
Name of Company
Ford Motor Company
12600 Torrence
Chicago, Illinois
Receiving
Stream
Cal. River
Flow-GPD
500.000
Type of
Discharge
Oil, Alkalinity
Solids
Catalin Corporation
142nd & Paxton
Calumet City. 111.
Cal. River
1,700,000
Chemical
(organic)
Fisher Body
79th & Willow Springs
Willow Springs. 111.
Des Plaines
River
550,000
Acid, Oil
Organic
Clark Oil Company
131st & Kedzie
Blue Island. 111.
Cal-Sag
Channel
40,000,000
Oil
Chemical (organic)
Commonwealth Edison
Fisk Station
1111 Cermak
Chicago, Illinois
JW/bgw
Chicago
River
709,000,000
Solids
Alkalinity
'John V. Vivoda, Coordinator
Industrial Waste Control
-------
462
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... Superior 7-8900
August 29, 1967
Mr. Vinton W, Bacon
General Superintendent
OFFICE
Dear Mr. Bacon:
Please find attached summary lists of show cause
hearings, from 1965 to the present, for sewer violations
and stream violations respectively.
Yours very truly
/s/ Jerome E. Stein
Director of Research and
Development
JES/pd
Attachments
-------
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J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St.. Chicago, Illinois, 6o6ll ... superior 7-8900
August 29, 1967
Mr, Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
OFFICE
Dear Mr. Bacon:
Please find attached lists of the industries
that investigations and chemical surveys have shown are in
compliance with the Metropolitan Sanitary District Industrial
Waste Sewer and Stream Ordinances from January 1, 1966 to
the present.
Yours very truly,
/s/ Jerome E. Stein
Director of Research and
Development
JESrbcs
* * * *
INDUSTRIES IN COMPLIANCE
With the
METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT SEWER ORDINANCE
Ace Anodizing and Impregnating Company
Acme Gravure Services. Inc
Advance Transformer
-------
J. E. Egan
Advertising Metal
Alcoa Castings
All-Brite Anodizing
Allraetals Weatherstrip
Alsip Barrel and Drum Company, Inc.
Amco Engineering Company
Anchor Metal Finishing Company
Apeco-Clayton Chemicals
Arlington Plating Company
Atols Tool and Moulding Company
Automated Plating
Baker Chemical Company
Bartlett Mfg. Company
Bell & Howell Company
Borg and Beck Corporation
Boyle-Midway Division
Brightly Galvanizing Company
Brown Packing Company
Burlington Railroad Truck Terminal
Burnham Steel and Wire
Cadillac Printing Company
Capitol Packing Company
Ceco Steel Corporation
Castle Metal Finishing
470
-------
J. E. Egan
Chicago Extruded Metals
Chicago Vitrons Corporation
Cities Service Company
Clayton Mark and Company
Clorox Company
Color Warp Division of Cellu-Craft
Continental Tube Company
Courtesy Mfg.
C ronome
D & L Transport Company
Day-Nite Service
DeMuth Steel Products
Desgin Screen Printers
Diamond Blast Company
Dole Vale Company
Duer Tube Company
Enthone, Incorporator
Eskay Screw Products, Company
Farac Oil and Chemical Company
Fleet Tool Corporation
Plexonics Corporation
F and K Milk Service
Frito-Lay. Incorporated
G & W Electric Specialty
471
-------
472
J. E. Egan
Globe Glass Mfg. Company
Hoag Laboratories
E. F. Haughton Company
Harns Hub Company
Harrison Sheet Steel Company
Fred S. Hickey Corporation
Honeywell Company
Haydock Engineering Company
Home Juice
International Refining and Manufacturing Company
Jordan Company
Jupiter Press
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Co.
K & W Battery
Kalums and Associates
Kelite Corporation
Koppers Company, Inc.
Kropp Forge Company
Lincoln Manufacturing Company
Lion Mfg.
Little Fuse. Inc.
London Chemical Company
Luminall Paint. Inc.
Magie Brothers Oil Company
-------
J. E. Egan
Melco Brass Forging Company
Methode Electronics. Inc.
Midwest Brass Forging Company
Monarch Metals Company
Morton Chemicals Company
Nibot Corporation
Polyemer Company
Precision Wire Company
Premier Paint and Varnish
PreFinish Metal Company
Prenco Company of Chicago
R. C. Can & Tube
Roth Rubber Company
Royal Electric
Schiller Park Steel Treating Company
Simmons Engineering Company
Spotnails, Inc.
Snow Manufacturing Company
Stein Hall Company
Teletype Corporation
Tiletone Company
Tomco Products Company
Tri-State Industries Lubricants
Twinplex Manufacturing
473
-------
474
J. E. Egan
Universal Screw Company
Walker Metal Company
Weber Valentine Company
Wilson Athletic Goods
Wilson Plating Company
* * *
INDUSTRIES IN COMPLIANCE
WITH THE
SANITARY DISTRICT STREAM ORDINANCE
American Sugar Company
Amphenol - Borg Company
Automatic Electric Company
Blaski Metal Products Company
Charles Bruning Company
Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad
Chicago Transit Authority (Forest Glen & North Park Terminals)
Chicago Union Station
Clark Oil and Refining Corporation (Chemical Plant)
Connelly. Incorporated
Demert & Dougherty^ Inc.
Fitzsimmons Connell
General Mills. Incorporated
Great Lakes Carbon Company
Illinois Tube Company
-------
J. E. Egan
J. W. Johnson Company
Joe's Fisheries. Incorporated
K. A. Steel Chemicals. Inc.
Lion Manufacturing Company
Medill Incinerator
Montgomery Ward Company
Peanut Specialty Company
Piolet Bros.
Procter and Gamble
Pure Carbonic
R. G. Smith Equipment Company
Rockwell Manufacturing Company
Spraying Systems, Incorporated
Stauffer Chemical Company
Superior Paint and Varnish Company
The Cuneo Press* Inc.
The Frederick Post Company
Village of Schiller Park
West Leyden High School
Witco Chemical Company
* * *
475
-------
476
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OP GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... superior 7-8900
August 29. 1967
Mr, Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
OFFICE
Dear Mr. Bacon:
Please find attached a list of the industries
discharging cooling water to waterways within the boundaries
of the Metropolitan Sanitary District.
Yours very truly,
/s/ Jerome E* Stein
Director of Research and
Development
JES/bgw
-------
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J. E. Egan
ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER BOARD
Rules and Regulations SWB-15
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
Interstate Waters.
Chicago River and Calumet River Systems
# #
AUTHORITY
Pursuant to the authority contained in Sections 1
and 6 (b) and (c) of "An Act to establish a Sanitary Water
Board and to control, prevent, and abate pollution of the
streams, lakes, ponds, and other surface and underground waters
in the State11 approved and in force July 12, 1951, (Ch. 19,
145.1 &.6, 111. Rev. Stat. 1965)3 as amended by HB 117
75th GA, 1967, the Sanitary Water Board adopts the following
Rules and Regulations:
STATEMENT OF POLICY
In the above Act it has been declared to be the
public policy of this State to maintain reasonable standards
f purity of the waters of the State consistent with th
use for domestic and industrial water supplies, for the
propagation of wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for
domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational and other
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J. E. Egan
legitimate uses, including their use in the final distribution
of the water-borne wastes of our economy. It has also been
declared to be the public policy of this State to provide
that no waste be discharged into any waters of the State with
out first being given the degree of treatment necessary to
prevent the pollution of such waters.
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
ARTICLE I
Rule 1.01. Introduction
These criteria of water quality prescribe the
qualities or properties of the waters of the State which are
necessary for the designated public use or benefit, and which.
if the limiting conditions given are exceeded, shall be con
sidered indicative of a polluted condition subject to abate
ment.
These water quality standards shall be applicable
to the following interstate waters:
1. The Calumet River System, Calumet Harbor Basin
Calumet River — Little Calumet River — Calumet Sag
Channel.
2. The Chicago River System. North Shore Channel
North Branch Chicago River — Chicago River
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483
J. E. Egan
South Branch Chicago River -- Chicago Sanitary
and Ship Canal to the confluence with the Des
Plaines River near Lockport, Illinois.
"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Waste Water". Twelfth Edition, 1965, American Public
1th Association. Inc.. should be employed where applicabl
but it is recognized that other approved methods may be re
required in applying some of the criteria. The Illinois
Sanitary Water Board shall designate the alternate procedure
in "Standard Methods", and approve any departure from these
procedures, with the concurrence of the Federal Water Pollu
tion Control Administration.
Rule 1.02 Stream Sectors and Uses
1. The Chicago River, from Lake Michigan to the
confluence of the North Branch and the South
Branch located west of the Franklin Street Bridge
and north of the Lake Street Bridge, is the first
segment of the Illinois Waterways System. It is now
used and will continue to be used for commercial
deep water vessel and barge shipping, for recrea
tional use. for commercial passenger and sight
seeing boat service including marinas, and for the
withdrawal of industrial cooling and process waters
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484
J. E. Egan
These waters shall be improved to provide in-
creased recreational use and to support fish and
aquatic life. The water quality criteria included
in Rule 1.03 shall apply.
2. The North Shore Channel, from Lake Michigan to the
confluence with North Branch Chicago River (approxi
mately 5100 North), and the North Branch Chicago
River from the North Shore Channel to Addison
Street (3600 North), are used for recreation and are
receiving effluents from municipal waste treatment
facilities. These waters shall be improved to pro
vide increased recreational use and to support fish
and aquatic life. The water quality criteria in
eluded in Rule 1.03 shall apply.
3. The Calumet Harbor Basin shoreward from the Break
water and Indiana State Line, within the State of
Illinois. It is now used and will continue to be
used for public water supply, commercial shipping,
withdrawal of industrial cooling and process water.
recreation, fish and aquatic life. The water
quality criteria included in Rule 1.05 shall apply
4. The Calumet River, from Lake Michigan to the
junction with the Grand Calumet River, and the
Little Calumet River.
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485
J. E. Egan
5. The Little Calumet River from the junction of
the Grand Calumet River to the Calumet-Sag Channel,
about 1200 W.
6. The Calumet-Sag Channel to its confluence with the
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal west of Illinois
Highway 83.
7. The North Branch Chicago River from Addison Street
(3600 N.) "to the junction with the Chicago River
at a point west of Franklin Street Bridge.
8. The South Branch Chicago River, from the Chicago
River, west of Franklin Street Bridge, to the Chicago
Sanitary and Ship Canal at Damen Avenue (2000 W.).
q. The South Fork of the South Branch Chicago River
from Pershing Road (39th St.) to the South Branch
Chicago River.
10. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal from Damen
^^^^^^^^^^
Avenue (2000 Ą.) to the Des Plaines River downstream
from the Lock and Dam at Lockport.
Waters from Stream Sectors through 10 are now
used and will continue to be used for commercial
vessel and barge shipping,, for recreational boating
transit, for withdrawal and return of industrial
cooling and process water, and to receive effluents
^^^^^^^^^^^^
from industrial and domestic waste treatment
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J. E. Egan
facilities. These waters shall be improved to
provide increased recreational use and to sustain
fish and aquatic life.
The water quality criteria included in Rule 1.04
shall apply to waters of Sectors 4 through 10.
Rule 1.03. Stream Criteria
1. General Criteria
These General Criteria, in addition to specific
criteria, shall apply to all waters at all places
and at all times.
a. Free from substances attributable to municipal.
industrial or other discharges that will settle
to form putrescent or otherwise objectionable
sludge deposits; or substances (coal fines,
quarry fines, fly ash, limesludge, etc.) which
will form bottom deposits that may be detrimental
to bottom biota.
b. Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other
floating materials attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges in amounts suf
ficient to be unsightly or deleterious.
Oils, grease and floating solids shall
be reduced to a level such that they will not
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487
J. E. Egan
create fire hazards, coat hulls of watercraft,
injure fish or wildlife or their habitat, and
will not adversely affect public or private
recreational development or other legitimate
shoreline developments or uses.
c. Free from materials attributable to municipal.
industrial or other discharges producing color.
odor or other conditions in such degree as to
create a nuisance.
d.
Free from substances attributable to municipal.
industrial or other discharges in concentrations
or combinations which are toxic or harmful to
human, animal, or aquatic life
Specific Criteria
These criteria are for evaluation of conditions at
any point in the stream other than areas in proximity
of outfalls. In such areas cognizance will be given
to opportunities for the admixture of waste effluents
with stream water.
a. Dissolved
en:
For maintenance of well-balanced fish Inabitats
a dissolved oxygen content not less than 5*0
milligrams per liter (mg/l) during 16 hours of
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J. E. Egan
any 24-hour period, and not less than 3.0 ihg/1
at any t ime.
b. pH
TT • 11
No value less than 6.0 or greater than 9.0 at any
time, and preferably between 6.5 and 8.5. Samples
shall be collected away from the Influence of an
outfall sewer. (More than 100 feet Is suggested.)
c. Temperature:
Not to exceed 90 degrees P. at any time during the
months of May through November, and not to exceed
73 deg. P. at any time during the months of
December to May.
d. Toxic substances:
Not to exceed one-tenth of the 48-hour median
tolerance limit for fish, except that other
limiting concentrations may be used in specific
cases. Concentrations of the chemical constitu
ents listed below are the maximum for any time at
any point in aquatic sectors of the basin, except
for areas in proximity of outfalls:
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J- E. Egan
Constituent
Ammonia Nitrogen (N)
Arsenic
*Barium
*Cadmium
*Chromium-Hexavalent
*Chromium-Trivalen
*Copper
Cyanide
Iron
*Lead
Phenols
*Silver
*Zinc
*Heavy Metals
489
Concentration
mg/1
2-5
1.0
5-0
0.05
0.05
1.00
0.025
1,00
0.1
0.2
0.05
1.00
e. Bacteria: As determined by multiple-tube
fermentation or membrane filter procedures, and
based on a minimum of not less than five samples
taken over not more than a 30-day period, the fecal
coliform content of primary contact recreation
waters shall not exceed a geometric mean of
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J. E- Egan
200/100 ml, nor shall more than 10$ of total
samples during any 30-day period exceed 400/100 ml
(Primary contact recreation is intended to
include activities in which there is prolonged
timate contact with the water involving
considerable risk of ingesting water.)
Rule 1.04. Stream Criteria
1. General Criteria
These General Criteria, in addition to specific
criteria, shall apply to all waters at all places and
at all times.
a. Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges that will settle
to form putrescent or otherwise objectionable
sludge deposits; or substances (coal fines,
quarry fines, fly ash, limesludge, etc.) which
will form bottom deposits that may be detrimental
to bottom biota.
b. Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other
floating materials attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges in amounts suf
ficient to be unsightly or deleterious.
Oils, grease and floating solids shall
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J. E. Egan
be reduced to a level such that they will not
create fire hazards, coat hulls of watercraft,
injure fish or wildlife or their habitat,
and will not adversely affect public or private
recreational development or other legitimate
shoreline developments or uses.
c. Free from materials attributable to municipal.
industrial or other discharges producing color,
odor or other conditions in such degree as to
create a nuisance.
d.
Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges in concentrations
or combinations which are toxic or harmful to
human, animal, or aquatic life.
2.
ecific Criteria
These criteria are applicable to stream water at any
point in the river, except for areas in proximity of
outfalls. In such areas cognizance will be given to
opportunities for the admixture of treated effluents
with stream water;
a. Dissolved Oxygen: Not less than 3-0 mg/1 during
16 hours of any 24-hour period, and not less than
2.0 mg/1 at any t ime.
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492
J. E. Egan
b. pH: Not less than 6.0 nor greater than .9.0 at
any t ime.
c. Temperature: Not to exceed 95 deg. F. at any
time.
d. Bacteria: The fecal coliform content of secondary
contact recreation waters,, as determined by
either multiple-tube fermentation or membrane
filter techniques, shall not exceed a geometric
mean of 1,000/100 ml, nor shall they equal or
exceed 2,000/100 ml in more than 10# of the
samples,
(This criterion is intended to provide
for water uses customarily described as "secondary
n
contact uses", including boating, fishing, and
limited contact with water incident to shoreline
activies; in which contact with the water is
either incidental or accidental and the proba
bility of ingesting appreciable quantities of
water is minimal.)
Rule 1.05. Calumet Harbor Basin Criteria
Control Points - Calumet Harbor Breakwater at State Line
This does not exclude sampling at such other points
in the Harbor area as may be necessary to insure
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493
J. E. Egan
effective monitoring and pollution control
Coliform Bacteria - MPN/100 ml.
Annual Average (Arithmetic)
Not more than 2.000
Single Daily Value or Average
Not more than 5*000*
Fecal Streptococci
Number/100 ml Not more than
100
Turbidit
No turbidity of other than natural origin that will
cause substantial visible contrast with the natural
appearance of water.
True Color
Units
Annual Average
Not more than
Single Daily Value or Average
Not more than
Threshold Odor
and
Units
Annual Average
Not more than
8
Single Daily Value 01 Average
Not more than
20
Odor
No obnoxious odor of other than natural origin.
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J. E. Egan
Temperature
P
Not more than
Oil
Substantially free of visible floating oil.
Floating Solids and Debris
Substantially free of floating solids and debris
from other than natural sources.
Bottom
osits
Substantially free of muck and debris of other than
natural origin
Units
Annual Median
Within range 8.0
8.5
Daily Median
Within range 7-5
9-0
Dissolved
gen
Per Cent Saturation
Annual Average
Not less than
80
Single Daily Value or Average
Not less than
Ammonia Nitro
Annual Average
0.05
Single Daily Value or Average
0.12
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J. E. Egan
Actj
Sub
anc
Meth
Annual Average
Not more than 0.10
Single Daily Value or Average
Not more than 0.30
Chlorides
1980
1990
2000
Annual Average
Not more than
16
18
20
22
Single Daily Value
or Average
Not more than 30 (Through 1970)
Cyania65
Single Value
Less than
0.1
Fluorides
Annual Average
Not more than 1*0
Single Daily Value or Average
Not more than 1.3
Dissolved Iron
Annual Average
Not more than 0.15
Single Daily Value or Average
Not more than 0.30
Phenol-like Substances
Annual Average
Not more than 0.002
Single Daily Value or Average
Not more than 0.005
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J. E. Egan
Sulfates
1Q80
2000
Annual Average
Not more than
35
36
39
45
Single Daily
Value or Average
Not more than
75 (through 1970)
Total Phos
Annual Average
Not more than 0.06
Single Daily Value or Average
Not more than 0,10
Filterable Residue
1980
2000
Annual Average
Not more than
187
190
197
204
211
Single Daily Value
or Average
Not More than
230 (through 1970)
Miscellaneous Trace Contaminants and Radionuclides
Shall not be present in concentrations that will
prevent meeting PHS 1962 Drinking Water Standards
after conventional treatment.
*Except during periods of storm water runoff when
coliform should not exceed 24,000/100 ml.
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J. E. Egan
Rule 1.06. Related Water Quality Criteria
The Illinois Sanitary Water Board has adopted
water quality criteria for Interstate Waters — Lake Michigan
Calumet Area, Des Plaines River, and for Intrastate Waters
as follows:
1. Rules and Regulations SWB-7* Lake Michigan, Wolf
Lake, Grand Calumet River and the Little Calumet
River from the Illinois-Indiana line to the Calumet
Sag Channel. Calumet Harbor Basin Criteria are con
tained in Rule 1.05, above.
2. Rules and Regulations SWB-11, Des Plaines River from
the Wisconsin border to the confluence with the
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal.
3. Rules and Regulations SWB-14, all intrastate waters
exclusive of interstate waters.
Rule 1.07. Implementation and Enforcement Plan
1. The Illinois Sanitary Water Board, under the 1951
Sanitary Water Board Act as amended (Ch. 19, Par. 145.1
.l8. IRS 1965)* has the responsibility to control
and prevent pollution in the waters of this State
exclusive of the area embraced by Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago. Authority to adopt and
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4Q8
J. E. Egan
enforce water quality standards within the Metro
politan Sanitary District is contained in the
recently adopted HB 1177, 75th General Assembly.
2. The minimum weekly flow, which occurs once in 10 years.
will be used in applying the standards. The Board
plans to require compliance with the bacteriological
standards for recreation during the recreational
season of April through October inclusive. It is
recognized that there are uncontrollable sources of
bacterial pollution other than that of sewage treat
ment plant effluents.
3. Drastic or sudden temperature changes will not be
permitted. The Board will insist upon controlled
changes in temperature not to exceed 2 deg. F. per
hour, nor more than a total change in 24 hours of
deg. P.
4. The Board collects samples bimonthly from various
locations on streams in the area, and will increase
the frequency within budgetary and personnel limita
tions. Prompt submission of monthly operational
reports will be required from treatment plants in
order to evaluate effluent quality.
5. The Board will require construction of municipal
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499
J. E. Egan
treatment facilities in accordance with the following
timetable:
a. Effluent chlorination facilities are to be pro
vided at the Lemont Plant, the Calumet Plant, and
the North Side Plant by the end of 1968, and at the
West-Southwest Plant by July 1972. The facilities
are now under construction at Calumet Plant and
planned for the North Side Plant. Interim facili
ties are under construction at the Lemont Plant,
b. Installation of advanced waste treatment at the
North Side Plant* Calumet Plant, and West-Southwest
Plant may be required within the next ten years
Phosphate removal will be required as soon as
practicable methods are developed.
c. The installation of sewers and sewage treatment
facilities necessary to intercept and treat exist
ing raw sewage discharges will be required within
the next five years. Interception and treatment
of storm overflow from combined sewers and from
pump stations will be required within the next ten
years
6. Industries with inadequate waste treatment facilities
will be required to provide adequate treatment for the
removal of contaminants by the end of 1968.
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500
J. E. Egan
(All industries will be required to provide a
degree of treatment or control equivalent to that
required of municipalities on the same reach of the
stream* Except in rare instances this will be the
equivalent of secondary treatment. Exceptions must
be justified to the satisfaction of the Illinois
Sanitary Water Board and the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration.)
7. The Board will follow Typical Project Completion
Schedules listed below:
a. Chlorination Facilities
1) Completion of plans and specifications
12 months before completion date.
2) Award of construction contracts - 6 months
before completion date.
b. Treatment Works - Municipalities Less than 10^000
Population and Industries
1) Completion of plans and specifications
18 months before completion date.
2) Award of construction contracts - 12 months
before completion date.
c. Treatment Works - Municipalities above 103000
Population
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501
J. E. Egan
l) Completion of plans and specifications
30-33 months before completion date.
2) Award of construction contracts - 21-24
months before completion date.
8. If it appears at any time prior to the above dates that
there will not be compliance with the timetables^ the
Board will hold administrative hearings and issue
orders to submit schedule for abatement of pollution
with a minimum time for completion of waste treatment
facilities. When a waste producer fails to comply
with an order, the Board will initiate legal action
through the Attorney General for enforcement of the
order in the appropriate Court.
9. It is the plan of the Board that, where needed, the
control of pollution caused by combined sewer overflows,
the reduction of nutrients contributed by treated
sewage effluents, and the providing of tertiary treat
ment, shall be accomplished within the next ten years
10. Treatment Requirements and Effluent Criteria
In order to establish a basis for treatment works
design, municipal and industry representatives and
consultants frequently inquire regarding the limits
or effluent standards that must be met. The adoption
of stream water quality criteria as required by the
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J. E. Egan
Federal Water Quality Act of 1965 (PL 89-234 amendments
to PL 84-660; 33 U.S.C. 466) emphasizes the need to
relate stream quality to effluent quality and treat
ment requirements. The expressed goals established "by
this Act are to protect and upgrade water quality;
any wastes amenable to treatment or control must re
ceive the best practicable treatment or control prior
to discharge into any interstate water. The same
goals have been> and continue to be. basic under the
Sanitary Water Board Act for all waters of Illinois.
Both the Federal Law and the Illinois Act prohibit
the use of any stream or portion thereof for the sole
or principal purpose of transporting wastes.
a. All municipal or industrial facilities for treat
ment of deoxygenating waste shall provide at least
secondary biological treatment, or advanced waste
treatment, adequate to reduce the organic pollution
load of the treatment works effluent at the final
treatment structure in accordance with effluent
guidelines in paragraph 12, below. A final treat
ment structure is considered the last point of
access before discharge to waters of the State
Effluents shall meet all criteria expressed in
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503
J. E. Egan
Item b below.
b. All facilities for the treatment of sewage
industrial wastes, or other wastes shall provide
for the following:
Substantially complete removal of settleable
solids.
2)
Removal of all floating debris, oil, grease
scum, or sludge solids.
Removal of color, odor, or turbidity to below
obvious levels.
Removal of heavy metals, or of toxic and odor
producing substances in accordance with the
levels of constituents and properties listed
in paragraph c below.
c. Effluents to waters of the State within the Metro
politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago are
not to exceed the following specific characteristics
at any time:
Concentration
Constituent or Pro
Mill!
rams
per liter
Ammonia Nitrogen
2.5
*Arsenic
1.0
*Barium
5.0
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J. E. Egan
*Cadmium
*Copper
Cyanide - Reduced at least to cyanate and approach
zero as CN
Iron (Total) - Free from color, floating or
suspended iron
*Lead
Nickel
Nitrate Nitrogen
Oil - Substantially free from visible floating
oil and not to exceed
f \
pH (units)
6.0 - 10.0
Phenols
*Selenium
*Silver
Temperature and rate of discharge not to elevate
stream, after reasonable admixture above
except as permitted by Rule 1.04.
*Zinc
Dissolved solids: Not to exceed 750 mg/1 as a
monthly average value, nor exceed 1000 mg/1 at any
504
0.05
*Chromium - Hexavalent (Chromate or dichromate) 0.05
hromium - Trivalent (Chromic or chromite) 1,0
0.04
0.025
10.0
0.1
2.0
45.0
15-0
0.2
0.01
0.05
1.0
time. Radium-226 and Strontium-QO shall not exceed
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505
J. E. Egan
and 10 pico-curies/liter respectively in the
stream. In the absence of Strontium-90 and alpha
emitters, the gross beta concentration shall not
exceed 1000 pico-curies/liter.
Heavy Metals.
11. Storage facilities for materials which are hazardous
to health and welfare* and for oils, gases, fuels.
or other materials capable of causing water pollution
if accidentally discharged, shall be located so as
to minimize or prevent any spillage or leakage that
might result in water pollution. Structures and
devices to contain spillage, such as catchment areas,
relief vessels, or entrapment-dikes, should be in
stalled at existing facilities, shall be installed
at all new facilities, and shall be required following
any discharge resulting in pollution.
12. Guidelines Regarding Range of Treatment
a. Tertiary or other advanced treatment or modifica
tions of conventional treatment will be specified
for all intermittent streams and for small or
low-flow streams, and shall include effluent dis
infection at least through the months of May to
October.
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506
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J. E. Egan
c. Within design limitations, operation shall be
of such quality to obtain the best possible
degree of treatment from all treatment works.
Every effort must be made to eliminate all
system bypasses and overflows, otherwise measures
must be taken to provide treatment units such as
lagoons, detention or holding basins, and chlorina
tion. Installation of new combined sewers are
prohibited. Existing combined sewer systems
should be patrolled; overflow regulating devices
shall be adjusted to convey the maximum practicable
amount of combined flow to treatment facilities.
Excess infiltration into the sewer system should
be eliminated to keep dry weather flow within
design limits of conduits and treatment works.
ARTILE II
Rule 2.01.
Effective Date
These rules and regulations establishing water quality
standards shall be in full force on and after June 30,
(Seal)
/s/ Franklin D. Yoder, M.D., M.P.H
Attest:
/s/ Clarence W. Klassen
Technical Secretary
Sanitary Water Board
Chairman* Sanitary Water Board
State of Illinois
Dated June 28, 1967
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Park
LAKE MICHIGAN
Illinois
|Indiana
Calumet
Harbor
tree
LAKE
CAL
UMET
TLE
CALU1
RIVER
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V
I
L
I
I
M
LEGEND
1. Calumet R.
2. Little Calumet R.
3. Cal-Sag Channel
4. N. Shore Channel
5. N. Br. Chi.R.
6. Chicago River
7. S.Br.Chi.R.
8. S. Fk. S.Br.Chi.R
9. Chicago Sanitary
& Ship Canal
A. Grand Cal R.
(From Indian
B. Little Cal.
C. Des Plaines R.
D. Salt Creek
E. Addison Creek
F. N. Br. Chi
G. Skokie R.
H. Middle Fork
N,
I. W. Fk
N
509
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<
Z
o
u
i
o'u
Br, Chi
-------
510
J. E. Egan
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
100 East Erie St., Chicago, Illinois 6o6ll ... Superior 7-8900
August 2Q. 1967
Mr. Vinton W. Bacon
General Superintendent
OFFICE
Dear Mr. Bacon:
Please find attached Compliance Schedule for industries
discharging into the receiving waters within the boundaries
of The Metropolitan Sanitary District.
The Compliance Schedule was designed to dovetail with
the Ten Year Program formulated by The Metropolitan Sanitary
District.
Yours very truly.
/s/ Jerome E. Stein
Director of Research and
JES/pd
Development
* #
COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT FOR INDUSTRIES AND PRIVATE TREAT
MENT PLANTS WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OP THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY
DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
The Illinois Sanitary Water Board has developed water
quality and effluent criteria for receiving waters within the
-------
J. E. Egan
boundaries of the Metropolitan Sanitary District. The water
quality criteria are contained in a document referred to as
SWB-15 and is attached. This document is to be considered
as part of the compliance schedule as described herein. The
Metropolitan Sanitary District (MSD) has assumed the responsi
bility for enhancing the water quality and enforcing compli
ance with the criteria set forth by the Illinois Sanitary
Water Board for waters within the jurisdiction of the
District. In executing the responsibilities of enhancing
water quality, a five and ten year program which involves th
removal of storm water from sanitary sewers, as well as the
development of chlorination and tertiary facilities for all
sanitary treatment plants discharging into the waterways
within the limits of the Metropolitan Sanitary District.
The five year goal is designed to improve water quality so
that the waterways can be used for partial body contact and
support a recreational fishery based on facultative or hardy
species of fish. In ten years the receiving waters shall be
in a condition to be used for whole-body contact sports and
able to support a healthy aquatic community, including the
survival and growth of obligative or pollution intolerant
fish which will be supplied from hatchery stock. If these
goals are to be realized, it is imperative that industries
and private treatment plants coincide their waste abatement
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512
J. E. Egan
programs with that of the State Sanitary Water Board and the
MSB. The purpose of this report is to establish a compli
ance schedule which will assure the attainment of the five
and ten year goals.
COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE
By December 31, 1968
1. At the end of 1968 all dischargers shall have an active
program of in-plant housekeeping. This program shall
be designed to prevent the discharge of leaks and
accidental spills into the waterways.
2. Debris and refuse shall be removed from the banks of
waterways for the purpose of preventing these materials
from being washed into or falling into the waterways.
3. Leaks and washouts from ground spills, stockpiles and
storage facilities shall be prevented from entering the
waterways.
4. Separation of industrial and sanitary waste for ultimate
treatment, from cooling water, roof drains and storm
runoff. Providing they meet effluent standards, cooling
waters, drain water and storm runoff may be discharged
to the receiving stream.
5. The discharge of acid and alkaline effluents shall be
within the limits specified in SWB-15.
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513
J. E. Egan
A prog
t
t
fflue
tity
d quality shall
be instituted. Initially the data are to be taken on a
daily basis and a monthly report shall be submitted to
the Metropolitan Sanitary District. The required efflu
ent constituent to be measured will be determined by the
Metropolitan Sanitary District and shall be governed by
the nature of the discharge.
7. Treatment of sanitary wastes so that the effluent is
equivalent to that of MSD treatment plants on the same
stream.
1. Removal from the effluent of all floating materials, oils,
greases, scum and sludges.
2.
Removal of settleable solids from the effluent so that
no bottom deposits are formed.
The concentration of toxic materials in the effluent
hall b
1
gh so that th
Itimat
trat
within the receiving waters shall be one-tenth of that
concentration which kills fifty percent of the assay
animals over a forty-eight hour period of exposure.
No Later Than 1971
All dischargers having oxygen demanding constituents
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514
J. E. Egan
in their discharge will remove constituents to a level of
secondary treatment or its equivalent. The permissive treat
ment and effluent requirements shall be in accordance with
those set forth in SWB-15 (page 13).
The concentration of constituents in the effluent
shall be in accordance with those concentrations set forth in
SWB-15 (page 12).
From 1Q72 Onward
The quality of the effluents will be continuously
upgraded as required so that the discharge will be equivalent
to the permissive treatment and effluent requirements set
forth in SWB-15 (pages 12 and 13).
-------
SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE
IWC
515
JVV 8-23-67
W
O
-1
u
O
o
Q
O
tx,
Upgrading to meet
the State Sanitary
Board
Water
Criteria
Compliance with State Sanitary
Water Board Criteria
Secondary Treatment or Equivalent
Removal of Settleable Solids, Oil and Floating Materials
In-Plant Housekeeping,
pH Control
and Monitoring of Effluent
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
YEAR
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516
',' . '<
RESOLUTION
REGARDING ENFORCEMENT OF
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
WHEREAS, the Illinois State Sanitary Water Board
h
tod
dopted
t
lity
t
a pi
r th
implementation and enforcement thereof; and
WHEREAS, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago has been a leader in the State. Nation, and
world in protecting water resources, and has the statutory.
financial, and technical competence to continue this clean
waters program, and
WHEREAS, the ten-year program for water pollution
abatement and clean waters as embodied in said action by the
Illinois State Sanitary Water Board follows closely that
which the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
had under consideration.
NOW. THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Board of
Trustees of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago goes on record as assuming responsibility for enforce
ment of water quality criteria as they pertain to both
domestic and industrial wastes.
/s/
John E. E
President John E. Egan
* •* * *
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517
J. E. Egan
MR. EGAN: I will refer specifically, when I
finish, to the status reports of the industries discharging
to the Metropolitan Sanitary District. This will be gone
into in detail "by our General Superintendent, Mr. Bacon
You will note that in only four instances no
timetables have tjen established. In all other cases.
according to the timetables established, there should be
complete compliance by the end of 1968.
Although it is important to mention those who
are polluting our waterways, I think in all honesty, when one
industry is named as a polluter, and subsequently complies
with our standards, this should also be noted. In our report
to you dated March 15* 1967, the following industries were
cited as violators and are now in full compliance:
General Mills, Inc.
Allied Chemical Corporation
Libby McNeal & Libby
Chicago Brick Company
Cargill, Inc.
In comment, I would say that we who are given the
responsibility for the Metropolitan Area of Greater Chicago,
feel that great progress has been made through our efforts
in stemming the tide of pollution of Lake Michigan, for just
as sure as we are sitting here, if it were not for the
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518
J. E r Egan
foresightedness of previous members of the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, as well as the present
ones, Lake Erie would be a "water wonderland11 compared to
Lake Michigan. However, we must redouble our efforts to keep
all pollution out of Lake Michigan, as well as our streams
and waterways. It was the Board of Trustees of the Metro
politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago that first
called attention to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers prac
tice of dumping polluted material into Lake Michigan, and we
applaud their efforts to find other means of disposal.
We endorse Mayor Richard J. Daley's Harbor Pollu
tion Control Ordinance. And in our own operation we have
proposed, we believe, the most far-reaching program of any
Sanitary District in the world.
I want to thank you and pledge to you our continued
cooperation.
Now we will hear from Mr. Bacon.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Egan, which of the four companies
don't have dates set?
MR. EGAN: The four are Ford. Republic Steel,
United States Steel and Wisconsin Steel.
MR. STEIN: Will you or Mr. Bacon indicate why
you didn't set a date for these at all?
MR. BACON: Do you want me to?
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519
J. E. Egan
MR. EGAN: Yes.
MR. BACON: We have been working with all of them
very closely. We recognize in the Sanitary District, in our
opinion, that for the big dischargers this December 31, 1968,
date seemed to be unrealistic and unenforceable where we could
go to court on the enforcement, so we have just been working
along with them getting what we think is a more realistic
schedule.
We have had four or five proposals from them as
to what they are going to do to get all of the wastes out of
the lake, but it is so complicated that it has taken them this
length of time.
We were certainly going to advocate a new date for
the one discharger to the lake under our jurisdiction, namely,
United States Steel, and certainly we recognize the schedule
that has been proposed here as a tight one too, but since we
have had about two and a half years already, which would
allow a year and a half to December 31* 19^8, and then
another year and a half, that would be reasonable to bring
bout complete compliance. I am talking only about United
States Steel.
MR. STEIN: All right. Let's assume that for
the time.
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520
J, Ł. Egan
Now, if we are talking about United States Steel.
the problem is that we have the end of a 1968 date and a
1970 date that Mr, Poole and Indiana have proposed and has
been accepted.
This is a fundamental question you raised. If
we are to consider the delivery of a date, it is Very, very
difficult, and we talked about uniformity in your whole
district, without getting a fairly definite date from you
people, because I think it is pretty hard to figure the
equities of a 1968 date and a 1970 date without having the
third leg of the stool here, a date for all of the plants.
MR. BACON: You mean all of the rest of them?
MR. STEIN: I think our Jurisdiction may be ex
tended. I am not arguing this now Just as to United States
Steel, but obviously this will affect your whole program
You made this point before. You have to be equitable.
In order for us to be equitable to Indiana and
to Illinois, the ones outside of your district, we have to
consider the date that you would propose with the date that
Mr. Poole is proposing, or the dates that the Federal
Government or Mr. Klassen would propose, because I don't
think we can arrive at a meshing of the equities on dat
without having the proposal on United States Steel.
MR. BACON: I am ready to address myself to these
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521
J. E. Egan
other industries, but, for the moment, my remarks are
focused upon the industry directly affected by these criteria
and this timetable.
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BACON: Now, the other one that I am going to
speak of is going to come under the same category. The
dates and standards have been set by the State of Illinois.
I understand they have been accepted by the Federal Govern
ment. They too are going to get not only 1968,, but 1970.
Now, that is the three of them.
MR. STEIN: Well, we may, but I think what we have
to get, Mr. Bacon —
MR. BACON: We are not complaining. We can work
easily with this.
MR. STEIN: Let me try to simplify this, I hope
We have specific dates from Mr. Poole and Mr.
Miller on every one of their industries. We have specific
dates from Mr. Klassen on all of his operations.
I think, if we are talking in terms of the one
industry, in order to arrive at an equitable solution as con
ferees of what is a reasonable date, we should try to be
dealing with a specific date from the industry within the
jurisdiction of the district.
I am not saying whether we can arrive at that,
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522
J. E. Egan
but, without it, we are going to be in a very difficult
position in trying to arrive at an equitable program to
affect all.
MR. BACON: If that terminal date is set, say, as
of June 30, 1970, then the intermediate dates would be fixed
to get there.
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BACON: On this, of course, we have had
proposals all the way up to five and ten years.
MR. STEIN: But are you prepared to discuss that
date at this conference today?
MR. BACON: Yes, we are prepared.
MR. STEIN: Fine. Thank you
MR. BACON: Do you want to discuss that now, or
do you want to talk about the rest of our program?
*X* ^mJ
MR. STEIN: No. I think we should get the rest
of the program out of the way, because obviously this will be
the crucial issue.
STATEMENT OF VINTON W. BACON, GENERAL
SUPERINTENDENT, THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY
DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO, 100 EAST ERIE
STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
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523
V. W. Bacon
MR. BACON: Our approach to this has to be*two
pronged, the one that the President has already mentioned, and
in particular United States Steel; and then, of course,
within the Sanitary District we not only have the discharges
from the three large plants that we own and operate, but
there are some 99 industries, or ten or fifteen in the
Calumet and the rest of them on the other six inland water
ways.
I would like to give you a report that will embody
not only the Sanitary District, but industry, and then I will
give you the schedule that we have for these other industries
I will also report very briefly as to what we are
doing on such matters as chlorination.
The reason that it is so important is because what
ever has been imposed upon our discharge by the State, the
Federal Government and ourselves, must be matched in time
tables and in the quality of effluent by other industries,
except this one that probably comes under the jurisdiction of
the conference here.
I want to use a pointer, so I am going to stand
up, with your permission
This report that President Egan has filed with
you is in four parts, and I think if you could just follow
along with me on these, the first one is the progress on
the Deep Tunnel Project for flood and pollution control.
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524
V. W. Bacon
As I am going to show you later, the ten-year
program imposed upon us through the State water quality
criteria makes it mandatory that we either provide sewer
separation or the equivalent of sewer separation within a
ten-year period for the main outlets.
So, this is the first big problem that we are
confronted with. I am giving these to you in the order
that they were presented to the Commission.
This document called the progress report on the
deep tunnel simply says that within five years, the major
features of the tunnel will be under construction, and with
in ten years we anticipate having the main features or the
biggest ones in operation.
MR. STEIN: You know, we are going to reproduce
this in black and white?
MR. BAGON: That is perfectly all right.
MR. STEIN: We may have to make some adjustment
MR. BACON: These are put up in color, and you
can reproduce them from either this or our originals in black
and white.
May we have Slide 1, please?
MR. STEIN: By the way, Mr. Bacon, if you make
any reference to this, it would be wise for the record, I
-------
525
V. W, Bacon
think, not to refer to a color, because when you see it in
the transcript it is black and white.
MR. BACON: Thank you. I will try to remember
that.
The deep tunnel plan is simply one where we
provide the main underdrain deep down in the rock, and since
the Sanitary District is responsible for the main drainage
and the main outlet channels, the question of building
these conduits or waterways so far falls within the juris
diction and responsibility of the Sanitary District.
At the present time, the Sanitary Ship Canal is
overloaded, and so is the Calumet River and Gal-Sag, the
North Shore Channel and the North Branch of the Chicago
River, and these surface waterway systems, in addition t
being overloaded from a quantity point of view, receive
these combined sewer overflows from 360 points in our system
The plan under consideration is simply to
parallel these major waterways with the tunnel some six to
seven hundred feet below the rock. In other words, a second
river system would be put in immediately below and all of
the overflow structures would be connected directly thereto
We have progressed in the Sanitary District
through a feasibility study, and we are probably about two
thirds through a feasibility study, although some rock and
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526
V. W. Bacon
seismic work which is going to have to be done for this
project to go ahead will have to "be done. But in essence
at the present time ~ and they are far advanced — the
systems would start down here in the Calumet region for the
simple reason that one of the key physical facilities is a
surface reservoir system indicated at this point here (in
dicating), from which the combined sewer waters would be
brought out of the tunnel into the surface reservoir system
for regulation and for treatment.
Since this study started about two or three years
ago, our approach and our goals have changed also, because
at the time we started out we thought that a retention in a
mple reservoir for two or three days would be enough treat
ment before the combined waters were passed back into the
canal system. But with the standards set by the State, and, as
I understand it, approved by the Federal Government, we are
going to have to put the equivalent of a tertiary treatment
effluent back from the combined system into the canal system
on the surface. So therefore, as I am going to show you very
briefly, this is causing us now to have to go through a
tertiary treatment right here following the reservoir.
Zone 1 simply represents the first stage of con
struction in this area up in here (indicating) and then
second stage, and then third stage, and, of course,, it is
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527
V* W. Bacon
necessary to build your key features first. This would
include the pump storage power, surface reservoir and all
the basic structures.
They have arrived at an extremely ingenious method
by grouping the system, so that regardless of whether the
stormwater is flowing through it, or whether you are
dropping the water into the tunnel for power generation, the
flow is always in the same direction in the tunnel.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is our solution, and I think all
of you have heard of this. Very briefly, this is just
dropping from the overflow point into a tunnel to an under
ground pumping station, back into a surface reservoir, and
then back into the canal system, this serving as a generating
station for peaking power
Next slide.
Here (indicating) is the great addition to our
thinking, the thinking of the consulting engineers that are
working on this project.
As I said, we first thought we would first drop
into the tunnel, pump back up into the canal system, and be
done with it. Of course, at the present time, what is
happening from the existing sewer is that it is going directly
into the waterway.
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528
V. W. Bacon
Under the plan, the overflows from the combined
sewers would go into a tunnel, and there would be a pumping
and generating station below ground, but there would also be
in a portion of this tunnel, developed in greater detail
elsewhere,, settling and pre-treatment and pre-aeration
facilities, right in the tunnel, and then coming back up to
the surface, which is indicated as the upper reservoir area.
where you have aeration, settling and tertiary treatment.
Again, I say that if we are going to meet the
standards set by the State, that tertiary standard, we have
no choice, and this is what has to be done.
Next slide.
We will skip the aquifer problem
Next slide.
This (indicating) is probably the key chart in
this No. 1 document of all if we are going to provide flood
control and prevention of overflows into the lake, and also
either separation or the equivalent of separation.
This was done by one of our consulting engineers,
and over here he listed the Chicago land flood control plans
comparison. In other words, you notice here the Metropolitan
Sanitary District. We have had five plans under considera
tion, deep tunnel, reservoirs, the Des Plaines River plan,
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529
V. W. Bacon
Delaney plan and a Meisner plan.
The City of Chicago has had three or four plans.
the county has some, the State of Illinois has had a number
of plans, including the present plans of canal lowering.
which is represented by this line here (indicating), the
Corps of Engineers has had some plans, and the Northeastern
Illinois Metropolitan Planning Area Commission has had a
water study and a plan also.
Our consulting engineer compared all of these
plans under the objectives to be achieved — that is, pro
tection of Lake Michigan, reduced channel flood flows, to
reduce basement flooding, and so on, reduce pollution from
overflows in the combined sewers, and we just asked him to
indicate, yes or no, what the project will do.
Now, if you start out with the goals of, first,
protecting Lake Michigan, which is our basic business, and
then, secondly, reducing flood flows in the channel, then
by the time you add this reduction of pollution from over
flows, you have two ingredients there that are the costly
ones in this matter.
If you are going to talk about the type of plan
that we are speaking of, or something else, either separa
tion and tertiary treatment or, as we are showing you, in
the deep tunnel project we can get the separation and the
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530
V. W. Bacon
tertiary treatment, as well as flood control, we are not
knocking anybody else's plan, but you can see what our prob
lem is here.
Here is a project that would satisfy three of the
eight objectives. The important thing to note here is that
none of the other plans, except the deep tunnel, will give
us a solution to the combined sewer overflow problem and
will give us the chance to give improved degree of sewage
treatment or produce electric power. Of course, this is
just in offsetting revenue.
So, for the time being, the Board has under way
extensive studies on this alternative.
I want you to note that we have had four other
plans of our own also, including some extremely costly ones,
such as this Meisner plan of 1958.
We do believe that in the tunnel project we have
the solution and the most economical and feasible one, and
it will satisfy all of the eight objectives which we thought
a completed project should solve, including multiple use,
such as recreation.
The feasibility study will be done. The first
study was completed in May 1966. The feasibility study was
completed in April of 1966, and we are also recommending
certain rock boring.
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531
V. W. Bacon
The rock boring was always in the original plan,
but since we are becoming more convinced that this plan is
the one to go on. we are recommending bringing forward the
seismographic work.
May we have the lights on for just a couple of
minutes?
The second document that President Egan has sub
mitted to you is the thick one. and it starts out with Item
No. 1, the information and data pertaining to industrial and
domestic wastes.
I am not going to read it. This big document of
100-some-odd pages is summarized in three pages. I am not
even going to read the summary. I would simply like to have
you note what is in this summary
Item No. 1 is the information on all the wastes
to the waterways system. There are 99 direct discharges to
the three rivers, the three channels, and to Lake Michigan.
Item No. 2 is a list of the ten most critical
dischargers to sewers and streams, and, by way of emphasis
now, you know we operate internally under two ordinances
The 1946 ordinance is what we call the Water Pollution
Control Ordinance, and that controls the discharges to
streams. That is the one under which we have control. The
1962 ordinance is the one that controls discharges to the
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532
V. W. Bacon
sewers.
Then in Item No. 3> we have a summary list of
the show cause hearings from 1965 to the present time. I
would just like to read this in because it is so important
in our intensified program.
You will find back in the book, on Pages 65
through 68, a list of 28 dischargers which have been cited
in show cause hearings because they are in violation of the
1962 Industrial Waste Ordinance as to what can be put into
the District sewerage system.
It will be noted that 13 of the companies have
already installed facilities that have been approved by the
Sanitary District, and that three of the companies have
installed facilities which are presently being evaluated by
the Sanitary District.
Then, on Pages 69 and 70, are listed the 13
dischargers. This is not just on the Calumet system now.
MR. STEIN: You don't mind if we correct the
spelling of "Procter & Gamble"?
MR. BACON: Go right ahead.
These are the 13 dischargers which were cited in
show cause hearings because the effluents were in violation
of the 1946 ordinance, and because substantial progress
towards correction was not being made at the time.
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533
V. W. Bacon
Five have already eliminated pollution in most
cases by connecting to the system.
Then, in fairness, we list in Item 4 the industries
in compliance with the Sewer and Stream Ordinances, and then
we show that we are aware of all dischargers of pollutants.
^^^ff *^»
We have listed some 33 dischargers of record that are dis
charging cooling water to the waterways, and to make this a
complete document, we have listed Regulation No. 15 of the
State Sanitary Water Board.
Then, in Item No. 7> we list the compliance
schedule for industries.
I would appreciate it if you would turn to Page
101. They are numbered consecutively with the red numbers.
I believe, and on Page 102 you will see we have compliance
and enforcement for industries and private treatment plants
within the boundaries of the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago, and we simply note here our program of
enforcement and compliance and improvement, the ten-year
program as given to us by the State Sanitary Water Board, and
you will see that we say the compliance must be brought
about, on Page 103, by December 31, 1968. There are seven
points that have to be met by that time.
Then, on Page 105, you will notice there are
certain things that have to be done by December 31* 199* and
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53*
V. W. Bacon
then no later than 1971* and then no later than December 31*
1972, and then from 1972 onward.
The thing to keep in mind in looking at this
document is that this is completely compatible, we bel
with Regulation No. 15 of the State Sanitary Water Board for
all except that single discharger which comes under the lake
discharge and under the jurisdiction of the this conference.
Now. to give you just a brief word about the total
program and what the Sanitary District is doing, may we have
the next slide, please?
This program that I am going to present to you was
adopted in policy form together with this graph on July 27th
of this year by the Sanitary District.
Very briefly, it is a ten-year program and it
meshes with the State Sanitary Water Board in 1967 here (in
dicating), 1972 here and 1977 here. This schematically or
graphically represents the improved water quality.
Although I am going to be oversimplifying and not
have all the qualifying statements here, the commitment is
within a year or within one to four years to be on chlorina
tion. We have listed chlorination of our major treatment
facilities at the one-year point. There will be more about
that later.
We have solids removal, and. in most cases, we
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535
V. W. Bacon
mean here that the final work must be under construction at
the time that this is started.
The solids removal does not really impinge upon
the Sanitary District because of our big plant of settleable
solids at the present time, the visible one,, so here we are
talking about industry solids removal floating and settling
Tertiary treatment will be under way or under
construction, at least, and we hope to have one big plant
done* but all of them under construction at the four-year
plant.
Next we have the equivalent of sewer separation,
and this is the deep tunnel project, under way within five
years. You will find the details in this report where our
consultants state that we can have a major portion of that
facility done within five years, at least, the way things
are going at the present time.
Again, just graphically, if these are the present
usages which they are. industrial water uses of the canal
system, shipping and waste assimilation, this improvement
here will probably get us to the level of very rough partial
body contact with use of the water, and when the work is
done by us, regardless of whether you want it or not, you
are going to end up with water that is suitable for these
uses shown here.
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536
V. W. Bacon
Now? here is the dilemma, and it is no longer a
dilemma because it has been set in the State criteria that
all of us face. There is no sense in the District going to
tertiary treatment.
We define tertiary treatment as getting about
nine additional percentage points of BOD and suspended solids
in other words, going from 90 percent removal to 99 per
cent. There is not a reason in the world for the District
to do that, and to chlorinate, and then to allow the com
bined sewage to overflow raw without about 5 percent of our
total waste, and so, if you take it up through the tertiary,
being committed to this, you are going to do the entire works
if you didn't solve the combined sewer problem; so if you do
this you have to do this (indicating), or if you do thi
have to do this (indicating), or for a good part of the time
you are maintaining a very good stream only to dirty it up
thoroughly with the combined sewer overflow.
So, if these two things are done — and you can't
do them partially — then you are going to end up with water
f such a quality that downstream users and people in our
area can make uses of water.
This program has been adopted by the Board as its
official policy, and it is our directive to carry it out,
and we are now working on financing plans. We have been
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537
V. W. Bacon
working on them* but we are now doing so in greater detail.
Next slide, please.
We will skip this one.
Since we have representatives of the Federal
Government here. I will very briefly state this. Figuring
out the financing on the ten-year program, which is
$198,000.000, this is our present State level of $22-1/2
million for construction funds per year in the Sanitary
District.
Figuring on the Federal funds, the formula that
the State has set up, and figuring after the first year the
full appropriation, these brown portions represent what would
be available from them.
At the time this was charted, we were counting on
the State not to come through with its portion, and this is
represented by the green, and we have the remaining financing,
which you can see represents a little less than 50 percent,
that would either have to be done through bonds that the
District can issue, or through upping the pegged levy, and
we haven't even started to explore the feasibility of Federal
flood control funds for this source, or funds from a State
bond election of 1968, should that pass
We are working closely with the Department of
Business and Economic Development
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538
V. W. Bacon
MR. STEIN: What meaning does that chart have now
in view of the developments both in the State and the
Federal governments?
MR. BACON: Right now it means that this portion
for this year is out, right there (indicating).
MR. STEIN: The State is out?
MR. BACON: The State is out. but the rest of it
still holds, and this is on the basis of your present
appropriation, not the authorization* but hereafter we are
going to assume authorization. Otherwise, we are going to
miss the schedule, and we will come back and give you people
the reason.
MR. STEIN: But the point is the city funds
remain stable all the time, and the Federal-State funds are
supposed to go up
Given the vagaries of government and the authoriza
tions for the Federal funds of $450,000,000 a year, and I
think the Administration has asked for a little over
$200,000,000
MR. BACON: $203.
MR. STEIN: Yes. And the State program, if I read
the papers correctly, the financial program may have had a
setback.
MR. BACON: We understand that it was vetoed.
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539
V. W. Bacon
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BACON: So this would mean that for this year,
that little block right there (indicating), we didn't have
it in 1967-68. That is out.
MR. STEIN: Do you intend that the Metropolitan
Sanitary District contribution go up in the future years?
MR, BACON: This will be a policy decision for the
Board, but the Board has frequently talked about the neces
s ity of that.
Each five cents of taxation increase will raise
that blue portion about $10,000,000.
MR, STEIN: What I am getting at, Mr. Bacon, and
I am trying to arrive at the problem, is this: The problem
I have with projections like that is that while you have an
even line for the Sanitary District, and I recognize it is
a policy decision for the Board, and a major one, if it goes
up, that other block for the Federal Government and the
State government represents equal policy decisions, and you
had no trouble making those blocks.
MR. BACON: That is because you expressed it that
way in Congress. We didn't make it up any more than you have
expressed so far by your authorization, not your appropria
tion.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Bacon, you and I have been in
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540
V. W. Bacon
this business for many, many years. If we had an annual
budget for all the funds that were authorized by the
Congress, I think we would all be surprised at the arith
metic.
An authorization does not necessarily mean that
you are going to have that, and the assumption made on the
State funds was on a bill that wasn't passed.
MR. BACON: Yes. Of course, there are Federal
funds that have been on bills that haven't been passed
either.
MR. STEIN: You are right.
MR. BACON: But. you see. Mr. Stein, when the
Federal Government says after hearings and passes laws that
this is necessary, then we are going to assume that they are
going to catch up with this authorization business quickly.
The only justification there for keeping this at
$203,000,000 this year was because the State couldn't get in
gear that fast.
We happen to agree that it will be impossible
we happen to use many, many outside consulting firms --to
get anywhere near approaching this level in 1968, and so it
is only if the Federal Government says no, all of our
hearings and all of our reports and all of our predictions
for money that is necessary to do these jobs is not available
When we drew this chart (indicating) we left this
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V. W. Bacon
the same. We have already talked in budget sessions that
this too would probably be going up
MR. STEIN: Yes. because3 as I read the papers^
we are not doing enough.
I just received this: "Daley asks speed
up on lake pollution fight."
If we are not doing enough and we assume that
the State and Federal Government have to put in more, it
would seem to me that we might get consideration from the
muncipalities to do more too.
MR. BACON: Well, you want to remember that the
Federal and State legislation have come about because the
Federal Government has said that we are not going fast
gh, and in order to make it faster we are going to put
more money into it. That was really the Federal Government
decision, and so therefore we are going to
MR. STEIN: Sir. I heard the Mayor of Chicago here
this morning. The views that he had are no different than
the Federal Government* He thinks we are not going fast
enough *
If we are going to have to solve this problem^
we obviously will have to solve it on a State-Federal
municipal level. We are all partners in this. If we are
going to do more, perhaps we should consider that we all have
-------
542
V. W. Bacon
to do more.
MR. BACON: Well, I would simply submit that at
least for a year or two, you can see that the Sanitary
District is carrying a pretty good share of the load, and
has.
MR. STEIN: They always have.
MR. BACON: We recognize, Mr. Stein, the vagaries
of trying to predict, but you have to start with something,
and this is about our fourth effort looking at what do we
have to look for.
MR. STEIN: I agree with you. That is why I
wanted you to predict the dates that the industries were
going to complete their treatment.
MR. BACON: We will either have to take some more
blue and put it up there in the tan or the cream, or do some
thing else if we are going to maintain the ten-year program
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BACON: Are there any other questions on this
one?
(No response.)
MR. BACON: Next slide, please
On chlorination, the Sanitary District put the
North Side Sewage Treatment Plant on chlorination in 60 days,
and we have put the plant on chlorination with the simple
-------
V. W. Bacon
device of a $48,000 investment on two hypochlorite storage
tanks. They are small tanks, only about 12 feet in height,
with a feed line over here (indicating) to a meter vault,
and one control panel over here in the adjacent building.
This simple installation injects the chlorine water into the
effluent channel, and the conduit itself is used for the
contact basin, and a portion of it is used in the North Shore
#7 Channel.
This went on line on July 10, 1967. This is a
year and a half ahead of the most optimistic schedule, and
we have the Calumet on line by the end of this year, or a
year ahead of schedule.
They gave us until 1972 to get on line in
chlorination, and we anticipate that we will make this at
least two or three years ahead of time if we use a portion of
the canal system as a contact basin.
This is a 300,000,000 gallon per day plant. This
cost us $162 per mgd chlorine capacity, while our Calumet
plant is running 8,380. Ordinarily, these facilities will run
around 10 to 12 to $15,000 per mgd of capacity, and in our
sites we have ordinarily quite long effluent lines before we
reach the receiving water, we can get about a third of it in
the effluent channel itself.
In this particular case, I believe we figure it
-------
544
V. W. Bacon
will take about 1200 feet of the channel to get our 30
minute or 20-minute detention.
We have been running bacterial tests, and the
early tests are being confirmed in that this thing is workin
well and economically.
Our decision on sodium hypochlorite was solely
on the basis of safety, and these tanks are simply fed every
day by trucks from the manufacturer.
So far as the Sanitary District is concerned, we
are well under way on the chlorination. We will have
no difficulty meeting the standards or a timetable set by
the State
MR. STEIN: Do you have to get permission from
anyone to use that channel, or is that under your juris-
diction?
MR. BACON: It is under our jurisdiction, but if
you will refer back to the prior chart, eventually we
dedicate this water to recreation, and there is going to be
a question of whether you then put contact basins on the
plant site, or whether we dedicate 1200 feet as a restricted
area.
MR. STEIN: All right. When you get it in here,
are you going to have enough flow to get it out?
-------
V. W. Bacon
MR. BACON: Now. the flow is one to one. In
other words, during the critical season of the year. Lake
Michigan would be back here (indicating). The water from
the lake comes to the pumping station, and we have a ratio
of one dilution to one effluent.
Of course, this is another reason why it was put
on an experimental basis to begin with, because we wanted
to know the chlorine demand of the water and the pickup of
the water along the way
MR. STEIN: These are just information questions.
MR. BACON: We are putting this here so that you
will know what we are doing, and how this dovetails with
our industry program, because if we don't practice chlorina
tion before a certain time, we cannot ask them.
Let me say that it is not out of the goodness of
our hearts that we are ahead of schedule.
Next slide.
On tertiary treatment, we indicated on the one
chart that we expected to have a big plant. Calumet or North
Side^ under way by 1971.
In order to get ready for that at our Hanover
Plant, this plant here (indicating), which has been in opera
tion for three years, is a 2,000,000 gallon per day plant and
we are adding the tertiary structure here(indicating). This
-------
546
V. W. Bacon
building is 72 feet wide by 240 feet long* full basement
or substructure, and one story above.
We already have four large polishing ponds over
re (indicating) that we could use and we still use for
stormwater overflow.
We have our sludge lagoons over here (indicating)
from which the digest is discharged.
Now, the question was what kind of tertiary treat
ment are we thinking of. and this is why I asked Mr. Poole,
or Mr. Miller, rather, what they were thinking of in terms
of tertiary.
As far as we are concerned, tertiary means
getting the rest of the BOD and practically all of the rest
of the suspended solids. Our basic design criteria did not
include removal of nitrates and phosphates, because we are
not going into a still body of water. We are going into a
moving stream, even though this little stream here much of
the time is practically all effluent, but this plant is
nothing but a rapid sand filtration plant with chemical
coagulation, settling, continuous backwash sand filters,
post-chlorination and post-aeration, the same size as the
sewage treatment plant, 2,000,000 gallons per day.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Bacon, would you mind if I
interrupted here and went off the racord for just a second?
-------
547
V. W. Bacon
(Discussion off the record.)
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Bacon
MR. BACON: This plant is two-thirds constructed
This is not a dream. There is $1,126,000 worth of plant
and it is under construction.
The additional important features here are that
although we did not make phosphate removal a design criterion,
we nevertheless can vary the chemical treatment in any way we
want, alum, polyelectrolite, lime, because we are well aware
of the work that says 95 percent of the phosphates can be
removed with lime.
If we happen to get the happy finding that lime
is just what we want to coagulate and we knock down the
phosphates at the same time, we have made progress, but it
was not the controlling feature at the time.
Now, one-sixth of this building, this whole panel
down here (indicating) is left open for experimental work on
a large scale, because we can then scale up to a 300,000,000
gallons a day, or a billion gallons per day plant.
Right in this portion of the system (indicating)
we have a one million gallon per day microstrainer, and, of
course, when you realize this building is 72 feet wide and
240 feet long, and this strainer fits in there, and it is
12 feet in diameter and it is half the capacity of the plant,
-------
548
V. W, Bacon
you will see that this is satisfactory for the time being
for tertiary treatment, so, therefore, we may use micro
trainers at the bigger plants for a few years.
This plant will be in operation shortly after
the first of the year, and from it we anticipate we will be
able to scale up for the tertiary treatment.
Next slide, please.
This (indicating) is just simply the inside of
that plant.
By the way, that was an architectural drawing,
but the plant will look just exactly like you have seen
because the artist's renderings were made after the engineer's
drawings
Inside there will be the circular chemical
coagulation and settling tank and the rapid sand filter. It
is built with extreme versatility so we can load to any
degree we want to, with the microstrainer over here
(indicating), chlorination and post-aeration.
The design here is when the effluent leaves this
plant, there will be no BOD, no oxygen requirements, which
will not be satisfied.
Next slide, please.
The last thing now we will talk about will be the
monitoring systems and what we should do.
-------
V. W. Bacon
We have under contract now — I think it is
about $95,000 -- the structures for the monitoring stations
In fact, last Saturday with the League of Women Voters on a
boat trip, they saw one of them here on the Corps of
Engineers at the O'Brien Lock, a very substantial brick
building where om of these stations will be located.
So, under one contract, we have about $95,000
worth of housing being placed in, and on another contract
for $304,000, all of the equipment, the eight parameter
sampling — that is, sampling, analyzing, recording and tel
metering devices will go in at three points along the lake,
at Wilmette at the mouth of the Chicago River, and at the
filtration plant, and then we will have three control plants
at our treatment plant which will measure the effluent as
well as the stormwater at North Side, Stickney and Calumet,
and they will meet on the system here at the confluence of
the North Branch with the Chicago River, one here at O'Brien,
one here at Willow Springs, one here at Cal-Sag just before
the junction, and one at Lockport.
So we have under contract both features of the
leven stations monitoring program on our inland waterways,
and all of the stations such as Lockport and Willow Springs
and Cal-Sag that affect this plant here at Stickney will also
telemeter in and record at Stickney, so that the operation
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550
V. W. Bacon
here can be varied along this system. Calumet will receive
the results of this system here and North Side this system
here (indicating), while all of them will telemeter into the
central station, where we hope to be able to make good use
of the data.
Next slide, please.
Lastly now, and this is kind of far out, but I do
want to mention it, this is just one phase of our recent
program (indicating).
We do have two contracts now on the potential
use of radiation in the treatment processes. Both of them
are based somewhat upon the same principal of using spent
fuel cells, exposing wherever we want to expose to gamma
radiation, and some form of the U Tube. Purdue is working
^T
on the conditioning, the stabilization and ,the concentration
of solids and sludge.
Everybody has difficulty with activated sludge
getting into it in a concentrated enough form so that you
don't have to build tanks and pipes and so forth to handle a
lot of water. Purdue is working on the solids stage. Bethel
will be working upon the treatment or destruction of phenols,
cyanides, bacteria and viruses, and petroleum type of
chemicals for treatment.
We have another phase of this that we have not been
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551
V. W. Bacon
able to consummate yet. Assuming these processes are sue
cessful, and we have every reason to believe that they will
be, then we have to start work on developing the equipment,
the systems and so forth, for putting together the emitting
material and the material to be treated, and we have tried
to write a contract with the Oregon Laboratory, but they
cannot take private or public funds on a contract basis, so
we have been looking elsewhere. In the meantime,, Oregon may
have been able to work out something so that we can put the
contract with them.
Now, by way of summary, we have a ten-year program.
That ten-year program intends to carry the upgrading of the
water all the way
The industry program referred to on Pages 101 to
107 or 108, whatever it is. is intended to match that program
in every respect, giving them as much time as we expect that
we ourselves shall have.
But there is one thing that bothers us now and
which I would like to submit to the conference, jus t by way
of studying the thought process, but it is something that is
going to have to be reconciled shortly.
You see. we have from the State and the Federal
Government, assuming the Federal Government approves the
State standards, a ten-year program, and that ten-year
-------
551
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552
V. W, Bacon
program properly starts with the water and works backward
In other words, it simply says we want these criteria at
certain points along the way, and I am now taking the ten
year point, and it simply says that taking three parameters*
fecal colifora, BOD and ajnmonia nitrogen, that if we provide
as specified by the State — that is, 2.000 on fecal coli
form, milligrams per liter BOD, and 2-1/2 milligrams per
liter on ammonia nitrogen.
The standards set by this conference allow 5*
coming out of the Little Calumet and the Grand Calumet into
our system, 2-1/2 times on BOD coming out of that river
system into ours, and 2 times the ammonia nitrogen.
We submit that if this is what we have to supply
in our own waterway from all municipal wastes, such as the
Calumet Treatment Plant, we believe this conference should
reconsider its standards and tell us if they are going to
stick with them, because then I believe Mr. Klassen and the
State of Illinois and the Sanitary District and all are going
to say we don't want to impose something on our people that
isn't going to be met, because we don't want our effluent,
not casting stones at anyone, purer than the river water
that we take up, so this is something that I believe in the
conference is going to have to be reconciled shortly, since
again the Board has adopted the ten-year program, and we get
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553
V. W. Bacon
back to the Calumet River as well as back to the big dis
chargers at the mouth of the river.
Again* to continue the summary, United States
Steel we are working on and we are working very closely with
We are satisfied with the progress, because if not we would
have them under show cause, although we can't spell out the
precise dates now.
MR. POSTON: You cannot give precise dates?
MR. BACON: I mean, we could tell what would be
done. There is certain reconstruction of the furnaces and
the processes and the taking water out of the lake and putting
it into the South Slip. I believe it is called, so that it
would not be near the lake, and so that we could better carry
it out. and we are diverting water to the system.
We can give you details on that, but we have not
as yet told them this much by January 1, 1968, this much by
January 1, 1969, and so forth.
We are ready to discuss that terminal date.
MR. STEIN: I think the key point is to get the
terminal date.
MR. BACON: I think so too.
MR. STEIN: Once we get that, I don't anticipate
a bit of difficulty in working backwards.
MR. BACON: We don't either.
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V. W. Bacon
MR. POSTON: I do.
MR. STEIN: You do, working backwards from your
terminal date?
MR. POSTON: I think that Mr. Klassen's standards
have a provision in them, and Mr. Bacon indicated that these
standards were looked at favorably by the Secretary. I
don't know that, but you may have information.
Mr. Klassen's standards, as submitted, indicated
that industries with adequate waste treatment facilities
will be required to provide adequate treatment for the
removal of contaminants by the end of 1968.
MR. KIASSEN: Yes. We were following the con
ference schedule. We did not want to take it on ourselves
to change the conferees' schedule.
MR. BACON: That is for the one discharger.
though* because when the standard was set on the Calumet
River, this is an entirely different proposition. We
approached this on the basis that had the conference intended
to control the Calumet River when it didn't flow to the
lake, it would have set criteria and dates, but it did not
do so.
This then came under the jurisdiction of the
State and of the Sanitary District, and the State set its
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555
V. W. Bacon
schedule.
In other words, the schedule of chlorination and
solids and tertiary and separation is a very rigid schedule
In many cases, it has gone much further than the total
conference is envisioning now. but these other dischargers
were assumed, by the action of the conference, to be under
the jurisdiction of the State and Sanitary District, and that
is why this program was developed as we have presented it t
you today.
MR. STEIN: Do you have any questions?
MR. POSTON: Well, the other point that I think
we have talked about is only one industry being included in
this conference, and it is my understanding that the con
ference area includes well over as far as you are southwards.
I haven't been aware that they had changed the limits of
this insofar as the conference was concerned.
MR. BACON: If you will recall. Mr. Poston, the
question of standards on the Calumet River was specifically
left out of all of the tables, and I would have to assume
that if the jurisdiction was there on all the other places
where standards were set. that it would be just assumed that
they were not going to be assumed on the Calumet, that
portion, because at that time we were getting the regulations
set as to flow, except for a sliver that comes off of the
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556
V. W. Bacon
top, and that there would be no flow toward the lake*
MR. STEIN: Mr. Poole?
MR. POOLE: As I understand, the standards that
were set by the conference didn't cover the Indiana Harbor
Canal either, or the Grand Calumet River, except that por
tion that flowed west, but because of the condition of the
Indiana Harbor Canal, I assume you could not meet the lake
standards without those.
My only question is about your other Indust
I was going to raise the same question* I have the impres
sion that other than the South Works, none of the industries
can affect the lake except during a period of flow reversal?
MR. BACON: Yes. If we had to bypass, that would
be the only circumstance. Of course, we don't envision that
very often with the widening of the South Side from 60 feet
to 225, giving us really storage capacity with better opera
tion, which I think we are getting every day, and pulling the
system down to fix the storm flows; and, furthermore, with
the run there about o to 10 miles, that we would very oft
even get from the point of bypass much out into the lake.
MR. STEIN: But again, I think Mr. Bacon mentioned
this. This question may be relatively academic, because,
like everything else, any program, whether it is our program
or his, has to be equitable.
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557
V. W. Bacon
More or less, the dates that he set for that mill
on the lake, are going to pretty much govern, give or take a
little bit. what he is going to be able to do, or manage to
get in the way of correction from the other mills which have
not set dates.
If you are talking about the United States Steel
mill, they are faced with the problem of commensurate dates
for the other industries within their jurisdiction, and would
have to take that into account in the same way we take these
things into account when we make a recommendation to an
industry.
In Seattle last week, one of the oystermen said,
All you have to do is tell the industry whether to clean up,
and you don't have to worry whether they will go out of
business or can pay for it. It is just that simple."
I think this is the same thing we are faced with
here. I don't think, any more than we can cut off the
United States Steel mill from the other mills, can Mr. Bacon
cut off United States Steel from his industrial program
against the other mills in his jurisdiction.
You can talk about this all day, but I don't know
whether it is productive to talk about the jurisdictional
question. I think the factual question as to when we can get
this cleaned up is going to be the measure.
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558
V. W. Bacon
MR. BACON: Mr. Chairman?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BACON: The Board and all of us recognize
that our ten-year program is a tough one, but everything we
are doing is designed to make this kind of a cleanup in ten
years, or, if it is not going to be ten, just name it fifteen,
or,if it is not going to be fifteen, name it twenty, but it
has been named as ten years for the cleanup.
As I pointed out here, from our point of view,
you can get another percentage point or two of improvement
on this system just by tightening up, but you can't get
another 9° percent unless you take these two major steps of a
tertiary treatment and of the separation of sewers, or the
equivalent, and we think we have found the equivalent in the
deep tunnel storage system.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Bacon, this may be true but I
suspect that what we are doing here, and Mr. Klassen and Mr
Poole have done, is that the program we are talking about
with the District is a much more modest program. The
conditions in the waters are not very good now, as indicated
by the report.
Now, take the stretch of the dates you have from
1Q68 to 1970. Here is a much more modest program than that
ten-year program
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559
V, W. Bacon
I think the task that the conferees might
address themselves to is how we can dovetail and get to work
on that first stage of the program.
I have no arguments with you now, and I hope not
later, as to your five or ten-year program for the cleanup,
but I don't know that this is the job we are hitting today
A very difficult problem that you pointed out,
and I think Mr. Klassen pointed out. is in trying to come
up with a definite scheduled program for the mills.
Now, can we go ahead, or do you want to take a
break before that?
MR. BACON: May I say one thing further?
Of course, this is what caused the issue. You
will remember that on Page 107 or 108 we have touchdown
points for each year. It isn't a matter of waiting five
years until 1972, or until 1977.
The big chunks come easily at first, but I think
the thing that has been lacking in all of our programs in the
past is that we get an unrealistic schedule and then can!t
enforce it. rather than getting a realistic schedule and
enforcing it. That has been the bugaboo and it is the very
history of pollution control, until we recognize here that
they can't get the tertiary — that is, industry, nor can we
within a couple of years if the job is too big, but we are
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560
V. W. Bacon
saying we believe that we can have major facilities under
construction within four years
What I am saying to you is that we believe that.
or at least the other dischargers, and, of course, the same
would apply to all of them on the Calumet system with the
ption of United States Steel, and that is only b
they are a separate case, that this is a tight program
actually, but it is a realistic one.
MR. STEIN: I am not arguing that.
I think on your basic point, what you say is
very true.
The horror in the pollution control program is an
unrealistic time schedule* In one Eastern State we had a
conference and the State officials came in and they had issued
orders against all the industry, which is largely a petro-
chemical industry in this case, calling for a cleanup in two
years, and they said, "Okay. You can't do any better. Zip
up your briefcases and go home. We don't need the Federal
Government.
Of course, my answer to that was, "You don't know
that you can clean this up in two years. As a matter of
fact, an order asking them to clean up in two years will be
worse than no order at all.
As a matter of fact, we are now about four years
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V. W. Bacon
later,, and we have just completed our industrial survey,
because we have had to go in plant by plant, and we have come
up within the last few months with a realistic time schedule
for these people.
So there is no argument there.
MR* BACON: Thank you
CLOSING STATEMENTS
MR. STEIN: As I see the issue, here is the way
we have it:
Mr, Poole has certain suggestions, and they pro
jected four specific remedial works, and I think he talked
about his big three polluters, and they run into June 1970.
Mr. Klassen has indicated the conference originally
stated that we are to be finished by the end of 1968.
You have commensurate dischargers in your own
district. Perhaps the bellwether for this case is U. S.
Steel, but who are the others? There is Ford., Republic and
one other.
MR. EGAN: Wisconsin.
MR. STEIN: Wisconsin. It is the steel companies
The question here is, do we come up with a
terminal base agreement agreeable to all parties on all th
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Closing Statements
steel companies involved in the case?
I think once we get those steel companies, con
sidering your energies and abilities. I don't look for too
much trouble in your district. Although, as Mr. Poole said, some
of the smaller ones are the ones you have to take to hearing
and possibly to court. This has to be done, of course.
MR. POSTON: I should remind you. Mr. Chairman,
that it was 1965. in March,, over two and a half years ago,
here we sat in a similar meeting which had been announced
previously, and you talked about the pollution and getting
ready to set these schedules, and here today we still have
some places where we don't even know what kind of a schedule
they are going to adopt for these particular polluters.
I think something must be done about this. Maybe
it is beyond our control, I don't know.
MR. STEIN: I don't know if it is beyond our
control. I think the notion is to come up with an agreement
and then an agreed-upon date.
The easiest way we have been able to do this,
and I think Mr. Bacon alluded to this, is to get a terminal
date. Once we get the terminal date, if we can get a terminal
date for the steel mills to be in operation, we can work our
way back.
Now, Mr. Poole has a terminal date for all his
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Closing Statements
mills.
MR, POOLE: June 30. 1970. I have been saying
for a year and a half that this is a realistic date, and I
still think so this afternoon.
MR, STEIN: Mr. Klassen
MR. POSTON: Could I make a comment here?
Would it be possible. Mr. Poole, to throw in some
intermediate dates here for the start of completion of the
plans, and dates like we had before, just some several y
hence?
MR. POOLE: Well, we had an intermediate date for
plans of the first of July, 1967, and our report indicated
that we have all the plans except certain of those of
Youngstown Sheet and Tube,
MR. POSTON: Then start of construction, and this
would be
MR. STEIN: Mr. Poston, may I make a suggestion?
Let us try to see if we can agree on the terminal date first
I have been through this procedure many times,
and I know Mr. Poole and Mr. Klassen have, and I am sure
Mr. Bacon has in his capacity. Once you get the terminal
operation date, it seems to me that setting up the interim
dates is a matter of projecting backwards, and is a relatively
simple problem.
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Closing Statements
After all, you can't have much leeway on the
preparation for plans and specifications or the letting of
a contract if you have a terminal date, unless you set that
way, way in the distance.
I think the key point here is we have a proposal.
and it might be a fait accompli, by Mr. Poole of a terminal
date of June 30. 1970, for the steel mills.
First, what do the conferees think of that, and,
secondly, what should be a reasonable date for the operation
in Illinois? These, I think, are the key issues we have to
assess.
I don't think we are arguing much what the mills
have to do, are we? There is pretty much agreement on the
remedial program
MR. EGAN: Right.
MR. STEIN: There is no argument about that. It
is a question of when they are to do it, and this is just
for the first stage of the program.
Do we have any suggestions from Illinois, or the
Sanitary District?
MR. KLASSEN: I will speak on that
I can only state, from the Illinois Sanitary
Water Board's standpoint, the policies that we have found
that have been fairly effective.
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Closing Statements
We have submitted to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Agency criteria for the streams in this area with a
date that industries must provide adequate treatment by
December 1968. We have followed this because this was a
conferees! date.
We found the policy that we have followed, that
if you are going to reevaluate and give more time, a very
effective program that has produced results is when that dead
line has been reached, to evaluate not necessarily just what
they are doing, but when they started doing it.
I am not too sure that these industries in
question immediately moved right after the March 2nd con
ference. I don't know.
But, at the time that the deadline is reached.
that is the time to evaluate whether an industry or a city
deserves more time, and if you find that they don't deserve
more time, a very effective next move is to move into legal
enforcement,
This sometimes is what it takes-. Maybe this is the
next step.
MR. POOLE; I don't know what kind of luck they
have in the State of Illinois with legal enforcement, but
what we have had in Indiana for twenty years is that if you
move one of them into court, why, it is a matter of taking
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Closing Statements
about eighteen months. It is just piddling time. That is.
you have lost anywhere from three to seven or eight or ten
years to get them in court.
MR. KLASSEN: Except. Mr. Poole, this is a Federal
case, and the Federal court would handle this.
We have heard so much about what they are going to
do in enforcement, maybe we should see some of it.
MR. STEIN: I hope we are in a legal enforcement
operation right now, but I think
MR. KLASSEN: I don't think we are* Mr. Chairman.
I don't think we should go under that illusion.
MR. STEIN: The conference is the first step of
the legal enforcement procedure.
MR. KLASSEN: It is the first step, but the next
step is witnesses under oath, and more than just talk
MR. STEIN: Well, I hope that is right.
Mr, Poole has a point too. You know, when we
did go to court in St. Joseph, we won the case hands down, but
I don't know that that got the treatment any faster. They
are still connecting the sewers down there.
However, I think your point is well taken. Let me
call your attention to this point that was determined, and
I think by all these people at the table at the last progress
evaluation meeting we had. I think Mr. Klassen is right in
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#9
567
Closing Statements
his point. He says:
The conferees have scheduled another progress
meeting for September 6, 1967".
We are not far off, are we?
"At that time the question of a reasonable date of
compliance will be open for discussion. At the
September 6th meeting the conferees will have the
benefit of the action program developed by the
States and the District and will be in better
position to evaluate the further progress of the
municipalities and industries. Adjustments as
may be necessary
n
and here is the key point
"will be determined by the conferees on the basis
of the municipalities and industries demonstrating
that they have made a bona fide attempt to move
forward as rapidly as possible in accordance with
the established remedial schedule. Appropriate
recommendations in regard to such adjustments will
be made by the conferees to the Secretary of the
Interior."
As I heard the reports here, we got a pretty
detailed notion of what was happening. Again I will take
the steel mills, for not any particular point, but because
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Closing Statements
I think at this point they are probably the crux of the
problem, and a pretty detailed report from Mr. Miller as to
what was done with the steel mills in Indiana and what they
are going to do--and we very well may be in a position to
evaluate the further progress of the industries there.
The question here is whether we have had the same
kind of information on the industries in Illinois so that
we can make a determination whether they have made a bona
fide attempt to move forward as rapidly as possible in
accordance with the established remedial schedule. I don't
know that we have had that.
If the conferees do believe we have had that.
maybe we can move on. but I think Mr. Klassen's point is
well taken. This is what was determined at the last meeting.
and I don't know that it is inconsistent with the philosophy
he has already expressed.
MR. KLASSEN: Speaking of Illinois industries,
we have detailed the only two that are involved by the
Sanitary Water District, and I think from the Sanitary
District's very complete report here, the information is
there as to what they have done.
I wouldn't speak for them
MR. STEIN: What about U. S. Steel?
MR. KLASSEN: This I don't know.
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Closing Statement
MR. STEIN: The point is3 if we are going to do
this, we have to have industries demonstrating they have
made a bona fide attempt to move forward as rapidly as
possible.
That may be in the record, but I am not sure if
you don't know it in Illinois — and I have not read the
record yet -- this is for the conferees to decide -- how on
th you know what they have done so that you can make a
determination whether they have made a bona fide effort to
move forward as rapidly as possible.
MR, BACON: We know that from the one that is in-
volved that they cannot meet the December 31* 19^8, date.
And if any one of us, or particularly you,, were called as an
expert witness in court to try to enforce that date,, the
first thing we would be asked is if it is reasonable, and
every one of us, as expert witnesses, would have to answer
that in the negative.
MR. STEIN: No.
MR. BACON: Wait just a minute.
The next question we would be asked is what is
reasonable, and I think that is really what we are seeking
here today.
We would have these companies in on show cause,
which is a rather potent device that we can use, if we were
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570
Closing Statement
not satisfied, and that was why I read the one paragraph
howing that we had them in on show cause in a number of
cases, because we were not satisfied they were operating
judiciously enough, and in some instances not in good faith,
and that we were being given a run-around.
I have talked to some of the other conferees
about this and we have talked in detail in our shop about
t with the President here, and with others, and it would b
pretty hard to support a December 31* 1968. date.
We would rather get a date that is enforceable,
and we think that something along the lines that Mr. Poole
has suggested, only that we mean business on rather than
getting a date that we could not sustain, would be the answ
MR. STEIN: No. Let's go back.
What I am trying to do is deal with Mr. Klassen's
point. Mr. Klassen says that if a date is out, then we will
reconsider it.
Now. this was put in:
"Adjustments as may be necessary will be
determined by the conferees on the basis of the
municipalities and industries demonstrating that
they have made a bona fide attempt to move forward
as rapidly as possible.11
Now, reading from this report, and I am just
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571
Closing Statement
dipping in anywhere. Perry Miller's report is replete with
these dates. He goes into Gary Sheet and Tin Mill, the 84
inch hot strip mill waste treatment plant and deep well
disposal system, which facilities are in operation. Inland
Steel, East Chicago, final plans for the waste treatment
facilities for Plant No. 2, and the No. 3 Coke Plant, and
No. 2 and No. 3 Blast Furnace areas approved on June 20.
1967, the oil skimming facilities for treatment of wastes
from the Plant No. 2 sewers approved on August 15 5 19&7;
and then go on to the facilities.
What I am saying is that the proposition that Mr
Klassen has proposed is that before we go forward to consider
a date, we should make some attempt at determining wheth
the mill has made a bona fide attempt to move forward.
Now* I don't know, as compared to this, what we
have from the Illinois mills to make that kind of judgment.
These are determinations that we have. The
present status is that this company installed waste treatment
facilities which were found to be inadequate. They are
presently intending to remove oil process wastes from the
river drains.
The question is whether this is a bona fide
attempt to move forward rapidly.
Republic Steel: Now that standards have been set
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Closing Statements
they are proceeding with final engineering plans
MR* BACON: May I interrupt for just a minute.
Mr. Stein?
MR. STEIN: Yes,
MR. BACON: You see. having assumed that there
were no standards on the Calumet River, which there were not.
up until June 28th we couldn't proceed, nor could they.
The criteria for all these industries, except one. were not
available until June 28th.
Our position on all of these dischargers beyond
the O'Brien Lock in the jurisdiction of this conference is
that nothing was given to them, because the new Federal Act
implemented by the State and the Sanitary District could not
become operative until June 30th, and you might even say it
doesn't become operative until approved by the Secretary of
the Interior.
This is all these people could do, or we could do
We are not copping a plea for them or us, or anything else
The criteria, standards and what to do and a timetable had
not been set until June 28th. effective June 30th.
Immediately thereafter, all of this has been
placed in a timetable, as I pointed out to you, on Pages 101
to 107. That has been set now. We have set timetables for
one year, two years, three years, so that at any time, should
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Closing Statements
we feel the need, we can move into court.
MR. STEIN: What do you think would be an appro
priate timetable for U. S. Steel to complete?
MR. BACON: We know the situation fairly well
as far as the work supply over in Indiana, and I think it
would be even tighter over here, but certainly what Mr. Poole
has suggested I think is reasonable and enforceable.
We want a program that is definite, but that is
also reasonable, so that it is enforceable. They know as well
as we do if we have something where we can eventually take
them into court and it is not enforceable. We want something
that is enforceable so that we can start moving on a one
year, two-year and three-year basis.
We have an extremely good program under the State
and the Sanitary District's ten-year program, and it is
designed to get the bulk of the wastes the first two or three
years
Now, let me continue. You see, I really believe
there is a weakness in what we are doing in this conference
area, because although we are talking about industry and the
December 31, 1968, or June 30* 1970. date, we haven't said a
word in this entire area about the combined sewer problem,'
and that is just as big an issue.
MR. STEIN: There is no argument there, Mr. Bacon
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Closing Statements
That is another issue, and that is an issue for the con
ference.
The point is that we can't always stretch out the
ten-year program, or make the ultimate program the answer
that you have to get this whole thing done before you do a
part or a segment. Otherwise, you wouldn't be drinking in
Chicago today as well as you are, because you still have
combined sewers*
When these dates were set by the conferees.
they were set with the notion that they were realistic at
the time and they were legally enforceable, and you had
representatives of the Sanitary District who said it. We
did not think they were unrealistic at the time.
What you are now saying is that because of the
intervention of a new law, for a considerable amount of time
nothing much was done until the standards were set so they
could not move ahead with this program
MR. BACON: As I recall the history, the Calumet
River was very definitely and deliberately left out from the
consideration of this conference for the reason that at that
time we had a pretty good idea of the Federal law o
coming, and that certainly thereafter, in the latter part of
that year, it did come, which put the setting of the standards
under the State, and so* naturally, since it was not taken
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Closing Statements
under the jurisdiction of the Federal conference by pro
viding criteria, it was, and rightfully, assumed that it
went directly under the Act of 19&5* which called for
standards.
Now those have been set, and I think they are
standards higher than any place in the United States, but
they are very reasonable and practical. It gets the big
hunks. I mean, we can get into it with standard p
and so forth, within one year and two years, and then, in our
district anyway, the tertiary applies to the industry the
same way that it applies to us.
MR. STEIN: We are not talking about tertiary now
MR. BACON: Well, we are, and so this is why I say
we believe our schedule is really as tight from the stand
point of control, and it sets it up for the remaining years
MR. STEIN: How did your standards set on the
Calumet affect your program for U. S. Steel?
MR. BACON: U. S. Steel is under the conference.
MR. STEIN: Yes, but you have said that nothing
was done because they were waiting for standards.
Here is what you have for U. S. Steel:
"Now that standards are set they are proceeding
with final engineering plans.I!
Why did we have to wait for standards on U. S.
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Closing Statements
Steel, when the steel companies in Indiana could move ahead?
MR. BACON: This is not really what happened.
They have been designing for these standards on the lake
ever since they were issued.
In fact, they have plans for remodeling the
entire plant, which are on the drawing board, for takin
their wastes out of the lake and into the South Slip.
The only thing is, we can't say that they are
going to build right now if we have a terminal date which we
do not think is realistic, and we don't think it would have
been realistic for us either.
MR, STEIN: It may not have been realistic, but
the question, I think, is for Mr. Klassen and Mr. Poole to
decide.
Mr. Poole has been able to set forth a program
and come up with specific improvements based on the conference
recommendations. The United States Steel Company report that
you have says now that standards have been set. He was able
to move ahead with the program
The question is, what is the difference between
the U. S. Steel and the problem that Mr. Poole had with the
steel mills in Indiana?
MR. BACON: No difference whatsoever.
The U. S. Steel South Works Plant has a tougher
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Closing Statements
problem because of the age of the plant, but I think they
are as far advanced as any of the other dischargers
MR. STEIN: I am not arguing that.
MR. BACON: If not, we would have them in show
cause, and the minute we are convinced that they aren't, we
will put them in show cause.
MR. STEIN: These other conferees are engineers.
The question is if they are satisfied.
Here, as I read the last line, U. S. Steel South
Works will have made a bona fide attempt to move forward as
rapidly as possible. The question is whether they have
sufficient information to make that judgment.
Now, it can be one way or the other, but I would
hate to see the conferees not able to make the judgment
because of lack of sufficient information.
MR. POSTON: We have to rely on, or I do, the
individual conferees in their particular area of authority
for following through on these.
I would like to hear from the Sanitary District
what date they think is a date by which they could comply
insofar as abatement of industrial wastes from U. S. Steel
MR. STEIN: He has already said that it is Mr
Poole's date.
MR. BACON: That is tough, but we would be willing
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Closing Statements
to accept it.
I have talked to the representatives of the steel
company. I think the problem is much more difficult on this
side of the line. Maybe they will have to make more effort.
MR. STEIN: What do the people here think about
this?
Mr. Klassen. do you want to comment on that?
MR. KLASSEN: What is the issue. Mr. Chairman?
MR. STEIN: The issue is that you have a 1Q68
date, and Mr. Bacon and the Sanitary District is proposing
that U. S. Steel remedial works be in operation by June 30,
1970.
MR, KLASSEN: Let me tell you our position. We
submitted to the Department of the Interior the criteria and
standards that Mr. Bacon referred to for the rest of the
District, the rest of the area, not only including the con
ference area with a 1968 deadline for industry. It was sub
mitted to Mr. Udall. It was the official document from the
Illinois Sanitary Water Board, and we did this because of the
dates that the conferees set.
Now. I have one suggestion that is going to look
for some uniformity. I am addressing myself now to the
Federal water pollution people here.
If Mr. Udall. in reviewing these criteria, would
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Closing Statements
suggest that the rest of the area here and our dates be set
up from 1968 to 1970. I will take it back to the Sanitary
Water Board and see if they agree with that.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Poston, do you have any comments?
No one is obliged to make any comments.
MR. POSTON: I would like to see, in addition to
this terminal date, these intermediate dates, so that progress
could be judged in the future without waiting for a period of
time until June 1970* added to this.
MR. POOLE: We can!t give them to you off the top
of our head this afternoon, but I had assumed that if we
followed the pattern of conferences in the country to recon
vene every six months out here, that there would be periodic
progress reports, just as this one today, and as the one in
March, which would give the conferees an opportunity to find
out whether we were holding our own or gaining ground or
losing ground, but I have no objection to giving a little
time, and if you want the conferees to get back together to
try and figure some starting dates, as far as Indiana is
concerned., the plan date is all over with except for those
three or four of the facilities that Youngstown proposes
The preliminaries have been in, but not the construction
drawings.
MR. STEIN: I am asking this: Mr. Klassen, you
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Closing Statements
were in on St. Louis too. Isn't the pattern in these cases
that once we set a terminal date^ which is not too far. that
you move ahead and you can pretty well tell where you don't
get progress?
Now5 you have outlined these as well as we have.
and in report after report, it seems to me rather clear that
Adolph Plating Company was lagging behind. Mr. Poole indi
cated that he was going to ask the Board to cite them and
bring them into an enforcement action.
It seems to me that as we report every six months.
it looks like a few clouds may be overhead unless an agree
ment results.
I think Mr. Klassen did a superb job with that
the East St. Louis situation* where you had many indust
and many communities, and after we went back for the periodic
progress meetings, he kept pushing them ahead> and the ones
which did not go ahead soon came to the surface and he zeroed
in on them and moved ahead.
Again, it seems to me that periodic public
progress meetings show these things up
However, our key point is that Mr. Klassen has
made a proposal and the standards are in and the Secretary
has asked us to report back to him.
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Closing Statements
Mr. Poole, do you want to state anything?
MR. POOLE: Well. I think it might make it a
little easier on everybody concerned here if we could agree
this afternoon that June 30, 1970, is a realistic date.
I am reading here Mr. Klassen's report that he
has submitted to the Secretary. He stated:
"Adequate treatment for removal of contaminants
by the end of 1968.
t!
I wonder if he thought specifically of the South
Works and the magnitude of the work that was involved here.
when he wrote that sentence. Prom what I know of the South
Works, which is mostly from driving around them, I don't see
how it could be done by December 1968.
MR. BACON: May I make a suggestion?
MR. STEIN: Yes, surely.
MR. BACON: Mr. Klassen, does Regulation 15 address
itself to the area? Does it overlap the conference area?
MR. KLASSEN: Yes, it does.
MR. BACON:
Into the U. S. Steel Works?
MR. KLASSEN: Yes.
Starting on Page
we refer
#10
and included in there Lake Michigan. Wolf Lake, Grand Calumet,
and took it on. and No. 6 on this date refers to all of the
I just want to say that we put the end of 1968
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Closing Statements
date in there to keep it consistent with the conferees.
Let me say here — I was going to this morning
that I in no way criticize the State of Indiana for making a
change, and I know they undoubtedly felt that it was justi
fied. We did not in Illinois feel that we should change
this date without going back to the conferees for a change
of date> and so we put it in to make it consistent with what
the Federal Government had already approved.
MR. POOLE: We are back with the conferees now
MR. STEIN: Well. I am listening. Two of the
conferees are in favor of the June 30th date. And I take it
Mr. Klassen?s position is that he put in the 1^68 date to be
consistent with the conferees, and his proposal was that if
Secretary Udall, after considering the discussions in this
conference, wants to make a recommendation that this be
extended to June 30, 1970, he will take it back to the
Sanitary Water Board to consider it.
Have I stated your position?
MR. KLASSEN: Yes. If it is going to be consistent,.
then this would seem that this would be the action that he
would take, and I would take it back to our Sanitary Water
Board to see if they agreed with what Mr. Udall suggested.
They probably would.
MR. BACON: Mr." Stein, I believe you have to draw
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Closing Statements
a sharp line here between in Illinois the one industry on
the lake and clearly under the jurisdiction of the con
ference and all others, because I believe the State Sanitary
Water Board document here pertaining to all others, is con
sistent and clear, because we have charted all of this out.
We have showed it to you up there. That is what it said.,
and so we are not then talking about changing the other
industries along the Calumet.
If you look at this document that we gave you.
beginning on Page 102. we have certain things that we expect
by December 31> 19o83 under the State program compliance
schedule, and there are seven points under that. Then we
allow another year.
This all meshes with the regulation they adopted.
namely. Regulation 15, on the inland waterways beginning at
the mouth of the Calumet River.
This is clear, this is practicable, this is
meetablc. and this is enforceable.
MR. STEIN:
MR. BACON: So, really, our question is on that one
discharger as to whether it is an enforceable schedule.
MR. STEIN: By the way, at the present time, Mr.
Bacon. I am trying to get as clear a statement as I can from
the conferees of their positions, and I have stated their
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Closing Statements
positions as carefully as I could.
Mr. Poole has suggested that all the conferees
ee on a June 30, 1970, date, for all the remedial field
work on the steel mills.
MR. BACON: You mean the steel mills have those
criteria under the Jurisdiction
MR. STEIN: Of the conference
MR. BACON: Have those criteria. That was what
we were trying to set up when we set up a system preventing
^^^^^^^^^^
the river from flowing back into the lake, and those industries
on that waterway aren't under the criteria out on the lake
which they never reach. Do you follow me?
MR. STEIN: I follow what you are saying, Mr
Bacon, but let's try to get one point at a time.
The point is Mr. Poole has three major steel
mills where he has a June 30, 1970, date. We have a major
steel mill in Illinois where Mr Klassen wants a December
31, 1968. date, and which the Sanitary District has also
proposed a June 30, 1970, date.
This is the difference, as far as I can see. If
we can agree on that, I don't think there is a fundamental
difference on what they have to do, or what they have to
meet. I don't think Mr. Klassen or you or the Federal
Government or U. S. Steel, for that matter, really have an
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Closing Statements
essential argument on what kind of remedial facilities they
have to put in. This, as I see it, is the whole issue.
I think Mr. Klassen's view is clear, unless you
can think of another formula that can bring the people closer
together. One doesn't occur to me now, unless we get Mr.
Poole's point that all the conferees agree on June 30, 1970,
arid I take it we are not getting that. Is that correct?
MR. POOLE: Well, of course, we have never had
motions along these lines in any of the other conferences
that I have participated in. Do you want a motion?
MR. STEIN: No. If I read the law correctly, I
am not bringing back a vote of the conferees to the Secretary
What I am trying to do is bring him an analysis, like you
analyze the legislative hearings before a Congressional
committee, as to what the various people thought, and what
their positions were, and give it to him.
We are not constituted as an elective body where
we vote amongst ourselves, and we try to get an agreement.
Under the law, the Secretary makes the determination and the
recommendation afterwards, and he takes all the views into
account.
Are there any other points to be brought up along
these lines?
(No response.)
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Closing Statements
MR. STEIN: If there aren't, what other points
do you think the conferees should take back as conclusions
to the Secretary, other than the summary of the report?
Your man made three recommendations this morning
in the Federal report. Do you want to dig those out?
MR. POSTON: No, I think not.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Bowden did. Do you want to take
those up or not? He placed them before the conference.
All right. Here he raises the question, and I
think we can almost do this ourselves if we want to. This
is a broader question, and let me read it:
"That numerical criteria for total iron,
cyanide, sulfate and oil be included in the standards
adopted for the Grand Calumet River."
If we are going to begin tinkering with these
standards and come up with additions, first, do you think we
should; and, second, should we get a technical committee again
to see about adjusting those standards or criteria or require
ments, so that the surveillance group will have something to
check with, or are you satisfied with the existing require
ments we put out?
MR. PC-OLE: As I indicated this morning, and I have
discussed this issue with Mr. Poston and Mr. Bowden before
on this No. 1 point, I don't think it is necessary.
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Closing Statements
We can put them in the Grand Calumet criteria
that we submitted to the Secretary. We did put them in in
the Indiana Harbor, and they are in the inner lake standards,
and they are
th
t
t
t
dard
d
tainly they
are in three locations, and I think you can control the
numbers on No. 1.
Now, I don't know as to No. 2.
MR. STEIN: Let's take one at a time, if you don't
mind.
MR. POOLE: All right.
MR. STEIN: I take it then we were fairly well
satisfied with the meaningfulness of the report we got this
morning, including iron, cyanide, sulfate and oil, which
would g
us the pict
d w
Id get that without
changing the basic requirements. This, as I understand it,
constitutes the views of the conferees.
Let's go to No. 2, that the criteria for ammonia
in open Lake Michigan waters be reviewed in light of the
high levels routinely found in the lake and the recommendations
in the Laboratory Committee's report on ammonia.
What do you think of that?
MR. POOLE: I will defer to Perry Miller or Doug
Morton on that.
MR. MILLER: I would like to know what he has in
^^^F
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588
Closing Statements
mind.
MR. STEIN: All right. Mr. Bowden, would you
come up. please?
Would you precisely indicate what you might have
had in mind on that one?
MR. BOWDEN: Yes. In open Lake Michigan waters.
the criteria call for an annual average of 0.02 milligrams
per liter and a maximum of 0.5-
The Technical Committee's report indicates that
the previous data of 0.10 milligrams per liter would have to
be interpreted with extreme care in the precision of these
tests, with 0.02 milligrams per liter when they are below
l/10th of a milligram per liter, and the results in the lake,
of course, are all much persistently higher than these values
The question in my mind is whether it would ever
be possible to meet these criteria.
MR. STEIN: In other words, you are saying in a
sense what Mr. Bacon pointed out with those two orders, that
we have a requirement that has not been met, and probably
won't be met, and shouldn't we come up with a realistic
requirement that we can judge against?
MR. BOWDEN: Precisely.
MR. STEIN: All right. We would have to refer to
a Technical Committee on that.
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Closing Statements
If the point is a valid one, and this may very
well be a valid
one, can
we ask the two States, the Sanitary
District and the Regional Office to appoint a technical
committee to at least have one meeting on this; and, Mr.
Poston, if you will do this, will you see if this should be
changed and come up with a specific recommendation on this,
because if we are dealing with an unrealistic requirement,
something obviously has to give.
I think this is the kind of judgment, whether it
is realistic or not, where the Technical Committee should
not feel that their job is changing.
First, the determination is whether it is un
realistic, and, secondly, whether we can come up with a
realistic one.
If you are all agreed, Mr. Poston would check that
up, because this looks like something that should be done in
the procedure we developed.
Then you have the criteria for MBAS in No. 3. What
is the score on that?
MR. BOWDEN: The limitation on MBAS on Wolf Lake?
^^^^f
MR. STEIN: You can't find out what the farmer is
^^^F
doing.
MR. BOWDEN: May I refresh my memory by looking at
what the limitation is?
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Closing Statements
MR. KLASSEN: While he is refreshing his memory,
could I ask you a question. Mr. Chairman?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. KLASSEN: Did I understand in the previous
discussion that we would be permitting a higher level of
ammonia than exists in the lake now?
MR. STEIN: No. The previous level that we
were discussing was where he was checking against ammonia
and the requirements that the Technical Committee had had.
which were so low that they did not get counts that
realistically got down to that level. And the judgment of
the surveillance group is that they would not and they did
not really have a meaningful requirement to check against,
because the counts they got of ammonia were always higher
than the criteria they were judging against, and that the
surveillance was not meaningful unless they came up with a
limitation that would be meaningful.
MR. KLASSEN: By changing these, would we be in
compliance with the Federal Act that was supposed to enhance
the waters?
MR. STEIN: No. The waters have never been de
graded. The ammonia has always been the same.
What they are doing is, they have come up with a
figure that presumably, if I understood him, in these waters
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Closing Statements
did not achieve, and probably would not achieve, and you got
a real low figure. You have a real low figure on something^
and I don't know that you are enhancing it or putting it down
MR. BOWDEN: May I clarify this?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BOWDEN: The figures, I believe, were
originally based on data that was available for the lake at
that time.
The Technical Committee report on ammonia indicates
that this data really isn't reliable, and the best they could
do was the precision of 0.02 milligrams per liter plus or
minus, so if you have an average that is allowable of 0.02
d
r test
c
with a bett
P
0.02
can't really enforce it.
MR. STEIN: I think it is an analytical technique
When we first started on radiation, we used to have
a radiation level of 5 micro-microcuries per liter.
They
used to have tests at that time which were not accurate at
that time, as to whether we could measure micro-microcuries
to plus or minus 1 micro-microcurie.
I don't know whether you were in that one, Mr
Klassen. We sat through several meetings trying to perfect
the ammonia technique. As a matter of fact, the Sanitary
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592
Closing Statements
District was with us.
This gave us the most difficulty in trying to
get reliable results,, splitting samples, and getting two
laboratories to come up with the same answer.
Evidently, the techniques were still relatively
new. The notion these boys have is that they had better make
adjustments and measurements that are meaningful. In other
words, they are taking ammonia measurements and are not
getting any meaning out of them.
MR. KLASSEN: Would there be any advantage in
waiting until a cleanup job has proceeded to the point where
they are all doing what they are supposed to do and then re
evaluate it?
Perhaps we are permitting higher ammonias now
just because the analytical determinations weren't adequate.
I don't know.
MR. STEIN: I don't know. As I said, the Technical
Committee would meet on this.
My view on this, and this is just a personal one,
is that I would like to see these fellows keep working on it.
If ammonia is a realistic thing which we should be looking
at. I think in the Chicago area, considering the four juris
dictions here, the technical boys have probably made as
much advances in actually measuring ammonia in the field as
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593
Closing Statements
anyone In the country.
This still remains a tricky substance, and my
view is that as long as we have the program working, and we
have all this expertise here. I would like to turn the boys
loose on it.
If they think it is not meaningful to measure this
stuff until we are through, then we will wait, but let them
look at this again, because it is clear we are going through
an analytical procedure and we are not coming up with very
much.
MR. KLASSEN: All right.
MR. STEIN: Now. the last one. How about the
MBAS? Is that the same?
MR. BOWDEN: Well. MBAS is the measurement of the
methylene blue active substance.
The standards in Wolf Lake call for a maximum of
0.05 milligrams per liter, and an average of 0.02 milligrams
per liter.
Standard methods for MBAS clearly state that any
value below .5 -- in other words, one-half milligram per liter
there is no serious detergent problem because there are
positive interferences with the tests. My people in the
laboratory have the opinion that we can be sure if we get .1
milligrams per liter that there is some surfactant in the
-------
Closing Statements
water, but you can get ,1 without having any surfactants in
the water because of the positive interference with the
tests.
So how can you enforce a criterion that calls for
a maximum ,5 when your tests can read .1 and it is quite
possible to have none in there whatsoever, and still get a
tenth of a milligram per liter indicated on your tests?
MR. STEIN: Theoretically, this is the same kind
of problem.
MR. BOWDEN: Precisely.
MR. STEIN: Again, we may have to have different
experts on this committee, but I think we should get a com
mittee to look into this and report back.
These are the problems you inevitably get in any
new technique. It doesn't change in any part of the country.
We had the same thing on the West Coast last week, so don't
feel bad.
MR. BOWDEN: Mr. Chairman, may I make a comment
on the first recommendation that I made?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BOWDEN: The criteria established by the
Technical Committee for the Grand Calumet River were estab
lished at the State line.
Now. the stream at the State line is a small
-------
595
Closing Statements
stream. It is 10 cfs, so these criteria were established by
the Technical Committee, I assume, on the basis of a stream
that is 10 cfs, and, in fact, these criteria recognized that
the stream is basically effluent from a sewage treatment
plant.
Now, these identical criteria are being applied
over here (indicating). At this point here the stream is
not 10 cfs; it is 700 cfs. It is not effluent fr
a treat
ment plant. It is effluent from one of the largest industrial
complexes in the world, and the criteria established here for
this point (indicating) except for phenols are being met now,
and this stream is one of the most polluted streams in the
world.
Personally, I don't think that the criteria is
adequate for that stream in that section.
MR. STEIN: Again, don't we have the problem here?
Were these adopted standards by the Federal Government and
the State?
MR. BOWDEN: They were.
MR. STEIN: For the Calumet River?
MR. BOWDEN: They were adopted.
MR. STEIN: Why donrt you take them up that route?
In the enforcement case, we are really dealing with
material at the State line, or where it comes down into the lake,
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596
Closing Statements
aren't we?
The point is, I can see going up the stream in
an enforcement case if you wanted to identify a polluter
that was making the contribution in interstate pollution.
The only pollution we are concerned with here is stuff from
Indiana that affects Illinois, or vice versa. In other
wordSj anything coming here that goes this way has to cross
the State line and has to get out here and come over here
(indicating) before we could go into it.
j we really don't care what the situation is
in here,, except in that standard provision, because this is
an intrastate stream.
The only reason, from an enforcement point of
view, that we would want to go here, is because when you got
to here you would not know where it came from, and we would
want to go right up in here to find out which mill it came
from, but that has nothing to do with criteria or requirements
That is an identification of what contributes to the material
coming out.
While you may have a point technically, and I am
with you and I sympathize with you, I think the approach here
is the standards approach, which is a different philosophy
than the enforcement approach, standing on the border of
Illinois and watching for anything that endangers health or
-------
11
597
Closing Statements
welfare of people over this line.
MR. BACON: Mr. Bowden, could I ask a question?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BACON: Did I understand you to say the river
is very polluted, but still it meets standards?
MR. BOWDEN: Yes, it meets standards, because the
standards are set for a very small stream and there you have
a very large stream.
MR. POOLE: The river is covered with oil. It
doesn't meet minimum standards. It may meet one or two of
the specific things he is talking about.
MR. BOWDEN: But it meets many of the standards.
MR. STEIN: I think we are getting off on this
This is in the standards program
The enforcement operation, I think we are all
agreed, has to deal with what happens at the State line
MR. MILLER: It doesnTt meet the standards.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Miller says it does not meet the
standards, just for the record.
Do we have any other items to take up in this
progress meeting?
MR. EGAN: What did we decide about the dates?
MR. STEIN: Let me repeat this. The report that
I will make to the Secretary is this:
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598
Closing Statements
That Mr. Poole has certain dates. June 30. 1970.
for the three major steel mills in Indiana. He also has a
program moving forward in many respects to meet the compliance
schedule here, as does the Sanitary District,, for many of the
features of their program, as does the State of Illinois in
moving forward the communities and the few industries under
its jurisdiction. That is. this is proceeding apace
We can indicate also* or at least the record will
show, that there is no real improvement in water quality.
As a matter of fact, the Chicago water people indicate that
their opinion the water has been deteriorating, and our
investigators have indicated substantial areas of pollution
in the streams, and that improvement probably cannot be ex
pected until main works are put into operation; that no
definite date has been set for the operation of the U. S.
Steel South Works in Illinois, and this would be a key in
dustry for compliance in the Sanitary District's program;
and that the Sanitary District has suggested the June 30,
1Q70. date that has been adopted by Mr. Poole and put in the
implementation plan for the standards and approved by the
Secretary of the Interior for Indiana mills apply to the
U..S. Steel South Works in Illinois: that Mr. Klassen from
Illinois has stated that he has asked for a December 31»
date in his implementation plan, which has gone forward to
-------
599
Closing Statements
the Secretary, and that he was carrying out the determination
of the conferees at the last conference, and that while the
Sanitary District representatives and the Indiana representa
tives thought this June 30, 1970, date was all right, Mr.
Klassen indicated that if the Secretary said the June 30,
1970, date would be appropriate, he would be glad to take that
recommendation back to the Sanitary Water Board of Illinois
and have them reconsider the matter.
MR. BACON: Wouldn't the Secretary simply ask what
is the recommendation of the conferees?
MR. STEIN: He has the recommendations of the
conferees. He has the recommendations of the two conferees.
He is going to get that. He is going to get your recommenda
tion and he is going to get Mr. Poole's recommendation.
MR. POOLE: What about Mr, Poston's recommendation?
Can I ask?
MR. STEIN: You can ask Mr. Poston. I will be glad
to hear it and take it back.
As I say, there is no obligation for anyone to
talk if he doesn't want to.
MR. POSTON: I have a great deal of respect for Mr,
Poole and I know how Mr. Poole has worked to get this date
moved back to as far as June 1970, and if the Secretary would
ask me what I would say on this, I would have to agree to go
-------
6oo
Closing Statements
along with Mr. Poole* I imagine.
While I don't like the extension of time limits*
I recognize that this is a conference and that reasonable
people have to sit around the table, and it would be my
judgment at this time that this is the best date that is
obtainable.
MR. STEIN: All right. Let me ask all of you
conferees this. You have the advice of engineers5 and I
think the Secretary will ask this. No one has to answer this
question if he doesn't want to.
Mr. Egan. in your opinion, can the December 31»
1968. date be met by the U. S. Steel South Works, and is this
a realistic schedule?
MR. EGAN: From what we know now, it is not a
realistic schedule, and we don!t want to be saddled with that
date as long as it isn't practical.
The other date, the one in 1970, is a much more
practical approach.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Poston, do you think a 1968 date
is a realistic date?
MR. POSTON: Well. I thought I just stated
MR. STEIN: No. no. Again,, unless you put your
self on record. I am not going to infer anything you said
to the Secretary You just can't do that.
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601
Closing Statements
You don't have to answer the question, if you
donft want to.
MR. POOLE: He just answered it.
MR. STEIN: No. He said it was the best they could
do. You make these determinations. They are hard questions
and you have to answer them. This is what the Secretary is
going to ask.
By the way. this isn't an unusual question,
because this is a question I think Mr. Poole asked hijmself,
Mr. Bacon asked himself, and I have been asking myself from
the beginning, and so have Mr. Egan, and, I am sure, Mr.
Klassen, This is the key question that the Secretary is
going to ask.
MR. POSTON: I would say now that without even a
plan worked out for the South Works, that it would be very
difficult to meet that 1Q68 date.
MR. STEIN: No.
MR. BACON: We didn't say that. They have lots of
plans. They have been working a long while and have been in
our shop many times.
They have plans, very definitely, but they are not
in construction form yet.
MR. STEIN: With that, do you want to answer the
-------
602
Closing Statements
question?
MR. POSTON: Well. I felt originally that this
was a very logical schedule and could be met, and I think a
lot of these things depend upon the efforts you put into
them towards completion of them.
MR. STEIN: Let me put the question to you
another way
Considering the state of affairs, as you know
them now* do you think that the South Works can meet that
1Q68 date realistically?
MR. POSTON: I see that the South Works have
indicated that this was impossible, and I would have to go
along with their judgment.
MR. STEIN: All right
By the way, I don't know that they have indicated
that it was impossible.
MR. POSTON: Mr. Egan just indicated this, that
they could not meet it.
MR. STEIN; Mr. Egan. does the South Works believe
this?
MR. EGAN: As far as we have learned, it is my
judgment that they cannot meet that schedule.
MR. STEIN: Right. Mr. Poole?
MR. POOLE: Well, based on my experience in our
-------
603
Closing Statements
own mills, and with my limited judgment of the South Works,
I don't believe they can meet that December 1968 date.
MR. STEIN: Do you want to try your hand at this,
Mr. Klassen?
MR. KLASSEN: I will again express my views. I
think there are two factors. Let's leave the South Works
out of it. Let's leave it at any industry.
Maybe they can't meet it now, but when the deadline
is here, there is another factor, whether they could have met
it. And if I were convinced at the time that December 1968
arrived that they could have met it had they gotten right
into it and done a job, then I would not be for extending the
time, but would move into enforcement, and if I were convinced
at that time that they had extended every effort right from
the beginning and had diligently pursued this and still could
not meet it, then I would at that time consider giving them
more time.
This is a policy that the Sanitary Water Board
has adopted and follows, and we have followed. We have ex
tended time for industries and cities, sometimes several
times, if we were convinced that they actually started in
mmediately and were doing a job. If not, we moved int
the enforcement area.
This is my position, and I would be willing to
-------
604
Closing Statements
review any of these at the time the deadline is reached on
the two bases.
MR. STEIN: Right. I think Mr, Klassen's position
is very clear — at least, to me it is. Being faced with a
deadline, you have two propositions in this field: If an
dustry or a municipality or any polluter is making a
diligent effort, and this is a problem, sometimes you extend
the deadline before the time appears. If you are not con
vinced that happens, you often wait for the deadline to come,
and then you make your judgment on what to do, either to pro
ceed further or give him an extension.
I don't think that is an unusual position. We
have all taken that many times.
I think we now have the views of the people here.
Does anyone have anything further, or do you want
to pursue this any further, or take another item up? Do you
have any other items that you want to get back to the
Secretary, or recommendations?
MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, all of this comment
has been done with the understanding that this does not mean
that industries slow down and just meet this schedule, but
that everything will proceed as rapidly as possible, and if
earlier schedules can be met, why, they will go ahead with
that. Is that right?
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Closing Statements
MR. STEIN: Yes, that Is my understanding.
By the way, I think the programs of all three
reflect that, unless I am mistaken, but I think that has been
emphasized over and over again
MR. EGAN: They reflect it, and the only reason
I took the stand was the way the question was put to us. You
talked about this date, or the date in 1970.
MR. STEIN: Well, we put the other question first.
whether you thought the 1970 date was reasonable.
MR. EGAN: 1968.
MR* STEIN: You recall the way we put the issue.
Before we got into the reason, we asked you if you were in
favor of the extension, and the answer from you. you and you,
was yes, and there it was no. Only then did we go to the
question about whether you thought the 1968 date was reason
able, because once the conclusion is reached, then I think
the Secretary will want to know the reason.
This obviously is going to be his first question
once he gets this recommendation, and I think many of the
conferees in their discussion came back to this many, many
times. You can't expect them to do anything else but to
answer this question.
I think we have pretty well gone through this, but
do we have any other suggestions, or problems, or recommenda
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606
Closing Statements
tions? We have an open door here now to Secretary Udall on
this where he can help with something in Lake Michigan.
Let me bring up this question and see if you want
to pursue this at all. Do you want to do anything or make
any suggestion to him about that nutrient problem in Lake
Michigan? You can suggest this through the enforcement or
any other technique. That is. the cladophora problem and
all the States involved on the lake, or do you want to let
that go?
I think I am going to have to say that this was
discussed and that this was a lake-wide problem as far as
the conferees could determine*
MR. EGAN: It was suggested that the States join
together in an effort to do something about this, wasn't it?
MR. STEIN: Do you want them to join together with
the Federal Government in a joint effort?
MR. EGAN: Well, the Federal Government would have
to be in on it, or else I am sure they would not get th
proper cooperation.
MR. KLASSEN: I think there is valid reason, Mr,
Chairman, for the Federal Government doing this. You have
the information and if you wanted to call an enforcement
conference on it similar to this, you are justified in doing
it on the same basis that this one was called. This one was
-------
Closing Statements
607
not called at the request of either governor
MR. STEIN: I know that.
MR. KLASSEN: It was called on the basis of the
Secretary having all of the information, and he felt that
there was an interstate problem.
It would seem t
th
th
very same reasoning
could be applied to the nutrient problem, to include the
States of Wisconsin and Michigan.
MR. STEIN: All right. I think we also have to
probably report to the Secretary that, as far as we can tell
from the conference, the program of providing waste treatment
for all Federal installations is practically completed.
MR. POOLE:
Yes.
MR. STEIN: There are none that are not meeting
requirements. This seems to be correct.
There are no recommendations we are going to make
on dredging, because we have an agreement with the Corps.
MR. BACON: You have an agreement on the dredging.
MR. STEIN: Yes. There is nothing coming out of
here that is new.
The only thing that I saw that was new was what
you mentioned about how they could stop that leakage when they
go out to dump. That isn't for the Secretary.
MR. BACON: But if you followed your own recommenda
tions, there wouldn't be a barge out there in the first place,
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6o8
Closing Statements
so that you wouldn't have to worry about leaking.
MR. POSTON: That is what we are hoping for
MR. STEIN: We are doing our best.
^•fcpi»
You know, sometimes matters are just about as
successful and move as fast with respect to another Federal
agency as we do with respect to a major industry.
MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, would this be the time
to ask about a next progress meeting?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. POSTON: I think that we should continue these
on a six-month basis.
MR. MORTON: Make it a year from now.
MR. POOLE: Once a year I think would be better
As soon as you finish writing one report, you start writ!
another one.
MR. STEIN: Is this all right, next year? The
Secretary would call one anyway, but let's leave it that we
will meet in a year, unless the conferees agree that anything
productive can come forward and we will have one sooner. The
same people will be around and we will be in touch with you
before we call another one, especially if it desirable to call
one sooner.
MR. BACON: This matter, of course, of the criteria
on the Little Calumet and the Grand Calumet does not conform
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Closing Statements
with the State of Illinois criteria for tertiary treatment.
and I think if it takes us five and ten years to get terti
ary treatment, it is going to take Indiana cities five and
ten years to get theirs, and I don't think we should wait
very long to decide which set of criteria are going to
control at that point.
MR. KLASSEN: Right on that point. Mr. Chairman.
Vinton, did we decide that the Technical Advisory Committee
was going to get together and get into it at the same time?
MR. BACON: We are faced with two sets of facts, as
far as we are concerned, as operators:
1, The smaller bar graph, which is what we have
to meet and we are tooling up to meet within ten years.
Everything is pointed that way. This is not lip service.
Now, it is going to be rather meaningless for the
District to do this unless the effluent is up to meet those
standards on this side of the line for anybody else.
We just don't think that that is the way it should
be done, and I think you have to bear in mind that under the
Supreme Court decree, our quantity of dilution water I
believe we can estimate is going to steadily decline, so I
think this question here is one that should come before this
conference in the not too distant future for a formalization
MR. STEIN: If we are going to consider this, we
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Closing Statements
may have to meet in six months. This is a tough one
Now. I am not sure, and you people may want to
think about this a little bit, how you want to resolve this.
through the conference or the standards-making process. It
is true that in this operation, you try to get together and
get it lined up
MR. EGAN: Mr. Chairman, couldn't we think about
meeting in six months, unless things were going along so well
that it wasn't necessary?
MR. STEIN: Right.
MR, EGAN: Rather than talking about a year from
now. and then call it in six months if we have to? Let's do
it the positive way
MR. STEIN: I think that might be a better
suggestion if we are going to hit this problem that Mr. Bacon
brings up, and this is a key problem.
MR. EGAN: It j
MR. STEIN: I think we may be ready to get together
on this in six months, or sooner, but my guess on this is that
you would probably need a staff meeting on issues like this
more than we would on the ordinary Technical Committee for
those other problems we are thinking of, because this is a
pretty involved problem.
I would think you would want a backup of a
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technical staff. Perhaps you would have to arrange for a
meeting of the chiefs or their first deputies in all the Juris
dictions to try to get together on the problem.
Do you want to entertain the idea of trying to work
up at least a position paper?
MR. POSTON: We will look into this and see what we
can do.
MR. STEIN: How about getting a report?
MR. POSTON: Right.
MR. STEIN: At least, laying out the positions of
the various agencies, and see if we can see our way clear t
doing this.
If we come to an agreement, maybe we should con
sider reconvening the conference if we are ready to go ahead
and be able to handle this, Or do vou whish to handle thi
some other way?
I agree with you, Mr. Bacon. We have to get at
these problems. This is just the other part of the problem
that we have had right here, in which one State got in a
standards situation on a time schedule which is a little
different from its neighboring State.
Once we get into a different number in the same
stream for a neighboring State, we are going to have to do
quite a bit of this, and I think you put your finger on a key
issue.
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MR. BACON: I think there is one other thing
You recall that the slides show that these are combined
sewer problems. That is the bigger problem.
I believe in a very short period of time you are
going to have to make that decision too, as to what is going
to come out of this conference.
Let's face it. We have talked about the effluents
from industry. We have talked about the water quality, and
so forth. Yet there is a great, big chunk of the pollutional
problem that is going to figure into our side of the line in
our big system here. And certainly, what they are going to do
on the combined sewers, whether it is going to be a separation
or whether it is going to be an overflow treatment, or whether
it is eoing to be something like a tunnel, is beside the
point. But I believe we are going to start a four or five
year point on construction, and, again, it is not going to
help us and we are going to defeat our own program on an
interstate basis if we are going to have combined sewage
overflows into this area.
MR. STEIN: Didn't we once make a recommendation
at the conference on combined sewers?
MR. POSTON: Yes, I think we did.
MR. STEIN: I do think we have to come up with a
coordinated program on the combined sewers. You are not alone.
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In Washington, we could not lick the problem until we got
into the combined sewer problem.
Fortunately, we didn't have any Jurisdictional
problems there.
I don't think we are going to lick the problem in
New York City without licking combined sewers; and I don't
think we have too difficult a Jurisdictional problem there
either. We surely have a terrible construction problem. But
here we are. We are just going to have to get at this to get
t the problem of working this out
Now, the determination, as you know, has been made
in the Congress not to embark on a tremendous Federal
financing of combined sewers, but to have the jurisdictions
experiment awhile to see if there could be a cheaper way of
doing this, and possibly total separation. I assume that
part of the work you are doing with your tunnel refers to
this.
The problem, it seems to me, is (1) you have to
decide to work on your combined sewer problem; and (2) you
should at least get systems of handling the stormwater over
flows that are compatible with each other, if we can.
MR. POOLE: I don't remember just what we said in
Lake Michigan. But, in general, in all of our reports we have
indicated ten years on our combined sewer problems, and then
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mentioned some specific ones here earlier, but I quite agree
with Mr. Bacon, that this is a problem that we have to come
to grips with.
MR. STEIN: You are proceeding on a straight
separation, I believe, aren't you?
MR. POOLE: No. We are sort of waiting to see if
something cheaper comes along.
MR. STEIN: Well, so is everybody.
Let me say this, and this may be a point, Mr.
on. I think that you probably, and some of the oth
cities, have moved ahead. We could at the next session of
the conference, just as we have gone into the cladophora here
or the alewlfe situation, have a report or see if we can work
up a report on where we stand on the combined sewers here.
I would like to make one more point. I think I
am going to have to report back to the Secretary on the
alewife situation.
The report we got here from Dr. Smith was as
clear as I have seen, but I still suspect that what I said
before he talked is true--that the alewives did cause a
pollution situation, but the solution to that problem is
probably going to come from the Fish and Wildlife people, and
not from our discipline.
I think we would be kidding ourselves if we thought
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that we could come up with a solution.
Are there any other comments or statements?
MR. EGAN: Did we decide on meeting in six months?
MR. STEIN: Yes. six months, unless the conferees
11 agree that things are going so well that we don't have t
meet.
MR. EGAN: I think that's good, because things
might be going so well that we would go back to the December
31* 1968, date.
MR. STEIN: All right. I can see why you are
President.
(Laughter.)
The conference is adjourned
(Whereupon^ at 5:55 p.m., the conference was
adjourned.)
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • 1967 O - 285-077
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