r/EPA
Hazardous Substance
h Centers Program
'oaivim Summary
1990
"/ T. Printed on Recycled Paper
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
INTRODUCTION
Centers Program at a Glance 3
NORTHEAST CENTER
Chapter 1 (Region-Pair 1/2) 1 1
Key Personnel: Table 1 1 3
Science Advisors: Table 2 1 4
Technology Transfer and Training Advisors: Table 3 15
Budget: Table 4 16
Student Support: Table 5 16
Highlights , 18
Summary of Projects: Table 6 22
Project Descriptions 24
Bibliography 50
GREAT LAKES/MID-ATLANTIC CENTER
Chapter 2 (Region-Pair 3/5) 57
Key Personnel: Table 1 5 9
Science Advisors: Table 2 6 1
Technology Transfer and Training Advisors: Table 3 62
Budget: Table 4 6 3
Student Support: Table 5 63
Highlights 65
Summary of Projects: Table 6 70
Project Descriptions 7 3
Bibliography 9 6
WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT CENTER
Key Personnel: Table 1 103
Science Advisors: Table 2 104
Technology Transfer and Training Advisors: Table 3 105
Budget: Table 4 106
Student Support: Table 5 106
Highlights 1 10
Summary of Projects: Table 6 114
Project Descriptions 116
Bibliography 152
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GLNPO Library Collection (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard,
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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GREAT PLAINS/ROCKY MOUNTAIN CENTER
Chapter 4 (Region-Pair 7/8) 157
Key Personnel: Table 1 160
Science Advisors: Table 2 161
Technology Transfer and Training Advisors: Table 3 162
Budget: Table 4 164
Student Support: Table 5 165
Highlights 166
Summary of Projects: Table 6 168
Project Descriptions 172
Bibliography 210
WESTERN CENTER
Key Personnel: Table 1 228
Science Advisors: Table 2 228
Technology Transfer and Training Advisors: Table 3 229
Budget: Table 4 230
Student Support: Table 5 230
Highlights 233
Summary of Projects: Table 6 239
Project Descriptions 242
Bibliography 267
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTERS PROGRAM:
GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS
The Hazardous Substance Research Centers form an integrated national
program of basic and applied research, technology transfer and training.
The attention of the five cooperative multi-disciplinary and multi-
university centers is on the problems of managing hazardous substances.
Drawing financial support from academia, industry, state and federal
government, the centers are able to leverage the research resources
provided by EPA. The centers also bring together a critical mass of
researchers to conduct complementary and integrated research projects.
Industry, regulatory, academic and other representatives come together to
help shape the centers' research agenda, through the advisory committee
process. Under the leadership of the Center Directors, all of these interests
help to focus the centers' activities on practical problems of managing
hazardous substances. And also on promoting long-term and "long-shot"
exploratory research to find better ways to manage hazardous substances.
The results are:
o A synergistic, cross-fertilizing environment for gaining
knowledge in science, engineering and technology so that results can be
shared among researchers;
o The opportunity to build on research knowledge through
follow-on research efforts, and add needed disciplines and expertise from
elsewhere across the research centers;
o A concerted technology transfer and training program to
promote the rapid transfer of knowledge and technology into practical
applications to government, industry and other academic participants.
In summary, the whole effort of the HSRC's is greater than the sum of the
individual parts of research and technology transfer and training.
Organization
This report describes the second year activities of the five research
centers which comprise the Hazardous Substance Research Centers
Program. Following an overview of all five centers, a separate section
describes the activities of each. Each center's major researchers are listed
in Table 1, and Science and Technology Transfer and Training Advisory
Committee members are listed in Tables 2 and 3. Table 4 summarizes each
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center's budget. Table 5 presents information regarding students
supported by research projects of the center.
Each director reports on the major accomplishments of the center
along with highlights of the year. Table 6 summarizes the individual
projects in the HSRC program. Detailed descriptions of individual projects,
arranged by major research topic follow. For each project, potential
clients/users of the research information are identified. Project reports,
presentations, student thesis and dissertations supported by HSRC research
are summarized in an outputs section for each center. For more
information about any of the projects, contact the director of each center.
Background
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the
Hazardous Substance Research Center (HSRC) program in response to
provisions in the 1986 amendments to the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, also known as
"Superfund") and the Agency's 1988 Appropriation Act.
Section 311(d) of amended Superfund enabled EPA to establish
between five and ten university-based HSRCs, with a mission to study all
aspects of the "manufacture, use, transportation, disposal, and management
of hazardous substances and publication and dissemination of the results
of such research." The law further instructs that these centers must be
distributed "equitably among the regions of the United States", that
recipients dedicate a substantial portion of their resources to technology
transfer and training, and that EPA basic grant support of these centers not
exceed 80% of the total funding for each center. The law provides a total
of $25 million over a five-year period for the support of this program.
When EPA received its 1988 Appropriation, that law provided $5
million annually and contained language which further defined the
boundaries of the program. This law specified that no more than five
centers be established and that they be established competitively.
The EPA Administrator delegated authority for the management of
this program to the Director, Office of Exploratory Research (OER). The
primary mission of OER is to provide support to the academic
environmental research community through several vehicles, including
this program of competitively selected research centers.
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EPA decided to establish five geographic sections of the country,
encompasing two adjacent federal regions. Each of these "Region-Pairs"
contains one HSRC.
THE CENTERS PROGRAM AT A GLANCE
There are five HSRC's across the country. The accompanying map indicates
the states contained in each Region-Pair and the lead institution of its
center. These include:
Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center — Region-Pair 1/2,
which includes the New England states, New York, New Jersey, and
territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The lead institution is
the New Jersey Institute of Technology and the Center Director is Dr.
Richard Magee. Other consortium partners include the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Rutgers University, Stevens
Institute of Technology, Princeton University, and the University of
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic Hazardous Substance Research
Center — Region-Pair 3/5, comprised of the Great Lakes states and the
mid-Atlantic states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and
Delaware. This three-university consortium is headed by Dr. Walter
Weber, of the University of Michigan. Michigan State University and
Howard University are the partner institutions.
Waste Minimization and Management Center — Region-Pair 4/6,
which is made up of the Gulf Coast and southern states. North Carolina
State University heads this center, in partnership with the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Texas Agricultural and Mechanical
University. The Center Director is Dr. Michael Overcash, of North Carolina
State University.
Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research
Center — Region-Pair 7/8, which contains the states on the eastern side
of the Great Basin and the Great Plains. This large consortium is run by Dr.
Larry Erickson of Kansas State University. The other six participating
institutions are Montana State University and the Universities of Iowa,
Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, and Utah.
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Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center — Region-
Pair 9/10, which serves the states of the West Coast plus Idaho, Arizona,
Alaska, Hawaii, and Guam. Stanford University and Oregon State
University make up this consortium. Dr. Perry McCarty of Stanford
University is the Center Director,
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HRZRRDOUS SUBSTRNCE RESERRCH CENTERS RND DIRECTORS
Dr Larry E Erickson
D«p( ol Chemical Engineering
Durtand Hall
Kansas Stale Univerwty
Manhanan. Kansas 66506
913/532-5584
Dr Walter J Weber. Jr
OepL ot Ovil Engineering
2340 C G Brown Sodding
University of Michigan
Ann After, Michgan 4« 109-2126
313/763-2274
Dr Richard Mag0«. Director
Hazardois Substance Managemeni
Research Center
New Jersey institute ol Technology
Newark. New Jersey 07102
201/596-3233
Region
Dr Perry L McCarty
Center Director
Dept ol Civil Engineering
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94306
415/723-4131
Dr Micted R. Gvercash
Dept of Chemical Engineering
North Carokna Stale UreverMy
Ratoign. Norti Carolina 27695-7001
«1«r737-232S
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTERS
Research Project Distribution
(Number of Projects)
10%
Metals (13)
27%
Other (36) £
36%
Bioremediation (48)
5%
Thermal Treatment (8)
7%
Waste Minimization (9)
15%
Technology Transfer
and Training (20)
The Hazardous Substance Research Centers Program includes 134
research and technology transfer and training projects during the report
year for Fiscal 1990*. The largest group of projects, 36% (48 projects)
explore bioremediation of contaminated soils and groundwater. This
represents about half of all of EPA's research effort on bioremediation. For
the HSRC's, this includes $3.6 M for the report period, and represents a
total bioremediation research project budget of $6.6M. Included among
the other 27% (36 projects) of HSRC projects are research efforts on fate
and transport of hazardous substances, three dimensional modeling of sub-
surface environments, physical/chemical treatment including supercritical
fluid extraction, and monitoring and sampling instrumentation. Another
major effort is reflected in the 15% (20 projects) which address technology
transfer and training.
* The Centers operate on a budget year from February to February.
possible summary information is reported as of October, 1990.
To the extent
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HSRC STUDENT SUPPORT
Undergraduate
Graduate
Academic Level
Post-Doctoral
Student Support
Undergraduate (40)
Graduate (149)
Post-Doctoral (34)
Total 223
Another important aspect of the HSRC academic research grant program is
the number of students who are supported. Included among 223 students
supported by the Centers are 149 graduate students, 40 undergraduates
and 34 post-doctoral students. This reflects an expenditure of $3.5M in
student stipends and support.
Sources of HSRC Funding
Funding for the HSRC program comes from those organizations that benefit
from the research conducted in hazardous substance management. The
primary sources of funds are USEPA and other federal agencies, state
government and consortia universities, and industry. The Departments of
Energy and Navy in particular have been substantial supporters of the
research efforts of the HSRC's. The chart below shows the percentage of
funds from the various sources which support the HSRC program.
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HSRC BUDGET COMPOSITION
Center
Base Grant
Other
EPA
Other
Federal
State
Consortia Private/
Industry
Source
Center Base Grant
EPA Other
Other Federal
State
Consortia
Private/Industry
Total
$5,329,209
290,000
770,000
291,291
1,641,668
601,286
$8,923,454
Each center received an initial grant for a three-year project period.
Subject to a successful evaluation, the centers can be renewed for another
five-year project period, for a total life span under this program of eight
years.
In addition to performing innovative research on critical problems
associated with hazardous substances, each center is required to dedicate
between 10 and 20% of its grant to training and technology transfer
activities in support of the center's mission. To assist each center director
in selecting research topics and ensure the continued high quality of the
research, each center was required to establish and maintain a Science
Advisory Committee made up of experts in relevant disciplines from the
8
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federal government, academia, the private sector, and state and local
government. This body meets at least twice annually. A similar advisory
group was mandated to help the center director plan and manage the
training and technology transfer program. The Training and Technology
Transfer Advisory Committee, comprised of qualified individuals from
EPA, industry, state and local government, private trainers, and others,
also meets twice a year.
The five centers have complementary missions. Several mechanisms
are in place to assist in the coordination of activities among the centers,
including shared advisory committee members, an annual meeting of
center directors and technology transfer and training directors, mutual
attendance at individual center functions, joint sponsorship of conferences
and workshops, as well as numerous informal coordination mechanisms.
In the chapters that follow, the research, training, and technology
transfer programs of each center are described in detail. Questions about
the activities of individual centers should be directed to the center
director, whose name, address, and phone number appears at the
beginning of the chapter for that center.
Questions pertaining to the HSRC program in general may be directed to:
Dale Manty, Ph.D., Director
Hazardous Substance Research Centers Program
Office of Exploratory Research (RD-675)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M St., S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 382-7445
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NORTHEAST
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
PARTICIPANTS:
DIRECTOR:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
DIRECTOR:
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Princeton University
Rutgers University
Stevens Institute of Technology
Tufts University
University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey
Richard S. Magee, Ph.D
Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center
Newark, New Jersey 07102
Phone: 201/596-5883 Fax: 201/802-1946
John Ehrenfeld, Ph.D
Associate Director,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kurt Fischer, Ph.D
Associate Director,
Tufts University
William Librizzi
Training and Technology Transfer Program
Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center
Newark, New Jersey 07102
Phone: 201/596-2457 Fax: 201/802-1946
THE CENTER AT A GLANCE
The Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center (NHSRC) for
Federal Region Pair 1 and 2 was established with the New Jersey Institute
of Technology (NJIT) as the lead institution in a seven-member consortium.
Consortium members include Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Princeton University, Rutgers University, Stevens Institute of Technology,
Tufts University, and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey.
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Regions 1 and 2 have a unique combination of historic industrial
activity, population density, economic activity, concentration of chemical
and pharmaceutical industries, and rapidly developing high tech
industries. Former waste handling and disposal practices created a large
number of sites which have been identified and placed on the Superfund
National Priorities List. Remediation of these sites is difficult and costly.
Approximately 75% have groundwater contamination. Treatment, storage
and disposal facility capacity in the region-pair are insufficient. Improved
technologies for pre-treatment of industrial wastes are needed. These
needs provide the stimulus for the Center's research focus.
NORTHEAST HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CENTER
Research Project Distribution
(Number of Projects)
23%
Biological/Chemical/
Physical (5)
36%
In-Situ Methods (8)
18%
Technology Transfer
and Training (4)
23%
Incineration/Thermal (5)
Major Focus: The Center's research programs focus on development and
demonstration of treatment and remediation technologies in three broad
areas: incineration/thermal methods; in-situ methods; and biological/
chemical/physical methods. The NHSRC is the only one of the five EPA
HSRC's focusing on incineration research and this area is considered the
major thrust of the NHSRC. The Center recognizes the need for in-situ
remediation technologies, while aware that sites will continue to be
remediated using removal and treatment biological, chemical and physical
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technologies. Hence, the development and demonstration of in-situ
remediation technologies is another major research thrust of the NHSRC.
Researchers pay special attention to intermedia effects, such as impacts on
air quality as a result of in-situ extraction or impacts on water quality
which may result from in-situ biotreatment of contaminated soils.
Hazardous substance treatment technologies that address both treatment
of industrial wastes and wastes at contaminated sites are encouraged.
These include incineration, separation, stabilization and biotreatment
technologies. Key personnel currently working for the Center are listed in
Table 1.
TABLE 1: KEY PERSONNEL IN THE NHSRC
New Jersey Institute
pf Technology
P. Armenante
B. Baltzis
R. Barat
J. Bozzelli
L. Dauerman
E. Grosse
G. Lewandowski
W. Librizzi
R. Magee
E. Ritter
Tufts University
A. Chabot
B. Cole
A. Robbat
D. Walt
Princeton
P. Jaffe
G. Pinder
K. Sirkar
University
Massachusetts Institute
of Technqlogy
S. Chisholm
J. Ehrenfeld
J. Longwell
D. McLaughlin
J. Nash
W. Peters
R. Probstein
A. Sarofim
Rutgers University
R. Ahlert
M. Finstein
D. Kosson
Stevens Institute of Technology
G. Korfiatis
L. Reddi
The needs of the region-pair also require increased training and
technology transfer as they relate to the Center's research agenda, and to
the scientific and engineering advances in the hazardous waste field. The
Center focuses its efforts on activities that advance the state-of-the-art in
managing hazardous wastes and complement EPA and State on-going
training and technology transfer programs.
The Center is guided by an 18 member Science Advisory Committee
(SAC), and a 14 member Training and Technology Transfer Advisory
Committee (TTAC) (see Tables 2 and 3). The Center's funding is shown in
Table 4, and support for students in Table 5.
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TABLE 2: SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Dr. Ralph R. Rumer
Dr. Halina Brown
Richard F. Cahaly
Dr. Peter Daley
Dr. Richard Denison
Joan Denzer
Barry Frasco
Merrill Hohman
Joseph Lafornara
Dr. Thomas Lester
G. Blair Martin
William Muszynski
E. Timothy Oppelt
Dr. Albert L. Page
Dr. Stephen Schmelling
Dr. Jost O.L. Wendt
Norman Willard
Dennis Wynne
Academia, S.U.N.Y.
at Buffalo
Academia, Clark
University
Industry/GZA/
GeoEnvironmental, Inc.
Industry/Chemical
Waste Management
Environmental Group/
Envir. Defense Fund
Environ. Group/
Sierra Club
NJDEP
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
University of Kentucky
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
University of CA, Riverside
U.S. EPA
University of Arizona
NEWMOA (State)
U.S. Army
In-Situ
Remediation
Bio/Chem/Phys
Treatment
Bio/Chem/Phys
Treatment
Bio/Chem/Phys
Treatment
Incineration
Thermal/Treatment
Pollution Prevention
Site Remediation
Site Remediation
Emergency/
Remedial Response
Incineration/
Thermal Treatment
Incineration/
Thermal Treatment
Site Remediation
Bio/Chem/Phys
Treatment
Soil Remediation/
Contaminant Transfer
In-Situ Remediation
Incineration/
Thermal Treatment
Pollution Prevention
In-Situ Remediation
Chair
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TABLE 3: TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Michael Bonchonsky
Joseph S. Carra
Ronald DiCola
Susan Fessenden
Meg Kelly
James Makris
William Muszynski
Linda Murphy
Metcalf & Eddy
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
AT&T
MADEQE
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
Remediation
R.C.R.A.
Remediation
State Programs
Training/Technology
Transfer
SARA Title III
Multi-media needs
in Regions
Region al-Sup erf und
Dr. Gerald Nehman
Michael OToole
Kathleen Porter*
Jack Stanton
John Walker
Norman Willard
Environmental Institute
for Technology Transfer
NY DEC
MA DEM
U.S. EPA
COM Federal
Programs Corp.
NEWMOA (State)
Training/Technology
Transfer
State Superfund
State Pollution
Prevention
Training/Technology
Transfer-EPA/ORD
Consulting Services
State Programs
Chair
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TABLE 4: CENTER FUNDING
FUNDING SOURCES
EPA: Center's Program
EPA: Other
Other Gov't: Federal
Other Gov't: State
Consortium
Private Sector
TOTAL
STUDENT SUPPORT
Undergraduates
Graduates
Post Doctoral
TOTAL
STUDENT SUPPORT
Undergraduates
Graduates
Post Doctoral
TOTAL
FY1990
$ 1,606,496
0
0
59,771
550,968
47,587
$ 2,264,822
NUMBER
0
16
3
__
NUMBER
1
20
6
27
FUNDS TO DATE
$ 2,606,496
0
0
137,865
888,092
47,587
$ 3,680,040
1989 FUNDS
0
233,018
54,370
"287^388
1990 FUNDS
5,643
314,167
103,978
~423?788
STUDENT LEVEL
Undergraduate
Graduate
Post Doctoral
TOTAL
TABLE 5: STUDENT SUPPORT
NUMBER
1
36
9
46
FUNDS TO DATE
5,643
547,185
158,348
TTU76
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CENTER DIRECTOR'S REPORT
Over 100 faculty and staff members are currently working on
hazardous substance related research within the consortium institutions.
The expertise covers chemical, civil, and mechanical engineering;
chemistry; environmental biology; hydrology; geology; toxicology; risk
assessment; and public policy. The NHSRC is the nucleus to bring together
and focus on hazardous substance problems of concern in Regions 1 and 2.
During the second year of the Center's operation, six new research
projects were initiated and the 12 original projects continued for a second
year. Five of these projects were in the incineration/thermal method area;
eight of the projects addressed in-situ methods; and five projects involved
treatment technology approaches utilizing biological, chemical, and
physical treatment methodologies.
Interest and participation from faculty at the consortium schools in
the activities of the Center are strong. Thirty-two new research proposals
were submitted for funding consideration in 1991. Funding requested
exceeded the NHSRC budget by two-hundred percent. Plans are to fund
seven to ten of these new proposals dependent upon the funding status of
the Center.
The Center's program for Training and Technology Transfer focuses
on the development and application of approaches that expand or
complement on-going training and technology transfer programs,
particularly those of EPA and the states. To the extent possible, such
approaches provide innovative and imaginative concepts that advance the
state-of-the-art, meet the defined needs of Regions 1 and 2, and are
potentially adaptable for broader national use. Three important areas that
can have significant impact on the hazardous substance management
program have been identified and include: project management,
consideration and use of alternative treatment technologies, and pollution
prevention. Further, the Center has been designated as an EPA Superfund
University Training Institute (SUTI) and chartered to conduct advanced
courses on legal issues, contract administration, and site management for
superfund managers and coordinators.
Four training and technology transfer initiatives were supported in
FY 1990. These included a state-of-the-art review and seminar on
emerging waste technologies; a conference on aquifer reclamation and
source control; and in-depth training in alternative/innovative technology
options for remedial actions at hazardous waste sites. This latter project
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was a cooperative effort among this Center, the New York State Center for
Hazardous Waste Management-State University of New York at Buffalo,
and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The
NHSRC and the New York State Center for Hazardous Waste Management
also co-sponsored the First Hazardous Waste Treatment and Prevention
Technologies Conference. And the HSRC has been designated an Advanced
Superfund University Training Institute (SUTI) to conduct advanced
courses in legal issues, contract administratio and site management.
The Center has a strong and active research program and a
comprehensive technology transfer and training program. The Center's
two advisory Committees have been extremely helpful in assisting Center
management to refine its focus and research thrusts. The Center has
established an excellent working relationship with the New York State
Center for Hazardous Waste Management at S.U.N.Y.-Buffalo which should
grow to the benefit of the region-pair. The Director has encountered no
difficulty in administering a multi-disciplinary, multi-university program.
A solid foundation has been established upon which the Center will build
in the years ahead.
HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1990
Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Groundwater
Contamination: The subsurface contaminant plumes found at hazardous
waste sites can be highly irregular and difficult to locate. The irregularity
of these plumes is due to a variety of factors, primarily variations in
geological properties (e.g., soil hydraulic conductivity and sorption),
variations in recharge, and scattered contaminant sources. Professor
Dennis McLaughlin of MIT Civil Engineering Department is developing
methods which can be used to construct multidimensional maps of
subsurface contaminant plumes. These maps are obtained by combining
field measurements with predictions obtained from computer models of
groundwater flow and transport. The computer models guide the
placement of wells and other aspects of the field sampling program.
Hydrologic and chemical measurements are used to improve the
models which are, in turn, used to guide additional sampling efforts. Each
sampling round yields a more detailed map of the subsurface contaminant
plume. This sequential or "real-time" approach to site characterization is
very efficient since it makes maximum use of a limited amount of field
data. The contaminant plume maps produced by the sequential sampling
procedure can be used to plan and monitor site remediation activities.
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Initial tests of the procedure at a coal tar disposal site in upstate New
York have produced encouraging results. The computer models are now
being generalized so that they can deal with a range of different
hydrogeologic conditions. Additional field tests are also anticipated. This
research will result in more timely, and cost-effective site remediation
efforts.
Incineration of Chlorocarbons: Incineration is currently being viewed
as a practical option for the disposal of chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC)
wastes. However, it has been observed that high CHC loadings in fuels
fired in rotary kilns can result in destabilization of these turbulent flames
and may increase subsequent products of incomplete combustion (PIC). A
detailed understanding of the effects of chlorine on hydrocarbon oxidation
in flames will aid in design and operation of incineration equipment for
minimum chlorocarbon emissions.
Professors A. Sarofim and J. Longwell of the Chemical Engineering
Department of MIT, and Professors J. Bozzelli and R. Barat of the Chemical
Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science Department of NJIT,
examined the destabilizing effects of methylchloride on a fuel lean
ethylene/air flame in a torroidal jet stirred combustion (TJSC). The TJSC
emulates the highly circulated flame stabilization zone in many large scale
burners. It is in this zone where CHC's are most likely to affect incinerator
performance.
Under fuel rich conditions, destabilization and escape of unburned
fuel, during unstable operation, similar to that previously reported for lean
conditions, is observed but, in addition, synthesis of a variety of
chlorocarbons occurs on quenching the combustion product stream.
Detailed chemical mechanisms are currently being developed to offer
further insight into PIC formation in this system.
The modeling has been used to find mechanisms for optimizing
combustion processes when chlorocarbons are present. One method for
improvement of chlorocarbon combustion predicted in the future is to add
inexpensive steam to the process. Interaction with several incinerator
operators has verified the predictions.
Once the full effects of chlorine are understood, incinerator
operations can be altered to minimize this production of PIC's when
disposing of chlorocarbons. A reduction of PIC emissions supports EPA's
risk reduction goal when managing hazardous wastes.
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Removal and Recovery of Heavy Metals from Wastewater:
Efficient removal and recovery of toxic heavy metals from industrial waste
streams prior to discharge is a major challenge. Not only does removal of
heavy metals eliminate toxicity but also it prevents metal accumulation in
biological sludge. A novel and robust hollow fiber contained liquid
membrane (HFCLM) technique has recently been developed at Stevens
Institute of Technology. The efficiency and stability of the novel HFCLM
technique for the removal and concentration of toxic heavy metals is being
investigated.
Using counter transport, copper was transferred from a dilute
solution of CuSo4 through an organic membrane containing a chelating
extractant to a highly acidic solution and concentrated. Feed solution was
brought down to 1-3 ppm level from 100-250 ppm level at the inlet and
simultaneously concentrated up to 1700 ppm in the strip side. A month
long run indicated that the liquid membrane flux and process are quite
stable. Similar experiments with chronium and mercury are in progress.
This technique has the potential to provide a simple way of treating
aqueous industrial wastes contaminated with metal ions, recovering and
recycling the metal back to the process. The process can clean waste
streams to contaminant levels in the parts per billion (ppb) range, thus
reducing the impact of heavy metals in the environment.
Microwave Treatment of Contaminated Soil: The treatment/
remediation of large quantities of contaminated soil is a major challenge
facing the states in federal Regions 1 and 2. Contaminants include volatile
and semi-volatile organics, and insoluble non-volatile organics, e.g., dioxins,
and heavy metals. Alternatives to incineration and land-fill are needed.
Microwave treatment of contaminated soils by Dr. Leonard Dauerman
at New Jersey Institute of Technology shows great promise. Studies to
date are exploring the mechanisms involving the interaction of microwave
energy on a variety of contaminants. Results to date indicate that: steam
distillation is the governing mechanism for the removal of volatile and
semi-volatile organics; insoluble non-volatile organics, e.g., 9, 10-
anthraquinone, become "fixed" in the soil at a relatively low temperature;
soil impregnated with hexavalent chromium could be rendered non-
hazardous as determined by the EP Toxicity Test.
While studies continue on these mechanisms, tests are underway in a
recently installed 6KW microwave pilot-plant with soil feeder and
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continuous conveyor. These tests are designed to determine system
operating performance and costs and scale-up parameters. This new
technology is versatile, cost-effective and capable of treating soils with a
mixture of contaminants. Following further development, this technology
should offer an attractive alternative to conventional soil treatment/
remediation technologies.
Incinerator Monitoring: Monitoring is a key element in building public
trust in incineration and ensuring that emissions do not exceed agreed
upon standards. A one-day conference entitled "Incinerator-Monitoring:
Techniques for Assuring Performance and Building Public Trust," was held
at MIT on June 6, 1990. The audience came away from the conference
with increased understanding in three areas:
First, audience members learned how incinerator monitoring is done
currently, what current regulations require, and the capabilities of "state-
of-the-art" monitoring systems.
Second, participants learned of the limitations of existing monitoring
systems. While monitoring techniques have improved dramatically in the
past twenty years, monitors cannot provide complete assurances of
incinerator safety. Speakers and members of the audience highlighted
critical deficiencies in existing technology. For example, several people
noted that continuous emission monitors are only available for a handful of
pollutants. The pollutants of greatest public concern--dioxins and heavy
metals—cannot be monitored continuously.
Finally speakers and audience members suggested ways to overcome
these limitations. Monitoring should focus upon incinerator inputs, as well
as stack emissions. Techniques for monitoring ambient air and soils should
be improved, as well as techniques for monitoring community health.
Citizens play a key role in incinerator monitoring. Incinerator emissions
data should be accessible through a public database, and citizen inspectors
should be hired, as is done in Connecticut.
The conference demonstrated to participants that it is possible for
the diverse interests that play a part in incinerator proposals to work
together in a constructive manner. The conference brought together 125
people. Thirty-five corporations sent representatives, as did six
environmental groups, four universities, the states of Connecticut, New
York, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Virginia,
U.S. EPA Regions 1 and 2, and the Department of the Army. Many
participants noted in conference evaluation forms the need for more
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frequent interaction among government regulators, incinerator operators
and representatives of the public interest outside of the heated debate that
tends to accompany specific incinerator proposals. This conference
demonstrated the usefulness of establishing a forum to meet that need.
TABLE 6
NORTHEAST HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
PROGRAM SUMMARY
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR PROJECT
IN-SITU TREATMENT
END
DATE
CURRENT
BUDGET
TOTAL
BUDGET
Jaffe Methanogenic 1992 $78,481
Bioremediation of Aquifers
Pinder Investigation into the 1990 $50,547
Dissolution of DNAPL in
the Subsurface
McLaughlin Real-Time Monitoring 1991 $72,186
and Control Of Ground-
water Contamination
Walt Field-Based Testing of 1991 $92,506
a New Remote Sensing
Groundwater Monitor
Chisholm DNA Characteristics of 1991 $69,159
Indigenous Microbial
Communities as Indicators
of Mutagenic Waste Exposure
Probstein Electrode Emplacement 1992 $80,000
Geometries and Electric
Field Strengths for In-situ
Extraction of Contaminants
from Hazardous Waste Sites by
Electroosmosis
Korfiatis A Study of the Efficiency 1991 $57,612
of Vibroflotation in In-situ
Phase of Separation of
Immiscible Contaminants
$160,446
$50,547
$122,746
$167,506
$138,318
$188,877
$57,612
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PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
Robbat
PROJECT
Development of Field
GC-MS Methods for
Hazardous Waste Sites
END
DATE
1992
CURRENT
BUDGET
$100,890
TOTAL
BUDGET
$336,154
INCINERATION/THERMAL TREATMENT METHODS
Howard/ Fundamental Studies of 1991 $124,948 $249,896
Peters Solids Devolatilization
for Hazardous Waste Destruction
Longwell/ The Effect of Chlorocar- 1991 $125,221 $250,442
Sarofim bons on Flame Intermit-
tency, Stability, and
Efficiency in a Well-
Stirred Reactor
Bozzelli Hydrocarbon Flames 1991 $250,481 $322,506
Doped with Chlorocarbons
Dauerman Microwave Treatment 1992 $107,075 $220,748
of Hazardous Wastes:
Underlying Mechanisms
Bozzelli Thermal Desorption of 1992 $78,580 $156,760
Hazardous Organic
Chemicals from Soils
BIOLOGICAL/CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL TREATMENT
Armenante Contaminated Ground- 1991 $79,672 $132,172
water Treatment With
Bio-reactors Utilizing A
White Rot Fungus
Finstein Optimization of Biological 1991 $84,857 $171,317
Soil Remediation
Baltzis A Dynamic Model of 1991 $67,576 $117,576
Sequencing Batch
Reactors
Sirkar Removal and Recovery 1991 $71,803 $145,773
of Heavy Metals from
Waste Water by Hollow
Fiber Contained
Liquid Membrane Technique
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PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
PROJECT
END
DATE
CURRENT
BUDGET
TOTAL
BUDGET
Ahlert
Supercritical Fluid
Extraction of Organic
Contaminants from Soil
1992
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
$73,228
$151,894
Librizzi
Grosse
Librizzi
Ehrenfeld
In-Depth Training in 1991 $55,226 $55,226
Alternative/Innovative
Technology Options for
Remedial Actions at
Hazardous Waste Sites
Aquifer Reclamation 1991 $64,315 $64,315
and Source Control
Conference
SUTI Advanced courses in 1991 $133,119 $133,119
Legal Issues, Contract
Administration and Site
Management
Emerging Waste Tech- 1991 $28,166 $28,166
nologies:A State-of-
the-Art Review and
Seminar
RESEARCH PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
IN-SITU TREATMENT
Methanogenic Bioremediation of Contaminated Aquifers:
Jaffe, Princeton University
Peter R.
Goal: It is known that chlorinated compounds such as trichloroethylene
(TCE) can be degraded by reductive dehalogenation under methanogenic
conditions. The goal of this research is to investigate if this process can be
enhanced and used as a bioremediation technology to decontaminate
aquifers.
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Rationale: In the first part of our research sponsored by the Center, we
developed a model to investigate the aerobic bioremediation of aquifers,
paying special attention to the interaction between biomass production and
changes in the groundwater hydrology (soil plugging). We have shown
how to overcome plugging by manipulating the injection of oxygen and the
inducer (methane), but the process is essentially limited by the solubility
of oxygen. In anaerobic processes, oxygen solubility is not a problem, but
a large quantity of low solubility gases is formed (methane) that can, by
forming bubbles, affect the soils' permeability and make bioremediation
unfeasible. The research focuses, therefore, on the kinetics of TCE
degradation under methanogenesis and on incorporating in our existing
model the effect of gas formation on the soil permeability.
Approach: Degradation kinetics of TCE by mixed methanogenic cultures is
being studied to investigate the effect of the carbon source on the
degradation of TCE and the production of methane. These studies are being
performed in batch reactors. To investigate the effect of methane gas on
the soil permeability, a column will be operated under methanogenic
conditions at a constant flow rate and spatial changes in pressure,
substrate concentration, and chlorinated solvents will be measured as well
as biomass and methane accumulation. The latter two parameters will be
monitored with the use of a dual gamma attenuation system. Results of
both phases will be incorporated into a model which will allow the
evaluation of different bioremediation strategies.
Status: The kinetic experiments are underway, and the column
experiment is being designed.
Client/Users: Researchers interested in TCE degradation kinetics, and
interested in the effect biogas production has on soil hydrologic properties;
EPA Regulators/Industry concerned with the decontamination of
hazardous waste sites.
Investigation into the Dissolution of DNAPL in the Subsurface:
George Finder, Princeton University
Goal: The goal of this project is to develop a technique for the removal of
Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL) from the subsurface.
Rationale: DNAPL is characterized by the fact that it is only slightly
miscible with water and is of a density greater than that of water. Because
of these two properties, DNAPL once introduced into the soil, migrates
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downward through the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone and
through the saturated zone until it reaches a lithological boundary. There
the properties of the encountered layer preclude further movement. It
then moves, normally as a thin layer, down the topological gradient of the
inhibiting layer.
As a result of this behavior, it is extremely difficult to find DNAPL
once it enters the subsurface. Moreover, even if it is identified, it is
impossible to remove. Thus, due to its low solubility, it acts as a source of
contamination for a very long time. This research is dedicated to the
discovery of a technique for the removal of the DNAPL.
Approach: The project has several parts, two of which constitute the
current research effort. In part one, the idea of using a co-solvent, namely
alcohol, to enhance the solubility of DNAPL is investigated. Experiments
have been run in the laboratory to determine the best alcohol for this
purpose and isopropanol was identified.
In the second, and current phase of the research, a method for
designing a field technique for injection and withdrawal of the alcohol-
water mixture has been investigated. The field design must recognize the
fact that the exact location of the DNAPL will not be known. Some of the
techniques used in oil reservoir simulation appear promising. To test these
concepts a numerical model, similar but different than that used in the oil
industry, is needed. The research this year has focused on the
development of such a model.
Status: The initial experimental research has been completed and there
has been significant progress in the development of the numerical model.
Client/Users: The users of this technology are those companies
responsible for the cleanup of aquifers contaminated with DNAPL such as
trichloroethylene. This would include not only major corporations and
governmental agencies, but also companies who contract to do the required
cleanup.
Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Groundwater
Contamination: Dennis McLaughlin, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Goal: The overall goal of this project has been to develop practical
methods for characterizing and controlling contamination at hazardous
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waste sites when field data are limited. Our more immediate objective has
been to test the feasibility of sequential (or real time) methods for
designing field sampling programs at such sites.
Rationale: The success of groundwater remediation depends strongly on
our ability to describe and predict the spatial distribution of subsurface
contaminant plumes. This is a difficult task when field data are limited
and soil properties are heterogeneous, as they are in most practical
applications. This project is intended to provide new methods for
designing monitoring and remediation strategies which explicitly recognize
the importance of heterogeneity.
Approach: The key to the real-time approach is to combine information
obtained from field sampling programs with information obtained from
physically-based models of contaminant transport. Field samples are used
to update model-based estimates of groundwater velocity and contaminant
concentration. The updated estimates are, in turn, used to guide
subsequent sampling and remediation efforts.
Status: During the first six months of the project we completed the field
work and modeling needed to test our real-time approach. We used
results obtained from our two-dimensional stochastic groundwater flow
and transport models to guide a well sampling program at a coal tar
disposal site in upstate New York. Data collected at the field site convinced
us that we need three-dimensional models to provide an adequate
description of subsurface conditions. We are currently extending our
modeling and sampling design techniques so that they can deal with three-
dimensions. We are also incorporating extensions that will allow us to
design a sampling network for monitoring the effectiveness of future
remediation activities at the coal tar site.
Client/Users: Personnel responsible for characterizing the extent and
severity of contamination at hazardous waste sites; personnel responsible
for designing and carrying out groundwater remediation programs;
government regulators; environmental specialists in companies involved in
hazardous waste cleanups.
Field-Based Testing of a New Remote Sensing Groundwater
Monitor: D.R. Walt, Tufts University
Goal: This project aims to develop a new fiber optic groundwater
contaminant detector as a practical tool for in-situ sensing, and to facilitate
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an early transfer of this new technology to the solution of environmental
problems through the creation of prototype equipment, materials, and
testing protocols.
Rationale: Groundwater monitoring now plays a pivotal role in the
management of underground storage tanks, remedial actions at waste sites,
and in the effort to preserve and protect groundwater resources. Current
monitoring strategies employing conventional laboratory techniques have
several inherent problems and limitations. The sampling procedure may
alter the sample being taken, retrieval of results is often slow and costly.
In addition, chain-of-custody concerns relative to data documentation are
quite expensive.
Approach: The detector is based on a fiber optic sensor that changes its
fluorescence properties in contact with volatile organic compounds. The
sensor operates on the basis of fluorescence signal enhancement when
placed in contact with volatile organic vapors. It is constructed by fixing a
vapor-absorbing polymer to the distal tip of an optical fiber. The layer
contains an intimately-mixed dye that changes its fluorescence properties
in response to organic vapors.
Status: Professor David Walt and Mr. Steven Barnard of Tufts University
Chemistry Department have developed a fiber optic sensor and
appropriate field-portable instrumentation that is sensitive to
environmentally significant levels of volatile organic contaminants. The
sensor is composed of an indicating phase that is chemically immobilized at
the distal end of an optical fiber. The indicating phase contains a chemical
indicator that changes its fluorescence properties upon interaction with
volatile organic hydrocarbons. The delicate distal tip of the fiber
containing the sensing chemistries has been field hardened by shielding it
with a porous stainless steel sheath. Field studies have indicated that the
sheath provides excellent protection from physical damage, adequate
permeability to organic vapors, and rejection of ambient light. A portable
field instrument has been designed for use with the sensors and has been
constructed, laboratory tested, and field tested. Initial field studies were
conducted at Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire, at a site contaminated
with JP4 jet fuel. Four different sampling wells were monitored using the
sensor and portable instrumentation. The sensor's response correlated
well with laboratory measurements, measured by a photoionization
detector probe.
Client/Users: The users of this technology would be petroleum industries
involved in site remediation and site assessment.
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DNA Characteristics of Indigenous Microbial Communities as
Indicators of Mutagenic Hazardous Waste Exposure:
Sallie W. Chisholm and Ena Urbach, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Goal: The goal of this project is to develop molecular methods to directly
analyze the effects of mutagenic contaminants on bacteria drawn from a
potentially contaminated site. Information from the observed mutational
spectra could be used to identify mutagenic contaminants.
Rationale: Our collaborator, Prof. William G. Thilly, and his co-workers
have developed techniques to rapidly analyze mutations caused in the
human HPRT gene in cultured cells using denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (dGGE) and a high fidelity variation on the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR). Their results show a good correspondence between
particular mutagens and the set of mutations they produce, their
"mutational spectra." Work by other researchers has established the
reproducibility of mutational spectra in Escherichia coli. so it may be
possible to apply Thilly's techniques to the analysis of mutational spectra
in naturally occurring populations of the bacteria.
Approach: We have chosen Pseudomonas fluorescens. a robust aquatic
bacterium as our assay species, and the evolutionary conserved 16s
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes as target DNA sequences. Our overall
approach to the problem is first to establish the natural variability in these
genes by DNA sequencing from isolates at different times of the year and
at different sites. After we have established that this potential
background variability is minimal, we will determine the mutational
spectra in field populations from well-characterized contaminated sites.
Status: We have isolated several clones of Pseudomonas fluorescens at
different times of year from a lake at our study site, and we have
sequenced the genes for 16s rRNA from one of these isolates. Work is
underway to improve methods for sequencing the other isolates, and on
PCR amplification with species-specific primers to eliminate the need for
an initial isolation step.
Client/Users: People interested in identifying mutagenic contaminants at
sites where even the broad class of suspected contaminants is unknown.
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Electrode Emplacement Geometries and Electric Field Strengths
for In-Situ Extraction of Contaminants from Hazardous Waste
Sites by Electroosmosis: Prof. Ronald F. Probstein, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
Goal: This project addresses a new technique for in-situ decontamination
of polluted soils. The technique is based on an electrokinetic phenomenon
called electroosmosis. Electroosmosis describes the movement of liquid
through a soil as a result of an applied electric field. The electric field is
applied via electrodes placed within the contaminated soil. The immediate
goal of this project is to determine the optimum placement of electrodes in
a hazardous waste site and the optimum field strength applied to these
electrodes to achieve the most efficient removal of contaminants from the
waste site.
Rationale: Previous research conducted in our laboratory has
demonstrated that electroosmotic purging of contaminants from saturated
soils can remove nearly all of the pollutants under certain conditions. The
energy costs required for the decontamination process were also shown to
be quite reasonable (<$2.50/ton in some cases). These results were
obtained in one-dimensional soil column experiments. To apply this
promising technology to actual field site conditions, it is necessary to
determine the three-dimensional effects associated with the process. If
the technology is shown to be feasible, in terms of degree of
decontamination achievable and energy costs, in three-dimensional
geometries, then the process could be used in hazardous waste sites to
remove pollutants from soil without the need for excavation.
Approach: This project is being investigated by combining three-
dimensional laboratory experiments with theoretical modeling.
Experiments will be conducted in three-dimensional electroosmotic test
cells which permit investigation of the effects of electrode spacing and
electric field strength on the electroosmotic decontamination process. The
results will be compared with a mathematical model developed to
stimulate laboratory experiments and field tests. Results of this study will
provide design tools, in forms of a computer simulation program and an
experimental database, necessary for the optimization of proposed field
tests.
Status: Experimental and theoretical work is underway and is proceeding
as scheduled in the original proposal. Completion is expected January 31,
1992.
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Client/Users: Researchers interested in in-situ decontamination of soils,
particularly soils of low permeability; industries involved in soil
remediation; State and EPA regulators concerned with emerging hazardous
waste site remediation technologies.
A Study of the Efficiency of Vibroflotation in In-Situ Phase
Separation of Immiscible Contaminants: George P. Korfiatis and
Lakshmi N. Reddi, Stevens Institute of Technology
Goal: The goal of this project is to develop an in-situ remediation
technology for sites contaminated with Non-aqueous Phase Liquids
(NAPLs). The technology is based on vibroflotation, a process involving
simultaneous vibration and flotation (localizing waterflooding) of soils.
Rationale: The basis for the technology is that vibrations in conjunction
with "quick" sand conditions will provide necessary conditions to overcome
the capillary stresses binding the NAPL ganglia to soil particles.
Vibroflotation is a frequently used in-situ technique in the geotechnical
industry to densify sandy soils.
Approach: The approach consists of conducting a series of laboratory
tests simulating vibroflotation in soil columns 6 ft. high. Several
combinations of soils and NAPLs will be used in the tests. Commercial
vibrators will be modified to create water jetting and consequent flotation
of the soil. For each soil-NAPL combination, the effectiveness of
vibroflotation will be assessed. The effect of various equipment-related
and soil-NAPL parameters will be identified.
Status: Experimental work is underway. Completion expected December,
1990.
Client/Users: Industry/State and EPA regulators concerned with
remediation of NAPL contaminated sites and researchers interested in in-
situ remediation techniques, etc.
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Development of Field Gas-Chromograph-Mass Spectrometer
(GC-MS) Methods for Hazardous Waste Sites: Albert Robbat, Jr.,
Tufts University
Goal: The primary objective of this research is to develop simple, field-
practical sample preparation procedures and technology for identifying
and quantifying EPA listed organic compounds at Superfund sites. The
premise is that it is possible to make chemical measurements in the field
that have the same standard of data quality as laboratory measurements.
Rationale: GC-MS is the only analytical tool that provides unambiguous
identification of organic compounds. GC-MS detection is required by EPA
for site assessment, clean-up, and closure. Typically, commercial
laboratories in EPA's contract laboratory program (CLP) provide data
turnaround times that exceed three months. This means that little on-site
remediation work can proceed while waiting for data. This is particularly
problematic where clean-up technology performance and
community/worker protection from fugitive emissions and particulates
must be determined in "real-time."
Approach: Two methods of detection are being developed: 1) a quick
(five minute analysis/sample) soil screen that involves direct introduction
of the contaminant(s) into the instrument (no sample cleanup procedures);
and 2) a simple clean-up procedure preceding contaminant(s) introduction
into the GC-MS (20 minute analysis/sample). This field-practical sample
preparation procedure is in contrast to laboratory methods which require
three to five hours/sample. The first field soil screenmethod provides data
comparable to laboratory quality. Laboratory and field-based analyses
have been compared for Superfund sites in North Dartmouth, New Bedford,
Westboro, and Bridgewater, Massachusetts.
Status: To date, these methods have been developed for the most
commonly found semi-volatile and volatile organics found at Superfund
sites in soil and water, respectively. Methods for detection of PCBs and
polycyclic automatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil as well as constituents
from gasoline and some chlorinated volatile organic solvents (VOCs) have
been field tested and forwarded to EPA's Analytical Operations Branch for
inclusion in a Field Analytical Methods Compendium. Research will begin
on a generic method for the wide range of organics in FY91 which is
expected to be field tested by FY92.
Client/Users: Expected users of this technology will be state and federal
agencies and environmental contractors responsible for the management
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and clean-up of Superfund sites. This research is expected to benefit the
public directly (e.g., cost reduction by elimination of immobilized personnel
and equipment, waiting for data to proceed to the next step, and
worker/community protection) and indirectly (from both sociological and
psychological aspects associated with living next to hazardous waste sites)
by speeding the Superfund process along.
INCINERATION/THERMAL METHODS
Fundamental Studies of Solids Devolatilization for Hazardous
Waste Destruction: J.B. Howard, G.S. Darivakis, J. Lee, S. Gerjarusak, and
W. Peters, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Goal: The objective of this project is to provide better fundamental
understanding of how thermal treatment can destroy hazardous solids
without generating adverse by-products. Specific aims are to determine
what and how rapidly products are evolved by thermal decomposition of
waste solids such as plastics and contaminated soils. Effects of further
thermal treatment of newly formed gaseous and liquid decomposition
products are also of interest.
Rationale: Initial thermal decomposition of solids and subsequent
thermal reactions of the resulting decomposition products are important
processes in incineration and in advanced thermal technologies for
destruction of solid hazardous wastes such as soils, sludges, and toxic
industrial residues. Such reactions can facilitate easy burning of the waste.
Or they may result in hazardous by-products that, if left undestroyed by
afterburners or clean-up equipment, might escape the process as toxic
emissions. Better understanding of these reactions provide guidance on
how to design and operate incinerators, advanced thermal destruction
reactors and associated equipment such as afterburners, and clean-up
apparatus, to achieve desired waste destruction efficiencies without
producing adverse emissions.
Approach: Small scale research apparatus is used to mimic important
features of practical thermal treatment equipment such as temperature,
heating rate, and treatment time, under closely controlled conditions.
Effects of these and other variables, such as chemical and physical
properties of the waste, on the yields, compositions, and generation rates
of destruction products are being determined.
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Status: A quantitative study of the rapid thermal decomposition behavior
of polyethylene and polystyrene, studied as prototype solid wastes, was
completed in August 1989. Yields and production rates of two important
categories of decomposition products were determined. Major findings are
presented in a journal article expected to be published in 1990. An
overview paper on the role in hazardous wastes destruction of solids
thermal decomposition, and of secondary reactions of the resulting
volatiles was published. Exploratory studies of thermal decontamination of
soils under rapid heating conditions were also performed.
Client/Users: Researchers, industrial practitioners, regulators (local,
state, federal), and public interest groups, interested in performance
assessment and assurance for solid wastes incinerators and in potential
new approaches for thermal destruction of hazardous solids and thermal
remediation of contaminated soils.
The Effects of Chlorocarbons on Flame Intermittency, Stability
and Efficiency in a Well-Stirred Reactor: J. Brouwer, A.F. Sarofim,
and J.P. Longwell, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Goal: To acquire a quantitative understanding of the effect of
chlorocarbons on escape of unburned material from incinerators and to
apply their understanding to diagnosis and correction of the processes
responsible for their escape in practical systems.
Rationale: The presence of chlorocarbons in combustion is known to
inhibit ignition in low mixing intensity laboratory flames. The effect of
chlorocarbons on highly turbulent combustion is being investigated here to
develop knowledge and techniques for assessment of the effects in
practical systems.
Approach: The torroidal stirred reactor has been specially developed to
provide a well-characterized combustor. Effects of adding chlorocarbons to
an ethylene-air mixture are studied by measuring temperature
fluctuations with a sample time of 6.5 x 10~9 seconds and a sample volume
of 200 x 200 x 20 um^. Unburned material leaving the combustor is
determined by chemical analysis of quenched gas samples. The observed
effects of chlorine containing fuels on combustion will be interpreted by
use of a kinetic model and a mixing model for combustion of the fuels
used.
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Status: Experimental work is underway and has demonstrated the effect
of methylchloride on flame intermittency and an increase in unburned
material. A chemical kinetic model, developed in cooperation with center
Professors Bozzelli and Barat of NJIT is being applied to interpretation of
the results.
Under excess air conditions, the major unburned materials are
carbon monoxide and unburned fuel. Where oxygen is insufficient to
completely burn the fuel, many chlorinated hydrocarbons not present in
the feed are found. It is believed that these are formed on cooling the flue
gas which contains hydrocarbons and chlorine. Expansion of the data base
for oxygen deficient combustion and kinetic analysis of these data are
major near-term goals. It is believed that the work will provide tools for
diagnosis and correction of mixing deficiencies that lead to emission of
chlorocarbons caused by locally fuel-rich conditions.
Client/Users: These results will be useful to developers and designers of
incineration equipment and to the users for fault diagnosis and correction.
Hydrocarbon Flames Doped With Chlorocarbons: J. Bozzelli, and
R. Barat, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Goal: The objectives of this project are to: 1) experimentally study
reaction processes in incineration of chlorocarbons, both oxidation and
pyrolysis, obtaining information of kinetics of reactant loss, intermediate
formation and subsequent reaction of intermediates, and final product
formation rates; 2) develop a model (set of elemental reactions) based on
fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic principals and validated through
experiments by the combined research groups and other published
literature; and 3) use this model and experimental data to determine how
to improve or provide direction toward optimum operation of incinerators
used in the oxidation (complete destruction) of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The project experiments and a model are applicable to incineration
processes ranging from refuse recovery to hazardous waste facilities.
Rationale: Chlorocarbon incineration is a complex process and has not
been studied thoroughly. Incineration is, however, one method which can
completely destroy hazardous chemical species converting them into
relatively safe basic chemicals - water, (CC>2), and chloride salts (after the
HC1 has been scrubbed). Many , industries, in considering their
environmental responsibilities, believe it is much better to completely
destroy waste chemicals rather than store them, where they can possibly
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leak into the environment. Thus, there is a demand for safe and effective
incineration of hazardous wastes.
Approach: Perform experiments in thermal oxidation reaction systems
where we can accurately describe the physical properties, temperature,
turbulence, and time, in the reactors. We shall then focus on the chemical
reactions that are taking place in order to learn and understand the
important chemical and mixing processes. The MIT group is a joint
participant in the project. The are focusing on actual flame studies and
turbulence using our models to explain the chemistry.
Status: The project has seen the completion of Chloromethane/
Methane/Oxygen experiments and a reaction mechanism has been
developed and validated for flame oxidation of chloromethane - ethylene
mixtures. Experiments and modeling are continuing.
Client/Users: Researchers interested in chlorocarbon incineration, state,
community and EPA regulators interested in optimum incinerator
operation with respect to detoxification and minimum effect on the
environment.
Microwave Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: Underlying
Mechanisms: L. Dauerman, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Goal: The goal is to explore the interaction mechanism of microwave
energy with the following systems: 1) substrates containing volatile and
semi-volatile organics; 2) substrates containing insoluble non-volatile
organics; and 3) substrates containing heavy metals.
Rationale: Microwave treatment of hazardous wastes can only be
optimized on specific waste streams if the process development is guided
by a mechanism. In bench scale studies, it is necessary to postulate and
test mechanisms. Their validity, applicability and feasibility must be
tested in pilot plant scale studies. Both bench scale and pilot plant studies
are being carried out.
Approach: Bench scale and pilot plant studies are being carried out on
three different waste streams: 1) substrates contaminated with volatile
and non-volatile organics; 2) substrates contaminated with insoluble non-
volatile organics; and 3) substrates contaminated with heavy metals.
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Status: 1) Volatile and semi-volatile organics: Steam distillation is the
governing mechanism based upon the following observations: a) the
removal of the organic is directly related to the concentration of water; b)
the temperature at which removal occurs is approximately 100°C; and c)
the substrate need not to be a "lossy" material.
2) Insoluble non-volatile organics: 9, 10-anthraquinone, a surrogate,
becomes "fixed" in the soil at a relatively low temperature. We are
developing the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) combined
with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Spectroscopy and Diffuse
Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRIFT), respectively, as a method to determine
the physical and chemical nature of the soil "fixation".
3) Heavy metals: spectroscopic studies of microwave treated
particles, chromium-impregnanted soil (X-Ray powder diffraction
Spectroscopy; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); energy dispersive
Spectroscopy (EDS)) showed that the hexavalent chromium phase
disappeared in the chromium-impregnated soil. Chromium was reduced to
the trivalent state and appeared in two new crystalline phases: chromite
(FECr2O4) and (Cr2O3), respectively. Studies are now underway to
determine if the results of the microwave treatment are unique. Soils
treated thermally, in a muffler furnace, are being subjected to similar
spectroscopic investigations.
Client/Users: Generally, the technology will be of use to a wide spectrum
of clients; those with a need to remediate sites with oil spills (e.g., oil
companies); those with a need to remediate dioxin-contaminated soils (e.g.,
chemical corporations); those with a need to remediate chromium
contaminated soil (industry and state).
Thermal Desorption of Hazardous Organic Chemicals from Soils:
J. Bozzelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Goal: 1) to study the mass transfer mechanisms and equilibrium behavior
of volatile and moderately volatile organic contaminants in soil matrices
through various experimental measurements; 2) to develop models based
upon fundamental principles of thermodynamics and diffusion theory for
estimation of mass transfer parameters and equilibrium constants and for
prediction of contamination/desorption profiles of organics in heated soil
beds; and 3) to obtain fundamental data and optimum operating conditions
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which may be utilized in practical thermal decontamination of soils
containing hazardous substances.
Rationale: Removal of suspected hazardous organic pollutants from
contaminated soil matrices by thermal desorption combined with a purge
flow of air or inert and secondary incineration or recovery of the desorbed
vapors is far more energy efficient and feasible than, incineration of an
entire soil mass. A number of field studies by EPA and industry have
demonstrated the feasibility of this technique for highly volatile organic
substances (boiling points less than 125°C).
Approach: We have utilized chromatographic response analysis
incorporating intra-(pore) and inter-particle diffusion, heats of adsorption,
equilibria, in addition to all the normal mass transfer parameters in
developing our initial model. The experiments consist of plug flow
deposition of the contaminant on a well-characterized soil column and on
saturation of the soil bed with contaminants at varied temperatures.
Status: We have determined equilibrium constants, heats of adsorption
and mass transfer coefficients for eight target compounds, in addition to
identification of a "Minimum Allowable Temperature" (MAT) below which,
the compound is not completely desorbed from a partial clay soil.
Equilibrium constants were strongly dependent on temperature and
followed the Van't Hoff equation only above the MAT's.
We have developed a model and now use it to predict concentration
profiles of target organic pollutants in soil adsorption and desorption
experiments, without water vapor.
Client/Users: State and EPA regulators and industry concerned with
decontamination of soils containing moderately volatile organics. Thermal
desorption was recently announced as the Method of Choice for clean-up of
the Lipari Hazardous Waste Site in New Jersey.
BIOLOGICAL/CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL METHODS
Contaminated Groundwater Treatment with Bioreactors Utilizing
a White Rot Fungus: P. Armenante, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Goal: The main goal of this project is to determine the role of the most
significant engineering parameters in the degradation of chlorinated
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aromatic compounds dispersed in wastewater and contaminated soils,
using the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
Rationale: Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a naturally occurring fungus
which has been shown in the past to be highly effective against a large
number of toxic chlorinated aromatic compounds typically found in
wastewater and in contaminated soils. There are a number of engineering
parameters, such as the level of agitation to which the fungus is exposed or
the type of support to which it is attached, which play an important role in
the degradation process. Therefore, the objectives are to assess the role of
these parameters in the overall microbial degradation process, and the
determination of kinetic rate constants and the optimal reactor
configurations best suited for the exploitation of the biotreatment potential
of the fungus.
Approach: Different reactor configurations were selected as the most
appropriate for growing the fungus and stimulating the production of its
enzyme system responsible for the degradation activity. Two reactor
configurations were considered. The first one consisted of an agitated
fermenter provided with multiple axial impellers. The second reactor
configuration examined was a packed-bed column. Previous data from our
lab showed that this type of system was the most appropriate for the
fungus. We improved the basic design by utilizing a newly built column
equipped with side ports to monitor the degradation process, and by using
wood chips as packing material (instead of synthetic materials).
Experiments were also conducted in artificially contaminated sand
matrices to which the fungus, previously grown in suspended cultures, was
added. Most of the experiments have been conducted with 2-chlorophenol
(in the aqueous systems), and lindane (hexachlorobenzene), a commonly
used insecticide, in the soil systems.
Status: An extensive number of experiments have been carried out.
Significant degradation rates were observed when contaminated streams
were passed through columns containing the fungus immobilized on a solid
support. Similarly, significant degradation of lindane in sand was observed
when the sand was mixed with pellets impregnated with the fungus.
These results indicate that the fungus can successfully degrade pollutants
found in contaminated soils and wastewaters.
Client/Users: Researchers studying the degradation of chlorinated
aromatic compounds in both wastewater and soil; EPA investigators and
regulators interested in biological approaches to remediation of
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contaminated groundwater and soils; and industry and contractor
representatives who are involved in bioremediation activities.
Optimization of Biological Soil Remediation: M. Finstein, Cook
College, Rutgers University
Goal: Based on previous research, the premise is that a mixture of
contaminated soil (e.g., coal gasification site) and energy-rich organic waste
(cow manure) subjected to controlled composting is a site of 1)
biodegradation of problem compounds; and 2) removal of such compounds,
hence cleansing of the soil, through "low-temperature steam distillation".
System configuration in the laboratory and field lends itself to the capture
of distillate.
Rationale: Composting is a predominantly aerobic, solid phase matrix,
self-heating, thermophilic process. It is initiated and carried forward by a
broad range of indigenous microbes, some of which degrade problem
compounds. Management of the process is via ventilative heat removal in
reference to a microbially favorable temperature ceiling (50°). The
vaporization of water is the predominant heat removal mechanism. This
accounts for the possibility of an integrated exploitation of biological/
physical action (degradation/low-temperature steam distillation).
Approach: In an earlier project, a composting physical model was
employed to investigate the fates of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in a rice hull/flour matrix at process control set points of 35, 40, 45, 50, 55,
and 60°C. Intrinsic to this system, regardless of set point, is a temperature
gradient in the direction of the airflow. Part One of the present project is
to determine the fates at fixed temperatures, as above. This is to more
precisely assess temperature effects on biological and physical action. Part
Two is to determine the fates in the composting physical model in mixtures
of soil, soli and cow manure, and soil and sawdust, using a set point of 45°C
(best temperature for degradation/distillation as determined in part one)
and two creosote doses.
Status: Part One: A fixed temperature experimental apparatus was
fabricated and employed in runs spanning the design temperatures. The
extractions and analyses were completed and the data partly analyzed.
Part Two: Three runs were completed using a creosote dose of 3,000 ppm.
Although the chemical analyses are not yet completed, this dose
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suppressed self-heating to temperatures of <45°C (set point). The final
three runs will be at a lower dose (probably 1,000 ppm.).
Client/Users: Numerous groups have expressed interest in this research,
and some are considering full-scale demonstrations. These include:
consulting firms, oil and petrochemical companies, investment firms, and
citizens groups.
A Dynamic Model of Sequencing Batch Reactors: B.C. Baltzis and
G. Lewandowski, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Goal: The goal of this project is to develop and test mathematical models
that describe biodegradation of hazardous wastes in a sequencing batch
reactor (SBR). These models, when tested and verified, will provide
criteria for optimal engineering designs of industrial units which use
biological means for treating hazardous wastes.
Rationale: Hazardous wastes need to be treated (detoxified) before they
are released to the environment (rivers, sea, lakes, and soil). Biological
treatment (when feasible) can be a most economical way to deal with
hazardous wastes. Furthermore, it is generally more environmentally
benign than alternate technologies such as incineration. Once feasibility is
established, it is necessary to have a rational method for designing reactors
for biodegradation. Earlier work, has shown that sequencing batch
reactors offer a number of operation advantages over conventional
continuous flow units. We have derived in the past a mathematical model
which was able to describe the dynamic behavior of a SBR when a single
pollutant is degraded by a single-type of organism. The model was verified
experimentally. Since in practice mixed cultures are used for treating
mixtures of substrates, we are currently developing models that would
describe these types of processes. Biological systems are extremely
complex, and detailed experiments are costly and time-consuming.
Furthermore, in the absence of considerable prior experience, it is difficult
to design a unit, and optimize its operation, based only on experimental
results. A mathematical description of the process, when experimentally
verified, can reduce the number of required experiments, and develop
engineering design criteria in a rational way.
Approach: A number of different microbial species are tested for their
ability to individually biodegrade either a single, or a mixture of two
pollutants. The kinetics of biodegradation are studied in small scale
experiments, and the results are used for predicting the behavior of the
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system at a larger scale. When mixed cultures are used, the interactions
among the species are translated into mathematical models, which are then
tested for their validity in experiments with a microprocessor controlled
reactor.
Status: A mathematical model describing biodegradation of a single
pollutant by two competing species has been derived, and experimentally
verified for one type of kinetic behavior. Experiments continue for
complete verification of the model. Experiments are also under way for
biodegrading mixtures of phenol and 2-chlorophenol.
Client/Users: Industry concerned with biological treatment of wastes;
researchers interested in biodegradation.
Removal and Recovery of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by
Hollow Fiber Contained Liquid Membrane Technique: K.K. Sirkar,
Stevens Institute of Technology
Goal: The general goal of this project is to develop a stable liquid
membrane technique by which toxic heavy metals can be simultaneously
extracted from an industrial waste stream on one side of the membrane
and concentrated in an aqueous solution on the other side of the
membrane for recycle. The first year of this study showed the efficiency
and stability of the HFCLM technique for removal of copper from different
aqueous waste streams and its simultaneous concentration. The immediate
goal is to focus on heavy metals like chronium and mercury.
Rationale: Earlier research results using supported liquid membranes or
emulsion liquid membranes suggested that copper removal and
simultaneous concentration can be done. However, these liquid
membranes were very unstable and hence, unusable. By containing the
liquid membrane between two sets of microporous hollow fibers in a shell,
we have recently obtained a very stable liquid membrane. Since copper
removal from wastewater and concentration in the permeate stream for
recycle in a stable fashion has been achieved using rh HFCLM technique,
similar results should be expected for Cr6+ and Hg. A number of general
issues such as volumetric mass transfer rate in such a process, membrane
stability, upperlimit purification and enrichment, selection of membrane
liquid and its environmental impact, and a predictive model to describe
observed purification are to be addressed before the technique can be
taken up for technology development.
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Approach: Our approach consisted of the following steps: 1) Measure
distribution coefficient for chromium and mercury between aqueous
solution and alkylamine containing diluent; 2) Carry out short term and 1-
month long studies of individual removal rates of chromium and mercury
in a HFCLM permeator; 3) Develop a model to predict the extent of removal
of a metal in a HFCLM permeator; 4) An experiment will be done to study
copper removal and chromium removal using vegetable or mineral oil
instead of the diluents currently used. In one case, feed containing sodium
and calcium salts will be used, For chromium and/or mercury removal, an
experiment will be pursued also to see the effectiveness of other
extractants like oleic, linolic acids, etc., instead of long-chain amines, and 5)
Explore the purification limits of an individual metal (e.g., Chromium)
removal and its simultaneous concentration.
Status: Both experimental work and modeling activity are underway,
with completion expected January 15, 1992.
Client/Users: Plants in electroplating, electronics, chlo-alkali, rayon
processes can use such a technique once commercialized. The treated
streams obtained from remediation of highly polluted sites e.g., Berry's
Creek in Meadowlands, may also be processed to concentrate mercury salts
and other metallic salts prior to recovery and reuse. It can be used in
small or large scale anywhere.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Organic Contaminants from Soil:
R.C. Ahlert, D.S. Kosson, and A. Andrews, Rutgers - The State University of
New Jersey
Goal: The primary goal of this investigation is acquisition of fundamental
equilibrium and rate data for supercritical fluid extraction of complex
organic contaminants from soils. A sequential goal is the formulation of
models to correlate data, test for thermodynamic consistency, and provide
a basis for process design and on-site pilot-scale demonstrations by
interested organizations.
Rationale: Supercritical fluids (SCFs) can achieve high efficiencies in the
extraction of organic contaminants from soil, due to the unique properties
of fluids near the critical point. Separations of extract and solvent are
facilitated through depressurization. Adsorptive interactions between a
complex matrix such as soil, nonpolar organic species, and nonpolar SCFs
are not well defined. Fundamental understanding of these interactions
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may enhance the potential for application of SCF technology in Superfund
clean-up actions.
Approach: Solubility and adsorption measurements are being carried out
in a novel apparatus that incorporates circulation of high-pressure
supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) through a fixed bed extractor. This
apparatus provides precise temperature/pressure control, on-line
sampling, and on-line monitoring of fluid phase concentration via UV
absorbance. Both equilibrium pure solid solubility and solid adsorption
data have been obtained with the apparatus. Calibration of fluid phase
concentrations by on-line sampling/off-line HPLC analysis gives results
within 5% of actual values, with reproducibilities within +_ 2%. The
solubilities of anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, chrysene and
perylene in SC CO2 have been measured at temperatures of 25 to 70°C.
The constant density, isothermal adsorption behavior of the same species
on a sandy loam has been characterized at SC CO2 densities of 0.69 to 0.85
g/ml.
Status: Solubilities and adsorption isotherms on soil have been studied
for five PAHs in SC CO2- The solubilities of other organic contaminants,
polar and non-polar, in SC CC>2 and other SCFs will be studied. Adsorption
of these compounds will be characterized, also with alternate soils, and
other SCFs/co-solvent couples. An overall extraction model, incorporating
sorption equilibria and mass transfer rates, will be developed in the
second year of the project.
Client/Users: SCF-based processes seem attractive for remediation of
soils contaminated by organic species that are poorly soluble in aqueous
media. Possible target substances include chlorinated dioxins,
polychlorinated biphenyls, gasification residues and still bottoms. The U.S.
EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and several industries have
expressed interest in process application.
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TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
In-Depth Training in Alternative/Innovative Technology Options
for Remedial Actions at Hazardous Waste Sites: W. Librizzi, New
Jersey Institute of Technology, and R. Rumer, New York State Center for
Hazardous Waste Management.
Goal: This project developes and delivers technical workshops in two
critical technology areas: thermal destruction and treatment of soils, and
groundwater contaminated with metals. The workshops specifically
provide participants with a basic knowledge and understanding of these
technologies that will promote the consideration, evaluation and
implementation of appropriate alternative/innovative treatment
technologies for Federal Superfund, State Superfund and Potentially
Responsible Party Sites. This training should enhance compliance with
prohibitions on land disposal under Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments and the preference for permanent remedy under Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act.
Rationale: Thermal destruction and treatment of soils and groundwater
contaminated with metals are of critical importance because: most National
Priorities List (NPL) sites (over 75%) have soil and groundwater
contaminated with heavy metals, four of the five most prevalent organics
found at inactive sites are ignitable and incineration systems offer the
highest degree of reduction of toxicity, mobility, and volume.
Approach: The project was initiated as a joint effort between the EPA
NHSRC, the N.Y State Center for Hazardous Waste Management at Buffalo,
N.Y. and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
(NYDEC). Four two-day technical workshops were conducted for NYDEC
staff by faculty with experience in the training areas. Several steps have
been carried out by the Principal Investigators and the Faculty:
finalization of workshop agenda, development of curriculum/methodology,
preparation of student materials, development of classroom exercises and
conduct of technical workshops. Emphasis was placed on presentations that
combine lectures, case studies and group participation.
Status: The four two-day technical workshops were presented to an
average of 40 NYDEC personnel per session (160 people total). The
workshop agenda for treatment contaminated soil included such topics as:
overview of the soil pollutant extraction process, heavy metals
characteristics, remediation technologies, treatment of extraction fluids,
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and residual management. The thermal destruction workshop agenda
included overview of thermal destruction fundamentals, thermal
technologies (types, design, operating characteristics, performance systems,
etc.), environmental controls, risk, and public perspectives. Both
workshops concluded with an exercise that enabled the participants to
apply the material learned in class.
Client/Users: Federal and State project mangers who are responsible for
hazardous waste site remediation. It may also have use by the private
sector who have hazardous waste problems.
Conference on Incinerator Monitoring: J. Ehrenfeld, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
Goal: The purpose of the conference was to: 1) define the state-of-the-art
of incinerator monitoring - what current regulations require and the
capabilities of current monitoring systems; 2) highlight new technologies
for monitoring which may emerge in the next few years; and 3) consider
how monitoring should be improved to ensure regulatory compliance and
build public trust. Thus, the ultimate goal was to spur new developments
in the policy, regulation and technology of incinerator monitoring to satisfy
the demands of a concerned public.
Rationale: Monitoring is a key element in building public trust in
incineration and ensuring that emissions are within agreed upon
standards. Monitoring technologies have improved dramatically in the last
two decades. "State-of-the-Art" monitors can detect dioxins, furans, and
heavy metals - the pollutants of greatest public concern - in the part per
billion or part per trillion range. Concentrations low enough to ensure that
stringent health-based emission standards are not exceeded. The public is
largely not aware of these new capabilities. In addition, regulatory
officials and representatives of industry may not be aware of public
concerns. For example, officials may not be aware of the importance to
many environmental group representatives of monitoring incinerator
inputs, as well as outputs. A dialogue among regulators, industry and
environmental advocates could help to set the direction for future
improvements in monitoring policy and technological development.
Approach: A one-day conference addressed specific issues to explore
how incinerator monitoring is done today, and how it should be improved
in the future. 125 people representing government, industry,
environmental groups, and academia participated in the conference, which
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also featured two lively discussion sessions. Exhibits of incinerator
monitoring technology were displayed. Copies of papers presented at the
conference were distributed to participants in a bound proceedings.
Status: The conference was held on June 6, 1990, and proceedings were
distributed in August, 1990. The project has been completed.
Significant Results: 125 conference participants increased their
understanding of the capabilities and limitations of existing and emerging
incinerator monitoring technologies. In addition, participants came to
understand how these capabilities and limitations are viewed by the
diverse interest groups represented at the conference. The conference
helped to bring these different perspectives to the surface in a non-
confrontational, constructive setting. Participants offered suggestions for
building public confidence in incineration, such as making incinerator
emissions data accessible through a public database and hiring citizen
inspectors. Many participants noted in conference evaluation forms that
these suggestions were among the most useful insights they gained.
Several noted the need for more frequent interaction among government
regulators, incinerator operators, and representatives of the public interest
outside of the heated debate that tends to accompany specific incinerator
proposals. This conference demonstrated the usefulness of establishing a
forum to meet that need.
Aquifer Reclamation and Source Control Conference: E. Grosse, New
Jersey Institute of Technology
Goal: To provide a structure whereby researchers, professional and
technical personnel can share information on new developments,
applications, and innovative technologies in aquifer restoration.
Rationale: Groundwater resources in the United States have a volume
greater than that of all surface water. In EPA Regions 1 and 2, aquifers
account for nearly 70% of all potable groundwater. Protection against
aquifer contamination and pollution are therefore, major issues in these
regions.
Approach: Two conferences, one in Region 1, and the other in Region 2,
are to be conducted. At the conference, presentations are given by
representatives from industry, universities, and governmental agencies,
dealing with various aspects of the aquifer problem.
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Status: The first conference, was held in New Jersey in November, 1990.
Client/Users: Researchers and technical personnel responsible for all
aspects of aquifer preservation or restoration will benefit from the
conference.
Superfund University Training Institute (SUTI): William Librizzi,
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Goal: This project develops, delivers and administers in-depth advanced
technical instruction for Regional Project Managers (RPM's), On-Scene
Coordinators (OSC's), and Project Officers in three critical areas: legal
issues, contract administration and site management.
Rationale: Successful implementation of a sustained and effective
hazardous waste program required under superfund legislation will
require a well trained cadre of On-scene Coordinator/Regional Project
Managers (OSC/RPM). These SUTI's provide high level advanced training
that aids ERPA in developing experienced and knowledgeable OSC/RPM's.
The OSC/RPM's are called upon to manage the cleanup of an expanding
number of sites that have complex administrative, legal, and technical
challenges.
Approach: Experts in the areas of focus conduct the sessions using
lecture, case studies and simulation exercises. These provide the
OSC/RPM's with a substantial understanding of the technical concepts, their
practical applications and the available tools that enhance their ability to
fulfill their responsibilities. Case studies and the workshop agenda are
based upon SARA laws and regulators plus field experience. EPA
participation is required to ensure that the most current critical issues and
solutions are included in the activity. Training materials have been
developed for use throughout the training experience which are also useful
as reference documents.
Status: Pilot courses have been completed in Site Management for
Remedial Project Managers and Legal Issues. Following evaluations of
these pilot courses, modifications to course content have been
implemented and the revised courses are scheduled for delivery.
Client/Users: Participants in the course will be Federal or State On-Scene
Coordinators, or Remedial Project Managers with a minimum of two years
experience, 40 hour, 29CFR.1910.120 training, some field experience
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preferred, and are or will be involved in remedial actions. All participants
are expected to have a recommendation from their Division Director.
SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS IN FY 90
Refereed Journal Articles 1 4
Articles Submitted or In Press 10
Books and Bound Proceedings 3
Chapters In Other Books or Bound Proceedings 0
Project Reports 3
Conferences and Workshops Held 8
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES
Barat, R.B., J.W. Bozzelli, W.P. Ho, "Mechanisms of Acceleration and
Inhibition in Hydrocarbon Combustion by Chlorocarbons and HC1,"
Chemosphere. Dioxin '90. June, 1990.
Barat, R.A., J.W. Bozzelli, J.P. Longwell, A. Sarofim, "Effects of
Chlorocarbons on Flame Intermittency and Stability in a Jet-Stirred
Reactor," Combustion Science and Technology. November, 1990.
Bozzelli, J.W., E.R. Ritter, "Chlorobenzene Hydro-Pyrolysis Initiated by
02. Combustion Fundamentals and Applications. Vol. 17, p. Ill, 1990.
Bozzelli, J.W., E.R. Ritter, "Chlorobenzene Reactions in H2 and H2/O2
Mixtures - Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analysis of Pathways to Dioxin
Formation," Combustion and Science Technology. November, 1990.
Bozzelli, J.W., E.R. Ritter, "Production of Chloro and Dichlorobiphenyls,
Terphenyls and Triphenylenes from Pyrolysis of Chloro and Dichloro
Benzenes," Chemosphere - Dioxin '90. June, 1990.
Bozzelli, J.W., E.R. Ritter, V. Desai, "Mechanistic Considerations for
Cyclopentadiene and Cyclopentadienyl Radical Conversion During Benzene
Oxidation," Combustion Fundamentals and Applications. Vol. 19, p. 123,
1990.
Bozzelli, J.W., E.R. Ritter, and Y.P. Wu, "Thermodynamic Insights on
Pathways to Formation of Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans,"
Chemosphere - Dioxin '90. June, 1990.
Bozzelli, J.W., J. Wan-Dong, Jong-In, "Removal of Hazardous Organic
Compounds from Soil Matrices Using Thermal Desorption with Purge,"
Proceedings of the American Chemical Society. Division of Environmental
Chemistry. Boston, April, 1990.
Bozzelli, J.W., H. Karim, M. Dean, and M.S. Chou, "Detailed Reaction
Mechanism for Prediction of NO, NH, CH, CN and OH in Rich Methane
Flames," Combustion Fundamentals and Applications. No. 11, p. 71, 1990.
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Dauerman, L., N. Ibrahim, E. Sedhom, G. Windgasse, "Microwave
Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: Immobilization of Chromium in Soil,"
Environmental Science and Technology
Dauerman, L. and G. Windgasse, " Microwave Treatment of Hazardous
wastes: Removal of Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organics from Soil,"
Environmental Science and Technology
Graham, W. and D. McLaughlin, "Stochastic Analysis of Non-
Stationary Subsurface Transport., 1. Unconditional Moments," Water
Resource Res.. Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 215-231, 1989.
Graham, W. and D. McLaughlin, "Stochastic Analysis of Non-
Stationary Subsurface Transport., 2. Conditional Moments," Water Resource
Res. Vol. 21, No. 11, pp. 2331-23355, 1989.
Peters, W.A., G.S. Darivakis, and J.B. Howard, "Solids Pyrolysis and
Volatiles Secondary Reaction In Hazardous Waste Incineration
Implications for Toxicants Destruction and PIC's Generation," Hazardous
Waste and Hazardous Materials. Vol. 7, pp. 89-102, 1990.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS
Andrews, A.T., R.C. Ahlert, and D.S. Kosson, "Supercritical Fluid
Extraction of Aromatic Contaminants from a Sandy Loam Soil," Journal of
Hazardous Materials.
Barat, R.B., A.F. Sarofim, J.P. Longwell, J.W. Bozzelli, "Effects of
Chlorocarbons on Flame Intermittency and Stability in a Jet-Stirred
Combustor," presented at First International Congress on Toxic Combustion
Byproducts; Formation and Control UCLA, California, August 2-4, 1989. In
Press, Combustion.
Barat, R.B., J.W. Bozzelli, W. Ho, "Thermal Reactions of CH2C12 in
O2/H2 Mixtures: Implications for Chlorine Inhibition of CO conversion to
CO2," Accepted - In Press, Combustion and Flame. September, 1990.
Barat, R.B., C.V. Wikstrom, J.P. Longwell, and A.F. Sarofim,
"Characterization of the Mixing/Chemistry Interaction in the Torroidal Jet-
Stirred Combustor," submitted to the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers.
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Bozzelli, J.W., and I. Jong, "Mass Transfer Parameters and Equilibria
of Organic Contaminants in Heatred Soil Matrices," to be presented at the
AIChE Annual Meeting, Chicago, November 11-16, 1990, Group II,
Fundamentals, Mass Transfer.
Bozzelli, J.W. and W. Ho, "Mechanisms of Chlorine Acceleration and
Inhibition in Pyrolysis and Oxidation of Chlorocarbon/Hydrocarbon
Mixtures, submitted to Combustion and Science Technology.
Darivakis, G.S., J.B. Howard and W.A. Peters, "Release Rates of
Condensables and Total Volatiles from Rapid Devolatilization of
Polyethylene and Polystyrene," presented at the First International
Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproducts Formation and Control, UCLA,
August 2-4, 1989. Accepted for publication in Combustion Science and
Technology, c. 1990.
Li, S.G., and D. McLaughlin, "A Non-Stationary Spectral Method for
Solving Stochastic Groundwater Problems, 1. Theory," submitted to Water
Resour. Res.. July, 1990.
Li, S.G., and D. McLaughlin, "A Non-Stationary Spectral Method for
Solving Stochastic Groundwater Problems, 2. Examples," submitted to
Water Resour. Res.. July, 1990.
Taylor, S.W., and P.R. Jaffe, "Enhanced In-Situ Biodegradation and
Aquifer Permeability Reduction," Journal of Environmental Engineering.
ASCE, in press.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS
Dauerman, L., H. Gu, N. Ibrahim, E.H. Sedhom, G. Windgasse,
Applications of Microwave Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: a) Non-Volatile
Organics. b) Heavy Metals." Proceedings of the Materials Research Society,
Spring meeting, Symposium on Microwave Processing of Materials, San
Francisco, CA, April 16-21, 1990.
Incinerator Monitoring: Techniques for Assuring Performance and
Building Public Trust. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
MA, June 6, 1990.
52
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Singhal, N., P.R. Jaffe, and W. Maier, "Effect of Carbon Source on The
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene by Mixed Cultures of Methanogens
and Fermenters" proceedings of the 1990 ASCE National Conference on
Environmental Engineering. Washington, July 1990, C.R. O'Melia (Ed.), ASCE,
N.Y. pp. 915-916.
CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS OR BOUND PROCEEDINGS
None.
PROJECT REPORTS
Armenante, P.M. and G. Lewandowski, "Contaminated Groundwater
Treatment with Bioreactors Utilizing A White Rot Fungus," Project Report
submitted to the Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center for
Federal Regions 1 and 2, February, 15, 1990.
Darivakis, G.S., J.B. Howard and W.A. Peters, "Fundamental Studies of
Solids Devolatilization for Hazardous Waste Destruction," Technical Progress
Report for Fiscal Year ending February 15, 1990, submitted to the
Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center.
Korfiatis, G.P. and L.N. Reddi, "A Study of the Efficiency of
Vibroflotation in In-Situ Phase Separation of Immiscible Contaminants,"
Project Report #1, April 11, 1990.
THESES/DISSERTATIONS
Andrews, A.T., "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soil," Doctoral Dissertation in
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering. Rutgers - the State University of
New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, October, 1990.
Aquilar, E., "Efficiency of Vibroflotation as an In-Situ Remediation
Technique," MS Thesis, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Coastal
Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1990.
Dong, J.I., "Mass Transfer Parameters and Equilibria of Organic
Contaminants in Heated Soil Matrices," Ph.D. Chemical Engineering, New
Jersey Institute of Technology, July, 1990.
53
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Fan, S., "Microwave Treatment of Organic Contaminated Soil," MS
Thesis, New Jersey Institute of Technology, October, 1989.
Garni, A.C., "Biodegradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane in Sand and
Wastewater Using Immobilized Phanerochaete Chryosporium," MS Thesis,
New Jersey Institute of Technology, in preparation, (expected completion
date is December, 1990).
Gu, H., "The Application of Microwave Technology to the Remediation
of Non-Volatile Organic Contaminated Soil," MS Thesis, New Jersey Institute
of Technology, May, 1990.
Hyman, J.A., "Groundwater Monitoring in Three Dimensions Using the
Multi-Level Sampler," MS Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
1990.
Ibrahim, N., "Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy; Study on Microwave Heated Soil Bearing Chromium," MS
Thesis, New Jersey Institute of Technology, May, 1990.
Jou, G., "Immobilization of Chromium in Soil as A Result of Microwave
Treatment," MS Thesis, New Jersey Institute of Technology May, 1989.
Ko, Y.S., "Biodegradation of Phenol by Two Competing Microbial
Species in A Sequencing Batch Reactor," New Jersey Institute of
Technology, 1990.
Mahesh, K.C., "Microwave Treatment of Spent GAC to Effect
Regeneration On-Site," MS Thesis, New Jersey Institute of Technology,
October, 1989.
Windgasse, G., "A New Hazardous Waste Treatment Technology
Utilizing Low Power Density Microwave Energy" MS Thesis, New Jersey
Institute of Technology, May 1989.
54
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CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD
"Applications of Microwave Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: a) Non-
Volatile Organics, b) Heavy Metals," Symposium on Microwave Processing
of Materials. - L. Dauerman, H. Gu, N. Ibrahim, E.H. Sedhom, G. Windgasse,
Materials Research Society, Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 16-21,
1990.
"Biodegradation of Single and Multiple Hazardous Substances in A
Sequencing Batch Reactor: Theory and Experimental Results," B.C. Baltzis G.
Lewandowski, S. Dikshitulu, Y.S. Ko, and K.W. Wang, AIChE Annual Meeting.
Chicago, November 13, 1990.
"Investigations on Retention and Recovery of Immiscible
Contaminants in Soils," - L.N. Reddi, G.P. Korfiatis, D.A. Vaccari, and A.
Hadim, EPA Region 1 and 2, Conference on Aquifer Reclamation and Source
Control, November, 1990, Woodbridge, NJ.
"Microwave Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: Chemical Mechanisms,"
L. Dauerman, G. Windgasse, Industrial Microwave Processing Conference,
Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, July 12, 1990.
"Microwave Treatment of Hazardous Wastes," L. Dauerman and G.
Windgasse, The International Conference on High Frequency/Microwave
Processing and Heating. KEMA Laboratories, Arnhem, The Netherlands,
1989.
"Selective Separations Using Contained Liquid Membranes," R. Basu
and K.K. Sirkar, Pollution Prevention for the 1990's: A Chemical
Engineering Challenge. Washington. D.C.. An AIChE Symposium, December,
4-5, 1989.
"Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Toxic Organics from Soil," A.T.
Andrews, R.C. Ahlert and D.S. Kosson, 1989 AIChE Annual Meeting. San
Francisco, CA, November, 1989.
"Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Aromatic Contaminants from A
Sandy Loam Soil," A.T. Andrews, R.C. Ahlert, and D.S. Kosson, 1990 AIChE
Spring National Meeting. Orlando. Florida, March, 1990.
55
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GREAT LAKES AND MID-ATLANTIC
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
PARTICIPANTS:
DIRECTOR:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
DIRECTOR:
University of Michigan
Michigan State University
Howard University
Walter J. Weber Ph.D.
Great Lakes/Mid-Atlantic
Hazardous Substance Research Center
The University of Michigan Office
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125
Phone: 313/763-1464 Fax: 313/763-2275
James H. Johnson, Jr. Ph.D., Assistant Director
Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic
Hazardous Substance Research Center
Department of Civil Engineering
Howard University
Washington, DC 20059
Phone: 202/806-6570 Fax: 202/806-5961
Karen E. Vigmostad, Program Manager
Technology of Transfer and Training
Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic
Hazardous Substance Research Center
Michigan State University Office
C231 Holden Hall
East Lansing, Ml 48824-1206
Phone: 517/353-9718 Fax: 517/355-4603
THE CENTER AT A GLANCE
The University of Michigan, and Michigan State University and
Howard University have combined forces to pursue cooperative efforts in
multi-disciplinary hazardous substance research. The partnership
developed a successful proposal to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) for designation and funding as one of five new regional
hazardous substance research centers. Since February 1989, when the
three universities were funded by the EPA to establish the Great Lakes
and Mid-Atlantic Hazardous Substance Research Center (the Center) for
57
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federal Regions 3 and 5 with matching fund support provided by the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR).
GREAT LAKES/MID-ATLANTIC
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
Research Project Distribution
(Number of Projects)
19%
Technology
Transfer and
Trainina
37%
Bioremediation (10)
44%
Engineered Systems (12)
Major Focus: The Center's research is focused on the development and
refinement of biological remediation technologies that are effective,
efficient in their use of energy and other resources, and environmentally
sound. Center projects emphasize the types of contamination commonly
found in these two heavily industrialized regions. The Center's programs
are designed particularly to serve the people, industry, agencies, and other
organizations in federal Regions 3 and 5. These regions encompass all of
the Great Lakes and most of the mid-Atlantic states: Delaware, the District
of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
The Center's mission is to provide the philosophical framework,
organizational structure, and resources required to support integrated and
collaborative research designed to advance the science and technology of
hazardous substance management and control. The Center promotes
58
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coordinated efforts focused on common objectives in selected research
subject groupings, and encourages and facilitates participation by
researchers from diverse disciplines and perspectives in each subject
group. Cooperative interactions with industry, government, other
academic institutions, and the public sector are key elements of the
Center's comprehensive program of research, education, and technology
transfer.
The Center brings together a resource of more than 100 faculty and
staff with expertise in hazardous substance control and environmental
engineering and sciences. Dr. Walter J. Weber, Jr., of The University of
Michigan's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering serves as
Center Director. Dr. Weber has primary responsibility for the Center's
overall research focus and implementation. Dr. Thomas C. Voice of the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan State
University is the Associate Director. Dr. Voice coordinates the research at
Michigan State University and oversees the training and technology
transfer programs with Karen E. Vigmostad who is the Program Manager
for Training and Technology Transfer. Dr. James H. Johnson, Jr., Chair of
the Department of Civil Engineering at Howard University is the Assistant
Director. Dr. Johnson has primary responsibility for coordinating the
research and training activities of that Region 3 institution with the two
Region 5 institutions in Michigan. A list of key individuals currently
associated with the projects and activities of the Center is given below
(Table 1).
TABLE 1: KEY PERSONNEL IN THE CENTER
University of Michigan
Dr. Linda M. Abriola
Dr. Marilyn Barger
Mr. Michael C. Berger
Dr. Avery H. Demond
Dr. Kim F. Hayes
Dr. Jerome J. Kukor
Dr. Paul F. Nowak
Dr. Ronald H. Olsen
Dr. Milagros S. Simmons
Dr. Keeran R. Srinivasan
Dr. Timothy M. Vogel
Dr. Walter J. Weber, Jr.
Dr. Steven J. Wright
Michigan State University
Dr. Stephen A. Boyd
Dr. Simon H. Davies
Dr. Robert F. Hickey
Dr. Susan J. Masten
Dr. Patrick J. Oriel
Dr. James M. Tiedje
Ms. Karen E. Vigmostad
Dr. Thomas C. Voice
Dr. Roger G. Wallace
Howard University
Dr. Joseph N. Cannon
Dr. James H. Johnson, Jr.
Dr. Edward J. Martin
59
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The activities of the Center are guided by two advisory groups that
include members from academia, government, and industry: a Science
Advisory Committee and a Training and Technology Transfer Advisory
Committee (members of these committees are identified in Tables 2 and 3,
respectively). The Science Advisory Committee provides general policy
guidance and specific technical assistance in the solicifications review
review of research projects. Personal attention is provided for each
research project by small groups of committee members (i.e., Project
Oversight Teams). These groups monitor progress and serve as resources
to individual researchers on a "standing" basis during the course of the
project. By staggering the terms of committee members from one to three
years, we ensure continuity while bringing in fresh ideas as new members
replace those whose terms have expired.
The Training and Technology Transfer Advisory Committee works
with Center administrators to develop efficient and effective ways to
communicate research and technological developments to those who can
benefit from it. This committee reviews the Center's training and
technology transfer program and projects and suggests ways to refine our
approaches and activities in this important area of responsibility. Members
are drawn from state, federal, and independent training and technology
transfer organizations.
The Center's budget is summarized in Table 4 and the number of
students supported by the Center is presented in Table 5.
60
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MEMBER
Mary P. Anderson
Univ. of Wisconsin,
Madison
Gary F. Bennett**
Univ. of Toledo
Robert J. Bowden
U.S. EPA Region 5
Richard L. Brunker
U.S. EPA Region 3
Torrey C. Brown
Maryland D.N.R.
John J. Convery
U.S. EPA Office of
Res. & Dev.
Stacy L. Daniels
Dow Chemical Co.
Gary E. Guenther
Michigan D.N.R.
Robert L. Irvine
Univ. of Notre Dame
S. Job. Kang
McNamee, Porter, Seeley
William L. Mills
H.H. Atlantic Corp.
Joseph V. Osterman*
U.S. Dept. of Defense
Irwin H. Suffet
Drexel University
John T. Wilson
U.S. EPA
TABLE 2: SCIENCE ADVISORY
AFFILIATION
University
University
Government
Government
Government
Government
Industry
Government
University
Industry
Industry
Government
University
Government
COMMITTEE
EXPERTISE
Subsurface systems
Process engineering
Regulatory research needs
Regulatory research needs
Technology implementation
Treatment and remediation
techno-logies
Process engineering
Technology implementation
Process engineering
Process engineering
Environmental resources
Biological processes
Chemical processes
Subsurface systems
*Chairman
**Vice Chairman
61
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TABLE 3: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND TRAINING ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MEMBER AFFILIATION EXPERTISE
William C. Arble
Pennsylvania State
Univ.
University
Lois R. DeBacker Government
Michigan Dept. of Commerce
Patricia B. Easley
U.S. EPA Region 5
Margaret Kelly
U.S. EPA
Michael J. Senew*
Haz. Materials Training
& Research Institute
Steven Smagin
U.S. EPA Region 3
John J. Stanton
U.S. EPA, Hdq., Wash.
*Chairman
Government
Government
Industry
Government
Government
Technical assistance
Waste reduction services
Regulatory needs
Regulatory needs
Training
Regulatory needs
Technology transfer
62
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TABLE 4: CENTER FUNDING
FUNDING SOURCES FY 1990-91 FUNDS* FUNDS TO DATE
EPA: Centers Program $944,473 $2,944,473
EPA: Other 0 0
Other Govt: Federal 0 0
Other Govt: State 0 500,000
Consortium 236,119 236,119
Private Sector Q Q
TOTAL $1,180,592 $3,680,592
*October 1, 1990 - September 30, 1991
TABLE 5: STUDENT SUPPORT
STUDENT LEVEL NUMBER FY 1990-91 FUNDS*
Undergraduate 2 $ 6,425
Graduate 21 238,274
Post-doctoral 6_ 88.200
TOTAL 29 $332,899
*Includes tuition, travel, etc.
CENTER DIRECTOR'S REPORT
Since its founding in February 1989, the Center has developed and
refined our initial focus on research and technology transfer programs
related to on-site remediation, with special emphasis on bioremediation.
Center research programs continue to emphasize remediation schemes
which integrate biological with complementary chemical and
physicochemical technologies. The focusing process helps identify and
target logical new research areas to pursue as well as refine ongoing
efforts.
Identification and prioritization of research needs and topics is done
in partnership with two standing advisory committees. This process is
iterated regularly as research in certain areas matures and other
promising areas of pursuit emerge. In this context, the funding structure
of the EPA's Centers Program allows what normal granting procedures
63
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would not. Specifically, the Centers Program enables the structuring of
flexible research groups, or "teams", to meet the specific needs of emergent
research problems and projects. The research teams are restructured as
required to maintain relevance and compatibility as projects logically
mature.
To capsulize, the Center provides a climate of cooperation and
excellence for research that is:
• multidisciplinary in scope;
• state-of-the-art in character and quality;
• problem-focused in selection of research topics; and
• solution-oriented in approach.
The Center has made a strong commitment to foster multi-
disciplinary research efforts. The success of the Center's problem-focused
research program stems from the flexible research teams referred to
above; research teams structured to have specific combinations of scientific
and engineering expertise. During this past year, this commitment has
been pursued in two specific ways. Namely, existing interactions have
been strong there and two new areas of cooperative research have been
added: free radical oxidation processes (including natural and engineered
photolytic processes), and open-water site remediation processes.
Because the ultimate success of research depends on the
collaborative sharing of information and ideas, the Center has initiated a
series of satellite research retreats as catalysts for the Center's
interdisciplinary, multi-investigator research activities. These retreats
bring together groups of investigators working on related topics to discuss
research directions, progress, and other issues of mutual concern. Common
sets of goals and understandings are sought. The first of these retreats
brought together over twenty-five research personnel from the three
member institutions working on various facets of the use of surfactants
(surface active agents) for in-situ (in place) soil decontamination. Retreats
on biological processes and free-radical oxidation processes are being
scheduled.
A plan to expand the satellite research retreat concept to all five EPA
centers is also planned. The Center will host an on-site remediation
workshop a May, 1991. Using a format similar to that of a Gordon
Conference, groups of specific investigators from all five centers will gather
to discuss their research activities in an informal and uninterrupted
setting. The workshop will also provide a session led by experts from
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business and government for discussion of problems involved with the
practical applications of specific technologies. The last day will be devoted
to the development of consensus regarding: 1) the current status of on-
site remediation research; and 2) an agenda for ongoing cooperation and
collaboration in the research efforts of the five centers.
The five-center workshop is one of a number of projects being
coordinated in concert with the Center's training and technology transfer
program. The Center strives to make its research more useful and
accessible to others through its technology transfer projects. Related
outreach activities of the program include a variety of types of
publications, conferences and workshops, training and audiovisual
materials, and direct assistance to faculty and regional personnel.
Publications distributed or in press include the Center's research chronicle,
synergos, specific research summaries, and a manual on reactor design for
treatment and remediation process research.
The Center also funds technology transfer-related research and
demonstration projects. For example, we are currently developing
approaches to technology transfer using the videotape medium. One of the
projects in this area involves a joint effort with EPA Region 3 personnel on
a bioremediation videotape targeted for field staff. The tape will provide
baseline scientific information on what bioremediation is, how it works,
and what we know about applications of the technology. In an attempt to
gain a clearer understanding of which techniques work best and why, we
are currently developing a new project to analyze the process of
technology transfer itself. Several responses to a request for proposals are
currently under external peer review, and will be considered for funding
at the next meeting of the Training and Technology Transfer Advisory
Committee.
HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1990
Nine new research projects we initiated in September of this year,
including several in two new areas: free-radical oxidation processes and
open-water site remediation. Marilyn Barger, Stephen Parus, and the
Center Director are investigating laser-aided photodegradation of
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and related compounds, particularly with
respect to concentrated mixtures extracted from soils and sediments.
Susan Masten and Simon Davies are examining ozone-induced free radical
oxidation of chlorinated benzenes and chlorinated biphenyls in both
solution phase and with adsorbed soils and sediments. Simon Davies and
65
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Thomas Voice are studying mechanisms governing the release of
contaminants from sediments resuspended during dredging operations.
The initiation of open-water remediation projects is designed to help the
Center address critical issues facing the Great Lakes states.
Two additional bioremediation projects have also started. Patrick
Oriel will compare the advantages and disadvantages of bioremediation of
enzene, toluene, ethylene and xylene (BTEX)-contaminated sites using
thermophilic bacteria and anaerobic respiration with nitrate. BTEX is
shorthand notation for a suite of compounds which are major constituents
of gasoline; namely, BTEX. James Johnson and Edward Martin will analyze
solid phase aerobic/anaerobic treatment of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs). This work is an extension of current
investigations of the biodegradation of PAH compounds under aerobic
conditions.
Ongoing surfactant research efforts have been strengthened by
several new projects begun in September. Steven Wright is studying the
role of "fingering"--preferential channeling—of surfactant solutions during
their use in aquifer remediation schemes.
Linda Abriola's newest surfactant project looks at phase equilibria
and transport properties of surfactant systems of interest to soil
remediation. Avery Demond is examining the effects of surfactants on the
transport properties of aquifer systems during remediation. She intends to
develop quantitative descriptions of capillary pressure and relative
permeability relationships to be used in the mathematical modeling of
aquifer behavior during remediation processes. Kim Hayes and Keeran
Srinivasan are assessing the effects of surfactant sorption and desorption
during their use in the remediation of contaminated aquifers.
In the training and technology transfer area, James Johnson and
faculty from Howard University, with input by faculty from the University
of Michigan, have extended our Center's workshop for high school science
and math teachers to presentations in the states of Pennsylvania and
Michigan. This workshop, is a three-day session designed to acquaint
teachers with current issues in hazardous substances and with career
opportunities in the environmental sciences and engineering. There is a
special emphasis on encouraging minorities to pursue careers in these vital
areas. The workshops have been videotaped, and plans are being made to
produce three video segments covering various aspects of the sessions.
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In September of this year the first issue of our research chronicle,
synergos, was mailed to over 3,000 people in the 11 states and the District
of Columbia represented by our Center as well as to many other interested
parties across the country. The name synergos, a Greek word meaning
"bringing together", captures the essence of our Center: a "bringing
together" of diverse resources in a coordinated and focused program of
environmental research.
The past year also witnessed several specific research
accomplishments in our ongoing research programs, some of which are
highlighted below.
Linda M. Abriola reports that a joint experimental model verification
program was initiated between surfactant investigators with Project R8 at
the University of Michigan and Project R9 at Michigan State University*.
Laboratory column studies being conducted in Project R9 are being used to
validate modeling approaches being developed in Project R8. This
cooperative effort was a direct result of our surfactant satellite retreat
held in January 1990.
Milagros Simmons believes that the potential analytical applications
of supercritical fluid extraction techniques being developed in Project R13
are enormous. She sees the field moving towards this technique as an
alternative to conventional solvent extraction of organic contaminants from
soils and sediments for subsequent analytical determination. Several
contract laboratories are developing these test methods for specific
applications. Symposia and workshops have facilitated discussions about
the potential as well as the limitations of this technique.
Walter J. Weber. Jr. and Marilyn Barger and their research team have
completed the design, construction, and shakedown testing of a unique
completely mixed batch reactor for investigating supercritical water
oxidation (SCWO) processes in Project R12. This reactor is capable of
accommodating viscous organic concentrates, slurries, and solids, as well as
the aqueous type waste streams commonly studied in more conventional
flow-through SCWO systems. The project is initially investigating the
thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanisms of the oxidation of PCB-laden
sludges and oils. These compounds are often the "critical" or "limiting"
components of wastes in which they are present due to their resistance to
oxidation and their potential toxicity, even at low concentrations. The
Projects are identified by number in the next section of this report.
67
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results of this research will thus provide insight to the design of SCWO
reactors for "worst-case" type wastes.
Paul Nowak reports significant developments in both of his Center-
funded Project 2T technology transfer videotape activities. He feels that
the cooperative efforts between EPA field people and university
researchers on these projects will reap large rewards. These efforts make
investigators more aware of the need for state-of-the-art technical training
and technical information in the field.
Ramesh Chawla and Joseph Cannon report conclusions from project
RIO that trichloroethylene (TCE) adsorption on top soils exhibits nonlinear
behavior and that desorption in both water and surfactant solutions is
typically marked by hysteresis. They note that these trends are more
pronounced with increasing aging of the adsorbed TCE. While naturally
occurring soil microbes can be stimulated to degrade TCE after it has
desorbed, Chawla and Cannon have found that the biodegradation process
is inhibited by the presence of the surfactants used to enhance the
desorption.
Roger Wallace has developed time-lapse color films that show the
dynamics of the flow of a surface oil spill and the formation of oil lenses at
the water table, as well as the downward migration patterns of surfactant
solutions and the sequence of events that follow the penetration of the
surfactant into oil lenses. This visualization work being conducted in
Project R9 should facilitate a better understanding of complexities
encountered in field applications of surfactant flushing techniques.
Ronald Olsen and Jerome Kukor have fingerprinted a novel metabolic
pathway for BTEX degradation in the studies they are conducting in Project
R3. The regulation of this new pathway has been defined, and this
information will be used in the "design" of BTEX-degrading bacteria for
"seeding" in bioremediation schemes. Olsen and Kukor have also shown
that xylene degradation by bacteria isolated from BTEX-contaminated
aquifers must be induced by toluene or, less frequently, by benzene.
Thomas Voice and Robert Hickey report that their cooperative efforts
in Projects R6 and Rll demonstrate that the use of fluidized bed reactor
systems for biological activated carbon processes provides enhanced
system stability and overall removal efficiency. This work, which is
coordinated with pilot-scale studies at the Michigan Biotechnology
Institute in East Lansing, Michigan, also confirms that systems which
combine the removal mechanisms of adsorption and biological degradation
68
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generally provide performance superior to that of systems employing only
adsorption or biological action.
James M. Tiedje believes that the isolation and stimulation of
indigenous microorganisms provides an effective and practical means for
propagating active PCB-dechlorinating communities for bioremediation of
PCB-contaminated sites. The success he has had in Project Rl with respect
to serially transferring communities active on Aroclor 1260 is particularly
important because of the complete recalcitrance of this mixture to aerobic
degradation.
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TABLE 6
GREAT LAKES/MID-ATLANTIC
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
PROGRAM SUMMARY
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
PROJECT
BIOREMEDIATION
END
DATE
CURRENT TOTAL
BUDGET BUDGET
J.M. Tiedje
T.M. Vogel
R. Olsen/
JJ. Kukor
T.M. Vogel
S.A. Boyd
R. Chawla/
J.N. Cannon
T.C. Voice
W.J. Weber, Jr.
(Rl) Isolating organisms
which dechlorinate
PCBs
(R2) Investigation of
mechanisms controlling
rates of dechlorination
of halogenated organic
solvents by methanogens
(R3) Engineered organisms:
development of microbial
strains with enhanced
potential for degradation
of volatile organic carbon
compounds (VOCs)
(R4) Factors affecting
attachment and release of
microorganisms to aquifer
solids
(R5) Bioavailability of aged
residues in contaminated
soils
(RIO) Use of microorganisms
and surfactants for in-situ
detoxification of hazardous
wastes in soils
(Rll) Design and operation
of biological activated
carbon adsorption systems
(R12) Destruction of
biologically resistant
organics by supercritical
water oxidation
$72,000
$42,000
$58,000
$34,000
$80,000
$71,000
$70,000
$117,000
$90,000
$105,000
$110,000
$47,000
$91,000
$100,000
$98,000
$140,000
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PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
PJ. Oriel
PROJECT
(R20) Thermophilic bio-
remediation*
END
DATE
J. Johnson, Jr. (R22) Solid phase/
E.J. Martin anaerobicaerobic treatment
of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon compounds*
CURRENT
BUDGET
$0
$0
TOTAL
BUDGET
$0
$0
ENGINEERED SYSTEMS/SURFACTANT OXIDATION
R.F. Hickey (R6) Development of modular
laboratory-scale reactors
for investigation of
hazardous waste treatment
schemes
J. H. Johnson
L.M. Abriola
R.B. Wallace
M.S. Simmons
L.M. Abriola
M. Barger/
S.J. Parus/
(R7) Detoxification of
hazardous and substances
via in-vessel composting
(R8) Modeling surfactant
mobilization of entrapped
organic liquids in
groundwater systems
(R9) Physical models for
examining in-situ use
of surfactants to achieve
Non-aqueous Liquid Phase
(NAPL) clean up
(R13) Methods for isolation
of hazardous substances
from complex mixtures
(R14) Phase equilibria and
transport properties of
surfactant systems of
interest to soil remediation*
(R15) Laser photodegrada-
tion of polychlorinated
$80,000
$72,000
$36,000
$71,000
$42,000
$1,000
$1,000
$91,000
$90,000
$73,000
$100,000
$53,000
$1,000
$1,000
W.J. Weber, Jr. biphenyls and related
compounds*
*Note, some projects were initiated during the last month covered by this report.
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PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
PROJECT
END
DATE
CURRENT
BUDGET
TOTAL
BUDGET
S.J. Wright
A.H. Demond
K.F. Hayes/
K. Srinivasan
S.J. Masten
S.H. Davies
S.H. Davies/
T.C. Voice
(R16) The role of fingering
during aquifer remediation
with surfactants*
(R17) The effect of
surfactants on the transport
properties of aquifers
during remediation*
(R18) Remediation of contam-
inated aquifers with
surfactants: The effect of
surfactant adsorption and
desorption
(R19) Use of oxidants for
the degradation of chlorinated
benzenes and PCBs in aqueous
systems and sediments*
(R21) Mechanisms
governing the release of
contaminants from sediments
resuspended during dredging
operations*
$2,000
$0
$4,000
$0
$2,000
$0
$4,000
$0
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
J.H. Johnson, Jr
P.P. Nowak
K.E. Vigmostad
K.E. Vigmostad
K.E. Vigmostad/
W.J. Weber, Jr.
(Tl) Materials and hazardous $53,000 %79,000
waste workshop
(T2) Waste minimization information $30,000 $30,000
and training/Bioremediation videotape
development
(T3) State/industrial assistance $0 $0
(T4) synergos, the research chronicle $4,500 $4, 500
(T5) Five-center on-site remediation $0 $0
research workshop
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RESEARCH PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
BIOREMEDIATION
Isolating Organisms Which Dechlorinate Polychlorinated Bi-
phenyls (PCBs): James M. Tiedje, Michigan State University
Goal: To stimulate, enrich and hopefully isolate microorganisms from PCB-
contaminated river sediments which have the capacity to dechlorinate
PCBs, thus making them less harmful. These organisms must be propagated
in some way in order to magnify this activity and make bioremediation of
PCB-contaminated sites feasible.
Rationale: Earlier research results suggest that some natural selection for
dechlorination occurs and that further selection and stimulation in the
laboratory is feasible. If commercialization is possible, the technique
would detoxify PCBs and could potentially be developed for use in
detoxifying other chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Approach: Isolation of dechlorinating organisms has proven very
difficult. With no known single route to success, it is important to explore
several routes to determine which is most likely to be promising for PCB
dechlorinators. Thus, the following approaches are being evaluated. First,
dechlorinating organisms are being enriched by virtue of the
dechlorinating reactions serving as the only electron acceptor for growth,
and perhaps as an energy source. While this rate of enrichment is likely
slow, it is the best strategy yet known to selectively enrich dechlorinators
over other indigenous microorganisms. Second, information learned about
isolated dechlorinators, especially strain (DCB-1), will be used as a clue to
recognize unique features that may also occur in other dechlorinators.
Such features are the unique 16S RNA sequences, the presence of (CO)
dehydrogenase, and unique sulfur metabolizing pathways. Third, use of
simplified fractions of communities and more defined conditions that
result in active PCB dechlorination.
Status: Enrichments were established using electron donors (pyruvate,
fornate) and medium found to be most effective for dechlorination by
strain DCB-1, and Aroclor 1242 as the sole electron acceptor. The following
was found: 1) a stable meta dechlorinating community was established
through nine serial transfers. It removes about 0.5 mole/mol biphenyl.
The rate of dechlorination has not increased with transfer; 2) this enriched
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community does not need the normal sediment microflora since the same
dechlorination activity occurred when inoculated into sterile and nonsterile
sediments. Dechlorination does not occur in aqueous medium nor with
inorganic matrices (sand, clays); 3) dechlorination activity of the inoculum
was inhibited by BBS and sulfate, but not by nitrate, CC>2, ferric-
oxyhydroxide, nor is it stimulated by the addition of hydrogen or acetate;
and 4) the enriched community has activity on Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254,
and 1260 (to a lesser extent) but not on 1221.
Because the above enrichment might be dependent on an expensive
electron donor, we also established enrichments using native sediment
carbon as the donor. The concentration of Aroclor was increased in 5000
ppm, Aroclors 1254 and 1260 were also used as electron acceptors and
inocula from other sites (4) were used. These enrichments removed
approximately 1 Cl/mole biphenyl and have been carried through three
serial transfers on Aroclor 1254 and 1260. The more successful inocula
were from an industrial lagoon and a lake receiving industrial effluent that
had been exposed to these higher chlorinated congeners. Studies were
initiated with trichlorinated biphenyls (2,2',3' and 2,3',4' congeners), which
are the congeners most readily dechlorinated in Aroclors. It is hoped that
a factor rate would speed the study of PCB dechlorination. More than 50%
of these congeners were dechlorinated within two weeks, confirming the
faster rate. Attempts to increase the bioavailability of these trichlorinated
biphenyls by placing them in an emulsifier (ligninsulfonate) or
encapsulating them in liposomes did not increase dechlorination.
Client Audiences: People interested in this research include industrial
and academic researchers. Presentations have been made before many
individual groups and academic researchers. Audiences with large
industrial representation include the Gordon Conference on Aquatic
Chemistry, the NIEHS Symposium on Biodegradation, the International
Biodegradation Symposium, the UNEP Symposium on Biodegradation and
the European Environmental Research Organization Symposium on
Biodegradation. Individual discussions with approximately 10 environ-
mental engineering firms and companies have taken place on their specific
PCB issues.
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Investigation of the Mechanisms Controlling the Rates of
Dechlorination of Halogenated Organic Solvents by Methanogens:
Timothy M. Vogel, University of Michigan
Goal: To identify the chemical characteristics of microbial dechlorination
of chlorinated solvents. The dechlorination of organics generally reduce
their health hazard. Microbial dechlorination may be applicable to
cleaning hazardous waste sites.
Rationale: Previous research illustrates the ability of some anaerobic
microbes to dechlorinate hazardous waste compounds. We have shown
previously that this is a fortuitous process not requiring any natural
selection. Development of techniques that enhance this process could
potentially be applied in clean-up activities.
Approach: Several approaches to understanding the chemical
characteristics of microbial dechlorination are being investigated. First,
experiments deciphering the mechanisms and kinetics of dechlorination by
metal-organics are underway. This requires examination of the influence
of different metals chelated in porphyrins, which model different
biomolecules in microorganisms. Second, microbes grown under different
conditions, such as substrate and metal concentrations, are exposed to
chlorinated compounds. The dechlorination is compared with microbes not
previously acclimated and with nonviable microbial cells.
Status: Experimental work is underway. Metal preference for
dechlorination is in the order cobalt, magnesium, and iron, which would
imply that cobalt containing reduced biomolecules will be more effective at
dechlorinating solvents. Completion of this set of experiments is expected
by 1991.
Client Audiences: People interested in this research include consulting
engineering companies and industries which either use or produce
chlorinated solvents.
Engineered Organisms: Development of Microbial Strains With
Enhanced Potential for Degradation of Several Volatile Organic
Compounds: Ronald H. Olsen and Jerome J. Kukor, University of Michigan
Goal: Five goals describe our participation in Center-sponsored research:
1) isolate and characterize microbial strains competent for the degradation
of VOCs which show adhesion to soil and/or granulated carbon particles; 2)
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determine the effect of attachment (adhesion) on the metabolism of VOCs;
3) determine the effect of environmental fluctuations on the performance
of selected strains; 4) extend the substrate range of selected bacterial
strains employing genetic technology; and 5) evaluate the performance of
selected bacterial strains in generic and modified bioreactors.
Rationale: Prior research suggests that noxious contaminants
accumulating in soil as a consequence of gasoline spills can be degraded
under anoxic conditions in the presence of nutrients associated with the
mechanisms by which the microbial cell obtains energy and carbon for
growth and reproduction. Analogously, when contaminated groundwater
associated with such spills is pumped to carbon filtration units above
ground, these noxious contaminants are removed in excess of the capacity
of the granulated carbon to absorb them. It has been postulated that the
disappearance of these contaminants is a reflection of their degradation to
carbon dioxide and water by microbial species indigenous to soil which are
transported to the carbon filtration units where such microbial species
grow and multiply using the contaminants as food. If the degradating
activities of such microorganism can be optimized through the design of
appropriate bioreactors, or, nutrients can be added to the spill in-situ, then
removal of these contaminants can occur at an accelerated rate and limit
further dissemination into the environs of the spill. Optimization of the
degradating activities of microorganisms indigenous to spill areas and/or
genetic enhancement of such microorganisms has the potential for
economical remediation at the site of a spill and obviates the need to
transport contaminated soils to landfills.
Approach: Microorganisms are being isolated from carbon filtration units
and sandy soil samples from gasoline-contaminated environments. These
microorganisms are being screened for their ability to degrade the BTEX
constituents of petroleum products in the presence of air, as well as when
only small amounts of oxygen are present (anoxic conditions). From a
group of many microbial strains differing in their physiological
characteristics, a few microbial strains showing superior degradation will
be selected for more intensive genetic and biochemical characterization.
After this, work will be started to manipulate the genetic properties of
such strains to enhance the degradating activity towards the target
chemicals.
Status: We have isolated numerous bacterial strains which show BTEX
degradation under denitrifying conditions. Such degradation is dependent
on nitrate. We have described the gene arrangement and mode of
regulation for one isolate and are currently studying two more isolates.
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Client Audiences: We have had numerous inquiries from federal
laboratories and private sector remediation companies concerning our
work. These studies are germane to activities concerned with
environmental problems stemming from oil or gas exploration and
production, to regulatory agencies, and to engineering contractors in the
biotreatment industry.
Factors Affecting Attachment and Release of Microorganisms to
Aquifer solids: Timothy M. Vogel, University of Michigan
Goal: To understand and describe the fate of microorganisms that move
through the subsurface environment by examining the microbial
attachment and detachment phenomena in the presence and absence of
other microbes and contaminants.
Rationale: Microbes are or will be used for many applications related to
degradation of hazardous waste. One application is the use of microbes in
cleaning groundwater contaminants. The added microbes must move to
the location of the contaminant and attach to a surface in order to remain
for sufficient time to degrade the contaminant. Nutrients must also be
available. Hence, if microbes in the local region of the contaminants are
unable to degrade the compound or are not induced to degrade it, then
other microorganisms moving into the area must make the transition from
a suspended organism to an attached one. The ability of useful microbes to
attach in regions of contaminants should be studied.
Approach: Sterile and nonsterile aquifer columns packed with
uncontaminated subsurface material will have a specific microorganism
pumped through them at effective velocities reflecting groundwater
speeds. Breakthrough curves of microbes will be compared for sterile
versus nonsterile material. Mass balances on total carbon will be
performed. The distribution of microbes retained in the columns will be
determined along with the influence of growth stage and flow rate on the
movement of microbes.
Status: Microbial breakthrough curves for sandy aquifer material with
indigenous microbes and sterile conditions have been compared to
conservative tracers. Considerable cell lysis occurs to cells pumped
through sand column. Work is in progress on 14c_iabe}ec| bacteria.
Completion of this set of experiments is expected by 1991.
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Client Audiences: People interested in this research include those that
would use added microbes for detoxifying contaminated groundwater
aquifers such as consulting engineering firms, industries, and state
departments of natural resources/environment.
Bioavailability of Aged Organic Contaminants in Soils and
Sediments: Stephen A. Boyd, Michigan State University
Goal: Our goal is to determine whether soil- and sediment-bound organic
contaminants may become unavailable to microbial degraders resulting in
increased persistence of the contaminants. The potential limits on
biodegradation imposed by reduced bioavailability need to be understood
and overcome to successfully implement bioremediation technologies for
the restoration of contaminated soils and sediments.
Rationale: The majority of environmental contaminants are associated
with soils or sediments. Previous research in this laboratory and elsewhere
have indicated that such soil- and sediment-bound organic contaminants
are biologically unavailable. Therefore, these contaminants must desorb
(or disassociate) from soil and sediments solids before biodegradation can
occur. If this disassociation proceeds rapidly, then target contaminants
should be bioavailable and biodegradable. However, if contaminant
disassociation from soils and sediments is a slow process then they may be
biologically unavailable and protected against biodegradation. It is
necessary to evaluate the existence of situations where contaminants are
biologically unavailable and to understand the factors that lead to reduced
bioavailability. This will enable us to predict when limited bioavailability
may occur and to know how to overcome this problem so that
bioremediation technologies can be successfully implemented in the field.
Approach: We have examined the bioavailability of PCBs in contaminated
sediments and of the herbicide Simazine in an agricultural soil. The
contaminants present in these actual field samples have long residence
times and are referred to as aged contaminants. To test the effects of
contaminant aging on bioavailability, the soil and sediment samples were
amended with PCBs or Simazine in the laboratory. The bioavailability of
these newly added compounds was then simultaneously compared to that
of the aged contaminants. For the PCB sample, an active PCB
dechlorinating consortium was used to test biodegradability of the newly
added and aged PCBs. For Simazine, soil incubations were used to
determine if bioavailability to soil bacteria was different for the added and
aged residues. Also, the herbicidal activity, i.e., plant availability to sugar
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beets, of added and aged Simazine was compared as a second test of
bioavailability.
Status: We have now documented that the aged PCB and Simazine
residues are biologically unavailable to microbial degraders. This was
shown by the degradation of newly added PCBs and Simazine while the
aged PCB and Simazine residues, present in the same samples, were
completely protected against biodegradation. Similarly, aged Simazine had
no herbicidal activity against sugar beets, whereas, newly added Simazine
at the same concentration resulted in damage to greater than 50% of the
seedlings. Thus, the process of contaminant aging has apparently rendered
the indigenous PCBs and Simazine biologically unavailable. These results
demonstrate that limited bioavailability will likely be encountered in the
field and will need to be considered when designing and implementing
bioremediation technologies.
Client Audiences: These results should be of direct interest to all those
attempting to develop and utilize bioremediation technologies. This would
include industries that have environmental restoration efforts, the U.S.
Department of Defense, EPA, and biorestoration companies.
Use of Microorganisms and Surfactants for In-situ Detoxification
of Hazardous Wastes in Soils: Ramesh C. Chawla and Joseph N. Cannon,
Howard University
Goal: The goal of this research is to determine the feasibility of using
surfactants and naturally occurring microorganisms at hazardous waste
sites for in-situ cleanup of contaminated soils.
Rationale: Properly formulated surfactants under controlled laboratory
conditions have shown to be effective in solubilizing organic contaminants
bound to soils. Additionally, selected cultures of microorganisms can
detoxify hazardous compounds in the liquid phase. Surfactant washing
alone is only a dissolution process, while biodegradation works better
when the contaminants are in the liquid phase and not bound to soil.
Therefore, a combination of these processes—when applied in a single step
or sequentially—could provide an in-situ technique with the advantages of
both.
Approach: Batch studies with TCE were designed and carried out to
determine or develop the following: 1) the adsorption/desorption rates
and limits in TCE/soil/surfactant systems; 2) a microbial consortium from
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natural sources which would survive the exposure to TCE; and 3) the TCE
biodegradation rates and limits in liquid phase surfactant/microorganism
systems with and without the presence of TCE-contaminated soil.
Status: Adsorption/desorption studies have been completed. A microbial
consortium capable of degrading TCE was successfully developed. The
constituent members of the consortium have been isolated and are being
tested for TCE biodegradation ability.
Client Audiences: People interested in this research include all
industries which are involved in the generation, storage or disposal of
hazardous waste. Additionally, people and organizations charged with
treatment and cleanup of hazardous waste sites such as state and federal
regulatory agencies, would be interested in some aspects of this research.
Design and Operation of Biological Activated Carbon Adsorption
Systems: Thomas C. Voice, Michigan State University
Goal: The goal of this project is to investigate the use of systems
employing both activated carbon adsorption and biodegradation for
groundwater contaminated with VOCs. The research will seek to produce a
better understanding of how these two mechanisms affect each other when
both are operating in a single system, how the reactor type and hydraulic
characteristics of the reactor affect these mechanisms, and how to best
design and operate such treatment systems so as to obtain optimal
performance.
Rationale: Previous research has established that biodegradation of
waste constituents frequently occurs in activated carbon adsorption
systems. This has generally been regarded as desirable, in that
biodegradation serves to extend the life of the carbon adsorbent. Although
negative impacts, such as bed fouling by the growing biomass, have been
noted. Most of this work has involved incidental biodegradation occurring
in systems designed as adsorbers. Little attention has been given to
designing biological activated carbon (BAC) systems in order to exploit the
benefits of both mechanisms, thereby producing superior overall system
performance. This study is attempting to do this for an important class of
treatment problems: groundwater contamination by VOCs.
Approach: The approach involves the study of two primary types of
treatment systems: packed-bed systems in which the water being treated
flows through a stationary "bed" of carbon particles, and fluidized-bed
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systems in which the carbon particles are suspended in a stream of
upward-flowing water. Experiments involve operating these systems in
three modes: 1) adsorption only (biodegradation inhibited); 2)
biodegradation only (non-adsorbing particles); and 3) combined
biodegradation and adsorption. Additional experiments are being
conducted to investigate the biological degradation of the benzene, toluene
and xylene (BTX) constituents both singly and in combination. This
information will be combined in computer models to predict overall
system performance and the results compared to bench-scale experiments
for different designs and operating conditions.
Status: Both types of experimental systems have been studied for the
treatment of water containing the petroleum derived hydrocarbons BTX.
The fluidized bed system is clearly superior, being able to degrade BTX
from near saturation levels (low parts per million) to acceptable discharge
levels (below 1 part per billion) with detention times under two minutes.
While this result is primarily a biological phenomenon, the activated
carbon provides for much faster system start-up, treatment during start-
up, and considerable protection against shock loads that can disrupt or
destroy traditional biological systems. Characterizing the ability of these
systems to handle shocks, which are inevitable in practice, is the focus of
current work. Biological systems have not been widely accepted for
treatment of VOC contamination problems, in part because of shock-load
problems. BAG systems may prove to overcome this limitation and allow
the benefits of biodegradation to be realized for this class of problems.
Packed-bed systems are also of interest because this design is widely used
for adsorption-only designs. Our efforts are addressing how the separation
of solutes in the bed as a result of different adsorption characteristics can
be exploited when one solute inhibits biodegradation on another. Future
work will investigate ways to encourage biodegradation in existing
packed-bed adsorbers without otherwise degrading system performance.
Client Audiences: Since this project is highly focused on an application,
specifically on the design and operation of treatment systems for
contaminated groundwater, there has been considerable interest in the
work by potential users. We are in regular contact with Envirex, a major
treatment system manufacturer, and are conducting a related study for
this firm at the Michigan Biotechnology Institute. We have had additional
discussions with several engineering design firms, oil companies, the
Michigan Office of Underground Storage Tanks, and the EPA to secure
funding to demonstrate at the pilot-scale that fluidized-bed BAG systems
are sufficiently efficient and reliable to be used for BTX groundwater
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problems. We believe that such a demonstration will result in widespread
acceptance of this technology.
Destruction of Biologically Resistant Organics by Supercritical
Water Oxidation: Walter J. Weber, Jr., University of Michigan
Goal: To explore and develop the use of Supercritical Water Oxidation
(SCWO) as a means for destroy biologically resistant hazardous organic
substances, such as PCBs and higher molecular weight PAHs, in the
concentrates and residues of more traditional biological and
physicochemical remediation processes.
Rationale: Supercritical fluids exhibit properties of both liquids and
gases. Water becomes a supercritical fluid at temperatures above 374
degrees celsius and pressures above 218 atmospheres. The oxidation of
organics in water at these conditions is potentially a more rapid, yet more
controllable process than more traditional incineration techniques.
Moreover, because the SCWO process occurs in a closed system, an
essentially complete destruction is possible without release of harmful
intermediate products to the environment.
Approach: The oxidations are studied in a completely mixed batch
reactor system designed to handle viscous organics and solids, as well as
more ordinary organic solutions. The initial experiments involve the
injection of small amounts of organics into a supercritical mixture of water
and oxygen, and subsequent monitoring of the resulting reactions.
Analyses include characterization of intermediate products, mechanisms,
and reaction kinetics.
Status: The reactor system has been built, peripheral systems have been
calibrated, and preliminary oxidations of phenol have been performed.
These preliminary runs have shown the system to be functional, and have
resulted in very high destruction efficiencies. Current work involves
improving the accuracy of the data to allow for more quantifiable
estimates of reaction kinetics. Oxidation of PCBs is expected to begin this
fall.
Client Audiences: This work should be of interest to those who are
working on the development of chemical oxidation and thermal destruction
treatments for concentrated aqueous wastes and residues containing
recalcitrant organic compounds such as, or similar to, PCBs or PAHs.
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ENGINEERED SYSTEMS/SURFACTANT OXIDATION
Development of Modular Laboratory-scale Reactors for
Investigation of Hazardous Waste Treatment Schemes: Robert F.
Hickey, Michigan State University and Michigan Biotechnology Institute
Goal: The goals of this project are two-fold: 1) to develop a set of
versatile modular reactors that can be used to evaluate and compare the
capabilities of isolated organisms and consortia to perform the desired
biodegradation reactions in engineered reactors; and 2) to intensively
monitor these reactors to develop a data base to assist in development of
improved process monitoring and control strategies.
Rationale: There are four principal elements in the development of
effective, reliable biotechnology for treatment of hazardous wastes. These
are: 1) isolate organisms with the desired capabilities; 2) improve
understanding and optimization of the enzymatic processes; 3) "house" the
organisms in reactor systems that best exploit the capabilities of the
organisms; and 4) develop process monitoring and control strategies that
assure reliable performance and help overcome any user confidence
hurdle(s) that may impede application of bioprocesses.
Approach: Sets of one and two-inch diameter reactors of varying heights
were constructed. These reactors are versatile enough so that most process
configurations such as suspended growth reactors, biological fluidized beds,
sequencing batch reactors, etc., can be comparatively evaluated for
"housing" isolates and consortia of organisms that display desired
biodegrading capabilities. The reactors are designed to allow easy
measurement of gas, liquid and solid phases to permit quantification of the
fate of the toxic materials (biodegradation, volatilization and partitioning to
the solid phase). The gaseous headspace is designed such that it can be
continuously monitored for both major and trace gases via an on-line
computer controlled data acquisition system available at Michigan
Biotechnology Institute. These reactors will be monitored at steady-state
and under dynamic conditions to allow system response to be identified,
and improved process monitoring and control strategies to be developed.
Status: A series of modular reactors have been completed and ancillary
equipment such as gas transfer devices have also been constructed and
tested. A series of trace studies have been performed to define system
hydraulics for aerobic and anaerobic operation. A two-inch diameter
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reactor has been linked to the on-line data acquisition system. Steady-
state gas composition information is currently being collected.
A special chemostat has been constructed for TCE-degradation studies
using methanotrophic bacteria. The reactor is designed to allow headspace
monitoring of the TCE and gaseous substrates and products either by
manual sampling or in conjunction with the on-line data acquisition
system. This reactor is now being tested. Drawing and materials sheets
are currently being put together to allow others to construct similar
systems.
Client Audiences: This project is mainly a service-based project for the
Center. The main interactions have been with Project 11. Three one-inch
reactors have been operational as aerobic fluidized bed reactors for the
past six months. A manual of more general interest is being prepared
describing laboratory reactor design and specifications.
Detoxification of Hazardous Substances via In-vessel Composting:
James H. Johnson, Jr., and M. Mohan Varma***, Howard University
Goal: The primary goal is to optimize operating conditions to degrade
pyrene using in-vessel composting technology. The success of pyrene
degradation was evaluated by the mineralization of pyrene. The research
effort also included two secondary areas; namely, the investigation of the
metabolic pathways of pyrene degradation, and the initiation of a future
project on "Solid phase aerobic/anaerobic treatment of PAH compounds".
Rationale: Previous research has indicated that biodegradation of PAH
compounds with three or less rings is possible. However, mineralization of
PAH compounds via biodegradation with more than three rings has not
been demonstrated. Pyrene, a four-ring PAH compound was chosen as the
model compound for this study because it is a recalcitrant and poses a
potential health hazard.
Approach: Most of the experiments conducted during this period were in
a laboratory-scale self-heating composter. Sewage sludge contaminated
with pyrene served as the test material. Experiments were conducted
which included the variation of initial pH, composting temperature, type of
bulking agent, and C:N ratio. The compost was monitored for quality of
Dr. Varma passed away in September, 1990. Dr. Johnson is completing the project
on his own.
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effluent gas, pH, temperature and initial and final C:N ratio and moisture
content. 4,5, 9,1 0-1 ^C pyrene was used as a marker for monitoring ^^CO2
which is an end-product of pyrene degradation.
The second experimental approach used amber-colored Erlenmeyer flasks
placed in a water bath. A flask was drawn every two days up to the
experiment's end and analyzed for the parameters mentioned above as
well as pyrene and several metabolites postulated in the literature.
Status: Two batch and four continuous experiments with -C labeled and
cold pyrene have been conducted during the project period. Reduction of
up to 72% in concentration of pyrene in the batch composter and 10-20%
mineralization of l^c pyrene in continuous composter have been achieved.
More experiments are currently in progress to complete the necessary
experiments needed to determine optimum conditions. The selected
combination of operating conditions is based on a fractional factorial
experiment design.
Client Audiences: Persons interested in remediating soils in the vicinity
of coal conversion facilities, petroleum plants, waste disposal facilities, and
wood preserving plants.
Modeling Surfactant Mobilization of Entrapped Organic Liquids
in Ground water Systems: Linda M. Abriola, University of Michigan
Goal: Surfactant enhanced in-situ soil flushing (SEISF) appears to hold
much promise for the remediation of groundwater formations
contaminated by NAPL organics. This process has been proposed to reduce
residual saturation of entrapped NAPL organics. A variation of this
process primarily based on the ability of surfactant solutions to dissolve
sparingly water soluble organics by increasing their availability to
microorganisms. The primary goal of this research effort is to develop a
mathematical model capable of describing surfactant mobilization and
solubilization of NAPL organics entrapped within a groundwater system
and to implement this model in a computer simulator capable of analyzing
the relative importance of SEISF process variables.
Rationale: Such a simulator will be a useful tool in the design and
evaluation of SEISF processes and could be used, for example, to explore
the hydraulic parameters which control the mobilization of entrapped
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contaminants and predict the level of contaminant removal for a given
system of chemical and surfactant.
Earlier research efforts in the petroleum industry have been successful in
modeling the process of enhanced oil recovery using surfactants. Thus, as
a basic rationale for this project it is presumed that, with some adaptation,
the approach used in the petroleum industry in the modeling of
surfactant-enhanced oil production can be employed to simulate the
process of cleaning up contaminated groundwater systems.
Approach: Two distinct, but simultaneously occurring mechanisms of
removal of entrapped organic liquids will be considered. These are: 1)
mobilization of organic liquids by immiscible displacement due to
reduction of interfacial tension; and 2) solubilization of the entrapped
organic liquid resulting in miscible displacement of the
surfactant/water/organic system. The relative importance of these two
removal mechanisms will depend on the type and quantity of the
surfactant used, and on the equilibrium phase relationship among the
fluids.
The physical model can be described as follows. A contaminated zone is
initially assumed to exist in a saturated region of the aquifer. The
surfactant solution is assumed to exist in a saturated region of the aquifer.
The surfactant solution is then flushed through the system. As the
surfactant solution (an aqueous phase) reaches the contaminated zone, the
entrapped organic blobs are simultaneously mobilized and solubilized. One
or two flowing phases (the aqueous and oleic phases) will then develop
depending on the type of surfactant used and on the equilibrium phase
relationship between the surfactant, water, and organic. A compositional
mathematical model will be developed to simulate the recovery of the
entrapped organic liquids as a function of several process variables.
Functional forms of the parameters used in the model will be obtained
from a literature review of previous experiments and from collaboration
with other Center investigators at the University of Michigan and Michigan
State University.
Status: The project is currently into its second year. During the first year,
the majority of the efforts were directed toward the review of the
pertinent literature, conceptualization of the physical model, and
formulation of the governing equations. These tasks have been
successfully completed. We currently have a mathematical model capable
of describing the process of surfactant mobilization and solubilization of
NAPL organics entrapped within a groundwater system.
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During the second year, we have been primarily concerned with the
implementation of the model in the form of a one-dimensional computer
simulator along with its experimental validation. Representation of the
phase behavior of the ternary system (water, organic and surfactant),
which is a critical step in the code development, has been successfully
completed.
In this second project year, we have been working in close cooperation
with Project R9 investigators. A joint experimental program with Roger
Wallace and David Wiggert, principal investigators of Project R9 [Michigan
State University (MSU)], has been developed for model validation. This
program is well underway. At a recent September 28 meeting with the
MSU group in Ann Arbor, preliminary experimental results showing the
importance of solubilization as a principal contaminant removal
mechanism for certain types of surfactant were discussed. Based upon
these experimental observations, a variation of the one-dimensional
surfactant flushing simulator for comparison with experimental
measurements is being implemented. This simulator treats solubilization as
the principal contaminant removal mechanism. In addition, we are
currently exploring the extension of the modeling to a two-dimensional
visualization experiments.
Client Audiences: This research will be of interest to federal and state
agencies, industry, and private consultants involved in the remediation of
NAPL organic contaminated sites.
Physical Models for Examining In-situ use of Surfactants to
Achieve NAPL Clean Up: Roger B. Wallace, Michigan State University
Goal: Immediate--to identify the gross characteristics of surfactant flow
through contaminated capillary fringe in order to better understand how
to deliver surfactant near that region for NAPL cleanup. Long-term—to
use the physical model developed in this study to investigate alternative
remediation strategies near the water table.
Rationale: Oil spills collect in large pools at the water table. Such pools
must be removed for remediation success. However, traditional methods
of gravitational drainage and pumping are not sufficient to provide
complete cleanup of the aquifer. Results of earlier studies show the
potential of surfactant flushing to solubilize and/or alter the interfacial
tension of oils. This also can increase the yield of traditional cleanup
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methods by either solubilizing the NAPL or removing some of the capillary
forces that immobilize it.
Approach: A physical two-dimensional model has been developed for
visual observation of NAPL and surfactant flow regimes in the unsaturated
zone near an established water table. The flow visualizations are recorded
using 16 mm time-lapse movies. In addition, one-dimensional column
experiments are being formed in collaboration with the University of
Michigan modeling group (Abriola) in order to verify the numerical model
they are currently developing.
Status: A small glass tank (1 m x 1 m x 5 cm) was constructed with a
sand packer and controlled flow system to study the migration of oil spills
to the water table and the penetration of surfactants into the oil pool.
Preliminary experiments were completed in order to gain experience in
methods of sand packing, strategies of delivering oil and surfactant, and
photography. A time lapse movie of a refined and controlled experiment
showing the downward flow of surfactant into an oil layer was completed.
A large glass tank (Imx2mxl5 cm) was constructed in order to study
introduction of surfactants through wells at or near the water table in
order to promote oil removal.
A bench top design of the one-dimensional experiment was developed and
the results of several preliminary experiments are being used for initial
comparison with the numerical simulation of the modeling group at
Michigan.
Client Audiences: Our audience includes researchers dealing with
remediation problems as well as those involved in the basic aspects of
immiscible fluid flow in soils such as fingering. It also includes people
interested in development of commercial field applications for oil spill
cleanup.
Methods for Isolation of Hazardous Substances from Complex
Mixtures: Milagros S. Simmons, University of Michigan
Goal: To establish conditions for extractions of bound organics from soils
and other materials using supercritical fluid extraction techniques.
Rationale: Methods of extractions for hazardous organics from complex
mixtures are not only tedious but also inefficient. Extractions using
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supercritical fluid which possess good solvating power as well as
diffusivity offer potential means to successfully isolate bound organics
from different matrices associated with hazardous wastes. One of the
skepticisms for using this technique is the lack of knowledge and
experience of its performance compared to the conventional methods of
extraction already approved as test methods. This study will focus on the
comparison of the extraction efficiency and selectivity for selected organics
using both conventional techniques and supercritical fluid extractions.
Approach: Mixtures of selected chemicals representing a wide range of
polarity will be used. Selection criteria are based on the frequency of the
chemicals in hazardous wastes samples, commercial availability of pure
samples and availability of existing methods for their analysis. Recovery of
these chemicals in different matrices such as soils, activated carbon, clays,
plastic materials, etc. will be studied by varying the conditions of the
supercritical fluid extraction. Recovery from these matrices will be related
in terms of the solvating ability of the supercritical fluid at different
temperatures and pressures for extraction.
Status: Mixtures of chemicals have been selected and conditions for their
analyses have been established using gas chromatography. Several
sorbent samples have been selected to be spiked with standard mixtures
and split for both conventional methods of extraction and supercritical
extraction. The initial studies were carried out using BTX representing the
volatile organics, spiked in a variety of sorbent materials, such as activated
carbon, sand, limestone, soil sample, and wood charcoal. The results
showed the good recoveries (90%+) of BTX from these materials. Another
set of chemicals representing acid, base and neutrals (AB/N) were chosen
for the study. They were sorbed on to limestone and activated carbons at
different time incubation and their recoveries from these materials were
compared using AB/N extraction and supercritical extraction. The results
show the remarkable efficiency of supercritical carbon dioxide over
methylene chloride in extracting the AB/N compounds from the sorbent
materials.
Client Audiences: This research will be of interest to agencies engaged
in routine analysis of organics from environmental samples such as
contract laboratories, government and industrial laboratories processing a
large number of samples using conventional extraction techniques.
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TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
State/Industrial Assistance Requirements: Karen E. Vigmostad,
Michigan State University
Goal: To assess the current situation of site remediation activities in
Region 3 and 5 states to determine what contributions the Center can make
to fill any unmet needs.
Rationale: All states are involved in cleaning-up sites of environmental
contamination. The federal government, state and local agencies, and
private industry are all funding these costly activities. With our emphasis
on site remediation research, we want to find efficient and useful ways to
transfer our research findings and technological developments to people
who will use it. The latest information can help people decide between
clean-up technologies, improve analytical procedures, reduce costs, and
improve the actual clean-up of contaminated materials. This project will
design targeted information and assistance—such as research summaries,
videotapes, short courses, laboratory demonstrations—once individual
state needs are identified.
Approach: Each Region 3 and 5 state as well as EPA regional offices will
be called or visited in order to determine individual state needs. People in
private industry will also be contacted to try to dovetail projects that meet
their needs also. Information and needs for other types of assistance will
be evaluated. A final report with recommendations will be written and
presented to our Training and Technology Transfer Advisory Committee.
Status: Initial one-on-one telephone contacts have been made and
information will be stored in a simple database. Existing information such
as brochures, fact sheets, project reports, and legislation is being collected
and will be assessed. Follow-up and more detailed calls will be made.
Completion of a final report is expected in 1991.
Client Audiences: People involved in all aspects of site remediation. For
example, federal Superfund employees, site remediation companies, state
agency personnel, consulting engineers, and equipment manufacturers.
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Research Chronicle: Karen E. Vigmostad, Michigan State University
Goal: To produce a written chronicle to effectively communicate our
research activities and progress to individuals interested in the research
findings of Center investigators.
Rationale: A periodic chronicle is a useful tool for timely communication
of information to a given audience on a specified topic. While there are
currently many excellent "newsletters" available on a range of hazardous
substance research and training topics, there are none which communicate
the general highlights of selected research conducted under the auspices of
the Center. In this way research findings as well as discussions of
potential or actual applications of the research will reach those most
interested.
Approach: Rather than trying to be all things to all people, the Center's
research chronicle will focus on informing a select audience about critical
research and research findings involving Center researchers. No attempt
will be made to announce meetings or events of other organizations which
would duplicate the efforts of other newsletters. The Center's chronicle
will also serve as an information referral service, rather than primary
source, steering people to existing sources of information. It will be
written for an audience with some understanding of hazardous substance
issues and research. It will communicate highly technical information in
an easy-to-understand way. Center staff will refine the format and
content of the chronicle over time as needed.
Status: The first issue of our research chronicle, synergos, was mailed to
over 3,000 people in 11 states and the District of Columbia in September
1990. The next Winter 1990/91 issue—currently in early stages of
research—will examine PCB contamination and Center and other research
efforts to attack the problem. Synergos will be an ongoing semi-annual
Center publication.
Client Audiences: People involved in all aspects of site remediation. For
example, federal Superfund employees, site remediation companies, state
agency personnel, consulting engineers, and equipment manufacturers.
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Five-center On-site Remediation Workshop: Karen E. Vigmostad,
Michigan State University, and Walter J. Weber, Jr., University of Michigan
Goal: To summarize and share the latest on-site remediation research
information being conducted at the five EPA regional hazardous substance
research centers, as well as review some of the practical site restoration
problems.
Rationale: The five EPA Centers are all conducting site remediation
research. Our Center has found that our satellite research retreats for
investigators conducting research within research groupings are excellent
ways to share information and foster close collaboration. Therefore, we
want to use this model to bring together investigators at all five centers to
improve communication and foster collaboration.
Approach: Participants will take part in a one-week intensive workshop,
modeled after a Gordon Conference, in a retreat-like setting. People from
government and industry will make presentations of the practical
problems in site-remediation activities. Graduate students and postdocs
will also participate. Workshop reports and summary conclusions will be
recorded and distributed to all participants. Significant findings will be
more generally distributed.
Status: An initial "straw man" program was distributed to the five center
directors for discussion in November 1990. The Kellogg Biological Station,
located on Gull Lake in southwestern Michigan, has been reserved for the
week of May 19 - 24, 1991.
Client Audiences: Summary of proceedings will be of interest to people
involved in site remediation activities and we will distribute to our
comprehensive list.
Science and Math Teacher Training Materials and Hazardous
Waste Workshop: James H. Johnson, Jr., Howard University
Goal: The goal of this project was to orient science and mathematic
teachers to environmental issues and career opportunities and challenges
in the field. The teachers are expected to share this information with
students in their junior and senior high school classes, other teachers, and
eventually develop teaching modules and/or class projects which can be
incorporated into course curricula.
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Rationale: Several professional groups have projected a severe shortage
of trained environmental professionals for the year 2000. Educators have
the opportunity to play an important role in the process of empowering
students and encouraging entrance into professions. By training teachers,
it is expected that they will influence the career choices of their students
to include environmental professions.
Approach: Three-day workshops were held in Lansing, Michigan and
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Each workshop was divided into two parts.
The first part provided an orientation to hazardous substances, and how
hazardous substances are regulated and managed. The orientation was
structured to stress underlying career requirements particularly in
engineering and the physical sciences. The second part provided
demonstration of training aids and materials which can be used to
supplement the course curriculum in the classroom. Theses materials are
useful in stimulating young people's interest in mathematics, science and
engineering as a career choice and elevating students' awareness of
environmental issues.
Lectures, discussions, interactive sessions, and demonstrations were given
by faculty members from Howard University, University of Michigan, and
Michigan State University. Each workshop also included a session on a
local water quality issue such as the Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay,
respectively.
Status: Two workshops were held in August 1990. A follow-up session is
not planned for the workshops. However, a follow-up meeting was held in
early 1990 for participants of a similar five-day 1989 workshop. Ten of
the 20 participants of the 1989 workshop attended. Each attendee
presented projects which they had developed or adopted to reflect
environmental topics. Examples of projects included a film, an
environmental awareness classroom corner, and science fair projects. Of
particular note are the participation of two of the teachers in more formal
environmental programs: Ms. Yvonne Lewis participated in the
Department of Energy's (DOE's) summer program at Batelle's Pacific
Northwest Laboratory and Ms. Carolyn Kornegay accepted an assignment
in a pilot program in the Washington, D.C. school system. The pilot
program provides environmental education to 10th graders by using
environmental topics in all classes, including english and history.
Client Audiences: Middle and secondary school educators and agencies
involved in promoting environmental education.
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Waste Auditing/Waste Minimization and Bioremediation
Training: Paul F. Nowak, University of Michigan
Goal: Waste Auditing—The production of a proposal on Waste
Auditing/Waste Minimization for use in developing funding from private
industry to support a major training program for the electroplating
industry. Bioremediation—The production of written and video materials
that can be used by EPA and State field professionals to help them
understand bioremediation and the special aspects of it that affect their
field responsibilities.
Rationale: Previous results of questionnaires and direct contact with
working professionals have shown a great need for the development of
techniques that can effectively transfer knowledge about specific research
topics to field personnel and other professionals. These types of
information are critical in many very important and expensive decisions
that are currently being made in the field of hazardous substances. Using
a wide range of educational and communication techniques, we are
interested in finding out how to best develop these kinds of materials and,
once developed, how they can be effectively delivered to those who need
them. An important aspect of this system is the evaluation process which
focuses on using evaluation to modify the product so that it develops into
an evolving program rather than being one which is only used once.
Approach: Working with both researchers and professional field people,
an overview of the material that needs to be transferred is developed and
organized into a logical flow pattern. Both written and video materials are
then built from this material. Once the materials are written, they are
then carefully reviewed before they are finalized. They are then piloted
and again revised, if necessary, based on the pilot evaluations. While this is
our main development system, each of the projects for the Center is
somewhat unique. This fits in well with our interest in exploring different
development and delivery models.
Status: Waste Auditing—This project has developed written materials on
Waste Auditing which form the basis for the proposal to the electroplating
industry. We have contacted a number of major companies such as Dow,
Kodak, Chevron, and IBM and have acquired a great deal of video footage
from them. They have also shown real interest in the project and its
materials. We have developed a script for the video and are in the video
development stage of this project. Bioremediation—A set of questions that
EPA and Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) field people
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want answered about bioremediation have been formulated, and we are
ready to videotape the EPA and MDNR officials asking questions and
researchers answering them. The congested schedules of the researchers
has been a limiting factor in this effort. We have also deferred some time
from the Waste Auditing Project to put emphasis on this effort.
Client Audiences: Waste Auditing-The Waste Auditing project is aimed
at the electroplating industry. It should be specifically useful for small to
medium-sized companies. The materials should be easily adaptable to
other industries once completed. Bioremediation--The Bioremediation
Project is designed for EPA and state agency field professionals who must
make decisions about the viability of various remediation techniques. The
materials should also be useful to the private sector.
SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS IN FY 1990
Referred Journal Articles 2
Articles Submitted or In Press 10
Books and Bound Proceedings 6
Chapters in Books or Proceedings 2
Project Reports 1
Conferences and Workshops 10
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
This is a compendium of 1990 publications and related activities
resulting directly from work supported by the Center during the one-year
period from October 1, 1989 through September 30, 1990.
REFERRED JOURNAL ARTICLES
Boyd, S.A. and S. Sun, "Residual Petroleum and PCB-oils As Sorptive
Phases for Organic Contaminants in Soils," Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 24, pp.
142-144, 1989.
Kukor, J.J., and R.H. Olsen, "Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and
Regulation of a Pseudomonas pickettii PK01 Gene Encoding Phenol
Hydroxylase and Expression of the Gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAOlc," J. Bacteriol.. Vol. 172, pp. 4624-4630.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS
Chawla, R.C., A.E. Helou, J.N. Cannon and A.A. Shafagati,
"Adsorption/Desorption Characteristics of Soil-TCE Surfactant Systems,"
Presented at the 1990 Summer National Meeting of the American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, San Diego, California, August, 1990. Submitted to
AIChE
Chenet, B.P., M.E. Egbe, R.C. Chawla, J.N. Cannon and F.L.A. Buckmire,
"A Laboratory Assessment of Trichloroethylene Biodegradation in the
presence of surfactants in Aqueous Media," Presented at the 1990 Summer
National Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, San
Diego, California, August, 1990. Submitted to AIChE
Kaphammer, Bryan, Jerome J. Kukor, and Ronald H. Olsen, 1990, "A
Novel Toluene/Benzene Degradative Pathway Cloned," from Pseudomonas
pickettii PK01, (Submitted to J. Bacteriol., August 28, 1990).
Kukor, J.J., and R.H. Olsen, "Genetic Organization and Regulation of A
Meta Cleavage Pathway for Catechols Produced from Catabolism of
Toluene, Benzene, Phenol and Cresols by Pseudomonas pickettii PK01,"
(Manuscript in preparation).
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Scribner, S., S. Sun, T. Benzing and S.A. Boyd, "Bioavailability of Aged
Simazine Residues in Soils," Environ. Sci. Technol. submitted October, 1990.
Shreve, G.S., Olsen, R.H., and T.M. Vogel, "Development of Pure
Biofilms of P. Putida on Solid Supports," Biotechnology and Bioengineering.
Simmons, M.S., and Shih, K.C., "Comparison of Supercritical Fluid
Extraction of Selected Priority Pollutants with Conventional Extraction
Methods," (manuscript in preparation).
Simmons, M.S., Bloem, T., and Kim, J., "Supercritical Extraction of
Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes (BTX) from Spiked Sorbent Materials,"
(manuscript in preparation).
Sun, S. and S.A Boyd, "Sorption of PCB Congeners by Residual PCB-oil
Phases in Soils," J. Environ. Qual. submitted October, 1990..
Wallace, R.B., Wiggert, D.C., Shabana, M.D., and Chevalier, L., "A 2-D
Experimental Observation of Surfactant Movement in the Capillary Fringe
in the Presence of an Oil Phase," In preparation.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS
Jeffrey, Wade H., Stephen M. Cuskey, Peter J. Chapman, and Ronald H.
Olsen, Isolation of A Pseudomonas Chromosomal DNA Fragment Able to
Substitute for TOL Plasmid XylSregulatory Gene, Abstr., Bacteriol. Proc.
K144, p. 243, 1990
Kaphammer, Bryan, Jerome J. Kukor, and Ronald H. Olsen, "Cloning
and Characterization of A Novel Toluene Degradative Pathway," from
Pseudomonas pickettii PK01. Abstr., Bacteriol. Proc. K145, p. 243, 1990
Kukor, Jerome J., and Ronald H. Olsen, "Genetic Organization of Phenol
Degradation Cloned into Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO," from A Soil
Pseudomonad. Abstr., Bacteriol. Proc., p. 254, 1989
Kukor, Jerome J., and Ronald H. Olsen, "Genetic Characterization of A
Phenol Hydroxylase Cloned from Pseudomonas sp. PK01 and Expressed in
P. aeruginosa PAO," Pseudomonas '89, ASM Conference, Chicago, Illinois,
1989
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Kukor, Jerome J., and Ronald H. Olsen, "Molecular Cloning and
Regulation of Genes Encoding Meta Cleavage of Catechols Produced from
Catabolism of Phenol and M-cresol by Pseudomonas pickettii PK01," Abstr.,
Bacteriol. Proc., K143, p. 243, 1990
Mikesell, Mark D., Jerome J. Kukor, and Ronald H. Olsen, "Isolation of
Hydrocarbon-degrading Bacteria from Contaminated Aquifer Material,"
Abstr., Bacteriol. Proc. Q59, p. 298, 1990
CHAPTERS IN BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS
Kukor, Jerome J., and Ronald H. Olsen, "Diversity of Toluene
Degradation Following Long-term Exposure to BTEX In-situ," I n
Biotechnology and Biodegradation (D. Kamely, A. Chakrabarty, and G.
Omenn, Eds.), Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 1989
Yusuf, Mohammed, "Detoxification of Hazardous Substances Via In-
Vessel Composting (Poster Abstract)," Environmental Engineering
Proceedings of the 1990 Specialty Conference. O'Melia, C.R. (ed.), American
Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 929-930, 1990
PROJECT REPORTS
Olsen, Ronald H., and Jerome J. Kukor. Reports to the Great Lakes and
Mid-Atlantic Hazardous Substance Research Center project oversight team.
1990.
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS
One-day internal workshop -- "First Surfactant Group Retreat" --
Linda M. Abriola, University of Michigan, January 16, 1990.
Assaf-Anid, N. and T.M. Vogel, "Dehalogenation of Chlorinated
Aliphatics by A Variety of Porphyrins and Corrins," Society for
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Toronto, Canada, November,
1989
Three-day workshop — "A Hazardous Waste Workshop for Science
and Mathematics Teachers"; James H. Johnson, Jr., East Lansing, MI, August
1-4, 1990 and Philadelphia, PA, August 13-15, 1990
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Kukor, Jerome J., and Ronald H. Olsen, "Diversity of Toluene
Degradation Following Long-term Exposure to BTEX in-situ," Biotechnology
and Biodegradation Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal (by invitation).
Kukor, J.J., B. Kaphammer, and R.H, Olsen, "Cloning and
Characterization of a Novel Toluene Degradative Pathway from
Pseudomonas pickettii PK01," 8th Annual Biodeterioration and
Biodegradation Symposium, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario 1990
Kukor, J.J., and R.H. Olsen, "Molecular Cloning and Regulation of Genes
Encoding Met a Cleavage of Catechols Produced from Catabolism of Phenol
and M-cresol by Pseudomonas pickettii PK01, 8th Annual Biodeterioration
and Biodegradation Symposium, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario,
1990
Presentation by Dale Manty and Paul Nowak on the project at the,
"Conference on the Adult Learner," University of South Carolina at
Columbia, May 27-May 30, 1990
Olsen, R.H., Two-day workshop, "Deep Microbiology Program Review
Workshop," U.S. Department of Energy, Gaithersburg, Md., August 27, 1990
Olsen, R.H., One-day workshop, "Natural Bioremediation As An
Alternative UST Remediation Strategy, API/U.S.E.P.A., Oklahoma City, Ok.,
September 6, 1990
Two-day workshop — "Workshop on Supercritical Fluid Processing of
High Risk Wastes" -- Walter J. Weber, Jr. Hosted by Los Alamos National
Laboratory, August 1-2, 1989
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PARTICIPANTS:
CENTER FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION AND
MANAGEMENT
North Carolina State University
The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Texas A & M University, Galveston and College
Station
DIRECTOR:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
DIRECTOR:
Michael Overcash, Ph.D.
Center for Waste Minimization and Management
Department of Chemical Engineering
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905
Phone: 919/737-2325 Fax: 919/737-2463
Dale Denny, Ph.D.
Technology Transfer and Training Program
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905
Phone: 919/737-2325 Fax: 919/737-3465
THE CENTER AT A GLANCE
Following a competitive selection process, in February 1989, a
hazardous substance research center was awarded to a three-university
consortium headed by North Carolina State University (NCSU). The
consortium is referred to as the Center for Waste Minimization and
Management. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and two
campuses of Texas A & M University (College Station and Galveston) are
partners in the consortium.
According to EPA guidelines, the broad mission of the Center is to
perform innovative research and technology transfer activities on topics of
concern to the states in Federal Regions 4 and 6 and to the nation-at-large.
Within that context, the specific mission of the Center is three-fold:
• to develop practical means for industry to eliminate the use
and generation of hazardous substances;
• treat those wastes that cannot be eliminated; and
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to provide secure containment for treatment residues.
WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT CENTER
Research Project Distribution
(Number of Projects)
44%
Treatment and
Containment (7)
50%
Waste
Minimization
(8)
6%
Technology Transfer
and Training (1)
Major Focus: Since the inception, an increasing emphasis has been given
to the primary Center mission, industrial process modification to reduce
pollution. This area is clearly the largest Center focus for research and
technology transfer. Even projects in the other waste management areas
have been developed to generally have a waste minimization component.
The opportunities to jointly fund future work with various other
organizations have occurred in the pollution prevention field involving
diverse industries and multi-media research activities.
The role of the partner institutions in the Center is dictated by the
scientists and engineers brought together at each school. Under the
direction of Dr. Kirk Brown, Texas A & M University has taken the lead in
research on long-term containment and remediation. Dr. William Glaze
heads the research team at the University of North Carolina which is
investigating treatment and discharge of pollutants to the air and aquatic
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environments. Waste minimization and transportation research efforts are
spearheaded by the researchers at North Carolina State University.
The faculty and staff who direct the Center's research training and
technology transfer activities are listed in Table 1. The Center's
Engineering and Science Advisory Committee and Training and Technology
Transfer Advisory Committee members are listed in Tables 2 and 3. The
budget for the past year is summarized in Table 4, and student supported
by the Center are presented in Table 5.
TABLE 1: KEY PERSONNEL IN THE CENTER
North Carolina State University
Dr. Michael R. Overcash
Dr. Peter S. Fedkiw
Dr. Ruben G. Carbonell
Dr. Christine S. Grant
Dr. H. Henry Lamb
Dr. Dale A. Denny
Dr. Cliff M. Kaufman
Dr. Thomas W. Joyce
Dr. Josef S. Gratzl
Dr. John R. Stone
Dr. John Sutton
Dr. P. K. Lim
Dr. Morton A. Barlaz
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Dr. William Glaze
Dr. Fran DiGiano
Dr. Rich Kamens
Dr. Debbie Amaral
Dr. Judi Charles
Dr. Don Francisco
Texas A & M University
Dr. Kirk Brown
Dr. C. S. Giam
Dr. Robin L. Autenrieth
Dr. Kevin J. Mclnnes
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TABLE 2: ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MEMBER
Dr. Norvin Clontz
Dr. H. T. Davis
Mr. Jack Divita
Mr. Leo Duffy
Mr. Carl Fromm
*Dr. Donald Paul
Mr. Ralph W. Jennings
Dr. Merle Lefkoff
Dr. Frank Loprest
AFFILIATION
Milliken and Company
Spartanburg, SC
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN
USEPA-Region 6
Dallas, TX
US Department of Energy
Washington, DC
Jacobs
Engineering
Pasadena, CA
University of Texas
Austin, TX
USEPA-Region 4
Atlanta, GA
Merle Lefkoff & Assoc.
Santa Fe, NM
Colgate-Palmolive Co.
Piscataway, NJ
Dr. Philip X. Masciantonio USS Corporation
Monroeville, PA
Mr. E. Timothy Oppelt
USEPA
Cincinnati, OH
EXPERTISE
Textile Industry
Academic Member,
National Academy of
Engineering, Chemical
Engineering
Deputy Director,
Hazardous Waste
Management Division
Special Assistant to the
Secretary of the
Department of Energy for
Coordination of Waste
Management
Chemical Process Design
Engineer
Academic, Chemical
Engineering
Senior Scientific Advisor
EPA Region 4
Administrator
Conflict Resolution and
Public Involvement
Research Director,
Consumer Products
Vice President,
US Steel Corporation; and
Chairman, Business
Roundtable
Environmental Committee
Laboratory Director in
Office of Research and
Development
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MEMBER
Mr. Robert Hangebrauck
Mr. Lee Thomas
AFFILIATION
USEPA
Research Triangle Park,
NC
Law Environmental, Inc.
Kennesaw, GA
EXPERTISE
Laboratory Director in
Office of Research and
Development
Chairman and Chief
Executive Officer, Law
Environmental, Inc.;
Former Administrator of
the USEPA
""Chairman
TABLE 3: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND TRAINING ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MEMBER AFFILIATION EXPERTISE
Mr. David Ebenhack
Mr. Norman Dyer
Ms. Ann Griffith
Ms. Meg Kelly
Ms. Elizabeth Kraft
Ms. Ann Mason*
Dr. Ed Morris
Mr. Tom Nessmith
Dominec Forcella
Chemical-Nuclear Systems Technology and Public
Raleigh, NC Communication - Waste
USEPA-Region 6
Dallas, TX
Containment
Technology Transfer
Coordinator
North Carolina Citizens Industry
for Business and Industry
USEPA
Washington, DC
Director Technology Staff
League of Women Voters Public Interest Group
Washington, DC
Chemical Manufacturers Industry
Association
Washington, DC
Arkansas Department of State Government
Pollution Control
Little Rock, AK
USEPA
Atlanta, GA
National Governors
Association
Washington, DC
USEPA-Region 4
State Government
*Vice Chairman
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TABLE 4: CENTER FUNDING
FUNDING SOURCES
EPA: Centers Program
EPA: Other
Other Govt: Federal
Other Govt: State
TOTAL
FY 19901
$926,080
$20,000
$70,000
$ 231.520
$1,274,600
FUNDS TO DATE
$2,926,080
$20,000
$70,000
$1.124.984
$4,141,064
TABLE 5: STUDENT SUPPORT
STUDENT LEVEL NUMBER
Undergraduate 28
Graduate 36
Post-Doctoral/Research Associates 13
TOTAL 77
FUNDS TO DATE
$ 13,444
339,353
235.887
$588,684
CENTER DIRECTOR'S REPORT
The Center for Waste Minimization and Management continues as the
largest national research effort directed at pollution prevention. Projects
and future results are pivotal to the improved understanding of
manufacturing processes, chemical losses, and waste generation. This
critical research is opening doors for new waste minimization, but is also
discovering doors that were never known to exist thus leading to further
pollution prevention.
Activities stimulated by the Center and a variety of advocates in
industry and government have established waste reduction as a major
technology to improve human health and the environment. With the cost
of existing environmental regulation compliance by industry estimated at
$75 billion per year, the incentive to avoid these costs through pollution
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prevention is large. In addition, the balance shifts even further with new
costs of $30-$40 billion per year toward reducing chemical loss or waste
generations with regulatory amendments to the Clean Air Act. These
economic facts have stimulated very real waste minimization by virtually
all major manufacturers, including government departments. In addition,
over 30 states have active technical assistance programs for small and
medium manufacturers. Into this picture of activities, the major missing
element is active research to go beyond the application of existing
technology and to create new approaches to waste reduction. This is the
principal role served by this EPA Research Center and is currently the
largest university research organization in this new field.
The success and growth of industrial waste minimization must be
balanced with the recognition that complete elimination of pollution at the
source will not be achievable. Thus, treatment and long-term containment
will remain necessary technologies. It is our Center's mission to recognize
that the full hierarchy for waste management will be needed and to invest
in critical leading-edge research to improve treatment, containment, and
remediation. Thus, between 30% - 40% of the Center is devoted to these
areas. This work occurs at the University of North Carolina and at Texas
A & M University. At this time, some of these projects have a direct
impact on improving the ability to set priorities for prevention of chemical
losses through a more focused understanding of important constituents
with respect to discharge in the environment. This positive interaction
among research goals in the Center is an important facet of these EPA
resources. Thus, the criterion for our Center research, both in the primary
field of waste minimization, but also in the full-range of waste
management, has been high-quality research projects. Emphasis must be
given to fundamental issues to enhance the broader use of results and
many projects are for three years. Reviews since the first year of work
and, more recently in the critical evaluation by the Engineering and
Science Advisory Board (ESAB), have been very favorable and no projects
have had to be greatly modified.
As the Center completes the second year, the emphasis on pollution
prevention is increasing in research, as well as in industrial
accomplishments to apply technology. Our research projects have played
a direct role in the advancement of this new national approach to reducing
pollution. However, in its special role as a research leader, the Center has
helped define the concept of research in this field of both environment and
manufacturing. The projects in the Center have illustrated clearly that
basic unanswered questions on the role of chemicals and the specific
circumstances of loss are critical research needs. These needs exist in all
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manufacturing sectors and hence pollution prevention is a broad
opportunity. Projects in the Center are established to meet these needs
and, because of the underlying process fundamentals studied, the transfer
potential to multiple facilities in a particular industry is large. In some
cases, the research results are useful in very diverse industries, such as
the Center's fundamental work on surface contamination and cleaning.
There have evolved six areas for research in pollution prevention
from the work at North Carolina State University. These are:
• wastes from surface preparation and cleaning;
• chemical losses as trace toxics or reaction improvements;
• volatile losses in manufacturing of products;
• chemicals altered to be compatible with the environment;
• recovery and reuse; and
• overall waste reduction strategies.
Direct industrial participation is vital in achieving clear and
important research goals and this has been received in all of the Center's
projects. Thus, the goal of identifying underlying process issues for
research and the generic areas of pollution prevention efforts have been
some of the Center's contribution to the overall national effort to achieve
waste reduction. This field is undergoing rapid growth, beginning at about
the start of the Center, and will clearly be an important element in the
overall environmental field for the next decade. The challenge for the
Center is to expand the role of research in the pollution prevention field
and to continue the cooperative efforts with the industrial base that must
implement actual waste reduction.
The primary research projects in waste minimization and
management were structured and remain three-year activities. As the
research has continued to progress, the investigators have continued to
develop the technology transfer opportunities for their work. However,
since the primary role of the Center is research, the transfer of information
and utilization of results depends primarily on the commitment of industry
and other organizations focused on utilization. The Center's research
activities have involved 24 faculty, 36 graduate students, and 28
undergraduate project participants during the first two years. This has
been a very positive outcome and as these individuals continue to make
professional contributions will represent an important facet of the Center
for Waste Minimization and Management.
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New projects were added in year two. The opportunities for new
activities were based on one of two tenets, to open new research areas or
to round out existing suites of research projects. As new projects, one
recommended from the ESAB and Region 4 was consumer- or public-
related waste reduction. A new project was begun to assist the solid-waste
issues of municipalities, by using Center expertise to clarify technical
capacity for recycling of plastic and tires at the level of an entire state.
This study of the technologies and size considerations is also structured to
define the wastes for which there are not viable alternatives and hence the
need for research. Two new projects in waste minimization were also
begun. One focuses on the fundamental role of cyanide for those
electroplating processes in which non-cyanide alternatives are not
available. The second project expands the collection of surface cleaning
research to a large industrial need for waste minimization, the
decontamination of process equipment to maintain product quality or
process operation. In the treatment field, the Center had a focus in air and
aquatic media. Thus, a new project was initiated in terrestrial systems to
complete the range of media under investigation for the treatment of
hazardous substances. This project will examine the behavior of
chlorinated high-molecular weight constituents in land treatment of pulp
mill sludges. This project receives supplementary support from industry.
Finally, a review of the research in improved long-term containment
identified two important elements missing from the current program.
These were the use of absorbing liner materials and an overall integrating
effort that would utilize all available aspects of landfill containment.
Initiation of these two projects at Texas A & M was begun in year two.
Results from the containment research are expected to improve municipal
solid waste, as well as hazardous waste containment.
The Center for Waste Minimization has continued to achieve
important research contributions for issues important in Regions 4 & 6, as
well as the nation as a whole. The primary emphasis on research in
pollution prevention should be a major and unique part of the overall EPA
commitment to risk reduction. Industrial progress in actual waste
reduction, using available technology, is a major stimulus to our Center as
we strive to identify the difficult chemical losses for which research is
needed to sustain the U. S. pollution prevention momentum.
Information dissemination has continued to occur in the Center as a
means to initiate actual transfer of research. The Center's primary goal in
technology transfer is to achieve in-plant or more full-scale demonstration
of the results from the research projects. This is a difficult activity, being
increasingly realized in various government programs and thus the
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experience of the Center will be relevant. The first step in demonstration
is identifying potential users and in the original identification of research
needs. The Center has thus developed active interfaces with Regions 4 & 6,
with industry, and specialized organizations involved in dissemination of
information. Over 50 such activities were conducted in the initial two
years of the Center.
HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1990
Pollution Prevention in Semiconductor Manufacturing:
Improvements in current liquid cleaning of chips are aimed at reducing
use of chlorinated solvents, high-strength acids, and alkaline cleaners. The
alternatives depend on obtaining a firm understanding of the actual
processes by which particles and organic films are removed from silicon
surfaces. Little information existed as the Center's research began. We
now have established and demonstrated experimentally a firm theory to
explain the mechanism of particle-wafer adhesion and removal. For
particles and wafers with the same charge contamination is controlled
when the semiconductor is passed through the bath/air interface. With
differences in charge the diffusion/adsorption processes control
contamination while the wafer is in the bath. These mechanisms allow
evaluation of a variety of particles, organics, and wafer surfaces.
Advances in gas-phase cleaning is another important development
from the Center's research. A new spectroscopic technique was developed
to monitor semiconductor contamination in-situ. This is important to
improved understanding of cleaning alternatives. Ultraviolet light and
ozone were found to potentially replace one of the major wet cleans used
widely by the industry, and hence offer a mechanism for waste reduction.
The hydrocarbon-free silicon surface with hydrogen-terminated sites is
very desirable for semiconductor processing and may allow the
development of an integrated gas-phase clean sequence for full-scale
manufacturing.
Superfund Fugitive Emission Research: Reduction in volatilization
losses of organic chemicals is a wide-spread goal in numerous industrial
sectors. The Center's program is focused on first understanding the
mechanisms of loss. Virtually no information on molecular-level processes
in the context of actual industrial devices (such as valves) was available to
help in making changes to reduce losses. In this year, the initial model for
chemical-volatile emissions has been verified for the important case of
pipeline valves and a new model developed to describe the ubiquitous
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rotating seal in pumps. The experiments have identified capillarity,
packing compression, and line pressure factors and the relation to
controlling loss. Results will indicate directions that, in design or
maintenance, will lower fugitive losses. Further, the existence of a firm
mechanistic description will reduce the trial-and-error procedural methods
currently used by industry.
Another Superfund waste reduction focus has been methylene
chloride, CFC's, or acetone when used as auxiliary blowing agents in flexible
polyurethanes. Center research has provided some of the first
quantification of actual loss rates, dependence on temperature, and
position in the continuous manufacturing process with the largest mass
loss. About 60% of the auxiliary blowing agent is lost in the foaming
tunnel and a mathematical description of the factors controlling gas stream
concentration has been developed. The emphasis now is on the design of a
plant retrofit to allow the comprehensive measurement of both foam-
product quality and chemical-loss rates. This is an important step in
understanding if and how much chemical recovery can be achieved in a
product plant situation. These answers could have a profound impact on
the existence of this industry in the U. S.
Trace Organic Minimization in Manufacturing: The complex
chemistry and conditions that allow the formation of dioxin in pulp
bleaching processes has been a good illustration of trace organics. This
research project has verified the chlorinated dioxin precursors (chemical
speciation was developed at the University of Washington, Seattle) in
relation to actual pulp bleaching. Of potentially greater importance, the
researchers discovered that the conditions of chlorine use may be as
important as the existence of chlorine in controlling chloro-organic
formation. This would have potentially large benefits in an overall
strategy to reduce not just dioxin but other chlorinated organic species.
The conditions of continuous, low-dose chlorination appear superior to
current industry practices.
Waste Reduction Strategies: Research to understand the complex
interactions among industrial inputs, outputs, and energy usage is critical
to determining whether total waste reduction can occur. The current
progress has completed an important energy element or subroutine, the
coal-fired production of energy. A mass envelope for air, aqueous, solid,
and hazardous waste streams has been done and a chemical constituent
envelope for each of these streams is complete. The data framework has
been developed initially using the Smalltalk© software. This permits
multi-dimensional comparisons necessary to establish net waste reduction.
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In most states, there has emerged in the last 1-2 years a goal of
greater (sometimes 25%) recycling of municipal solid wastes. For plastics,
tires, and paper, this has meant an emphasis on technologies to actually
take these waste streams and produce recycled materials. What are these
technologies and specifically how much of each type will be needed for
recycling at the much-larger scale envisioned by 25% of an entire state
solid waste? These are the issues to be addressed as the Center assists the
state process of municipal solid-waste recycle. We have established the
estimated mass of plastic and tire material generated in each county.
Technologies for plastics, by type, and for tires have been evaluated. This
new project will assist in state planning and defining future Center
research on the technical barriers for even greater recycling.
Improved Waste Characteristics: As a new project, preliminary
results on the role of cyanide in electroplating are encouraging. This
fundamental understanding is essential in developing possible further
shifts away from cyanide usage in this industry. Initial results have
measured copper deposition from the cyanide complex and found potential
process inefficiencies associated with competing H2 generation from water.
Hazardous Substance Transportation: Research using artificial
intelligence concepts has developed a routing strategy for risk reduction.
A micro computer system is now available for the State of North Carolina
to assist in selecting improved routes. Usage by city or county staff is now
available, but full expansion, using full geographic information systems
(GIS) has to be developed. This research could be of use in other states in
Regions 4 & 6.
Treatment Technologies and Risk Reduction: Aquatic toxicity
testing is increasingly used for wastewaters, but without much mechanistic
knowledge of the test or the environmental significance. This area is
studied in the Center because such test-only approaches may have a high
occurrence of results for which action is not needed, but "required" or is
needed, but "unrequired". The initial research identified the
inconsistencies in various databases of Region 4 available to select priority
wastewaters for evaluation. As a demonstration of the ability, on a
chemical class basis, for utilizing the EPA Toxicity Identification and
Evaluation protocol, a textile dyestuff wastewater was selected.
Considerable cooperation of the manufacturer was received, and over 700
bioassays and analyses were conducted. The research has identified the
potential for more selective fractionation testing. Direct use of the EPA
protocol is currently very expensive and time consuming. The research
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identified for this wastewater that the chronic safety factor was 20-25 fold
too high using a previous rule-of-thumb approach rather than the direct
methods of this project. Coupling these results to a waste minimization
strategy is now a goal.
Air emissions and control technologies have been examined in an
integrated fashion with another Center research project. The relation
between incinerator stack concentration of polybrominated dibenzo dioxins
(PBDD) and (PBDF) furans and the safety issues of flame retardants has
been measured. Atmospheric exposure to sunlight found the PBDD and
PBDF to be very stable and not rapidly photolyzed. A technique was
developed to estimate exposure risks from different levels of these
chemicals in products sent to incineration.
Wastes treated by soil systems were studied in a new project on land
spreading of paper-mill sludges. The focus of these experiments is on total
organic halides (TOX) as a measure of constituents in sludges. The TOX
procedure was found to be reproducible, but very dependent on the test
procedure used, thus greatly reducing wide-spread utility. Also, the
natural formation of TOX is significant thus further confounding the use of
this test. Specific experiments on chlorolignin and chlorinated low-
molecular weight compounds from wood pulp indicate degradation occurs.
This suggests wider use of land treatment may be viable.
Containment and Remediation Technologies: As a part of an
integrated research evaluation of landfill containment, it was found that
lime and cement addition to soil liners reduced shrinkage by 50%. Such
desiccation shrinkage is critical in permitting movement of liquids which
occurs in the building and usage of landfill cells. Neither amendment was
very effective in reducing movement of pure organics. Further, this
project has discovered the potentially primary failure mode in synthetic
liners. This is vapor transport, and appropriate diffusion coefficients were
measured in this project. An important expansion was made with a new
project to examine alternate liner materials. A complete simulation of
containment facilities is envisioned in a second new project that links the
various experimental landfill studies underway in the Center.
Currently contaminated land is often managed with source removal
and bioremediation. Sources are cleaned up from the upper soil zone (1-2
meters) and microbial processes used in this upper zone to reduce residual
levels of organics. Bioremediation is also used in groundwater zones.
However, our Center's research is directed at the critical middle zone
(vadose zone) between surface and groundwater. In this area, little
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research existed and our results have discovered the potential to use
bioremediation here, as well. In contaminated sites, vadose zones
microbial populations were increased 50% using available enhancements.
Degradation of dimethyl naphthalene was measured and some of the
factors that improve the losses in the vadose zone were examined. It is
expected that larger-scale decontamination trials can now be conducted
based on this research.
TABLE 6
CENTER FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM SUMMARY
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
PROJECT
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Carbonell
Lamb
Lim
Gratzl/Joyce/
Felder
Overcash
Barlaz
Surface Cleaning of
Particles in Micro-
electronics Fabrication
Surface Cleaning in
Microelectronics
Fabrication: Alternatives
to Aqueous Replacements
for Conventional (RCA)
Cleaning
Controlling Mechanisms
of Fugitive Emissions
of Volatile Substances
from Industrial Equip-
ment & Devices
Formation of PCDD's
& PCDF's in Chloride
Bleaching of Kraft Pulp
Development of Multi-
Industry Waste Reduction
Model
Assessment of Tech-
nology Capacity Needed to
Develop Recycle Markets
for Plastics & Tires in NC
END CURRENT TOTAL
DATE BUDGET BUDGET
1992
1992
24,148
47,957
109,932
135,504
1992
78,066
261,573
1992
1992
1993
41,556
76,464
23,912
240,000
211,109
47,824
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PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
Fedkiw
Stone
PROJECT
The Role of Cyanide in
Electroplating of Copper
Highway Routing Strategies
for Safely Transporting
Hazardous Wastes
TREATMENT AND CONTAINMENT
DiGiano
Kamens
Joyce
Brown
Autenreith
Mclnnes
Giam
Aquatic Toxicity Mechanisms
of Compounds in Industrial
Wastewater Discharges
Strategy for Analyzing Hazar-
dous Waste Incineration
& Other Treatment
Technologies
Decomposition in Soil of
Specific Chlorinated
Organics Related to
Paper Industry Sludges
Effectiveness of Multiple
Liner Systems for Hazardous
Waste Containment Facilities
Evaluation of Alternative
Leachate Liner Materials
as a Function of Chemical
& Liner Characteristics
Mechanistic Model to Aid in
Design of Composite Liners
In-situ Bioremediation
of Hazardous Substance
in the Vadose Zone
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
END
DATE
1993
1992
1992
1992
1993
1992
1991
1991
1992
Denny/
Overcash
Technology Transfer
& Training
1992
CURRENT TOTAL
BUDGCT BUDGCT
21,898
15,000
97,999
98,000
5,000
102,000
42,243
37,750
90,000
196,361
43,796
45,000
293,999
293,999
10,000
306,000
84,485
75,500
270,000
376,338
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RESEARCH PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Surface Cleaning of Particles in Microelectronics Fabrication:
R. G. Carbonell, North Carolina State University
Goals: The objective of this project is to understood the mechanisms of
particle deposition from solvents onto silicon wafers during
microelectronics fabrication, and to use that information to develop
alternative techniques for particle removal.
Rationale: The microelectronics industry has stringent requirements for
surface cleaning of silicon wafers. During the manufacturing process,
particles are deposited from bulk solution and when the wafer passes
through the gas/liquid interface. Electrostatic, van der Waals, and capillary
forces affect particle deposition and the strength of particle adhesion on
surfaces. Understanding of the deposition mechanisms should lead to
rational selection and use of alternative solvents and cleaning techniques.
One of the main objectives of the work is to understand the role of
particle physical properties and the surface properties of the wafer on the
deposition mechanism; in particular, whether deposition takes place during
wafer immersion into the liquid, while the wafer is immersed in the bulk
solution, or during withdrawal from the liquid bath. Some of the variables
that can influence the amount and rate of deposition include the particle
concentration, the degree of stirring of the liquid, the time of immersion,
the particle size and charge, the wafer surface composition and the wafer
surface structure. In addition, this work aims at classifying the types of
particles that are found in liquid processing baths so that alternative
processing procedures can be developed, based on an improved
understanding of the particle deposition process.
Approach: Micron- and submicron-sized particles of different materials
are deposited on silicon wafer surfaces from the aqueous phase. The
number of adherent particles is measured using a laser wafer scanner, as a
function of the concentration of suspended particles in solution, immersion
time, ionic strength of the solution. The wafers can be either hydrophilic,
or hydrophobic, and they can be either patterned or unpatterned. In
addition, the degree of stirring of the liquid can play a role in the rate of
particle deposition.
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Status: This year, we have found that the charges on the wafer and the
particles can play a significant factor on the amount of particle deposition,
and the mechanism for particle adhesion. Particles with charges opposite
the wafer deposit primarily in the bulk. Particles with the same charge
deposit at the air-water interface.
Client/Users: Cleaning to achieve pure surfaces is a wide-spread practice
in many advanced technology manufacturing facilities. Circuits, optical
disks, plastic and ceramic components are examples along with
semiconductors in which the basic understanding of contamination/
decontamination is needed to reduce wastes due to cleaning.
Surface Cleaning in Microelectronics Fabrication: Alternatives to
Aqueous (RCA) Cleaning Solutions: H. H. Lamb, North Carolina State
University
Goal: To aid in the development and implementation of gas-phase
cleaning processes for semiconductor surfaces. These are acceptable RCA
chemistries, thereby enabling the industry to reduce significantly the
generation of dilute aqueous wastes.
Rationale: Although cleaning effectiveness is key to high-chip yields in
microelectronics fabrication, the basic surface chemistry of silicon wafer
cleaning is not well understood. Gas-phase alternatives, such as (UV/C»3),
(UV/C12) and vapor-phase HF treatments, have been identified by simple
analogy to conventional RCA cleaning chemistries. Basic knowledge of
surface cleaning should provide insights leading to a more rational
development of cleaning technologies for semiconductors, optical disks, and
magnetic storage media. Understanding the basic chemical engineering
science for gas-phase alternatives for silicon wafer cleaning will provide
predictive models for use by chip manufacturers in the changeover from
wet-chemical cleaning to more efficient, less polluting dry cleaning.
Approach: In prospect, Ultra Violet (UV) photo-assisted oxidation of
organic contaminants and vapor-phase HF etching of the resultant (SiC>2)
layer comprise a gas-phase cleaning sequence to produce hydrocarbon-
free, hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces. Langmuir-Blodgett transfer of
fatty acid surfactants from the air-water interface is used to reproducibly
and quantitatively apply films of these common organic contaminants to
silicon surfaces. Multiple-internal-reflection infrared (MIR) and Auger
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electron spectroscopies are applied in-situ to monitor: 1) organics removal
and concomitant oxide growth in the presence of C«2 and UV light; and 2)
vapor-phase HF etching of the resultant oxide layer. MIR spectroscopy
uniquely provides submonolayer sensitivity to organics and to hydrogen
adsorbed on silicon surfaces. Parameters to be investigated in UV photo-
assisted oxidation include oxygen and water partial pressures, radiation
intensity, total pressure, lamp-to-substrate distance, substrate
temperature and chemical structure of the organic film. The effects of
hydrogen fluoride and water partial pressures on oxide etch rate and on
hydrogen versus fluorine termination of the resultant silicon surfaces will
be investigated.
Status: MIR spectroscopy has been applied to in-situ monitoring and
evaluation of UV photo-assisted removal of Langmuir-Blodgett fatty acid
films on Si(lOO). UV/O3 cleaning was found superior to the conventional
RCA SCI (H2O2 : NIfyOH : H^O) cleaning step in removing submonolayer
organic contamination from silicon. Hydrocarbon-free, hydrogen-
terminated silicon was produced by UV/O3 cleaning followed by oxide
etching in aqueous 1% HF solution. An integrated gas-phase cleaning tool,
developed through collaboration with the NCSU Center for Advanced
Electronic Materials Processing and Sematech, is nearing completion. The
modular system will include processing chambers for UV-assisted removal
of organics and metals, vapor-phase HF etching of native oxide, and ultra-
high vacuum surface analysis.
Client/Users: Development and implementation of gas-phase cleaning
technology in microelectronics fabrication will result in a significant
reduction in aqueous wastes generated by this industry. Current wet-
chemical RCA wafer-cleaning processes generate large volumes of dilute
hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrochloric
acid. These solutions, contaminated with organics, metals, and silicon must
be treated and disposed of properly. The alternative gas-phase processes
will eliminate these aqueous wastes and will use chemical reagents more
efficiently. For example, it has been estimated that 5 Ibs. of anhydrous HF
is sufficient to etch 90,000 silicon wafers by a vapor-phase process. In
contrast, 2,000 Ibs. of 10% aqueous HF would be required by conventional
wet-chemical etching.
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Controlling Mechanisms of Fugitive Emissions of Volatile
Substances from Industrial Equipment and Devices: Robert All
(Graduate Assistant), Dr. Sang June Choi (Visiting Professor), and Dr. P. K.
Lim (Principal Investigator), North Carolina State University
Goals: The goal is to identify and study the principal loss mechanisms by
which fugitive emissions of volatile substances occur from industrial
devices (such as valves, flanges, pressure-relief devices, drains, and the
seals of compressors, pumps, and agitators). Ultimately, cost-effective
measures may be taken to reduce the emissions.
Rationale: SARA Title III regulations mandate the public disclosure of
the fugitive emissions of listed chemicals from industrial sites, but reliable
emission data are scarce and hard to interpret, and estimates of chemical
emissions based on refinery emission factors are considered excessive.
The study seeks to rectify the present lack of fundamental understanding
of the emissions mechanisms, so that, ultimately, sensible and effective
control measures may be developed which would reduce volatile emissions
that are of concern under SARA regulations.
Approach: An experimental program is being undertaken to verify,
improve, and extend the mechanistic models which have been developed
earlier in an analysis of some plant-site data.
Status: The capillary model has been extended to account for the
emission of a condensable vapor from pores formed by two different wall
materials. A separate viscous dissipation-evaporation model was
developed to describe the emission from the wetted (lubricated)
mechanical seal of a pump or compressor. Confirmation of a key prediction
from the capillary model was made by experiments. This was a reduction
of the surface tension driving force will lower the rate of emission of a
condensable vapor. A second key prediction of the capillary model,
namely the emission rate of a condensable vapor, should be relatively
insensitive to the bulk pressure driving force and this was also
demonstrated in the laboratory. An open valve was found also to give a
consistently lower emission rate than a closed valve.
Client/Users: The research findings are useful to commercial facilities
that have a significant number of the devices mentioned above. A
confirmation of the capillary model suggests the number of practical
applications. Some of these are control measures which can complement
the existing maintenance and repair program utilized by industry. A non-
wetting packing material will lower emission. Application of an
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appropriate compressive stress on the packing material reduces the pore
sizes through which the fugitive emission occurs.
Minimization and Recovery of Volatile Organic Losses
Manufacture of Flexible Polyurethane Foam: C. Kaufman, North
Carolina State University
Goals: Quantification of the volatilization dynamics of blowing agent loss
and examination of innovative means to maintain safe worker conditions
and current soft polyurethane product formulations while recovering the
auxiliary blowing agent are the primary goals of this project. Increasing
the process vent concentration of auxiliary blowing agents would lead to a
potentially economical recovery/recycle process. Subsequently, air
emissions of ozone-depleting CFC's or of a volatile organic (methylene
chloride) would be minimized.
Rationale: Polyurethane foam density is currently reduced to meet
consumer specifications by the use of methylene chloride or
chlorofluorocarbons as auxiliary blowing agents. These are promptly
emitted in the manufacturing process. The recovery of an auxiliary
blowing agent is a complex issue coupled directly with another
manufacturing requirement, the maintenance of safe plant working
conditions in the presence of small quantities of isocyanates. Flexible foam
manufacturers are under severe pressure to significantly reduce (VOC)
emissions (methylene chloride) and to eliminate the use and emission of
chlorofluorocarbons. Modification of the manufacturing process to allow
for recovery/recycle of the auxiliary blowing agent or chemical
substitution with an environmentally acceptable material would promote
cleaner air.
Approach: A series of experiments have been completed using
laboratory- prepared foams with representative formulations to determine
overall weight loss, auxiliary blowing agent weight loss, and foam
temperature profiles versus time. These data allow a basic understanding
of the timing and sequence of events in the laboratory foam reactions,
comparison with analogous plant experiments, and development of
possible strategies for recovery/reuse of the auxiliary blowing agent.
Status: Magnitude and rates of auxiliary blowing agent losses have been
established as a function of plant location. A model has been developed
which predicts foam tunnel concentrations of methylene chloride as a
function of formulation, tunnel length, conveyor speed, and exhaust rates.
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The next step is to form an industrial coalition of foam manufacturers and
chemical suppliers to develop the necessary design modifications for
tunnel retrofit/isolation and collection of tunnel emissions on one foam
line. The goals of this demonstration project would be to determine
collection efficiencies, specifications for recovered auxiliary blowing agents,
product qualities of foam prepared with recycled materials, and a cost
analysis of the process change.
Client/Users: The technology of identifying magnitudes, rates, and plant
location of hazardous emissions is a typical starting point for many
industrial waste minimization schemes. The concentration/recovery/
recycle strategy has applications in many chemical process industries using
large amounts of non-aqueous solvents where air is used to protect worker
safety. Examples include the manufacture of other foams like expanded
polystyrene (blown with hydrocarbons or ethyl chloride) and the
manufacture of cellulose acetate (spun in acetone).
Formation of PCDD's and PCDF's in Chlorine Bleaching of Kraft
Pulp: J. S. Gratzl, C. L. Chen, and T. W. Joyce, North Carolina State
University
Goals: The objectives of this project are: 1) to determine the fundamental
chemistry by which organic chlorine compounds, particularly dioxin, are
formed; and 2) to develop engineering strategies to minimize the amount
of chlorinated organics formed.
Rationale: The paper industry generates large quantities of chlorinated
organics each year as a byproduct of the pulp bleaching process. It is now
realized that the continued discharge of these chlorinated compounds
should be reduced. Recent research suggests that there may be process
strategies by which these compounds can be minimized. Since the paper
industry has already invested heavily in bleaching technology and
equipment, it is much preferable to reduce the formation of unwanted
pollutants by process modifications rather than by installation of new
equipment.
Approach: A systematic study of the basic chemistry of pulp bleaching
was made in the laboratory. From these studies, further research on the
effect of process variables on the production of specific pollutants was
carried out.
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Status: We have now progressed to the point of understanding the basic
chemistry of formation of chlorinated compounds in the bleach plant.
Dioxin precursors have been identified in conjunction with work at the
University of Washington, Seattle. From this understanding flows the
ability to change process variables for bleaching thereby decreasing the
discharge of pollutants by process modification. We are now discussing
with the Department of Chemical Engineering how our discoveries can be
applied on an industrial scale.
Client/Users: At present, the paper industry generates large quantities
of chlorinated organics during the pulp bleaching (chlorination) process.
Because of potential regulation and a concern for generation of these
pollutants, the industry is searching for means to minimize these
constituents. Much effort has been directed to chlorine-free bleach
processes. However, these processes would require the construction of
expensive new equipment which the industry is reluctant to do. Our
concept is to take existing equipment and change the conditions by which
it is operated. This approach serves two purposes. First, we will be able to
avoid investment in new equipment and secondly, we hope to minimize
operating costs by reducing the quantity of chemicals used in the process.
Multi-Industry Waste Reduction Model: M. R, Overcash, G. Rutledge,
J. Sutton, North Carolina State University
Goals: The purpose of this project is to develop and use a computer-
based framework to assess the overall reduction of waste to determine if
particular changes at individual facilities actually lead to net waste
reduction.
Rationale: Industrial manufacturing is a complex phenomenon, involving
a wide range of inputs and products. The field of waste minimization is
complex and necessitates a far-reaching view of potential consequences.
Too often, improvements are made in one medium, but at the cost of off-
setting deterioration in another. The result is not net minimization of
waste, but relocation.
Approach: In the first phase of this study, data are being collected from
available sources to couple energy expenditures or savings with increases
or decreases in pollutant emissions to the surface, water and air. The
analyses will include thermal and radioactive wastes, as well as listed
pollutants. Case studies will be conducted in the second phase in which
data are available to track the wastes produced at all stages of the raw
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materials and influence, if any, on product use. These will better describe
the mass and thermodynamic information on which the computer
framework will be built.
Status: The initial study of the first phase has been restricted to
collecting data on coal-fired power plants. These are a prime energy
source for industrial production. An extensive literature search, limited to
an inside-the-walls approach, has produced a substantial amount of
pertinent information. Meetings with industry, EPA, and other federal and
state representatives provided us with current facts. The relevant data
from all sources are being used to construct a model 500 MW bituminous
coal-fired electric power generating plant with a once-through water
system for the first frame of the computer framework utilizing Smalltalk©
software. Test manipulations of the data collected indicate that Smalltalk
will be satisfactory for analysis and graphic presentations.
The inside-the-plant approach is being used to identify the
pollutants in the waste streams and the existing technology for
minimization and management including energy requirements. Four
streams, wastewater, solid, air, and hazardous waste are included in the
mass envelopes. These can be broken down to identify the compounds and
then calculate an overall chemical envelope containing the energy cost per
kilowatt hour. The Smalltalk subroutines of the mass, chemicals, and totals
of multiple waste streams can be linked to manufacturing waste reduction
and decreased or increased energy requirements.
Client/Users: Similar envelopes from a variety of manufacturing
operations can be used for the first comparison of waste reduction case
studies. These pioneering evaluations are for the determination of the
methodologies for net waste minimization in a wide variety of industrial
categories. The focus is on pollution prevention in areas of total net
reduction rather than transfers along a manufacturing sequence.
Assessment of Technology Capacity Needed to Develop Recycle
Markets for Plastics and Tires in North Carolina: M. A. Barlaz and
D. M. Russell, North Carolina State University
Goals: The objectives of this project are to: 1) critically evaluate existing
technologies for recycling post-consumer plastics and tires; 2) identify the
processing technology and manufacturing capacity required to recycle all
of the waste plastic and used tires generated in North Carolina; and 3)
determine whether there is sufficient demand for products made from
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recycled plastic to support the recycling of all of the post-consumer plastic
generated in North Carolina. Similarly, to evaluate whether there are
sufficient markets products manufactured from recycled tires.
Rationale: Recent regulations proposed by the EPA under Subtitle D of
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) require that, as a
nation, we commit ourselves to reducing the mass of non-hazardous solid
waste requiring disposal by 25%. A similar goal has also been adopted by
several states including North Carolina. Meeting this goal will require an
increase in the amount of waste reused either prior to, or after
reprocessing (recycling). Plastic and tires are two components of the solid
waste stream for which recycling rates are low. Only about 1% of the 22
billion pounds of waste plastic generated annually is recycled. However,
the numerous plastics recycling projects which have been initiated in the
last two years provide evidence of the recyclability of specific plastics and
suggest that there is the potential to increase plastics recycling if
appropriate collection infrastructure and manufacturing capacity are
available.
The critical element missing in the search to increase recycling in
North Carolina is the development of stable, large markets for materials.
Specifically, if all 100 counties in North Carolina are collecting plastics and
tires for recycle, then "What manufacturing capacity do we need?"
Without this technology capacity information, little state-wide planning
and policy development can be implemented. Since the amount of
material the state might collect is not known, nor goals set precisely, we
must understand the relationship between technical capacity and
generation for recycle. In addition, with realistic goals and capacity, the
state can then develop better policies to encourage use of the recycled
materials. North Carolina will be used as a model for this study, although
the findings will be generally applicable to other states.
Approach: The first step is development of the quantities of waste which
would be available for recycling if policies were to be enacted to mandate
the segregation of all or most of the waste plastic and tires in North
Carolina. Estimates of these quantities will be developed from state
population data and waste composition data available in the literature.
Technologies suitable for recycling the target waste streams will then
be identified. Next potential markets for recycled plastic, including both
the types of products and the total weight of production, will be identified.
From these data, we will evaluate whether we have the technology,
manufacturing capacity, and long-term markets to recycle the post-
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consumer waste plastic and tires generated in North Carolina. Our findings
will be published as technical resource manuals whose central theme will
be to answer the question, "What is required at the state-wide level to
recycle plastics and tires, or otherwise reuse these such that there is a
viable alternative to land burial?"
Status: We have completed our design basis for the quantity,
composition, and demographics of waste plastic generation. Based on an
initial survey of processing requirements and collection technology, we
assume that high-density polyethylene (HDPE) milk containers and
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) soft-drink containers will be segregated
and the remainder of the plastics stream must be handled as mixed plastic.
We are currently assessing available manufacturing capacity and the
viability of long-term markets for segregated PET and HDPE. Next, we will
perform a similar assessment for commingled plastics.
Client/Users: States must determine whether the manufacturing
capacity is in place to handle the increased waste loads which will develop
as the rate of plastics recycling increases ten- to twenty-fold.
Manufacturing capacity will only develop if there is sufficient demand for
resin generated from post-consumer plastics. We will evaluate the demand
for recycled resin relative to the expected future supply. Old tires are
generated at the rate of 240 million per year. Our analysis of viable
alternatives for recycling old tires will proceed along a path similar to that
described here for post-consumer plastics.
The Role of Cyanide in the Electroplating of Copper: P. S. Fedkiw
and D. Chu, North Carolina State University
Goals: Our objective is to understand the unique electrochemical role that
cyanide plays in the overall metal-deposition process, and effects on the
resulting deposit properties. In particular, we are studying the copper-
cyanide system. The chemical and physical interactions of cyanide with
the other bath constituents is also being examined. Ultimately, with the
results of our research, chemical, electrochemical, and physical criteria for
ligands to replace the environmentally noxious cyanide will have been
identified.
Rationale: Copper is electroplated from basic pH plating baths containing
copper cyanide and higher cyanide complexes, excess sodium cyanide, and
sodium carbonate and hydroxide. Such baths have excellent "throwing
power" (i. e., the ability to distribute the metal plate uniformly along an
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odd-shaped workpiece), and the deposit has good adherence to the
substrate, particularly on ferrous metals. Copper cyanide baths are
routinely used in so-called "strike baths" as the first layer upon which
other metals are deposited; for example, chromium is the third metal
plated in the sequential copper-nickel-chromium process. Even in the
electrodeposition of copper from acid sulfate baths, a copper cyanide strike
is first typically applied so that the deposit is a better adherent. The rinse
waters from the cyanide plating line must be treated before discharge, and
are commonly oxidized by hypochlorite to form CNO" which ultimately
decomposes to nitrogen. The added complexity of treating cyanide-
containing wastewaters and the potential catastrophic failure of the
treatment system are strong motivating factors for the replacement of
cyanide plating baths. It is our point of view that the search for cyanide
replacements should be guided by a fundamental understanding of the
functionality of cyanide in the plating process so that the search for
replacement ligands may be scientifically, rather than empirically, guided.
Approach: We have identified the following electrochemical experiments
to achieve our objectives: cyclic voltammetry (CV), rotating disk (RDE) and
ring disk (RRDE) hydrodynamic voltammetry, all of which are standard
electroanalytical tools. We have performed some preliminary CV
measurements using a standard electroanalytical tools. We have
performed some preliminary CV measurements using a standard copper
cyanide bath formulation from which we make two interesting
observations: 1) the potential for copper deposition overlaps that, for
water discharge to hydrogen; and 2) the potential along the more recessed
portions of a workpiece can be such that a copper oxide is formed. In
addition to the electrochemical experiments, post-run (SEM) analysis and
Auger spectroscopy of the surface will be performed to examine the
morphology and chemical composition of the surface layer of the deposit.
Client/Users: Surface-finishing and electroplating industrial processes
which have been unsuccessful in converting away from cyanide usage.
These often involve strike-plating or other special applications. The
replacement of cyanide must be based on improved understanding of the
role in plating.
North Carolina Industry SARA Section 313 Data Analysis:
D. Denny, North Carolina State University
Goals: Categorize North Carolina industry air toxics emissions by industry
category, chemicals released, sources, and geographical distribution.
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Generally identify and describe source reduction and recycling potential
for each industrial category using case studies where possible. Identify
areas where new technologies need to be developed.
Approach: Review existing computerized inventories of North Carolina
industry discharge submissions, as required by SARA, Section 313.
Prepare summary reports describing the air toxics portions of the
inventories by industrial category, pollutant, and geographical location.
Identify and summarize all case studies in the Pollution Prevention Pays
library for relevant case studies. Provide general summaries of existing
technologies for source reduction and toxics pollutant recycling potential.
Provide engineering analysis to identify the applicable technologies by
source category supported by case studies when available. Identify those
sources and source categories that need additional research.
Status: The North Carolina SARA 313 air toxics emission inventory has
been obtained. The inventory has been segregated by pollutant, industry
segment (SIC Code), and geographic location. Summaries remain to be
prepared. The North Carolina Pollution Prevention Pays library has been
researched and all pertinent case studies have been summarized. Material
has been gathered describing generally existing applicable technologies.
The industry by industry analyses are in process.
Highway Routing Strategies for Safely Transporting Hazardous
Wastes: J. R. Stone, North Carolina State University
Goals: The goal of this project is to develop a computerized method which
will aid planners of hazardous wastes routes and to demonstrate the
utility of artificial intelligence as a management information method.
Rationale: Current research indicates that documented guidelines for
routing hazardous waste have effectively reduced highway accidents and
spills. The premise of this effort is that such guidelines and other heuristic
rules can successfully be incorporated in computer-based expert systems
and geographic information systems in order to facilitate the route
planning task.
Approach: A flexible approach has been taken in this project. Initially,
the USDOT Routing Guidelines were programmed and validated in a
spreadsheet model. Next, an expert system shell provided the user
interface with the spreadsheet. It also provided a link to the most recent
truck accident models and a weighted evaluation scheme for selecting the
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routes. In the future, cost models will be added, and the adaptability of
the method to a geographic information system will be explored.
Status: A prototype using standard USDOT guidelines has been
computerized and successfully applied to a hypothetical case study.
Extensions to the computer method will be made as necessary, and a real
case study will be evaluated in future work.
Client/Users: This method is directed to public agencies and trucking
firms which plan the routes for hazardous waste collection and delivery to
disposal sites.
Aquatic Toxicity Mechanisms of Compounds in Industry
Wastewater Discharges: F. A. Di Giano, J. Charles, D. Amaral,
D. Francisco, University of North Carolina
Goals: The immediate goal of this project is to identify a direct industrial
discharger willing to cooperate in a study of fractionation schemes aimed
at identifying the specific chemical source(s) of effluent toxicity. The
ultimate goal is to develop and test laboratory protocols that can be
adopted by various classes of industry important to Regions 4 & 6 to solve
their aquatic toxicity problems. The approach expands upon protocol being
developed by the U. S. EPA to examine toxicity of municipal effluents
rather than specific industrial effluents.
Rationale: The fractionation schemes developed so far by EPA are
focused on identifying non-polar agents using one specific, fractionating
column material: CIS Solid Phase Extraction Column. However, this may not
even separate compounds like phenol that are moderately non-polar. In
addition, polar compounds, such dyes used in the textile industry, may
contribute aquatic toxicity and will not be identified. Another concern is
the complexity of the EPA protocol which links aquatic toxicity testing with
high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS).
The need exists, therefore, for exploration of other solid-phase extraction
procedures aimed at more polar compounds and for practical ways to
combine sophisticated HPLC/MS analyses with biomonitoring. Ultimately,
aquatic toxicity information for specific industries should be a key element
of pollution minimization plans.
Approach: A listing of industries causing aquatic toxicity and discharging
organic chemicals of possible human health concern has been generated for
North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. A list of industries with
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potential problems in meeting toxicity limits has been received from EPA
Region 6. General classes of organic chemicals in use by different
industries will be developed using available data from NPDES permits and
effluent guideline documents. One industry representative of an important
class (those using textile dyes) was selected for investigation of
fractionation procedures. Having completed three rounds of sampling and
submitted the results to the industry for their consideration, another case
study will soon be selected. This may be a representative of EPA Region 6.
Additional analytical approaches for specific identification of those
chemicals causing acute toxicity to Ceriodaphnia are warranted. This
includes more precise segregation of organic from inorganic sources of
toxicity and a more efficient scheme to narrow the list of potential organic
compounds. The identification of sources with chronic toxicity is in the
long-range plans, but will await the results of research on testing protocol
being done by EPA at the Duluth Laboratory. Another important aspect of
the research is a broad-based, regional profile of industry classes to
examine (a) the range of effluent toxicity from different classes, (b) the
variability in effluent toxicity from site to site for a given class, and (c) the
variability in dilution afforded by receiving streams for a given class.
Status: A textile dyestuff manufacturing plant was selected for study.
Three samples were taken in January, April and July of 1990 and
subjected to toxicity identification and evaluation procedures. A protocol
was established whereby the amount of toxicity due to chloride and to
organic compounds was calculated. Over 700 bioassays were conducted in
an attempt to isolate specific sources of toxicity. A list of organic
compounds suspected of contributing toxicity has been established and is
being further refined with the help of the industry.
Client/Users: Major industrial classes found in EPA Regions 4 & 6 which
are likely to have difficulty in meeting more stringent effluent toxicity
limits. The focus is on industries having complex effluents containing both
inorganic and organic compounds. Given that toxicity due to metals is fairly
easy to identify, this research deals with segregating and identifying
organic compounds. As examples, in Region 4, both the textile industry and
organic chemicals manufacturing industry are of interest. In Region 6, the
general category that includes various aspects of the petrochemicals
industry is of interest.
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Strategy for Analyzing Hazardous Waste Incineration and Other
Treatment Technologies: R. Kamens, D. Amraal, J. Charles, University of
North Carolina
Goals: The main objective of this project is to provide a framework model
for analyzing sets of alternatives for the treatment of different types of
hazardous materials. In this study, we are comparing, as a model situation,
the thermal treatment of flame-retardant materials such as
polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBBEs) with other physical or chemical
disposal alternatives.
Rationale: Upon incineration of discarded materials which contain flame-
retardant chemicals, toxic polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans
(generally referred to as PBDDs & PBDFs) can be generated. Little is known
about the atmospheric stability of PBDDs and PBDFs although very
preliminary work suggests that some of these PBDDs may photodegrade.
Hence, we have chosen to investigate these compounds as representing an
ideal test case for looking at disposal alternatives with a class of
compounds that have not received a lot of attention. As an example, we
expect the developed model to provide information which would help one
decide between discarding materials containing fire retardants in a landfill
(knowing all the costs, risks, and societal concerns associated with this
option) versus incineration, with all of its costs risks, and societal concerns.
Approach: The potential treatment alternatives for discarded materials
which contain fire-retardant materials are being investigated. Potential
health and environmental impacts will be combined with potential costs to
provide an integrated analysis of each relevant alternative of treatment
and disposal. To provide information on the stability of potentially toxic
materials from the incineration of fire retardants, we will burn these
materials in a high temperature ignition vessel then add emissions directly
to existing 25m3 outdoor transparent Teflon film chambers. This will
permit us to age brominated dioxins in a captured air parcel under realistic
outdoor conditions and assess the overall stability or reactivity.
Status: A method has been implemented and is being refined for
evaluating options for managing a troublesome waste. This method relies
on calculating the probabilities of a range of possible exposures resulting
from a given management scheme. These exposures are then compared to
risk-related health guidelines or standards. Two situations are currently
being studied, one in Charlotte and the other in Wilmington, NC.
Aerometric and ground water models have been adapted for estimating
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probability related exposures. In our current example, atmospheric
stability estimates of PBDDs and PBDFs are needed in the aerometric
model. Progress on the outdoor chamber part of this project shows that
measured PBDDs and PBDFs on real soot particles are not very reactive in
the atmosphere. We are currently: a) implementing a model to estimate
total environmental dose; b) generating a method to characterize PBDDs
and PBDFs toxicity; c) collecting data on industry production of PBDEs and
use in plastics; and d) integrating cost information into the models for
different treatment options.
Client/Users: We view local communities, governments, and industry as
the ultimate users of this work. For example, the Brominated Fire
Retardant Industry Panel has expressed interest in our outdoor chamber
experiments and has asked for the results of our PBDDs and PBDFs
atmospheric stability studies. They have also co-funded the purchase of
brominated dioxin and furan standards for this project. In the future, we
expect to provide a generalized methodology which can be used to plan for
the best way to manage a given toxic waste in light of potential health
risks and costs to the community.
Decomposition in Soil of Specific Chlorinated Organics of
Importance Related to Paper Industry Sludges: T. W. Joyce, M. R.
Overcash, North Carolina State University
Goals: The objectives of the project are: 1) to develop a test procedure for
measuring organic chlorine compounds in paper mill sludges and
sludge/soil mixtures as might be found when paper mill sludge is
landspread as an ultimate sludge treatment technique; and 2) to determine
if the chlorinated lignins found in paper mill sludges are degradable when
spread on land.
Rationale: The paper industry is rapidly running out of landfills to
dispose of sludges. It is also unlikely that incineration of sludges will be
permitted since, particularly for paper mill sludges, there is a likelihood
that chlorinated dioxins will be formed during the combustion process.
Thus, landspreading is one of the most attractive sludge-management
alternatives remaining. However, regulatory officials still have a concern
that the chlorinated species in paper mill sludges are not biodegradable
and may accumulate in the soil, perhaps even reaching and polluting the
groundwater.
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Approach: Sludges were obtained from operating paper mills and
subjected to various preparation methods to determine if a method could
be developed to measure chlorinated species in a reproducible manner. A
"model" sludge, the first chlorination stage pulp, was used as a base case.
Chlorinated lignins were prepared in the laboratory and incubated in
soils thought to be suitable for landspreading. In a similar manner,
specific, low molecular weight chlorinated species commonly found in
paper mill sludges were also incubated in the soils. The rate of carbon
dioxide evolution was measured for the lignin supplemented soils, while
the specific chlorinated species were extracted from the soil and measured
by gas chromatography.
Status: A procedure for measuring the sum of chlorinated organics in
sludges and sludge/soil mixtures has been developed.
Of the seven specific compounds incubated in soil, only one was not
quickly degraded. It must be pointed out, however, that the compounds
were added to the soil in concentrations several-fold higher than would be
found in a paper mill sludge. This was necessary to ensure that a
sufficient amount of the compound would be available for measurement
over the time course of the experiment.
We have found that chlorinated and unchlorinated lignins evolve
carbon dioxide at essentially the same rate. The rate is somewhat lower
than naturally occurring lignins, such as corn stalks, and the total amount
of carbon dioxide evolved indicates a rather low degree of stabilization.
We attribute this to the lignin becoming a part of the humic matter of soil
and not indicative of potential environmental problems.
Client/Users: The landspreading of paper industry sludges will probably
be practiced widely in the future. Sludges are always produced from all
paper mills in significant quantities. Landfilling is now the most common
means of sludge disposal. However, regulatory agencies are not permitting
landfills as easily now as in the past. Incineration is usually not an
acceptable option because of the concern for dioxin formation during the
combustion of paper industry sludges. Thus, landspreading is the most
obvious choice for future sludge disposal; the one concern is the fate of the
chlorinated organics in the soil and whether these would ever pose a
hazard to the groundwater. Landspreading will not be permitted until this
concern is addressed.
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TREATMENT AND CONTAINMENT
Effectiveness of Multiple Liner Systems for Hazardous Waste
Containment Facilities: K. Brown, R. Lytton, C. Giam, Texas A&M
University
Goals: The immediate goal of this project is to evaluate the potential use
of stabilizing agents and additives to the clay to enhance the ability to
withstand chemical attack and to retard the migration of organic
contaminants. Future goals include: 1) the development of a laboratory
testing protocol to be used to evaluate soils for suitability in a clay liner; 2)
the evaluation of ventilation systems to extract the volatile constituents
from the leachate collection and leak detection systems; and 3) the
development of mathematical models to describe the transport of organic
contaminants through a composite liner system.
Currently, we have achieved our immediate goal, and are well
underway in the studies needed to accomplish goal 1. Studies needed to
accomplish goal 2 have been designed and should be conducted in the
upcoming year. Design and development of the overall model (goal 3) is
being done in a companion study under the direction of Dr. Mclnnes.
Rationale: Many of the wastes resulting from RCRA waste treatment and
cleanup of superfund sites which need to be disposed in landfills still
contain small quantities of hazardous constituents which could drain from
the waste, adversely impact the integrity of landfill liners, and migrate to
the groundwater. Recent data by Haxo indicate that certain organic
contaminants, even when these occur in dilute solutions, will solubilize in
and migrate through the plastics utilized for lining landfills. More secure
waste containment may be possible through improvements in liner
technology including the addition of stabilizing agents to prevent chemical
attack, better laboratory testing protocols to allow better evaluation of the
suitability of soil materials for use in constructing clay liners, the addition
of polymeric chemicals to clay to increased the sorption capacity, and the
use of ventilation systems to remove volatile organic vapors before these
can penetrate the liners.
Approach: The effects of several stabilizing agents on the hydraulic
conductivity of compacted clay soils will be evaluated through a laboratory
study employing fixed wall parameters and three soils of differing
mineralogies. Specially constructed diffusion test chambers similar to
those used by Haxo will be made and employed to measure the diffusion
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constants of various organics through several thicknesses of high density
polyethylene (HOPE). Laboratory testing methods will be developed to
measure soil properties such as shrinkage and cracking and correlate these
properties to the final hydraulic conductivity in the field situations. A
mathematical model to describe the movement of chemicals through a
multi-component state-of-the-art landfill liner will be assembled and
calibrated using the laboratory data. This will then provide a means to
design an optimum liner needed for long-term waste containment.
Status: The laboratory testing of amendments (lime and cement) is
nearing completion. Diffusion measurements have been conducted for
trichloroethylene and toluene in HOPE and compared to modeled data for
these compounds. Future testing will expand this data base to other
chemicals representative of various chemical classes. Modeling work to
create an overall model of the liner system has been transferred to a
companion project under the direction of Dr. Mclnnes.
Client/Users: This project is developing information which will be of
assistance to regulatory agencies, as well as those professionals involved in
the design and construction multi-component landfill liners. New testing
procedures to be developed will aid in predicting which soils will perform
best under field conditions. New municipal landfills will depend on this
information.
Evaluation of Alternation Leachate Liner Materials as a Function
of Chemical and Liner Characteristics: R. L. Autenrieth, Texas A&M
University
Goals: The primary goal of this research project is to determine if readily
available inexpensive materials when added as a protective layer to
landfills as currently designed will be able to provide an adequate barrier
to the movement of leachates. We will specifically be testing lignite, peat
moss, compost, cotton gin trash (type of activated carbon), and activated
carbon (as a standard reference material) as potential liner materials with
exposure to individual and mixtures of organic solvents representative of
leachate components. We will determine how much of the leachate
components can be held and what effect a mixture of these solvents has on
the effectiveness of these materials.
Rationale: The synthetic liner materials and compacted clay which
compose the primary barrier materials in a landfill have been shown by
numerous investigators to allow certain components of leachates to move
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through these liners, sometimes quite readily. These chemicals are able to
escape from the landfill either due to imperfections in the liners, by
dissolving, or by diffusing. By adding an additional layer to the liner
sequence which has properties enabling it stops the further movement of
these leaching chemicals would significantly reduce the risk of further
contamination. Since this layer is likely to be more expensive than clay or
synthetic liners, it is meant as a safeguard and would not necessarily be
considered a primary liner material. Placement of the material would be
flexible depending on the anticipated leachates.
Approach: The ability of the selected liner materials to prevent the
movement of a range of chemicals frequently found in leachates from
hazardous landfills will be evaluated. First, the affinity of the chemicals
for the liner materials will be quantified. These tests will be conducted for
single chemicals and mixtures to determine if mixtures alter the
performance of the individual compounds. Then the mass of chemicals
that the liner can hold will be determined by using specially designed
chambers.
Status: This project was initiated in July 1990. We have finished our
literature review, procured our solid materials, and selected our organic
solvents. We have completed preliminary sketches of the breakthrough
chamber and are testing components of this chamber for use. We are
currently developing our analytical techniques and the quality
control/quality assurance measures in the laboratory. We anticipate
initiating the experiments at the beginning of December.
Client/Users: All those involved in the design, construction, compliance,
and monitoring of landfills will be interested in this research. This would
include government agencies, those who would be using landfills to dispose
of wastes, and those responsible for landfill construction and monitoring.
With new landfill regulations for municipal solid waste, these results
should be of direct benefit.
Mechanistic Model to Aid in the Design of Composite Liners:
K. J. Me Inness and K. W. Brown, Texas A&M University
Goals: The goal of this project is to develop a user-friendly mechanistic
computer simulation model based on physical and chemical properties of
liner materials that predicts the transport of organic and non-organic
contaminants through composite liners. The model is intended to allow
researchers working on individual components of multiple-liner systems to
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combine research results with those of others to allow an estimate the
future loss of pollutants through the liner to groundwater. The first
version of the user interface and simulation model have been completed.
Rationale: A well-constructed, multiple-liner system should minimize the
possibility that present waste disposal activities will require future
remediation. The design must be based on our combined knowledge of
contaminant movement through individual layers and how these layers
interact. Liners should be engineered for the optimal combination of
flexible membrane and clay layers. A simulation model based on physical
and chemical principles and actual experimental data can be used to
predict the proper combination of barriers, amendments, and control
measures to contain hazardous waste. In addition, modeling should be
part of a standardized protocol for the design of RCRA-type landfills.
Approach: A numerical simulation model is being developed to study the
transport of metals and organic compounds through a composite liner
consisting of a combination of carbon filter layers, compacted clay layers,
drain layers with potential vapor extraction, and flexible membrane liners.
The model is based on an implicit finite difference solution of the
combined flow equations for each layer. The solution technique
guarantees mass balance. The flow equations account for both diffusion
and mass flow and combine the concept of the mobile phase having
different mobilities. The model is coded in C programming language for
the IBM PC and the Apple Mac II computers. The user will be able to
choose the order, number, and thickness of layers along with the physical
and chemical properties without directly editing, recompiling, and linking
source code. A library of common individual compounds and properties
will be kept available to the user in the model. The user interface will
stress ease of use.
Status: On the Mac II, Version 1 of a user-friendly HyperCard interface,
a simple two-phase convective dispersion model programmed in C are
operational. Further development of the HyperCard interface and the C
code are underway. The C code simulation is running on both the IBM PC
and the Macintosh.
Client/Users: The model is to be used by researchers working on
individual components of multiple-liner systems to combine their research
results with those of others to allow and estimate the loss of pollutants
through the liner. In addition, this tool may be used by engineers to
predict the proper combination of barriers, amendments, and control
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measures for a particular site when designing a multiple-liner system to
contain hazardous waste.
In-Situ Bioremediation of Hazardous Substance in the Vadose
Zone: C. Giam and K. Brown, Texas A&M University
Goals: The overall goal of this project is to develop and calibrate a
mathematical model to describe the in-situ biodegradation rate of
hazardous organics in vadose-zone subsoils under given soil, moisture,
fertility, temperature, and oxygen conditions. Laboratory and field data
will be collected and used for calibration of the model.
Rationale: Microorganisms indigenous to soils are capable of degrading
most organic contaminants if the environment can be adjusted to enhance
the activity. Possible soil environmental parameters to be adjusted may
include: temperature, oxygen, moisture, and fertility. A mathematical
model based on scientific principles is needed so that large-scale field
systems can be properly designed and operated for optimum efficiency
and productivity.
Approach: This study is being conducted using a three-level approach.
In the first level, a mathematical model is being developed to describe the
in-situ biodegradation rate of hazardous organics in vadose-zone subsoils
under given soil, moisture, fertility, temperature, and oxygen conditions.
The second level will involve laboratory measurements of biodegradation
rates needed to calibrate the model. In the third level, field experiments
will be conducted to document the effectiveness of the optimum
treatments as predicted from levels 1 and 2 studies.
Status: Preliminary work on assembling the model (level 1) has been
completed and collection of laboratory data for calibration of the model is
well underway (level 2). The laboratory system designed to evaluate the
effects of various environmental parameters on the biodegradation rate is
now operational and has been used to evaluate the ability of vadose-zone
microorganisms to utilize one of three model compounds. Collection of
additional laboratory data and calibration of the model will continue
through the upcoming year.
Client/Users: The data and model developed in this study will be of
value to both industrial and regulatory personnel who are involved with
the design and operation of in-situ bioremediation activities. The data
should help in the design of systems of optimal operation and thereby
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reduce both the time and cost for clean up. The model will be a major
advance in our ability to reclaim subsurface soils which would otherwise
pose major pollution threats.
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Research Presentations for Technology Transfer: M. R. Overcash,
North Carolina State University
Goal: The open discussion of the Center's research agenda is to be utilized
in the dissemination of important results.
Rationale: Interaction with the public and industry is vital in the
research on pollution prevention. The presentation of current research,
even at the early stages of work, is helpful in maintaining potential user
interest in the results generated.
Approach: During the year, a series of efforts were initiated to transfer
Center research through detailed presentations. These activities assist in
maintaining interaction with the Center and hence a constant interchange
of ideas. We conducted the following presentations:
• Pollution Prevention Approaches, Earth Day Alliance of the
Lower Cape Fear River;
• Reducing Volume and Toxicity of Hazardous Waste,
teleconference from Oklahoma State University to 200 locations
in 33 states plus Canada, Japan, Mexico (about 2,500 persons);
• Waste Minimization Research, N. C. Governor's Waste
Management Board and public attendees;
• Computer System for Transport of Hazardous Wastes (Dr. John
Stone), N. C. Governor's Waste Management Board and public
attendees;
• Reduction in Municipal Solid Waste - University Perspective,
Video Conference for Earth Day across North Carolina;
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• Pollution Prevention and the Process Industries, First Pollution
Control Conference of the Mexican Institute of Chemical
Engineers;
• Chemical Waste Minimization and Management, Our Island
Earth Symposium, Wesleyan, NC;
• Process Improvement in Pollution Prevention, 1990 Industrial
Energy Technology Conference, Houston;
• Research Center Presentation at the New Jersey Water Pollution
Control Federation Conference; and
• Future of Recycling - University Research, presentation to
Annual Conference of North Carolina Recycling Association.
Status: These presentations to large and diverse audiences have been
completed and more are scheduled in the effort to disseminate information
from the Center.
Regional, National, International Research Needs and
Information Exchange: M. R. Overcash, North Carolina State University
Goal: The evolution of research issues in waste minimization and
management is enhanced by the interactions with groups in our region
pair, as well as at a national level.
Rationale: Research and technology transfer activities of the Center must
continually interpret the input from diverse organizations in order to
refine the research projects over the longer terms of a Center. This
interpretation includes discussions with state agencies and regional EPA
offices as the issues of waste minimization and management are
developing.
Approach: There have been several circumstances in which the Center
has sought and received input on possible new or enhanced research
projects. Since all the initial research efforts were three-year projects and
were proceeding very effectively, the region-pair and national inputs were
used for a limited number of new activities.
• The input on research needs included a complete briefing of
EPA Region 6 staff responsible for the various regulatory
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programs. Specific follow-up to each of the 7 areas was made
in writing to identify detailed technical issues that evolved
from this meeting. In addition, a half-day seminar on the
Center was given for the technical staff of Region 6 offices in
Dallas. One specific area identified was by the water/
wastewater program as a need to evaluate toxicity testing data
in Region 6. This has become a part of the research program.
The National Clearinghouse on pollution prevention is managed
by EPA in Washington, D. C. All of our relevant projects have
been listed and are thus accessible to nation-wide users. A
certain fraction of the inquiries we receive derive from our
participation in this clearinghouse.
The environmental conference conducted by our Center
provided a wide variety of technical and user input from the
region-pair. The expansion of the Center into terrestrial
systems for treatment and the enhancement of the residue
containment research were a result of regional-pair input and
discussion at that conference.
Further input on research needs was sought from the
Engineering and Science Advisory Board and the Technology
Transfer Advisory Committee of this Center. These individuals
have a broad view of regional and national issues. From these
groups, the new Center-funded research in municipal solid
waste recycle was implemented in response to a
recommendation on consumer and public issues for waste
reduction.
We jointly conducted a two-day conference with industry and
university faculty, and published a proceedings entitled Waste
Minimization Research Needs.
Developed and presented an information booth on all Center
projects for a major energy x and industrial conference in
Houston.
Described in detail the concepts of pollution prevention and the
Center role to legislative representatives of about 18 states
comprising the Southern Legislative Conference. These
discussions focused on research infrastructure and specific
State needs.
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• Participated in decision-makers Forum for all industry of North
Carolina to establish priorities and assistance in waste
reduction.
• The eight states of Region 4 meet periodically to focus on waste
reduction and their respective programs. The Center has met
with all eight states and presented the detailed research
projects. These discussions have established a mechanism for
the pollution prevention research needs to be directed to the
Center.
• Conducted discussion with the Director of the United Kingdom
Department of the Environment programs on pollution
prevention research and national progress in clean
technologies.
• Provided materials for establishing a research program for
pollution prevention in universities of Spain as a part of their
national 3R Program.
• Provided an in-depth seminar to assist the Ministry of
Environment in Norway as a research and technical assistance
program is established.
Status: The active transfer of information to refine or expand research in
response to region-pair or national needs is on-going and has already
demonstrated effectiveness.
Technical Assistance in Waste minimization and Management to
Legislatures, Government, and News Media: M. R. Overcash and
D. Denny, North Carolina State University
Goal: The engineering and technical expertise from the Center should
serve a role in providing information to a variety of decision makers and
others responsible for public education.
Rationale: As various government organizations examine environmental
issues, it is important that greater factual and descriptive material be
available. This process improves decision making. The same is true with
preparation of news media coverage of environmental issues. The Center
program and personnel represent a valuable source of information as those
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involved with various research activities conduct these projects. Thus, this
Center is committed to providing information and presentations to
government and news media personnel.
Approach: From our national and regional activities that focus attention
on developments in pollution prevention and the EPA Center, a number of
more specific assistance opportunities have occurred. These include:
• Discussions to help the S. C. Department of Health establish a
waste minimization program for South Carolina;
• Hazardous waste recycling technology presentation at public
hearing on a recycling industry siting, Franklin County, NC;
• Limits of hazardous waste reduction for off-site materials,
Raleigh News and Observer;
• Assessment of solar treatment of hazardous wastes for staff of
N. C. Senate President;
• Review of proposals for research fellowships in environmental
restoration, U. S. Dept. of Energy;
• Detailed review of N. C. Senate Bill [63] to identify criteria for
local input to siting and site management, N. C. Dept. of
Environmental Health and Natural Resources;
• Pollution prevention review of N. C. capacity assurance plan
for national hazardous waste management compliance;
• Testimony before U. S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee
of Science, Space, and Technology Committee, topic Pollution
Prevention Research - Future Potential; and
• One-day scientific instruction and training for site managers of
Illinois EPA by K. C. Donnelly, Texas A & M University.
Status: These assistance activities have been completed and with the
interest in environment and waste minimization, further technical
participation for Center staff is envisioned.
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Industrial Technology Activities: M. R. Overcash, North Carolina State
University
Goal: The opportunities to implement the research program results are to
be expanded through specific industry interaction in pollution prevention.
Rationale: Experience gained in actual waste minimization projects or
through in-depth process discussions is instrumental in developing routine
techniques for technology transfer.
Approach: A series of activities were conducted to develop specific
waste reduction case studies or to develop industry-related applications of
the Center's research:
• Dr. Stahel assisted in the evaluation and specification of
recovery equipment for solvent- and petroleum-contaminated
rags and cloth;
• Developed information package to assist the Electronic
Chemicals Manufacturer Association utilize the waste reduction
research results;
• Provided a review and then dissemination of a process manual
to be used by small manufacturers based on the waste
management hierarchy and procedures developed at NCSU (for
Ontario Waste Management Corporation);
• Organized and chaired a technical conference session on Waste
Minimization Design Methodologies and Material Substitution to
disseminate research to industry and chemical engineers
(Orlando, FL, American Institute of Chemical Engineers);
• Conducted an in-depth research and technology development
meeting for major corporation staff focusing on pollution
prevention and process innovation business opportunities; and
• Presented detailed overview of all Center projects and
discussed research implementation with Chemical Industry
Council of North Carolina.
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Journal and Database Materials to Disseminate Center Mission
and Research: M. R. Overcash, North Carolina State University
Goal: Broad exposure of the Center's research in waste minimization
should be achieved using electronic and printed summaries of information.
Rationale: It is effective to utilize the growing number of catalogs
prepared by U. S. and overseas organizations to document the field of
pollution prevention. These sources are broadly utilized and thus provide
exposure for the Center's research projects. The approach is more toward
transfer of information instead of the research needs solicitations
described elsewhere.
Approach: The Center has been active in identifying and contributing to
various journals and database summaries that can broadly disseminate the
Center research:
• The research in polyurethane foams was described from
information provided by the Center in local newspapers near
such manufacturing facilities;
• Descriptions provided for the National Research Centers
Directory;
• Best North America data base was used to outline the Research
Center mission;
• A National Science Foundation research catalogue section was
prepared on all waste reduction research projects;
• International dissemination of the EPA Center program and
projects was accomplished through the research publications
catalog for the Danish Technological Institute;
• Pollution Prevention catalog entries for center research
projects, State University of New York at Buffalo Compendium
on R&D in Hazardous Waste Management; and
• Listing of research projects and services for environmental
catalog of Inform Corporation, New York.
Status: We continue to search for these databases in order to disseminate
the Center research results.
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Newspaper Recycle Technology: Development of Undergraduate
Participation and Research: R. Bailie, J. Heitman, T. Joyce, M. Overcash,
North Carolina State University
Goal: Considerable public interest and concern is directed at recycle and
reuse programs to reduce landfill usage. In order to have options available
to achieve recycle, there must be technology alternatives. Hence, a project
was developed to broaden the options for one municipal solid waste
stream, post-consumer newspapers.
Rationale: While the level of municipal solid-waste recycle of newspaper
is principally limited by public habits and interest, there is always a
technical challenge to keep generating more and better options. University
students are both consumers and trained undergraduates capable of
generating options for greater newspaper recycle. This project utilizes the
opportunity to educate individuals on the full issue of newspaper recycle
and to employ the scientific and engineering education process to develop
technical recycling options.
Approach: The support and interest of a Raleigh newspaper was brought
to the Center through our information transfer activities. The Raleigh News
and Observer believed that more information and innovation would be
valuable for the issue of newspaper recycling. At NCSU, the educational
course structure was augmented for Chemical Engineering Process Design
(ChE 451), Wood and Paper Science Project Management and Analysis
(WPS 415), and Chemical Engineering Independent Research (ChE 497 and
ChE 498) to include the specific issues of newspaper recycling technology
and public perceptions. A number of lectures to about 50 students were
given on current technical approaches and the magnitude of this portion of
the municipal solid waste. The students then developed a report
describing 16 technical alternatives. Of these, 6 were chosen for in-depth
design evaluations. Interdisciplinary teams from both Departments were
employed to produce the detailed process descriptions. To assist in this
development, the students were taken to four related manufacturing
facilities to better understand the issues and limitations in newspaper
recycling. As a part of the final report, these teams taught the broader
chemical engineering senior design class the information generated in this
project.
Status: This project is scheduled for completion in 1991 and has involved
50 undergraduates and one ChE graduate student.
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Research Dissemination: D. Jurczak, North Carolina State University
Goal: The broad access by industry and the public to the research of the
Center is an important criterion for technology transfer. A commitment to
writing articles for broad publication has been made in this project on all
aspects of the Center's activities.
Rationale: Research technology transfer is in part enhanced by general
public and industry knowledge of activities by the Center faculty. This
information makes individuals aware of the potential for future changes
that will improve the environment through pollution prevention. The
contacts that are initiated from this information dissemination are utilized
to begin the resources-intensive process of implementing full-scale
utilization technology advances.
Approach: The various Center research and technology transfer projects
are reviewed periodically. Determinations of groups potentially related to
the technical areas sponsored by the Center for Waste Minimization and
Management are made to establish articles for preparation. Information
collection and writing are conducted to prepare articles of necessary length
or level of detail for technical or non-technical audiences. These articles
are valuable to identify areas of research transfer, to increase attendance
at training sessions, and to establish a dialogue with the public and
industry groups that would benefit from the Center program. These
communications include print and electronic media.
Status: Activities have generated information transfer items on about
half of the Center's projects. About seventy five items for dissemination of
Center activities have been prepared.
Research Conference: C. Kaufman, North Carolina State University
Goals: Transfer environmental research information from Sunbelt
university and government laboratories to regional industries.
Rationale: There is a very large amount of relatively unknown, steadily
developing environmental research underway at universities and research
institutions. It is important for industry and government personnel to
better understand these efforts since few resources exist to duplicate this
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research. Thus, a regional research conference and compendium were
selected to bridge this information transfer need.
Approach: A series of invited plenary lectures on current environmental
legislative activities and selected research topics were complimented with
a poster session.
Status: A two-day regional conference, the First Annual Exposition:
Environmental Research in The Sunbelt -- 1989, was held in Raleigh, NC on
November 14 and 15, 1989, with approximately 100 individuals
representing industry, academics, and government attending 11 plenary
lectures and viewing 30 posters. In addition to the plenary lectures and
poster papers, approximately 200 research summaries were received from
southeastern universities and government laboratories and included in the
conference proceedings (475 pages). These research summaries were
indexed by types of study, types of waste, regulatory media,
treatment/disposal methods, major industries affected, and key words.
Hydrofluoric Acid Reuse: D. Denny, North Carolina State University
Goals: The goal is to identify users of spent hydrofluoric acid from the
electronics industry.
Rationale: Electronics component manufacturers are hydrofluoric acid for
etching and cleaning purposes. The spent acid must be neutralized or
disposed of as a hazardous waste. Research has shown the spent acid can
be used to treat steel and aluminum. Finding a user for the spent acid
would reduce the amount of hazardous waste generated.
Approach: A survey of hydrofluoric-acid users and waste generators will
be conducted to identify potential suppliers of spent acid for aluminum
and steel treating operations. If a match can be found where the spent
acid meets the quality and volume specifications of the potential user, a
test will be set up to determine, in a commercial environment, the
technical and economic feasibility of hydrofluoric acid reuse.
Status: Two of the three companies that supplied spent hydrofluoric acid
for the research study now neutralize the spent acid waste and no longer
have a need to find a user for the spent acid. One aluminum-can
manufacturer has expressed interest in the program. One electronics
manufacturing supplies has been located to date that could satisfy the
aluminum-can manufacturer's volume or quality requirements. Work is in
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process to determine if the HF waste would be satisfactory for aluminum-
can treatment.
Hydrofluoric Acid Reuse: D. Denny, North Carolina State University
Goals: Provide training to industrial participants in compliance
procedures for all aspects of RCRA. The workshop content must be suitable
to certify students as compliant with RCRA training requirements.
Approach: The workshop, for large-quantity generators, is conducted
under the auspices of the North Carolina State University Industrial
Extension Service (IBS), the North Carolina Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources, and the NCSU Center for Waste Minimization
and Management. A workshop manual has been prepared and is updated
annually. External consultants, environmental service personnel, lawyers,
and IES staff present and interpret material in the manual and provide
supplementary material as appropriate. The workshop is two and one-half
days long with the first half-day dedicated to participants who have no
RCRA experience. Of the remaining two days, about one half day is
dedicated to waste minimization which is a new emphasis from the North
Carolina efforts in this field.
Status: The workshop has been in continuous operation for about 10
years. It is offered eight times per year at various North Carolina
locations. Typically, there are over 200 participants per year who earn
RCRA training certificates. The Center provides quality monitoring to the
small quantity generator workshops.
Workshop - Land Treatment Technology for Wastes:
M. R. Overcash, North Carolina State University
Goals: Government regulatory, municipal, and industrial personnel can
benefit by an in-depth state-of-the-art course on the use of land treatment
for wastewaters and sludges.
Rationale: There are no detailed continuing education offerings in
Regions 4 and 6 or in the U. S. on the use of land treatment technology.
With over 20,000 such systems, training, design, and compliance are
important roles for the course.
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Approach: A two-day course is taught at various locations in the U. S., by
Professor Wade Nutter of the University of Georgia. This course covers all
types of land treatment approaches and includes both the fundamentals of
design and engineering. Many of these systems are in Regions 4 & 6. The
course is linked to the American Institute of Chemical Engineers to provide
marketing and administrative functions.
Status: The course was taught three times (Houston, Philadelphia, and
Orlando).
Workshop - Prevention, Management, and Compliance of
Hazardous Wastes: M. R. Overcash, North Carolina State University
Goals: Provide continuing education to industrial and governmental
personnel regarding the field of hazardous waste management.
Rationale: With the new emphasis on waste minimization and changes in
the practices of compliance, individuals need convenient means to
understand the technologies for hazardous wastes. Individuals with newly
assigned responsibilities in this field need an overview and detailed
sources of information to perform their jobs.
Approach: A three-day course taught by Dr. Al Wentz of Argonne
National Laboratory and Mr. Don Miller with Law Environmental Services
is offered periodically across the U. S. The course is also offered at a
specific industry if enough attendees are available. Equal thirds of the
course are on minimization, treatment, and containment/remediation, thus
matching the structure of the Center.
Status: The course was taught six times (Houston, Philadelphia, San
Francisco, Orlando, San Diego, and Chicago). The course is linked to the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers to provide marketing and
administrative functions.
Waste Minimization - Legal, Technical, Human Factors
University Education: D. Denny, North Carolina State University
Goals: The goal is to develop and implement a senior-level chemical
engineering course that will provide the necessary background for
engineering students to design, sell, and implement a waste reduction
program in an industrial environment.
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Rationale: Current engineering curricula emphasize the techniques and
controls necessary to manufacture profitable products. Most major
companies are now committed to manufacturing those products in a
socially responsible manner. The waste reduction course is consistent with
this attitude and supplements the rest of the engineering curriculum.
Approach: An advisory committee has been formed consisting of
representatives from academia, state government, federal government,
national industry, state industry, and environmental groups. The course
responsibilities include reviewing the course outline and associated
instructional materials and providing constructive input regarding
improvement of those materials.
Status: The course outline was prepared and sent to the advisory
committee for comment. The course materials was assembled over the
spring semester during which the course was taught on an experimental
basis. Twenty-five students completed the course. Feedback from the
students indicated a very useful component of the course was a real-world
case study of a manufacturing facility. The students actually performed a
site audit and proposed waste reduction alternatives to the company that
participated in the program. Delays in receiving materials from the
company, precluded a detailed engineering and cost analysis of the
proposed pollution reduction techniques. That problem will be remedied
in the planned second offering of the course in the spring of 1991. Course
materials are in the process of being documented and summarized. These
materials will be sent to the advisory committee for review when
completed.
Integration of Pollution Prevention in Core Chemical Engineering
Curriculum: D. Denny, North Carolina State University
Goals: As a part of basic chemical engineering principal courses, the
concept of illustrating this knowledge to develop means to reduce pollution
in manufacturing processes can be a useful part of university education.
Rationale: There are numerous instructional elements in chemical
engineering courses. Practical examples, involving independent evaluation
by students or teams, are effective in university teaching. Since the
concept of pollution prevention is prevalent in industry, which typically
hire these students, the opportunity to include case studies was
appropriate.
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Approach: A first course was a junior offering and the waste
minimization issue was finish oils from a textile mill. The textile mill was
visited. Information was obtained that described the amount of waste oil
generated and the reasons why the oil was discarded and not reused.
Several alternate uses, such as burning as fuel, recycling, and use in fabric
softener formulations were identified. The source and causes of the waste
generation were also evaluated, and several options to reduce the amount
of waste oil through process changes were also identified.
A second offering was a senior design course and the recovery of
methylene chloride from polyurethane foam plants was undertaken.
Options proposed for reducing exposure to emissions from the plant
included tall stacks, containment of the foam manufacturing process with a
reduced air flow followed by either condensers, carbon adsorption or
incineration of the off-gas stream. Preliminary economic analysis showed
tall stacks to be the least-costly option to comply with the state of North
Carolina air toxics pollution laws. Work is proceeding to find an industrial
site where the containment and reduced-plant air flow portion of the
proposed solution can be tested. The objective would be to demonstrate
the economically recoverable concentrations of methylene chloride can be
generated in stacks without exceeding OSHA in-plant limits for TDI.
A third course is an advanced undergraduate/graduate student
seminar series. Emphasis is given to waste minimization and management
for both hazardous and low-level radioactive wastes.
Status: These courses demonstrated the viability of using pollution
prevention to illustrate chemical engineering principles. The junior course
(Spring 1989) had 45 students while the senior course (Fall 1989) had 15
students. The seminar course had about 25 students. The magnitude of
instructional effort and the industry participation were high as this was a
developmental effort in training.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES
Giam, C. S., T. L. Holliday, J. L. Williams, R. R. Weller, and J. A.
Mayernik. 1990. "Laser Desorption-Ionization FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry:
DNA-Adduct Bases, Nucleosides and Nucleotides". Marine Environmental
Research. Vol. 28, pp. 309-312.
Donovan R., A. C. Clayton, D. J. Riley, and R. G. Carbonell. V. B. Menon,
"Investigating Particle Deposition Mechanisms on Wafers Exposed to
Aqueous Baths," Microcontamination. August, 25-29, 1990.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED
Donnelly, K. C., C. S. Anderson, J. C. Thomas, K. W. Brown, D. J. Manek,
and S. H. Safe. 1990. "Mutagenic Potential of Soil Samples From a Wood-
Preserving Bioremediation Facility," Submitted to Journal of Hazardous
Materials.
Riley, D. J., and R. G. Carbonell. "Liquid-Based Particle Deposition: An
Investigation of Double-Layer Effects Using Hydrophilic Silicon Wafers,"
Microcontamination. in press.
ARTICLES IN BOOKS, PROCEEDINGS, AND OTHER JOURNALS
Kozub, D., and J. R. Stone. "An Expert Support System for Routing
Hazardous Materials by Trucks," Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on
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Kaufman, C. M. and M. R. Overcash, "Waste Minimization Strategy in
the Manufacture of Flexible Polyurethane Foams" in Proceedings of the
International Association of Clean Technologies Conference. Washington,
DC, June 1990.
Jurczak, D., Training Course Description: "Hazardous Waste
Workshop," 20 Articles, Newspaper, and Radio, 1990.
Jurczak, D. Environmental Conference Topics, 4 Articles, Industry
and Public Journals, 1990.
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Jurczak, D. Training Course Description: "Minimization of Hazardous
Waste Workshop," 10 Articles, Newspaper and Radio, 1990.
"NCSU Engineers Seeking Wafer-Cleaning Options," September 1989,
Special to Microcontamination. (Santa Monica, CA).
"NCSU Research Team Seeking Answers to Dioxin Issues," September
1989, Special to American Paper Convention Daily. (Park Ridge, IL).
"NCSU Research Develops New Recovery Method for Foam-Blowing
Agents," October 1989, sent to Modern Plastics. (New York, NY) and Plastics
World. (Newton, MA).
"Conference Highlights Hazardous Substance Research In Southeast,"
November 1989, sent to Chemical Engineering Progress. (New York, NY)
and Oil and Gas Journal. (Tulsa, OK).
"Helping Industry Help the Environment," December 1989, Special To
Research Initiatives For The New Decade. (NCSU, Raleigh, NC).
"Waste-Reduction Researchers Seeking Industrial Support," January
1990, Special to NCSU College of Engineering Newsletter. (Raleigh, NC).
"NCSU Environmental Researchers Aided In Weapons Complex
Study," March 1990, sent to The Chemical Engineer. (Rugby, England) and
Waste Tech News. (Denver, CO).
"NCSU Waste Reduction Research Keeps Industrial Budgets In Mind,"
March 1990, sent to Forbes. (New York, NY) and Wall Street Journal. (New
York, NY).
"Waste Reduction Researchers Seeking Cooperation And Industrial
Support," April 1990, sent to League of Women Voters. (Washington, DC).
"NCSU Engineer Testifies In Congress For Stronger Pollution
Prevention Steps," April 1990, sent to Chemical Processing. (Chicago, IL)
and Chemical Business. (Massapequa, NY).
"NCSU-Based Minimization Center Targets Industrial Waste
Reduction," April 1990, sent to Chemical and Engineering News.
(Washington, DC) and National Geographic News Service. (Washington, DC)
and National Geographic News Service. (Washington, DC).
153
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"NCSU Engineer Studies Jet Sprays For Cleaning Chemical Reactors,"
July 1990, sent to Advanced Manufacturing Technology. (Fort Lee, NJ),
Chemical Engineering. (New York, NY) and Food Engineering. (Radnor, PA).
"NCSU-Based Minimization Center Targets Industrial Waste
Reduction," July 1990, sent to U. S. News & World Report. (Washington, DC)
and Technical Insights, Inc., (Fort Lee, NJ).
"NCSU Waste Reduction Research Keeps Industrial Budgets In Mind,"
July 1990, sent to Technical Insights. Inc.. (Fort Lee, NJ).
"NCSU-Based Research Center Explores Ways to Reduce Waste,
Improve Processes," August 1990, special to North Carolina Magazine.
(Raleigh, NC).
"NCSU Engineer Studies Jet Sprays For Cleaning Chemical Reactors,"
September 1990, sent to Mullmagazin. (Berlin, Germany).
"NCSU-Based Minimization Center Targets Industrial Waste
Reduction," September 1990, sent to Mullmagazin. (Berlin, Germany)
"How to Join the Center," September 1990, sent to Mullmagazin.
(Berlin, Germany).
Riley, D. J., and R. G. Carbonell, "The Deposition of Liquid-Based
Contaminants onto Silicon Surfaces." 1990 Proceedings of the Institute of
Environmental Sciences. New Orleans, LA. April 23-27, 224-228. 1990.
Riley, D. J., and R. G. Carbonell. "The Deposition of Liquid-Base
Contaminants onto Hydrophilic Silicon Surfaces." TECHNON '90. San Jose,
CA, October 16-18, 1990.
PROJECT REPORTS
Jefcoat, I., and M. Overcash, "Research Needs for Waste Minimization,"
Gulf Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center. Beaumont, TX, p. 46,
1990.
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THESES/DISSERTATIONS
Kozub, D. "An Expert Support System for Routing Hazardous
Materials by Trucks, Masters Thesis," Department of Civil Engineering.
North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC. June 1990.
CONFERENCES
First Annual Exposition: Environmental Research in the Sunbelt
1989, Raleigh, NC, November 14-15, 1989.
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GREAT PLAINS/ROCKY MOUNTAIN
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
PARTICIPANTS
DIRECTOR:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
DIRECTOR:
Kansas State University
Montana State University
University of Iowa
University of Missouri
University of Montana
University of Nebraska
University of Utah
Larry E. Erickson, Ph.D.
Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous
Substance Research Center
Durland Hall
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506-5102
Phone: 913/532-5584 Fax: 913/532-7810
Richard Hayter, Ph.D.
Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous
Substance Research Center
Engineering Extension Service
Ward Hall
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506-5111
Phone: 913/532-6026 Fax: 913/532-6952
THE CENTER AT A GLANCE
Kansas State University (KSU) leads the seven-institution consortium
comprising the Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance
Research Center for federal Regions 7 and 8. The other universities are
Montana State University, and the universities of Iowa, Missouri, Montana,
Nebraska, and Utah. All of these states are located in region pair 7/8, as
are Colorado, Wyoming, and the Dakotas. The Center was established in
February 1989 to conduct research on the identification, treatment and
reduction of hazardous substances resulting from agriculture, forestry,
mining, mineral processing, and other activities of local interest. The
Center has a major research focus on soils and soil contamination and
remediation.
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The States in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains region have a
curious diversity of interests. This results from the grouping of mineral-
rich states, such as Colorado and Utah, with the states of the great plains
and chaparral, whose economic foundations rest on agriculture and animal
husbandry. The Center defined its original mission in terms of these
wide-ranging activities and has undertaken research in the following
areas:
• Soil and water contamination by heavy metals and other sources;
• Simplified methods for analyzing contaminated soil;
• Safe concentration;
• Hazardous waste minimization; and
• Incineration, biodegradation, and immobilization technology.
GREAT PLAINS/ROCKY MOUNTAIN
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
Research Project Distribution
(Number of Projects)
18%
Technology Transfer
and Training (7)
^^~^ 24%
2% / : ^^^^^ Heavy Metal (10)
Other (1),
18%
Analysis/Treatment (7) / 38%
Organic Chemical
Contamination of Soil (16)
Major Focus: Based on the recommendation of the Science Advisory
Commitee in May, 1990, a decision was made to assign the highest priority
to research on soil and processes to clean up contaminated soil. Research
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Major Focus: Based on the recommendation of the Science Advisory
Commitee in May, 1990, a decision was made to assign the highest priority
to research on soil and processes to clean up contaminated soil. Research
proposals were requested based on the following needs and problems
which are listed here in order of their priority based on the current
mission of the Center:
• Soil and water contaminated by heavy metals such as cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, and zinc associated with mining wastes and
other industrial activities. Mine tailings from past mining operations
have resulted in contaminated surface and groundwater;
• Soil and groundwater contaminated by organic chemicals from a
variety of sources. Wood preservatives including pentachlorophenol
and creosote, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon
tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and other chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbon, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxin
have been identified as priority substances for research. Numerous
pesticides have been identified to be hazardous substances; the fate
and transport of pesticides are of particular interest because of the
agricultural orientation of Regions 7 and 8. A general need exists for
research to develop treatment technologies to clean up contaminated
soil;
• Development of improved methods for analysis of contaminated soil.
Simple inexpensive analyses are desired; and
• Development of innovative treatment technologies for remediation of
contaminated soil and for rendering wastes nonhazardous.
The Center is supporting research projects at two non-consortium
institutions within the region-pair through contracts. Less than 10% of the
Center's funds are allocated for projects at the University of Colorado and
Utah State University. Training and technology transfer events offered by
consortium universities and other institutions are listed in the newsletter.
The Center is headed by Dr. Larry E. Erickson, Professor of Chemical
Engineering at KSU. Dr. Erickson is assisted primarily by Dr. Richard
Hayter, of KSU's Engineering Extension Service, who oversees the conduct
of the Center's training and technology transfer program.
Researchers from several specialties interact through the Center,
bringing a diversity of perspectives to address complex problems
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associated with hazardous substances. Table 1 provides a list of key
personnel from each participating consortium institution.
TABLE 1: KEY PERSONNEL IN THE CENTER
Kansas State
P.L. Barnes
B.R. Biles
L.E. Erickson
L.T. Fan
R.E. Faw
S.J. Galitzer
L.A. Glasgow
Hayter
Klabunde
Pierzynski
Schlup
Schwab
Steichen
Walawender
Wang
University
R.B.
K.J.
G.M.
J.R.
A.P.
J.M.
W.P.
C.K.
University of Missouri
S.H. Anderson
R.K. Bajpai
S.K. Banerji
B.J. Brazos
T.E. Clevenger
C.O. Harbourt
E.J. Hinderberger
S. Kapila
J.T. O'Connor
T.J. O'Keefe
R.L. Peyton
D.S. Viswanath
J.L. Watson
A.F. Yanders
Montana State
W.G. Characklis
F.D. Culver
A.B. Cunningham
D.J. Dollhopf
R.S. Hunter
W.L. Jones
Z. Lewandowski
University of Iowa
D.T.
B.C.
G.F.
J.L.
R.L.
Gibson
Kross
Parkin
Schnoor
Valentine
University of Montana
J.J. Bromenshenk
University of Nebraska
B.C. Dickey
M.W. Gilliland
G.B. Keefer
W.E. Kelly
D.P. Shelton
C.W. Walton
University of Utah
S. Ghosh
The Center benefits from guidance supplied by a Science Advisory
Committee which meets twice a year and a Training and Technology
Transfer Advisory Committee. The members of these committees are
listed in Table 2 and 3.
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TABLE 2:
MEMBER
Dr. Joseph Fernandes
Dr. John Wilson
Dr. Dermont Bouchard
Dr. Thomas Holloway
Dr. Henry Schroeder
Dr. Makram Suidan
Dr. David Constant
Dr. Robert Ahlert
Dr. Dunja Grbic-Galic
Dr. Richard Speece
Dr. Randy Freeman
Mr. Dennis Murphey
Dr. Eddie Hsu
Dr. Hugh Stirts
Dr. Robert Peters
SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
AFFILIATION
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA, Region 7
U.S. EPA, Region 7
U.S. EPA, Region 8
University of Cincinnati
EXPERTISE
Chemical engineer
Microbiologist; soil micro-
biology
Soil scientist
Chemist
Microbiologist; mining
wastes
Environmental
engineering
Louisiana State University Hazardous waste
engineering; chemical
engineering
Rutgers University
Stanford University
Vanderbilt University
Monsanto Chemical
Company
Roberts/Schornick and
Associates
Shell Oil Company
DOD, Air Force
Argonne National
Laboratory
Chemical engineering
Microbiologist
Environmental
engineering
Chemical engineering
Biochemistry
Chemical engineering
Environmental science
Chemical and
environmental
engineering
Chair
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TABLE 3:
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND TRAINING
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MEMBER
Richard Bauer
Tom Blewett
Dave Finley
Felix Flechas
Gil Greenwood
Tom Gross
Ray Haner
Dave Henney
William Hotchkiss
Vonni Kallemeyn
John Konefes
Jack Lonsinger*
Rusty Lundberg
Chet McLaughlin
Edward Mead
Keith Potts
Richard Scalf
Richard Schlenker
AFFILIATION
Industry
State Government
State Government
USEPA
Industry
State Government
Industry
USAF
USGS Government
State Government
Industry
Industry
State Government
USEPA
Industry
Industry
USEPA
State Government
EXPERTISE
Industrial processes
State regulation
management
State regulation
management
Federal program
management
Industrial processes
State regulation
management
Industrial processes
Industrial processes
Industrial processes
State regulation
management
Industrial processes
Industrial processes
State regulation
management
Federal program
management
Industrial processes
Industrial processes
Federal program
management
State regulation
management
Chair
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TABLE 3: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND TRAINING
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
(CONTINUED)
MEMBER
Martin Schock
David Shorr
Joan Sowinski
John Stanton
Rich Steimle
Roger Thorvilson
AFFILIATION
State Government
State Government
State Government
USEPA
USEPA
State Government
EXPERTISE
State regulation
management
State regulation
management
State regulation
management
Federal program
management
Federal program
management
State regulation
management
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TABLE 4: CENTER FUNDING
FUNDING SOURCES FY1990* FUNDS TO DATE
EPA: Centers $926,080 $2,926,080
Program
EPA: Other 70,000 70,000
Other Govt: Federal 250,000 250,000
Other Govt: State
Consortium 774,961 2,305,029
Private Sector 16.000 26.000
TOTAL $2,037,041 $5,577,109
*Oct. 1, 1989 - Sept. 30, 1990 Fiscal Year
TABLE 5: STUDENT SUPPORT
STUDENT LEVEL NUMBER* FUNDS TO DATE**
Undergraduate 9 $20,000
Graduate 18 523,000
Post Doctoral _3_ 45.000
TOTAL 30 $588,000
*Full-Time Equivalents
**Includes Tuition and Travel (Rounded Values)
The diversity of the region-pair's interests and the large geographic
area represented are further reflected in the training and technology
transfer program the Center currently supports. Much of the Center's
efforts are dedicated to the support of activities which can reach large
audiences with a minimum of resources. For instance, the Center collects
audio and video training materials relating to hazardous substances and
makes these materials available for loan, seven issues of the newsletter
HazTech Transfer have been disseminated throughout the region-pair, an
information clearinghouse has been established and general public
education efforts are underway. These activities, augmented by some
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carefully selected special audience functions, provide for the dissemination
of needed technical information across this large and varied area.
The Center's base support comes from USEPA. However, the
participating schools have all made substantial contributions as well.
Contributions have been received from individuals and private industry.
The U.S. Department of Energy is partially supporting several research
projects. It is hoped that private industry and other public sector
organizations will find the center concept attractive and will contribute
additional funds in the future. The Center's funding is summarized in
Table 4.
CENTER DIRECTOR'S REPORT
Establishing the Center has provided a focal point for hazardous
substances research, training, and technology transfer in the Great Plains
and Rocky Mountain area of federal Regions 7 and 8. A long-term goal is
to serve the needs of the 10-state area using as many of the available
resources within the region-pair as possible. Through personal visits, the
newsletter, telephone calls, and direct mailings, Center staff have
emphasized inclusiveness and the idea of "working together for a better
environment." Center personnel have made visits to all of the consortia
universities, several other universities, the EPA regional offices, other state
and federal offices. And a variety of professional gatherings and
conferences have been sponsored and attended. Approximately 5,000
individuals have benefitted directly through the center activities.
Many of the research and technology transfer and training projects
currently underway were selected prior to the designation of the Center,
based on our understanding of the priorities within the region-pair, plus
the particular strengths brought to the Center by the participating
consortia universities. The advisory committees have been most valuable
in guiding the Center in selecting research and technology transfer and
training areas to pursue. The decision to assign the highest priority to
research on soil and processes to clean up contaminated soil reflects the
desire of the science advisory committee for the Center to have a major
focus. Several new projects, which reflect the priority on soil-related
research, have been approved for funding.
One other aim of the Center is to use the resources provided by
USEPA to solicit support for academic environmental research from other
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federal agencies, states, and private industry. Representatives from the
U.S. Department of Energy expressed interest in participating in Center
activities in the Summer of 1989. They have reviewed research proposals,
selected projects which are of interest to the Department of Energy,
presented information at our annual conference on their research needs
and programs, and provided $250,000 to partially fund eight research
projects.
HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1990
One of the most important aspects of research is to report the results
so that they are available to other professionals and practitioners for their
use. A new book, Biofilms. edited by William G. Characklis and Kevin C.
Marshall, was published by John Wiley in 1990; a review appeared in the
July 1990 issue of HazTech Transfer. The Proceedings of the 1989
Conference on Hazardous Waste Research were published in November
1989; eleven papers describing work which was partially supported by the
Center were included. The Proceedings of the 1990 Conference on
Hazardous Waste Research will be published; it contains more than 500
pages. Most of the researchers supported by the Center presented their
work at the 1990 Conference.
The Center co-sponsored the February 20-21, 1990, Cluster of
Conferences and assisted with publicity; four conferences "Agricultural
Impacts on Ground Water Quality," "Ground Water Geochemistry," "Ground
Water Management and Wellhead Protection," and "Environmental Site
Assessments: Case Studies and Strategies" were held, simultaneously. The
Proceedings of the 1990 Cluster of Conferences were distributed at the
February Conferences in Kansas City; this 953 page volume entitled Ground
Water Management is available from the National Water Well Association.
The Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers co-sponsored
this conference.
Dr. Gary B. Keefer submitted a final project report for the project
entitled "Metal Recovery and Reuse Using an Integrated Vermiculite Ion
Exchange - Acid Recovery System." The work has been presented at three
conferences and submitted for publication. This metal recovery process
appears to be economically competitive for treating zinc at concentrations
below 25 mg/liter. Strong Lite Manufacturing of Pine Bluff, Arkansas has
expressed interest in commercializing the process.
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Dr. J.L. Schnoor at the University of Iowa, is directing an investigation
of the effects of trees on the bioremediation of contaminated soil and
groundwater. He has planted deep-rooted poplar trees at a field site in
Iowa where experiments with atrazine and alachlor show that vegetative
buffer strips can alter contaminant fate in the subsurface environment.
The uptake of nitrate and the pesticides was significant, especially for a
plot planted densely with poplar trees. An objective of this research is to
reduce the amount of nitrates and pesticides reaching streams by planting
plants and trees along water way channel banks. Planting, fertilizing, and
watering plants and trees at sites contaminated with organic compounds to
achieve in-situ bioremediation is a potential, low-cost solution.
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TABLE 6
GREAT PLAINS/ROCKY MOUNTAIN
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
PROGRAM SUMMARY
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
PROJECT
END
DATE
HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SOIL/WATER
Clevenger/
Hinderberger
Keefer
Ghosh
O'Keefe/
Watson
Hansen/
Stevens
Walton
Lewandowski
Faw/
Wang
Reclamation of Metal 1992
and Mining Contami-
nated Superfund Sites
Using Sewage Sludge/
Fly Ash Amendments
Metal Recovery and 1990
Reuse Using an Inte-
grated Vermiculite Ion
Exchange - Acid Recovery
System
Removal of Heavy Metals 1991
from Hazardous Wastes by
Protein Complexation for
Their Ultimate Recovery
and Reuse
The Characterization and 1991
Treatment of Hazardous
Materials from Metal Mineral
Processing Wastes
Optimal Bioreactor Design 1991
for Biological Removal
of Mercury
An Electrochemical Method 1992
for Acid Mine Drainage
Remediation and Metals
Recovery
Heavy Metals Removal 1992
from Dilute Aqueous
Solutions Using Biopolymers
Neutron Activation 1991
Analysis for Heavy Metal
Contaminants in the
Environment
CURRENT
BUDGET
$76,000
$14,000
$70,000
$76,000
$76,000
$72,000
$44,000
$32,000
TOTAL
BUDGET
$147,000
$54,000
$140,000
$129,000
$76,000
$72,000
$44,000
$32,000
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PRINCIPAL END CURRENT TOTAL
INVESTIGATOR PROJECT DATE BUDGET BUDGET
Pierzynski/ Reducing Heavy Metal 1992 $42,000 $42,000
Schwab Availability to Perennial
Grasses and Row-Crops
Grown on Contaminated
Soils and Mine Spoils
Dollhopf Sulfide Size and 1992 $68,000 $68,000
Morphology Identification
ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION OF SOIL/WATER
Banerji Migration and Biodegrada- 1992 $116,000 $224,000
Bajpai of Pentachlorophenol in
Soil Environment
Yanders/ Time Dependent Movement 1992 $112,000 $217,000
Kapila of Dioxin and Related
Compounds in Soil
Schnoor/ Modeling Dissolved Oxygen, 1991 $99,000 $238,000
Parkin Nitrate, and Pesticide
Contamination in the Subsurface
Environment
Glasgow Vadose Zone Decontamina- 1992 $41,000 $73,000
tion by Air Injection
Schlup Adsorption of Hazardous 1991 $32,000 $60,000
Substances onto Soil
Constituents
Illangasekare Distribution and Recovery 1992 $95,000 $95,000
of Refinery Waste Products
in Groundwater Aquifers:
Experimental Study and
Model Evaluation
Ghosh Biodetoxification of 1992 $131,000 $131,000
Hazardous Solid Wastes by
Staged Anaerobic Fermentation
Conducted at Separate Redox
and pH Environments
Schnoor/ Deep-Rooted Poplar Trees 1993 $70,000 $70,000
Licht as an Innovative Treatment
Technology for Pesticide
and Toxic Organics Removal
from Groundwater
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PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
Schnoor/
Licht
Dickey/
Shelton/
Steichen/
Barnes
Parkin/
Gibson
Erickson/
Fan
Kross
O'Connor/
Brazos
END
DATE
1993
1992
PROJECT
The Role of Deep-Rooted
Poplar Trees in Adding
Organic Carbon to the
Soil for Pesticides and
Toxic Organic Removal
Alachlor and Atrazine
Losses from Runoff and
Erosion in the Blue
River Basin
Feasibility of In-Situ 1992
Anaerobic Bioreclamation
of Mixtures of Toxic
Chemicals; Feasibility of
Using Genetically Engineered
Bacteria To Degrade Trichloroe-
thylene in Activated-Sludge
Systems
Development of In-Situ 1992
Biodegradation Technology
Removal of Nitrogenous 1991
Pesticides from Rural Well
Water Supplies by Enzymatic
Ozonation Process
The Response of Natural 1991
Groundwater Bacteria to
Groundwater Contamination
by Gasoline in a Karst Region
CURRENT
BUDGET
$31,000
TOTAL
BUDGET
$31,000
$163,000
$163,000
$63,000
$170,000
$77,000
$57,000
$145,000
$160,000
$61,000
Characklis/ In-Situ Bioremediation
Jones/ of Organic Groundwater
Cunningham/ Contaminants
Lewandowski
1992
Hunter/
Culver
Computer Method to Estimate 1990
Safe Level Water Quality
Concentrations
$152,000
$0
$61,000
$247,000
$28,000
ANALYSIS/TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
Klabunde Nano-Scale Metal Oxide
Particles as Reagents for
Destruction and Immobiliza-
tion of Hazardous Substances
1993
$53,000
$53,000
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PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
Valentine
Peyton/
Anderson
Fan
Walawender/
Fan
Viswanath/
Kapila/
Clevenger
Parkin
END
PROJECT DATE
In-Situ Soil and Aquifer 1993
Decontamination Using
Hydrogen Peroxide and
Fenton's Reagent
Simulation of Three- 1992
Dimensional Transport of
Hazardous Chemicals in
Heterogeneous Porous Media
Using X-Ray Computed
Tomography
Experimental Study of 1992
Stabilization/Solidification of
Hazardous Substances
Thermochemical Treatment 1992
of Hazardous Wastes
Development, Characteriza- 1992
tion, and Evaluation of
and Evaluation of Adsorbent
Materials for Waste Streams
The Effect of Redox Condi-
tions on Transformations
of Carbon Tetrachloride
1991
CURRENT
BUDGET
$60,000
$76,000
$53,000
$79,000
$158,000
$31,000
TOTAL
BUDGET
$60,000
$76,000
$98,000
$149,000
$305,000
$31,000
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Fan
Computer-Aided Design and 1992
Control of Systems for
Treatment of Hazardous Waste
and Minimization of Waste
Production
$87,000
$138,000
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Hayter
Hayter
Biles
Hayter
HSRC Newsletter, HazTech 1992 $42,000
Audio and Video Training 1992 $8,000
Technology Data Base 1992 $17,000
HSRC Contribution 1992 $19,000
Repository and Information
Clearinghouse
$76,000
$12,000
$18,000
$26,000
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PRINCIPAL END CURRENT TOTAL
INVESTIGATOR PROJECT DATE BUDGET BUDGET
Hayter Video Conference 1992 $44,000 $44,000
Hayter Conferences 1992 $54,000 $96,000
Harbourt Introduction to Hazardous 1992 $62,000 $179,000
Waste Management
Gilliland/ Hazardous Waste Manage- 1991 $78,000 $128,000
Kelly ment in Rural Communities
in EPA Regions 7 and 9
RESEARCH PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
HEAVY METALS
Reclamation of Metal and Mining Contaminated Superfund Sites
Using Sewage Sludge/Fly Ash Amendment: T.E. Clevenger,
University of Missouri-Columbia and E.J. Hinderberger, University of
Missouri, Environmental Trace Substances Research Center.
Goals: The objectives of this study are to determine the feasibility of
using sewage sludge and fly ash as a method of reclaiming Superfund
metal-contaminated sites.
Rationale: Through the use of a mixture of sludge and fly ash, it is
possible to increase the organic content of the soil. As a result, plant cover
can be established, pH is increased, and the mobility and availability of
metals are controlled.
Approach: An old, abandoned lead tailings pile in Desloge, Missouri has
been selected for the study site. This site is unusual because of the
presence of a pristine Ozark stream running along the edge of the tailings
pile and the use of part of the site as the St. Francois County sanitary
landfill. Samples have been obtained and initial analyses completed.
Speciation methods as well as total metal analysis are being used to
evaluate the potential for mobilization of the metals in the tailings piles.
Because the chemical form is critical in predicting mobility and toxicity, the
investigators felt that total metal analysis would not provide enough
information. The principal investigator has developed an extraction
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scheme that will selectively extract several different lead compounds
(PbSC>4 , PbCO3, PbO, PbS). This method and X-ray diffraction are being
used to determine chemical forms. Preliminary results indicate that the
predominant forms of lead in the tailings are oxide and sulfide. Column
studies were conducted to determine the effect of adding fly ash and
sewage sludge to the Desloge lead tailings.
During the course of this project, the investigators have been told of the
importance of their speciation work by many different scientists (federal,
state and industry). The development of a valid method for speciation has
become one of the primary goals of the project.
Status: The project has been moving forward smoothly. Results indicate
that the fly ash changed the availability of the metals, primarily to
unavailable forms. However, it was observed that at the high pH (12)
which was produced by the leachate from the fly ash and tailings columns,
the leachate contained 5-20 ppm lead, depending upon sample, while the
control column of tailings alone gave a leachate of about 0.1 ppm (pH 7).
Lead is forming a hydroxide complex and actually is more soluble at pH 12
than pH 7.
The Desloge site has been sampled during each of the two years of the
project. During the last year, samples from southwest Missouri (Tri-State
mining region) have been obtained. The tailings are different from those
at Desloge. They contain more Zinc and Cadmium. Typical samples from
southeast Missouri have been compared to two typical Tri-State samples.
The speciation of each has been evaluated and the significance of the
difference is currently being studied.
Client/Users: The results of this work are of interest to other
researchers, regulatory personnel, and those responsible for the
remediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals.
Metal Recovery and Reuse Using an Integrated Vermiculite Ion
Exchange-Acid Recovery System: G.B. Keefer, University of Nebraska-
Lincoln.
Goal: The Goal of this research is to evaluate and optimize a system for
zinc recovery and reuse from plating wastewaters or contaminated
groundwater.
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Rationale: The metal plating process currently creates large quantities of
metal-contaminated waste (pickle liquor). This wastewater is commonly
treated by neutralization resulting in the production of metal laden waste
sludges. The research evaluated a system for metal recovery for reuse in
the plating process while producing a nonhazardous liquid waste stream
and a spent vermiculite which could also be disposed as a nonhazardous
material.
Approach: A system which uses a multiple countercurrent, vermiculite,
and ion exchange column treatment process has been developed to treat
zinc plating wastewaters or zinc contaminated groundwaters. Three
columns are used in series, with the pH of the influent wastewater to each
being adjusted progressively higher to aid in the zinc removal process. In
addition, as the columns become expended on the front end of the system,
they have been exposed to the lowest system pH. This pH adjustment
scheme therefore, aids in both the metal removal process and in the acid
recovery of the zinc by minimizing the acid requirement. Once the
columns are exhausted, they are acid leached for zinc recovery.
Status: The results of a series of batch experiments show that the
exchange capacity increases as the pH is increased. Confined, fixed-bed ion
exchange columns gave better results than columns which were allowed to
expand under normal flow conditions.
Work on this project has been completed and a final report has been
submitted. The results are described in manuscripts which have been
submitted for publication. Strong Lite Manufacturing of Pine Bluff,
Arkansas has expressed interest in commercializing the process. There is
currently a proposal to continue the research with funding from Strong
Lite.
Client/Users: The results are of interest to private industry, those
developing pollution prevention technologies, and other researchers.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Hazardous Wastes by Protein
Complexation for Their Ultimate Recovery and Reuse: S. Ghosh,
University of Utah.
Goals: The overall objectives of this research were: to develop a better
understanding of the mechanisms, kinetics, and parametric dependence of
complexation of selected heavy metals with microbial proteins and
biopolymers; and to ultimately develop an innovative continuous-flow,
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bioprocess consisting of a "biotrap" for the uptake of heavy metals from
aqueous wastes and a "metal extractor" for releasing and recovering the
complexed metals, thus liberating the metal-complexing cells, organelles
and biopolymers for recirculation to the biotrap for complexing more
incoming heavy metals.
Rationale: There is an increasing public concern for the potential dangers
posed by heavy metals, metal ions, and organometallic compounds to the
environment and human health. These potentially toxic substances have
their origins in mining, mineral processing, metallurgical, and various
manufacturing operations. They are found in surface and ground waters
and in soils.
The biological approach takes advantage of the fact that many species of
bacteria, and other uni- and multi-cellular organisms have the capability
to remove heavy metals as part of their natural defense mechanism for
survival in environments contaminated with hazardous heavy metals.
Some microorganisms can remove heavy metals at high efficiencies of up
to 10% or higher in terms of mass of metals removed per unit dry weight
of cell mass. Heavy metals are complexed by various organelles
(predominantly cell wall and cell membrane), and extracellular and
intracellular biopolymers (mainly proteins, exopolysaccharides, and
lipoproteins) which offer ample anionic sites for metal uptake. The major
metal-removal mechanisms are adsorption and ion-exchange (or
chemisorption), chelation by ligand complexation, and precipitation. The
predominance of one or more of these mechanisms depends on the culture
environment, prevalent growth phase and other factors. Heavy metal
uptake efficiency is also dependent on the presence of various species of
metals, cell viability, cell acclimation, and other factors.
Approach: This research project focuses on biological metal removal and
recovery by mixed bacterial cultures. Mixed cultures are preferred since it
has been reported that metal uptakes by mixed cultures are usually higher
than those by pure cultures. Also, mixed cultures are more appropriate
because it is not practical to maintain a sterile environment in
wastewaters.
Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to this end to obtain
information on: 1) the kinetics of heavy metal uptake by aerobic and
anaerobic cultures; 2) metal removal efficiencies; 3) the effect of microbial
growth phase on metal uptake; 4) the relative importance of such removal
mechanisms as adsorption, ion-exchange, chelation and chemical
precipitation; 5) the effects of metal uptake on cell viability; 6) hierarchy
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of metal uptake; and 7) the effects of the culture environment (e.g., C/N
and C/S ratios, pH, cation concentration, substrate composition) on heavy
metal removal.
Status: Considerable progress has been made towards achieving the
objectives of the project. Work completed to date shows that unacclimated
aerobic and anaerobic cultures are capable of removing the test heavy
metals of silver, copper, cadmium, and lead rapidly at high efficiencies.
With the exception of cadmium, these heavy metals were removed in less
than half an hour of batch incubation. Even dilute bacterial suspensions
containing less than 2,000 mg/1 of dry solids could effect metal removal
efficiencies up to 9.5%. Cultures maintained in the endogenous growth
phase could remove significantly higher amounts of heavy metals than
those in the exponential growth phase indicating the importance of
exopolymers in complexing heavy metals. At low metal concentrations
(less than 50 mg/1), lead, silver, cadmium and copper were removed at
efficiencies of 23.5, 7.6, 4.1, and 3.7 mg of metal/lOOmg of protein,
respectively. However, much higher uptake efficiencies of up to 210
mg/100 mg protein were observed at higher metal concentrations. The
viability of the cultures decreased dramatically with metal uptake, but
metal uptake continued unabated despite the drop in cell viability. The
cultures exhibited the following hierarchy of metal uptake: Pb>Ag>Cd>Cu.
Client/Users: The results of this research are of interest to other
research investigators.
The Characterization and Treatment of Hazardous Materials from
Metal/Mineral Processing Wastes: TJ. O'Keefe and J.L. Watson,
University of Missouri-Rolla.
Goals: The objective of the research is to develop processing procedures
to treat waste oxides generated by mining and metals industry.
Rationale: A major problem associated with physical and chemical
processing operations involving metals and minerals is the treatment of
waste streams. This research is directed toward developing a generic
approach to the treatment of hazardous waste products from the mineral
industry.
Approach: The slags generated by lead smelters have been processed in
a small furnace to obtain a nonhazardous residue and an oxide fume
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containing zinc, cadmium, and lead. Characterization and processing
feasibility tests are being conducted on the oxide fumes.
Status: Experimental research has been carried out with three different
slags. Sulfuric acid leaching has been employed and found to be the most
adequate process for the treatment of fumes having high zinc and lead
oxides content. Other separation processes are also under investigation.
Clients/Users: The results of this research are of interest to the mining
and metals industry. Regulatory personnel have also expressed interest in
the research.
Optimal Bioreactor Design for Biological Removal of Mercury: C.L.
Hansen and D.K. Stevens, Utah State University.
Goal: Biological removal of mercury (Hg) has been adequately
demonstrated from the microbiological and biochemical viewpoint. The
goal of this aspect of the work was to characterize the fate of Hg°, and the
effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and aeration rate on disposition of
Hg°.
Rationale: Biological removal of Hg involves enzymatic reduction of Hg2 +
to Hg°. The Hg° can then be volatilized and separated from contaminated
water and sediments.
Approach: Mercury resistant bacteria were used to reduce Hg^+ as
(HgCl2) in a 1.4 liter continuous, complete mix, stirred tank reactor
(bioreactor) to Hg°. Volatile traps consisting of oxidizing solution of 3%
potassium dichromate and 14% sulfuric acid were used to remove mercury.
Aeration rates from 0.36 to 6.1 liters/liter min. were employed to test the
effect of aeration rate on Hg volatilization. Influent Hg^ + concentration
was held constant at 75 mg/liter. HRT, defined as reactor
volume/flowrate, was varied from 10 to 55 h to determine the effect of
HRT on Hg volatilization.
Status: Several experiments have been completed. The percent of
volatilized was varied from 10 to 68% of influent Hg2+ by varying HRT at
an aeration rate of 1.1 1/1-min. The correlation between HRT and percent
Hg volatilized was positive and linear with R^ = 0.97. Intense aeration of
6.1 1/1-min reduced total Hg concentration in the bioreactor to below
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detection limit (»0.5 mg/1) by inductively coupled plasma
spectrophotometry analysis.
Client/Users: Other researchers have expressed interest in this project.
Contractors and those in private industry can use this technology for
mercury recovery.
An Electrochemical Method for Acid Mine Drainage Remediation
and Metals Recovery: C.W. Walton, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Goals: The major goal of this project is to obtain the necessary
experimental information required to determine the feasibility of an
electrodialytic ion exchange (EDIX) cell-based metal recovery system as
applied to acid mine drainage. This includes the evaluation of various
process configurations and the experimental measurement of the
performance of a laboratory-scale EDIX cell and the membranes of which it
is constructed when exposed to the chemicals found in the acid mine
water.
Rationale: As a means for eliminating the problem of water
contamination and resource loss caused by acid mine drainage, a new
method for waste management has been proposed. The intent of the EDIX
cell is to minimize both of these problems. The initial design criteria is to
produce a residual wastewater stream which would meet EPA effluent
guidelines for metal content and a concentrated metal ion stream which
could be further recovered by electrowinning. The process also has direct
application to metal recovery from electroplating wastewaters.
Approach: This research project is composed of three major parts:
evaluation of individual membrane performance, EDIX laboratory-cell
performance, and projected economic performance and scaleup, Dow
Chemical Company was contacted to obtain cation permeable membranes
and negotiations on a secrecy agreement were initiated (Dow plans to
donate the membrane to the project.) Bipolar membranes and additional
cell stacks are still being obtained, also. The Lincoln Plating Company
(Lincoln, Neb.) has generously offered in-kind donation of analytical
services. This will allow us to have the water samples evaluated in a
laboratory which already must meet the quality assurance requirements of
the U.S. EPA.
A more detailed literature review of existing and potential methods of
treatment for acid mine drainage (AMD) was initiated. This included
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gathering articles with information on quality assurance and work related
to AMD.
Finally, process modeling of the EDIX cell system as applied to acid mine
drainage is being pursued. The preliminary process modeling work on the
use of the EDIX cell concept for metal recovery from electroplating
rinsewater is being extended to AMD.
Status: Currently, equipment for construction of the laboratory test cell is
being obtained and assembled. Initial papers on process modeling have
been submitted for publication. A database of literature references has
been constructed.
Client/Users: The results of this research are of interest to industry,
regulatory personnel, and other researchers. Several companies have
already expressed interest in the research.
Heavy Metals Removal from Dilute Aqueous Solutions Using
Biopolymers: Z. Lewandowski, Montana State University.
Goal: The goal of this work is to develop a theoretical basis for designing
metal biosorption processes. The metal binding properties of
microorganisms and polymer extracts from microorganisms will be studied
and compared. Tools to study the kinetics of metal-biopolymer binding
will be developed.
Rationale: Knowledge of both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of
metal binding are needed to evaluate biosorption as a process for heavy
metals removal and to design large scale processes.
Approach: Two major approaches are used to describe the biopolymer-
metal binding process: adsorption and complexation. Both models perform
well when a polymer has a limited number of metal binding sites and the
binding sites have equal or similar affinity for the metal. In more complex
cases, where the polymer has many binding sites of different affinities for
the metal, neither model is adequate. A binding model based on the multi-
equilibrium reaction between polymer and metal satisfactorily describes
the polymer-metal binding process. The model assumes that all
interactions between metal and biopolymer can be described as chemical
binding.
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Status: A model which describes the binding of metals to biopolymers has
been developed. A technique to experimentally investigate the kinetics of
heavy metal binding has been developed.
Client/Users: The results are of interest to other researchers, private
industry, and regulatory personnel.
Neutron Activation Analysis for Heavy-Metal Contaminants in
the Environment: R.E. Faw, and C.K. Wang, Kansas State University.
Goals: The goal of this research is the determination of the extent to
which instrumental neutron activation analysis might contribute to the
characterization of hazardous waste sites through the analysis of soils and
other solids for heavy metal content.
Rationale: A need exists for inexpensive rapid methods of instrumental
analyses to identify hazardous contaminants in soils and other solids.
Instrumental neutron activation analysis has the potential to be used for
rapid screening of multiple samples using nondestructive analyses
involving no chemical separations.
Approach: A literature review will be conducted. Protocols for
instrumental neutron activation analysis of heavy metals in soils and other
samples will be developed with special emphasis on sample collection and
mixing. Standards will be prepared and the methods will be compared to
other available methods.
Status: This is a new project.
Client/Users: The results are of interest to regulatory personnel and
contractors who need to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in
soil.
Reducing Heavy Metal Availability to Perennial Grasses and
Row-Crops Grown on Contaminated Soils and Mine Spoils:
G.M. Pierzynski and A.P. Schwab, Kansas State University.
Goals: The objective of this research is to develop and evaluate methods
to reduce heavy metal availability to grasses and crops grown on
contaminated soils and mine spoils. The relative tolerance to high
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concentrations of heavy metals of grasses and cover crops will be
evaluated.
Rationale: The soils in southeast Kansas, southwest Missouri, and
northeast Oklahoma are contaminated with heavy metals because of past
mining activities. Reclamation efforts aimed at establishing vegetation are
needed. Organic amendments, pH adjustments, increased cation exchange
capacity, soluble phosphorous additions, and dilution with uncontaminated
soil are potential methods to improve vegetation. Metal-tolerant grass
species can also be seeded.
Approach: Greenhouse studies will be conducted on soil and mine spoil
material from selected sites. Chemical, physical, and mineralogical
characterization of the soil will be carried out to determine plant nutrient
status, pH, organic matter, lime requirements, particle size analysis, clay
mineralogy, total metal content, and chelate extractable metals.
Experiments with amended soils and controls will be carried out with
several plant species.
Status: This is a new project.
Client/Users: The research is of interest to those responsible for
remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals.
Sulfide Size and Morphology Identification for Remediation of
Acid Producing Mine Wastes: D.J. Dollhopf, Montana State University.
Goals: The purpose of this research is to develop methods to predict
waste acid production at mine waste sites. Pyrite size and morphology will
be investigated.
Rationale: Acid production from mine and mill wastes has produced one
of the largest hazardous waste problems in Regions 7 and 8. Better
methods are needed to predict whether acid will be produced during site
remediation.
Approach: Sulfide size and morphology will be investigated in potentially
acid-producing mine waste. Mine waste samples containing six different
forms of pyrite morphology will be collected and their acid-producing
characteristics will be evaluated by laboratory weathering.
Status: This is a new project.
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Client/Users: The research is of interest to regulatory personnel and
contractors responsible for managing acid-producing mine wastes.
ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION OF SOIL/WATER
Migration and Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol in Soil
Environment: S.K. Banerji and R.K. Bajpai, University of Missouri-
Columbia.
Goal: The overall goal of the study is to determine the migration rate of
pentachlorophenol (PCP) in soil environment and to evaluate the feasibility
of above ground and in-situ biodegradation of PCP.
Rationale: Wood preservatives are used extensively throughout the
country. Research on the migration and biodegradation of
pentachlorophenol will be useful in developing plans to clean sites affected
by wood preservative wastes containing pentachlorophenol.
Approach: The research program for determining the migration and
biodegradation behavior of PCP in soil environment was divided into the
following parts: 1) PCP volatilization studies; 2) PCP/soil interaction
studies; 3) PCP photodegradation studies; 4) PCP biodegradation using
bacterial species; a) pure culture studies using Pseudomonas cepacia in
liquid culture and in soil system, and b) mixed culture studies using
acclimated culture from a local wastewater plant; and 5) PCP
biodegradation using the fungi, Phanerochaete crysosporium.
Status: The project has been fully functional for 14 months. The progress
made in each category is good. The goals set up for the project will be
completed as planned.
Clients/Users: Contractors and regulatory personnel can use the results
of this work in developing plans to clean up sites contaminated with wood
preservatives. The work is also of interest to other researchers.
Time Dependent Movement of Dioxin and Related Compounds in
Soil: A.F. Yanders and A. Kapila, University of Missouri, Environmental
Trace Substances Research Center.
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Goal: The primary objective of the study is to determine the rate of
migration and loss of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related
compounds under varied contamination scenarios, such as the accidental
surface contamination which occurred at Times Beach, Missouri, and the
effects of co-contaminants in the contamination of saturated, deep-soil
zones over long periods of time at wood treatment facilities.
Rationale: It is anticipated that the results obtained will aid in the design
and selection of the most appropriate mitigation strategies for sites
contaminated with dioxin and other chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Approach: The degree of translocation and loss of 2,3,7,8
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in contaminated soil is being
determined at Times Beach, the state's most extensively contaminated site.
The concentration profiles of TCDD in experimental plots and soil columns
located at the experimental site and in the laboratory are being measured.
Status: The project is on schedule. The investigators have completed the
initial laboratory studies on TCDD in soil columns. The studies involving
column exposures of higher levels of contamination at Times Beach have
been set up there and are underway. The sampling and analysis of cores
from the experimental plots at Times Beach continue to provide useful
data. This study is taking advantage of the unique opportunity to study
the behavior of dioxin in a real-world contamination situation.
The column teachability and adsorption studies have now been completed
for incubation periods of one year and the results are being tabulated.
Clients/Users: The results of this research are of interest to other
investigators, regulatory personnel, and private contractors.
Modeling Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, and Pesticide Contamination
in the Subsurface Environment: J.L. Schnoor and G.F. Parkin,
University of Iowa
Goals: The objectives of this project are three-fold: 1) to develop better
mathematical model formulations for the fate and transport of pesticides
in the unsaturated zone and saturated groundwater; 2) to perform field
and laboratory experiments on the fate and transport of alachlor and
atrazine to test the model formulations; and 3) to assess the effects of best
management practices and reduced pesticide application rates on
groundwater contamination and runoff of agricultural pesticides.
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Rationale: Both models and field studies are necessary to improve the
ability to estimate toxic organic concentrations in groundwater using
different agricultural management practices. Better kinetic formulations
that can be used in models are being developed in this work. These will be
used to assess the effects of best management practices on the fate and
transport of pesticides.
Approach: Experiments are being conducted at an instrumented field
site. Three types of plots have been examined: one of barren ground, one
planted with corn, and one covered with poplar trees. The quantitative
mass balance is based on measurements in the plants, soil, and
groundwater. The data is being used to test the model formulations.
Status: The results show that alachlor is more mobile than atrazine. It
showed greater runoff rates and percolation to the groundwater, but also
disappeared at a more rapid rate than atrazine. Atrazine was tightly
bound to the soil, especially in the small plot planted in poplar trees. The
investigators have written three research articles on the results of the field
study.
Client/Users: The results of this research are of interest to other
researchers, regulatory personnel, and all who are involved in pesticide
management.
Vadose Zone Decontamination by Air Injection: L.A. Glasgow,
Kansas State University.
Goals: The feasibility of vadose-zone soil decontamination by venting or
vacuum extraction has been proven in field demonstrations. In many
cases it is both effective and economical. The purpose of this project is to
explore methods by which alternative venting strategies can be compared
with the objective of producing more efficient process designs. This task is
obstructed by the large number of variables affecting performance of soil
venting systems.
Rationale: The efficiency of and coverage provided by air injection and
venting have not been reliably characterized. It is necessary to develop
design methods that can be used to employ air injection and venting
processes efficiently and economically to remove volatile contaminants.
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Approach: The investigators have developed a simple computer code that
can be used to calculate gas flow patterns obtained with various venting
arrangements. Numerical simulation is being used to investigate the
effects of injection and withdrawal well placements.
Status: The investigation has made considerable progress in three specific
areas: 1) A review of reported effects of contaminant partitioning among
the Non-acqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL), aqueous, vapor, and solid phases
on soil venting performance has been completed; 2) Extensive numerical
modeling of the equilibrium pressure distributions with different
extraction/injection arrangements has been completed; the systems
studied have included both vertical wells and horizontal trench extraction;
and 3) A gas-phase transport model has been developed and tested
numerically with the objective of providing a quantitative comparison of
contaminant removal rates for different operational strategies and process
designs.
Client/Users: Soil venting research results are being used at field sites
by contractors, private industry, and regulatory personnel. Other
researchers are also interested in the results of this research.
Adsorption of Hazardous Substances onto Soil Constituents:
J.R. Schlup, Kansas State University.
Goal: The objective of the research is to investigate adsorbate-adsorbent
interactions between inorganic solids representative of soil constituents
and hazardous organic compounds.
Rationale: Very little information is available on adsorbate-adsorbent
interactions involving hazardous organic compounds and soil constituents;
however, such knowledge is essential for modeling and design of
remediation processes.
Approach: The objective will be accomplished by obtaining adsorption
isotherms for these systems along with infrared spectra of the samples
obtained as a consequence of measuring the adsorption isotherms. In this
way fundamental data concerning the mechanism of adsorption (obtained
via infrared spectroscopy) can be correlated with macroscopic data of
engineering interest (the adsorption isotherms).
Status: Silica, alumina (gibbsite), kaolinite, and montmorillonite have
been chosen as the adsorbents characteristic of soil constituents to be used
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in this study. Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectra (FTIR-PAS)
have been obtained for these materials. Naphthalene, phenanthrene,
pyrene, and anthracene have been selected as model compounds
representative of PAH systems. FTIR-PAS spectra of these compounds
were obtained for use as future library spectra. The results show that
photoacoustic spectroscopy can provide Fourier transform infrared spectra
of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed onto model soil
constituents. Adsorption isotherms are being obtained for polynuclear
aromatic compounds adsorbed onto several soil constituents.
Client/Users: This research is of interest to other researchers and to
contractors involved in the design of remediation processes.
Distribution and Recovery of Refinery Waste Products in
Groundwater Aquifers: Experimental Study and Model
Evaluation: T.H. Illangasekare, University of Colorado.
Goal: The goal is to obtain a fundamental understanding of the processes
associated with the entrapment and movement of oil refinery waste
products (both LNAPL and DNAPL) in heterogeneous soil and water
systems.
Rationale: There is a lack of understanding of the physical and chemical
behavior of organic compounds in naturally heterogeneous soil and water
systems. Research is needed to understand the processes associated with
the entrapment and movement of organic liquids in soil so that better
recovery processes can be developed.
Approach: An experimental investigation of entrapment and transport
behavior of organic compounds in soil systems is being conducted. The
effectiveness of direct recovery techniques for oil products from
groundwater is being investigated. The adequacy and effectiveness of
models are being studied.
Status: Laboratory experiments have been conducted using two test
fluids and three soils in vertical columns and in two soil tanks.
Clients/Users: This research is of interest to other investigators,
regulatory personnel, and contractors. Those who investigate hazardous
chemical spills are also potential clients of this work.
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Biodetoxification of Hazardous Solid Wastes Including Heavy
Metals by Staged Anaerobic Fermentation Conducted at Separate
Redox and pH Environments: S. Ghosh, University of Utah.
Goals: The objective of the project is to develop a staged anaerobic
fermentation system for the simultaneous biodegradation of mixed solid
and hazardous organic substances with removal of heavy metals in
separated redox and pH environments of acidogenic and methanogenic
bioreactors. The staged fermentation system will consist of a solid-phase
acid fermenter operated in tandem with a packed-bed, upflow
methanogenic bioreactor. Solubilized heavy metals contained in the solid-
bed fermenter effluent will be removed, as necessary, in a metal separator.
Rationale: Large quantities of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes are
disposed of on land in landfills, mine tailings, gob piles, waste heaps, and
other deposits. Unconventional and innovative approaches to simultaneous
destruction of hazardous substances and stabilization of nonhazardous
wastes need to be explored. Biochemical treatment offers an attractive
alternative for remediation of large as well as small deposits of mixed
hazardous and nonhazardous solid wastes.
Approach: This research is aimed at developing an anaerobic
bioprocessing technology for the simultaneous destruction of hazardous
organics and inorganics, removal of heavy metals, and stabilization and
gasification of nonhazardous organic wastes. In this system, costabilization
of mixed hazardous and nonhazardous solid wastes and bioleaching of
heavy metals are accomplished in a staged, anaerobic fermentation system.
This system is designed and operated to promote solid-phase hydrolysis,
acidification, and methanogenesis at separate redox and pH environments
characteristic of the prevalent fermentation steps. This fermentation
system is expected to provide ecological niches for such degradative
reactions as hydrolysis, hydration, dehydrohalogenation, carboxylation, 6-
oxidation, reductive dehalogenation and others for solubilization,
acidification and gasification of hazardous and nonhazardous pollutants.
Status: The major activities during the last two months were concerned
with the design, fabrication, and installation of equipment, compilation of
data on about 100 hazardous substances, collection of processed municipal
solid waste, and conducting preliminary adsorption runs with two priority
pollutants, phenol and p-nitrophenol, and sterilized and unsterilized
municipal solid waste samples.
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Client/Users: The results of this work are of interest to private industry,
contractors, and regulatory personnel. Other researchers have also
expressed interest in this work.
Deep-Rooted Poplar Trees as an Innovative Treatment
Technology for Pesticide and Toxic Organics Removal from
Groundwater: J.L. Schnoor and L. A. Licht, University of Iowa.
Goals: The research has three main objectives: To determine if deep-
planted poplar trees can be grown in a riparian zone buffer strip to
remove pesticides and other toxic organic chemicals as an innovative
technology for treatment of groundwaters and contaminated soils; to
construct a mass balance on toxic organics (and pesticide inerts) in the
field, and pesticides (atrazine and alachlor) in plant growing chambers
with radio-labeled Carbon-14; to provide further mechanistic data and
kinetic formulations for a mathematical model of pesticide dynamics in the
field.
Rationale: Deep-rooted poplar trees may be used to protect groundwater
from pesticide contamination. A vegetative buffer strip at the bank of the
receiving stream may beneficially reduce the concentrations of nitrates
and pesticides.
Approach: The pesticides alachlor and atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers
have been applied at two application rates on three small plots: one grown
with corn, one with poplar trees, and one barren plot. Pesticides and
nitrate have been sampled at different depths at regular intervals after
application. Toxicity studies with other hazardous chemicals have been
conducted.
Status: The results are encouraging. Poplar cuttings have grown steadily
in concentrations of m-xylene, m-dichlorobenzene, toluene, carbon
tetrachloride, benzene, and trichloroethylene up to 120 mg/liter. Field
studies with these chemicals are in progress. Research with pesticides has
been encouraging; poplars have reduced atrazine concentrations relative to
the reference plots.
Client/Users: The results of this research are of interest to other
researchers, regulatory personnel, and all who are involved in pesticide
management.
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The Role of Deep-Rooted Poplar Trees in Adding Organic Carbon
to the Soil for Pesticides and Toxic Organics Removal: J.L. Schnoor
and L.A. Licht, University of Iowa.
Goals: The objective of this research is to investigate the enhanced rate of
biotransformation that occurs due to the addition of organic carbon from
deep-rooted poplar trees.
Rationale: Carefully conducted experiments are needed to understand
the effects of plants and trees on biodegradation processes that occur in
the root zone. This information is needed to advance the science and
application of bioremediation.
Approach: The research will be carried out in laboratory growth
chambers so that controlled and reproducible results can be obtained.
Experiments will be designed with controls to detect any stimulation of
biotransformation due to the poplar trees.
Status: This is a new project.
Client/Users: The research is of interest to those responsible for
bioremediation of contaminated soil.
Alachlor and Atrazine Losses from Runoff and Erosion in the
Blue River Basin: E.G. Dickey and D.P. Shelton, University of Nebraska-
Lincoln; J.M. Steichen and P.L. Barnes, Kansas State University.
Goals: The objectives of this research are to measure the losses of alachlor
and atrazine through runoff and erosion from cropland and to determine
relationships to tillage practice, land slope, and soil texture. The effects of
rainfall intensity and duration on herbicide losses will also be investigated.
Rationale: Conservation tillage is an effective management practice for
controlling soil erosion. It leaves at least 30% of the soil surface covered
with residue after planting. There is a need to understand the effects of
tillage practices on surface water quality.
Approach: Investigations will be conducted at four experimental sites
on farmer tilled fields that have a known pesticide and cropping history.
A clean tillage system having less than 5% cover, a conservation tillage
system having about 30% cover, and a no-till system having more than
50% cover will be evaluated at each site.
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Status: This is a new project.
Clients/Users: The results are of interest to regulatory personnel and
those responsible for pesticide management.
Feasibility of In-Situ Anaerobic Bioreclamation of Mixtures of
Toxic Chemicals: G.F. Parkin and D.T. Gibson, University of Iowa.
Goal: The goal of this research is to assess the impact of mixtures of toxic
chemicals on the biotransformation of individual organics, with toxic
organic concentrations in the range of 1 to 100 mg/liter.
Rationale: Recent research has shown that chlorinated aliphatic
compounds, such as trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride, are
degraded under anaerobic conditions. Such conditions are likely to exist at
a wide variety of Superfund sites. At the present time, very little is
known about the biodegradation of mixtures of these and related
compounds in the concentration ranges likely to be found at or near
Superfund sites (1-100 mg/1). In order to assess the feasibility of using
bioreclamation techniques, information concerning the anaerobic
biotransformation of mixtures of these compounds is required. Such
information will be useful in determining the potential for using anaerobic
biological processes for remediating contaminated soils and groundwaters.
Approach: Anaerobic biofilm reactors with glass beads or gravel are
being used to investigate the biodegradation of chloroform, methylene
chloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane alone and in combination. Acetate is
provided as a carbon and energy source. Studies will also be conducted in
soil-water systems.
Status: The project initially focused on the ability of anaerobic organisms
to degrade the target compounds under "optimal" conditions. After this
ability has been established and interactions observed, acetate
concentration was decreased because in-situ applications will obviously
require low acetate additions. The importance of acetate has been
demonstrated. Now carefully controlled kinetic studies and experiments
with soil-water systems will be conducted.
Client/Users: The results of this research are of interest to other
researchers and those who are attempting to apply bioremediation to
chlorinated hydorcarbons at hazardous waste contaminated sites.
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Feasibility of Using Genetically Engineered Bacteria to Degrade
Trichloroethylene in Activated-Sludge Systems: G.F. Parkin and
D.T. Gibson, University of Iowa.
Goal: The general goal of this research is to investigate the feasibility of
using genetically engineered bacteria to degrade trichloroethylene (TCE) in
laboratory activated-sludge reactors.
Rationale: Genetically engineered organisms may be superior to natural
populations; their addition may enhance the rate and extent of
biodegradation. This study is the first step towards assessing the
feasibility of using these types of organisms for treatment of contaminated
groundwaters.
Approach: The general project approach has been modified somewhat in
the past year due to results from preliminary experiments and constraints
imposed on the design of the reactor system used for the laboratory
studies. The research is now assessing the following: 1) addition of phenol
and/or toluene to induce the toluene dioxygenase enzyme system in a
mixed culture of organisms; 2) addition of phenol and/or toluene to a pure
culture of P.putida Fl. P.putida Fl will also be added to the mixed culture;
and 3) addition of the genetically engineered E. coli (GEEC) to the mixed
culture.
Status: Dr. Gibson and co-workers have isolated a toluene dioxygenase
enzyme system with demonstrated ability to degrade TCE. They have
developed a pure culture of Pseudomonas putida (P.putida Fl) containing
this enzyme system. They have also developed a genetically engineered
pure culture of E. coli containing the cloned P.putida Fl toluene
dioxygenase genes. It has been shown that phenol and toluene will induce
the TCE-degrading capacity of this enzyme.
Client/Users: The research results are of interest to other investigators
and to regulatory personnel.
Development of In-Situ Biogradation Technology: L.E. Erickson and
L.T. Fan, Kansas State University.
Goal: The goal of this research is to conduct an investigation of in-situ
biodegradation through both experimentation and model-based simulation.
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Rationale: In-situ bioremediation has many potential applications.
However, a better understanding of the factors which influence the rate
and extent of biodegradation in field applications is desirable. Laboratory
experiments and model-based simulation are being conducted to generate
new knowledge. The heterogeneous structure of the soil is an important
consideration in the formulation of models because diffusion within soil
aggregates can limit the rate of bioremediation.
Approach: The investigators have formulated mathematical models to
describe in-situ biodegradation processes in the saturated zone. One of the
models assumes that rates of transport of oxygen and organic
contaminants in the micropores of soil aggregates are controlled by the
rate of diffusion, while the rate of transport at the surface of the
aggregates in saturated soils is determined by the rate of convective flow
through the macropores. Computer simulation is being conducted to
investigate the effects of aggregate radius, partition coefficient for the
contaminant, and initial contaminant concentration on the time and
mechanism of bioremediation.
The investigators have conducted microcosm studies with various levels of
soil moisture to investigate the effects of soil moisture on the rate and
extent of biodegradation.
Status: Modeling and simulation of in-situ bioremediation in the
saturated zone was conducted; the results show that the rate of
biodegradation may be limited by the rate at which oxygen is transported
to the microorganisms, the rate of diffusion of the contaminants within the
micropores of aggregates, and the growth rate of the microorganisms. The
results have been presented in several manuscripts. Additional research is
in progress.
Clients/Users: The results are important for those who are working to
develop field applications of bioremediation. Regulatory personnel,
contractors, other researchers, and those with manufacturing companies
have expressed interest in the results.
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Removal of Nitrogenous Pesticides from Rural Well Water
Supplies by Enzymatic Ozonation Process: B.C. Kross, University of
Iowa.
Goals: The goals of this study are to determine optimal ozone dose and
the mechanisms by which nitrogenous pesticides are removed from well
water using an enzymatic ozonation process.
Rationale: This research is designed to contribute needed information for
the development of a point-of-use water treatment system to remove
pesticides from well water. The need for inexpensive, effective point-of-
use water treatment systems for rural water supplies is critical. Rural
residents with shallow wells who have herbicide contamination problems
are most likely to use this technology.
Approach: A pilot-scale enzymatic ozonation process was built and
tested. Optimal ozone dose and other operating conditions for the
ozonation of an aqueous alachlor solution at a concentration of about 10
mg/L were studied. Reaction mechanisms and mass transfer phenomena
were evaluated and a computer program based on an explicit numerical
method was developed to predict the ozone residual during ozonation of
alachlor.
Status: The bench scale study of ozonation of alachlor in an ozone-purged
reactor is nearly complete. At low pH, the direct ozonation of alachlor was
found to be second order with respect to alachlor and first order with
respect to ozone residual.
Client/Users: The results of this research are of interest to those who are
developing water treatment systems for rural residents. Other researchers
are also interested in the results.
The Response of Natural Groundwater Bacteria to Groundwater
Contamination by Gasoline in a Karst Region: J.T. O'Connor and
B.J. Brazos, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Goals: The objective is to investigate the response of natural bacteria to
groundwater contamination by gasoline in a Karst region.
Rationale: An underground storage tank has leaked 3,000 gallons of
gasoline into highly fractured bedrock at Osage Beach, Mo. This spill
provides a unique opportunity for investigations, coordinated with a state
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regulatory agency and its contractor, relative to the spread and
bioremediation of components of gasoline in a Karst region.
Approach: The levels of contaminants in water wells in the area are
being monitored. The rate of contaminant depletion as influenced by well
operation, dilution, volatilization, adsorption, and degradation is being
investigated. Laboratory studies are being conducted using columns
packed with limestone.
Status: A literature review has been completed. Three columns for
laboratory study have been constructed. Methods for field sampling are
being tested and established in the laboratory.
Clients/Users: This research is of interest to other researchers,
regulatory personnel, and contractors.
In-Situ Bioremediation of Organic Groundwater Contaminants:
W.G. Characklis, A.B. Cunningham, W.L. Jones, and Z. Lewandowski,
Montana State University.
Goal: The goal of this research program is to develop improved
strategies for in-situ bioremediation of contaminated groundwater and soil.
Bioremediation systems typically involve injection or infiltration of
nutrients, reactants, and microbial cells, and definitely require an
understanding of 1) mass transport; and 2) contaminant biotransformation
phenomena in order to be successful.
Rationale: Subsurface biofilm growth is complicated by the nature of
fluid and nutrient transport which, in a porous medium, occurs along
tortuous flow paths of various dimension and geometry. The wide
distribution of pore velocities introduces considerable variation in the
microbial processes of desorption, attachment, and detachment. An
understanding of cause and effect relationships which influence these and
other biofilm processes is essential in order to describe net subsurface
biofilm accumulation. Accumulation of biofilm in porous media is of
fundamental importance because it governs the potential for: 1) in-situ
biodegradation of groundwater contaminants; and 2) subsurface biofouling,
such as reduction of permeability due to biomass plugging of pore space-
both of which are crucial considerations in the design of subsurface
biodegradation systems.
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Approach: The project is being carried out through a carefully designed
program of laboratory experimentation. Image analysis is being used to
monitor microbial processes including transport rates, adsorption and
desorption, growth and filtration.
Status: Based on experiments, the investigators have correlated porous
media biofilm thickness with media porosity, permeability, and friction
factor under the following conditions: a Ps. aeruginosa biofilm developed
within uniform diameter porous media reactors, operated under a constant
piezometric gradient, with a sterile influent. With these experimental
conditions in mind, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) the
maximum biofilm thickness varied directly with the initial (clean surface)
permeability of the media. Biofilm accumulation followed the same
sigmoidal-shaped progression observed in conduit reactor systems; 2)
when biofilm accumulation becomes large enough to substantially reduce
pore space, medial permeability and porosity will decrease substantially
and friction factor will increase substantially; 3) as the accumulation
process progressed in the experiments, the permeability of the biofilm-
media matrix stabilized at a minimum value (3 to 7xlO"°cm^), regardless
of media particle diameter; and 4) predictions of formation plugging and
biofilm accumulation in porous media can be accomplished based on
biofilm kinetics and the concept of theoretical porosity.
Client/Users: The results are of interest to those responsible for
bioremediation. Researchers contractors, regulatory personnel, and others
have expressed interest in this research.
Computer Method to Estimate Safe Level Water Quality
Concentrations for Organic Chemicals: R.S. Hunter and F.D. Culver,
Montana State University.
Goals: The objective is to design and implement a microcomputer
prototype system capable of estimating advisory concentrations and water
quality criteria for organic chemicals.
Rationale: EPA has established ambient national water quality criteria
for only about 73 toxic organic chemicals. Meanwhile, thousands of other
chemicals, mostly organic chemicals, have no established criteria or safe
level estimates.
Approach: Two concentration levels are necessary to estimate water
quality criteria for a chemical: the criterion maximum concentration (CMC)
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and the criterion continuous concentration (CCC). The (QSAR) System,
developed by the U.S. EPA and Montana State University, is being
enhanced to give approximations or estimates for CMC and CCC for organic
chemicals. The QSAR system contains EPA's (AQUIRE) database
compilation of 60,000 aquatic toxicity test results for 2,800 organic
chemicals. A modified QSAR system using these test results, guided by
EPA guidelines and methods, would estimate CMC and CCC values for the
chemical. The proposed system, besides providing values, would
summarize those tests and arrive at CMC and CCC estimates.
Status: The investigators have developed the necessary software. The
basic requirements to estimate ambient aquatic life advisory
concentrations have been identified. The final report is being prepared.
Clients/Users: The results of this research are of interest to regulatory
personnel.
ANALYSIS/TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
Nano-Scale Metal Oxide particles as Reagents for Destruction and
Immobilization of Hazardous Substances: K.J. Klabunde, Kansas State
University.
Goal: The investigators are involved in a two-stage program to evaluate
new ultra-fine inorganic substances as destructive adsorbents for toxic
substances. The first stage deals with the use of new and novel methods
for synthesizing ultra high surface area metal oxides and hydroxides using
aerogel, hypercritical drying methods and other related sol-gel methods.
The second stage is to evaluate these new materials for their effectiveness
at adsorbing toxic chemicals and destroying them during the adsorption
process. Organophosphorus compounds and organohalogen compounds are
the toxic adsorbates being studied.
Rationale: Organic compounds containing halogens can be completely
destroyed under mild conditions using metal oxides. Further research is
needed to develop this technology so that is can be used in field
applications.
Approach: Further synthetic work on the production of magnesium oxide
in nano-scale particle size is planned. Reactivity studies will be carried out
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using a pulsed flow reactor. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, and
phosphorous compounds will be studied.
Status: Magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide with very high
surface areas have been synthesized. Studies on the adsorption and
destruction of organophosphorus compounds are in progress. Carbon
tetrachloride is being used as a model compound with calcium oxide;
calcium chloride is produced.
Client/Users: The results of this research are of interest to other
researchers and to those in private industry. Representatives from several
government agencies have expressed interest in the research.
In-Situ Soil and Aquifer Decontamination Using Hydrogen
Peroxide and Fenton's Reagent: R.L. Valentine, University of Iowa.
Goals: The general purpose of this project is to provide a better
understanding of the physical and chemical processes, and soil properties
affecting degradation of organics, hydrogen peroxide decomposition, and
oxygen production in the subsurface environment. Specific goals are to:
1) evaluate the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide and Fenton's reagent to
decontaminate soils and aquifer material and produce oxygen under a
variety of reaction and contacting conditions; 2) conduct mechanistic
studies with focus on understanding the role of iron and manganese oxides,
natural organic matter and mass transfer limitations; and 3) characterize
the products of the reactions in so far as possible.
Rationale: Hydrogen peroxide, either alone or with ferrous iron ("Fenton's
reagent"), has been recently proposed for use as a chemical oxidant for
treatment of contaminated soils, as well as to provide oxygen in
bioremediation processes. However, the use of this technology has not
been generally demonstrated for destruction of contaminants in soil, and
factors and processes controlling the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide use in
the subsurface environment are poorly understood.
Approach: Studies will initially focus on loss of chlorophenols as a class in
soils and soil solutions with future work likely including one or more
quinoline derivatives, and atrazine. Several real soils, as well as
"laboratory" soils and soil components made from purified or chemically
produced hydrous iron and manganese oxides, kaolinite (a clay), feldspar
(an aluminosilicate mineral) and sand, will be used. Organic material will
be extracted from a soil or purchased. Experiments conducted with real
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soils will focus on demonstrating the effectiveness of the overall process
under a variety of reaction conditions. Studies will be conducted in batch
and column reactors.
Status: A few preliminary experiments have been conducted to
determine gross behavior in the presence of ferrous iron, ferric oxides, and
ferrous-ferric iron mixtures. As expected, hydrogen peroxide was found to
decay more rapidly in the presence of ferrous iron compared to equal
concentrations of paniculate ferric oxide.
While little work has been done to date with soils, hydrogen peroxide loss
was evaluated in an organic rich soil taken from a Perks series (0.5 to 2%
organic carbon, 10-15% clay). Essentially, 100% loss was observed when
added to 1:2 (v/v) soil:water solution and dosed at 0.26 M.
Clients/Users: The results are of interest to other researchers and those
responsible for the remediation of contaminated soil and water.
Simulation of Three-Dimensional Transport of Hazar-dous
Chemicals in Heterogeneous Porous Media Using X-ray Computed
Tomography: R.L. Peyton and S.H. Anderson, University of Missouri-
Columbia.
Goal: The purpose of this study is to develop and test a three-dimensional
computer model which can simulate chemical transport through
heterogeneous porous media taking advantage of small-scale
measurements of spatial variability of soil and chemicals using X-ray
computed tomography (CT).
Rationale: The unique feature and the anticipated major contribution of
the project is the development of CT to nondestructively collect data within
an undisturbed soil core. These data can be input into a convection-
dispersion transport model to improve our ability to predict chemical
movement in heterogeneous media. This research is significant because of
the present difficulty in mathematically simulating and predicting the
complex movement of chemicals through heterogeneities. These include
fractures, root channels and other macropores which greatly increase
contaminant arrival times over that predicted for homogeneous media.
Approach: The approach is to formulate a transport theory and
numerical methodology into a computer model, collect experimental data
using CT during breakthrough curve experiments, and compare model
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predictions with measurements. Four possible approaches to the computer
model have been developed and are under examination. The first
approach measures pore water velocities throughout the soil core using CT
and inputs these velocities into the three-dimensional transport equation
to predict chemical transport. The remaining three approaches circumvent
this limitation by estimating intrinsic permeability values throughout the
core.
Status: The experimental apparatus for conducting breakthrough curves
in the CT scanner has been designed, fabricated and successfully tested.
Our testing has shown that breakthrough curve plots of X-ray attenuation
coefficient vs. time at the downstream face of the core compare well to
breakthrough curve plots of outflow solute concentration vs. time. These
data, along with pixel pore water velocity distributions over the core cross
section, were included in recent conference presentations.
Client/Users: The results are of interest to other researchers and to
those responsible for predicting the fate of chemicals in soil systems.
Experimental Study of Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous
Waste: L.T. Fan, Kansas State University.
Goals: The goals of this research are to examine experimentally the
feasibility and suitability of stabilization/solidification for typical or
prevailing wastes in EPA Regions 7 and 8, and to establish extensive
knowledge and data bases necessary for optimal treatment of such wastes.
Rationale: Numerous Superfund sites in EPA Regions 7 and 8 involve
contaminated soil and mine tailings for which stabilization and
solidification are often the only feasible techniques for treatment. This
combination of techniques is also applicable to a variety of other hazardous
wastes.
Approach: Various factors affect the immobilizing mechanism of
stabilization and solidification of hazardous wastes. These include the type
and amount of pozzolanic materials and solidification-aiding reagents, and
the characteristics of the wastes. The necessity and desirability of
pretreating these wastes has also been examined. The available methods
for pretreatment include dilution with solid or liquid materials, grinding,
and absorption and adsorption with porous substances, e.g., activated
carbon and natural zeolite.
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An attempt has been made to utilize a wide variety of inexpensive
pozzolanic materials, such as fly ash, silica fume, lime-kiln dust, cement-
kiln dust and ground blast-furnace slag for stabilization and solidification.
Status: Several wastes have been investigated. Three specific studies
were undertaken during the current reporting period. The results have
been presented in three manuscripts. Additional research on the effects of
various solidification-aiding reagents on the stabilization and solidification
process is in progress.
Client/Users: The results of this research can be used in the field by
contractors, private industry, and state, EPA, and DOE personnel. The work
is also of interest to other researchers.
Thermochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: W.P. Walawender
and L.T. Fan, Kansas State University.
Goals: The long-term objectives of this research are to obtain
experimental data on the influence of key operating parameters on the
thermal destruction of chlorinated liquid hydrocarbons in a bench-scale
incinerator and to develop models for the design and effective operation of
hazardous substance incinerator systems.
Rationale: This research is designed to provide extensive information on
the influence of operating conditions on the performance of hazardous
waste incinerators. The results should provide a basis for developing
models for the design and effective operation of hazardous waste
incineration systems.
Approach: A 3-inch ID, 30-inch long, bench-scale tubular incinerator was
designed and constructed. The incinerator is a novel design, employing
secondary gaseous fuel (propane) and liquid hydrocarbon carrier (hexane)
for the chlorinated substance. The secondary fuel is introduced from three
jets placed symmetrically about the incinerator axis, while the chlorinated
substance and liquid carrier are mixed and atomized about the vessel
center line. Such a design minimizes cold zones, promotes mixing, and
provides dispersion of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are important
characteristics for efficient destruction of chlorinated substances.
Status: The preliminary evaluation of the incinerator was conducted with
carbon tetrachloride (CC14) as the model chlorinated hydrocarbon. The
preliminary trials consisted of: 1) combustion of secondary fuel (propane);
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2) combustion of liquid carrier (hexane); and 3) combustion of CC14 with
the liquid carrier and secondary fuel. Incinerator off-gas analyses were
obtained under steady-state operation for air-rich, stoichiometric, and
fuel-rich conditions, by both on-line gas chromatography (GC) and on-line
mass spectrometry (MS), along with the incinerator operating temperature.
Client/Users: The results of this research are of interest to those who are
developing hazardous substance incinerators, other researchers, and
regulatory personnel.
Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of Adsorbent
Materials for Waste Streams: D.S. Viswanath, S. Kapila, and
T.E. Clevenger, University of Missouri-Columbia and Environmental Trace
Substances Research Center.
Goals: The project is designed to address two important areas of
hazardous waste management: 1) the reduction/elimination of hazardous
waste; and 2) the rapid characterization of waste for toxic organic
constituents. The objectives are to investigate the use of adsorbent
materials, such as surface modified resin and covalently bonded sulfurated
siloxanes, for effective removal of extremely toxic substances from waste
streams and to study the effective regeneration (desorption) of adsorbents
with supercritical fluid extraction.
Rationale: Adsorption is commonly used for the removal of hazardous
organics from waste streams. Adsorbents that can be regenerated using
supercritical fluids may provide significant cost and efficiency advantages.
The methods may also have analytical chemistry applications.
Approach: Experiments have been carried out to determine the efficacy
of desorption and regeneration of bonded alkyl siloxane adsorbents with
supercritical carbon dioxide. Substances are desorbed and analyzed
chromatographically. Sensitivities below parts per trillion can be
measured with this method. Supercritical fluid extraction is being used to
remove hazardous substances from soil, also.
Status: Several manuscripts have been submitted for publication.
Considerable progress has been made in supercritical fluid-based
desorption and regeneration of surface-bonded siloxane adsorbents. Initial
experiments to evaluate the applicability of supercritical fluid extraction
for decontamination of soil and other solid matrices have been completed.
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Client/Users: The results of this research will be used by those
responsible for analytical methods development and by other researchers.
Regulatory personnel are interested in the sensitivities of the methods.
The Effects of Redox Conditions on Transformations of Carbon
Tetrachloride: G.F. Parkin, University of Iowa.
Goal: The objectives of this research are: to investigate the effects of
redox conditions on the transformation of carbon tetrachloride, to identify
pathways and metabolites and to investigate abiotic transformation and
the effect of carbon tetrachloride concentration on its transformation.
Rationale: Redox conditions are important for the transformation of
carbon tetrachloride. Since bioremediation is a potentially efficient
method for remediating contaminated soil and groundwater, further
research to identify suitable operating conditions should be carried out.
Approach: Experiments will be conducted in laboratory reactors under
aerobic denitrifying, sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions. Redox
potential will be measured using an electrode system.
Status: This is a new project.
Client/Users: The research is of interest to other researchers and to
those responsible for the remediation of soil contaminated with carbon
tetrachloride.
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Computer-Aided Design and Control of Systems for Treatment of
Hazardous Waste and Minimization of Waste Production: L.T. Fan,
Kansas State University.
Goal: To develop intelligent computer-aided design and control tools for
creating optimal systems for the treatment of hazardous wastes and the
minimization of waste production.
Rationale: Waste minimization can be realized through source reduction
and recycling. Source reduction is an activity that reduces or eliminates
the generation of waste at a source or sources, usually within a process. To
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reduce the source of waste, source control is considered as one of the major
techniques. Efficient process design and synthesis, robust control, reliable
diagnosis, and flexible production scheduling are all considered important
techniques for source control. The effort to minimize waste at the process
network level so far described can be greatly reduced if the network is
embedded in an overall process structure which is synthesized with waste
minimization in mind.
Approach: A knowledge-based approach has been employed to develop:
1) systematic strategies for the synthesis of mass and heat exchanger
networks; and 2) the expert system for cyanide waste minimization.
Furthermore, a modern control theory has been applied to the design of a
robust control system for a severely disturbed process in which waste
generation is to be minimized. In addition, an approach based on graph
theory and combinatorial techniques has been proposed for the synthesis
of process systems with minimum generation of waste.
Status: Four studies have been completed. The first study was the
synthesis of combined exchanger networks for the recovery of waste
materials and energy. The second study was the development of an expert
system for the cyanide waste minimization in an electroplating plant. The
third study was the development of a synthesis approach applicable to the
design of a novel robust controller. The fourth study was the development
of a combinatorial or graph-theoretic approach for process synthesis.
Client/Users: The results of this research are being used by design
engineers to incorporate waste minimizaiton into process synthesis. Other
researchers and regulatory personnel have expressed interest in the
research.
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
HSRC Newsletter, "HazTech Transfer": R.B. Hayter, Kansas State
University.
Goal: The goal is to provide information to hazardous substance
professionals who are involved in research, management, and technology
transfer.
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Rationale: No single professional society serves all those working with
hazardous substances. The newsletter provides a mechanism for the
Center to communicate useful information within the region pair.
Approach: The newsletter, HazTech Transfer, is published quarterly and
distributed without charge to professionals in Regions 7 and 8. It is
distributed to professionals throughout the 10 states in the two regions
who are actively involved in the development of new technology or who
have need for applying that technology. Included in the distribution of
approximately 3,000 are state and federal regulatory agencies, researchers
and educators, generators of hazardous waste, and consultants. HazTech
Transfer contains announcements of research and training projects, a
calendar of meetings, workshops and conferences within EPA Regions 7
and 8, research abstracts and newsworthy details of HSRC
accomplishments and activities. The HazTech Transfer also details
progress in the HSRC library, calls for HSRC proposals, and articles on the
annual Hazardous Waste Research Conference at KSU.
Status: The HazTech Transfer was published in January, April, July, and
October 1990. To date, information has been contributed by Colorado,
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, and Utah. Copies of the
newsletter are distributed at hazardous waste meetings within the two
regions.
Audio and Video Training: R.B. Hayter, Kansas State University
Goal: The goal is to provide information needed by those developing new
technology in the minimization, management, and disposal of hazardous
materials and those generating the materials in a format that is timely,
accessible given the geographic distribution of those involved, and
effective in transferring new information.
Rationale: The effective transfer of new technology is inhibited by the
distances and time of travel previously required in traditional on-site
delivery formats. Video and audio programming include simple
teleconferencing between researchers to discuss research results, capturing
presentations before live audiences, transmitting live satellite
presentations with interactive audio, or entire noncredit courses.
Opportunities for inexpensive training occur when materials developed at
other locations are made available at reasonable cost.
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Approach: Audio and video materials are produced and collected from a
variety of sources and made available through the Center and the Kansas
State University Farrell Library. The Training and Technology Transfer
Advisory Committee will assist in identifying special needs for technology
transfer that could be delivered electronically. The availability of the
tapes are promoted through the Center's newsletter and are maintained on
file in the HSRC special collection in Farrell Library. These tapes are
available for loan through the Interlibrary Loan System which can be
reached via any public library.
Status: The collection of audio and video materials continues to grow.
This year tapes of the Hazardous Waste Management in Rural States
project were added, as well as waste minimization conferences in Omaha,
Nebrasja and Kansas City, Missouri. Several SITE video tapes were
received from EPA Region 8 that are now included in the holdings. In
addition, two live video teleconferences were brought in for local viewing.
The first was "Ask the Experts: 3rd Annual Hazardous Materials
Teleconference" and the second was "The Executive's Approach to
Managing Risk" both originated from Oklahoma State University.
Technology Data Base: B. Biles, Kansas State University.
Goal: The goal is to catalog the resources of the consortium universities. A
Faculty Profile System will be created to catalog people resources, and the
Technical Resources Data Base to catalog institutional resources.
Rationale: Information on the expertise of hazardous substance
professionals in the consortium universities of the region pair will be
helpful to the Center, government, and industry.
Approach: The Faculty Profile System will be an adaptation of the FPS,
Version 2.1, now being implemented at KSU and at several other
Midwestern universities. The system is a data base that catalogs faculty
interest, skills, and abilities related to research and other scholarly
interests. Through trained "access" or "gateway" persons, the system will
enable public users to quickly identify expertise related to hazardous
substances. The system will also facilitate contact with individuals at the
other participating institutions.
Status: Preliminary work has been accomplished and the collection of
data will begin in 1991.
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HSRC Contribution Repository and Information Clearinghouse:
R.B. Hayter, Kansas State University.
Goal: The goal is to collect and make available technical information
produced by the Center and others. Users of the repository will primarily
be Center associates, generators in EPA Regions 7 and 8, state and federal
regulatory agencies, and others needing the technical information. In
addition, the repository will be available to those outside the immediate
sphere of the Center who have need of information on hazardous
substances.
Rationale: An important aspect of any research program is the practical
dissemination of the results. Since the technology generated by the Center
is developed by a number of individuals, it is critical that there be a
convenient, single source of information. Access to that information would
be hindered if those needing it were required to individually request
information from each laboratory or agency. In addition, it is important
that this information be safely archived for future reference.
Approach: The Kansas State University library is the repository for
videos, technical reports, thesis, dissertations and other publications
produced as a result of Center funding. The library will make these
materials available to all interested parties through the Interlibrary Loan
Program. The library is developing a collection of hazardous substance
literature in support of the research and technology transfer activities of
the Center. In addition to the information produced by the Center, the
library has agreements with the EPA Center for Environmental Research
Information as well as other agencies and research centers to insure
receipt of appropriate documents on a timely basis.
Status: The library staff continues to collect, store, bind, or otherwise
provide a source for preserving Center materials. Several members of the
library staff assist with this project. A database was created that insures
bibliographic access to all items in the hazardous substance collection.
Hazardous Waste Management in Rural Areas: Video Conference:
R.B. Hayter, Kansas State University.
Goal: The goal of the video conference is to make available to the public
information on hazardous substances that may impact their lives.
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Rationale: One primary objective of the Center is to educate the public
concerning hazardous substances. This aspect of the Center's technology
transfer is to present in an informative and understandable manner the
management of hazardous waste in the rural parts of the 10 states. The
video conference will serve to heighten the awareness of the audience to
the hazardous waste problems facing the rural community and provide
means for the audience to seek further assistance in addressing their
individual problems.
Approach: A video conference via satellite uplink was conceived as a
novel approach to reaching all parts of the 10 state region. Since the
consortium universities, as well as many modern offices, and hotels, all
have satellite downlink capabilities, it was thought that in this way the
largest population could be reached.
Status: This project has been slow to start but the staff is currently
planning a February, 1991, video conference. The title of the conference is
Hazardous Waste Management in Rural Areas.
Conferences: R.B. Hayter, Kansas State University.
Goals: The goal is to hold an annual conference on hazardous substance
research and to encourage and support other related conferences in the
region pair to provide opportunities for individuals from the public and
private sectors to share technical information regarding the management
of hazardous substances.
Rationale: Conferences provide good opportunities for the exchange of
information. Professional societies that organize technical conferences
should have the support of the Center as this is an effective method for
holding conferences. There are many advantages to working with
professional societies to make their conferences technically stronger, more
cost effective, and better attended.
Approach: The Center is working with professional societies to have
several conferences each year. The Center plans to host an annual
conference each May. The conferences are normally open to all who wish
to register unless there are space limitations. Some serve the needs of one
or two states while others are national conferences. Each conference has a
specific purpose which helps the Center meet its technology transfer goals.
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Status: A conference on hazardous waste research was held May 21-22,
1990. The Center co-sponsored a conference on hazardous waste
minimization, organized by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources and
the Nebraska Department of Environmental Control, on January 23, 1990.
The Center co-sponsored a cluster of conferences February 20-21, 1990,
organized by the National Water Well Association/Association of Ground
Water Scientists and Engineers. The Center co-sponsored a conference on
controlling water contamination organized by the Kansas Water Resources
Research Institute on March 7-8, 1990. The Center cosponsored a
conference July 18-20, 1990, on interfacial microbial process engineering
organized by the Center for Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering,
Montana State University. The Center cosponsored a conference on
mineral and hazardous waste processes organized by the Advanced
Mineral and Hazardous Waste Processing Center of Excellence, Montana
College of Mineral Science and Technology held September 30-October 5,
1990.
Introduction to Hazardous Waste Management: C.O. Harbourt,
University of Missouri-Columbia.
Goal: The three-year goal is to make the three-day short course
available in the 10 states of U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8. This course is
intended for individuals responsible for hazardous waste management
programs at facilities regulated under 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265.
Rationale: The development and evolution of federal and state
regulations for the handling of hazardous waste materials within the past
20 years has created a need for specific and detailed training programs for
many persons in industrial and nonindustrial employment. The number of
organizations coming under regulation continues to grow as hazardous
material regulatory threshold quantities are reduced and as specific lists
and generic categories of regulated materials are extended. The total
number of persons sharing responsibility for hazardous materials handling
is growing rapidly from year to year. This course offers a broad
introductory treatment of the reasons for hazardous waste regulations,
content of current regulations, responsibilities of organizations that
generate or handle such wastes, and current problems and practices
relative to hazardous wastes.
Approach: In 1982, the University of Missouri-Columbia began offering a
week-long summer institute on hazardous waste management. By 1988,
this institute had evolved into a combination of an introduction to
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hazardous waste management and an "update" on the subject, including
current research results. A course including a two-day introduction plus
one day divided between a regulatory update and industry presentations
of hazardous waste management practice was derived from the successful
Missouri summer institutes. This course was proposed and accepted as a
training project for the Hazardous Substances Research Center for Regions
7 and 8.
Status: In the first project year, the course was offered in Missouri, South
Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and Montana. The project continued in
its second year with funding for three offerings in Missouri, Iowa, and
Utah. The total registration for the seven completed courses was 294.
Many speakers from industry as well as state and federal agencies have
shared their expert knowledge in this project. Participant evaluation
responses have been overwhelmingly favorable.
Hazardous Waste Management in Rural Communities in EPA
Regions 7 and 8: M.W. Gilliland and W.E. Kelly, University of Nebraska-
Lincoln.
Goals: The goal of this project is to develop video training material on
managing hazardous waste suitable for rural officials and decision makers
in EPA Regions 7 and 8.
Rationale: The project was developed in recognition of the need to
provide training materials tailored to rural communities in our region pair.
Approach: Videos were developed interactively with an advisory group
consisting primarily of state environmental officials from each of the 10
states in the region pair. This group, and others in the region pair, assisted
in developing resource materials specific to the region pair as well as in
reviewing and developing the scripts.
Status: Two of the three planned videos have been produced. The script
for video three has also been prepared but the tape has not yet been
produced. Supporting notebook materials have been prepared for all three
videos.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES
Clevenger, T.E., "Use of Sequential Extraction to Evaluate the Heavy
Metals in Mining Wastes," Journal of Air. Water, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 50,
pp. 241-254, 1990.
Wu, J.C., L.T. Fan, and L.E. Erickson, "Modeling and Simulation of
Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil," Environmental Progress. Vol. 9, pp.
47-56, 1990.
Wu, J.C., L.T. Fan, and L.E. Erickson, "Three-Point Backward Finite
Difference Method for Solving a System of Mixed Hyperbolic-Parabolic
Partial Differential Equations," Computers & Chemical Engineering. Vol. 14,
pp. 679-685, 1990.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS
Al-Sheriadeh, M., T. Illangasekare, and D. Znidarcic, "Testing a
Multiphase Flow in Porous Media for Silty Soils Using Centrifuge,"
Centrifuge 1991. University of Colorado, Boulder, June 13-14, 1991.
Anderson, S.H., R.L. Peyton, and C.J. Gantzer, "Overview of the Use of
Computed Tomography for Quantitative Evaluation of Soil Physical
Properties," Proceedings of the Conference on Analytical Methods for
Quantifying Root and Soil Dynamics. St. Louis, Mo., 1990.
Atteya, M., and KJ. Klabunde, "Nano-Scale Metal Oxide Particles as
Chemical Reagents. Heats of Adsorption of Heteroatom Organics on Heat
Treated Magnesium Oxide," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous
Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp.
230-256, 1990.
Atteya, M., and K.J. Klabunde, "Nano-Scale Metal Oxide Particles as
Chemical Reagents. Heats of Adsorption of Heteroatom Organics on Heat
Treated Magnesium Oxide," Chemistry of Materials. 1990.
Cady, J.C., S. Kapila, S.E. Manahan, D.W. Larsen, and A.F. Yanders,
"Evaluation of a Novel Carbon Adsorbent for Fractionation and Treatment
of Halogenated Organic Wastes," Chemosphere. 1990.
210
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Cady, J.D., S. Kapila, S.E. Manahan, and D.S. Viswanath, "Evaluation of
Counterflow Oxidation for Regeneration of Granular Carbon Adsorbents,"
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. II, pp. 739-750, 1990.
Chou, S.T. and L. T. Fan, "Influence of the Type and Amount of
Binding Agent on the Characteristics of Solidified Arsenic Waste,"
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. II, pp. 866-876, 1990.
Chou, S.T. and L. T. Fan, "Influence of the Type and Amount of Binding
Agent on the Characteristics of Solidified Arsenic Waste," Environmental
Progress. 1990.
Chou, S.T. and L.T. Fan, "Solidification of K061 Waste," Proceedings of
the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 385-394, 1990.
Chou, S.T. and L.T. Fan, "Solidification of K061 Waste," Hazardous
Waste and Hazardous Materials. 1990.
Coffin, D. and L. Glasgow, "Some Engineering Considerations in the
Application of Soil Venting," Proceedings of the Hazardous Waste Research.
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 257-297, 1990.
Coffin, D. and L. Glasgow, "Effective Gas Flow Arrangements in Soil
Venting", Water. Air, and Soil Pollution. 1990.
Cunningham, A.B., W.G. Characklis, F. Abedeen, D. Crawford,
"Influence of Biofilm Accumulation on Porous Media Hydrodynamics,"
Environmental Science & Technology. August, 1990.
Dave, S., T.E. Clevenger, and E. Hinderberger, "Effect of Cover Material
on Leachability of Lead Mine Tailings," Proceedings of the Conference on
Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
Vol. I, pp. 395-416, 1990.
Dhawan, S., L.E. Erickson, and L.T. Fan, "Modeling the Bioremediation
of Contaminated Soil Aggregates: A Phenomenological Approach,"
Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium.
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 1990.
Erickson, L.E., L.T. Fan, S. Dhawan, and P. Tuitemwong, "Modeling,
Analysis, and Simulation of Bioremediation of Soil and Water," Proceedings
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of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 17-46, 1990.
Erickson, L.E. and P. Tuitemwong, "Growth Yields, Productivities, and
Maintenance Energy of Methylotrophs," Biology of Methylotrophs. I.
Goldberg and J.S. Rokem, (eds.), Butterworths, Stoneham, MA, 1990.
Friedler, F., K. Tarjan, Y.W. Huang, and L.T. Fan, "Graph-Theoretic
Approach to Process Synthesis: Application to Waste Minimization,"
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. II, pp. 877-892, 1990.
Ghosh, S., S. Bupp, and L.M. DeBirk, "Removal of Heavy Metals by
Biopolymers," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste
Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 449-476,
1990.
Ghoshal, S., S.K. Banerji, and R.K. Bajpai, "Photodegradation of PCP,"
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. II, pp. 806-816, 1990.
Gilliland, M.W., W.E. Kelly, and D. Lokke; "Hazardous Waste
Management in Rural Areas," Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering.
1990.
Hsieh, M., R.K. Bajpai, and S.K. Banerji, "Degradation of PCP by
Ligninase Produced by Phanerochaete crysosporium" Proceedings of the
Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. II, pp. 797-805, 1990.
Huang, Y.L., and L.T. Fan, "A Distributed Strategy for Integration of
Process Design and Control: A Knowledge Engineering Approach to
Incorporation of Controllability into Process Network Synthesis,"
Computers and Chemical Engineering. 1990.
Huang, Y.L., G. Sunder, and L.T. Fan, "An Expert System for Cyanide
Waste Minimization in Electroplating Plants," Proceedings of the Conference
on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
Vol. II, pp. 500-522, 1990.
Huang, Y.L., G. Sunder, and L.T. Fan, "An Expert System for Cyanide
Waste Minimization in Electroplating Plants," Environmental Progress.
1990.
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Hughes, J.B. and G.F. Parkin, "The Effect of Influent Acetate
Concentration on the Transformation of Chlorinated Aliphatic Compounds
in Fixed Film Anaerobic Filters," Proceedings Conference on Hazardous
Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 1-
16, 1990.
Illangasekare, T.H., E.J. Armbruster, D.N. Yates, D. Szlag, and D. Reible,
"Effect of Heterogenity on Transport and Entrapment of Nonaqueous Phase
Waste Products in Aquifers," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous
Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp.
523-540, 1990.
Isbell, L., S. Kapila, K.S. Nam, A.F. Yanders, and R.K. Puri, "Application
of Support Bonded Siloxanes and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Trace
Analysis for Organic Compounds," Journal of Chromatography. 1990.
Isbell, L., S. Kapila, K.S. Nam, A.F. Yanders, and R.K. Puri, "Application
of Support bonded Siloxanes and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Trace
Analysis of Organic Compounds," Proceedings of the Conference on
Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
Vol. I, pp. 113-122, 1990.
Keefer, G.B., and G.J. Thies, "Metal Recovery and Reuse Using an
Integrated Vermiculite Ion Exchange-Acid Recovery System," Proceedings
of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 417-437, 1990.
Lewandowski, Z., "Biosorption of Metals from Aqueous Solutions,"
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. II, pp. 477-499, 1990.
Licht, L.A., "Poplar Tree Buffer Strips Grown in Riparian Zones for
Nonpoint Source Control," Proceedings of the National Conference on
Enhancing the State's Lake Management Programs. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Chicago, 1990.
Liu, M.H., S. Kapila, T.E. Clevenger, D.S. Viswanath, "Evaluation of
Supercritical Fluid Extraction for Removal of Organic Contaminants from
Soil," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 152-169, 1990.
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Lo, Y-H., A.F. Yanders, R.K. Puri, and S. Kapila, "Effect of Co-Pollutants
on the Movement of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Saturated Soils," Proceedings of the
Conference on Hazardous Waste Conference. Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 77-88, 1990.
Nair, D.R. and J.L. Schnoor, "Modeling of Alachlor and Atrazine at a
Small Plot in Amana, Iowa," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous
Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 89-
112, 1990.
Nam, K.S., Kapila, A.F. Yanders, R.K. Puri, and D.S. Viswanath,
"Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Cleanup Procedures for Determination of
Xonobiotics in Biological Samples," Proceedings of the Conference on
Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
Vol. I, pp. 138-151, 1990.
Nam, K.S., S. Kapila, A.F. Yanders, and R.K. Puri, "Supercritical Fluid
Extraction and Cleanup Procedures for Determination of Xenobiotics in
Biological Samples," Chemosphere. 1990.
Paterson, K.G. and J.L. Schnoor, "Fate and Transport of Alachlor and
Atrazine in an Unsaturated Riparian Zone," Proceedings of the Conference
on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
Vol. II, pp. 561-591, 1990.
Paterson, K.G. and J.L. Schnoor, "Fate of Alachlor and Atrazine in
Riparian Zone Field Site," Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation. 1990.
Paterson, K.G. and J.L. Schnoor, "Vegetative Alteration of Nitrate Fate
in an Unsaturated Riparian Zone," Journal of Environmental Engineering.
ASCE. 1990.
Peyton, R.L., S.H. Anderson, CJ. Gantzer, J.W. Wigger, and H. Wang, "X-
Ray Computed Tomography as a Tool in Contaminant Transport Research,"
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. II, pp. 715-732, 1990.
Puri, R.K., S. Kapila, Y-H. Lo, C. Orazio, T.E. Clevenger, and A.F. Yanders,
"Effect of Co-Contaminants on the Disposition of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-
dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Saturated Soils,"
Chemosphere. 1990.
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Rayavarapu, R., S.K. Banerji, and R.K. Bajpai, "Biodegradation of PCP
by Pseudomonas cepacia," Journal of General Microbiology. 1990.
Rayavarapu, R., S.K. Banerji, and R.K. Bajpai, "Biodegradation of PCP
by Pseudomonas cepacia," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous
Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 47-
62, 1990.
Thies, G.J., and G.B. Keefer, "Vermiculite Ion Exchange-Acid Recovery
System," Proceedings of the 1990 Summer National AIChE Meeting.
Thies, G.J., G.B. Keefer, and B. Larsen, "Vermiculite Ion Exchange
Treatment of Zinc Bearing Plating Shop Waste waters," Environmental
Progress. 1990.
Tuitemwong, P., B.M. Sly, S. Dhawan, L.E. Erickson, and J.R. Schlup,
"Microcosm Treatability of Soil Contaminated with Petroleum
Hydrocarbons," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste
Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. II, pp. 893-925,
1990.
Utamapanya, S., K.J. Klabunde, and J. Schlup, "Nano-Scale Metal Oxide
Particles/Clusters as Chemical Reagents. Synthesis and Properties of Ultra-
High Surface Area Magnesium Oxide," Proceedings of the Conference on
Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
Vol. I, pp. 170-203, 1990.
Utamapanya, S., K.J. Klabunde, and J. Schlup, "Nano-Scale Metal Oxide
Particles/Clusters as Chemical Reagents. Synthesis and Properties of Ultra-
High Surface Area Magnesium Oxide," Chemistry of Materials. 1990.
Walton, C.W., "Material Recovery and Treatment Methods Used in the
Chromium Electroplating Process," Proceedings of the Conference on
Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
Vol. II, pp. 652-672, 1990.
Walton, C.W., A.C. Hillier, and G.L. Poppe, "Process Options for Waste
Minimization and Metal Recovery for the Metal Finishing Industries,"
Proceedings of the International Conference on Pollution Prevention: Clean
Technologies and Clean Products. U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., 1990.
Walton, C.W., J.R. Quan, and S.S. Bray, "An Analysis of the Use of Ion
Permeable Membranes for Waste Metal Recovery," J. Electrochem. Soc..
215
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1990.
Wei, S.M., S.K. Banerji, and R.K. Bajpai, "Pentachlorophenol
Interactions with Soil," Water. Air and Soil Pollution Journal. 1990.
Wei, S.M., S.K. Banerji, and R.K. Bajpai, "Pentachlorophenol
Interactions with Soil," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste
Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Vol. I, pp. 322-346,
1990.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS
Characklis, W.G., and K.C. Marshall (eds.) Biofilms. Wiley, New York,
1990
Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous
Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, May 23-24, 1989.
Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous
Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, May 21-22, 1990.
Lehr, J.H. (ed.) Ground Water Management: Proceedings of the 1990
Cluster of Conferences. Water Well Publishing Company, Dublin, Ohio,
February 20-21, 1990.
CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS OR BOUND PROCEEDINGS
Berry, N., and J. Schlup, "Initial FTIR Studies of the Adsorption of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons onto Soil Constituents," Proceedings of
the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, pp. 347-356, 1989.
Chou, S.T., and L.T. Fan, "Stabilization/Solidification of Low-Level
Radioactive Liquid from a BWR Nuclear Power Plant with Pozzolan-Based
Fixation Process," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste
Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
pp. 452-466, 1989.
Cunningham, A.B., E.J. Bouwer, and W.G. Characklis, "Biofilms in
Porous Media," Biofilms. Characklis, W.G. and K.C. Marshall (eds.), John
Wiley, New York, pp. 692-732, 1990.
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Cunningham, A.B., "Hydrodynamics and Solute Transport at the Fluid-
Biofilm Interface," Structure and Function of Biofilms. Dahlem Workshop
Report 46, John Wiley, New York, pp. 19-31, 1989.
Cunningham, A.B., F. Abedeen, W.G. Characklis, and E.M. Bouwer,
"Influence of Microbial Transport on the In-Situ Bioremediation of Organic
Groundwater Contaminants", Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous
Waste Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas, pp. 1-12, 1989.
Dhawan, S., L.E. Erickson, L.T. Fan, P. Tuitemwong, and R.
Mahadevaiah, "Microcosm Techniques for Investigating the Biodegradation
Potential of Light-Non Aqueous Phase Liquids and Dense-Non Aqueous
Phase Liquids," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste
Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
pp. 578-599, 1989.
Erickson, L.E., "Waste Minimization and Process Safety in Process
Development, Design, Construction, and Start Up," Proceedings of the
Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, pp. 525-527, 1989.
Galitzer, S.J., "Utilization of Waste Exchanges in a Waste Minimization
Program," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research.
Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Pages 528-
536, 1989.
Gilliland, M.W., W.E. Kelly, and D. Lokke, "Hazardous Waste
Management in Rural Communities in EPA Regions 7 and 8," Proceedings of
the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, pp. 478-481, 1989.
Glasgow, L.A., "Some Engineering Considerations in the Venting of
Vadose Zone Soils," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste
Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
pp. 600-620, 1989.
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Huang, Y.L., Y.W, Huang, and L.T. Fan, "An Artificial Intelligence
Approach to the Synthesis of a Mass Exchanger Network for Hazardous
Waste Minimization and Treatment," Proceedings of the Conference on
Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, pp. 483-499, 1989.
Huang, Y.W., L.T. Fan, and W.W. Olson, "Potential Application of
Neural Networks to Hazardous Waste Processing," Proceedings of the
Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, pp. 147-167, 1989.
Huang, Y.L., Y.W. Huang, and L.T. Fan, "A Knowledge-Based System
for Synthesizing Highly Controllable Heat Exchanger Networks,"
Proceedings of the 3rd Oklahoma Symposium on Artificial Intelligence.
Tulsa, Ok., pp. 270-271, 1989.
Jones, W.L., K.B. Bucklin, A.K. Camper, and P. Stoodley, "Optimization
of In-Situ Biodegradability of Subsurface Soil Contaminants", Proceedings
of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, pp. , 29-43, 1989.
Lewandowski, Z., G. Walser, R. Larsen, B. Peyton, and W.G. Characklis,
"Biofilm Surface Positioning," Environmental Engineering Proceedings 1990.
ASCE, pp. 17-23, 1990.
Seybert, R.A., W.P. Walawender, and L.T. Fan, "Preliminary Evaluation
of Carbon Tetrachloride Destruction in the KSU Bench-Scale Incinerator,"
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E.
(ed.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, pp. , 426-451, 1989.
Wu, J.C., L.T. Fan, and L.E. Erickson, "Modeling and Simulation of In-
Situ Neutralization and Bio Remediation Processes," Ground Water
Management. Vol. I, pp. 279-293, 1990.
Wu, J.C., L.T. Fan, and L.E. Erickson, "Modeling and Simulation of
Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil: A Case Study with Recycle of Nutrient
Solution," Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research.
Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, pp. 121-
146, 1989.
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PROJECT REPORTS
Banerji, S.K., and R.K. Bajpai, "Migration and Biodegradation of
Pentachlorophenol in Soil Environment," Technical Progress Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Characklis, W.G., A.B. Cunningham, W.L. Jones, and Z. Lewandowski,
"In-Situ Bioremediation of Organic Groundwater Contaminants," Technical
Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions
7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Clevenger, T.E., and EJ. Hinderberger, "Reclamation of Metal and
Mining Contaminated Superfund Sites Using Sewage Sludge/Fly Ash
Amendments," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research
Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas, September 27, 1990.
Erickson, L.E., and L.T. Fan, "Development of In-Situ Biodegradation
Technology," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research
Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas, September 28, 1990.
Fan, L.T., "Experimental Study of Stabilization/Solidification of
Hazardous Wastes," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance
Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, September 28, 1990.
Fan, L.T., "Computer-Aided Design and Control of Systems for
Treatment of Hazardous Waste and Minimization of Waste Production,"
Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S.
EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
September 28,1990.
Ghosh, S., "Biodetoxification of Hazardous Solid Wastes by Staged
Anaerobic Fermentation Conducted at Separate Redox and pH
Environments," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research
Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas, September 30,1990.
Ghosh, S., "Removal of Heavy Metals from Hazardous Wastes by
Protein Complexation for Their Ultimate Recovery and Reuse," Technical
Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions
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7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September, 1990.
Glasgow, L.A., "Vadose Zone Decontamination by Air Injection,"
Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S.
EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
September 28, 1990.
Hansen, C.L. and D.K. Stevens, "Optimal Bioreactor Design for
Biological Removal of Mercury," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous
Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30,1990.
Illangasekare, T.H., "Distribution and Recover of Refinery Waste
Products in Groundwater Aquifers: Experimental Study and Model
Evaluation," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research
Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas, September 30,1990.
Keefer, G.B., and G.J. Thies, "Metal Recovery and Reuse Using an
Integrated Vermiculite Ion Exchange-Acid Recovery System," Final Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Klabunde, K.J., "Nano-Scale Metal Oxide Particles as Reagents for
Destruction and Immobilization of Hazardous Substances," Technical
Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions
7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Kross, B.C., "Removal of Nitrogenous Pesticides from Rural Well Water
Supplies by Enzymatic Ozonation Process," Technical Progress Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Lewandowski, Z., "Heavy Metals Removal from Dilute Aqueous
Solutions Using Biopolymers," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous
Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Madison, M.F. and L.A. Licht, "Agricultural Ecosystems—The World is
Watching," Agricultural Engineering. Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 12-15, 1990.
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O'Connor, J.T. and B.J. Brazos, "The Response of Natural Groundwater
Bacteria to Groundwater Contamination by Gasoline in a Karst Region",
Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
O'Keefe, T.J. and J.L. Watson, "The Characterization and Treatment of
Hazardous Materials from Metal/Mineral Processing Wastes," Technical
Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions
7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Parkin, G.F., and D.T. Gibson, "Feasibility of In-Situ Anaerobic
Bioreclamation of Mixtures of Toxic Chemicals," Technical Progress Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 29, 1990.
Parkin, G.F., and D.T. Gibson, "Feasibility of Using Genetically
Engineered Bacteria to Degrade Trichloroethylene in Activated-Sludge
Systems," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center
for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
September 29, 1990.
Peyton, R.L. and S.H. Anderson, "Simulation of Three-Dimensional
Transport of Hazardous Chemicals in Heterogeneous Porous Media Using X-
Ray Computer Tomography," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous
Substance Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
September 30,1990.
Schlup, J.R., "Adsorption of Hazardous Substances onto Soil
Constituents," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research
Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas, September 28, 1990.
Schnoor, J.L. and L.A. Licht, "Deep-Rooted Poplar Trees as an
Innovative Treatment Technology for Pesticide and Toxic Organics Removal
from Groundwater," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance
Research Center for U.S. Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, September 30,1990.
Schnoor, J.L., and G.F. Parkin, "Modeling Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate,
and Pesticide Contamination in the Subsurface Environment," Technical
Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions
7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1989.
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Valentine, R.L., "In-Situ Soil and Aquifer Decontamination Using
Hydrogen Peroxide and Fenton's Reagent," Technical Progress Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Viswanath, D.S., S. Kapila, and T.E. Clevenger, "Development,
Characterization and Evaluation of Adsorbent Regeneration Processes for
Treatment of Hazardous Waste," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous
Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
Walawender, W.P., L.T. Fan, "Thermochemical Treatment of
Hazardous Wastes," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance
Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, September 29, 1990.
Walton, C.W., "An Electrochemical Method for Acid Mine Drainage
Remediation and Metals Recovery," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous
Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 28, 1990.
Yanders, A.F.and S. Kapila, "Time Dependent Movement of Dioxin and
Related Compounds in Soil," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous
Substance Research Center for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1990.
THESES/DISSERTATIONS
Abedeen, F., "Microbial Processes in Porous Media," M.S. Thesis,
Department of Civil and Agricultural Engineering, Montana State
University, Bozeman, August, 1990.
Paterson, K.G., "Fate of Alachlor and Atrazine in Small Plot Field
Studies," M.S. Thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, May, 1990.
Thies, G.T., "Metal Removal and Recovery Using a Vermiculite Ion
Exchange System and Acid Extraction," M.S. Thesis, University of
Nebraska-Lincoln, August 1990.
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CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD
Two-day conference -- Conference on Hazardous Waste Research,
Manhattan, Kansas, May 21-22, 1990 -- Engineering Extension, Kansas
State University.
One-day conference -- Hazardous Waste Minimization, Omaha,
Nebraska, January 23, 1990 — Iowa Department of Natural Resources and
Nebraska Department of Environmental Control.
Two-day cluster of conferences — Agricultural Impacts on Ground
Water Quality; Ground Water Geochemistry; Ground Water Management
and Wellhead Protection; Environmental Site Assessments: Case Studies
and Strategies, Kansas City, Missouri, February 20-21, 1990 — National
Water Well Association/Association of Ground Water Scientists and
Engineers.
Two-day conference -- Controlling Water Contamination, Manhattan,
Kansas, March 7-8, 1990 -- Kansas Water Resources Research Institute,
Kansas State University.
Three-day conference -- Interfacial Microbial Process Engineering,
Bozeman, Montana, July 18-20, 1990 -- Center for Interfacial Microbial
Process Engineering, Montana State University.
Five-day symposium -- Mineral and Hazardous Waste Processing
Symposium, September 30-October 5, 1990 -- Advanced Mineral and
Hazardous Waste Processing Center of Excellence, Montana College of
Mineral Science and Technology and the Northern Rocky Mountain Water
Congress.
One-day workshop — Minimizing Hazardous Waste: A Workshop for
Metal Finishers, Manhattan, Kansas, May 23, 1990 -- Engineering
Extension, Kansas State University
Three-day workshop -- Introduction to Hazardous Waste
Management, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, November 9-11, 1989 --
Engineering Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Three-day workshop -- Introduction to Hazardous Waste
Management, Lincoln, Nebraska, December 14-16, 1990 -- Engineering
Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia.
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Three-day workshop -- Introduction to Hazardous Waste
Management, Denver, Colorado, January 18-20, 1990 -- Engineering
Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Three-day workshop -- Introduction to Hazardous Waste
Management,Overland Park, Kansas, February 15-17, 1990 — Engineering
Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Three-day workshop -- Introduction to Hazardous Waste
Management, Helena, Montana, March 15-17, 1990 -- Engineering
Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Three-day workshop -- Introduction to Hazardous Waste
Management, Kansas City, Missouri, April 18-20, 1990 -- Engineering
Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Five-day workshop -- Summer Institute on Hazardous Waste
Management, Columbia, Missouri, August 6-10, 1990 -- Engineering
Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Five-day conference -- 1990 Billings Reclamation Symposium,
Billings, Montana, March 25-30, — Reclamation Research Unit, Montana
State University.
One-day teleconference — Ask the Experts: Third Annual Hazardous
Materials and Waste Management Update, Manhattan, Kansas, May 11,
1990 - Oklahoma State University.
VIDEO PRODUCTIONS
Hazardous Waste: What it is: Who is Regulated: Where are the
Sources. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1990.
Hazardous Waste Management Alternatives for Rural Areas.
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1990.
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WESTERN REGION
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
PARTICIPANTS;
DIRECTOR:
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
DIRECTOR:
Stanford University
Oregon State University
Perry L. McCarty, Ph.D.
Western Hazardous Substance Research Center
Department of Civil Engineering
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305-4020
Phone: 415/723-4131 Fax: 415/725-8662
Kenneth J. Williamson, Ph.D.
Training and Technology Transfer Program
Western Hazardous Substance Research Program
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
Phone: 503/737-6836 Fax: 503/737-3462
THE CENTER AT A GLANCE
The Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center (WRHSRC)
is a cooperative activity between Stanford University and Oregon State
University. It was established to address critical hazardous substances in
the nation, as well as those of specific interest in EPA Regions 9 and 10.
The Regions include the states of Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho,
Nevada, Oregon, and Washington, and Guam. The Center receives its base
financial support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, but also
is supported through grants, contracts, and gifts from other federal
agencies, states, municipalities, consultants, and industry.
The objectives of the Center are:
• To promote through fundamental and applied research the
development of alternative and advanced physical, chemical, and
biological processes for treatment of hazardous substances in the
surface and subsurface environments.
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To disseminate the results of research to the industrial and
regulatory communities, to foster exchange of information with these
communities, and to promote a better understanding of the scientific
capability to detect, assess, and mitigate risks associated with
hazardous substance usage and disposal.
WESTERN HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CENTER
Research Project Distribution
(Number of Projects)
Heavy Metals (2)
Other (6)
22%
Technology Transfer
and Training (4)
15%
Groundwater/Site
Remediation (15)
56%
Major Focus: Groundwater cleanup and site remediation, with a
strong emphasis on biological approaches, represent the major focus of
Center activities. The research and training functions of the Center address
the major hazardous substance problems in EPA Regions 9 and 10,
including chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents, petroleum products,
pesticides, and toxic inorganic compounds including heavy metals.
Environmental problems from these substances, which often occur in
mixtures, result largely from the production of electronic equipment,
chemicals, forestry products, and food, as well as mining and military
activities, all of which are important in the region pair. Currently, the
Center is overseeing 23 research projects, eight of which are concerned
with chlorinated solvents, four involve halogenated aromatic compounds
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such as pentachlorophenol and PCBs, three address problems with non-
halogenated aromatics including petroleum derivatives such as gasoline
and ordnance wastes such as TNT, two are directed towards solution of
heavy metal problems, and six evaluate factors affecting movement and
fate of the above chemicals in the environment or address design and
management issues for site cleanup in general. Technology transfer and
training activities are broad and include four major activities. They also
include sponsorship of sessions at several major conferences, technical
workshops directed towards technology transfer, development of a major
training program in Oregon, sponsorship of a national meeting of
environmental engineering educators to address hazardous substance
education, and numerous presentations of research information and
technology transfer at conferences, workshops, and seminars for
regulators, industry, consulting firms, and university faculty and students.
The faculty and staff who are directing the Center's research,
training, and technology transfer activities are listed in Table 1. They
collectively represent an integrated research team representing four
different schools (engineering, earth sciences, medicine, and veterinary
medicine), and many different disciplines (microbiology, chemistry,
hydrogeology, hydrology, chemical engineering, civil engineering, and
medicine). Perry L. McCarty is Director of the overall Center and of the
research program. Kenneth J. Williamson serves as Associate Director in
charge of training and technology transfer and coordinates the Center's
overall activities in Oregon. Lewis Semprini is an Assistant Director who
coordinates technology transfer and research activities in California.
Martin Reinhard is Assistant Director in charge of the Center's analytical
program. Marilyn C. King is the Center's Administrative Assistant.
The Center's Science Advisory Committee and Training and
Technology Transfer Committee members are listed in Tables 2 and 3,
respectively, and represent federal and state governments, industry,
consulting firms, and universities. The budgets for the past year and the
total since the Center's inception are summarized in Table 4. The number
of students supported by the Center are summarized in Table 5.
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TABLE 1: KEY PERSONNEL IN THE CENTER
Stanford University
D. L. Freyberg
D. G.-Galic
S. M. Gorelic
L. M. Hildemann
M. C. King
P. K. Kitanidis
J.O. Leckie
A. Matin
P. L. McCarty
M. Reinhard
P. V. Roberts
L, Semprini
Oregon State University
A. M. Craig
J. D. Istok
P. O. Nelson
K. J. Williamson
S. L. Woods
MEMBER
John J. Barich
John Conomos
Frank Deaver
John F. Ferguson
John Glaser
TABLE 2: SCIENCE ADVISORY
AFFILIATION
US EPA
USGS Government
Industry
University
USEPA
Ronald Hoeppel
Michael C. Kavanaugh*
Garrison Sposito
James M. Tiedje
William A. Wallace
John L. Wilson**
John T. Wilson
John Wise
*Chairman
**Vice Chairman
DOD Government
Consulting Engineer
University
University
Consulting Engineer
University
USEPA
USEPA
COMMITTEE
EXPERTISE
Regulations
Hydrology
Electronics
Biological Processes
Physical/Chemical
Processes
Microbiology
Physical/Chemical
Processes
Soil Science
Microbiology
Design
Hydrology
Microbiology
Planning
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TABLE 3: TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ADVISORY COMMITTEE
James T. Allen
Kenneth Bigos
Robert Courson
Ethelwyn Hoffman
Margaret Kelly
David Kennedy**
Jon Kindschy
Gregory Peterson
David Rozell
M. R. Scalf
Jack Stanton
Kenneth Sutherland*
*Chairman
**Vice Chairman
California Government
USEPA
USEPA
Treatment Technology
Air Pollution
Planning
Washington Government Training
USEPA
DOD Government
University
Consulting Engineer
Oregon Government
USEPA
USEPA
Industry
Training/Technology
Transfer
Microbiology
Hazardous Substances
Training
Treatment Technology
Environmental Quality
Groundwater Remediation
Training/Technology
Transfer
Treatment Technology
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TABLE 4: CENTER FUNDING
FUNDING SOURCES FY199Q* FUNDS TO DATE
EPA: Centers Program $926,080 $2,926,080
EPA: Other 200,000 200,000
Other Govt: Federal** 450,000 580,000
Other Govt: State 0 0
Consortium 79,620 425,713
Private Sector*** 537.699 724.196
TOTAL $2,193,399 $4,855,989
*Oct. 1, 1989 - Sept. 30, 1990
**Department of Energy; Department of Defense
***Allied Signal Corporation; Brown and Caldwell; CH2M HILL; Electric Power
Research Institute; Gas Research Institute; Hewlett-Packard Company; Kennedy/
Jenks/Chilton; Kleinfelder, Inc.; James M. Montgomery Consulting Engineers, Inc.;
MBT Environmental Engineering, Ltd.; Orange County Water District; Schlumberger
Technologies; Shell Development Corporation
TABLE 5: STUDENT SUPPORT
STUDENT LEVEL NUMBER* FUNDS TO DATE**
Undergraduate 0 0
Graduate 38 $1,075,000
Post Doctoral 2.4 $181,000
TOTAL 40.4 $1,256,000
*Full-Time Equivalents
**Includes tuition and travel
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CENTER DIRECTOR'S REPORT
The goal of the Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center
is to develop alternative and advanced processes for treatment of
hazardous substance contamination of groundwater and soil. These
collectively represents the subsurface environment. The selected
subsurface contaminants being addressed are the most prevalent ones
throughout the country, and the focus of most national and state cleanup
efforts. These include chlorinated solvents and their derivatives, both
halogenated and non-halogenated aromatic compounds, and heavy metals.
Increasing our understanding of processes governing the movement and
fate of these contaminants in groundwater, and the development and
evaluation of schemes for groundwater remediation represent the
principal emphasis of the Center's research and educational activities.
There are several reasons for this focus. One is that groundwater
contamination is one of the major and most costly environmental problems
both within the western region and the nation as a whole. Also, the faculty
team assembled for the Center have a long history of research on
groundwater contamination, and so are in an excellent position to address
this important problem. This team represents several different disciplines,
the combined expertise of which is vital for successfully resolving the
complex physical, chemical, biological, geological, and engineering facets of
the subsurface contamination problem.
During this past year, the Center added four new members to help
direct the Center's activities. Dr. Abduhl Matin, a new faculty member
from Stanford's Department of Microbiology and Immunology, is
evaluating the performance of special microorganisms that have been
engineered to degrade trichloroethylene (TCE) under conditions of
starvation, which is the usual state of organisms in the environment.
Another new member is Dr. Morrie Craig from Oregon State's School of
Veterinary Medicine, who discovered a unique degrading ability of
microorganisms contained in the rumen of sheep. These natural organisms
offer excellent potential for degradating a variety of biologically resistant
aromatic compounds including pesticides and ordnance wastes such as
TNT. Dr. Lynn Hildemann, a new member of Stanford's Department of
Civil Engineering, is a specialist in air pollution, and complements the other
faculty who are addressing surface and subsurface environments. She will
help insure that in addressing problems of groundwater or soil
contamination, we do not simply transfer the problem to another media.
Dr. Lewis Semprini, another addition this year, will coordinate some of the
Center's administrative functions, and add his expertise as well in process
modeling associated with the field studies being conducted.
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The Center's primary emphasis on groundwater and soil
contamination complements the focus of the other four EPA hazardous
substance research centers. By carefully focusing on a small set of the
several hazardous substance problems, there is a greater possibility of
solving important, but complex problems. The Center's studies on
groundwater are helping to define new processes that have potential for
application in surface treatment systems as well. For example, studies on
groundwater processes have led to the finding of naturally occurring
microorganisms with the capability to destroy man-made organic
chemicals that were previously believed to persist in the natural
environment. Several laboratory and field studies are underway to take
advantage of the potential of these organisms for in-situ bioremediation.
In addition, because of the great potential, efforts are being made to
capture this natural ability in above-ground engineered systems where the
reaction rates can be greatly increased and the overall process can be
better controlled. Such research on surface processes is a natural extension
of the Center's subsurface research since most approaches to resolving
subsurface contamination involve some form of surface treatment. The
development of both in-situ and surface advanced treatment systems (to
handle the problem compounds being researched) by the Center requires
new engineering concepts and increased knowledge about the physical,
chemical, and biological processes involved. The team approach of the
Center is essential to address the various difficult issues inherent in such
complex technology development.
In addition to research, the Center supports training and technology
transfer activities, both by Center personnel and others. Through Dr.
Kenneth Williamson, Associate Director of the Center and head of this
program, training and technology transfer needs throughout the region-
pair were determined and updated from input by the Center's Training
and Technology Advisory Committee and through many discussions with
state and federal regulatory agencies. One need is for the development of
a university-based continuing- education hazardous substance training
program, and another is the development of an annual hazardous
substance conference in the Northwest region, for practitioners and
regulators similar to programs presently in operation in California and
elsewhere. Another is a series of seminars and workshops to present
results of research that has direct application in the field. Finally,
presentations by all Center faculty of research findings at international,
national, and regional conferences and publication in widely-read and
peer-reviewed journals is essential for the dissemination of results to
potential academic users. The Center has been highly active in all these
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areas. These various training and technology transfer initiatives are vital
to the rapid dissemination and implementation of research findings. This
outreach effort is of great importance today because of the newness and
complexity of the hazardous substance problems.
The Center was initiated in the Spring of 1989 with 14 separate
research projects. An additional 12 research projects have since been
added, and three have been completed. While most projects are funded by
the EPA Center's program, five of them have been supported by industry,
two are supported by the U.S. Department of Navy, two are financed by the
U.S. Department of Energy, and one is jointly supported by EPA and
industry. In addition, gift support from industry, consulting engineering
firms, and municipalities has helped expand the overall efforts of the
Center greatly, and at the same time has helped insure that we are
addressing environmental problems of significance to the country.
HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1990
This second year of Center activity has seen significant growth in the
number of research projects being conducted, ranging from basic to
applied. As well as the education of practitioners in hazardous substance
cleanup and in transfer of research findings. Among the new projects
funded this year are four that are concerned with bioremediation of
chlorinated solvents, the major groundwater contaminants in the country.
These range from basic studies in genetic engineering to design for
application of bioremediation at a Superfund site. This increases the
number of projects being conducted in this area to eight. Another major
focus has been anaerobic processes for biotransformation of both
halogenated and nonhalogenated aromatic compounds. In the past these
compounds were believed to be resistant to biotransformation in the
absence of oxygen, but field observations just a few years ago suggested
this was not the case. The aromatic compounds were found to be
transformed under natural conditions in the absence of oxygen. This has
important implications for site remediation. These studies are being
extended into a third class of aromatic compounds that contain nitro
groups through a new Center project. Heavy metal contamination of soils
and groundwaters is growing in significance in the western region of the
country, and so a new project has been added here. This is an area that we
would like to see increase within the Center, both because of its
importance and because we have experienced researchers at both Center
universities to carry out the needed studies.
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Training and technology transfer activities have increased
significantly this past year, and range from numerous presentations at
seminars, workshops, and conferences for industry, the consulting
profession, and regulators. Sponsorship of two major conferences and
several sessions in the western region this year, and another in the
coming year, have contributed to the technology transfer activities. In
addition, the initiation of a hazardous substance training program in
Oregon has been undertaken. More detailed information of these activities
follows:
Biodegradation of Chlorinated Solvents: Chlorinated solvents
and their transformation products (chloroaliphatics) are the most
prevalent priority contaminants found in groundwater in the United
States. They include trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE),
1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), dichloroethane (DCA), and vinyl chloride (VC).
These chemicals are characterized by their relatively high mobility in
groundwater and their resistance to biological degradation. However, in
recent years transformation both in the presence and absence of molecular
oxygen has been found possible. Here, microorganisms are fed a primary
substrate for energy and growth such as methane during which they
produce enzymes or coenzymes that fortuitously transform the chlorinated
compounds. This process termed cometabolism has not been used in the
past, but it now offers new possibilities for environmental restoration.
Most of the Center's biotransformation studies with chloroaliphatic
compounds involve cometabolism by methanotrophs, or microorganisms
that consume methane. Methane monooxygenase (MMO) is the enzyme
used by methanotrophs for the initial step in methane oxidation, and this
enzyme fortuitously oxidizes the chloroaliphatics. Through previous
studies in the laboratory and at the Moffett Naval Air Station field site in
Mountain View, California, a team of Center researchers demonstrated that
native methanotrophic bacteria would indeed degrade TCE, DCE, and VC
when methane and oxygen were dissolved in water and injected into the
ground. Compounds such as VC with less chlorine atoms per molecule
were much more rapidly degraded than ones with more chlorine atoms per
molecule such as TCE.
Technology Application at Superfund Site: A Superfund site at
St. Joseph, Michigan, has now been found that appears ideal for the first
application of this technology at full scale, and an initial feasibility study
was conducted this past year through support from the Allied Signal
Corporation and EPA. Here, a relatively uniform fine-sand unconfined
aquifer about 10 meters below ground surface has been contaminated with
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mg/1 concentrations of TCE. In addition, both DCE and VC are present at
similar concentrations, and were perhaps formed from TCE by anaerobic
biological reductive processes in the groundwater. Because of the promise
indicated by the feasibility study, funds have been received from EPA to
initiate the design of a full scale system. Cooperating in this study is the
Gas Research Institute which is providing additional funds for evaluating
an alternative method for subsurface mixing of methane and oxygen with
groundwater so that the groundwater need not be brought to the surface
for this purpose. The St. Joseph site will allow an evaluation of the
methanotrophic process at full scale, and also provides an opportunity to
explore alternative technologies for introduction and mixing of required
bacterial substrates and nutrients with contaminants. This mixing is one of
the more difficult unresolved problems with in-situ bioremediation.
The St. Joseph project is a cooperative venture between the federal
government, industry, consultants and the the Center to bring innovative
technology to practice. We believe there is a great need for such activity
and hope that more such opportunities can develop in the future.
While in-situ treatment by methanotrophs is attractive, it is likely
that groundwater at most sites will be pumped to the surface and treated
there. Two other Center projects are concerned with the development of
technology for biological treatment of chloroaliphatic compounds in surface
reactors where the process can be better controlled. These studies are
being jointly sponsored by EPA and the Gas Research Institute.
Considerable progress has been achieved this past year in understanding
the basic mechanisms involved in cometabolism. Appropriate reaction rate
models have been developed, and a two-stage bioreactor for treatment is
currently under evaluation.
Most Center studies on biotransformation of chloroaliphatics have
involved methanotrophs, but other researchers have found other
microorganisms that oxidize propane, ethylene, toluene, or ammonia also
produce oxygenases that can cometabolize chloroaliphatic compounds.
Particularly promising here are organisms with toluene monooxygenase
(TMO), which is a better understood enzyme than MMO. TMO has been
genetically characterized and is available for evaluation through genetic
engineering. One new current project with Drs. Abduhl Matin and Dunja
Grbic-Galic as principal investigators is concerned with incorporation of
TMO genes into E. coli in such a way that the enzyme can be produced
only when the microorganism is growing under starvation conditions,
which is the normal state of microorganisms in the environment. In
addition, the Department of Energy is helping to support a comparitive
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evaluation between the MMO and TMO enzyme systems at the Moffett
field site so that the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two
systems under natural conditions with native organisms can be
determined.
Aromatic Compounds: The Center is also studying the second
most prevalant groundwater contaminants, the soluble components of
gasoline, which include the aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene, ethylbenzene,
toluene, and xylene (BETX). In addition, the Center is evaluating several
other aromatic compounds, some of which sorb strongly to soil and thus
tend to be more associated with surface contamination. These include
polynuclear aromatics (PAHs), and halogenated aromatic compounds such
as the wood preservative pentachlorophenol (PCP), and polychlorinated
byphenols (PCBs).
Research activities at Stanford University are focused primarily on
BETX and PAHs, while Oregon State University's primary focus is PCP and
PCBs. A new Center project with Dr. A. Morrie Craig of the Oregon State
Department of Veternary Medicine as principal investigator, is exploring
the potential of the microflora associated with sheep rumen to degrade
ordnance hazardous compounds such as trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Considerable knowledge is available on the degradation of aromatic
compounds in the presence of oxygen (aerobic), and applications of
biodegradation here is common. However, aromatic compounds have
recently been found to be degraded in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
conditions as well. The Center faculty at both Stanford and Oregon State
have been instrumental in the development of knowledge of anaerobic
aromatic biodegradation, and so continue to study this important area
through support from the Center. Anaerobic conditions often occur in the
subsurface environment where the availability of oxygen is limited. For
this reason, better understanding of the conditions required, the organisms
involved, and the additional compounds formed from degradation are of
great significance.
During this past year at Oregon State faculty Dr. Sandra Woods and
her students have explored the different pathways by which PCPs are
degraded under anaerobic conditions. They are working with a consortium
of bacteria that convert organic compounds into methane
(methanogenesis). And have found that of the five chlorine atoms on the
PCB molecule, those in the number one and three positions on the ring
generally are removed first, with some preference for the former. While
chlorine atoms in the number two position are less favored, they too are
sometimes removed initially. Because these different pathways are all
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operative to some degree leads to the formation of mixtures of
intermediate compounds of great complexity and susceptibility to further
transformation. However, they all lead to the formation of less halogenated
compounds which can then be more readily destroyed by aerobic activity.
The development of a combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment system in
which the overall destruction of these compounds is favored is also under
study at Oregon State University.
An additional area of research support by the Center is on the
movement, fate, and treatment for heavy metals. Of particular concern in
the region pair is chromium (CrVI), which is a major groundwater
contaminant. Research at both Stanford University under Dr. James Leckie
and Oregon State University under Dr. Peter Nelson is addressing this issue.
During this past year the research group working with Dr. James
Leckie has developed a data base that will permit development of a model
for describing mass transport limited adsorption in porous metal oxide
particles. The experimental work indicated that porous particles can be
designed with the physical size and strength appropriate for engineered
processes and with a pore size distribution to allow a large adsorption
capacity (internal) and a time dependency appropriate for engineered
systems (uptake and regeneration within 1-2 hours). Thus it now appears
feasible to consider applications where it is practical to reuse trace metals
and the adsorbent oxide particles. Concentration ratios of 1000 or greater
may be possible for dilute waste streams where the adsorbed metals can
be eluted off in concentrated form. Potential users of such an engineered
system are the electronics industry (rare earth metals), metal finishing
industries (toxic trace metals), power industry waste streams (fly ash pond
waters), and agricultural areas with elevated concentrations of metalloids
such as selenium and arsenic.
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
During the first year of Center activity, a survey was made of
hazardous substance training and technology transfer needs in EPA
Regions 9 and 10. California was found to have an excellent training
program in place at the nine campuses of the University of California, but
this did not exist in of the other eight states in the region pair. Also a need
for better transfer of research findings to regulators and consulting
engineers existed, especially in California. A cooperative venture was
established between the Center and the California University Extension
program to extend their experience and materials in training courses to
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other states in the region pair, and to initiate seminars and workshops for
technology transfer. In addition, several conferences within the region
have been co-sponsored by the Center, and programs for individual
workshops and sessions have been developed in order to foster better
transfer of technology. These activities are in addition to the numerous
presentations by Center researchers on findings of their studies at local,
state, and national conferences, seminars, and workshops.
A program in hazardous waste training has now been established in
Portland, Oregon, to be operated by the Portland Community College
System.
Last year, the Center was a joint sponsor of an International
conference on processes affecting the movement and fate of contaminants
in the subsurface environment. This, year, the Center co-sponsored with
Idaho State University and the Idaho Association of Commerce and
Industry the 1990 Regional Conference on Hazardous Materials and Wastes
in Pocatello, Idaho. The Center also co-sponsored the 1990 Responsible
Hazardous Materials Management Conference in Portland, and organized
six seminars on subjects ranging from methodology for groundwater
monitoring to remediation of heavy metal contamination in groundwater
and bioremediation of chlorinated solvents. Each seminar was attended by
30 to 60 individuals.
Two one-day workshops were conducted in northern and southern
California on chlorinated solvents in groundwater, and co-sponsored with
the University of California extension service. There were over 160 in
attendance at the northern California meeting, and a full 110 individuals at
the southern California workshop. Because of the success of this workshop,
plans are underway to present it elsewhere in California, and perhaps
other region states as well. Other similar workshops are also being
planned. This cooperative venture with the University of California
Extension service is working well The Center is also a co-sponsor of an
International Conference on In-Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation that was
initiated by Battelle, March, 1991 in San Diego, California. This meeting
has attracted much interest and a number of foreign participants. The
Center has been responsible for organizing a session on chlorinated
aliphatic compounds.
A final but important activity that the Center is sponsoring August,
1991 is a meeting of the Association of Environmental Engineering
Professors (AEEP) to evaluate educational issues. AEEP represents about
100 universities that educate environmental engineers and scientists
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throughout the country. AEEP has educational meetings about once every
four to five years. One of the three main topics at this meeting will be how
best to incorporate hazardous substance issues into the curriculum.
Environmental education at the undergraduate level will also be a major
theme at this meeting. Oregon State University was selected as the site for
this important conference because of the focus of the WRHSRC and its
relevance to the topics of the Conference.
TABLE 6
WESTERN REGION
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTER
PROGRAM SUMMARY
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
PROJECT
CHEMICAL MOVEMENT/FATE/TREATMENT
END
DATE
CURRENT
BUDGET
TOTAL
BUDGET
Reinhard/ Treatment of Complex
Grbic-Galic/ Mixtures
Leckie/McCarty/
Roberts
1992
$96,000
$285,000
Gorelick
Reinhard/
Roberts
Kitanidis
Kitanidis/
Freyberg
Hildemann/
Roberts
Design of Reliable and
Cost-Effective Mitigation
Schemes
Gaseous Stripping of
Non-aqueous Liquids
from the Vadose Zone
1992
1992
Detection and Assessment 1991
of Subsurface Contamination
FASTCHEM© Applications
and Sensitivity Analysis
1991
Dispersion Modeling of 1992
Volative Organic Emmission
from Ground-Level
Treatment Systems
$60,000
$72,000
$66,000
$53,000
$76,000
$181,000
$205,000
$195,000
$53,000
$159,000
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PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
Roberts
END
DATE
1992
PROJECT
Determining and Modeling
Defusion-limited Sorption
and Desorption rates of
Organic Contaminants in
Heterogeneous soils
BIOREMEDIATION/CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
McCarty/ Oxidation of Chlorinated 1991
Roberts Solvents by Methanotrophs
McCarty/ Effects of Sorption on 1992
Roberts Biodegradation of Halo-
genated Organics
Reinhard/ Long-Term Chemical 1991
McCarty Transformation of 1,1,1-
Trichloroethane (TCA) and
Freon 113 Under Acquifer
Conditions
Matin/ Use of Starvation and Stress 1992
Grbic-Galic Promoters for Biodegradation
of Hazardous Wastes
McCarty/ Subsurface Mixing of 1991
Kitanidis/ Nutrients and Groundwater
Roberts/ for In-Situ Bioremediation
Semprini
McCarty/ Test-Bed Evaluation of In- 1992
Roberts/ Situ Bioremediation of
Semprini Chlorinated Aliphatic
Compounds by Toluene
McCarty/ Demonstration of In-Situ 1991
Roberts/ Bioremediation of Chlori-
Gorelick/ nated Aliphatics by
Kitanidis/ Methanotrophs at
Semprini St. Joseph
CURRENT
BUDGET
TOTAL
BUDGET
BIOREMEDIATION/AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Woods
Interactions between
Electron Acceptors in the
Treatmet of Wastewaters
Containing Sulfate,
Chlorophenols and Acetate
1992
$80,000
$70,000
$15,000
$76,000
$90,000
$185,000
$200,000
$47,000
$260,000
$211,000
$50,000
$156,000
$90,000
$384,000
$200,000
$139,000
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PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR
Williamson/
Nelson
PROJECT
END
DATE
Enhancing Biodegradation 1992
with Sorption with Alternating
Aerobic/Anaerobic Environments
CURRENT
BUDGET
$56,000
TOTAL
BUDGET
$168,000
Istok/
Woods
Grbic-Galic
Reinhard/
McCarty
Craig/
Woods
Reinhard/
McCarty
Development and Verifica- 1992
tion of a Numerical Model to
Predict the Fate and Transport
of Chlorinated Phenols in
Groundwater
Anaerobic Microbial Trans- 1992
formation of Homocyclic and
Heterocyclic Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
$58,000
$166,000
In-Situ Biological Treat-
ment of Aromatics in
Groundwater
Biotransformation of
Ordnance Wastes Using
Unique Consortia of
Anaerobic Bacteria
The Effect of Surfactants
on Biiodegradation of
Chlorinated Biphenyls in
the Presence of Soils
HEAVY METALS
Leckie
Nelson/
Istok
Trace Metal Removal
Processes
Hexavalent Chromium
Sorption and Desorption
in Natural Soils and Subsoils
Semprini
Williamson
Williamson/
Semprini
Continuing Education
Program
1992
1992
1990
1992
1992
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Williamson Hazardous Waste Training 1992
Advanced Topic Workshops 1992
1992
Conference Sponsorship 1992
$64,000
$130,000
$193,000
$28,000
$72,000
$48,000
$15,000
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
$190,000
$260,000
$438,000
$86,000
$212,000
$100,000
$45,000
$60,000
$45,000
$30,000
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RESEARCH PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
CHEMICAL MOVEMENT, FATE, AND TREATMENT
Treatment of Complex Mixtures: Martin Reinhard, Dunja Grbic-Galic,
J. 0. Leckie, P. L. McCarty, and P. V. Roberts, Stanford University.
Goal: The goal of this project is to apply a computer-aided information
system to the problems of hazardous waste treatment.
Rationale: When designing treatment processes and assessing the risk of
complex hazardous wastes, numerous complex and interrelated factors
must be considered. Foremost are the biodegradability and the physico-
chemical characteristics of the contaminants. However, such data are not
available except for the most common contaminants. Using computer-
based property estimation techniques and process simulation, pilot studies
can be designed with considerable cost savings.
Approach: An information system is being used to analyze in detail the
performance of single and multi-step treatment plants for which the
removal efficiencies of a broad range of contaminants have been
characterized. In these cases, substance properties relevant to treatment
of contaminated waters, such as aqueous solubility and n-octanol/water
partition coefficients as a function of treatment conditions, are being
correlated with observed removal rates during air-stripping, activated
carbon and reverse osmosis. Biological properties will also be considered.
Status: Detailed analysis of air-stripping and activated carbon treatment
should be complete by March 1991. Analysis of multi-process treatment
trains including reverse osmosis and biological process is about to begin
with completion expected in March 1992.
Client/Users: Consultants, educators and regulators interested in
treatment plant design for complex mixtures, and researchers studying the
relationship between properties and environmental fate of contaminants.
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Design of Reliable and Cost-Effective Mitigation Schemes: Steven
M. Gorelick, Stanford University
Goal: The aim of this project is to develop and test methods for design of
pump-and-treat aquifer remediation systems. These methods can target
reliable strategies that identify the best well locations and pumping rates
to ensure capture of contaminant plumes. Reliable designs must be based
on reliable predictive models. Quantifying both model parameter
uncertainty and consequent prediction uncertainty is a major research
goal.
Rationale: Simulation models can be powerful tools for designing aquifer
remediation schemes. Unfortunately, there is tremendous uncertainty
associated with our predictive models of subsurface contaminant transport,
even for substances whose chemical behavior is
well understood. Given this uncertainty, any pump-and-treat system must
be over designed. Knowledge of the nature of simulation model
uncertainty and the development of risk-based design strategies are
therefore essential.
Approach: The project is being conducted in cooperation with
Environment Canada, and focuses on the Gloucester Special Waste
Compound in Ontario, Canada. In 1989 design began for pump-and-treat
remediation to remove hazardous organic solvents. The best remediation
design requires optimal well selection and the determination of optimal
pumping rates. The problem is being approached by developing stochastic
simulation models based upon available field data. Then these models are
combined with nonlinear optimization methods in order to identify reliable
design strategies. Model parameter uncertainty is considered to be a key
indicator of design reliability. In this approach, model parameters are first
described statistically. This quantification of uncertainty in model input is
then translated into confidence bounds on model predictions of
contaminant transport. The reliability indicated by the predictive model is
then used to over design the remediation system to the extent necessary to
insure success.
Status: Analysis of the hydraulic and chemical field data for the
Gloucester site has been completed. Geologic characterization and
hydrogeologic conceptualization are also complete. A large scale two-
dimensional finite- element simulation model was developed which
simulates the hydraulic head distribution and solute migration. Using a
coupled-process approach, both the hydraulic head and solute
concentration data were jointly used to estimate parameter values and
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their uncertainties. This simulation- regression model proved to be a
powerful tool to reduce parameter uncertainty and consequent prediction
uncertainty. Currently, a stochastic optimization formulation, based on the
parameter estimates, is being used to establish reliable remediation design
alternatives. Completion is expected by March 92.
Client/Users: Engineers and hydrogeologists involved in aquifer
remediation design. Groundwater modelers interested in parameter
estimation methods.
Gaseous Stripping of Nonaqueous Liquids from the Vadose Zone:
Martin Reinhard and Paul V. Roberts, Stanford University
Goal: The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the
factors which control the efficiency of vapor phase stripping of volatile
contaminants from the vadose (unsaturated) zone.
Rationale: Vapor stripping is becoming an increasingly popular method
of removing nonaqueous liquids from the unsaturated zone. However,
there is no basis for assessing when conditions are favorable for this
process, nor is there any way of predicting the rate and extent of removals.
Approach: This investigation is divided into three areas. The first is the
measurement of organic vapor sorption isotherms for trichloroethylene on
a range of different solids. The second involves measuring the rate at
which the organic solvents desorb from the soils under vapor stripping
conditions. The third encompasses computer modeling of the stripping
process using the isotherm and kinetic data obtained in the other two
phases of the project.
Status: A novel methodology has been developed to measure adsorption
isotherms under conditions of the unsaturated subsurface environment.
Three aquifer materials have been characterized, and adsorption
isotherms have been measured for TCE. Desorption rates have been
measured and models are being evaluated to rationalize the observed
removal rates.
Client/Users: Consultants and educators interested in groundwater and
soil remediation technology.
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Detection and Assessment of Subsurface Contamination:
Peter K. Kitanidis, Stanford University
Goal: The thrust is the development of better techniques for
characterizing contaminated sites. Objectives include the development of
better computational methods for the detection and assessment of
groundwater contamination and the determination of the mechanisms and
parameters which govern the transport and fate of pollutants at field
scales.
Rationale: There is seldom enough information to determine with
certainty the precise values of all parameters for characterizing a
contaminated site, especially at the local scale. Measurements of some
critical transport parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, indicate
variability over orders of magnitude over short distances. Other
parameters, such as thermodynamic constants and rate coefficients, are
quite variable too. In many cases, however, determination of the
"effective" parameters of the heterogeneous formation, i.e., those which
govern the net or "macroscopic" rate of advection, dispersion, and chemical
attenuation, rather than the highly variable local rates, is sufficient and is
what is sought by this study.
Approach: The approach combines measurements, mechanistic models
describing the transport and fate of pollutants, and statistical methods.
Because of spatial variability and incomplete knowledge, the parameters
which determine the transport and fate of solutes, such as conductivity,
retardation, and reaction coefficients, are characterized in statistical terms.
The mathematical formalism of random functions is used to describe
spatially variable quantities through statistical moments, such as mean and
covariance functions. These moments are obtained from data and other
(such as geological) information using geostatistical techniques. Then,
through the governing flow and mass transport equations, the statistics of
solute concentration are determined. These methods are applied to two
problems of practical interest: the evaluation of the macroscopic, or field-
scale, flow and transport parameters and the conditioning of predictions on
measurements.
Status: Initial efforts focused on the determination of the relation
between the measurable but highly erratic local parameters and the
effective parameters which govern the flow and solute transport at
macroscopic scales of interest. The second year produced a numerical
spectral method for carrying out computations of interest.
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Client/Users: Groundwater modelers; engineers working in the
characterization of hazardous-waste sites; regulators; and policy makers
interested in evaluating the worth of data.
FASTCHEM Applications and Sensitivity Analysis: Peter K. Kitanidis
and David L. Freyberg, Stanford University
Goal: FASTCHEM is a collection of computer programs which can be used
to predict the advection, dispersion, and geochemical transformation of
chemicals emanating from utility waste disposal sites. The objectives of
the work to be performed include: 1) quantifying the sensitivity and
uncertainty of predicted chemical distributions (in time and space) to
variations in input parameters; 2) developing a set of computer programs
which apply state-of-the art estimation methods for the interpolation of
parameters from sparse measurements; and 3) evaluating the literature
and developing new techniques for optimal decontamination strategies at
utility hazardous waste sites under uncertainty.
Rationale: Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
in 1984 and reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act in 1986 have
prompted the formulation of several new regulations to protect
groundwater quality. In response to new regulations and to develop a
capability to assess the potential success of remedial actions, the Electric
Power Research Institute (EPRI) has supported the development of the
interim hydrogeochemical modeling package FASTCHEM. This package of
codes can be used to simulate the advection, dispersion, and chemical
attenuation of inorganic chemicals that may be leached from electric utility
waste disposal sites. There is a need now to determine the applicability of
the model and for incorporating subroutines for the utilization of data.
Approach: The model's sensitivity and uncertainty is evaluated through
application to specific case studies. Methods for incorporating available
measurements are being based on linear estimation methods.
Status: The computer codes have been installed and tested and
recommendations for model improvement have been made. The model is
currently being applied to six case studies representing typical problems of
ash disposal from coal-fired plants. The sensitivity of the results to the
input parameters is being evaluated.
Clients/Users: The electric utility industry; regulators; policy makers.
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Dispersion Modeling of Volatile Organic Emissions from Ground-
Level Treatment Systems: Lynn M. Hildemann and Paul V. Roberts,
Stanford University
Goal: Treatment to remove organic substances present in contaminated
groundwater can result in the emission of hazardous volatile organics into
the atmosphere. This project will develop a detailed model for the
dispersal of emissions from a ground-level area source into the
atmosphere, with the goal of accurately predicting concentration levels
near the source as well as further away.
Rationale: The potential toxicity of air emissions from waste treatment
processes has been the focus of increasing concern over the past decade.
However, published attempts at estimating the potential impact of such
treatment processes on the local atmosphere have utilized simple
dispersion models which are only reliable at significant distances
downwind over long averaging times for an elevated source. A more
accurate approach is needed to evaluate the risk posed in the near vicinity
of a ground-level treatment process due to atmospheric emissions.
Approach: A detailed model capable of predicting the near-source
dispersion of emissions from a ground-level area source will be developed.
Accurate theoretical expressions for the variation of wind speed and eddy
diffusivity with vertical height will be incorporated in order to accurately
model dispersion in the surface layer regime. This model will be linked to
an already-developed model predicting emission rates resulting from
aerobic biological treatment of wastewaters. The model predictions then
will be compared with published measurements of concentrations
downwind of treatment sites.
Status: Since the project began in October 1990, a review of the literature
to identify recent work dealing with the characterization of fluid
mechanical behavior in the surface layer of the atmosphere has been
undertaken. The next step will be to begin development of the
atmospheric diffusion model.
Client/Users: Industries and regulators involved in the treatment of
contaminated groundwater, and researchers concerned with risk
assessment with such treatment.
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Determining and Modeling Diffusion-limited Sorption and
Desorption Rates of Organic Contaminants in Heterogeneous Soils:
Paul V. Roberts, Stanford University
Goal: The overall goal of this project is to advance the understanding of
the basic processes governing the uptake and release of aqueous phase
organic contaminants in a heterogeneous porous medium.
Rationale: Aquifer remediation strategies, such as pump-and-treat or
biorestoration, can be greatly prolonged by the diffusion limitations on
sorption and desorption from the soil matrix. Equilibrium models, which
are the most commonly used solute transport models, do not account for
these effects. There is presently little basis for assessing when mass
transfer conditions are favorable for pump-and-treat and/or
biorestoration strategies, nor is there an accepted method for predicting
the required duration of remediation efforts.
Approach: Long-term batch experiments for measuring the uptake and
release rates of several contaminants from solids obtained from an
experimental aquifer restoration site are being conducted. The data will
be used to evaluate and parameterize existing transport models.
Status: Batch sorption rate data have been used to study the
breakthrough of several compounds in the experimental aquifer. A purge-
and-trap method for studying desorption rates is being developed. The
completion of sorption/desorption studies, and related modeling efforts, is
expected March 92.
Client/Users: Researchers interested in mass transfer limitations on the
transport or biodegradation of organic contaminants; state and EPA
regulators, industry, and consultants concerned with site remediation.
CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
Chlorinated Solvents and Oxidation of Chlorinated Solvents by
Methanotrophs: Perry L. McCarty and Paul V. Roberts, Stanford
University
Goal: Methanotrophic bacteria, which oxidize methane for energy, can also
oxidize chlorinated solvents such as TCE by co-metabolism. The goals of
this project are: 1) to evaluate competitive inhibition effects between
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methane and chlorinated compounds; 2) to assess mass transfer limitations
to treatment-reactor design; and 3) to optimize the design for an above
ground treatment system.
Rationale: There have been several studies of treatment systems for
degrading chlorinated solvents and related compounds by cometabolism.
However, knowledge of reaction kinetics are poorly understood so that
little scientific basis currently exists for optimizing treatment reactor
design. In addition, since the substrates and contaminants of concern are
all poorly soluble in water, mass transfer is of great significance and must
be considered.
Approach: It is hypothesized that oxidation rates for methane and
chlorinated contaminants can be described by a competitive inhibition
model. To evaluate this hypothesis, reaction coefficients for methane and
TCE alone are being evaluated using a mixed methanotrophic culture
derived from the Moffett Field aquifer. Reaction rates when they are used
in combination are then being predicted and measured in order to test the
hypothesis. In mass transfer studies, model calculations that consider
mass transfer effects and biological reaction kinetics are being made for a
variety of reactor configurations. The model results will guide reactor
design and will help to determine important knowledge gaps for further
research.
Status: Preliminary laboratory studies have indicated basic reaction
coefficients for methane and trichloroethylene utilization alone by
methanotrophs. Model calculations have been carried out for a suspended
growth reactor, and results are being evaluated to determine where
knowledge gaps exist.
Client/Users: Researchers interested in co-metabolism, and industry,
consulting engineers, and state and EPA regulators who are evaluating
treatment options for chlorinated solvents.
Effects of Sorption on Biodegradation of Halogenated Organics:
Perry L. McCarty and Paul V. Roberts, Stanford University (funded by EPA)
Goal: The goal is to determine how compound sorption onto solid surfaces
affects the rates of degradation of chlorinated solvents by methanotrophic
bacteria.
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Rationale: Rates of biodegradation of organic compounds are affected by
sorption onto surfaces, but the nature of this effect is not well understood.
Whether it enhances or reduces transformation rates appears to depend
upon properties of the sorbed compound, the surface to which it is sorbed,
and the biological process involved. Greater knowledge is needed in order
to better predict fate of chemicals, and to devise treatment schemes where
sorption is involved.
Approach: The availability of sorbed trichloroethylene (TCE) to biological
degradation by methanotrophic bacteria which use methane as primary
substrate for growth is being evaluated. Biotransformation kinetics for TCE
by non-fed (resting) methanotrophic bacteria, and parameters associated
with sorption kinetics of TCE on a well-defined synthetic media (silicalite)
are being determined. A numerical model for experimental evaluation is
being developed to relate desorption and biotransformation kinetics, using
the hypothesis that transformation rates are directly related to solution
concentration of TCE.
Status: Studies of TCE transformation by resting cells have been
completed. Experiments on the effect of sorption onto silicalite on reaction
rates have been completed. Progress is on schedule.
Client/Users: Researchers interested in co-metabolism, and industry,
consulting engineers, and state and EPA regulators who are evaluating
treatment options for chlorinated solvents.
Long-Term Chemical Transformation of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
(TCA) and Freon 113 Under Aquifer Conditions: Martin Reinhard,
Stanford University
Goal: The goals of this project are: 1) to determine the rates and pathways
of chemical transformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and Freon 113
under conditions representative of those encountered in an aerobic
aquifer; and 2) to determine the extent to which sorbing aquifer materials
and different solution composition may influence transformation rates and
pathways.
Rationale: Previous data obtained at high temperature has demonstrated
that TCA undergoes abiotic dehalogenation in aqueous solution. However,
extrapolation to groundwater temperature is fraught with uncertainty,
and the influences exerted by the presence of aquifer solids and ground
water solutes are not well understood.
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Approach: This work involves a long-term (5-year) study of the rates
and pathways of reaction of TCA and Freon 113 in aqueous solution in the
presence, as well as the absence of aquifer material. Because under
ambient conditions, the half-life of TCA is on the order of a year and
several different products may form, substrate disappearance and product
formation will be monitored over several years in order to make obtain
mass balances.
Status: The test systems have been in operation for 10 months, and
several products of TCE transformation are now being detected and
quantified. The study is expected to be completed in 1994.
Client/Users: Consultants, regulators, and researchers interested in
natural processes affecting the long-term fate of TCA and Freon 113 in the
subsurface environment.
Use of Starvation and Stress Promoters for Biodegradation of
Hazardous Wastes: Abdul Matin, Dunja Grbic-Galic, Stanford University
Goal: The goal of this project is to use bacterial starvation and stress
promoters to create recombinant strains that maintain high biodegradation
activity under typical environmental stress conditions.
Rationale: Biodegradation activity in the environment is typically limited
by nutrient deficiencies or other stresses, including carbon, nitrogen, or
phosphorus starvation. Bacterial strains that maintain high degradation
activity in the face of typical environmental stresses would be very useful
in treatment of hazardous waste sites.
Approach: Bacterial stress promoters are genetic elements that turn on
in response to specific stress conditions. Our laboratory has isolated and
characterized genetic promoters that turn on under carbon starvation
conditions. We have also obtained other stress promoters that respond to
more general stress conditions. Our approach is to splice the toluene
monooxygenase (TMO) gene (responsible for trichloroethylene (TCE)
degradation) under control of these stress promoters, and to characterize
the degradation activities of these recombinant strains.
Status: The TMO gene has been cloned under control of two carbon
starvation promoters and a stress promoter in E.coli, which has permitted
the organism to maintain TCE degradation activity for several hours after
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the onset of starvation. The degradation ability under a variety of stress
conditions is now being evaluated.
Client/Users: Researchers, consultants, and regulators interested in
understanding environmental factors affecting biotransformation, and
potential methods for improving biotransformation rates.
Subsurface Mixing of Nutrients and Groundwater for In-Situ
Bioremediation: P. L. McCarty, P. K. Kitanidis, P. V. Roberts, and L.
Semprini, Stanford University
Goal: A scheme by which gases such as methane and oxygen are
introduced directly into groundwater for mixing with contaminants is
proposed for evaluation in order to avoid bringing contaminants to the
surface for this purpose.
Rationale: In-situ bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater
with methanotrophic bacteria requires that the primary substrate,
methane, and oxygen for its oxidation be introduced into the groundwater
and mixed with the contaminants. This is difficult to accomplish, especially
when the contaminants do not sorb strongly to the soil. Bringing
contaminated groundwater to the surface for this purpose poses a health
hazard, and so a method for accomplishing the introduction and mixing of
gases without removing groundwater is desirable.
Approach: A subsurface mixing system is proposed which consists of a
series of submerged wells with intake screens at the bottom and top. A
pump permits drawing groundwater into the well through the bottom
screen and pumping it back into the aquifer through the top screen, or vice
versa. In the well, oxygen and methane are introduced and mixed with
the groundwater. Model analysis is being conducted to determine the
effect of design parameters on the degree of mixing of dissolved gases with
contaminated groundwater, and to predict the effect of these operating
parameters on the degree of in-situ bioremediation that can be achieved.
Alternative methods for introduction of gases into the submerged wells are
also being evaluated.
Status: Funds to begin this one-year study were received in October
1990, and the proposed analysis has begun.
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Client/Users: Researchers studying in-situ bioremediation, and State and
EPA regulators, industries, and consulting engineers with interests in
biotreatment systems for organically-contaminated ground waters.
Test-Bed Evaluation of In-Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated
Aliphatic Compounds by Toluene: P. L. McCarty, P. V. Roberts,
L. Semprini, and G. Hopkins, Stanford University
Goal: The goal is to evaluate in the field the rate and extent of
degradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds through cometabolism
using phenol as a primary substrate.
Rationale: Recent research has indicated that microorganisms containing
the toluene monooxygenase (TMO) or toluene dioxygenase (TDO) enzyme
can oxidize chlorinated aliphatic compounds such as trichloroethylene
(TCE) by cometabolism, similar to biodegradation by methanotrophs with
methane monooxygenase (MMO). In order to obtain a comparison between
the relative advantages and disadvantages of the TMO or TDO and the
MMO enzyme system, an evaluation will be conducted at the Moffett Naval
Air Station field site in Mountain View, California, where a four-year
evaluation of the MMO system has been completed.
Approach: The field study with TMO- or TDO-producing bacteria will be
conducted similar to the previous study in which methane was used as a
primary substrate so that the results can be directly compared. Here,
phenol and oxygen will be dissolved in recycled groundwater along with
TCE, dichloroethylene (DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) for introduction into a
confined aquifer about four meters below the surface that is about 1.2
meters deep and 6 meters long. The growth of a native phenol degrading
population, and the rate and extent to which the introduced chlorinated
compounds are removed will be monitored. The extent of transformation
will be evaluated through comparison of concentration decreases using
conservative tracers for reference.
Status: Funds to begin this study were received in October 1990, and
preparation of the test-bed for beginning of this evaluation has just begun.
Client/Users: State and EPA regulators, industries, and consulting
engineers concerned with chlorinated solvents and related compounds
present in groundwaters.
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Demonstration of In-Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated
Aliphatics by Methanotrophs at St. Joseph, Michigan: P. L. McCarty,
P. V. Roberts, S. M. Gorelick, P. K. Kitanidis, and L. Semprini, Stanford
University
Goal: This project will evaluate alternative technologies leading to the
design of a full-scale system for in-situ cometabolic biodegradation of
chlorinated solvents and related compounds by methanotrophic bacteria.
Rationale: Bioremediation of groundwaters offers great promise because
it results in destruction of contaminants. However, application of promising
techniques requires research and demonstration at full scale. Field and
laboratory studies at Stanford University have helped develop a basic
understanding of the processes involved in methanotrophic treatment of
chlorinated aliphatic compounds. The next step towards application is an
evaluation of potential technologies for the process through research and
demonstration at full scale.
Approach: The Superfund site at St. Joseph, Michigan, is underlain with
a relatively homogeneous fine-sand aquifer. It is contaminated with mg/1
concentrations of trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride.
Laboratory, field, and modeling studies conducted by the WRHSRC
indicated that conditions were ideal for evaluating in-situ bioremediation
at this site. In order to develop an appropriate treatment system design,
additional site characterization is required. Alternative technologies need
to be researched, and modeling studies for alternatives need to be
evaluated. Further, a system design needs to be developed for evaluation
by the responsible industries, their engineers, and state and EPA
regulators. These tasks will be carried out by a team of researchers at
Stanford University in cooperation with the interested parties.
Status: Funding for this study was received in September 1990. The team
of researchers has agreed on a division of tasks, and evaluations have been
started, with the expected design recommendation scheduled for summer
1991.
Client/Users: State and EPA regulators, industries, and consulting
engineers interested in the removal and degradation of chlorinated
solvents and related compounds present in groundwaters.
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AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Interactions between Electron Acceptors in the Treatment of
Wastewaters Containing Sulfate, Chlorophenols and Acetate:
Sandra L. Woods, Oregon State University
Goal: The goal is to develop and verify a mathematical model for
anaerobic biotransformations in the presence of competing electron
acceptors, and to measure process kinetic constants. Electron acceptor
interactions between chlorophenols and their dechlorinated metabolites
and interactions between chlorophenols and sulfate are examined.
Rationale: Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated aromatic compounds
appears to progress such that parent compounds are almost completely
removed before degradation of metabolic products begins. To evaluate this
hypothesis, the kinetics of pentachlorophenol biotransformation is
evaluated in the presence of varying quantities of alternate electron
acceptors (metabolic products and sulfate).
Approach: Organisms acclimated to pentachlorophenol or
pentachlorophenol and sulfate are grown in continuous flow anaerobic
reactors. The reactors are allowed to reach steady-state and then used as
a source of organisms for subsequent batch experiments. Progress curves
for chlorophenol, sulfate and acetate degradation are generated from the
batch experiments. From the results the effect of alternate electron
acceptors on the rate of chlorophenol biotransformation are determined.
Status: Several batch experiments have been conducted that indicate
acclimated cultures carry out transformations by several routes compared
to a single route by unacclimated cultures. Biotransformation rates have
been measured individually for each chlorophenol congener, and in the
future will be used to measure chlorophenol transformation rates under
varying initial conditions.
Clients/Users: Consultants and regulators concerned with site
characterization for bioremediation or above-ground biological treatment
of pentachlorophenol, and researchers interested in biotransformation
reaction kinetics in a complex system.
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Enhancing Biodegradation with Sorption and Alternating
Aerobic/Anaerobic Environments: Kenneth J. Williamson,
Peter O. Nelson, Oregon State University
Goal: The goal is to develop and verify a mass transport and biokinetics
model of the sorption and biological degradation of pentachlorophenol and
its degradative products by an anaerobic and aerobic biofilms on activated
carbon.
Rationale: Granular activated carbon (GAC) has been shown useful for
enhancing biological treatment of toxic organic compounds by adsorption,
resulting in reduced aqueous concentrations to below inhibitory levels.
This enables biological degradation to occur of toxic compounds by the
attached biofilms. Haloaromatic compounds undergo different
biodegradation pathways under anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
Anaerobic pathways typically result in metabolic products that cannot
undergo further metabolism in that environment. By sorbing these
compounds to GAC and then moving the GAC to an aerobic environment,
complete and rapid degradation may be possible.
Approach: Anaerobic and aerobic biofilms will be developed on GAC
maintained in upflow expanded beds with recycle with acetate as the
primary substrate. Pentachlorophenol will be fed as a secondary substrate
to the anaerobic column, and should rapidly dechlorinate to a series of tri-
and di-chlorophenols which are primarily sorbed to the GAC. The GAC will
be moved from the anaerobic column to the aerobic column with a solid
retention time of 30 days. The tri- and di-chlorophenols slowly desorb in
the aerobic reactor and should undergo degradation by the aerobic
biofilms.
Status: Experiments have been conducted to determine substrate
removal rates for pentachlorophenol and its metabolic products under
aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Adsorption isotherms have been
conducted on GAC. The column reactors have nearly achieved steady-state
and data collection is underway. The project began in February 1989 and
is expected to be completed in January 1992.
Client/Users: Researchers and consulting engineers interested in
developing treatment technologies for chlorinated aromatic and aliphatic
compounds.
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Development and Verification of a Numerical Model to Predict
the Fate and Transport of Chlorinated Phenols in Groundwater:
Jonathan D. Istok and Sandra L. Woods, Oregon State University
Goal: The objectives are to develop a numerical model to predict the fate
and transport of pentachlorophenol and its primary anaerobic degradation
products in field soils and ground water aquifers. And to verify the model
using laboratory and field experiments.
Rationale: Predictive models of pollutant transport are needed for site
characterization and to design effective biological remediation strategies.
Approach: A mathematical model was developed based on the processes
of advection, dispersion, diffusion, sorption, and anaerobic degradation for
pentachlorophenol and its metabolites, an electron donor (acetate), and
biomass. Monod kinetics and a "macroscopic bulk concentration" concept
are used to describe degradation and growth. The resulting set of
nonlinear differential equations are solved by the finite difference method.
Experiments are conducted using a Chehalis soil in batch reactors, columns,
and in large soil tanks consisting of an aluminum box (2 m wide x 4 m long
x 20 cm deep) supported by a steel framework. Dispersion coefficients and
sorption parameters were measured in miscible displacement experiments
in packed soil columns (30.0 cm long by 5.38 cm in diameter). Comparisons
between predicted and measured effluent concentrations will be made
during miscible displacement experiments in inoculated soil columns.
Status: Batch experiments to measure equilibrium sorption coefficients
and degradation rates have been completed. Model verification in the soil
tanks will be completed by February 1992.
Clients/Users: Consultants and regulatory agencies concerned with site
characterization for bioremediation and understanding of
pentachlorophenol fate and transport.
Anaerobic Microbial Transformation of Homocyclic and
Heterocyclic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Dunja Grbic-
Galic, Stanford University
Goal: While monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene have been
shown to undergo anaerobic microbial degradation, information on
anaerobic biodegradability of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is
scarce. The goal of this project is to seek anaerobic microbial activity
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towards PAH and complex nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen heterocycles (NSO)
under sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions. Once such activity is
found the transformation routes will be evaluated.
Rationale: Environmental contamination by PAH and NSO compounds,
which are chemically stable and potential carcinogens, is widespread.
Frequently, oxygen is not present so that anaerobic transformation is the
only possibility for destruction of PAH and NSO. Thus, it is important to
know whether such transformation can occur. And if so, what are the
microorganisms involved, what is the degree of transformation (partial
chemical change versus mineralization), what intermediates and products
are formed, and what interactions occur in mixtures of PAH and NSO.
Approach: Saturated batch microcosms with aquifer solids from several
contaminated sites in the country and with prereduced defined mineral
medium are being amended with single PAH (indene, naphthalene,
acenaphthene) or NSO compounds (indole, quinoline, benzothiophene,
benzofuran), or with mixtures of these chemicals. In some cases, benzoate
or lactate are added to examine the possibility of cometabolic
transformation. Additionally, sulfate is being added as an alternative
electron acceptor. Once transformation is observed, enrichments will be
developed for isolation of individual strains with the ability to transform
aromatic hydrocarbons. In an alternate approach, mixed methanogenic
cultures (originally obtained from sewage sludge), shown to degrade
toluene, benzene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene, are being evaluated.
Status: To date, only aquifer solids from the contaminated site in
Pensacola, Florida, have exhibited activity towards PAH (indene,
naphthalene) and NS compounds. Ongoing studies are evaluating the
adaptation times required, pathways, and environmental factors affecting
transformation rates. Attempts are being made to isolate pure cultures of
bacteria from naphthalene- and acenaphthene-degrading methanogenic
consortia.
Client/Users: EPA regulators, industries, and consultants concerned with
clean-up of sites contaminated by petroleum or creosote.
In-Situ Biological Treatment of Aromatics in Groundwater:
Martin Reinhard and Perry L. McCarty, Stanford University
Goal: The objective of this study is to develop and characterize microbial
consortia capable of transforming aromatic hydrocarbon compounds under
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anaerobic conditions with emphasis on methanogenic, sulfate- and nitrate-
reducing conditions. And to understand the effect of environmental
factors on the transformation processes.
Rationale: Although most gasoline constituents are readily degraded in
aerobic surface water systems, the groundwater environment associated
with hydrocarbon spills is typically anaerobic, thus precluding aerobic
degradation pathways. In the absence of oxygen, degradation of gasoline
components can take place only with the utilization of alternate electron
acceptors such as nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and possibly ferric iron
or some other metal oxides. Neither the potential for transformation of
these compounds under field conditions using alternate electron acceptors,
nor the rate of such transformations has yet been assessed.
Approach: Microbial consortia from aquifer solids and other sources are
being enriched for anaerobic biotransformation of benzene and selected
alkyl-substituted monoaromatic compounds. The different media for the
enrichments are formulated to favor consortia that use selected electron
acceptors (nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide), and mixtures of aromatic
compounds are being used to ascertain multicomponent effects on
acclimation. Fundamental kinetic constants of the individual microbial
consortia will be determined using substrate utilization and biological
growth experiments. Results of laboratory studies will be compared with
degradation rates determined in bioreactors placed into a gasoline
contaminated aquifer at site in Southern California (Seal Beach.) The field
research is being developed and carried out in cooperation with research
staff of the Orange County Water District (Dr. Harry F. Ridgway and Don
Phipps).
Status: The hydrodynamic characteristics of the three in-situ bioreactors
at Seal Beach have been determined and experiments are underway to
assess biotransformation rates under prevailing anaerobic conditions.
Beginning in 1991, different redox regimes will be induced at the field site,
and contaminant removal will be assessed.
Client/Users: Researchers interested in anaerobic biotransformation of
hydrocarbons and aquifer bioremediation; state and EPA regulators and
industry concerned with gasoline and hydrocarbon remediation.
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Biotransformation of Ordnance Wastes Using Unique Consortia of
Anaerobic Bacteria: A. Morrie Craig and Sandra Woods, Oregon State
University
Goal: The objectives are to determine trinitrotoluene (TNT) degradation
rates and transformation products with anaerobic metabolism by sheep
ruminal microorganisms utilizing 14C radiolabel.
Rationale: Pilot trials have shown that a new source of bacteria capable
of degrading aromatic compounds have been found in sheep's rumen. The
uniqueness of these microorganisms is the time rate in which total
degradation of the toxic molecules occur. Few anaerobes from sediments
can degrade TNT. However, preliminary evidence has shown that sheep
microorganisms can degrade lOOmg/ml within 96 hours.
Commercializations of these bacteria in bioremediation of munitions sites
for the Navy and other branches of the armed forces would be highly
desirable.
Approach: A three-fold approach will be used: 1) the ruminal
microorganisms will be enriched for TNT degradation, and a partially
purified bacterial consortia will be defined; 2) degradation of radiolabelled
TNT will be used to identify the metabolic transition and end products of
TNT metabolism; and 3) optimum growth parameters and degradation
rates utilizing this consortia will be determined.
Status: The grant was initiated October 1, 1990. Sheep have been
fistulated to obtain ruminal fluid. Anaerobic hoods have been calibrated
and checked for optimum efficiency. Primary cultures are currently
degrading TNT at a 96 hour rate. Different select media are being tried to
enhance growth of detoxifying organisms and degradation rates.
Client/Users: The U. S. Navy and other DOD units, their consultants, and
regulatory agencies who are interested in the biotransformation of
munitions; and researchers who are exploring new microbial consortia for
aromatic compound degradation.
The Effect of Surfactants on Biodegradation of Chlorinated
Biphenyls in Soils: Martin Reinhard, Stanford University
Goal: The goal of this project is to explore the effect of surfactants on the
aerobic biodegradation of strongly sorbing compounds, such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in the presence of soils. Solubilization
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using surfactants has been proposed as a means of facilitating
biodegradation of these compounds which are recalcitrant due to strong
sorption onto soils and sediments.
Rationale: Sorption is thought to be one of the primary factors limiting
the biotransformation of PCBs in soils and sediments. By increasing the
bioavailability through the addition of solubilizing agents,
biotransformation of PCBs could be enhanced and soil and sludge
decontamination by microbial processes could be accelerated.
Approach: This feasibility investigation includes the following: 1) a test
of 4-chlorobiphenyl desorption using several commercial surfactants; 2) a
test of surfactant toxicity to 4-chlorobiphenyl degrading organisms; 3)
determination of the solubilizing effect of surfactants in soils; and 4) a test
of the rate of 4-chlorobiphenyl degradation in the presence of solids and
surfactant at various concentrations.
Status: The experimental work using a 4-chlorobiphenyl desorbing
surfactant is underway, with completion expected by December 31, 1990.
Client/Users: Researchers interested in PCB degradation; regulators
concerned with controlling levels of toxic/carcinogenic compounds in the
environment, and industry with contaminated sites to remediate .
HEAVY METALS
Trace Metal Removal Processes: James O. Leckie, Stanford University
Goal: The goal is development of an experimental data base and
mathematical model for mass transfer limited adsorption of trace metals in
porous particles. Experimental results and the mathematical model will
facilitate the design of removal process utilizing porous metal oxide
particles.
Rationale: Previous experimental work with porous, high-surface-area
oxide particles has demonstrated a dramatic increase in adsorption
capacity of the porous material relative to non-porous particles. From an
engineering perspective, porous particles with high internal surface area
are appropriate for treating large volumes of dilute metal bearing
wastewaters and allowing regeneration and recycling of the adsorbent.
Reactions within porous particles can be severely limited by intraparticle
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diffusion. Investigation of diffusional limitations is an objective of this
project. Choice of particles with a suitable pore size distribution will
provide the high surface area desired without imposing severe pore
diffusion limitations.
Approach: The approach involves the design and implementation of a
parametric study of adsorption of an oxyanion (selenite) and a cation
(cadmium) on porous, amorphous alumina particles. Samples of three
different porous aluminum oxide particles were obtained from ALCOA for
the study. The first phase of the experimental work involved the physical-
chemical characterization of the adsorbent (particle morphology, particle
size distribution, pore size distribution, surface area, solid structure,
surface site density, acidity constants, electrolyte binding constants, and
trace element binding constants). The second and main phase of the
experimental work explores the role of mass transfer on trace element
adsorption/desorption in the porous alumina particles. The parametric
study includes experiments at variable pH values, solid and trace element
concentrations, solid/solution ratios, and ionic strengths. Based on particle
characterization and data developed in the second experimental phase, a
time-dependent mathematical model will be developed coupling diffusion
processes with adsorption. The modeling task is difficult because of the
inability to measure experimental parameters directly associated with
trace metal adsorption inside the particles
Status: The physical characterization of the adsorbent has been
completed and chemical characterization is being carried out. Equilibrium
experiments with selenite have confirmed the high adsorptive capacity of
the porous alumina. Rate experiments indicate that the approach to
equilibrium depends on the solid-to-liquid ratio, as expected for diffusion
limited adsorption, and desorption rates were found comparable to
adsorption rates. The next phases will involve modeling of equilibrium and
rate experiments.
Client/Users: Researchers interested in trace metal removal processes;
electronics, electroplating, and power industries; areas with high trace
metal concentration problems (e.g., Kesterson reservoir).
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Hexavalent Chromium Sorption and Desorption in Natural Soils
and Subsoils: Peter O. Nelson and Jonathan D. Istok, Oregon State
University
Goal: The intent of this research is to gain a better understanding of the
chemical behavior of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in natural soils.
Emphasis will be placed on determination of reaction kinetics and the
effects of competing solute anions on Cr(VI) sorption and desorption.
Results will be used to improve transport modeling of the fate of Cr(VI)
and to better design remediation schemes for chromium-contaminated
soils.
Rationale: Remediation schemes for chromium contaminated sites give
strong consideration to soil flushing, or pump-and-treat technology.
Pump-and-treat has been selected for at least one Region 10 site (United
Chrome Products), and is being considered for many others around the
country. The efficacy of pump-and-treat is highly dependent on chromium
sorption and desorption kinetics and on the influence of competing solute
anions. Models to predict the transport of Cr(VI) in soils must therefore
incorporate these effects.
Approach: A controlled laboratory investigation is proposed in which
Cr(VI) sorption and desorption reactions with natural soils and subsoils are
studied. Batch reactor experiments will be used to determine equilibrium
sorption parameters for chromate and sorbing co-solutes on soil and to
study sorption and desorption kinetics over extended time periods (weeks
to months) that are relevant to soil contamination sites. Soil column
studies will be used to more closely simulate field conditions of porous
media flow for investigation of diffusion-limited sorption and desorption
kinetics. This latter is necessary for transport modeling and the
preliminary design of in-situ chemical extraction- remediation processes.
Status: This two-year project began on March 1, 1990. Design of
laboratory experiments for batch and soil column reactors has been
completed, and experimental work is in progress. Expected project
completion date is February 28, 1992.
Client/Users: Practitioners selecting remediation processes for sites with
hexavalent chromium contamination will benefit from the methodology
developed in this research.
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TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Hazardous Waste Training: Kenneth J. Williamson, Oregon State
University and Gilbert Albelo, Mt. Hood Community College
Goal: The goal is to develop a comprehensive and coordinated program of
hazardous substance training in the State of Oregon involving the
community colleges and Oregon State University.
Rationale: A coordinated education program in Oregon was not available,
but was found to be necessary to train and educate individuals for careers
in the hazardous substance field.
Approach: A consortium of higher education, regulatory, and industrial
representatives was developed to plan a multiple-level curriculum for
hazardous substance management. The University of California extension
program was used as a model. The curriculum would be implemented by
the Oregon community college and university system.
Status: A curriculum has been developed and is being adopted at four
community colleges and at Oregon State University. A proposal has been
developed to the Oregon Legislature to adopt statutory requirements of
certification for all employees with hazardous substance responsibilities.
The levels in the certification are tied directly to various educational levels
in the developed curriculum. The project began in January 1990 and is
expected to be complete in June 1991.
Advanced Topic Workshops: Lewis Semprini, Stanford University
Goal: The goal is to give advanced topic workshops to transfer results of
basic and applied research being performed at the Center to regulators,
consultants, industry, and researchers, illustrating how the research
findings pertain to problems encountered in practice.
Rationale: There is an expressed need among the community working on
hazardous substance problems for the most recent available research
findings in the field together with a theoretical foundation on which the
research findings are based.
Approach: The Center is presenting these workshops primarily in
California where the expressed need has been the greatest. They are being
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provided in conjunction with the University of California Extension
Program in Environmental Hazard Management to complement the basic
training program which they already provide. The one to two day
workshops are presented by a group of Center researchers to provide a
broad range of expertise on central contaminant problems of concern in
EPA Regions 9 and 10.
Status: Two workshops entitled "Biological Transformations of
Chlorinated Solvents in Subsurface Systems - Natural Processes and In-situ
Bioremediation" were given on June 22, 1990, at Stanford University, and
on June 28, 1990, at the University of California Irvine. They were
attended by over 200 professionals from industry, governmental agencies,
and consulting firms. This workshop may be given again this coming year.
A new workshop on "Biological Transformations of Chlorinated and Non-
Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds is also being planned for the coming
year.
Continuing Education Program: Kenneth J. Williamson, Oregon State
University
Goal: The goal of this activity is to provide continuing education courses
for professionals in the hazardous substance field.
Rationale: There is a need by regulators, consultants, and industrial
personnel who are working in the hazardous substance field to obtain
greater knowledge about hazardous chemical management and treatment,
and to keep abreast of current developments. Extension courses provide
greater breadth and depth of knowledge in given areas than can be
obtained from conferences, seminars, or workshops alone. A need for such
courses existed in Oregon.
Approach: A series of extension courses is being given by the Oregon
State University Center faculty at the Tektronix Learning Center,
Beaverton, Oregon, which is near the Portland area, where the need is
large.
Status: This past year three courses were given entitled: Hazardous
Substance Management, Hazardous Substance Legislation, and Hazardous
Substance Minimization. For this coming year, two courses are currently
being planned: Groundwater Contaminant Transport, and Hazardous
Substance Legislation.
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Conference Sponsorship: Kenneth J. Williamson, Oregon State
University, and Lewis Semprini, Stanford University
Goal: The goal is for the Center to actively participate in the
cosponsorship of conferences held in EPA Regions 9 and 10 that address
technical aspects of hazardous substance problems.
Rationale: Conferences are a highly efficient and cost-effective way to
achieve the transfer of technology from research, and thus the Center
should be active in sponsoring them, and organizing and participating in
sessions, seminars, and workshops associated with them.
Status: This year the Center cosponsored, organized sessions, and
participated in two conferences: the 1990 Idaho Regional Conference on
Hazardous Materials and Wastes in Pocatello, Idaho, and the 1990
Responsible Hazardous Materials Management Conference in Portland. In
addition to these conferences next year, the Center is also cosponsoring the
International Symposium on In-Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, San Diego,
and the Association of Environmental Engineering Professors Educational
Conference at Oregon State University.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES
Gorelick, S.M; "Large Scale Nonlinear Deterministic and Stochastic
Optimization: Formulations Involving Simulation of Subsurface
Contamination", Mathematical Programming, Vol. 48, pp. 19-39, 1990.
Kitanidis, P. K., Effective Hydraulic Conductivity for Gradually
Varying Flow, Water Resources Research, Vol, 26, No. 6, pp. 1197-1208,
1990.
Chrysikopoulos, C. V., P. K. Kitanidis, and P. V. Roberts, "Analysis of
One-Dimensional Solute Transport through Porous Media with Spatially
Variable Retardation Factor", Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.
437-446, 1990.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS
Alvarez, L. M. and P. L. McCarty, "TCE Transformation by a Mixed
Methanotrophic Culture: Effects of Toxicity, Aeration, and Reductant
Supply," Applied and Environmental Microbiology, (accepted 1990).
Alvarez-Cohen, L. and P. L. McCarty, "A Cometabolic
Bi©transformation Model for Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds by Resting
Microbial Cells," (submitted 1990).
Alvarez-Cohen, L. and P. L. McCarty, "Two-Stage Dispersed-Growth-
Treatment of Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds by Cometabolism,"
(submitted 1990).
Chrysikopoulos, C. V., P. K. Kitanidis, and P. V. Roberts,
"Macrodispersion of Sorbing Solutes in Heterogeneous Porous Formations in
Spatially-Periodic Retardation and Velocity Field," (submitted 1990).
Chrysikopoulos, C. V., P. K. Kitanidis, and P. V. Roberts, "Generalized
Taylor-Aris Moment Analysis of the Transport of Sorbing Solutes through
Porous Media with Spatially Periodic Retardation Factor," (submitted
1990).
Dykaar, C. B., and P. K. Kitanidis, "Determination of Effective
Hydraulic Conductivity in Heterogeneous Porous Media," (submitted 1990).
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Grbic-Galic, D., S.M. Henry, E. M. Godsy, E. Edwards, and K.P. Mayer,
"Anaerobic Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aerobic
Degradation of Trichloroethylene by Subsurface Microorganisms,"
(submitted 1990).
Grbic-Galic, D., "Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phenols
in Methanogenic Environments," (submitted 1990).
Harmon, T.C., L. Semprini, and P.V. Roberts; "Simulating Groundwater
Solute Transport Using Independently Determined Sorption Parameters,"
(submitted 1990).
Henry, S.M., and D. Grbic-Galic, "Trichloroethylene (TCE) Oxidation by
Methanotrophic Cultures from a Ground Water Aquifer: Endogenous and
Exogenous Electron Donors and TCE Oxidation Toxicity, Appl. Environ.
Microbiol., (accepted 1990).
Istok, J. D., S.B. Lee, and S.L. Woods, "A Numerical Model for
Interpreting Results of Column Transport Experiments with Nonlinear,
Nonequilibrium Sorption," (submitted 1990).
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS
K.J. Dawson and J.D. Istok, Aquifer Testing: A Manual for the Design and
Analysis of Pumping Tests, Lewis Publishers, Inc, Chelsea, Michigan
(accepted, 1990).
McCarty, P. L. and P. V. Roberts, editors, "Contaminants in the
Subsurface Environment," Water Science and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp.
110, 1990.
CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS OR BOUND PROCEEDINGS
Grbic-Galic, D., "Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons," Proceedings, Conference on Microbially Enhanced Oil
Recovery, Norman, Oklahoma, (submitted 1990).
Gailey, R.M. and S.M. Gorelick, "Coupled Process Parameter
Estimation: The Combined Worth of Concentration and Head Data",
International Conference on Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater
Modelling, The Hague, The Netherlands, (submitted 1990).
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PROJECT REPORTS
McCarty, P. L., L. Semprini, M. E. Dolan, T. C. Harmon, S. Just, C.
Tiedeman, S. M. Gorelick, and P. V. Roberts, "Evaluation of In-Situ
Methanotrophic Bioremediation for Contaminated Groundwater, St. Joseph,
Michigan," Technical Report No. WR-1, WRHSRC, Department of Civil
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1990).
THESES/DISSERTATIONS
S.B. Lee, A Numerical Model for the Fate and Transport of Chlorinated
Phenols in Groundwater, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (1990).
K.J. Dawson, Aquifer Testing: A Manual for the Design and Analysis of
Pumping Tests, M.S. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon (1990).
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD
McCarty, P. L. P. V. Roberts, D. Grbic-Galic, and L. Semprini, "Biological
Transformations of Chlorinated Solvents in Subsurface Systems - Natural
Processes and In-situ Bioremediation," One day workshops held June 22,
Stanford University, and June 28, 1990, University of California Irvine,
California.
Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center, Idaho State
University, and the Idaho Association of Commerce and Industry, "Regional
Conference on Hazardous Materials and Wastes," Pocatello, Idaho,
Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center, Associated
Oregon Industries, Department of Environmental Quality, Oregon Council,
American Electronics Association, and Semiconductor Safety Association,
"Responsible Hazardous Materials Management Conference," Portland,
Oregon, October 9 and 10, 1990.
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