U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FY 1992 CONGRESSIONAL JUSTIFICATION DOCUMENT - ERRATA SHEET
Page 1-1, Budget Summary, the operating programs subtotals are
incorrect.
Page 16-4, Special Analyses, the operating programs subtotals are
incorrect.
. . . . , Increase/
Correct subtotals:
Current decrease
Actual Enacted Estimate Request 1992 Req. vs
1990 1991 1991 1992 Current 1991
SUBTOTAL,
OPERATING PROGRAMS
Budget Authority $1.938,220.0 $2,313,125.0 $2,313,125.0 $2,476,705.0 $ 163,580.0
Obligations 1,947,947.2 2,319,453.0 2,319,453.0 2,475,233.0 155,780.0
Outlays 1,742,212.0 2,127,422.0 2,127,422.0 2,288,711.0 161,289.0
Permanent Uorkyears 11,036.5 12,616.3 12,616.3 13,519.3 903.0
Total Workyears 11,648.9 12,911.4 12,911.4 13,519.3 607.9
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
SUBJECT INDEX 1
SUMMARY 1-1
AIR 2-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air Quality Research 2-9
Scientific Assessment 2-19
Monitoring Systems, Characterization, and Quality Assurance . . ' 2-21
Health Effects 2-25
Environmental Engineering and Technology 2-27
Environmental Processes and Effects 2-29
Characterization, Transport and Fate 2-30
Stratospheric Modification 2-31
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards 2-33
Emission Standards and Technology Assessment 2-35
National Pollutant Policies, Strategies and Rules 2-37
State Program Guidelines and Air Standards Development .... 2-39
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy 2-42
Mobile Source Program Implementation 2-44
Emission Standards, Technical Assessment and Characterization . 2-45
Testing, Technical and Administrative Support 2-46
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance 2-48
State Programs Resource Assistance 2-51
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 105 Grants) . 2-52
Training 2-55
Air Quality Management Implementation 2-57
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment 2-61
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 2-62
Air Quality and Emissions Data Management and Analysis .... 2-64
Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs 2-68
Acid Rain Program 2-69
Indoor Air Program 2-71
Global Change Program 2-72
ENFORCEMENT
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-76
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-81
WATER QUALITY 3-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Water Quality Research 3-11
Scientific Assessment 3-15
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 3-16
Health Effects 3-17
Environmental Engineering and Technology 3-17
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Environmental Processes and Effects 3-19
Great Lakes Research 3-21
Oil Spills 3-22
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Hater Quality and Grants Program Management 3-24
Hater Quality Management 3-25
Great Lakes Program 3-27
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-30
Effluent Standards and Guidelines 3-32
Grants Assistance Programs 3-36
Clean Lakes Program 3-37
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) 3-38
Hater Quality Strategies Implementation 3-41
Wetlands Protection 3-43
Wetlands Implementation Program 3-46
Ocean Disposal Permits 3-47
Oil Spills Program 3-49
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention 3-50
Standards and Regulations 3-52
Nonpoint Source Management Grants 3-54
Nonpoint Source Implementation 3-56
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 3-58
Coastal Environment Management 3-59
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 3-61
Municipal Source Control 3-64
Municipal Pollution Control 3-65
Waste Treatment Operations and Maintenance 3-67
ENFORCEMENT
Water Quality Enforcement 3-69
Water Quality Permit Issuance 3-73
DRINKING WATER 4-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Drinking Water Research 4-8
Scientific Assessment 4-12
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 4-13
Health Effects > . . . 4-14
Environmental Engineering and Technology 4-15
Environmental Processes and Effects 4-17
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Drinking Water Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 4-19
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 4-20
Drinking Water Implementation 4-22
Drinking Water State Program Resource Assistance 4-26
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Grants 4-27
Underground Injection Control Program Grants 4-29
Special Studies and Demonstrations 4-32
Drinking Water Management 4-34
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Assistance 4-35
Underground Injection Control Program 4-37
Ground-Water Protection 4-41
ENFORCEMENT
Drinking Water Enforcement 4-46
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
HAZARDOUS WASTE 5-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Haste Research 5-8
Scientific Assessment 5-16
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 5-17
Health Effects 5-19
Environmental Engineering and Technology 5-20
Environmental Processes and Effects 5-23
Technical Information and Liaison 5-25
Integrated Hazardous Haste Research 5-25
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Haste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies 5-27
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Hazardous Haste .... 5-29
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Air and Radiation . . . 5-31
-Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Hater 5-32
Regulations, Guidelines & Policies - Underground Storage Tanks 5-34
Financial Assistance 5-37
Hazardous Haste Management Financial Assistance to States . . . 5-38
Underground Storage Tanks State Grants 5-40
Hazardous Haste Management Regulatory Strategies Implementation . 5-42
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-know - Title III 5-46
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Haste Enforcement 5-51
PESTICIDES 6-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pesticides Research 6-9
Scientific Assessment 6-15
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 6-15
Health Effects 6-16
Environmental Processes and Effects 6-17
Environmental Engineering and Technology 6-18
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 6-20
Generic Chemical Review ... 6-24
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-30
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-31
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants 6-32
ENFORCEMENT
Pesticides Enforcement 6-34
Pesticides Enforcement 6-35
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 6-37
RADIATION 7-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Radiation Research 7-7
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 7-10
Health Effects 7-11
Environmental Engineering and Technology 7-12
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 7-14
Radiation Program Implementation 7-18
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 7-21
Radon Action Program 7-25
Radon Action Program Implementation 7-30
Radon State Grant Program 7-33
MULTIMEDIA 8-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Multimedia Research 8-5
Scientific Assessment 8-15
Quality Assurance Management 8-17
Technical Information and Liaison 8-18
Environmental Processes and Effects 8-20
Health Effects 8-21
Interdisciplinary Activities 8-21
Ecological Status and Trends 8-23
Core Research - Ecological Risk 8-23
Reducing Uncertainties in Risk Assessments 8-25
Human Exposure 8-25
Core Research - Health Risk 8-25
Core Research - Risk Reduction 8-27
Exploratory Research 8-29
Core Research - Grants and centers 8-29
Capital Investments 8-31
Headquarters Operations ... 8-31
Field Operations 8-32
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Environmental Review and Coordination 8-33
Office of Cooperative Environmental Management 8-38
Multimedia Training Grants 8-41
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement Policy and Technical Support 8-43
Enforcement Policy and Operations 8-45
Criminal Investigations Program 8-51
Technical Support 8-54
Federal Facilities Enforcement 8-56
TOXIC SUBSTANCES 9-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Toxics Substances Research 9-8
Scientific Assessment 9-17
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 9-18
Health Effects 9-20
Environmental Engineering and Technology 9-21
Environmental Processes and Effects 9-22
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Toxic Substances Financial Assistance 9-24
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants 9-25
Toxic Substances Strategies 9-26
Chemical Testing 9-28
Existing Chemical Review 9-30
New Chemical Review 9-32
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Table of. Contente
(Continued)
Page
Asbestos-in-Buildings 9-34
Regional Toxic* Program 9-
36 OPTS Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know 9-38
ENFORCEMENT
Toxic Substances Enforcement 9-42
Toxic Substances Enforcement 9-43
Toxic Substances Enforcement Grants 9-45
OPTS Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Enforcement . 9-46
ENERGY 10-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Energy Research 10-4
Acid Deposition 10-7
Environmental Engineering and Technology . . 10-9
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT 11-1
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Program Management 11-6
Program Management - Air and Radiation 11-9
Program Management - Hater 11-9
Program Management - Enforcement 11-10
Program Management - Pesticides and Toxic Substances 11-11
Program Management - General Counsel 11-12
Program Management - Research and Development 11-12
Program Management - Solid Waste and Emergency Response .... 11-13
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Administrator/Executive Offices 11-15
Immediate Office of the Administrator 11-18
Office of Regional Operations and State/Local Relations .... 11-19
Office of Executive Support 11-19
Administrator's Representation Fund 11-20
Office of Civil Rights 11-21
Science Advisory Board 11-22
Office of Administrative Law Judges 11-23
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization .... 11-23
Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs 11-24
Office of Communications and Public Affairs 11-25
Office of Inspector General 11-27
Office of Inspector General 11-28
Office of General Counsel 11-31
Office of General Counsel 11-32
Office of International Activities 11-34
Office of International Activities 11-35
Office of Federal Activities 11-37
Office of Federal Activities 11-38
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation 11-41
Program Management - Policy, Planning and Evaluation 11-44
Integrated Environmental Management Program 11-45
Office of Policy Analysis 11-45
Office of Regulatory Management and Evaluation 11-49
Office of Pollution Prevention 11-51
Pollution Prevention Program (Grants) 11-53
Office of Administration and Resources Management 11-55
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Program Management-Administration 11-58
Financial Management - Headquarters 11-59
Office of the Comptroller 11-60
Contracts and Grants Management - Headquarters 11-61
Organization and Health Services 11-62
Facilities and Management Services 11-63
Information Systems and Services 11-64
Human Resources Management 11-65
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Regional Management 11-67
Resource Management - Regions 11-69
Financial Management - Regions 11-69
Human Resources Management - Regions 11-70
Contracts and Grants Management - Regions 11-71
Administrative Management - Regions 11-72
Regional Management 11-72
Regional Counsel 11-73
Planning, Evaluation and Analysis - Regions 11-74
SUPPORT COSTS
Support Costs 11-76
Professional Training 11-78
Nationwide Support Services 11-79
Headquarters Support Services . 11-79
Regional Support Services 11-80
Automated Data Processing Support Costs 11-81
Lab Support - Research and Development 11-82
Lab Support - Air and Radiation 11-82
Lab Support - Pesticides and Toxic Substances 11-83
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 12-1
Buildings and Facilities 12-3
New Facilities 12-4
Repairs and Improvements 12-4
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS 13-1
Construction Grants and State Revolving Funds 13-1
SUPERFUND 14-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Substance Research 14-8
Scientific Assessment 14-15
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 14-17
Health Effects 14-18
Environmental Engineering and Technology 14-19
Environmental Processes and Effects 14-21
Exploratory Research 14-22
Technical Information and Liaison 14-24
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE
Hazardous Substance Response 14-26
Hazardous Spill and Site Response 14-27
Hazardous Substance Response - Support 14-39
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Hazardous Substance Response - Office of Water 14-40
Hazardous Substance Response - Office of Air and Radiation . . 14-43
Hazardous Substance Response - Interagency 14-45
Department of Health and Human Services 14-46
Department of Justice 14-48
United States Coast Guard 14-49
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 14-50
Department of the Interior 14-51
Federal Emergency Management Agency 14-52
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 14-52
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Substance Response - Enforcement 14-54
Hazardous Substance Technical Enforcement 14-56
Hazardous Substance Legal Enforcement 14-58
Hazardous Substance Criminal Investigations 14-61
Hazardous Substance Technical Support - Office of Enforcement . 14-62
Hazardous Substance Federal Facilities Enforcement 14-64
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Hazardous Substance Management and Support 14-68
Hazardous Substance Financial Management - Headquarters .... 14-72
Hazardous Substance Financial Management - Regions 14-73
Hazardous Substance Administrative Management - Headquarters . 14-73
Hazardous Substance Administrative Management - Regions .... 14-74
Hazardous Substance Contracts and Grants
Management - Headquarters 14-75
Hazardous Substance Contracts and Grants
Management - Regions 14-76
Hazardous Substance Support Services - Headquarters 14-77
Hazardous Substance Support Services - Regions 14-77
Hazardous Substance Computer Services 14-78
Hazardous Substance Legal Services - Headquarters 14-78
Hazardous Substance Legal Services - Regions 14-79
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Inspector General 14-80
Hazardous Substance - Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation 14-81
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Comptroller 14-83
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Administrator 14-84
Hazardous Substance - Office of Research
and Development - Management and Support 14-85
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS 15-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
LUST Technical Support 15-4
Environmental Engineering and Technology 15-6
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
LUST Guidelines and Implementation 15-8
ENFORCEMENT
LUST Legal Enforcement 15-11
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Management and Support 15-13
Policy and Analysis - Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation 15-15
Administrative Management - Headquarters 15-16
Administrative Management - Regions 15-16
Legal Services - Office of General Counsel 15-17
LUST - Office of the Inspector General 15-17
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Table of Contents
(Continued) ' .
Page
SPECIAL ANALYSES
EPA ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 16-1
EPA REGIONAL OFFICES - LOCATIONS 16-2
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY APPROPRIATION 16-3
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY MEDIA 16-6
OBJECT CLASSIFICATION - BY APPROPRIATION 16-10
PERMANENT POSITIONS BY GRADE - BY APPROPRIATION 16-15
AVERAGE GRADE AND SALARY 16-22
SUMMARY OF STATE GRANT RESOURCES 16-23
AGENCY USER FEES 17-1
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Subject Index by Media
AIR
Acid Aerosols 2-25,26
Acid Deposition 2-21,22,24,27/10-7
Acid Rain 2-2,4,5,7,10,24,
37,38,40,52,53,70
69,70,78;ll-46,49
Air Quality Monitoring 2-21,22,23,30
ADVACATE 2-27,28
Air Toxics 2-3,4,6,35,36,37,45,
46,52,53,58,59,63,
64,78
Alternative Fuel , ' 2-6,49,54
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2-2,3,40,41,58,62,
63,65
Clean Fuels 2-3,5,45,47
Clean Vehicles 2-2,5
Compliance Monitoring Inspections ... 2-78
Control Technology Guideline (CTG) 2-3,36
Consulting Services - Air 2-7
Energy Conservation 2-74
Enforcement - Air 2-75
Fees - Air 2-5,35,44,70
Fuel Economy 2-44,48,49,50
Global Climate Change 2-6,31,32,72,74,75;
11-46,48
Health Effects Institute - Air 2-26
Indoor Air 2-20,21,23,25,26,28,
71
Inspection and Maintenance Program - Air . 2-3,44,45,49,52
In-use Emission Factors 2-46
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 2-3,5
Methane Emissions 2-75
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-82
Mobile Source Pollutants 2-21,23,26,27,44
Montreal Protocol 2-2,5,31,39,73,74,75
Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory 2-48
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) .... 2-20,24,25,29,39,40,
52,58,64
Natl. Emission Standards - Haz. Air Poll. (NESHAPs) . . 2-23,39,77
National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES-III) . . . 2-12; 8-12,13,26
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 2-3,19,22,39,54,77
Ozone 2-2,6,23,25,26,30,31
32,36,37,41,40,52,
58,62,63,65,77
Particulate Matter (PM-10) 2-2,3,6,20,37,40,41,
52,58,76
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) 2-41,54
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) .... 2-28,54
State Grants - Air 2-52
State Implementation Plans (SIPs) 2-2,22,27,40,41,47,
52,58,59,63,77
State Operating Permits 2-2,4,5,40,52,64,78
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-77
Stratospheric Ozone 2-2,5,13,19,31,32
Tampering and Fuel Switching 2-48,82,83,84
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Subject Index bv Media
(Continued)
Page
WATER QUALITY
Alaska Oil Spill ' 3-23,49,50
Bioassesan.^nt 3-61
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-30,31
Chesapeake Bay Toxics Reduction Strategy 3-30
Clean Lakes 3-37
Coastal Environment Management 3-59,60,61
Construction Grants Management 3-64,65,66,67;
13-2,3,4,5,6
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) . 3-38,39,40
Corps of Engineers 3-43,45,48
Consulting Services - Water Quality 3-7
Effluent Guidelines 3-33,34,35
Emergency Response - Water Quality 3-50,51,52
Enforcement - Water Quality 3-70,71,72
Great Lakes Program 3-27,28,29,59,60
Great Lakes Replacement Research Vessel 3-28
Great Lakes Research 3-15,17,21,22;8-23
Gulf of Mexico Initiative 3-60
Indian Tribes - Water Quality 3-67
Interagency Coastal Initiative 3-59
International Pollution Control Agreements 3-6,48
Marine Outfalls - Section 301(h) 3-14,61
National Estuary Program 3-60
Near Coastal Waters 3-59,60,61
New York Bight 3-48,49
Nonpoint Sources 3-54,62
NPDES Permits 3-17,20,37,38,54,55,
70,74 76
Ocean Dumping Fund 3-47
Oil Pollution Act 3-50,51
Oil Spills Research 3-15,19
Operations and Maintenance 3-67,68
Operator Training - Water Quality 3-66,67,68
Pretreatment 3-38,39,66,70,71,
74,76
Sludge Management 3-34,66,68
State Grants - Water Quality 3-36,37-40,46,54,55
State Revolving Funds 13-2,3,4,5,6
Toxic Pollutant Controls 3-29,30,31,34,53,54
Tijuana, International Sewage Treatment Plant 13-3,4,5,6
Wastewater Treatment Compliance 3-70,71,72
Water Quality Permit Issuance 3-74,75,76
Water Quality Research 3-15,16,17,18,19-2.3;
11-48
Wetlands (Section 404) 3-17,19,20,21,43,44,
45,46
DRINKING WATER
Class V Wells 4-3,4,30,31,36
Drinking Water Implementation 4^22,23,24,25
Enforcement - Drinking Water 4-46,47,48
Epidemiology (Coliform, etc.) . .- 4-20,24
FIFRA '88 Reregistration 4-21,22
Ground-Water Activities 4-4,12,15,16,17,13,
39,44
10
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Ground-Water Protection Strategies 4-4,29,45
Health Advisories 4-20
Health Effects - Drinking Water 4-14,15
Indian Tribes -Drinking Water 4-29,oO
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 4-32
National Rural Water Association 4-32
National Pesticides Survey 4-20
Public Water Systems Supervision 4-27,35,36
Rural Community Assistance Programs 4-32
Special Studies and Demonstrations 4-32,33
State Grants - Drinking Water 4-27
Underground Injection Control . ." . . . . 4-24,29,37,38
Wellhead Protection 4-39
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Air Emission Standards (RCRA) 5-27
BioRemediation 5-20,21,23
Chemical Emergency Planning 5-47,48
Clean Air Act - Community Right-to-know 5-2,49
Community Right-to-know 5-2,47,48
Compliance Inspections 5-38,52-54
Consulting Services - Hazardous Waste 5-6
Corrective Action (HSWA) 5-16,20,21,22,25,30,
31,33,38,39,52-54
Enforcement - Hazardous Waste 5-52,53,54
Financial Responsibility 5-31
Great Lakes Initiative 5-3,38,52
Hazardous Waste Research 5-8-26
Incineration 5-21,38,43,44
Innovative/Alternatives Technologies 5-22,23
Land Banning Activities 5-39
Land Disposal 5-21,22,29,31,39,
53,54
Listing/Delisting 5-25,29-31
Medical Waste 5-30,31
Minority Institute 5-26
Municipal Waste Incineration 5-17,19-21
Oil Spill Research 5-18,21,24
Permitting - Hazardous Waste 5-3,38,39,43,44
Policy and Guidance - Hazardous Waste 5-29,30-36; 11-47
Pollution Prevention (RCRA) 5-29,31,33,38,52
POTW Requirements - Hazardous Waste 5-32,33,34
Quality Assurance - Hazardous Waste 5-17,18,19
RCRIS 5-39,44
Regulations Development - Hazardous Waste 5-29,30-36
Reports to Congress - Hazardous Waste 5-31
Risk Assessment - Hazardous Waste 5-16,17,23
Solid Waste (RCRA) 5-29
State Authorizations 5-38,39
State Grants - Hazardous Waste 5-38,39,40
Subtitle D Criteria 5-29,30,31,43
Title III - Hazardous Waste 5-47,48-50; 11-47
UIC Requirements (RCRA) 5-32,33,34
Underground Storage Tanks - Regulations and Guidelines 5-34,35,36
Underground Storage Tanks Grants 5-40,41
Waste Minimization (RCRA) 5-25,29
Wood Preserving 5-30,52,53
11
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
PESTICIDES
Biotechnology 6-6
Certification and Training 6-5,31,32,33
Consulting Services - Pesticides 6-3,6
Data Call-in 6-23,29
Disposal 6-2,4,26,27,29,37,38
Emergency Exemptions 6-7,23
Endangered Species 6-3,5,23,27,28,29,31,
32,33,38
Experimental Use Permit 6-22,23
FIFRA '88 6-2,3,25,26,27,28
Food Safety 6-25,26,27,28,29
Ground Water - Pesticides 6-3,4,5,23,27-33,
35,36
Human Exposure Research 6-14,15-19
National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water .... 6-28
Nebraska and Colorado Enforcement Program 6-33
Neurotoxicology Research 6-16,17,18,19
Pesticide Program Implementation 6-4,31,32,33
Reregistration 6-2,3,4,5,25,26,27,
28,35,36
Registration Fees 6-25,26,27
Reproduction Toxicology Research 6-15,16
Risk Assessment - Pesticides 6-29
Special Review (RPAR) 6-22,23,24
State Grants - Pesticides ... 6-32,37
Tolerances 6-3,4,21,22,23,24
Workers Exposed to Pesticides 6-31,32,33,35-38
RADIATION
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring Sys. (ERAMS) 7-22
Fees-Radon 7-26
Nevada Nuclear Test Site . . . . 7-10
Radioactive Waste Standards 7-15
Radiological Emergency Response Plans 7-15
Radionuclide NESHAPS 7-15,19,22
Radon Action Program 7-25,26
Radon Mitigation Research 7-12
Radon State Grants 7-34
MULTIMEDIA
Agencywide Technology Transfer Staff 8-36
Capital Investments 8-31
Case Referral* 8-45
Center for Environmental Research 8-24
Core Research - Ecological Risk 8-23,24,25
Core Research - Grants and Centers 8-29,30
Core Research - Health Risk 8-25,26,27
Core Research - Risk Reduction 8-27,28,29
Criminal Investigations 8-48
Ecological Trends 8-23,24,25
Enforcement Policy and Operations 8-45
Environmental Review and coordination 8-33
12
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Page
Exploratory Research 8-29,30
Federal Facility Compliance 8-33,56
Health Effects 8-21
Human Exposure Research 8-26,27
Indiana Programs 8-33
Lead Abatement 8-15
Legal Enforcement 8-43
Litigation 8-43
Interdisciplinary Activities 8-25
Multimedia Training Grants 8-41
National Enforcement Investigation Center (NEIC) . . . 8-54
National Enforcement Training Institute (NETI) .... 8-45
NEPA Compliance Program 8-33
Office of Cooperation Environmental Management .... 8-38
Office of Enforcement 8-33-37,43-58
Operation-Field 8-13,30
Operation Headquarters 8-13,30
Pollution Prevention 8-27,28
Pollution Prosecution Act 8-45,46,51,52
Quality Assurance and Monitoring System 8-17,18
Reducing Uncertainties in Risk Assessment (RURA) . . . 8-23,26
Regional Analytic Methods 8-17
Regulatory Support 8-15,19
Scientific Assessment 8-15,16,17
Small Business Innovation Research 8-22
Technical Information and Liaison 8-19
Technology Transfer 8-18,27
Visiting Scientists Program 8-22
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Adipose Tissue Survey 9-33
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) .... 9-2,25-27,36-38
Asbestos in Public Buildings 9-3,25-27,36-38
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants 9-25
Asbestos Research 9-21
Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA) 9-2,25,36
Asbestos Accreditation Programs 9-25-27,36
Biotechnology 9-33,34,35
Biotechnology Research 9-21
Ecological Risk Assessment 9-44
Enforcement - Toxic Substances 9-44-46
EPCRA (Emergency Planning & Community Right
to Know Act) -Enforcement 9-2,39-41,47-50
EPCRA - Research Support 9-19,21
EPCRA - Toxic Release Inventory 9-4,30-32,40-42,
48-50
Existing Chemical Review 9-32-34
Expedited New Chemical Follow-up 9-34-36
Exposure Assessment Research 9-30,31
Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) 9-30,31
Lab/Data Integrity - 9-44-46
Lead - Based Paint Abatement 9-4,32,33
Neurotoxicology Research 9-4,20
Pollution Prevention 9-3,32,41
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) 9-2-4,32-34,37,38
Premanufacture Notice Fees 9-34,35
Regional Toxics Program 9-37
13
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Page
Risk Assessment - Toxic Substances 9-32-34
SARA Section 110 lexicological Profiles 9-30,31
Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) 9-34,35
Test Guidelines 9-30,31
Test Rules 9-5,47-50
ENERGY
Acid Deposition 10-7,8
Acid Rain 10-6,7,8
Limestone Injection Multistage Burner (LIMB) ..'... 10-5,7,9,10
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Agency-wide Strategic Plan 11-36,37,52
Environmental Statistics Project 11-49,50
Buildings and Facilities 12-2,4
NEPA Compliance 11-36,37
Indian Program - 11-36,37
International Activities 11-34,35,36
Legal Advice 11-29
Office of Administration and Resource Management . . . 11-58
Office of Federal Activities 11-36,37
Office of General Counsel 11-31,32,33
Pollution Prevention - OPPE 11-41,42,51,53
Regional Management 11-67,68,69
Regulatory Clusters 11-47,49
Support Costs 11-78
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
Active Projects - Construction Grants 13-2,3,4
Administration's Phaseout - Constructants 13-2
Boston Harbor 13-4,6
Obligation/Outlays - Construction Grants 13-2,3,4
Secondary Treatment Initiative 13-2,3,4
Set-Asides - Construction Grants 13-2,3,4
State Revolving Funds - Construction Grants 13-2,3,4
Tijuana International Treatment Plant 13-2,3,4
Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (104 b) 13-2,3,4
SUPERFUND
Alternative Technologies . . . ." 14-11,19,22
Biomediation 14-19,20,21,22,24
Consulting Services - Superfund 14-5
Cost Recovery - Superfund 14-56,58
Criminal Investigations - Superfund 14-61
Enforcement - Superfund 14-3,53,54
Environmental Response Team 14-32
Exploratory Research 14-22,23
Federal Facility Enforcement 14-64
Health Research - Superfund 14-4,10,18
Interagency - Superfund 14-3,45
Management - Superfund 14-4,72,85
14
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Paae
Mining Waste 14-20
Minority Research Program 14-24
Pre-remedial Program 14-27
Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study 14-16,29
Remedial Design/Remedial Actions 14-30
Remedial Support 14-36
Removal Support 14-37
Response Support 14-15,33
Removal Actions 14-2,32
Risk Assessments 14-15,16
Office of Inspector General Superfund 14-80
Research and Development - Superfund 14-4,8,15
SITE Program 14-4,11,17-20
SBIR 14-23,24
Support Services - Superfund 14-67
University Research Centers 14-11,20,22,23
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK
Consulting Services - LUST 15-3
Cooperative Agreements - LUST 15-2,9,12
Corrective Action - LUST 15-2,8
Cost Recovery - LUST 15-12
Enforcement - LUST 15-2,11,12
Guidelines - LUST 15-9
Management - LUST 15-3,15
Technical Support - LUST 15-3,5,6
USER FEES
Toxics Pre-Manufacture Notices 17-1
Radon Training and Certification 17-1
Motor Vehicle Testing 17-1
NPDES Permits 17-2
15
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Alphabetic Subject Index
Acid Aerosols 2-25,26
Acid Deposition 2-21,22,24,27;10-7
Acid Deposition 10-7,8
Acid Rain 2-2,4,5,7,10,24,
37,38,40,52,53,70,
69, 78;10-6,7,8;
11-46,49
Active Projects - Construction Grants 13-2,3,4
Adipose Tissue Survey 9-33
Administration's Phaseout - Constructants 13-2
ADVACATE 2-27,28
Agency-wide Strategic Plan 11-36,37,52
Agencywide Technology Transfer Staff 8-36
Air Emission Standards (RCRA) 5-27
Air Quality Monitoring 2-21,22,23,30
Air Toxics 2-3,4,6,35,36,37,45,
46,52,53,58,59,63,
64,78
Alaska Oil Spill 3-23,49,50
Alternative Fuel 2-6,49,54
Alternative Technologies 14-11,19,22
Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA) 9-2,25,36
Asbestos in Public Buildings 9-3,25-27,36-38
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) .... 9-2,25-27,36-38
Asbestos Research 9-21
Asbestos Accreditation Programs 9-25-27,36
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants 9-25
B
Bioassessment 3-61
Biomediation 14-19,20,21,22,24
BioRemediation 5-20,21,23
Biotechnology 9-33,34,35
Biotechnology Research 9-21
Biotechnology 6-6
Boston Harbor 13-4,6
Buildings and Facilities 12-2,4
C
Capital Investments 8-31
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2-2,3,40,41,58,62,
63,65
Case Referrals 8-45
Center for Environmental Research 8-24
Certification and Training 6-5,31,32,33
Chemical Emergency Planning 5-47,48
Chesapeake Bay Toxics Reduction Strategy 3-30
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-30,31
16
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Alphabetic Subject Index
Class V wells 4-3,4,30,31,36
Clean Air Act - Community Right-to-know 5-2,49
Clean Lakes 3-37
Clean Vehicles 2-2,5
Clean Fuels 2-3,5,45,47
Coastal Environment Management 3-59,60,61
Community Right-to-know 5-2,47,48
Compliance Inspections 5-38,52-54
Compliance Monitoring Inspections 2-78
Construction Grants Management 3-64,65,66,67;
13-2,3,4,5,6
Consulting Services - Water Quality 3-7
Consulting Services - Hazardous Waste 5-6
Consulting Services - Air 2-7
Consulting Services - Pesticides 6-3,6
Consulting Services - LUST 15-3
Consulting Services - Superfund 14-5
Control Technology Guideline (CTG) 2-3,36
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) . 3-38,39,40
Cooperative Agreements - LUST 15-2,9,12
Core Research - Risk Reduction 8-27,28,29
Core Research - Health Risk 8-25,26,27
Core Research - Ecological Risk 8-23,24,25
Core Research - Grants and Centers 8-29,30
Corps of Engineers 3-43,45,48
Corrective Action (HSWA) 5-16,20,21,22,25,30,
31,33,38,39,52-54
Corrective Action - LUST 15-2,8
Cost Recovery - Superfund 14-56,58
Cost Recovery - LUST 15-12
Criminal Investigations ..... 8-48
Criminal Investigations - Superfund 14-61
D
Data Call-In 6-23,29
Disposal 6-2,4,26,27,29,37,38
Drinking Water Implementation 4-22,23,24,25
S
Ecological Risk Assessment 9-44
Ecological Trends 8-23,24,25
Effluent Guidelines 3-33,34,35
Emergency Exemptions 6-7,23
Emergency Response - Water Quality 3-50,51,52
Endangered Species 6-3,5,23,27,28,29,31
32,33,38
Energy Conservation 2-74
Enforcement - Hazardous Waste 5-52,53,54
Enforcement - Toxic Substances 9-44-46
Enforcement - Air " 2-75
Enforcement - Water Quality 3-70,71,72
Enforcement - Drinking Water 4-46,47,48
Enforcement Policy and Operations 8-45
Enforcement - LUST 15-2,11,12
Enforcement - Superfund 14-3,53,54
Environmental Statistics Project 11-49,50
Environmental Review and Coordination 8-33
17
-------
Alphabetic Subject Index
Page
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring Sys. (ERAMS) 7-22
Environmental Response Team 14-32
EPCRA - Toxic Release Inventory 9-4,30-32,40-42,
48-50
EPCRA (Emergency Planning & Community Right
to-Know Act) - Enforcement 9-2,39-41,47-50
EPCRA - Research Support 9-19,21
Epidemiology (Coliform, etc.) 4-20,24
Existing Chemical Review 9-32-34
Expedited New Chemical Follow-up 9-34-36
Experimental Use Permit 6-22,23
Exploratory Research 8-29,30
Exploratory Research " 14-22,23
Exposure Assessment Research 9-30,31
£
Federal Facility Compliance 8-33,56
Federal Facility Enforcement 14-64
Fees - Air 2-5,35,44,70
Fees-Radon 7-26
FIFRA '88 6-2,3,25,26,27,28
FIFRA '88 Reregistration 4-21,22
Financial Responsibility 5-31
Food Safety 6-25,26,27,28,29
Fuel Economy 2-44,48,49,50
G
Global Climate Change 2-6,31,32,72,74,75;
11-46,48
Great Lakes Initiative 5-3,38,52
Great Lakes Program 3-27,28,29,59,60
Great Lakes Research 3-15,17,21,22;8-23
Great Lakes Replacement Research Vessel 3-28
Ground Water - Pesticides 6-3,4,5,23,27-33,
35,36
Ground-Water Protection Strategies 4-4,29,45
Ground-Water Activities 4-4,12,15,16,17,18,
39,44
Guidelines - LUST 15-9
Gulf of Mexico Initiative 3-60
H
Hazardous Waste Research 5-8-26
Health Advisories 4-20
Health Effects 8-21
Health Effects Institute - Air 2-26
Health Effects - Drinking Water 4-14,15
Health Research - Superfund 14-4,10,18
Human Exposure Research 8-26,27
Human Exposure Research 6-14,15-19
18
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Alphabetic Subject Index
In-use Emission Factors 2-46
Incineration 5-21,33,43,44
Indian Tribes - Water Quality 3-67
Indian Program 11-36,37
Indian Tribes -Drinking Water 4-29,30
Indians Programs 8-33
Indoor Air 2-20,21,23,25,26,28,
71
Innovative/Alternatives Technologies 5-22,23
Inspection and Maintenance Program - Air 2-3,44,45,49,52
Interagency Coastal Initiative i . . . 3-59
Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) 9-30,31
Interagency - Superfund 14-3,45
Interdisciplinary Activities 8-25
International Pollution Control Agreements 3-6,48
International Activities 11-34,35,36
L
Lab/Data Integrity 9-44-46
Land Disposal 5-21,22,29,31,39
53,54
Land Banning Activities 5-39
Lead Abatement 8-15
Lead - Based Paint Abatement 9-4,32,33
Legal Advice 11-29
Legal Enforcement 8-43
Limestone Injection Multistage Burner (LIMB) 10-5,7,9,10
Listing/Delisting 5-25,29-31
Litigation 8-43
M
Management - LUST 15-3,15
Management - Superfund 14-4,72,85
Marine Outfalls - Section 301(h) 3-14,61
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 2-3,5
Medical Waste 5-30,31
Methane Emissions 2-75
Mining Waste 14-20
Minority Institute 5-26
Minority Research Program 14-24
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-82
Mobile Source Pollutants 2-21,23,26,27,44
Montreal Protocol 2-2,5,31,39,73,74,75
Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory 2-48
Motor Vehicle Testing 17-1
Multimedia Training Grants 8-41
Municipal Waste Incineration 5-17,19-21
19
-------
Alphabetic Sublect Index
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) .... 2-20,24,25,29,39,40,
52,58,64
Natl. Emission Standards - Haz. Air Poll. (NESHAPs) . . 2-23,39,77
National Enforcement Investigation Center (NEIC) . . . 8-54
National Enforcement Training Institute (NETI) .... 8-45
National Estuary Program 3-60
National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water .... 6-28
National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES-III) . . . 2-12; 8-12,13,26
National Pesticides Survey 4-20
National Rural Water Association - 4-32
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 4-32
Near Coastal Waters 3-59,60,61
Nebraska and Colorado Enforcement Program 6-33
NEPA Compliance Program 8-33
NEPA Compliance 11-36,37
Neurotoxicology Research . 6-16,17,18,19
Neurotoxicology Research 9-4,20
Nevada Nuclear Test Site 7-10
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 2-3,19,22,39,54,77
New York Bight 3-48,49
Nonpoint Sources 3-54,62
NPDES Permits 3-17,20,37,38,54,55,
54,55,70,74,76;
17-2
O
Obligation/Outlays - Construction Grants 13-2,3,4
Ocean Dumping Fund 3-47
Office of Cooperation Environmental Management .... 8-38
Office of Enforcement 8-33-37,43-58
Office of Administration and Resource Management . . . 11-58
Office of General Counsel 11-31,32,33
Office of Federal Activities 11-36,37
Office of Inspector General Superfund 14-80
Oil Spills Research 3-15,19
Oil Pollution Act 3-50,51
Oil Spill Research 5-18,21,24
Operation Headquarters 8-13,30
Operation-Field 8-13,30
Operations and Maintenance 3-67,68
Operator Training - Water Quality 3-66,67,68
Ozone 2-2,6,23,25,26,30,31
32,36,37,40,41,52,
58,62,63,65,77
£
Particulate Matter (PM-10) 2-2,3,6,20,37,40,41,
52,58,76
Permitting - Hazardous Waste 5-3,38,39,43,44
Pesticide Program Implementation . . 6-4,31,32,33
Policy and Guidance - Hazardous Waste 5-29,30-36; 11-47
Pollution Prevention - OPPE 11-41,42,51,53
Pollution Prevention 8-27,28
Pollution Prosecution Act 8-45,46,51,52
20
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Alphabetic Subject Index
Pollution Prevention (RCRA) 5-29,31,33,38,52
Pollution Prevention 9-3,32,41
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) 9-2-4,32-34,37,38
POTW Requirements - Hazardous Waste 5-32,33,34
Pre-remedial Program 14-27
Premanufacture Notice Fees 9-34,35
Pretreatment 3-38,39,66,70,71,
74,76
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) 2-41,54
Public Water Systems Supervision 4-27,35,36
Q
Quality Assurance and Monitoring System 8-17,18
Quality Assurance - Hazardous Waste 5-17,18,19
R
Radioactive Waste Standards 7-15
Radiological Emergency Response Plans 7-15
Radionuclide NESHAPS 7-15,19,22
Radon Mitigation Research . . . 7-12
Radon Action Program 7-25,26
Radon State Grants 7-34
Radon Training and Certification 17-1
RCRIS 5-39,44
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) .... 2-28,54
Reducing Uncertainties in Risk Assessment (RURA) . . . 8-23,26
Regional Toxics Program 9-37
Regional Management 11-67,68,69
Regional Analytic Methods 8-17
Registration Fees 6-25,26,27
Regulations Development - Hazardous Waste 5-29,30-36
Regulatory Clusters 11-47,49
Regulatory Support 8-15,19
Remedial Design/Remedial Actions 14-30
Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study 14-18,29
Remedial Support 14-36
Removal Support 14-37
Removal Actions 14-2,32
Reports to Congress - Hazardous Waste 5-31
Reproduction Toxicology Research 6-15,16
Reregistration 6-2,3,4,5,25,26,27,
28,35,36
Research and Development - Superfund 14-4,8,15
Response Support 14-15,33
Risk Assessment - Toxic Substances 9-32-34
Risk Assessment - Hazardous Waste 5-16,17,23
Risk Assessment - Pesticides . .- 6-29
Risk Assessments 14-15,16
Rural Community Assistance Programs 4-32
21
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Alphabetic Subject Index
SARA Section 110 Toxicological Profiles 9-30,31
SBIR 14-23,24
Scientific Assessment 8-11,1C,17
Secondary Treatment Initiative 13-2,3,4
Set-Asides - Construction Grants 13-2,3,4
Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) 9-34,35
SITE Program 14-4,11,17-20
Sludge Management 3-34,66,68
Small Business Innovation Research 8-22
Solid Waste (RCRA) 5-29
Special Review (RPAR) 6-22,23,24
Special Studies and Demonstrations 4-32,33
State Operating Permits ..... 2-2,4,5,40,52,64,78
State Grants - Drinking Water 4-27
State Implementation Plans (SIPs) 2-2,22,27,40,41,47,
52,58,59,63,77
State Revolving Funds 13-2,3,4,5,6
State Grants - Water Quality 3-36,37-40,46,54,55
State Grants - Hazardous Waste 5-38,39,40
State Grants - Pesticides 6-32,37
State Grants - Air 2-52
State Authorizations 5-38,39
State Revolving Funds - Construction Grants 13-2,3,4
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-77
Stratospheric Ozone 2-2,5,13,19,31,32
Subtitle D Criteria 5-29,30,31,43
Support Costs 11-78
Support Services - Superfund 14-67
I
Tampering and Fuel Switching 2-48,82,83,84
Technical Information and Liaison 8-19
Technical Support - LUST 15-3,5,6
Technology Transfer 8-18,27
Test Guidelines 9-30,31
Test Rules 9-5,47-50
Tijuana, International Sewage Treatment Plant 13-3,4,5,6
Tijuana International Treatment Plant 13-2,3,4
Title III - Hazardous Waste 5-47,48-50; 11-47
Tolerances 6-3,4,21,22,23,24
Toxic Pollutant Controls 3-29,30,31,34,53,54
Toxics Pre-Manufacture Notices 17-1
y
UIC Requirements (RCRA) 5-32,33,34
Underground Storage Tanks - Regulations and Guidelines 5-34,35,36
Underground Injection Control 4-24,29,37,38
Underground Storage Tanks Grants 5-40,41
University Research Centers 14-11,20,22,23
V
Visiting Scientists Program 8-22
22
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Alphabetic Subject Index
Page
W
Waste Minimization (RCRA) 5-25,29
Wastewater Treatment Compliance 3-70,71,72
Water Quality Permit Issuance 3-74,75,^6
Water Quality Research 3-15,16,17,18,19-23;
11-48
Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (104 b) 13-2,3,4
Wellhead Protection 4-39
Wetlands (Section 404) 3-17,19,20,21,43,44,
Wood Preserving 5-30,52,53
Workers Exposed to Pesticides 6-31,32,33,35-38
23
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Pace
SUMMARY 1-1
-------
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Justification of Appropriations Estimates for the Committee on Appropriations
FISCAL YEAR 1992
BUDGET SUMMARY
The President's 1992 Budget request for the Environmental Protection Agency
totals $6,211,705,000 supported by 17,622 workyears. These resources include
$2,476,705,000 and 13,519 workyears for the Agency's environmental operating
programs; $41,200,000 and 366 workyears for the Inspector General's activities;
$1,750,000,000 and 3,602 workyears for the Superfund program; $85,000,000 and 90
workyears for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) program; and,
$1,900,000,000 for the Construction Grants program. When compared with the Agency
Total current estimate, the President's request represents an overall increase of
$117,351,800 and 840 total workyears. The following chart provides a summary of
budget authority for EPA's eight appropriations:
Budget Authority
(dollars in thousands)
1991
Enacted
1991
Current
Estimate
1992
President
Request
Increase/
Decrease-
1991 vs. 1992
Salaries &
Expenses....
Office of the
Inspt. General.,
Research &
Development...
Abatement,
Control & Compl.
Buildings &
Facilities...
OPERATING
PROGRAMS
SUBTOTAL
Hazardous Sub.
Superfund....
LUST Trust
Funds...
Construction
Grants....
AGENCY TOTAL
$974,700.0
$37,000.0
$254,900.0
$1,006,525.0
$40,000.0
$974,700.0
$37,000.0
$254,900.0
$1,006,525.0
$40,000.0
$2,313,125.0 $2,313,125.0
$1,616,228.0 $1,616,228.0
$65,000.2 65,000.2
$2,100,000.0 $2,100,000.0
$6,094,353.2 $6,094,353.2
$1,090,000.0
$41,200.0
$313,000.0
$1,019,505.0
$13,000.0
$115,300.0
$4,200.0
$58,100.0
$12,980.0
$27,000.0
$2,476,705.0 $105,480.0
$1,750,000.0 $133,772.0
$85,000.0 $19,999.8
$1,900,000.0 $200,000.0
$6,211,705.0 $117,351.3
1-1
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APPROPRIATIONS HIGHLIGHTS
The 1992 President's Budget Request for the Environmental Protection Agency
meets the President's commitment to improving environmental protection. The
Agency's budget emphasizes stronger ecological protection by targeting resources
to local ecosystems, specific regional geographic areas, the country's coastal
ecosystems, and the global climate. Resources will be directed at strengthening
the Agency's scientific knowledge base and analytic capabilities in support of
sound policy and management integrity. In 1992, the Agency will also take
several steps to strengthen its efforts toward food safety, and the commitment
to the reduction of lead exposure in the environment. Resources are also
included for environmental literacy to promote a continued effective dialogue on
national environmental issues. The Agency's Superfund program will continue
implementation of the Superfund Management Review, and will focus resources to
oversee the cleanup at Federal facility sites. Also, the Agency's Construction
Grants program will continue the Administration's strong support for
capitalization of State Revolving Funds.
The following briefly describes the 1992 request, the purpose, and the major
changes from the Agency's 1991 estimates for each of EPA's eight appropriations.
SALARIES AND EXPENSES
The Agency's 1992 request of $1,090,000,000 represents an increase of
$115,300,000 (12%) over the 1991 current estimate for Salaries and Expenses,
This appropriation finances all staff costs associated with administering thi
environmental operating programs within the Agency's Regional and Headquarters
operations. The increase in resources will enable the Agency to continue
expanding the Administration's commitment to protecting human health and the
environment. These resources incorporate all costs exclusive of grant programs
and program-specific contractual agreements.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
For 1992 EPA is requesting $313,000,000 for the Research and Development
Appropriation, an increase of $58,000,000 (23%) over the 1991 current estimate.
This appropriation finances research contracts, grants and agreements with
universities and private industry, as well as in-house activities, to produce the
scientific knowledge and technologies necessary for regulating, preventing and
abating pollution. Increases are provided in 1992 in air research for the 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments and the U.S. Global Climate Change Research Program;
water quality research for the Great Lakes initiative, and wetlands; hazardous
waste research on bio-remediation and municipal solid waste; and to enhance risk-
based media research to strengthen the Agency's research program.
ABATEMENT, CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
The Agency is requesting $1,019,505,000 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, an increase of $12,980,000 (1%) over the 1991 current
estimate. This appropriation finances contracts, grants, and cooperativ
agreements for pollution abatement, control and compliance activities. The 199
request includes resources to implement the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,
continue the wetlands grant program, ground water protection programs, and
1-2
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provide technical assistance and outreach to States and localities. Specific
investments include pollution prevention, the Great Lakes multimedia strategy,
and other strategic investments that will result in significant environmental
returns.
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
The Agency is requesting $13,000,000 for the Buildings and Facilities
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $27,000,000 (68%) below the 1991
current estimate which is due to the initiation of two one-time projects in 1991.
This appropriation finances the construction of new facilities and the repair,
improvement, alteration, and purchase of fixed equipment for facilities which the
Agency currently leases or owns. The requested level will permit the Agency to
continue to ensure healthy and safe working conditions.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SUPERFUND
This appropriation finances responses at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
and emergency releases of hazardous substances. The President's 1992 Budget
request of $1,750,000,000 for Superfund represents an increase of $133,772,000
(8%) over the 1991 current estimate. This increase represents a strong and
continued commitment on the part of the Agency to met its responsibilities to
protect human health and the environment.
In 1992, the Agency will emphasize Federally-funded cleanup and support for
greater potentially responsible party (PRP) accountability in final construction
as more sites move to the cleanup stages. Therefore, increased resources will
be dedicated to Response cleanup activities. Increases for the Superfund
Enforcement program will support the continued integration of PRP identification
early in the site cleanup process and a higher number of ongoing court actions.
The Department of Justice will receive $32.3 million to ensure adequate support
the steadily increasing Superfund caseload.
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LUST)
The Agency is requesting $85,000,000 in 1992, an increase of $20,000,000
(30%) above the 1991 current estimate. This appropriation established a response
program for the prevention and remediation of releases from leaking underground
petroleum storage tanks. For 1992, the Agency continues to "build state capacity
and partnerships" by providing cooperative agreements to States and territories
to help them develop and implement their own LUST programs.
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
The 1992 budget request is $1,900,000,000, a decrease of $200,000,000 (9.5%)
below the 1991 current estimate. The 1992 request for Construction Grants
includes the authorized level of $1,800,000,000 for domestic waste water
treatment grants and $100,000,000 for the United States share of the
international plant to treat uncontrolled sewage flows from Tijuana, Mexico. This
continues the Administrations's commitment to the capitalization of state
revolving funds (SRFs). In addition to capitalizing SRFs, the 1992 request calls
for $300 million in grants to bring certain major coastal communities' wastewater
1-3
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treatment facilities up to a secondary treatment standard. Boston, New York,
Seattle, Los Angeles and San Diego will each receive grants for 55% of
costs.
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
The Agency is requesting $41,200,000 for the Office of the Inspector
General. Of this amount, $14,954,000 is to be derived from the Hazardous
Substance Superfund, $623,000 from the Leaking Underground Storage Tanks Trust
Fund, and $25,623,000 is derived from the General Fund. This represents an
increase of $4,200,000 (11%) above the 1991 current estimate. With this
appropriation the Office of the Inspector General will implement the requirements
of the Chief Financial Officer Act for Inspector General audits of Agency
financial statements and expand audit coverage of Agency contracts. In addition,
the Office of the Inspector General will continue conducting internal performance
audits, expedite audits of construction grant close outs, and investigate
possible fraud and abuse.
Resources from the Superfund Trust Fund will be used to expand audit
coverage of critical Superfund contracts and investigations of the Contract
Laboratory Program, as well as conduct performance audits and investigations.
The LUST Trust Fund resources will support continued contract and management
audits and provide for expansion of LUST investigations.
1-4
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays, and Workyears
By Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1990
Enacted
1991
Current
Estimate
1991
Request
1992
Salaries and Expenses
Budget Authority $
Obii gat i ons
Outlays
864,409.6 $ 974,700.0 $ 974,700.0 $1,090,000.0
860,830.8 974,700.0 974,700.0 1,090,000.0
836,833.0 921,656.0 921,656.0 1,061,889.0
Permanent Workyears.
Total Workyears
10,752.4
11,361.7
12,265.9
12,561.0
12,265.9
12,561.0
13,153.0
13,153.0
Office of Inspector General
Budget Authority $
Obiigations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears.
Total Workyears
30,903.0
29,739.9
18,536.0
284.1
287.2
37,000.0
37,000.0
26,322.0
350.4
350.4
37,000.0 $
37,000.0
26,322.0
350.4
350.4
41,200.0
41,200.0
38,954.0
366.3
366.3
Research and Development
Budget Authority $ 229,820.3 $ 254,900.0 I 254,900.0 $ 313,000.0
Obligations 229,248.8 252,639.0 252,639.0 311,838.0
Outlays .' 213,810.0 252,941.0 252,941.0 276,247.0
Abatement, Control and
CampIiance
Budget Authority $ 798,435.1 $1,006,525.0 $1,006,525.0 $1,019,505.0
Obligations 810,572.0 1,007,758.0 1,007,758.0 1,019,195.0
Outlays 657,897.0 893,481.0 893,481.0 892,941.0
Buildings and Facilities
Budget Authority $ 14,652.0 $ 40,000.0 $ 40,000.0 $ 13,000.0
Obligations 17,555.7 47,356.0 47,356.0 13,000.0
Outlays 15,136.0 33,022.0 33,022.0 18,680.0
1-5
-------
Current
Actual Enacted Estimate Request
1990 1991 1991 1992
SUBTOTAL,
OPERATING PROGRAMS
Budget Authority $1,938,220.0 $2,313.125.0 $2,313,125.0 $2,476,705.0
Obligations 1,947.947.2 2,319,453.0 2,319,453.0 2,475,233.0
Outlays 1,742.212.0 2,127,422.0 2,127,422.0 2.288,711.0
Permanent Workyeers 11,036.5 12,616.3 12,616.3 13,519.3
Total Workyears 11,648.9 12,911.4 12,911.4 13,519.3
Hazardous Substance
Superfund
Budget Authority $1,530,228.0 $1,616,228.0 $1,616,228.0 $1,750,000.0
Obligations 1,602,844.3 1,645,398.0 1,645,398.0 1,750,000.0
Outlays 1,143,870.0 1,361,076.0 1,361,076.0 1,513,733.0
Permanent Uorkyears 3,132.7 3,331.3 3,331.3 3,602.3
Total Workyears 3,328.0 3,467.2 3,467.2 3,602.3
LUST Trust Fund
Budget Authority $ 74,097.0 $ 65,000.2 $ 65,000.2 $ 85,000.0
Obligations 74,746.0 68,615.0 68.615.0 85,000.0
Outlays 59,305.0 69,035.0 69,035.0 90,815.0
Permanent Uorkyears 78.3 85.1 85.1 90.4
Total Workyears 83.4 90.4 90.4 90.4
Construction Grants
Budget Authority $1,948,029.0 $2,100,000.0 $2.100,000.0 $1.900,000.0
Obligations 2,439,611.9 2,511,000.0 2,511,000.0 1,965,000.0
Outlays 2,289,945.0 2,352,887.0 2,352,887.0 2,194,175.0
Ocean Dumping Fund
Obligations * 1,365.9 $ 1,420.0 $ 1,420.0 $ 540.0
Permanent Workyears 0.0 11.4 11.4 12.0
Total Workyears 0.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
Tolerances
Revolving Fund
Obligations $ 1,000.0 $ 1,200.0 $ 1,200.0 $ 1,200.0
Outlays (447.0) (200.0) (200.0) (200.0)
1-6
-------
« Current
Actual ' Enacted Estimate Request
1990 1991 1991 1992
Misc. Contrib. Funds
Obligations % 0.0 $ 10.0 S 10.0 $ 10.0
Outlays 4.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Reregistrati on & Expedited
Processing Revolving Fund
Obligations $ 25,216.5 $ 21,866.9 $ 21,866.9 $ 0.0
Outlays (15,471.0) 11,078.0 11,078.0 11,011.0
Permanent Workyears 139.3 237.0 237.0 326.0
Total Workyears 144.0 238.5 238.5 326.0
Asbestos in schools fund
Outlays $ 0.0 $ 0.0 $ 0.0 $ 26,399.0
Reimbursements S&E
Obligations $ 20,869.0 $ 33,580.0 $ 33,580.0 I 36,035.0
Permanent Uorkyears 67.3 62.0 62.0 72.0
Total Uorkyears 67.4 62.0 62.0 72.0
Reimbursements - Superfund
Obligations $ 4,935.2 $ 30,000.0 $ 30,000.0 $ 30,000.0
Reimbursements - R&D
Obligations $ 4,470.4 $ 5,000.0 $ 5,000.0 $ 5,000.0
TOTAL, EPA
Budget Authority $5,490,574.0 $6,094,353.2 S6,094,353.2 $6,211,705.0
Obligations 6,123,006.4 6,637,542.9 6,637,542.9 6,348,018.0
Outlays 5,219,418.0 5,921,308.0 5,921,308.0 6,124,654.0
Permanent Workyears 14,454.1 16,343.1 16,343.1 17,622.0
Total Workyears 15,271.7 16,781.5 16,781.5 17,622.0
1-7
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays, and Workyears
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Air
Budget Authority ..
Obligations ....
Out 1 ays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Water Quality
Budget Author i ty
Obi i gat i ons.
Permanent Workyears....
Total Workyears ..
Drinking Water
Budget Authority ......
Obi i gat i ons
Total Workyears
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Out 1 ays
Total Workvears
Actual
1990
$ 291 888.8 $
291,142. 2
331,039.5
1 639.6
1 717.2
$ 345 971.1 $
351,525.3
270,881.4
2,007.1
2 131.6
$ 119,281.1 $
119,8.72.2
110,071.8
683.2
725.0
$ 267,352.0 J
274,115.4
234,382.5
1,328.9
1,397.3
Enacted
1991
394,830.2 $
390,292.3
361,695.3
1 935.8
1,971.0
418,490.2 $
418,774.0
380,802.2
2,157.0
2 240.6
134,189.0 $
134,037.7
121,473.0
774.4
798.7
311,019.1 $
312,174.7
285,317.5
1,574.6
1,631.8
Current
Estimate
1991
394,874.3 $
390,336.0
361,736.5
1,935.8
1,971.0
418,531.3 $
418,815.8
380,840.4
2 157.0
2 240.6
134,232.4 *
134,081.0
121,513.4
774.4
798.7
310,989.6 $
312,145.0
285,290.1
1,574.6
1,631.8
Request
1992
511,787.8
504,642.0
460,917.0
2,267.9
2,267.9
412,822.1
413,302.0
376,419.9
2,330.8
2 330.8
136,148.4
135,929.0
122,210.1
805.4
805.4
333,735.0
334,326.0
302,619.2
1,660.0
1,660.0
1-8
-------
Pesticides
Budget Authority $
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears.
Total Uorkyears
Radiation
Budget Authority $
Obiigat ions
Outlays
Permanent Uorkyears.
Total Uorkyears
Noise
Budget Authority S
Obligations
Outlays
Multimedia
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Uorkyears.
Total Uorkyears
Toxic Substances
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Out I ays
Permanent Workyears.
Total Uorkyears
Energy
Budget Authority $
Obligations
Out I ays
Actual
1990
104,784.7 $
96,600.4
81,413.9
804.9
838.0
34,438.7 $
34,550.3
22,332.3
192.6
202.4
0.0 S
0.0
14.6
124,875.0 $
125,656.7
92,597.3
643.0
683.7
156,205.8 S
158,950.6
133,472.6
830.6
859.3
33,351.2 $
33,325.1
50,598.1
Enacted
1991
107,594.3 $
106,954.4
98,930.0
860.8
869.7
38,956.0 $
38,680.0
35,967.7
237.1
240.2
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
177,867.9 $
179,273.0
173,348.9
823.7
842.4
167,076.8 $
167,720.9
153,123.0
883.5
895.4
13,621.8 $
13,387.0
13,437.8
Current
Estimate
1991
107,566.8
106,927.0
98,904.3
860.8
869.7
38,956.0
38,680.0
35,967.6
237.1
240.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
177,898.6
179,304.0
173,377.5
823.7
842.4
167,091.8
167,736.0
153,137.0
883.5
895.4
13,621.8
13,387.0
13,437.8
Request
1992
$ 117,063.8
116,052.0
107,800.8
892.7
892.7
5 39,627.2
40,132.0
36,370.0
241.2
241.2
$ 0.0
0.0
0.0
$ 215,010.0
216,834.0
195,936.8
897.4
897.4
S 119,287.2
121,151.0
111,554.3
891.9
891.9
$ 13,672.2
13,386.0
12,246.9
1-9
-------
Permanent Workyears.
Total Workyears
Management and Support
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Uorkyears
Buildings and Facilities
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Actual
1990
48.5
49.0
» 435,361.7 $
434,923.8
395,820.2
2,797.2
2,984.4
$ 14,652.0 $
17,555.7
15,136.0
Enacted
1991
30.4
30.4
495,798.5 $
497,121.8
460,600.8
3,250.7
3,302.9
40,000.0 $
47,356.0
33,022.0
Current
Estimate
1991
30.4
30.4
495,681.2
497,004.0
460,491.6
3,250.7
3,302.9
40,000.0
47,356.0
33,022.0
Request
1992
30.4
30.4
$ 548,974.3
550,902.0
529,264.0
3,401.3
3,401.3
$ 13,000.0
13,000.0
18.680.0
Hazardous Substance
Superfund
Budget Authority $1,540,285.9 $1,629,334.4 $1,629,334.4 $1,764,954.0
Obligations 1,612,573.8 1,658,504.4 1,658,504.4 1,764,954.0
Outlays 1,148,321.8 1,370,372.2 1,370,372.2 1,527,837.0
Permanent Uorkyears 3,193.6 3,416.1 3,416.1 3,698.1
Total Workyears 3,389.0 3,552.0 3,552.0 3,698.1
LUST Trust Fund
Budget Authority $ 74,097.0 $ 65,575.0 $ 65,575.0 $ 85,623.0
Obligations 74,746.0 69,189.8 69,189.8 85,623.0
Outlays 59,305.0 69,442.6 69,442.6 91,403.0
Permanent Workyears 78.3 88.6 88.6 94.9
Total Workyears 83.4 93.9 93.9 94.9
Construction Grants
Budget Authority $1,948,029.0 $2,100,000.0 $2,100,000.0 $1,900,000.0
Obligations 2,439,611.9 2,511,000.0 2,511,000.0 1,965,000.0
Outlays 2,289,945.0 2,352,887.0 2,352,887.0 2,194,175.0
Ocean Dumping Fund
Obligations $ 1,365.9 $ 1,420.0 $ 1,420.0 $ 540.0
Permanent Workyears 0.0 11.4 11.4 12.0
Total Workyears 0.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
1-10
-------
Actual
1990
Enacted
1991
Current
Estimate
1991
Request
1992
Tolerances
Revolving Fund
Obligations $ 1,000.0 S 1,200.0 $ 1.200.0 S 1,200.0
Outlays (447.0) (200.0) (200.0) (200.0)
Misc. Contrib. Funds
Obligations $ 0.0 $ 10.0 S 10.0 $ 10.0
Outlays 4.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Reregistration & Expedited
Processing Revolving Fund
Obligations * 25,216.5 $ 21,866.9 $ 21,866.9 $ 0.0
Outlays (15,471.0) 11,078.0 11,078.0 11,011.0
Permanent Workyears 139.3 237.0 237.0 326.0
Total Uorkyears 144.0 238.5 238.5 326.0
Asbestos in schools fund
Outlays * 0.0 $ 0.0 $ 0.0 1 26,399.0
Reimbursements - S&E
Obligations $ 20,869.0 $ 33,580.0 $ 33,580.0 $ 36,035.0
Permanent Workyears 67.3 62.0 62.0 72.0
Total Workyears 67.4 62.0 62.0 72.0
Reimbursements - Superfund
Obligations $ 4,935.2 * 30,000.0 $ 30,000.0 » 30,000.0
Reimbursements - R&O
Obligations $ 4,470.4 $ 5,000.0 $ 5,000.0 * 5,000.0
TOTAL, EPA
Budget Authority $5,490,574.0 $6,094,353.2 $6,094,353.2 $6,211,705.0
Obligations 6.123..006.4 6,637,542.9 6,637,542.9 6,348,018.0
Outlays 5,219,416.0 5,921,308.0 5,921,308.0 6,124,654.0
Permanent Workyears 14,454.1 16,343.1 16,343.1 17,622.0
Total Workyears 15,271.7 16,781.5 16,781.5 17,622.0
1-11
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
AIR ' 2-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air Quality Research 2-9
Scientific Assessment 2-19
Monitoring Systems, Characterization, and Quality Assurance . . 2-21
Health Effects 2-25
Environmental Engineering and Technology 2-27
Environmental Processes and Effects 2-29
Characterization, Transport and Fate 2-30
Stratospheric Modification 2-31
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards 2-33
Emission Standards and Technology Assessment 2-35
National Pollutant Policies, Strategies and Rules 2-37
State Program Guidelines and Air Standards Development .... 2-39
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy 2-42
Mobile Source Program Implementation 2-44
Emission Standards, Technical Assessment and Characterization . 2-45
Testing, Technical and Administrative Support 2-46
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance 2-48
State Programs Resource Assistance 2-51
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 105 Grants) . 2-52
Training 2-55
Air Quality Management Implementation 2-57
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment 2-61
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 2-62
Air Quality and Emissions Data Management and Analysis .... 2-64
Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs 2-68
Acid Rain Program 2-69
Indoor Air Program 2-71
Global Change Program 2-72
ENFORCEMENT
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-76
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-81
-------
AIR
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE *
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
SalariM t Expenses $97,464.5 S1U,625.6 $114,669.7 $138,19*.5 123,524.8
Abatement Control and SU2,769.0 $220,121.7 $220,121.7 $289,796.7 $69,675.0
Compliance
Research I Development $50,908.7 $60,082.9 $60,082.9 $83,796.6 $23,713.7
TOTAL, Air $291,142.2 $394,830.2 $394,874.3 $511,787.8 116.913.5
PERMANENT WORKYEARS 1,640.1 1,935.8 1,935.8 2,267.9 332.1
TOTAL HORKTEARS 1,717.7 1,971.0 1,971.0 2,267.9 296.9
OUTLAYS $331,039.5 $361,695.3 $361,736.5 $460,917.0 $99,180.5
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS Reauthorization for the Clean Air Act expired
September 30, 1981. The Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 reauthorize the Air program at such SUMS as
may be necessary for Fiscal Years 1992 through 1998.
2-1
-------
AIR
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Clean Air Act authorizes a nationwide program to reduce air pollution
through air quality planning, regulation, enforcement, and research. In November
1990 the President signed the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, which expanded
requirements and capabilities to clean our nation's air. Enactment of the
amendments and the President's commitment to the environment have created high
public expectations for improving nationwide air quality in the 1990's through
cleaner cars, fuels, factories, and powerplants. This budget request would
provide resources to respond to the public's rising expectations for cleaner air
through the fulfillment of the requirements of the new Clean Air Act. In
implementing the Act, EPA will use not only traditional approaches for
controlling air pollution, but will also strive to harness the power of the
marketplace, encourage local initiatives, and emphasize pollution prevention.
In addition to carrying out the new Clean Air Act, EPA will expand its efforts
to analyze and address indoor air quality problems.
EPA's goals for 1992 include reducing health and environmental risks
through: (1) further empowering states to attain National Ambient Air Quality
Standards; (2) establishing new clean vehicle and fuel programs; (3) developing
and implementing national air toxic standards; (4) developing state and local
operating permit and fee programs; (5) setting up a market-based acid rain
emissions trading system; (6) implementing domestic rules and U.S.
responsibilities under the revised Montreal Protocol for reducing stratospheric
ozone depletion; (7) implementing new enforcement authorities and approaches; (8)
increasing technical support to state indoor air programs; and (9) conducting
research to provide strong scientific and technical bases for regulatory and
nonregulatory programs.
Attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Polluted air creates high health and environmental risks. To protect
health and welfare EPA set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six
pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM-10), lead, sulfur
dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Nonattainment of the standards is most widespread
for the first three pollutants. Today, almost 100 areas in the United States
fail to meet the national health standard for ozone; more than 40 areas fail to
meet the health standards for carbon monoxide; and over 60 areas exceed the
national health standards for PM-10.
The primary mechanisms provided by the Clean Air Act to achieve clean air
standards are state implementation plans and Federal rules and guidance. In 1992
EPA will help states develop expanded, more stringent state implementation plans
that will further reduce pollutant emissions from both stationary and mobile
sources. The Agency will issue guidance for state control strategy
demonstrations, provide states with technical aid and guidance for instituting
or enhancing mobile and stationary source pollution controls, and encourage the
use of market based approaches where appropriate. In 1992 the Agency also will
provide increased grants to states, helping them build their capacity to meet the
expanded requirements and responsibilities of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments.
2-2
-------
In 1992 EPA will develop national guidelines and standards for major
stationary polluters that emit into the air or cause ozone, carbon monoxide, PM-
10, lead, and sulfur dioxide. To support state efforts to control stationary
sources the Agency will develop control technique guidelines for major pollution
source groups. The Agency will also continue to set new source performance
standards that apply nationwide. The Agency will emphasize pollution prevention
in support of state efforts and development of national standards.
To help states revise their implementation plans to meet new requirements
EPA will expand work on emission inventories, assure quality data, and develop
tracking procedures. Complete and comprehensive emission inventories are key to
the development of sound and enforceable state plans, effective regulations, and
meaningful measures of progress for achieving clean air. Accurate and
comprehensive emission inventories are also integral to the success of new
market-based pollution control approaches.
EPA also will help states upgrade and expand air quality monitoring
systems. States will continue an initiative begun in 1991 to systematically
replace worn-out air quality monitors. Accurate air quality measurements are
essential in developing state plans and evaluating their effectiveness.
Establishing New Clean Vehicles and Fuels Programs
Air pollution from mobile sources accounts for over half of the nationwide
emissions of ozone precursors (volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides),
carbon monoxide, and air toxics. Because mobile source emissions account for
such a large percentage of the total air pollution problem, reducing these
emissions holds the greatest potential for cleaning our nation's air.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require significant changes in vehicle
control technologies and fuel types and expansion of state control programs. EPA
and the states will work together to carry out an aggressive mobile source
pollution abatement program. The new Act requires EPA to adopt about 60 new
mobile source rules covering: reformulated gasoline, leaded gasoline, clean
alternative fuels, vehicle fleet requirements, vehicle emission standards, and
state program requirements. States must establish clean fuels programs and new
or enhanced vehicle inspection and maintenance programs.
In 1992 the Agency will promulgate rules for clean fuel vehicle programs
and issue standards for vehicles fueled by compressed natural gas. The Agency
will also issue rules to reduce vehicle evaporative emissions and to standardize
vehicle diagnostic systems that identify component failures causing increased
emissions. In addition, EPA will increase support to states for new and enhanced
programs for clean fuels and vehicle inspection and maintenance.
Implementing National Air Toxics Standards
According to industry estimates, more than 2.7 billion pounds of toxic
pollutants were emitted into the atmosphere in 1987. These emissions may result
in a variety of adverse health effects including cancer, reproductive effects,
birth defects, and respiratory illness. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
direct EPA to control 189 hazardous air pollutants through technology based
standards over the next 10 years.
2-3
-------
In 1992 EPA will develop and issue Maximum Achievable Control Technology
(MACT) standards for 40 source categories of polluters that account for the most
health risk. The new Act amendments require that standards for the 40 categories
be established within two years of enactment. During 1992 the Agency will also
continue work on MACT standards required in four years. To set MACT standards,
EPA must gather information on toxics emissions, manufacturing processes,
pollution controls, and control costs. As part of the standards development, the
Agency will examine process changes, substitution of feedstocks, and other
pollution prevention options. EPA will continue implementation of the early
reduction program to accelerate emissions reductions by facilities that would be
subject to the next phase of MACT standards.
In 1992 EPA will also address air toxic source groups not covered by the
MACT provisions, but included in other new Clean Air Act requirements. These
sources include: commercial and industrial solid waste incinerators and medical
waste incinerators. EPA will also perform a study of air toxic deposition in the
Great Lakes.
Establishing Operating Permit and Fee Programs
The 1990 Clean Air Act amendments provide for state and local operating
permit and fee programs to enhance the effectiveness of programs for reducing
acid rain, attaining National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and controlling air
toxics. When fully implemented, the permit program will consolidate requirements
for reducing air emissions and ensure that the regulated community has a clear,
consistent picture of applicable rules.
In 1992 EPA will work with state and local agencies to develop operating
permit programs. States must submit their permit program plans to EPA by the end
of 1993. EPA will issue comprehensive guidance and model permits and undertake
outreach and training efforts to help state and local agencies establish their
permitting programs.
Establishing a Market Based Acid Rain Emissions Trading System
Acid rain causes damage to lakes, forests, and man-aade structures;
contributes to reduced visibility; and is suspected of causing damage to human
health. The acid rain provisions in the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments will
reduce acid rain causing emissions through an innovative market-based emission
allowance program that will provide affected sources with flexibility in meeting
required emission reductions. The new Act requires a permanent 10 million ton
reduction in sulfur dioxide and a two million ton reduction in nitrogen oxides.
The acid rain program is already being seen as a model for regulatory reform
efforts here and abroad.
In 1992 EPA will issue regulations for the allowance system; publish
guidance on allowance trading, sales, and auctions; and initiate operation of the
system. The Agency will also issue rules establishing permit requirements for
sources entering the allowance trading program, establish an energy conservation
and renewable energy technology reserve, and review applications for the reserve.
The Agency will take all available steps to facilitate active trading of
allowances. A successful allowance trading system will minimize compliance
costs, maximize economic efficiency, and allow for growth;
2-4
-------
In 1992 EPA will promulgate 'rules requiring continuous emissions
monitoring. The Agency will also publish rules for collecting fees from sources
with sulfur dioxide emissions more than their allowances. In addition, the
Agency will review permit applications and compliance plans for the first phase
of the acid rain program. Finally, the Agency will issue guidance on Federal and
state permit programs, alternative nitrogen oxides emissions rates and averaging,
and application procedures for clean coal technology projects and elective
sources.
Reducing Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
For every one percent drop in the level of stratospheric ozone there will
be an additional million cases of skin cancer. The Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 codify and expand upon the revised Montreal Protocol negotiated to protect
the stratosphere and reduce health and environmental risks. The amendments
establish deadlines for the complete phase-out of two groups of ozone depleting
chemicals.
In 1992 EPA will support international activities for compliance and data
reporting for the Montreal Protocol; develop a list of products that contain
regulated chemicals; and initiate development of rules to ban the import of
these products from countries that are not parties to the Protocol. The Agency
will also take further steps to phase out hydrochlorofluorocarbons, as well as
other ozone depleting chemicals. In addition, the EPA budget request will
provide $20 million in United States support for a multi-lateral fund to help
developing countries shift away from ozone depleting chemicals.
To implement the new Clean Air Act amendments, EPA will collect chemical
production, importation, and use data for regulated chemicals. The Agency will
also review and respond to petitions to speed the phase-out of ozone depleting
chemicals and evaluate requests for exemptions from the phase-out schedule. The
Agency will continue developing regulations for recycling and will operate a
recycling compliance program. In addition, the Agency will enhance its efforts
to ensure that substitutes for ozone depleting chemical are safe and
environmentally acceptable.
Implementing New Enforcement Authorities
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 restructure, strengthen, and expand
both EPA and state enforcement authority. New types of programs, such as the
allowance program for ozone-depleting chemicals, the market-based acid rain
program, the state operating permit program, and the clean vehicles and fuels
program, will require new approaches to enforcement. EPA will also maintain and
strengthen existing enforcement capabilities to assure compliance with revised
state plans and Federal rules.
In 1992 EPA will help states develop enforceable operating permit, field
citation, and administrative penalty programs. EPA will also develop compliance
programs to enforce the new chlorofluorocarbon recycling regulation and the
oxygenated fuels and reformulated gasoline requirements. In addition, the Agency
will assure that large utility steam generating units install the continuous
emission monitoring systems needed to accomplish the acid rain program.
2-5
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EPA will continue to shift enforcement activities to areas of highest
potential environmental benefit and stress greater coordination among Regional
and state programs.
Addressing Exposure to Indoor Air
According to a Science Advisory Board report, -indoor air pollution
represents one of the most significant public health risks facing the Agency.
In 1992 EPA will begin a national study of indoor air quality in large buildings.
The Agency will also start an inventory of indoor emissions to help consumers
select lower emitting materials and products for the indoor environment.
EPA will enhance the ability of its Regional offices to help states address
indoor air pollution by providing at least one full-time indoor air quality
coordinator per Region. In addition, the Agency will expand the capabilities of
the Regional training center network to include indoor air quality courses.
Conducting Research to Provide a Strong Scientific and Technical Basis for
Regulatory Programs
In 1992, the Office of Research and Development will support the Office of
Air and Radiation by providing information on air pollution health and ecological
effects, monitoring methods, models, assessments, emission reduction
technologies, and quality control. Expanded program activities include increased
research on global climate change and work on large building indoor air pollution
reduction techniques.
To carry out the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the
Agency is proposing an enhanced research program covering emissions inventories,
ozone nonattainment, air toxics, mobile sources, and acid deposition. The
research will cover short and long-term needs including ozone and acid aerosol
methods, characterization, and effects; human health effects and characterization
of alternative fuels; development of new air toxics risk assessment methods;;
development of control technologies for volatile organic compounds; and the
development of methods and instruments for continuous emissions monitoring and
modeling to support acid deposition implementation.
EPA is a member of the U.S. Global Change Research Program which is
coordinated by the Committee on Environmental Earth Sciences (GEES). EPA's
global change research includes the ability to distinguish between man's impact
on climate and natures variability, and evaluating the direction and magnitude
of feedbacks from the living planet to climate.
Indoor air research will focus on providing information on different
ventilation approaches and other mitigation techniques for improving indoor air
quality. This research will include: chamber and field studies to develop and
test new techniques for building ventilation, including displacement flow
arrangements; and microenvironmental workstations that control ventilation,
temperature, humidity, lighting, and noise. Finally, the research program will
conduct chamber and field studies of gaseous pollutant removal systems.
2-6
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Consulting Services
The Office of Air and Radiation will fund a limited amount of consulting
services in 1992. Section 117 of the Clean Air Act requires consultation with
appropriate advisory committees prior to publishing any New Source Performance
Standard or National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants. The
National Air Pollution Control Techniques Advisory Committee is comprised of
members from industry, environmental groups, academia, and state and local
governments. The committee typically meets three or four times per year to
review the technical basis of Federal emission standards.
A few small management service contracts will be awarded in 1992. The
purpose of these contracts will be to provide specialized expertise in
environmental economics needed to assess the economic impacts and benefits of
various source standards and other regulatory actions. The assessment of
economic impacts and benefits is required by Executive Order 12291.
2-7
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AIR
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES __
National Ambient Air
Quality Standards
Number of Pollutants
Covered (Cumulative)
Proposals*
Promulgations*
New Source Performance Standards
Source Categories
Covered (Cumulative)
Proposals**
Promulgations
ACTUAL
1990
6
1
0
62
2
3
National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Number of Source Categories
Covered (Cumulative)
Number of Pollutants
Covered (Cumulative)
Proposals**
Promulgations
33
7
0
2
Enforcement Actions - Stationary Sources
Inspections
Notices of Violation
Administrative Orders
Civil Litigation . .
Criminal Litigation .
2,322
406
261
80
10
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
6
1
0
66
2
4
33
7
0
0
2,055
300
207
80
10
ESTIMATE
1992
52
19
39
160
6
0
2
67
3
1
78
158
6
0
2,150
310
199
80
10
60
19
42
100
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1992 VS 1991
-1
+2
+1
-3
+45
+151
+6
+95
+10
-8
Enforcement Actions - Mobile Sources
State and Local Tampering/
Fuel Switching Programs
(Cumulative) 48
Assembly Line Testing
Test Orders 21
Recall Investigations . . 51
Notices of Violation
Tampering/Fuel Switching 203
* Revisions or reaffirmations
** New source categories and revisions. NESHAPs include air toxic standards
developed under other regulatory authorities
NOTE: All outputs are incremental except as indicated.
+8
+3
-60
2-8
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
AIR
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air Quality Research 2-9
Scientific Assessment 2-19
Monitoring Systems, Characterization, and Quality Assurance . . 2-21
Health Effects 2-25
Environmental Engineering and Technology 2-27
Environmental Processes and Effects 2-29
Characterization, Transport and Fate 2-30
Stratospheric Modification 2-31
-------
AIR
Air Research
ACTUAL
1990
ENACTED
1991
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST
1992
INCREASE +
DECREASE
1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Character i zat < on.
Transport And Fate -
Air
Salaries I Expenses
Research I Development
TOTAL
Scientific Assessment -
Air
Salaries t Expenses
Research I Development
TOTAL
Monitoring Systems,
Characterization, And
Quality Assurance - Air
Salaries t Expenses
Research t Development
TOTAL
Health Effects - Air
Salaries I Expenses
Research t Development
TOTAL
Environmental
Engineering And
Technology - Air
Salaries t Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
Environmental Processes
And Effects - Air
Salaries t Expenses
Research t Development
TOTAL
Stratospheric
Modification Program -
Air
Salaries I Expenses
Research I Development
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses
Research I Development
$3,374.2 $3,559.3 $3,559.3
$8,083.8 $11,042.3 $11,042.3
$11,458.0 $14,601.6 $14,601.6
$3,262.9 $3,599.8 $3,606.0 $3,546.8
$2,220.9 $3,281.5 $3,281.5 $3,499.6
$5,483.8 $6,881.3 $6,887.5 $7,046.4
$6,534.2 $5.657.8 $5,664.7 $11,294.2
$5,471.7 $6.657.8 $6,657.8 $36,099.2
$12,005.9 $12,315.6 $12,322.5 $47,393.4
$7
$16
$23
$3
$4
Sfi
,003
,524
,528
,879
,665
.544
$863
$1
$2
$2
$12
$14
$27
$50
,206
,069
,085
.736
.821
,002
,908
.8
.9
.7
.2
.2
.4
.3
.1
.4
.3
.1
.4
.9
.7
$5.
$13,
$19,
$3,
$7,
$11.
861.2
228.8
090.0
772.8
544.1
316.9
$865.1
$1.
$2.
$3,
$16.
$19.
$26,
$60,
506.2
371.3
161.3
822.2
983.5
477.3
082.9
«,
$13,
$19,
$3,
$7,
$11.
861.2
168.8
030.0
787.7
604.1
391.8
$865.1
$1,
$2.
$3.
$16.
$20,
$26,
$60,
506.2
371.3
178.3
822.2
000.5
522.3
082.9
$6
$13
$20
$3
$6
$9
.048
.981
,030
.914
,084
,998
$888
$1
$2
$2
$22
$25
$28
$83
.506
.394
.7
.3
.0
.6
.1
.7
.0
.2
.2
,895.6
,626
.521
,587
,796
.2
.8
.9
.6
-$3,559.3
-$11,042.3
-$14,601.6
$59.2
$218.1
$158.9
$5.629.5
$29.441.4
$35,070.9
$187.5
$812.5
$1,000.0
$126.9
-$1,520.0
-$1,393.1
$22.9
$22.9
-$282.7
$5,804.0
$5,521.3
$2,065.6
$23,713.7
Air Research
TOTAL $77,911.6 $86,560.2 $86,605.2 $112,384.5 $25,779.3
2-9
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AIR
Air Research
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PERMANENT WORICYEARS
Characterization. 53.5 57.0 57.0 -57.0
Transport And Fate -
Air
Scientific Assessoent - 46.4 53.4 53.4 51.3 -2.1
Air
Monitoring Systems, 99.3 104.5 104.5 191.5 87.0
Characterization, And
Quality Assurance - Air
Health Effects - Air 100.7 113.0 113.0 113.0 0.0
Environmental 58.8 58.4 58.4 58.4 0.0
Engineering And
Technology -Air
Environmental Processes 14.1 13.8 13.8 13.8 0.0
And Effects - Air
Stratospheric 25.1 42.9 42.9 38.9 -4.0
Modification Program -
Air
TOTAL PERMANENT WORCYEARS 397.9 443.0 443.0 466.9 23.9
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Characterization, 54.2 57.0 57.0 -57.0
Transport And Fate -
Air
Scientific Assessment - 48.6 53.4 53.4 51.3 -2.1
Air
Monitoring Systems, 99.3 104.5 104.5 191.5 87.0
Characterization, And
Quality Assurance - Air
Health Effects - Air 109.8 113.0 113.0 113.0 0.0
Environmental 59.4 58.4 58.4 58.4 0.0
Engineering And
Technology - Air
2-10
-------
AIR
Air Research
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Environmental Processes 15.1 13.8 13.8 13.8
And Effects - Air
Stratospheric 26.9 42.9 42.9 38.9
Modification Program -
Air
TOTAL UORKYEARS
413.3 U3.0 443.0 466.9
0.0
4.0
23.9
2-11
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AIR
Air Quality Research
Principal Outputs
1992: o Complete Air Quality Criteria documents for carbon monoxide
and nitrogen oxides (Scientific Assessment).
o Complete final draft of diesel risk assessment document
(Scientific Assessment).
o Complete risk reference concentration (RfC) evaluations for
non-cancer health effects of an additional 40 of the 189 air
toxics listed in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
(Scientific Assessment).
o Develop an updated/improved non-cancer health risk assessment
methodology for chronic exposures to air toxics (Scientific
Assessment).
o Continue to provide technical assistance on air toxics
problems to State and local agencies via joint (with OAR)
operation of the Air Risk Information Support Center
(Scientific Assessment).
o Assessment of indoor bioaerosols (Scientific Assessment).
o Hold a workshop to review results of acid aerosol
intercomparisons and assess adequacy of existing techniques
(Monitoring).
o Report on the impact of concentrations of VOCs and NO),
emissions on the development of effective regional ozone
control strategies (Monitoring).
o Large building investigation protocol (Monitoring).
o Report on short term concentrations and variability of HAPs in
urban air (Monitoring).
o Status report on NHANES-III cooperative research and
preliminary screening of the spirometry and neurobehavioral
data (Health).
o Completion of the evaluation key health effects from exposure
to methanol in test animals (Health).
o Preliminary evaluation and characterization of chemically
sensitive sub-populations (Health).
2-12
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Evaluation of biomarkers and mechanisms of lung injury
associated with extended exposure to ambient ozone levels
(Health).
Complete the preliminary evaluation of animal models for U-VB-
induced immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to
infection (Health).
Development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model
for predicting dosimetry of selected VOCs in humans (Health).
Human sensitivity to gas phase organic chemicals indoors
(Health).
Ventilation design and management strategy for improving
indoor air quality (Engineering).
Interim research results documenting progress to date in
improving area source emissions estimation methodologies
(Engineering).
Assessment of emissions control effectiveness of existing in
place HAP control technologies (Engineering).
Interim research results documenting improved VOC speciation
data (Engineering).
Completion of pollution prevention demonstrations of
alternative coatings in the auto industry and the furniture
industry (Engineering).
Develop new methods for testing the effectiveness of air
cleaners (Engineering).
Develop innovative ventilation techniques and concepts for
improving indoor air quality (Engineering).
Prepare catalogue on emissions from indoor materials,
including emission factors (Engineering).
Complete engineering evaluation and input to Clean Air Act
requirements for recycling of refrigerants from all major
sources (Engineering).
Provide sufficient information to industry to allow them to
make decisions on low ozone depleting and high energy
efficiency home refrigeration systems using non-azeotropic
refrigerant mixtures (Engineering).
Report on national estimates of methane emissions from natural
gas systems (Engineering).
2-13
-------
Report on evaluation of mitigation techniques for
anthropogenic sources of methane (Engineering).
Report on initial phase of fuel cell demonstration for
electricity production using landfill methane (Engineering).
Report on the response of plants to formaldehyde and methanol
contaminated fog (Environmental Processes).
Interim risk assessment on the current magnitude of ozone
damage to forest species (Environmental Processes) .
Report on effects of UV-B radiation on marine biogeochemical
cycles (Stratospheric Modification).
Report on impact of heterogeneous chemical processes on fate
of CFC substitutes (Stratospheric Modification).
Report on refrigerant recycling program (Stratospheric
Modification).
Report on alternative home refrigerator/freezer systems
(Stratospheric Modification).
Report on the nature, extent, and potential clinical relevance
of UV-B-induced immunosuppression in normal human subjects
(Stratospheric Modification).
Costs and feasibility of alternative terrestrial systems
management options (Stratospheric Modification).
Technological evaluation of biomass utilization options
(Stratospheric Modification).
Ecoregion assessments for specific regions (Stratospheric
Modification).
First generation estimates of the total and net estimate of
carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from high-latitude,
temperate, and topical regions of the globe (Stratospheric
Modification).
Assessments of climate change impacts on physical biological
properties of freshwaters (Stratospheric Modification).
National assessment of the potential by regions for the direct
use of biomass for fuel to supply energy needs (Stratospheric
Modification).
Global assessment of the current and future emissions of
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane from cookstoves,
and the potential for mitigation (Stratospheric Modification) .
2-14
-------
o National assessment of the current and future emissions of
methane from the natural gas industry (Stratospheric
Modification).
o National assessment on the current and future emissions of
methane from landfills and other waste management facilities
and the potential for mitigation/utilization (Stratospheric
Modification).
1991: o External Review Draft (ERD) of the nitrogen oxides Air Quality
Criteria Document (AQCD) for CASAC review (Scientific
Assessment).
o Model indoor air risk assessment (Scientific Assessment).
o External Review Drafts (ERDs) of the carbon monoxide air
quality criteria documents (AQCDs) for CASAC review
(Scientific Assessment).
o Complete risk reference concentration (RfC) evaluations for
non-cancer health effects of an additional 40 of the 189 air
toxics listed in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (Scientific
Assessment).
o Continue to provide technical assistance on air toxics
problems to State and local agencies via joint (with OAR)
operation of the Air Risk Information Support Center
(Scientific Assessment).
o Complete External Review Draft (ERD) of the diesel risk
assessment document (Scientific Assessment).
o Summary report on the control strategy application of the
Regional Oxidant Model for the Regional Oxidant Modeling
Northeast Transport (ROMNET) program (Monitoring).
o Article on source apportionment of mutagenic activity in fine
particle organics identified in Boise, Idaho field study
(Monitoring).
o Preliminary results of research on the effects of UV-B
radiation on human immunosuppression (Health).
o Report on response of the human respiratory tract to acute
exposure to acid aerosols (Health).
o Report on the effects from inhalation of chemical mixtures
found in indoor environments (Health).
o Evaluation of the relationship between mutagenic activity and
carcinogenicity of selective mixtures (Health).
2-15
-------
o Status report on NHANES-III cooperative research (Health).
o Provide input to SIP emissions inventory preparation guidance
document based on short-term research results (Engineering).
o Report on the development of a secondary combustion woodstove
for reducing particulate emissions to or below the 1990 NSPS
(Engineering).
o Report on biocontaminant control by humidity control systems,
air cleaners, and biocides (Engineering).
o Report on indoor air pollutant "sinks" (Engineering).
o Report on status of alternatives to halons as fire
extinguishants (Engineering).
o Status report on alternatives for insulation which do not use
CFC's (Engineering).
o Provide engineering information to extend the refrigerant
recycling standards from mobile air conditioning and home
refrigerator/freezers (Engineering).
o Report on the development of improved emission factors for
methane for selected anthropogenic sources (Engineering).
o Report on selected UV-B effects on wetland rice ecosystems
(Stratospheric Modification).
o Report on the sensitivity of forest regions to global change
(Stratospheric Modification).
o Report on processes that control emissions of radiatively
important trace gases from biosphere (Stratospheric
Modification).
o Report on practical and beneficial techniques for mitigation
of trace gases emissions (Stratospheric Modification).
1990: o Report on aerosol sources for the Eastern U.S.
(Characterization).
o Journal article characterizing tailpipe, evaporative and
refueling emissions from gasoline fueled automobiles
(Characterization).
o Evaluation of the Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) using
analytical test data and new air quality data
(Characterization).
2-16
-------
Peer review of draft diesel ' risk assessment document
(Scientific Assessment).
Provide technical assistance on air toxics problems to State
and local agencies via joint (with OAR) operation of Air Risk
Information Support Center (Scientific Assessment).
Complete final documents on inorganic phosphorus, hydrogen
cyanide, dimethylamine, and non-carcinogenic effects of
chromium (update to Health Assessment Document) (Scientific
Assessment).
Complete risk reference concentration (RfC) evaluations for
non-cancer health effects of approximately 25 of the 189 air
toxics listed in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (Scientific
Assessment).
Prepared External Review Drafts (ERD) for the nitrogen oxides
and carbon monoxide air quality criteria documents (AQCDs)
(Scientific Assessment).
Model indoor air risk assessment (Scientific Assessment).
Report on Analysis of Eastern US Visibility Data (Monitoring).
Assessment of the contribution of wood burning and automobile
emissions to the mutagenici'ty and carcinogenicity of airborne
pollutants (Health).
Report on the effects from inhalation of chemical mixtures
found in indoor environments (Health).
Characterization of the effects of extended ozone exposure in
humans (Health).
Report assessing the potential carcinogenicity of combustion
emissions from unvented indoor kerosene heaters (Health).
Assessment of the contribution of mobile source emissions to
the genotoxicity of ambient urban aerosol mixtures (Health).
Status report on NHANES-III cooperative research and
evaluation of field and laboratory test protocol for
spirometry (Health).
Report on status of alternative refrigerants for home
refrigerators (Engineering).
Report on retrofit technology for existing woodstoves
(Engineering).
Report on Boise, Idaho field study of woodstove emissions
(Engineering).
2-17
-------
Research report on biocontaminant control by air cleaners
(Engineering).
Research report summarizing available data on the
effectiveness of air cleaners (Engineering).
Research report on low emission materials and products
(Engineering).
Research report on kerosene heater emissions (Engineering).
Report on the application of conventional particulate control
technology in major areas of concern (Engineering).
Report on area volatile organic compound (VOC) sources and
control options to support the Agency's post-1987 ozone non-
attainment strategy (Engineering).
Report targeting opportunities for mitigation research
(Engineering).
Report on estimation of the relative importance of major
forest types as sources and sinks for radiatively important
trace gases (Stratospheric Modification).
Report on role of photochemistry as a tropospheric source/sink
for trace gases (Stratospheric Modification).
Report on soil microbial processes relating radiatively
important trace gas fluxes and water balance (Stratospheric
Modification).
Report on the effects of UV-B radiation on rice yield
(Stratospheric Modification).
2-18
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AIR
Air Quality Research
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $112,384,500 supported by 466.9 total
workyears for 1992 an increase of $25,779,300 and 23.9 total workyears from 1991.
Of the request, $28,587,900 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $83,796,600 will be for the Research and Development appropriation, increases
of $2,065,600 and $23,713,700, respectively.
Program Objectives
This research program provides the research and technical support necessary
to enable the Agency to carry out its regulatory and information transfer
responsibilities under the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). The goal of the air
research program is to provide the Agency with the scientific data and analyses,
technical support, and quality assurance needed to implement the provisions of
the Clean Air Act Amendments, and other air pollution policies. This research
includes health and ecological effects, monitoring, atmospheric modeling, control
technology development, and scientific assessments.
The air research program provides the scientific data needed to issue and
revise national standards for emissions of criteria air pollutants; supports
issuance and revision of New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and State
Implementation Plans (SIPs) through the development of models and monitoring
techniques for air pollutants and engineering studies of control technologies;
identifies emissions of air pollutants from a variety of sources that are
hazardous to human health but are not already regulated as criteria air
pollutants; evaluates emissions, exposure patterns, and health effects of mobile
source pollutants; and supports the Agency's efforts to inform the public about
hazards associated with indoor air pollutants, and to develop methods to control
air emissions from major sources. ORD provides the necessary data on the effects
of stratospheric ozone depletion and resulting increases in harmful (UV-B)
radiation on humans, plants, and ecosystems; addresses the research needed to
determine the impact and consequences of global climate change, and develop and
test predictive source and sink models for important trace gases; and provides
national baseline data on exposure to pollutants, body burdens, and health
effects.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $7,046,400 supported by 51.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,546,800 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $3,499,600 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a minor decrease of $59,200 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and 2.1 total workyears and an increase of $218,100 in the
Research and Development appropriation. The decrease in the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation and workyears represents a reprogramming to other priority
2-19
-------
areas. The increase in Research and Development appropriation reflects an
increase in indoor air research.
ORD will complete the revised Air Quality Criteria Documents (AQCDs) for
carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOZ) . We will monitor new developments
on acid aerosols and initiate the preparation of an interim assessment report to
support decisionmaking on listings of acid aerosols for NAAQS regulation. ORD
will provide follow-up support toward development of the NAAQS for lead and
ozone, and will prepare an assessment of fine particle-visibility effects to
support the Office of Air and Radiation (OAR).
ORD will develop inhalation References for Doses (RfDs), cancer unit risks,
improved risk assessment methods for air toxics to support negligible risk and
residual risk determinations including documentation to support health
assessments, and review of listing/delisting petitions. Air Risk Information
Support Center (RISC) activities will include hotline assistance and technical
guidance related to health assessment of hazardous air pollutants.
In support of the Agency's Indoor Air Quality Implementation Plan, ORD will
develop a risk characterization methodology to assess non-cancer health effects
associated with different indoor air pollution exposure scenarios, especially
biocontaminants. This research will commence with a preliminary review of
bioaerosol literature, as well as draft technical manuscripts on airborne
mycotoxins and the use of biocides as a mitigation technique. The final document
will contain evaluations and scientific assessments on the health and welfare
effects associated with exposure of different populations to various types,
concentrations, and mixtures of biological pollutants in a variety of indoor
environments. Finally, ORD will evaluate scientific data on environmental
monitoring to provide a better understanding of these pollutants in the indoor
environment.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $6,887,500 supported by 53.4
total workyears for this program, of which $3,606,000 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,281,500 is from the Research and Development
appropriation. ORD is revising the criteria documents for carbon monoxide (CO)
and nitrogen oxides (NOX) . Scientists are developing support materials for
revision of the existing 1-hour ozone and NAAQS regulations, and ORD will
determine the need for a NAAQS for acid aerosols. ORD is updating data bases on
PM-related research, including research initiated in FY 1989-90 on fine particle
visibility assessment database materials.
ORD conducts health assessments research in support of Title III of the
Clean Air Act Amendments including: completion of Tier I and Health Assessment
Documents (HADs) for HAPs currently in draft; development of inhalation RfDs for
listed air toxics; development of cancer unit risks for listed air toxics;
development of improved methods to assess health risks; and the development of
documentation to support the health risk elements of regulatory activities.
Research scientists are reviewing the health effects portions of petitions to add
or delete compounds from the list of air toxics. ORD will support the Air Risk
Information Support Center (RISC) whose activities include Hotline assistance and
technical guidance related to health assessment of HAPs.
2-20
-------
In support of the Agency's Indoor Air Qualify Implementation Plan., ORD will
conduct risk assessments for multiple and non-cancer indoor air pollutants and
a health assessment of biocontaminants found indoors. The Agency will distribute
these assessments, which are based on the results of laboratory studies and
available literature, to other Federal agencies, State and local governments, and
the general public.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $5,483,800 supported by 46.4 total
workyears for this research program, of which $3,262,900 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $2,220,900 was from the Research and Development
appropriation. Research scientists completed an ERD of the AQCD for carbon
monoxide, held peer-review workshops for the review of AQCD for nitrogen oxide,
and prepared an issue paper on the health effects of acid aerosols. Other
scientists completed a supplement to AQCD for lead and assessments on ammonia,
hydrogen fluoride, inorganic phosphorous, hydrogen cyanide, dimethylamine, and
hospital waste incineration. ORD updated the HAD on non-cancer effects of
chromium. ORD initiated preparation of approximately 30 RfCs and completed a
risk reference concentration (RfC) evaluation for 9 cancer health effects of
approximately 25 of the 189 air toxics listed in the CAAA. ORD prepared the
first draft of the diesel risk assessment document. In collaboration with OAR,
ORD developed and successfully operated the Air Risk Information Support Center
(Air RISC). Finally, ORD greatly expanded the indoor air bibliographic data base
and its accessibility to the public.
MONITORING SYSTEMS. CHARACTERIZATION. AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $47,393,400 supported by 191.5 total
workyears for this research program, of which $11,294,200 will be for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $36,099,200 will be for the Research and
Development appropriation. This represents an increase of $5,629,500 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $29,441,400 in the Research
and Development appropriation, and an increase of 87.0 total workyears. The
increase in S&E is to fund the Federal workforce needed to implement the
President's program in 1992. The increases represent the merging of the
Characterization, Transport and Fate Program Element for FY 1992, indoor air
research, and the implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). The
implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments includes new research for non-
attainment, mobile sources, hazardous air pollutants and acid deposition.
ORD will measure and monitor ozone and acid aerosols. In light of the
evidence supporting the existence of chronic ozone health effects, the Agency is
considering moving from the current 1-hour standard to a new standard with a
longer averaging time. ORD scientists will characterize acid aerosols, broadly
support ongoing epidemiological studies, and investigate acid aerosol formation
and neutralization. ORD will expand existing models and emissions inventories
to cover acid aerosols and related pollutants (i.e., ammonia), and use these
models to estimate Regional exposure. Scientists will evaluate, improve, and
standardize ambient monitoring systems for criteria pollutants including the
field evaluations of automatic monitors. ORD will improve existing personal
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exposure monitoring instruments which can quickly determine peak exposures. ORD
will continue its support on exposure assessment to augment selected
epidemiological studies conducted by other Federal agencies. Scientists will
test new types of PM10 candidate samplers and continuous monitors, and will
continue visibility monitoring at two sites. ORD will analyze the visibility
monitoring results to determine the source of each aerosol component, and its
season variation. Scientists will modify photochemical models to include
important pollutant parameters that contribute to visibility reduction. ORD will
determine the organic composition and size distribution of rural and urban
aerosols; document geographical and seasonal variations and indoor/outdoor
ratios; and conduct microenvironment and personal monitoring studies. Following
the Clean Air Science Advisory Committee (CASAC) recommendations, ORD scientists
will study up to 3 or more urban areas for spacial distribution of acids, source-
receptor relationships, seasonal patterns, local and synoptic meteorological
influence, and the relationship of personal exposure to indoor and outdoor
concentrations. Data from these urban areas will help form the basis for a more
extensive exposure assessment. ORD will provide quality assurance, analytical
assistance, and data management support to program offices, other EPA
laboratories, and international agencies.
To evaluate the need for New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and to
review the effectiveness of State Implementation Plans (SIPs), ORD will conduct
studies on real-dimensional data in real-time intervals obtained using Light
Induced Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) techniques. ORD will use these techniques
to help regions in non-attainment for pollutants such as ozone (03) and carbon
monoxide (CO). The National Space and Aeronautics Administration (NASA) and
several Western States provide some of the funding for this research. ORD
scientists will develop source measurement methodologies and quality assurance
procedures, materials, and standards methods for use in Agency monitoring
programs and regulatory activities.
To comply with the CAAA, the States and EPA must have air quality models to
develop and review SIPs for ozone. ORD will provide to the Office of Air and
Radiation (OAR) an evaluated chemical mechanism that predicts ozone formations
for use by State and local governments in preparing their ozone SIPs. ORD
scientists will conduct new research on the role that biogenic VOCs have in
affecting ozone non-attainment and on proposed control strategies. ORD will use
the Regional oxidant Model (ROM) to determine the impact of various VOCs and NOX
emissions on ozone control strategies for the Northeastern States, and will
expand ROM to be able to predict long-term and cumulative type of Regional ozone
air quality estimates.
ORD will use data from the 1988 Acid Deposition field study to test the
Regional Particulate Model (RPM) to help in evaluating control strategies for
PM10 and visibility. ORD researchers will incorporate results of fluid modeling
simulations of building wake/cavity dispersion and stack tip-down wash into
models for regulatory applications. ORD will perform fluid modeling experiments
to modify regulatory models to account for valley stagnation, pollutant
impingement on lee sides of terrain obstacles, and conduct studies on dispersion
of dense gases over inhomogeneous surfaces. Scientists will conduct studies of
urban boundary conditions using 1989 regional mass measurement field study data
to develop urban scale particulate models. ORD will complete Version 7 of the
Users Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP).
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The Agency uses source emission monitors to set the National Emissions
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) and to determine compliance with
these standards. ORD will develop, evaluate, and standardize monitoring systems
for measuring potential HAPs in ambient air, inhaled air, and from other sources.
ORD researchers will investigate techniques such as selective detectors and
portable monitors to improve the surveillance and control of industrial sources.
ORD will operate Toxic Air Monitoring Stations (TAMS) to provide valuable
experience in applying the newly developed methods for a variety of HAPs.
Scientists will develop advanced monitoring methods todeal with the special
conditions imposed by complex mixtures of air pollutants. ORD will develop
quality assurance procedures and materials for Agency monitoring programs and
will assist OAR and the Regions with the evaluation of the quality of monitoring
data collected by Regions, States, and other outside sources. ORD scientists in
the Integrated Air Cancer Project (IACP), will develop methods for both indoor
and outdoor detection of important HAPs and will examine the formation,
stability, and transformation of volatile and aerosol bound organics, as well as
quantify the atmospheric transformation processes that produce these compounds.
ORD will determine the atmospheric reaction rates and transformation products of
HAPs under Agency review. Scientists will conduct bioassay-directed smog chamber
studies to measure the reaction of HAPs air toxics and the formation of other
hazardous products from atmospheric transformation of HAPs and high-volume
manufactured organics.
ORD will evaluate the impact of mobile source control technologies on
evaporative and exhaust emissions with emphasis on alternative fuels. Scientists
will characterize both regulated and selected unregulated emissions and will
determine the significance of "running-loss" evaporative emissions from tailpipes
and evaporative hydrocarbons at elevated ambient temperatures. ORD scientists
will develop a more realistic measurement of actual human exposure to mobile
source pollutants. ORD will extend the CO human exposure methodology to benzene
and other VOCs with an emphasis toward quantifying exposures resulting from
alternative fuels (i.e., methanol). ORD will develop, refine, and field-test
human activity pattern-exposure models. ORD will evaluate statistical models
which predict human exposures while traveling in vehicles to pollutants.
Based on the human exposure research needs identified by the Total Human
Exposure Research Council and to support the Indoor Air Quality Implementation
Plan, ORD will develop building diagnostic and measurement methods (i.e., study
protocols, questionnaires, and instruments) to be used for indoor air studies in
complaint and non-complaint buildings and residences. Scientists will continue
developing the methodology needed for assessing indoor air quality in large
buildings. ORD will conduct large building studies including administering
occupant surveys and performing pollutant and ventilation measurements.
Researchers will develop diagnostic protocols and monitoring techniques,
especially for biological contaminants. ORD will develop low-cost
screening/monitoring and analytical methods for biocontaminants.
The Clean Air Act Amendments require the Agency to establish a program of
research, testing, and development of methods for sampling, measuring, analyzing,
and modeling air pollutants. To implement these requirements, ORD is enhancing
research on the emissions inventory, ozone non-attainment, air toxics, mobile
sources, and acid deposition. ORD will include programs dealing with individual
exposures to multiple air pollutants, the development of new monitoring methods,
the initiation of a research program on short- and long-term effects of air
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pollutants on human health, and guidelines needed to perform health assessments
on each of the hazardous air pollutants listed, and a continuation of the clean
alternative fuels research program. ORD scientists will conduct research on
ozone and acid aerosol methods and effects, characterization and effects, human
health effects, characterization and transformation of alternative fuels,
development of new air toxics risk assessments and generic air toxics source
methods, the development of control technologies for VOCs, and the development
of methods and instruments for continuous emission monitoring and modelling to
support acid deposition implementation.
To support non-attainment mandates, ORD will evaluate and validate the
ozone/precursor transport models, develop in-field measurement studies, conduct
health effects research, and technical assessments/research to support Control
Techniques Guidelines (CTGs) for VOCs. Increases will fund the cooperative
visibility research with the National Park Service. This research will include
the characterization of urban acid aerosol levels, as well as the
characterization of the atmospheric chemistry/transport of acid aerosols. To
support mobile sources sections, ORD will expand existing research to encompass
additional technologies and fuels, as well as the characterization of their
emissions. ORD scientists will focus increased attention to atmospheric
transformation and on a study of the impacts from fuel switching on stationary
source emissions. For the air toxics requirements, researchers will continue and
expand work on: the development of source methods needed for each
chemical/source category, human exposure modeling and validation, and new cancer
risk assessments. This includes research needed to review petitions, improve
risk assessments/methodology, conduct risk research, and to produce the actual
assessment documents. ORD will fund portions of the required Great Lakes Study
including research on long range transport, transformation, and deposition of
toxics chemicals. To implement acid deposition requirements, ORD will initiate
research on the industrial emissions inventory and on the evaluation of state-of-
the-art low NOy burner technology needed to establish an optimum NSPS. ORD will
complete the evaluation, maintenance, and application of RADM to evaluate the
effectiveness of Title IV controls, modeling of Western lake effects, determining
the potential effects of trading S02 for NO*, and for reporting on the
feasibility of an acid deposition standard to protect U.S. and Canadian aquatic
and terrestrial resources. ORD will support the continuation of National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), and will conduct a full scale field
validation of CEMS technology over the range of instrumentation likely to be used
by utilities to meet the 1993 and 1995 deadlines.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $12,322,500 supported by 104.5
total workyears for this research program, of which $5,664,700 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $6,657,800 is from the Research and
Development appropriation. ORD will evaluate and improve ambient and source
monitoring systems and measurement methods used in the measurement of NAAQS
pollutants to include in-depth evaluation of PM10 samplers, the development of
methods for measuring acid aerosols, and remote monitoring techniques such as the
airborne UV-DIAL system for measuring S02 and ozone. Scientists in the Toxic Air
Monitoring Stations (TAMS) program will conduct field evaluations for potential
widespread application of monitoring methodologies of non-criteria pollutants.
ORD researchers in the Integrated Air Cancer Project (IACP) will analyze the
results from the air monitoring field study on residential oil heating. ORD is
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developing quality assurance procedures and materials for use in Agency
monitoring programs and regulatory activities, and will conduct evaluations of
the quality of monitoring data collected by Regions, States, and other outside
sources. Scientists conducting indoor monitoring research will develop air
samplers for use in quantifying indoor air exposures in important
microenvironments, and will develop methodologies which identify sources
contributing to "Sick Building" syndrome. To support the new Clean Air Act
Amendments, ORD will conduct new research on emissions inventory, ozone non-
attainment, air toxics, and mobile sources.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $12,005,900 supported by 99.3 total
workyears for this research program, of which $6,534,200 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $5,471,700 was from the Research and Development
appropriation. ORD scientists participated in having the first two automated
methods for measuring and monitoring PM10 designated as Equivalent Methods under
40 CFR, Part 53. These monitors will provide useful PM10 measurements over
shorter time intervals, as well as continuous unattended operation over several
weeks. Scientists completed an acid aerosol measurement methods intercomparsion
study that measured ambient sulfuric acid, ammonium bisulfate, and ammonium
nitrate. ORD restructured the Toxic Air Monitoring Study (TAMS) to serve as a
research program to evaluate new methodology for determining polar VOCs, and for
evaluating techniques to measure the distribution of VOCs between the solid and
gaseous phases in ambient air. ORD scientists published a compendium of
technically reviewed sampling and analysis procedures in a standardized format
for determination of pollutants in indoor air.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $20,030,000 supported by 113.0 total
workyears for this research program, of which $6,048,700 will be for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $13,981,300 will be for the Research and
Development appropriation. This represents a increase of $187,500 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and an increase of $812,500 in the Research
and Development appropriation. The increase in S&E is to fund the Federal
workforce needed to implement the President'*~prograsi in-1-992. -The increas-e in
R&D is to support clinical health research on NAAQS and hazardous air pollutants.
ORD will focus its NAAQS program on ozone and acid aerosols. ORD's health
scientists will study acute, subchronic, and chronic exposure to criteria
pollutants in response to the statutory mandate for periodic review of NAAQS and
the research needs identified by the Clean Air Science Advisory Committee (CASAC)
of the Agency's Science Advisory Board (SAB). Researchers will study species
sensitivity issues and inflammatory and pulmonary function responses in man. ORD
will shift exposure studies from acute to chronic effects, and will emphasize the
respiratory and immunological effects of ozone and sulfuric acid. Scientists
will develop theoretical models of respiratory tract deposition, and will
elucidate the risks to potentially susceptible subpopulations. This research
will include chronic animal toxicology studies to determine the relationship
between long-term exposure to urban patterns of ozone and the onset or
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exacerbation of chronic lung disease. Scientists will focus their epidemiology
studies on chronic cardiopulmonary effects of ambient and indoor combinations of
ambient air pollutants.
To support development of regulations for toxic air pollutants, ORD
scientists will improve the quantitative assessment of risks for
listing/delisting, urban air toxics, and residual risk. ORD will develop
predictive models to more accurately characterize the relationship between
exposure and response. Also as part of the Integrated Air"Cancer Project (IACP),
scientists will assess the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of urban air
mixtures, and will evaluate the dose-response relationships for individual
compounds and complex mixtures. Researchers will conduct dosimetry studies or.
pulmonary deposition and dose to genetic materials, and develop bioassays for use
in biononitoring networks.
ORD will provide data for Agency policymakers on the risks to public health
and welfare from exposure to automotive emissions and the atmospheric
transformation products of these emissions. Scientists will conduct research to
determine the contribution of motor vehicle emissions to the mutagenicity of
ambient air and to assess DNA adducts as biomarkers of risk from mobile source
emissions. ORD will study the effect of alternative fuels on the mutagenic
activity of automotive emissions. Scientists will study both cancer and non--
cancer health effects of motor vehicle fuels, additives, and alternative fuels
(i.e., methanol).
Scientists will study the health effects of combustion products (e.g.,
environmental tobacco smoke, ETS) and volatile organic compound (VOCs) mixtures
associated with sick building syndrome. ORD will conduct chamber studies on the
health effects to animals and humans associated with typical exposures to indoor
pollutants, both individually and in combination emitted from commonly found
sources. ORD will assess the risks of non-cancer end points and use a
combination of indoor pollutants more typical of U.S. indoor environments.
Health scientists will focus their biomarker research on new ways that can be
used to estimate exposures to ETS. New research includes non-cancer health
effects, the genotoxicity of emissions from various indoor combustion appliances,
and associated mitigation strategies.
The goal of the Health Effects Institute (HEI) is to gather information and
conduct research on the health effects of motor vehicle emissions. Researchers
at HEI will characterize human dose-response and quantify human risk from mobile
source pollutants (i.e., alternative fuels).
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $19,030,000 supported by 113.0
total workyears for this research program, of which $5,861,200 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $13,168,800 is from the Research and
Development appropriation. ORD's health scientists will study acute, sub-
chronic, and chronic exposures to ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide,
other NAAQS pollutants to determine effects on various systems (including
respiratory, metabolic, and immune systems), and human health effects from
exposure to acid aerosols. Scientists studying animal toxicology and human
studies on N02, 03, S02, and sulfuric acid will emphasize research on the
relationship between exposure, dose, and effect (including respiratory disease).
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In the Interdivisional Air Toxics Program, researchers will look at the genotoxic
effects associated with exposure to complex mixtures. Scientists will study the
impact of alternative fuels and their emissions on human health. Researchers
conducting indoor air research will emphasize the health effects of combustion
products, sick building syndrome, VOC mixtures, and ETS. ORD will conduct
chamber studies to evaluate indoor VOCs as they relate to "sick building
syndrome" and will complete the evaluation of the usefulness of cotinine as a
biomarker for ETS. ORD will continue to support HEI which is studying the
various aspects of criteria pollutant toxicity and the health effects associated
with mobile source pollutants (including diesel exhaust, aldehydes, and
alternative fuels such as methanol).
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $23,528,700 supported by 100.7
total workyears for this research program, of which $7,003,800 was from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $16,524,900 was from the Research and
Development appropriation. ORD health scientists issued reports/articles in the
following research areas: scientific support for development and review of
primary and secondary NAAQS, support for development of regulations for hazardous
air pollutants, support for the mobile source regulatory program, and support for
evaluation of effects associated with indoor air pollutants.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,998,700 supported by 58.4 total workyears
for this research program, of which $3,914,600 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,084,100 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $126,900 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and an decrease of $1,520,000 in the Research and
Development appropriation. The increase in S&E is to fund the Federal workforce
needed to implement the President's program in 1992. The decrease in R&D
reflects a reprogramming to higher priority air media needs.
ORD will support development, review, and enforcement of State
Implementation Plans (SIPs) and promulgation of New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS). This research includes: completion of the field evaluation of the
advanced silicate (ADVACATE) process for SOX control; additional studies to
assess the long-term performance of several different catalysts which could be
used in Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) systems; PM10 control from
woodstoves; and ozone non-attainment control by developing techniques and
approaches for reducing the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) from
area sources. In non-attainment, engineering scientists will evaluate methods
to reduce emissions from coating operations and consumer solvents. ORD will
conduct emissions research which supports acid deposition, ozone non-attainment,
and PM10 implementation programs, and will emphasize improved area source
emission estimation techniques and validation techniques especially for VOC area
sources.
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The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) directs EPA to provide information on
control techniques -for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). To implement this
requirement, ORD supports the operation of the Air Toxics Control Technology
Center (CTC). The CAAA also requires expansion of this activity to include
support for small businesses. ORD engineers will develop guidelines for
measuring the compliance and effectiveness of air toxic regulations, an
engineering quality assurance program for permitting, and development of the
corona destruction process. In the enhanced emission inventory program, ORD
engineers will develop estimation methodologies and validation, and improve air
toxic emission and speciation factors. ORD will continue the Pollution
Prevention Project which began in 1991 in order to identify, develop, and
demonstrate prevention techniques which reduce emissions of volatile organic
compounds (VOC's) and HAPs emitted from area sources such as consumer products
and industrial solvents.
In pursuance of the Indoor Air Quality Implementation Plan, ORD engineers
will complete methods for testing the performance of air cleaners to be used by
manufacturers to validate the efficiency of their units. A cooperative project
with the American Institute of Architects will result in a catalogue of indoor
materials describing their emission characteristics. ORD will expand the IAQ
control research program to include the evaluation and development of innovative
ventilation techniques. Engineers will conduct research to describe the emission
characteristics of indoor sources and sinks, and will test commercially available
units for their effectiveness in removing particles and vapors in indoor
environments. ORD will conduct chamber and field studies which will develop and
evaluate novel techniques for ventilation, which includes displacement flow
arrangements and microenvironmental workstations, and field studies of gaseous
pollutant removal systems.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $11,391,800 supported by 58.4
total workyears for this research program, of which $3,787,700 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $7,604,100 is from the Research and
Development appropriation. In support of NAAQS compliance and the new acid rain
title of the CAAA, ORD engineers will develop and evaluate the ADVOCATE process
for S02 control and Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) for NOX control. The
ADVACATE field evaluation at TVA's Shawnee pilot facility will yield crucial
information for scale up to commercial applications. Engineers will use a
bench/small pilot apparatus to study the parameters which affect catalyst
reactivity and determine long-term catalyst performance in their SCR research.
This research will resolve questions concerning the applicability of SCR to U.S.
fuels and processes. To support the PM10 compliance, engineering scientists will
focus on the control of particulate and condensible organics from woodstoves.
ORD will evaluate the ozone and air toxics source control technologies, further
develop the corona destruction process for controlling low concentration streams
of VOC's, and technically support EPA program offices, Regions, States, and
localities through the CTC. ORD will address methodology development for area
sources of VOC's. Engineers will focus their indoor air research on the
evaluation of air cleaners for control of biological contaminants, chamber
studies of organic emissions from indoor sources, evaluation of indoor sinks, and
modeling and source characterization of indoor pollutants.
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Congressional Directives. A total of $2,650,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of Coke Oven Emissions.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $8,544,400 supported by 58.8 total
workyears for this research program, of which $3,879,200 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $4,665,200 was from the Research and Development
appropriation. In the indoor air program, ORD engineers developed personal
computer models for evaluating indoor air quality control options, produced
reports on low emitting materials and products, and reports on emissions from
unvented kerosene heaters. In the S02 and NO^ control area, ORD improved the
ADVACATE sorbent preparation process by creating a sorbent which is three times
as reactive and in the SCR area. ORD determined that there is no N20 generation
when applied to U.S. processes. In the PM control program, ORD engineers
modified a commercially available woodstove and significantly improved its
performance by almost 70 percent. ORD provided extensive technical support to
States, Regions, and other environmental officials through the CTC and
demonstrated the technical viability of the innovative corona destruction process
at the bench scale.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $2,394,200 supported by 13.8 total workyears
for this research program, of which $888,000 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,506,200 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a minor increase of $22,900 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation to fund the Federal workforce needed to implement the
President's program in 1992.
Data from EPA's acid deposition research efforts and other air pollution
research efforts indicate that tropospheric ozone may have significant adverse
impacts on forests. Therefore, ORD scientists in this area will assess the
impact of ozone damage on economically and ecologically significant forest
species to determine if the damage occurring supports a new ozone standard. ORD
will assess the risk from ozone on major commercially valuable forest tree
species in areas that are most at risk. Research will include ecophysiological
studies of ozone impacts in order to estimate of changing air quality over
different environmental conditions and time, and critical components of exposure
for development of relevant NAAQS. ORD's research program will be closely
coordinated with the Departments of Agriculture, Interior, and Energy, as well
as private industry research organizations such as the Electrical Power Research
Institute (EPRI).
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,371,300 supported by 13.8
total workyears for this research program, of which $865,100 is from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $1,506,200 is from the Research and Development
appropriation. ORD will conduct research to determine the effects of ozone of
forests especially in sensitive tree species with emphasis on species of economic
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importance. ORD will expose selected forest species to ozone levels which are
likely to occur in forest regions of the U.S..
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $2,069,400 supported by 14.1 total
workyears for this research program, of which $863,300 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,206,100 was from the Research and Development
appropriation. ORD will conduct research to determine the effects of ozone of
forests especially in sensitive tree species with emphasis on species of economic
importance.
CHARACTERIZATION. TRANSPORT. AND FATE
1992 Program Request
For FY 1992, the Characterization, Transport and Fate Program Element will
be shifted/integrated to the Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance Program
Element which will now be called Monitoring Systems, Characterization, and
Quality Assurance. Combining these two programs will improve and facilitate the
overall research planning, management, and implementation of this research.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $14,601,600 supported by 57.0
total workyears for this research program, of which $3,559,300 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,042,300 is from the Research and
Development appropriation. ORD will support the development and evaluation of
secondary air quality standards for PM10. In ozone research, ORD will produce
chemical models to reduce errors in predicting ozone formation associated with
precursor emissions of VOCs and NC^. Scientists will evaluate the Regional
Oxidant Model (ROM) against field data to determine the impacts of simulated VOC
and NOX emission controls on ozone air quality. Other ozone research includes
a program to monitor VOCs and NOx to help determine reasons for ozone non-
attainment. ORD will develop an improved source apportionment model for regional
scale aerosols. ORD scientists will conduct special studies to examine the
potential role of biogenic VOCs and other factors ozone non-attainment areas.
ORD will complete the first generation Regional Particulate Model (RPM) to be
evaluated in the User's Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP)
program. ORD will conduct studies of HAP levels in urban atmospheres and
characterize mobile source emissions from vehicles equipped with new emission
control devices using conventional gasoline fuels or alternative fuels (i.e.,
methanol-blended fuels).
Congressional Directives. A total of $3,150,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of Southern Oxidants Study.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $11,458,000 supported by 53.5 total
workyears for this research program, of which $3,374,200 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $8,083,800 was from the Research and Development
appropriation. In 1990, scientists completed a monitoring study which
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characterized the ambient air of Atlanta with respect to ozone and its
precursors. The research scientists measured VOCs, aldehydes, NO^, ozone, and
meteorological parameters by conventional means . ORD used a new long-path
technique known as Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) to
determine ozone, NOg, and some VOCs. ORD completed a study entitled "A Chamber
and Modeling Study to Assess the Photochemistry of Formaldehyde." Scientists
continued studies to identify the HAPs that are produced in the atmosphere when
organic compounds /NO^ mixtures are irradiated by simulated sunlight.
STRATOSPHERIC MODIFICATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $25,521,800 supported by 38.9 total workyears
to support the U.S. Global Change Research Program, of which $2,895,600 will be
for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $22,626,200 will be for the
Research and Development appropriation. This represents a decrease of $282,700
in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 4.0 workyears and a increase of
$5,804,000 for the Research and Development appropriation. This represents a
substantial increase in the global change research program to provide
policymakers with reliable projections on the potential for global warming and
its environmental consequences. The workyear decrease is due to a reassessment
of workyear priorities in other media areas. This research includes a
multidisciplinary research program to determine the impacts of increased UV-B
radiation on terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems, human health, and to investigate
mitigative solutions. The Global Climate Research Program is designed to expand
into critical new areas relative to understanding the role of the terrestrial
biosphere in global climate change and its potential management for carbon
mitigation. The impact of global climate change poses the largest and most
significant long-term man-made environmental problem of the future. To provide
policymakers with reliable projections on the potential for global warming and
its environmental consequences, ORD will expand the current research
substantially. The Stratospheric Ozone Research Program will conduct research
under the Agency's stratospheric ozone depletion program in terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems, human health, emissions, and mitigative solutions. Through
the Montreal Protocol, the international community has formally identified
depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer as one of the most important problems
facing the world today. To address the scientific uncertainties associated with
ozone depletion, ORD will conduct a multidisciplinary research program in
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, human health, emissions, and mitigative
solutions .
In FY 1992, ORD's Global Change Research Program will measure and model
current magnitudes of carbon gas fluxes between soils/sediments, vegetation, and
the atmosphere in major climatic zones. Researchers will characterize effects
of land-use changes and other human activities that alter the fluxes and their
source pools. ORD will target the identification and characterization of: (1)
climatically sensitive biospheric and atmospheric processes that produce and
consume carbon gases (primarily carbon dioxide and methane) , and evaluate their
relative global importance as feedbacks; and (2) the effects of climate change
on climatically sensitive biota. Engineering researchers will pursue selected
development and demonstrations of promising techniques that reduce emissions of
RITGs to accelerate the commercialization and application of those techniques.
2-31
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enhanced UV-B, and global climate change on the rice ecosystems and productivity,
particularly in Asia. Rice paddies are a major source of methane emissions.
Researchers in the Stratospheric Ozone PrfrEIW will evaluate chemical and
technological alternatives to the ozone depleting substances. These alternatives
will be used as replacements for CFCs (i.e., refrigerants, foam-blowing agency
and solvents), halons (in fire extinguishers), and nitrous oxides (from farming
and natural systems). Scientists will highlight research on the loss from
automobile air conditioners, recycling of CFCs, and the need for rapid technology
transfer and market penetration of CFC replacements.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $20,000,500 supported by 42.9
total workyears for this research program, of which $3,178,300 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $16,822,200 is from the Research and
Development appropriation. In 1991, ORD's Global Change Research program will
evaluate the degree to which forests and agroecosystems can be technically
managed to conserve and sequester carbon, and reduce the accumulation of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. Scientists will emphasize managed terrestrial
ecosystems, given their significant role in the global carbon cycle. ORD will
assess appropriate management technologies, cost and benefits, implementation
procedures, and environmental risks and benefits. This research will provide the
scientific basis for formulating and implementing policies to prevent, and adapt
to global climate change. ORD's goal is to predict the processes and effects of
global change, globally. ORD's emissions research will include the development
of global and regional emissions factors, and develop emission inventories of
radiatively important tract gases (RITGs). Scientists will focus on harvesting,
preparation, and combustion of biomass fuel and the sequestration of biomass Ln
useful products. ORD's Stratospheric Ozone Research program will examine the
effects of stratospheric ozone depletion within the context of the Montreal
Protocol, and Federal and international research efforts.
Congressional Directives. A total of $550,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of Solar Commercialization.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $14,821,400 supported by 25,1 total
workyears for this research program, of which $2,085,300 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $12,736,100 was from the Research and Development
appropriation. Global change scientists issued a report on the role of
photochemistry as a tropospheric source/sink for trace gases, and on the soil
microbial processes relating radiatively important trace gas fluxes and water
balance. Scientists issued a report on the effects of UV-B radiation on rice
yield and on the estimation of the relative importance of major forest types as
sources and sinks for radiatively important trace gases. Engineers issued a
report on the status of alternative refrigerants for home refrigerators, and on
the retrofit technology for existing woodstoves.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
AIR
ABATUMENT AND CONTROL
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards 2-33
Emission Standards and Technology Assessment 2-35
National Pollutant Policies, Strategies and Rules 2-37
State Program Guidelines and Air Standards Development .... 2-39
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy 2-42
Mobile Source Program Implementation 2-44
Emission Standards, Technical Assessment and Characterization . 2-45
Testing, Technical and Administrative Support 2-46
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance 2-48
State Programs Resource Assistance 2-51
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 105 Grants) . 2-52
Training 2-55
Air Quality Management Implementation 2-57
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment 2-61
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 2-62
Air Quality and Emissions Data Management and Analysis .... 2-64
Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs 2-68
Acid Rain Program 2-69
Indoor Air Program 2-71
Global Change Program 2-72
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AIR
Air Quality t Stationary Source Planning t Standards
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Emission Standards t
Technology Assessment
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
National Pollutant
Policies, Strategies,
and Rules
Salaries i Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
State Program Policy
Guidelines t Air
Standards Development
Salaries L Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
$6,155.6 $8,013.1 M,013.1 $10,159.3 $2,146.2
$7,537.2 $U, 128.7 $U,128.7 $22,028.7 $7,900.0
$13,690.8 $22,U1.8 $22,U1.8 $32,188.0 $10,046.2
$2,796.7 0.0
$8,613.5 0.0
$11,410.2 0.0
$5,926.8 $7,356.6 $7,356.6 $7,690.1 $333.5
$3,942.3 $5,683.3 $5,683.3 $7,8S3.3 $2,200.0
$9,869.1 $13,039.9 $13,039.9 $15,573.4 $2.533.5
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $14,877.1 $15,369.7 $15,369.7 $17.849.4 $2,479.7
Abatement Control and $20,093.0 $19,812.0 $19,812.0 $29.912.0 $10,100.0
Compliance
Air Quality I TOTAL $34,970.1 $35,181.7 $35,181.7 $47,761.4 $12.579.7
Stationary Source
Planning t Standards
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Emission Standards I 95.6
Technology Assessment
National Pollutant 40.2
Policies, Strategies,
and Rules
State Program Policy 98.2
Guidelines t Air
Standards Development
TOTAL PERMANENT UORICYEARS 234.0
123.1 123.1 151.0
112.5 112.5 114.3
235.6 235.6 265.3
27.9
0.0
1.8
29.7
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AIR
Air Quality t Stationary Source Planning I Standards
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE «
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Emission Standards t
Technology Assessment
National Pollutant
Policies, Strategies,
and Rules
State Program Policy
Guidelines t Air
Standards Development
TOTAL WORICYEARS
97.9 123.1 123.1 151.0 27.9
41.3 0.0
100.5 112.5 112.5 1H.3 1.8
239.7 235.6 235.6 265.3 29.7
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AIR
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $47,761,400 supported by 265.3 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $12,579,700 and 29.7 in total workyears from
1991. Of the request, $17,849,400 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $29,912,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase in the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation of $2,479,700 and an increase of $10,100,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
EMISSION STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $32,188,000 supported by 151.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,159,300 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $22,028,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,146,200 Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, an increase of $7,900,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 27.9 in total workyears from 1991.
The increase will be used for new and expanded activities needed to implement air
toxics and nonattainment provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
The major goal of this program is implementation of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990, enacted in November 1990. Program activities will focus
specifically on the implementation of Titles I (nonattainment), III (general),
and V (permits and fees). These titles contain many activities that have near-
term deadlines (i.e., within the first three years after enactment). Meeting
these deadlines is an Agency priority.
The major effort of this program will continue to be achieving reductions
in air toxics, including the development of MACT standards for high priority
pollutants and source categories. Work will continue on developing and
promulgating MACT standards for at least 40 source categories and coke ovens to
meet the two-year deadline in the new Clean Air Act amendments. Work will
continue on developing MACT standards for additional categories to help meet the
four-year deadline in the new Act. Work will also concentrate on developing a
schedule for the development of MACT standards for all listed source categories;
responding to petitions to add or delete pollutants; continuing a study on the
deposition of hazardous air pollutants in the Great Lakes; developing standards
for medical waste incinerators and small municipal waste combustors; and
supporting the National Academy of Sciences in their review of EPA's risk
assessment procedures and methodology. These activities focus primarily on
reducing the more than 1300-1600 cancer deaths per year and high individual risks
that are estimated to result from large stationary sources of toxic air
pollutants.
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To support the ozone nonattainnent efforts required by Title I, work will
continue on developing control technology guidelines (CTGs) for 11 source
categories of volatile organic compound emissions and an alternative control
technology document for sources of nitrogen oxides; preparing a study on volatile
organic compound emissions from consumer and commercial products; and developing
standards for marine vessels. Work will continue on the development of
reasonably available control measures (RACMs) and best available control measure:;
(BACMs) and CTGs for major particulate matter (PM-10) sources including the
initiation of work on new source categories. Work will also continue on the
revision of the sulfur dioxide NSPSs for electric utilities.
Consistent with the new Act amendments, implementation support will also
be provided to state air toxic pollutant control programs through the operation
of four centers and clearinghouses and the publication of implementation support
and technology transfer documents for air toxics, ozone, and PM-10 control,
Support will also be provided to the states to assist them in the development of
permit programs for air toxics.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $22,141,800 supported by 123.1
total workyears for this program, of which $8,013,100 is from the Salaries and
^Expenses appropriation and $14,128,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set forth a greatly expanded set of
requirements for developing standards for both criteria and hazardous air
pollutants. A major program emphasis in 1991 continues to be air toxics,
including development of MACT standards under section 112 and other authorities
for high priority pollutants and source categories. As a result of the new
amendments, work is concentrating on developing a list of the major source
categories and subcategories which emit the 189 listed hazardous air pollutants;
continuing work on developing MACT for the high priority source categories;
responding to petitions to add or delete pollutants on the list; developing
guidelines on making "early reduction" determinations and implementing the
modification provisions; and initiating a study on the deposition of hazardous
air pollutants in the Great Lakes. During 1991, significant effort is also being
expended developing MACT standards for 40 source categories or subcategories and
coke ovens in order to meet the two-year requirements of the new Act. Effort
also are being directed toward developing MACT standards for source categories
associated with four-year requirements.
In 1991 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) development continues. By
the end of 1991, 46 NSPSs will have been promulgated from the priority list. An
additional NSPS will be promulgated for large municipal waste combustors, a
category that has not been added to the priority list. A major effort will
continue on three other source categories that have not been added to the
priority list: small municipal waste combustors, medical waste incinerators, and
landfills. Development of the final six NSPSs on the priority list has been
deferred due to higher priority work.
To support efforts in the area of ozone nonattainment, work will continue
on developing CTGs for 11 source categories of volatile organic compound
2-36
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emissions and an alternative control technology document for sources of nitrogen
oxides. Consistent with the provisions of the new amendments, implementation
support will also be provided to state air toxic pollutant control programs
through the operation of four centers and clearinghouses and the publication of
implementation support and technology transfer documents for air toxics, ozone,
and PM-10 control.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $13,690,800 supported by 97.9 total
workyears, of which $6,153,600 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $7,537,200 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1990 three NSPSs were promulgated. Two NSPSs addressed volatile organic
compound emissions from chemical manufacturing; one addressed emissions from
small steam generating units. Rules were also promulgated for chromium (comfort
cooling towers) under the Toxic Substances Control Act and for four source
categories of benzene emissions under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. Two
NSPSs were proposed. One addressed volatile organic compound emissions from
chemical manufacturing reactor processes and another covered emissions from large
municipal waste combustors. Work was also initiated on developing MACT standards
for high priority source categories in anticipation of amendments to the Clean
Air Act.
NATIONAL POLLUTANT POLICIES. STRATEGIES AND RULES
1992 Program Request
The program activities in 1992 are described in the Atmospheric and Indoor
Air Programs subactivity.
1991 Program
The program activities in 1991 are described in the Atmospheric and Indoor
Air Programs subactivity.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $11,410,200 supported by 41.3 total
workyears, of which $2,796,700 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $8,613,500 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1990 the principal efforts and accomplishments of the acid rain program
were conducting detailed legislative analyses, preparing materials in support of
the President's legislative initiative., and initiating advance program
development activities focusing on anticipated actions under the new Clean Air
Act. The program also provided technical assistance and environmental policy
support to the Department of Energy (DOE) on its clean coal technology program.
The acid rain program continued to review, comment on, and resolve controversial
air permit issues for clean coal technology and other non-clean coal technology
innovative control projects. In 1990 the program represented the Agency on the
2-37
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Interagency Policy Committee of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment:
Program (NAPAP) and provided research information and policy guidance for
completion of the 27 state-of-the-science reports and the 1990 integrated
assessment. In 1990 the program also continued responses to legal petitions
calling for control of United States sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions
sufficient to mitigate adverse impacts on Canada. The acid rain program
supported the Administration in formal negotiations, which began in 1990, with
Canada on a bilateral air quality accord.
In 1990 the indoor air program focused on coordination of EPA and Federal
indoor air quality activities, analysis of the appropriate Federal role in
addressing indoor air quality issues, and preparation and dissemination of
informational materials on indoor air quality for the general public. In 1990
the indoor air program completed a survey of indoor air quality diagnostic and
mitigation firms and a technical document on residential air cleaning devices.
In addition, in-house staff carried out an Agency and interagency coordination
role and continued to develop and update indoor air pollution and mitigation fact:
sheets. Two directories published by the program were updated and reissued: the
Current Federal Indoor Air Quality Activities guide; and the Directory of State
Indoor Air Contacts.
Guidance documents progressed to the external review stage for: (1)
policymakers on workplace smoking policies, (2) homebuilders on indoor air
quality considerations in new home construction, and (3) building owners and
managers on preventing, diagnosing, and mitigating indoor air problems in large
buildings. A self-paced comprehensive training guide on indoor air quality
progressed to the clearance stage and will be made available to a broad range of
interested audiences in 1991. A draft formal risk assessment on lung cancer and
respiratory disease from environmental tobacco smoke, which was sponsored by the
indoor air program, was completed and transmitted to the Science Advisory Board
for review. Major new activities focused on: reviewing options for establishing
a national indoor air quality information clearinghouse; initiating a study of
research needs on the issue of multiple chemical sensitivity; developing data on
the impact of indoor air pollution on productivity and on the costs of correcting
indoor air pollution; and exploring mechanisms for credentialling professionals
who offer indoor air diagnostic and mitigation services. A multi-year program
to provide training for state and local governments on indoor air quality was
initiated with the development of an introductory course on indoor air quality.
On the international front in 1990, the proceedings from a workshop hosted
by the indoor air program under the auspices of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization Committee on Challenges for Modern Society on strategies for
managing risks of indoor air quality was published, and a project to compile an
international inventory of indoor air activities advanced to the information
collection phase.
In 1990 the global change program activities focused on implementation of
the domestic rule for control of production and consumption of CFCs and halons.
The program continued to enforce the regulation, implemented a tracking system
for permits, implemented a reporting and record-keeping system, refined the
enforcement strategy, and evaluated the market responses to regulation. The
program also initiated the development of a national CFC and halons recycling
program and expanded its efforts for alternative chemicals and safe use of those
2-38
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chemicals. Internationally, the global change program supported program
activities and provided technical assistance to the United Nations Environment
Program (UNEP) to support international implementation of the Montreal Protocol.
The program coordinated activities for developing alternative technologies.
Transfer of these technologies to lesser developed countries continued at an
accelerated rate.
In 1990 the global change program participated in a series of assessments
required by the Montreal Protocol and was involved in a legal working group and
in ad hoc negotiating groups to meet the Agency's responsibilities for technology
transfer required under the Protocol. In addition, the Agency was involved in
efforts to encourage other nations, particularly lesser developed countries, to
sign the Protocol and to support the United States in further negotiations on
protocol revisions. The program played a lead role in the negotiations on the
London amendments to the Montreal Protocol. These amendments included phasing
out CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals and establishing a fund for
developing countries to support compliance with the Protocol.
The global change program continued to assess other possible factors in
tropospheric climate changes. This included the assessment of point and non-
point emission sources of global warming gases, the techniques for control of
methane emissions, and potential control technologies.
STATE PROGRAM GUIDELINES AND AIR STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $15,573,400 supported by 114.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,690,100 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $7,883,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $333,500 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $2,200,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 1.8 in total workyears
from 1991. The increase will be used for new and expanded activities needed to
implement provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Final action on revised or reaffirmed National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQSs) for lead and sulfur dioxide will be nearing completion.
Revised sulfur dioxide significant harm levels and associated implementation
guidance will also be developed. Benefits, health, and regulatory impact
assessment support will be provided to programs for NSPSs and National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) and to support state and Federal
rulemaking activities. Guidance on market-based state implementation plan
strategies will be provided.
Guidance, regulations, assistance, and training needed to implement the
state implementation plan activities under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
will be provided, including issuing economic incentive rules, sanctions criteria,
revising and issuing the list of nonattainment areas, and establishing and
assisting ozone and visibility transport commissions. Procedures, techniques,
and assistance for determining required emission reductions, evaluating and
2-39
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selecting alternative control measures, preparing control strategy
demonstrations, analyzing transport strategies in the Northeast, implementing
effective tracking mechanisms, and assistance in identifying, adopting, and
implementing non-traditional control measures that will directly involve the
public (e.g. , transportation controls and consumer solvent substitution) will be
provided. Existing Federal implementation plan commitments, as they may be
modified by court order, will be carried out. Initial state implementation plan
submittals will be reviewed and approved or disapproved. Federal rules for
disapproved state plans will be developed as necessary. RACM and BACM documents
and other PM-10 guidance on woodstoves, prescribed burning, agricultural
activities, fugitive source and nontraditional source control measures (e.g.,
street cleaning), and secondary particle formation will be issued. The report
to Congress on the impact of the Clean Air Act on visibility will be nearing
completion. Guidance on integration of sulfur control programs (e.g., state
implementation plans and acid rain activities) will be provided.
The new source review program will provide guidance and assistance to
Regions and states permitting new sources. Rules to implement a variety of
changes to the new source review program in the 1990 Act amendments will be
promulgated. Guidance, assistance, and training to implement new legislation
relating to operating permits will be provided. Regulations for Federally-issued
operating permits will be promulgated.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $13,039,900 supported by 112.5
total workyears for this program, of which $7,356,600 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $5,683,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The lead NAAQS review will be completed and a proposal to revise or
reaffirm this standard will be prepared. Revised or reaffirmed NAAQSs for sulfur
dioxide will be reproposed or promulgated. The criteria document for the carbon
monoxide NAAQS reviews will be completed and the staff paper reviewed by the
Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee.
Guidance and regulations needed to implement state implementation plan
activities under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 will be developed,
including developing completeness criteria, economic incentive rules, sanctions
criteria, revising and issuing the list of nonattainment areas, and establishing
ozone and visibility transport commissions. Procedures and techniques for
determining required emission reductions, evaluating and selecting alternative
control measures, preparing control strategy demonstrations, analyzing transport
strategies in the Northeast, and assistance in identifying, adopting, and
implementing nontraditional control measures that will directly involve the
public (e.g., transportation controls and consumer solvent substitution) will be
developed. Existing Federal implementation plan commitments, as they may be
modified by court order, will be carried out. Initial ozone state implementation
plan submittals due by May 15, 1991 will be reviewed and approved or disapproved;
Federal rules for disapproved state plans will be developed. RACM and BACM
documents and other PM-10 guidance on woodstoves, prescribed burning,
agricultural activities, fugitive source and nontraditional source control
measures (e.g., street cleaning), and secondary particle formation will be
2-40
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developed. Management and review of state implementation plans submitted by
states will continue. Regulations to control sources contributing to visibility
impairment in the Grand Canyon will be promulgated. Innovative measures to
reduce the backlog of state implementation plan revisions and expedite
processing, including a computerized tracking and information system, will be
fully implemented.
The new source review program will provide guidance and assistance to
Regions and states permitting new sources and support to national litigation over
current regulations. Rulemaking to implement a variety of changes to the new
source review program in the new Act will be proposed. Guidance and regulations
needed to implement new legislation relating to operating permits, including
model permits, standardized application forms, fee recovery requirements, and
monitoring/reporting requirements will be proposed and promulgated. Regulations
for Federally-issued operating permits will also be proposed.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $9,869,100 supported by 100.5 total
workyears to this program, of which $5,926,800 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $3,942,300 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. In the state implementation plan program, primary emphasis was
on implementing ongoing programs for carbon monoxide and ozone nonattainment
areas and developing and reviewing PM-10 plans. For ozone and carbon monoxide,
these activities focused on ensuring compliance with calls for revised state
plans issued by EPA in May 1988 and November 1989, securing and reviewing revised
emission inventories and missing or inadequate rules. PM-10 plan submittals were
reviewed. Prevention of significant deterioration increments were proposed for
PM-10. Regulations to control sources contributing to visibility impairment in
the Grand Canyon were proposed. Guidance and assistance to Regional Offices were
provided for developing court-ordered Federal implementation plans for ozone,
carbon monoxide, and PM-10 nonattainment areas.
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AIR
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control I Fuel Economy
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE *
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Mobile Source Program
Implementation
Salaries 1 Expenses
TOTAL
Emission Standards,
Technical Assessment t
Characterization
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Testing, Technical t
Administrative Support
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Emissions I Fuel
Economy Compliance
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
$1.664.5 $1,664.5
$1.664.5 $1,664.5
$5,192.1 $7,256.1 $7.256.1 $10,376.9 $3,120.8
$5,866.5 $11,949.7 $11,949.7 $18,769.7 $6,820.0
$11,058.6 $19,205.8 $19,205.8 $29,146.6 $9,940.8
$5.766.4 $7.422.5 $7.422.5 $6,775.1 -$647.4
$650.0 $850.2 $850.2 $2,600.2 $1,750.0
$6,416.4 $8,272.7 $8,272.7 $9,375.3 $1,102.6
$2,166.4 $2,428.5 $2,428.5 $3,209.3 $780.8
$29.5 $133.1 $133.1 $263.1 $130.0
$2,195.9 $2,561.6 $2,561.6 $3,472.4 $910.8
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$13,124.9 $17,107.1 $17,107.1 $22,025.8 $4.918.7
$6,546.0 $12,933.0 $12,933.0 $21,633.0 $8,700.0
Mobile Source Air TOTAL $19,670.9 $30,040.1 $30,040.1 $43,658.8 $13,618.7
Pollution Control I
Fuel Economy
PERMAMEKT UORICYEARS
Mobile Source Program
Implementation
Emission Standards,
Technical Assessment t
Characterization
Testing, Technical &
Administrative Support
31.4 31.4
82.6 111.3 111.3 150.4 39.1
92.3 94.4 94.4 100.7 6.3
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AIR
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control I Fuel Economy
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Emissions ft Fuel
Economy Compliance
31.8
37.1
37.1
47.7
10.6
TOTAL PERMANENT UDRKYEARS 206.7 242.8 242.8 330.2
87.4
TOTAL UORCTTEARS
Mobile Source Program
Implementation
Emission Standards,
Technical Assessment t
Characterization
Testing, Technical I
Administrative Support
Emissions I Fuel
Economy Compliance
TOTAL WORICYEARS
31.4 31.4
92.6 111.3 111.3 150.4 39.1
95.8 94.4 94.4 100.7 6.3
36.3 37.1 37.1 47.7 10.6
224.7 242.8 242.8 330.2 87.4
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AIR
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $43,658,800 supported by 330.2 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $13,618,700 and an increase of 87.A total
workyears from 1991. Of the request, $22,025,800 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $21,633,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $4,918,700 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and an increase of $8,700,000 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1992 the Agency expects to collect up to $7,000,000 in fees from the
mobile source program, including Fuel Economy, Certification and Recall.
MOBILE SOURCE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $1,664,500 supported by 31.4 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,664,500 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, and an increase of 31.4 total workyears. Funding for
regional support for Mobile Sources was previously in program element Air Quality
Management Implementation. The increases will continue support to the operation
of the mobile source-related support program within each of the Agency's ten
Regional offices.
The Regional program will continue to provide policy guidance and technical
support to states developing and implementing motor vehicle inspection and
maintenance programs as part of their state implementation plans. They will
continue to provide guidance in the development of mobile source emissions
inventories, transportation control measures, and making conformity
determinations. They also will continue to support the states in the development
and implementation of other programs mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990, including the oxygenated fuels and clean fuel fleet programs. The Regions
will continue to review program proposals and implementation plans and provide
appropriate guidance. The Regions will continue to audit individual state
programs and make determinations as to the consistency with implementation plans
and program effectiveness.
1991 Program
The 1991 program can be found under Air Quality Management Implementation.
1990 Accomplishments
The 1990 accomplishments can be .found under Air Quality Management
Implementation.
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EMISSION STANDARDS. TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $29,146,600 supported by 150.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,376,900 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $18,769,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $3,120,800 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $6,820,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 39.1 total workyears.
The increases reflect the additional resources needed to continue the
implementation of new and expanded requirements in the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990.
In 1992 the mobile source standards program will continue the development
of the aggressive program outlined in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Regulatory work will continue on clean fuels and will result in the promulgation
of clean fuel vehicle credit programs (for fleets and California Programs) and
standards for vehicles fueled by compressed natural gas. Clean fuel vehicle
standards will be proposed. Tier 1 tailpipe standards will be implemented. The
study of air toxics related to mobile sources will be published. The Emissions
Factor Program will continue its efforts in determining emissions from in-use
vehicles. These efforts will provide pertinent information for air quality
modeling by the Agency and state and local jurisdictions. The Emissions Factor
Program increases will focus on emissions from in-use vehicles using oxygenated
fuels, variables related to non-Federal test procedure conditions, and new
technology heavy-duty engines. In addition, a study of emissions from non-road
vehicles will be published.
Guidance for basic vehicle inspection and maintenance and enhanced
inspection and maintenance will be implemented. EPA will provide technical
support to state and local jurisdictions enhancing existing programs
(approximately 47 programs in serious or worse ozone nonattainment areas) or
developing new programs (approximately 26 new basic programs in moderate ozone
nonattainment areas) as mandated by the new Clean Air Act amendments. Technical
support will also be provided for implementing other mobile source related
pollution abatement programs, such as transportation control measures, mandated
by the new amendments. In addition, audits and follow-ups of state and local
inspection and maintenance programs will continue. EPA will promulgate
regulations which require all gasoline sold in the nine worst ozone non-
attainment areas be reformulated to be less polluting.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $19,205,800 supported by 111.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,256,100 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $11,949,700 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. These resources support the implementation of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990.
In 1991 the mobile source standards program begins the development of the
aggressive program outlined in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Regulatory
work on clean fuels will result in proposals of clean fuel vehicle credit
programs and compressed natural gas vehicle standards. Tier 1 tailpipe standards
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will be promulgated. Vork will begin on a study of air toxics related to mobile
sources. The Emissions Factor Program will continue to determine emissions from
in-use vehicles to provide pertinent information for air quality modeling by the
Agency and state and local jurisdictions. Work will begin on a study to assess
the impact on air quality of emissions from non-road vehicles and engines.
Guidance for basic inspection and maintenance and enhanced inspection and
maintenance will be published. In addition, 15 audits and follow-ups of state
and local inspection and maintenance programs will be completed. EPA will also
promulgate regulations requiring that all gasoline sold in the nine worst ozone
non-attainment areas be reformulated to be less polluting.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $11,058,600 supported by 92.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,192,100 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $5,866,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1990 the standards program continued to emphasize control of ozone
precursors and air toxics. Work on clean fuels included emissions
characterization and technology assessment for fuels such as compressed natural
gas, alcohol, and propane. The regulatory program continued to concentrate on
control of excess hydrocarbon emissions, formaldehyde, methanol, and
particulates, as well as fuels. Revised light-duty truck hydrocarbon standards
were proposed. The final rules for controlling diesel fuel composition and Phase
II gasoline volatility were published. Also, the final rule for heavy-duty
emissions banking and trading was published. Testing of in-use vehicles t:o
develop emission factors was conducted. A pilot study was initiated to assess
alternative sampling methodologies for developing in-use emission factors. The
objective was to determine the most effective way to close gaps in data on actual
emissions from in-use vehicles. Support to the development of state
implementation plans continued with emphasis on inspection and maintenance
programs for in-use vehicles. A total of 15 formal audits and follow-ups of
state and local inspection and maintenance programs were completed. Work
continued on the development of the transportation control measures guidance.
TESTING. TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,375,300 supported, by 100.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,775,100 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,600,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $647,400 in the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $1,750,000 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 6.3 total workyears. The
increases will support implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 .
This program will continue to provide testing, technical, and
administrative support to the operating programs of the Office of Mobile Sources
at the Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory (MVEL) located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Testing will increase on In-use vehicles in support of the emissions factors and
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recall programs. Approximately 2,200 in-use vehicle tests will be performed at
the MVEL. In addition, tests on new and in-use heavy-duty engines will continue
to be conducted to support the implementation and enforcement of the standards
for these engines. General activities will continue to support recall,
tampering, and fuel switching, standard-setting, emissions characterization,
technology assessment, fuel economy, in-use vehicle emissions assessment, and
motor vehicle emission certification. The support will also continue to provide:
automated data processing (ADP) timesharing services, laboratory data
acquisition, and computer operations; testing of motor vehicles to measure
emissions and fuel economy; quality assurance and control and correlation
services for EPA and industry testing programs; maintenance and engineering
design of emission testing equipment; and personnel, administrative, safety,
environmental compliance, and facilities support services. Testing and analysis
of fuel samples collected for enforcement purposes (including volatility control)
will increase as enforcement of the Phase II gasoline volatility rules begins.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $8,272,700 supported by 94.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,422,500 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $850,200 is from for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This will support the implementation of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990.
In 1991 this program provides testing, technical, and administrative
support to the operating programs of the Office of Mobile Sources at the MVEL.
Approximately 1,000 tests will be performed on prototype vehicles and 1,600 tests
on in-use vehicles in support of the emissions factors and recall programs. In
addition, tests on new and in-use heavy-duty engines will be conducted to support
the implementation and enforcement of the standards for these engines. General
activities will support recall, tampering and fuel switching, standard-setting,
emissions characterization, technology assessment, fuel economy, in-use vehicle
emissions assessment, and motor vehicle emission certification. The support will
also provide: ADP timesharing services, laboratory data acquisition, and
computer operations; testing of motor vehicles to measure emissions and fuel
economy; quality assurance and control and correlation services for EPA and
industry testing programs; maintenance and engineering design of emission testing
equipment; and personnel, administrative, safety, environmental compliance, and
facilities support services. Activities related to converting the MVEL into &
Federal facility are supported. Testing and analysis of approximately 9,300 fuel
samples collected for enforcement purposes (including volatility control) will
continue.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $6,416,400 supported by 95.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,766,400 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $650,000 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The 1990 program focused on increasing the efficiency of the testing,
technical, and administrative support operations while maintaining or expanding
the quality and quantity of outputs.
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Testing support to the certification, fuel economy, and in-use compliance
and assessment programs produced approximately 2,600 tests. Testing activities
supported at the MVEL range from performing standard, well-established
engineering tests, to the development and performance of new test procedures to
accommodate new program needs or changing technology.
Routine testing and analysis of 3,900 fuel samples collected in the field
were completed to continue enforcement of fuels regulations for volatility and
contaminants. Correlation programs to maintain equivalent test procedures
between manufacturers and EPA continued. Test equipment maintenance,
calibration, and repair services were provided. The adequacy of existing
procedures and equipment to test newer technology vehicles was evaluated. When
necessary, new equipment and procedures were designed. In addition, personnel,
facility support services, safety, ADP, and administrative management functions
continue to be provided at the MVEL.
EMISSIONS AND FUEL ECONOMY COMPLIANCE
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,472,400 supported by 47.7 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,209,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $263,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $780,800 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, an increase of $130,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and-an increase of 10.6 total workyears. The increases
will support implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
The emissions certification program will continue to assess the validity
of applications for certification of original equipment manufacturers of
light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty engines, and motorcycles. Participation in the
certification program by importers reselling vehicles is expected to continue.
In 1992 the in-use assessment program will continue to focus on the
effectiveness of on-board diagnostic systems in identifying component failure.
Rules to standardize such systems will be promulgated and implemented. Work will
continue on suspected problems with manufacturers' alleged use of defeat devices.
As required by the Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1990, a study of the
Federal test procedures to determine if the procedures driving cycles and test
parameters remain representative of in-use conditions will be published. In
addition, rules to incorporate into the Federal test procedure an inspection and
maintenance short test cycle to improve the effectiveness of inspection and
maintenance programs will be promulgated.
The statutory fuel economy information program will continue to produce
labels, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) calculations, and data for the Gas
Mileage Guide, in accordance with the revised CAFE and fuel economy labeling
requirements. EPA will promulgate revisions to light-duty durability procedures.
Revisions will include improvements to the current mileage accumulation cycle and
provision for alternative accelerated durability procedures.
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1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $2,561,600 supported by 37.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,428,500 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $133,100 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. These resources support implementation of the Clean Air Act
Amendment of 1990.
The emissions certification program will continue to assess the validity
of applications for certification of approximately 100 original equipment
manufacturers of light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty engines, and motorcycles.
Participation in the certification program by importers reselling vehicles is
expected to continue. Approximately 40 certificate holders will be bringing
non-conforming imports into compliance.
In 1991 the in-use assessment program will continue to focus on the
effectiveness of on-board diagnostic systems in identifying component failure.
Rules to standardize such systems will be proposed. Work will continue on
suspected problems with manufacturers' use of defeat devices. As required by the
Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1990, a study will be undertaken to assess the
validity of the Federal test procedure and promulgate revisions if appropriate.
In addition, work will be undertaken to incorporate into the Federal test
procedure an inspection and maintenance short test cycle to improve the
effectiveness of inspection and maintenance programs. Rules to implement these
Federal test procedure changes and the mobile source fees program will be
promulgated.
The statutory fuel economy information program will be carried out, with
the provision of 1,000 labels, 50 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
calculations, and data for the Gas Mileage Guide. Revised CAFE and fuel economy
labeling rules required by the Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) will be
published. Guidance to manufacturers on implementing the changes required by
these revisions will be provided. A report to Congress (also required by the
AMFA) will be issued. EPA will propose revisions to light-duty durability
standards. Anticipated revisions will include improvements to the current
mileage accumulation cycle and provision for alternative accelerated durability
procedures.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $2,195,900 supported by 36.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,166,400 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $29,500 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The emissions certification program continued to issue certificates of
compliance to approximately 100 original equipment manufacturers of light-duty
vehicles, heavy-duty engines, and motorcycles. Participation in the
certification program by importers reselling vehicles continued to increase. EPA
issued 31 certificates of conformity to Independent Commercial Importers (ICI).
Certification engineering review continued to deter the production of vehicle
designs incapable of meeting emission standards. In 1990 the in-use program
placed emphasis on assessment of emission control diagnostic systems and their
effectiveness in isolating emission control component failure. A rule to
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standardize these systems was drafted. Work also focused on suspected problems
with manufacturers' use of defeat devices, as well as on emissions under
conditions different from the Federal test procedure.
The statutory fuel economy information program was carried out, with 1,300
labels, 66 CAFE calculations, and data for the Gas Mileage Guide was produced.
Revised CAFE and fuel economy labeling rules required by AMFA were proposed.
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AIR
State Programs Resource Assistance
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Control Agency Resource
S implementation
Abatement Control and $99,098.3 $138,275.0 $138.275.0 *162,700.0 $24,425.0
Compliance
TOTAL $99,098.3 $138,275.0 $138,275.0 $162,700.0 $24,425.0
Training
Salaries C Expenses $270.3 $259.1 $259.1 $269.1 $10.0
TOTAL $270.3 $259.1 $259.1 $269.1 $10.0
TOTAL:
Salaries t Expenses $270.3 $259.1 $259.1 $269.1 $10.0
Abatement Control and $99,098.3 $138,275.0 $138,275.0 $162,700.0 $24,425.0
Compliance
State Programs TOTAL $99,368.6 $138,534.1 $138,534.1 $162,969.1 $24,435.0
Resource Assistance
PERMANENT UORIfYEARS
Training 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.0
TOTAL PERMANENT UORICYEARS 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.0
TOTAL UORICYEARS 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.0
Training 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.0
TOTAL UORICYEARS 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.0
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AIR
State Programs Resource Assistance
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $162,969,100 supported by 4.0 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $24,435,000 and no change in total workyears
from 1991. Of the request, $269,100 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $162,700,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase in the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation of $10,000 and an increase of $24,425,000 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
CONTROL AGENCY RESOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $162,700,000 all of which will be for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$24,425,000 which will support implementation of new or expanded requirements in
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, particularly in the areas of NAAQSs
nonattainment, air toxics, acid rain, and operating permit programs.
In 1992 the control agency support program will focus on implementation of
the requirements contained in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. A major
portion of this effort will be directed towards the development and revision of
state implementation plans for the purpose of demonstrating attainment of the
NAAQSs for ozone, carbon monoxide, PM-10, sulfur dioxide, and lead. Mobile
source control programs including enhanced vehicle inspection and maintenance
programs, stage LI vapor recovery programs, and transportation control measures
will be developed and implemented. Efforts will also focus on completing and
submitting draft inventories for all carbon monoxide and ozone nonattainment
areas and for revising them in response to EPA reviews. Quality assurance
efforts will continue until the final submissions are made early in 1993.
Emissions databases will be developed for use in concert with photochemical
dispersion models that must be developed for multi-state ozone nonattainment
areas. PM-10 activities will focus on new PM-10 nonattainment areas that must
develop SIP revisions and control strategies that demonstrate attainment of the
PM-10 air quality standard. Inventories for the initial PM-10 nonattainment
areas will be submitted and work on inventories for additional PM-10
nonattainment areas will be initiated. In order to fulfill specific requirements
addressing fugitive emissions from surface coal mines, efforts will focus on
compiling source and meteorological data to be used in EPA evaluations of current
dispersion models.
In 1992 state efforts will focus on development of comprehensive permit
programs that will meet EPA requirements. States will be required to develop and
implement operating permit programs that will require all major sources to apply
for and obtain permits to operate.
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In 1992 a multi-year monitor replacement effort will continue. This effort
will, upgrade and replace worn-out or obsolete monitors that are currently being
used by the states. In addition, a pilot program will be initiated to develop
air toxics monitoring that will support studies of the Great Lakes and other
boundary waters.
As rule-effectiveness criteria are developed and as the cut-off size of
major sources is expanded to encompass a larger universe of sources, enhanced
enforcement and compliance tracking requirements will be stipulated for state and
local agencies. States will develop and improve compliance management and
tracking systems and compliance forecasting systems. In addition, states will
focus on carrying out radionuclide enforcement activities. States will also
focus on developing expertise necessary for successful implementation of the acid
rain program.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $138,275,000 all of which is
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 a major focus of the control agency support program is the
implementation of the requirements contained in the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990. States will validate and refine air quality data needed to define certain
portions of their respective states as nonattainment areas for ozone, carbon
monoxide, PM-10 and sulfur dioxide. The classification of these areas as
nonattainment will invoke a number of planning and control requirements that will
result in almost all states revising their implementation plans to demonstrate
attainment of the NAAQSs by the applicable deadlines. Efforts to correct and
modify existing RACT regulations for volatile organic compounds and efforts to
expand the inspection and improve the compliance of Class A and B sources of
volatile organic compounds in nonattainment areas are continuing. A major
objective in 1991 is to develop draft year-of-enactment inventories for all point
sources and to initiate work on area and mobile source inventories for all ozone
and carbon monoxide nonattainment areas. States will be adopting and
implementing additional mobile source control programs, including enhanced
vehicle inspection and maintenance programs, and regulations addressing gasoline
vapor recovery systems and oxygenated fuel requirements. States will also be
analyzing the effectiveness of current volatile organic compound control programs
in order to correct these programs as necessary. Follow-on efforts within the
Northeast to apply the regional ozone ..model ,to identify transport and assess
control options over large areas continue. Major efforts are underway to develop
other data bases needed for attainment demonstration modeling such as non-methane
organic compound data. Efforts to develop projection year inventories were begun
during 1991.
State and local agencies are initiating activities to develop and adopt new
operating permit program requirements. States are also continuing various
elements of their multi-year plans for building and implementing programs for
assessing and reducing exposure to air toxics and are reviewing their program
capabilities to implement new toxic program requirements. States are developing
required state implementation plan revisions and inventories for those areas
designated nonattainment for PM-10 and sulfur dioxide. In addition, states are
performing necessary analyses and preparing plan revisions to meet the NAAQS for
lead where nonattainment problems have been identified. States will be verifying
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emission inventory data for power plants and utility boilers to meet acid rain
program requirements.
Ambient monitoring efforts to expand and enhance monitoring sites for
ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM-10 are underway. In addition, states will begin
a multi-year effort to replace obsolete and worn-out monitors. The establishment
of additional continuous monitoring sites for ozone precursors such as nonmethane
organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide are being completed. States continue to
operate sulfur dioxide monitoring networks and inspect major sulfur dioxide
sources. State prevention of significant deterioration and new source review
programs are also continuing.
States are also carrying out inspection and source monitoring programs for
assuring initial and continuous compliance by all major stationary sources,
including timely and appropriate responses to violations. Emphasis continues on
identifying contractors that violate the asbestos demolition and renovation
regulations and taking appropriate follow-up action. In addition, states are
continuing to fully operate and monitor the quality of the National Air
Monitoring System and State and Local Air Monitoring System networks and to
assume responsibility for newly promulgated NSPSs and NESHAPs.
Congressional Directives. A total of $575,000 is for four Congressionally
directed projects: Northeast interstate nonattainment and visibility problems,
Sacramento air quality modeling study, the South Coast Air Quality Management
District's alternative fuels options demonstration project, and the high altitude
testing laboratory in Denver, Colorado.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $99,098,300 all of which was from
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1990 much of the control agency support program focused on the
implementation of the Agency's post-1987 attainment requirements for ozone and
carbon monoxide nonattainment areas. States worked on revisions to their
implementation plans required by EPA's May 1988 and November 1989 calls for plan
revisions. Efforts to correct and modify existing RACT regulations and other
control measures for volatile organic compounds continued. Draft base year
emissions inventories for ozone and carbon monoxide nonattainment areas were
completed in 1990 with revisions, updates, and improved quality assurance reviews
continuing. The collection of nonmethane organic compound and nitrogen oxides
data continued. States also continued to analyze the effectiveness of current
volatile organic compound control programs in order to determine the need to
modify these programs. Efforts to expand the Class A and B volatile organic
compound source inspection program and the compliance level of these sources
continued. Efforts to identify long-range transport and assess control options
over large areas continued in the Northeast.
States continued to prepare required PM-10 implementation plans for Group
I areas. States also performed analyses and prepared plans for Group II areas
where nonattainment problems were identified. Work continued on establishing the
PM-10 ambient monitoring network. States continued to operate sulfur dioxide
monitoring networks and inspect major sulfur dioxide sources. State and local
agencies continued to implement various elements of their multi-year development
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plans for building and implementing programs for assessing and reducing exposure
to air toxics. State/local agencies worked to identify and integrate air toxics
considerations into current regulatory programs for both ozone and PM-10.
States continued to carry out source inspection and monitoring programs to
assure both initial and continuous compliance by major stationary sources.
States continued to identify contractors that violated the asbestos demolition
and renovation regulations and took appropriate follow-up actions. States also
continued to operate and monitor the quality of air monitoring networks and to
assume responsibility for implementing NSPS and NESHAPS regulations.
Resources to support specialized training for state/local personnel
involved in abatement and control activities were continued in 1990. Support for
three special projects was provided in 1990. These projects are: Northeast
interstate nonattainment and visibility problems, the South Coast Air Quality
Management District's alternative fuels options demonstration project, and the
San Joaquin Valley ozone modeling effort.
TRAINING
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $269,100 supported by 4.0 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
In 1992 the Agency will continue to emphasize its programs of training
persons involved in air pollution control at the state and local level in order
to effectively implement the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The program will
manage $2.3 million provided in the Control Agency Resource Supplementation
program to develop, revise, and deliver short courses addressing Clean Air Act
requirements using a number of university area training centers. Self-
instructional training, videos, and workshops will also be provided.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $259,100 supported by 4.0 total
workyears for this program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
In 1991 the Agency is managing its program of training persons involved in
air pollution control at the state and local level. The program is developing,
updating, and revising short courses to address the new Clean Air Act Amendments.
In addition, self-instructional training is being provided to persons involved
in abatement and air pollution control at the state and local level. Technical
support is being provided to states and Regions which provide funding for
planning specialty workshops and training courses.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $270,300 supported by 4.0 total
workyears to this program, all of which is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
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In 1990 the Agency managed the development, revision, and delivery of short
courses and self = instructional materials with major emphasis on the development
of training courses in the areas of PM-10, ozone and carbon monoxide, and
permitting. The Agency also provided technical support to states and Regions
planning workshops and training courses. In addition, existing courses were
updated as a result of regulatory change.
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AIR
Air Quality Management Implementation
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE *
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Air Quality Management
Implementation
Salaries ( Expenses $13,317.0 $15,252.2 $15,252.0 $19,518.3 $4.266.3
Abatement Control and $2,303.3 $3,672.9 $3,672.9 $322.9 -$3,350.0
Compliance
TOTAL $15,620.3 $16,925.1 $18,924.9 $19,841.2 $916.3
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $13,317.0 $15.252.2 $15.252.0 $19,518.3 $4,266.3
Abatement Control and $2,303.3 $3,672.9 $3,672.9 $322.9 -$3,350.0
Compliance
Air Quality TOTAL $15,620.3 $18,925.1 $18,924.9 $19,841.2 $916.3
Management Implamentation
PERMANENT UORCTEARS
Air Quality Management 256.3 300.7 300.7 368.2 67.5
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 256.3 300.7 300.7 368.2 67.5
TOTAL UORrYEARS
Air Quality Management 270.4 314.8 314.8 368.2 53.4
Implementation
TOTAL UORKYEARS 270.4 314.8 314.8 368.2 53.4
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AIR
Air Quality Management Implementation
Budeet Request
The Agency requests a total of $19,841,200 supported by 368.2 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $916,300 and 53.4 total workyears from 1991.
Of the request, $19,518,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $322,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation of
$4,266,300 and a decrease in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
of $3,350,000.
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $19,841,200 supported by 368.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $19,518,300 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation and $322,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance Appropriation. This represents an increase of $4,266,300 for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and a decrease in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance Appropriation of $3,350,000. The increase of 53.4 total workyears
will support implementation of new or expanded provisions of the Clean Air Act
of 1990, particularly requirements for attainment of NAAQSs, reduction of air
toxics, and establishment of permit and fee programs. The decrease in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation represents completion of selected
special projects.
In 1992 the Regional air quality management program will give priority to
development of state implementation plans to attain ozone and carbon monoxide
NAAQSs. New requirements in the revised Clean Air Act include: developing
attainment demonstrations based upon application of photochemical dispersion
models for multi-state ozone nonattainment areas, updating base year emission
inventories to 1990, and expanding inventories to include additional sources
based on an area's nonattainment classification (i.e. , moderate, serious, severe,
or extreme). During 1992 the Regions will perform detailed reviews of year-of-
enactment inventories and initiate new programs to quality assure critical
inventory components.
Regional offices will provide assistance and guidance to states in
developing processes and methods to allow for regular updating (every three
years) of emissions inventories for ozone precursors (volatile organic compounds
and nitrogen oxides), carbon monoxide, and PM-10. Regional offices will also
develop quality assurance programs for PM-10 emissions inventories. In addition,
Regional offices will develop and implement tracking systems in order to
determine actual emissions reductions and to verify that states are meeting
reasonable further progress requirements.
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Requirements for PM-10 will apply to a number of new areas where states
will require guidance and technical assistance in developing their control
strategies, inventories, and plan revisions to meet the requirements of the new
Clean Air Act. Regional offices will provide assistance to states and local
agencies in developing regulations to implement RACMs for PM-10 sources.
Regional sulfur dioxide program efforts will focus on correcting
deficiencies in state implementation plans for sulfur dioxide. States must
correct the plans in order to provide a compliance base for sources applying for
permits under the new operating permit programs that will become operational
during the next few years. States must establish operating permit program
requirements for all major stationary sources. Regional offices will provide
assistance and guidance to states as they develop and implement operating permit
programs.
The operating permit program applies to sources of air toxics as well as
to sources of the criteria pollutants. The new Clean Air Act allows toxics
sources to seek early reductions in emissions. Regional offices will review
requests from toxics sources and assess alternate compliance programs for these
sources. Regional offices with states bordering the Great Lakes will provide
support to an air toxic deposition study for the Great Lakes basin.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $18,924,900 supported by 314.8
total workyears to this program, of which $15,252,000 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,672,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 the Regional air quality management program will give highest
priority to implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Regions will
provide detailed technical guidance and assistance to states as they begin the
process of designating areas as nonattainment for ozone, carbon monoxide, PM-10,
sulfur dioxide and lead. The designation process will require Regional offices
to review state-submitted air quality data and prepare Federal Register actions
classifying the various areas for which the states submit air quality data. In
addition, Regions will provide assistance in compiling draft year-of-enactment
emissions inventories for volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide and in
developing control strategies for meeting the attainment requirements of the new
Act. State efforts to correct and improve existing RACT regulations for volatile
organic compounds will extend into 1991. Regions will evaluate the adequacy of
state legislative authority for adopting and implementing the operating permit
and fee requirements of the new Act and will provide guidance and direction to
states in developing operating permit programs.
Regional offices will implement other air quality management programs that
include: (1) providing guidance to states in correcting their implementation
plans for lead; (2) assisting state and local agencies in reviewing early
emission reduction plans submitted by toxics sources; and (3) performing other
functions such as managing the air grants process, selectively implementing the
National Air Audit System, and assisting states in the implementation of the
programs for new source review and prevention of significant deterioration. In
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1991 states will be implementing nitrogen oxides increments for the prevention
of significant deterioration program.
Congressional Directives. A total of $3,350,000 is for two Congressionally
directed projects, ozone modeling for the lower Lake Michigan area and an air
pollution study for the Baton Rouge/New Orleans corridor.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $15,620,300 supported by 270.4
total workyears, of which $13,317,000 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,303,300 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1990 one of the major priorities of the Regional air quality management
program was implementation of the Agency's post-1987 policy for correcting and
upgrading state plans for ozone and carbon monoxide nonattainment areas. The
Regional offices worked with state and local agencies to correct and improve
existing regulations and control measures and enhance overall program
effectiveness. EPA and states also spent considerable effort on the application
of a regional ozone model in the Northeast, completing monitoring activities and
data base development.
The Regional offices reviewed, processed, and took rulemaking actions on
state submitted revisions for PM-10 and sulfur dioxide implementation plans. The
state implementation plan reform process, begun by the Regional offices in 1989,
continued to reduce the "backlog" of plan revisions in 1990. The Regions
provided assistance to state and local agencies in implementing their multi-year
development plans for continuing air toxics programs. The Regions also continued
to manage the air programs grant process and assist states in the implementation
of the prevention of significant deterioration and new source review programs.
The Regional offices also expended substantial effort on development of court-
mandated Federal implementation plans for several ozone and carbon monoxide
nonattainment areas. EPA proposed federal implementation plans for the Chicago
and Los Angeles areas in 1990.
In 1990 support was provided for four special projects: ozone modeling for
the lower Lake Michigan area, an air pollution study for the Baton Rouge/New
Orleans corridor, ozone modeling for the Sacramento area, and the El Paso/Juarez
air quality study.
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AIR
Trend* Monitoring I Progress Assessment
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE *
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring
Salaries & Expenses S3,859.6
Abatement Control and $98.8
Compliance
TOTAL
Air Quality t Emissions
Data Management t
Analysis
Salaries I Expenses $5,125.9
Abatement Control and $6,076.1
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $8,983.5
Abatement Control and $6,174.9
Compliance
Trends Monitoring TOTAL $15,158.4
Progress Assessment
$4,071.4 $4,071.2 $4,786.8 $715.6
$122.8 $122.8 $122.8
$3,958.4 $4,194.2 $4,194.0 $4.909.6 $715.6
$5,994.8 $5,994.8 $7,690.1 $1,695.3
$12,769.4 $12,769.4 $23,969.4 $11,200.0
$11,200.0 $18,764.2 $18,764.2 $31,659.5 $12,895.3
$10,066.2 $10,066.0 $12,476.9 $2,410.9
$12,892.2 $12,892.2 $24,092.2 $11,200.0
$22,956.4 $22,958.2 $36,569.1 $13,610.9
PERMANENT UORICYEARS
Ambient Air Quality 74.3 81.5 81.5 90.3 8.8
Monitoring
Air Quality t Emissions 79.7 92.0 92.0 114.3 22.3
Data Management t
Analysis
TOTAL PERMANENT MORKYEARS 154.0 173.5 173.5 204.6 31.1
TOTAL UORICYEARS
Ambient Air Quality 80.1 86.1 86.1 90.3 4.2
Monitoring
Air Quality I Emissions 81.9 92.0 92.0 114.3 22.3
Data Management t
Analysis
TOTAL WORKYEARS 162.0 178.1 178.1 204.6 26.5
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AIR
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $36,569,100 supported by .204.6 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $13,610,900 and 26.5 total workyears from
1991. Of the request, $12,476,900 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $24,092,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase in the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation of $2,410,900 and an increase of $11,200,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,909,600 supported by 90.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $4,786,800 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation and $122,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
Appropriation. This represents an increase of $715,600 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and no change in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
Appropriation. The increase of 4.2 total workyears will support expanded efforts
to plan and oversee enhanced monitoring networks for carbon monoxide, ozone, and
ozone precursors and to assist in a multi-year study to develop improved emission
factors and dispersion models for estimating the impact of surface coal mines.
In 1992 the ten EPA Regional Offices will continue overview and management
of state air monitoring programs including grants review, coordination of
emission and air quality data bases, and validation of data from the National Air
Monitoring System and the State and Local Air Monitoring System data base. Data
analyses including air quality trend information will be developed as input to
the Regional Trend Reports.
In the area of quality assurance, significant resources will be used for
on-site systems audits of state networks and monitors. In addition, the Regional
laboratories will continue to participate in the national air audit program. PM-
10 monitors established or moved during 1991 will require review and site visits
to verify compliance with EPA air monitoring regulations. Reviews of PM-10
ambient data and sampling frequency will be performed and will include data
critical to classification determinations and identification of possible control
strategies. Field support will be provided to a multi-year initiative to improve
the factors and models used in estimating the impact on PM-10 air quality from
emissions at surface coal mines. The Regions will continue to provide quality
assurance support to Indian Tribes and to assist in developing ambient monitoring
programs.
Technical oversight and support will be provided to state and local
programs in refining and validating data bases needed to prepare state
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implementation plans for 96 ozone areas and 41 carbon monoxide areas. Support
to the upgrading of the ambient networks for these areas will be expanded with
special emphasis on planning and implementing enhancements to ozone and precursor
networks in areas classified as "serious," "severe" and "extreme."
Support to the Agency's toxic monitoring program will continue with support
to state and local ambient monitoring programs on methods, siting and quality
assurance, support to the Toxics Air Monitoring System sites maintained by the
Office of Research and Development and support to control agencies in evaluating
the impact of specific toxic emission sources and refining toxic emission data
bases. Support will also be provided to new Agency efforts to establish ambient
toxics sampling in the vicinity of the Great Lakes and other major boundary
waters.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $4,194,000 supported by 86.1
total workyears for this program, of which $4,071,200 will be for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $122,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 the ten EPA Regional Offices will continue overview and management
of state air monitoring programs including grants review, coordination of
emission and air quality data bases, and validation of data from the National Air
Monitoring System and the State and Local Air Monitoring System data base. Data
analyses including air quality trend information will be developed as input to
the Regional Trend Reports.
In the area of quality assurance, significant resources will be used for
on-site systems audits of state networks and monitors. In addition, the Regional
laboratories will continue to participate in the national air audit program. PM-
10 monitors established or moved during 1990 will require review and site visits
to verify compliance with EPA air monitoring regulations. Reviews of PM-10
ambient data and sampling frequency will be performed and will include data
critical to classification determinations and identification of possible control
strategies.
Regional Office implementation of the Toxics Air Monitoring System network
will involve coordinating operational improvements with the Office of Research
and Development and state and local agencies. Resources will also be used to
provide monitoring and quality assurance support and technical assistance to
states in evaluating the source impact of specific toxic air pollutants from
sources considered for regulation under state control programs. Support for
state and local toxics efforts in urban areas will continue with management,
coordination, and technical assistance provided to complete or refine toxics
emission data bases and to improve state and local ambient monitoring
capabilities.
Technical oversight and support will be provided to state and local
programs developing data bases needed to prepare state implementation plans.
This will include data bases for 96 ozone areas and 41 carbon monoxide areas as
well as additional areas identified through 1989 or'1990 exceedances. This
effort will include coordination of the periodic nonmethane organic
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'compounds/nitrogen oxides sampling programs. Oversight of revisions to the
carbon monoxide and ozone ambient networks will continue with emphasis on
evaluating networks for newly identified nonattainment areas and implementing
corrective actions. The Regions will continue to provide quality assurance
support to Indian Tribes and to assist in developing ambient monitoring programs.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $3,958,400 supported by 80.1 total
workyears, of which $3,859,600 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $98,800 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1990 the Regional offices coordinated the collection, validation, and
submission of ambient data with emphasis on areas developing revised state
implementation plans for ozone and carbon nonoxide. Ambient network support
focused on eliminating air monitoring sites having marginal utility and in
identifying changes needed to adequately monitor current or projected areas of
ozone and carbon monoxide nonattainment. In addition, the Regions assisted states
in implementing network plans for ambient monitoring of PM-10, completing quality
assurance plans necessary to meet EPA requirements and in developing multi-year
plans for replacement of ambient monitors and related equipment. On-site audits
of 320 monitors were conducted including 50 newly established PM-10 sites. The
Regions also assisted 36 state and local agencies in assessing potential risks
from toxic pollutants through ambient sampling and 30 agencies in developing,
emission inventories. The Regions also provided quality assurance support to
Indian Tribes and assistance in developing ambient monitoring programs.
AIR QUALITY AND EMISSIONS DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $31,659,500 supported by 114.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,690,100 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $23,969,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,695,300 for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $11,200,000 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 22.3
workyears from 1991. The increases reflect resources needed to implement new
requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 for air toxics, NAAQSs
attainment, and operating permits.
Both of the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) subsystems will
be maintained and guidance will be provided to users. A total of three to five
additional states will be provided with access to the Facility Subsystem. New
software to support high priority reports and analyses will be implemented for
both subsystems. Additional AIRS software to track, summarize, and display air
quality and emission data relating to ozone and carbon monoxide regulatory
programs will be developed.
Support of headquarters, Regional office, and state and local modeling of
both NAAQSs and toxics pollutants will be continued as will on-going efforts to
evaluate model accuracy and provide refined models and guidance. Implementation
of the Agency's toxic monitoring strategy will continue and include planning arid
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coordination of efforts to establish toxic sampling in the vicinity of the Great
Lakes and other major boundary waters. Support to the development of MAC!
standards and standards for municipal waste combustors will be increased through
an expanded test program and accelerated development of test methods. Technical
support to state and local test programs will be continued. The program will
continue to test emissions of selected toxic sources and to publish emission
factors and related guidance to support state toxics programs. The program will
also continue to prepare analyses of ambient and emission trends, issue status
and trends reports and provide national oversight of state implementation plan
ambient monitoring.
Technical support to the ozone/carbon monoxide program will be continued
with expanded support provided in seven critical areas: (1) Development of a new
system for storing, retrieving, and analyzing emissions inventory data on smaller
(area) sources and for mobile sources. This will complement related EPA
capabilities for handling inventory data from large (point) sources and will be
a major module of AIRS; (2) Technical support to state and local programs to
enhance carbon monoxide, ozone, and precursor monitoring networks; (3) Technical
support to the application of urban grid models in about 30 ozone areas; (4)
National oversight and quality assurance of state implementation plan emission
inventories in 96 ozone areas and 41 carbon monoxide areas; (5) Initiation of a
program to develop volatile organic compound, nitrogen oxides, and carbon
monoxide emission factors; (6) Development of guidance for tracking future
reductions to baseline emissions; and (7) Technical support to application of
EPA's Regional Oxidant Model in the Southeast and Midwest.
The program will continue to provide technical guidance to Regional offices
and to state and local agencies in applying PM-10 dispersion and receptor models,
applying PM-10 emission factors and inventory guidance, evaluating monitoring
networks and ambient data, conducting special studies, and applying methods for
testing sources of particulates. Efforts to develop emission factors for
additional PM-10 source categories will be expanded. A multi-year study will be
initiated to improve the emission factors and dispersion models used to assess
the air quality impact of emissions from surface coal mines. Studies will be
completed of the impact of the Mohave Power Plant on visibility in and near Grand
Canyon National Park.
The request will allow accelerated development of data management systems
needed to store and retrieve data on permits and support national management of
the permit program.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $18,764,200 supported by 92.0
total workyears for this program, of which $5,994,800 will be for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $12,769,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 active support is provided for implementation of the new Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990. Emphasis will be placed on developing required rules and
guidance on modeling and monitoring, on participation in several required
studies, and on generally providing expanded technical support to the
ozone/carbon monoxide program and to the toxics program. For the ozone/carbon
monoxide program, implementation support will focus on four areas: (1)
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Development of a new system, for storing, retrieving, -and analyzing emissions
inventory data on smaller (area) sources and on 'mobile sources - this will
complement related EPA capabilities for handling inventory data from large
(point) sources and will be a major module of AIRS. (2) Development of ambient
monitoring guidance and proposed rules to facilitate the correction of
deficiencies in current networks, the establishment of long-term networks for
sampling ozone precursors, and the implementation of enhanced networks in newly
identified areas. (3) Development of technical guidance for the future
application of urban grid models; provision of technical and operational support
to state and local modeling efforts for both carbon monoxide and ozone areas; and
initiation of work on long-term application of Regional Oxidant Models in three
regions. (4) Initiation of programs for managing, tracking, and quality assuring
emission inventory data including data quality reviews of state implementation
inventories for national consistency. Also, efforts will be initiated to develop
prescriptive requirements for preparing point and area source inventories.
Efforts to develop improved methodologies for compiling inventories will
be continued as will efforts to develop and issue PM-10 emission factors for
significant sources of particulates. Support of headquarters, Regional office
and state and local modeling of both NAAQSs and toxic pollutants will be
continued as will on-go ing efforts to evaluate model accuracy and provide refined
models and guidance. Implementation of the Agency's toxic monitoring strategy
will continue. Emission testing support will continue and include technical
support to state and local agencies. The program will also continue to prepare
analyses of ambient and emission trends, issue status and trends reports and
provide national oversight of state implementation ambient monitoring. Analyses
will be initiated to study the impact of emissions from the Mohave Power Plant:
on visibility in and near Grand Canyon National Park.
Expanded air toxics support will be provided in four areas: (1)
development of emission test methods for MACT standards to be issued within two
and four years of enactment; (2) provision of technical support to states on test
method application; (3) development of emission factors to support state
implementation of toxics programs; and (4) conduct of dispersion analyses for
proposed MACT standards and to assist in developing guidance for screening
analyses.
Both of the AIRS subsystems will be maintained and guidance provided to
users. A total of 12 to 15 additional states will be provided access to the
Facility Subsystem and new software to support high priority reports and analyses
will be implemented for both subsystems. Additional AIRS software to track,
summarize, and display air quality and emission data relating to ozone and carbon
monoxide regulatory programs will be developed.
Congressional Directives. A total of $2,500,000 is for a Congressionally
directed project, the pollutant tracer study at the Mohave Power Plant.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $11,200,000 supported by 81.9 total
workyears, of which $5,123,900 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $6,076,100 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
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In 1990 comprehensive user support and enhanced software was provided to
50 agencies using the AIRS Air Quality Subsystem. Large emission and compliance
data bases were converted and refined and the baseline software and files for the
AIRS Facility Subsystem (AFS) were placed in operation. AFS user training was
provided to staff from all Regional offices, 39 states, 1 territory and 19 local
agencies. User support was provided to over 35 agencies which opted to access
AFS directly. To support future inventory efforts, design work on a system for
storing and retrieving area source data was modified to include mobile source
data. Support was provided to future ozone and carbon monoxide state
implementation plan revisions with emphasis on guidance for preparing emission
inventories, assistance in preparing data bases and applying grid and statistical
models, and completion of the multi-year project to assess the regional transport
of ozone and precursors in the Northeast. Other major activities included:
publication of the Air Quality and Emissions Trend Report for 1988; development
of new PM-10 emission factors for five source categories; technical support to
the Regional offices and states on application of factors for PM-10 and other
pollutants; completion of a study to apply urban grid models for ozone to five
cities; and emission test support to headquarters offices developing emission
standards and to state and local agencies in applying test methods.
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AIR
Ataospheric And Indoor Air Program
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Acid Rain Program
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Indoor Air Program
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Conpliance
TOTAL
Global Change Program
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Conpliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Atmospheric i Indoor
Air Programs
12,211.8 $2.211.7 $4.390.3 S2.178.6
$2,881.8 $2,881.8 $6.481.8 S3,600.0
S5,093.6 $5,093.5 $10,872.1 $5,778.6
$834.4 $834.3 $1,452.7 $618.4
$2,305.6 $2,305.6 $5,505.6 $3.200.0
$3,140.0 $3,139.9 $6,958.3 $3,818.4
$1,529.7 $1,529.7 $2,065.5 $535.8
$15,707.4 $15.707.4 $27,207.4 $11,500.0
$17,237.1 $17,237.1 $29,272.9 $12,035.8
$4,575.9 $4,575.7 $7,908.5 $3,332.8
$20,894.8 $20,894.8 $39,194.8 $18,300.0
TOTAL $25.470.7 $25,470.5 $47,103.3 $21,632.8
PERMANENT WORICYEARS
Acid Rain Program
Indoor Air Program
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Global Change Program
TOTAL PERMANENT UORICYEARS
Acid Rain Program
Indoor Air Program
Global Change Program
TOTAL UORICYEARS
32.8
13.5
24.7
71.0
32.8
13.5
24.7
71.0
32.8
13.5
24.7
71.0
32.8
13.5
24.7
71.0
67.8
23.5
30.7
122.0
67.8
23.5
30.7
122.0
35.0
10.0
6.0
51.0
35.0
10.0
6.0
51.0
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AIR
Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $47,103,300 supported by 122.0 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $21,632,800 and an increase of 51.0 total
workyears from 1991. Of the request, $7,908,500 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $39,194,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $3,332,800 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and an increase of $18,300,000 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
ACID RAIN PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
In 1992 the Agency requests a total of $10,872,100 supported by 67.8 total
workyears, of which $4,390,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $6,481,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,178,600 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation; an increase of $3,600,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation; and an increase of 35.0 total workyears.
The increase supports implementation of the acid rain control requirements
of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
In 1992 the acid rain program will promulgate the allowance system
regulations and initiate systems operation. States and EPA Regional offices will
review and quality assure additional utility data for allowance calculations.
Phase I allowance reserve calculations and Phase II allowances for over two dozen
source categories will be published. Final guidance will be issued on allowance
trading, sales, and auctions. The program will promulgate a Federal permit
program regulation and regulations on emissions monitoring requirements. An
emissions tracking system will be developed.
In addition, the program will issue guidance on qualifying Phase I
technology. Phase I permit applications and compliance plans, including requests
for extensions, will be reviewed and approved. The program will work with the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards on a regulation or interpretive
ruling for air quality review of clean coal technology/repowering projects. The
program will promulgate nitrogen oxide emission rate regulations, including
provisions for alternative compliance methods and emissions averaging.
Activities will also include review/approval of nitrogen oxide permit
applications and compliance plans. In addition, the program will promulgate a
regulation on permit requirements for sources electing to enter the allowance
trading program, establish an energy conservation and renewable energy technology
reserve, and review applications submitted for the reserve. The program will
also issue critical guidance on the Federal and state permit programs,
alternative nitrogen oxide emissions rates and averaging, and application
procedures for clean coal technology projects and elective sources. In addition,
the program will promulgate a regulation to collect fees from plants exceeding
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their sulfur dioxide sulfur dioxide allowances and to reduce automatically the
plants' subsequent year allocation by the excess emission amount.
The program will co-chair the Acid Deposition Subcommittee of the Air and
Radiation Research Committee and will continue to participate in on-going NAPAP
activities and will coordinate Agency acid rain related research. Workshops on
the acid rain program will be conducted and information will be disseminated to
industry and the public. The program will also begin two reports to Congress
during 1992, one on the feasibility of acid deposition standards and a second on
assessment of Canadian acid rain controls.
The program will begin preparation of a report to Congress on industrial
sulfur dioxide emissions with updates required every five years. A continuous
emissions monitoring training program will be developed and implemented. Also,
a plan to assess the economic and environmental consequences of the program will
be designed.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $5,093,500 supported by 32.8
total workyears to this program, of which $2,211,700 is for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,881,800 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 the new Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require significantly
expanded and enhanced acid rain program development, coordination, and
implementation activities. The program proposes all the major regulations for
the acid rain program: the allowance system (trading, banking, auctions, and
sales); continuous emissions monitoring (CEM) and tracking; a Federal acid rain
permit program; nitrogen oxide emission rates for existing boilers with
provisions for averaging and alternatives; excess emissions fees and offsets; and
conservation and renewable energy incentives.
Under the Federal Advisory Committee Act, an Acid Rain Advisory Committee
has been established to assist EPA in developing the most effective rules and
procedures for this new approach to environmental management. This 44-member
body, composed of utility executives, public utility commissioners, state air
directors, environmentalists, gas representatives, and others, is essential,
particularly given the added requirements and complexity of the final law.
Workshops on the acid rain control program will be conducted and information will
be disseminated to industry, states, and the public^in 1991.
Also, support will be provided for participation on the United States -
Canadian Air Quality Committee in implementing the air quality accord. The
program will begin an initiative to use existing Federal, state, Regional and
organizational networks to identify informational needs and state-level projects
for encouraging increased use of energy conservation and renewables through
least-cost utility planning and voluntary private actions. The acid rain program
will also ensure completion of the 1990 NAPAP integrated assessment and carry out
the new requirements under the legislation for continuation of NAPAP. Support
will continue to be provided to DOE through the Innovative Control Technology
Advisory Panel and comments will be provided on future DOE clean coal technology
solicitations.
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1990 Accomplishments
1990 accomplishments for this program activity are described in the program
element, "National Pollutant Policies, Strategies and Rules".
INDOOR AIR PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
In 1992 the Agency requests a total of $6,958,300 supported by 23.5 total
workyears, of which $1,452,700 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $5,505,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $618,400 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation; an increase of $3,200,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation; and an increase of 10.0 total workyears.
The increases provide for a national study of indoor air quality in large
buildings; the expansion of the Regional Training Center network, implementation
of the Agency's indoor air program at the Regional level including the
development of specialized indoor air quality courses; and the development of an
indoor air source emissions inventory for materials used in the indoor
environment.
In 1992 the indoor air program will launch the National Indoor Air Quality
Clearinghouse to provide a range of information services to the public, to state
and local indoor air personnel, to the private sector, and to the research
community. Two additional guidance documents for key indoor air quality
audiences will be completed, an introductory design guide for architects of
commercial buildings, and a physicians guide to building-related illnesses. With
the completion of these remaining guidance documents, the indoor air program will
have concluded the first round of indoor air quality program development by
establishing Federal guidance on the crucial elements of a national indoor air
quality strategy. The availability of guidance for consumers, homebuilders,
owners and operators of large buildings, school district administrators,
architects and engineers, and physicians will provide the knowledge base from
which a variety of more specific, targeted information products will be created
and aggressively disseminated. In 1992 additional activities will include: the
development an indoor air quality investigation handbook, a home buyers guide to
indoor air quality, and building maintenance forms and check-lists for building
operators. The Regional training centers selected to develop and offer indoor
air quality training courses in 1991 will be maintained. The program will
cooperate with the Department of Health and Human Services in evaluating the
effectiveness of specific workplace smoking policies.
The program will initiate a national study of the indoor air quality in
large buildings. This investigation of selected complaint and non-complaint
buildings will provide the data needed to define the extent to which our
estimates accurately reflect the national building stock, and whether diffe'-rences
in specific parameters of indoor air quality account for differences in occupant
health and comfort concerns. Resources will fund these investigators to collect
and report data in a comparable manner, as determined by indoor air quality
protocols for the study developed in 1991.
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Expansion of the Regional Training Center network through the development
of targeted courses for specific indoor air quality audiences will create a
strong foundation for an effective partnership with state and local authorities.
At the same time initiation of an indoor air source emissions inventory will
provide an important tool for consumers and key decision-makers to select lower
emitting materials in the indoor environment. This will be a crucial element in
an effective national response to indoor air quality concerns.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $3,139,900 supported by 13.5
total workyears to this program, of which $834,300 is for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,305,600 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 the indoor air program will continue to provide Agency leadership
and coordination within the Federal establishment. Guidance documents for
building owners and managers, for homebuilders, and for school district
administrators on indoor air quality will be completed and disseminated as will
the policymaker's guide to workplace smoking policies. A physicians handbook on
building-related illness will be under development. The National Academy of
Sciences will recommend to the program a research agenda that should be followed
to advance the nation's understanding of the phenomenon of multiple chemical
sensitivity. A preliminary report on the economic impact of mitigating indoor
air pollution will be completed. A preliminary set of protocols for conducting
investigations of both complaint and non-complaint buildings will be made
available for discussion by a select group of investigators to prepare for a
nationwide study of indoor air quality in large buildings. The next phase of the
indoor air quality training strategy for state and local governments will begin
with program support for selected Regional training centers to design, develop,
and/or offer courses on indoor air quality and related topics. The international
inventory of indoor air activities and programs compiled under the aegis of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society
will be completed. The National Indoor Air Quality Clearinghouse will begin
limited operation.
1990 Accomplishments
1990 accomplishments for this program activity are described in the program
element, "National Pollutant Policies, Strategies and Rules."
GLOBAL CHANGE PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
In 1992 the Agency requests a total of $29,272,900 supported by 30.7 total
workyears, of which $2,065,500 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $27,207,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $535,800 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation; an increase of $11,500,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation; and an increase of 6.0 total workyears.
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The increases provide for technical data, technical support, and regulatory
activity initiatives to meet the implementation requirements of the Montreal
Protocol. In addition, the increase includes $20,000,000 in financial support
through a multi-lateral fund to help developing countries finance the incremental
cost of shifting away from ozone depleting chemicals, for the implementation of
key provisions of the new Clean Air Act in support of the reduction of ozone
depletion chemicals including enhanced program activities and rulemakings for the
CFC/halons national recycling program and further development and implementation
of safe substitutes and alternative chemicals and products.
In 1992 the global change program will expand the tracking and
administrative controls used to operate the regulatory program. To fully
implement the amendments to the Montreal Protocol and the new Clean Air Act, the
administrative controls and tracking system will require incorporation of
additional chemicals, regulated companies, and more frequent electronic reporting
by companies. More effective communication with the United States Customs Bureau
will be required to monitor possible import violations. In addition, full
implementation of the national recycling program is required for the major air-
conditioning and refrigeration sectors to minimize the costs of the phase-out
required under the amendments to the Protocol and the Clean Air Act.
An effective compliance program will be developed for recycling. The
recycling program will also investigate options to recycle or recover these
chemicals at disposal and to expand the list of recyclable chemicals to include
hydro-fluorocarbons (HCFCs). The program will also be able to strengthen
voluntary programs for the recovery and recycling of the ozone depleting
compounds in sectors where institutional barriers may hinder such practices. A
safe alternatives program, required under the Clean Air Act, will be established
to review the environmental and health effects of the developing substitutes.
The program will include in its scope a comprehensive evaluation of developing
substitutes, and examine all of the environmental benefits and hazards of using
(or not using) substitute chemicals. This program will also assess uses (e.g.,
medical purposes, national security) that should be exempt from any phase-out for
a limited period of time. In cooperation with industry, CFC technology efforts
for substitutes and vacuum insulation will be enhanced. The global change
program will facilitate national and international technology transfer through
ad-hoc working groups and trade conferences and through the implementation of the
multi-lateral fund under the Protocol. There will be emphasis on assisting small
users in shifting out of controlled substances. The program will also
participate in scientific and technical assessments that are required under the
Montreal Protocol, facilitate the transfer of technologies to developing
countries and maintain its lead role in upcoming meetings of the Protocol
members.
To address global warming issues, the program will evaluate options to
reduce production of greenhouse gases by stabilizing methane from livestock and
coal mining and prepare reports as required under the new Clean Air Act
amendments. The program will expand efforts to promote cost-effective energy
conservation and pollution prevention. The program will examine renewable sources
of energy such as an energy efficient lighting program and energy efficient
appliances and equipment in the residential and commercial sectors.
The global change program will support international activities for
compliance and data reporting for the Montreal Protocol; develop a list of
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products that contain regulated chemicals; initiate development of regulations,
as required under the Protocol, that ban the import of these products from
countries that are non-parties; and continue to conduct further HCFC phase-out
activities. The program will also provide financial assistance to developing
countries through a multi-lateral fund established by the Parties to the Protocol
to help pay for meeting the incremental cost of shifting away from ozone
depleting chemicals. The program will also be involved in negotiations involving
future changes to the Montreal Protocol.
To implement the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the global change
program will collect production, import, and use data on the regulated chemicals
and prepare periodic reports to Congress based on this information. The program
must respond to petitions that request that EPA expedite the schedule for the
phase-out of ozone depleting chemicals, and evaluate exemptions to the schedule
for medical purposes, fire suppression, essential uses, and national security.
In addition, the program will continue its work on recycling rulemakings that
require EPA to set the lowest achievable emissions for CFC using equipment, to
ban the sale of small canisters containing CFC refrigerants, and to set safe
disposal requirements of refrigerants. The global change program will operate
a compliance program to enforce these additional elements of a national recycling
program, including the review of certification programs for mobile air-
conditioning technicians and equipment. The program will enhance efforts to
require adoption of safe substitutes i.e., alternative chemicals and products.
The program will also prepare a report to Congress on the projected trends of
ozone depletion.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $17,237,100 supported by 24.7
total workyears to this program, of which $1,529,700 is for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $15,707,400 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 implementation and support of the Montreal Protocol will require
development of rules on trading with non-participating nations, methods for
inspection of imported goods, rules to discourage export of CFC using
technologies, enhanced mechanisms to transfer non-CFC using technologies to
lesser developed countries, and technical data development and technical support
to participating Protocol nations. The program will provide financial support
through a multi-lateral fund to help developing countries finance the incremental
costs of shifting away from ozone depleting chemicals.
The domestic program under the new Clean Air Act amendments will include
administration of allocations, initiation of the development of additional rules,
and a program for a national recycling effort. In addition, the new Act will
require faster phase-out of CFCs and phase-out of chemicals not previously listed
in the Montreal Protocol. This will necessitate the development of regulatory
proposals to control methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and HCFCs. The
program will monitor the development of energy efficient and safe substitutes and
alternative chemicals and products.
In cooperation with industry, the program will accelerate efforts to
develop technologies for fire fighting and refrigeration systems, expand ammonia
use, develop better substitutes, and develop better foams. The global change
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program will continue to explore and expand its efforts relative to policies,
practices and technological options and mechanisms for control of methane
emissions to address the greenhouse effect and will extend its efforts to explore
energy conservation measures. The program will develop a data base to inform
industry and help organize responses that enhance long-term competition,
including future foreign market opportunities.
Congressional Directives. A total of $9,500,000 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation is for three Congressionally directed projects: the
Montreal Protocol multi-lateral facilitation fund, methane research, and Montreal
Protocol implementation.
1990 Accomplishments
1990 accomplishments for this program activity are described in the program
element, "National Pollutant Policies, Strategies and Rules."
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
AIR
ENFORCEMENT
Stationary Source Enforcement . 2-76
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-81
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AIR
Stationary Source Enforc
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Stationary Source
Compliance
Salariea t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
$14.051.6 $17,720.1 $17.719.8 $21,195.7 $3.475.9
$3,931.4 $6,525.7 $6,525.7 $6,451.7 -$74.0
$17,983.0 $24,245.8 $24,245.5 $27,647.4 $3,401.9
TOTAL:
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control
and Compliance
Stationary Source TOTAL
Enforcement
$14,051.6 $17,720.1 $17,719.8 $21,195.7 $3,475.9
$3,931.4 $6,525.7 $6,525.7 $6,451.7 -$74.0
$17,983.0 $24,245.8 $24,245.5 $27,647.4 $3,401.9
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Stationary Source
Compliance
281.6 344.9 344.9 382.4
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 281.6 344.9 344.9 382.4
37.5
37.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Stationary Source
Compliance
TOTAL UORKYEARS
295.6
295.6
361.4
361.4
361.4
361.4
382.4
382.4
21.0
21.0
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AIR
Stationary Source Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $27,647,400 supported by 382.4 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $3,401,900 and 21.0 total workyears from 1991.
Of the request, $21,195,700 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $6,451,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation of
$3,475,900 and a decrease of $74,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
STATIONARY SOURCE ENFORCEMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $27,647,400 supported by 382.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $21,195,700 will be for Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,451,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $3,475,900 for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, a decrease of $74,000 in the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 21.0 total workyears
from 1991. The increase will address new requirements under the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 in the areas of administrative penalties, compliance
certification, citizen suits, contractor listing programs, and field inspections.
In 1992 compliance monitoring and enforcement efforts (in concert with the
states) will ensure the compliance of state implementation plan, NSPS, and
NESHAPs sources. Implementation of the strategies for the Asbestos NESHAPs
demolition and renovation program and for benzene will continue, as will
initiatives to enforce the other NESHAPs standards. Resources will be used to
conduct asbestos demolition and renovation inspections. Efforts will support the
implementation of an expanded radionuclide compliance and enforcement program
through the inspection of sources and initiation of enforcement actions. A
comprehensive program to determine the effectiveness of volatile organic compound
rules, implementation of the compliance monitoring and inspection targeting
program to ensure better utilization of inspection resources, and workshop and
technical support will continue. Efforts to enhance volatile organic compound
source compliance in ozone nonattainment areas, including small volatile organic
compound sources, will continue. Efforts will also be directed toward
implementation of an effective program of reviewing ozone state implementation
plans and revisions for enforceability. For the PM-10 program, efforts will
focus on reviewing proposed PM-10 state implementation plans for enforceability
and ensuring compliance by sources subject to newly promulgated PM-10 SIPs.
Enforcement of continuous emission monitoring (CEM) requirements for sulfur
dioxide sources will also continue. Sulfur dioxide inspections which may result
in the need to issue administrative orders and the processing of litigation
referrals will be conducted. In addition, efforts will support the
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implementation of the continued phase-dowrv of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-) production
and importation.' State program building will be emphasized in an expanded review
and state implementation plan assistance program for assuring the enforceability
of new requirements. Support will be provided for the conduct of inspections and
enforcement of the CFC program as will as the expanding air toxics program for
radionuclide and an enhanced compliance program for acid rain. A new field
citation and penalty program will be implemented under Title VI of the new Clean
Air Act amendments. A new program will be implemented to assure that 110
companies install and operate CEM sulfur dioxide monitors for acid rain
strategies. Support will also be provided for the development of an operating
permits program. Title III toxic emission sources will be evaluated and
permitted. Headquarters Regional contract resources will support the conduct of
sulfur dioxide inspections, administrative orders, and litigation referrals.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $24,245,500 supported by 361.4 total
workyears to this program, of which $17,719,800 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,525,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 the ten EPA Regional offices are continuing their compliance
monitoring and enforcement efforts to ensure (in concert with the states) the
compliance of state implementation plan, NSPS, and NESHAPs sources.
Implementation of the strategies for the NESHAPs for asbestos demolition and
renovation program and for benzene continues, as will initiatives to enforce the
other NESHAPs. Resources are being used to conduct asbestos demolition and
renovation inspections. Additional support is being provided to an expanding
program of assisting states in following through on their enforcement of
demolition and renovation activities. Resources are also supporting compliance
and enforcement of the benzene NESHAPs. A comprehensive program to determine the
effectiveness of rules is being expanded to cover other source and pollutant
categories. Implementation of the compliance monitoring and inspection targeting
program to ensure better use of inspection resources continues as does workshop
and technical support. Resources are being directed toward implementation of an
effective program of reviewing ozone state implementation plans and revisions for
enforceability.
For the PM-10 program, the Regions are reviewing proposed PM-10 state
implementation plans for enforceability and ensuring compliance by sources
subject to newly promulgated PM-10 plans. Enforcement of CEM requirements of
sulfur dioxide sources continues. Additional resources are supporting the
continued phase-down of CFC production and importation and supporting the
development and implementation of recycling regulations required by the changes
in the Clean Air Act. In addition, state program building is being emphasized
in an expanded review and state implementation assistance program for assuring
the enforceability of new requirements and the focus of resources for targeting
compliance efforts toward significant environmental problems.
In 1991 EPA headquarters continues to participate in the development of
policy guidance, planning, and budgeting activities, and the review of selected
Regional activities and program performance. Headquarters is also assuring the
enforceability of proposed Agency regulations under NSPSs, NESHAPs, and
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prevention of significant deterioration programs; responding to formal inquiries ;
managing the National Asbestos Registry System and the compliance portion
AIRS; managing the level of effort contracts; and conducting technical studies.
Headquarters continues the implementation of the technical agenda by developing
jointly with the Regions a planned list of technical projects to be initiated in
1991. In addition, this program area will assure the successful implementation
of the revised asbestos demolition and renovation strategy.
During 1991 EPA headquarters is ensuring enhanced volatile organic compound
compliance by providing technical and training support to the Regions and state
agencies, issuing policy guidance, monitoring compliance and enforcement
activities, and overviewing the implementation of the rule-effectiveness
protocol. In addition, headquarters is continuing the implementation of the
laboratory program for woodstove testing, reviewing applications for woodstove
certification, monitoring certification tests, and certifying production lines.
The woodstove program is moving into the second phase of certification and
enforcement and additional resources are supporting implementation of the Random
Compliance Audit and the Selective Enforcement Audit programs. Approximately 250
woodstove production lines will be certified during 1991.
Headquarters is reviewing proposed PM-10 and ozone/carbon monoxide state
implementation plans for national enforceability issues. It is also evaluating
the effectiveness of state and EPA compliance monitoring and inspection programs.
Promoting the use and developing national guidance for CEM requirements continues
to be a major activity in 1991.
Support for the stratospheric ozone protection program is being expanded!
through participation in rule development and the preparation of compliance
monitoring strategies and guidance for automobile, commercial, and residential
air conditioning and refrigeration recycling programs. This is in addition to
a doubling of the number of production facilities which must be monitored as a
result of revisions to the Clean Air Act and the Montreal Protocol. Review of
the phaseout of CFCs and halons through monitoring compliance of manufacturers
and importers is being increased with an expected growth in the number of
violators identified and enforcement actions taken. The radionuclides and
benzene NESHAPs require the development and dissemination of implementation
guidance. The program is also supporting development of guidance relative to
applicability determinations. In addition, support is being provided to ensure
adequate direction and oversight of air toxics compliance and enforcement efforts
resulting from new Clean Air Act requirements, particularly in those states where
delegations of authority for both existing and prospective standards have not
been requested. EPA is ensuring that compliance requirements are reflected in
all regulations and guidance developed for the new acid rain program.
In addition, headquarters is developing regulations and guidance for
implementation of the administrative enforcement requirements resulting from the
new Clean Air Act amendments. Hearing procedures are being developed for use by
EPA's new administrative penalty program. Also, EPA is charged with the
authority to develop a field citation program for enforcement of the stationary
source Clean Air Act requirements. In addition, EPA is developing citizen award
provisions, citizen suit guidelines, and contractor listing procedures.
Regulations to implement the enhanced monitoring and guidance certification
authority in the new legislation are being developed.
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1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $17,983,000 supported by 295.6
total workyears, of which $14,051,600 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $3,931,400 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1990 major activities in the ten Regional 'offices included the
enhancement of volatile organic compound source compliance in ozone nonattainment
areas, the implementation of a comprehensive program to determine if adopted
measures were effectively implemented and the conduct of compliance workshops to
improve inspection quality. Efforts to enable state and local air pollution
agencies to improve their technical capabilities continued. Federal enforcement
actions focused on violating sources in nonattainment areas, with emphasis on
volatile organic compound sources and on enforcing regulations for toxic air
pollutant sources. EPA worked closely with the states in this effort through
implementation of Agency guidance on "timely and appropriate" enforcement
actions. Technical support was provided to the litigation docket and included
criminal enforcement activities.
In 1990 EPA Headquarters continued oversight of Regional programs through
programmatic reviews and reviews of certain classes of enforcement actions. This
program continued to assure the enforceability of proposed EPA regulations,
managed the Compliance Data System, including activities related to the
development of the new AIRS Facility Subsystem, and the National Asbestos
Registry System; managed the level of effort contract support program; developed
technical and program guidance; and conducted planning and budgeting activities.
The compliance monitoring and inspection targeting strategy was implemented
in 1990. Implementation of the NSPS woodstoves program continued, including the
review of applications for woodstoves certification, the monitoring of
certification tests, and the evaluation of test results. Headquarters continued
oversight and evaluation of Regional and state efforts to implement enhanced
volatile organic compound compliance monitoring and inspection activities, the
rule-effectiveness assessments, and the small volatile organic compound source
strategy. Headquarters developed a comprehensive training program and compliance
determination guides for selected categories of volatile organic compound
sources. Work to promote use of CEM requirements, including support for Regional
and state efforts, also continued as a major activity. The CFC phase-down effort
in its first year, placed emphasis on the compliance enforcement program and
provided Regional office training. Five enforcement actions were taken and
settled in principal prior to the end of the first control period.
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AIR «
'Mobil* Source Enforcement
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Mobile Source
Enforcement
Salaries t Expense*
Abatement Control end
Compliance
TOTAL
$5,837.2 $7,798.0 $7,798.0 $8,362.9
$2.930.9 $5,116.1 $5,116.1 $5,490.1
$8,768.1 $12,9U.1 $12,9U.1 $13,853.0
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $5,837.2 $7,798.0 $7,798.0 $8,362.9
Abatement Control and $2,930.9 $5,116.1 $5,116.1 $5,490.1
Conpl i ance
Mobile Source TOTAL
Enforcement
$8,768.1 $12,914.1 $12,914.1 $13,853.0
$564.9
$374.0
$938.9
$564.9
$374.0
$938.9
PERMANENT WOROTEARS
Mobile Source 105.1 120.3 120.3 124.3 4.0
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 105.1 120.3 120.3 124.3 4.0
TOTAL UORICYEARS
Mobile Source
Enforcement
TOTAL UORICYEARS
107.5
107.5
120.3
120.3
120.3
120.3
124.3
124.3
4.0
4.0
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AIR
Mobile Source Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,853,000 supported by 124.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,362,900 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $5,490,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $564,900 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $374,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 4.0 total workyears.
MOBILE SOURCE ENFORCEMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,853,000 supported by 124.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,362,900 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $5,490,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $564,900 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $374,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 4.0 total workyears.
The increases reflect the additional resources needed to continue the
implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
The EPA recall program will continue to investigate suspect light-duty
vehicle classes and carry out related diagnostic evaluation and remedy
development work, and continue to investigate high mileage, light-duty truck
classes to ensure and assess compliance with the more stringent full useful life
standard. The Agency will increase investigative efforts of heavy-duty gasoline
engine classes in support of the heavy-duty recall program implemented in 1991.
In addition, the Agency will continue investigations into the operations of
importers of non-conforming vehicles to ensure that certification procedures are
adequately implemented. The Selective Enforcement Audit (SEA) program will
continue audits of light-duty vehicle manufacturer facilities, audits of
heavy-duty manufacturer facilities, and production compliance audits in support
of the nonconformance penalties (NCP) progress to ensure that new production
vehicles and engines meet emissions and NCP requirements.
The fuel inspection program will begin enforcing the more stringent Phase
II fuel volatility requirements and also sample for alcohol and other fuel
additives by collecting fuel samples from refiners, importers, distributors, and
retail outlets throughout the country. The Agency will continue to audit the
incidence of tampering and fuel switching to gauge the effectiveness of the
anti-tampering programs by state and local jurisdictions. EPA will continue to
assist with the development of state and local programs aimed at preventing
tampering and fuel switching. EPA will implement the oxygenated fuel provisions
mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
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1991 Program
The Agency Is allocating a total of $12,914,100 supported by 120.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,798,000 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $5,116,100 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The EPA recall program will investigate 37 suspect light-duty vehicle
classes and carry out related diagnostic evaluation and remedy development work.
In addition, investigations to assess compliance with the more stringent full
useful life standards of high mileage, light-duty truck classes will be
conducted. The Agency will implement a small heavy-duty recall program that will
begin by investigating two heavy-duty engine classes (gasoline and diesel). In
addition, the Agency will continue investigations into the operations of
importers of non-conforming vehicles to ensure that certification procedures are
adequately implemented. The SEA program will conduct ten audits of light-duty
vehicle manufacturer facilities, five audits of heavy-duty manufacturer
facilities, and four production compliance audits in support of the NCP program
to ensure that new production vehicles and engines meet emissions and NCP
requirements.
The fuel inspection program will enforce the fuel volatility requirements
and also sample for alcohol and other fuel additives by collecting approximately
9,300 fuel samples from refiners, importers, distributors, and retail outlets
throughout the country. Lead phase-down enforcement (to ensure that refineries,
importers, and distributors are complying with the lead phase-down rules) will
decrease and involve only two audits of these fuel facilities. These inspections
are expected to lead to approximately 190 Notices of violations. A total of 450
tampering investigations will result in approximately 160 notices of violation.
The Agency will audit the incidence of tampering and fuel switching at 15 sites
primarily to gauge the effectiveness of the anti-tampering programs implemented
by state and local jurisdictions. EPA will continue to assist with the:
development of state and local programs aimed at preventing tampering and fuel
switching. Additionally, EPA will promulgate rules allowing the use of marketable
oxygen credits from gasolines with higher oxygen content to offset the sale or
use of gasoline with a lower oxygen content.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $8,768,100 supported by 107.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,837,200 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,930,900 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA continued the recall program with the investigation of 51 suspect
light-duty classes (22 at high altitude), together with related diagnostic
evaluation and remedy development work. The Agency also continued the
implementation of the regulatory revisions to the imports program. The program
processed 10,617 applications for importation of nonconforming vehicles. The SEA
program conducted 12 audits of light-duty manufacturer facilities and nine audits
of heavy-duty manufacturer facilities to ensure that new production vehicles and
engines met emission requirements. The Agency answered 4,714 consumer inquiries
on emission warranty issues. The Agency also continued enforcement of the fuel
volatility rules involving the inspection and sampling of 9,353 refiners,
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importers, distributors, and retail outlets throughout the country. These
inspections, along with the anti-tampering and anti-fuel switching enforcement
programs resulted in 258 notices of violations. Audits of tampering and fuel
switching were carried out at 15 sites. EPA continued to assist with the
implementation and assessment of state and local programs aimed at preventing
tampering and fuel switching.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
WATER QUALITY 3-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Water Quality Research 3-11
Scientific Assessment 3-15
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 3-16
Health Effects 3-17
Environmental Engineering and Technology 3-17
Environmental Processes and Effects 3-19
Great Lakes Research 3-21
Oil Spills 3-22
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Water Quality and Grants Program Management 3-24
Water Quality Management 3-25
Great Lakes Program 3-27
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-30
Effluent Standards and Guidelines 3-32
Grants Assistance Programs 3-36
Clean Lakes Program 3-37
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) 3-38
Water Quality Strategies Implementation 3-41
Wetlands Protection 3-43
Wetlands Implementation Program 3-46
Ocean Disposal Permits 3-47
Oil Spills Program 3-49
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention 3-50
Standards and Regulations 3-52
Nonpoint Source Management Grants 3-54
Nonpoint Source Implementation 3-56
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 3-58
Coastal Environment Management 3-59
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 3-61
Municipal Source Control 3-64
Municipal Pollution Control 3-65
Waste Treatment Operations and Maintenance 3-67
ENFORCEMENT
Water Quality Enforcement 3-69
Water Quality Permit Issuance 3-73
-------
WATER QUALITY
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Salaries I Expenses $112,044.5 $119,615.7 $119.656.5 $134,705.1 $15,048.6
Abatement Control and $228,611.2 $285,889.3 $285,889.3 $264,332.3 -$21,557.0
Compliance
Research & Development $10,869.6 $12,985.2 $12,985.5 $13,784.7 $799.2
TOTAL, Water Quality $351,525.3 $418,490.2 $418,531.3 $412,822.1 -$5,709.2
Ocean Dunping Act $1,365.9 $1,314.0 $1,314.0 -S1,314.0
PERMANENT WORICYEARS 2,008.6 2,166.4 2,166.4 2,340.8 174.4
TOTAL WORICYEARS 2,133.1 2,250.6 2,250.6 2,340.8 90.2
OUTLAYS $270,881.4 $380,802.2 $380,840.4 $376,419.9 -$4,420.5
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS The Water Quality Act of 1987 reauthorized this program
at a level of $410,270.0 for 1990. Authorization for
the Clean Water Act as mtnded in 1987 expired on
September 30, 1989. Reauthorize!ion is pending.
3-1
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WATER QUALITY
I. OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The legislative basis for EPA's water quality programs is founded in the
Clean Water Act (CWA), as amended; the Marine Protection, Research and
Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA), as amended; and the Marine Plastic Pollution Research
and Control Act of 1987 (MPPRCA). These laws direct EPA to take measures to
protect the nation's waters in order to safeguard public health, aquatic life,
recreational uses and aesthetics.
The Water Quality Act (WQA) of 1987, which amended the Clean Water Act,
expanded and strengthened the statute through a number of changes designed to
enhance water quality and improve the important partnership between EPA and the
states. The amended Act ratified existing programs, such as technology-based and
water quality-based effluent limits for point source dischargers. It also
provided new tools, such as mandatory permits to control sewage sludge
contamination and administrative penalties to streamline enforcement actions, to
strengthen existing programs.
The WQA established new approaches to address existing water pollution
problems (e.g., new programs for control of nonpoint source pollution and
permitting of stormwater discharges); provided funds to capitalize state
revolving funds; and mandated requirements to address existing and emerging
problems, such as surface water toxic control programs. The Great Lakes Critical
Programs Act of 1990 amends the CWA to set a specific timetable for completion
of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) and Lakewide Management Plans (LAMPs) in the|
Great Lakes Basin.
The MPRSA is designed to protect the oceans from unregulated dumping of
material that would endanger human health, public welfare, the marine environment
or economic potential. The Act authorizes the Agency to develop criteria for
ocean disposal of industrial waste, municipal sludges and dredged materials. EPA
is authorized to designate disposal sites and is responsible for the management
and monitoring of these sites. EPA is authorized to issue permits for all non-
dredged materials; however, the Corps of Engineers is responsible for issuing
permits for dredged material, using human health and marine impact criteria
developed by EPA.
The Ocean Dumping Ban Act (ODBA), which amended the MPRSA, sets a December
1991 deadline to end ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste. As
directed by the Act, EPA has issued dumping permits and negotiated agreements
with the dumpers. These agreements include schedules for the ending of ocean
dumping and implementation of disposal systems. The legislation imposed two
disposal fees on permitted dumpers: an administrative fee to cover the costs of
carrying out the Act and a punitive fee to be paid by dumpers who cannot end
ocean dumping in 1991.
The MPPRCA implements Annex V of the International Convention for t:he
Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973). It also requires EPA to submit, a
report to Congress on methods to reduce plastic pollution; assist the National
3-2
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Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in conducting a public education
program; and prepare a New York Bight Restoration Plan which includes addressing
the problems associated with plastic debris in the New York Bight.
The 1992 water quality program continues our effort to meet legislative
requirements and Presidential mandates related to ecological protection, toxic
contamination, nonpoint sources of pollution. Furthermore, we will maintain the
progress made to date in constructing wastewater treatment facilities and
developing the infrastructure to clean and protect our surface waters.
These water quality programs will enable the nation to begin addressing
emerging global issues, enhance our ability to protect coastal living resources,
and begin cleaning up the areas of concern in the Great Lakes. At the same time,
these programs will provide further improvements in enforcement programs, promote
state capacity through local cooperative initiatives and provide incentives for
developing innovative approaches and technology. EPA will continue to promote
international program development through the transfer of water information and
technology to Eastern Europe, the wider Caribbean and U.S. Territories to assist
in water pollution prevention and remediation efforts in these localities.
II. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Ecology
Wetlands loss has a major impact on our environment, including adverse
effects on species populations, water quality and flood control. In 1992, EPA
will implement recommendations of the Domestic Policy Council's Wetlands Task
Force. This is a high priority for the Agency in its efforts to prevent and
control pollution that poses risks to critical aquatic habitats. To assist in
attaining no net loss of wetlands, EPA will encourage states and Indian tribes
to develop wetlands protection programs, improve scientific knowledge about
wetlands protection, work closely with other agencies and apply stronger
enforcement actions to deter and punish polluters who illegally destroy these
natural resources.
Working closely with the NOAA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, EPA will direct significant new resources towards
a cooperative interagency approach to improve the Federal response to three major
coastal problems: species and habitat alteration and loss, nonpoint source
pollution, and contaminated sediments. This initiative builds upon the
collective capabilities and authorities of the participating agencies. It will
provide a broader range of authorities to effect change, share field expertise
and resources, and expand the scope of responsibilities and influence. Existing
institutional frameworks and ongoing programs, such as the National Estuary
Program (NEP) management conferences and Near Coastal Waters (NCW) strategies,
will be used to facilitate proposed actions and to administer project grants.
As a result of new legislative mandates, EPA is greatly increasing
resources for development of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for the 30 U.S. and
five joint U.S./Canada areas of concern in the Great Lakes Basin, as a result of
new legislative mandates. The Agency will continue funding for implementation
of the Chesapeake Bay Basinwide Toxics Reduction Strategy. This strategy
includes research on the fate, transport and effects of toxics on the Bay
3-3
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ecosystem, as well as pollution prevention initiatives to enhance states'
pesticides management programs. In 1992, the Agency will continue support for
the Gulf of Mexico program, and the National Estuary Program, which will sustain!
17 projects in developing and implementing management plans. Implementation will
continue for regional strategies for NCWs which assess pollutant loading and
establish pollution control and prevention programs to protect all coastal
waters, including the Great Lakes.
To help states establish a strong framework to protect and restore coastal
waters, EPA will accelerate efforts to produce both regulatory and non-regulatory
tools to address site-specific problems. This will include development of
ecologically-based salt and fresh water criteria appropriate for different types
of aquatic resources; as well as the development of water quality standards for
pollutants of concern.
A plan to regulate currently unregulated industries and pollutants will be
published by 199 . EPA will accelerate work to produce technology-based
standards for several new industries selected through risk-ranking procedures.
Stormwater discharger application rules for large and medium municipalities and
industrial activities will be defended and implemented by the Agency.
The Agency will continue to enforce provisions of the Ocean Dumping Ban Act
and continue work in support of oil spill restoration programs. EPA will
continue involvement with the Corps of Engineers in the designation and
management of environmentally safe dredged material disposal sites and work to
reduce illegal dumping of dredged material through improved identification
procedures and surveillance. The Agency will continue activities to identify and
control plastic pollution in marine environments.
Improvine State Capacity
Water quality programs will promote state and local cooperative initiatives
and provide incentives for developing innovative and alternative technology.
Indian tribes will be encouraged to participate as full and equal decision makers
in the protection of water resources on their lands through the provision of
technical assistance. Through the National Estuary Program, cooperation and
environmental management at the Regional, state and local level will be advanced
as the Agency and its Federal partners continue to work with state and local
agencies to develop and implement management plans for their estuary projects.
Financial assistance will be provided through cooperative agreements to
assist states obtain National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
program approvals; perform new complex tasks such as issuing new permits for
control of combined sewer overflows, sludge and stormwater; and build capability
to support unique pretreatment and enforcement needs. The Agency is also working
to establish long-term viable state revolving loan funds. A 1990 appropriation
provided financial assistance to Indian Tribes and Alaska Native Villages with
wastewater treatment needs.
EPA will assist states in refining their risk management techniques to more
accurately reflect the impact of nonpoint source pollution on sensitive aquatic
resources and habitats and in moving toward risk-based management of nonpoint
source pollution. EPA will also assist the states in implementing their approved
nonpoint source management programs by leveraging other Federal agencies'
3-4
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resources and providing states with grant funds to implement approved elements
of state nonpoint source management programs. State and local initiatives will
be supported through information clearinghouse and educational programs to
identify problems (and potential solutions) that communities face from nonpoint
source pollution, as well as wetlands pollution and loss.
Specialized technical assistance will be offered for the pretreatment,
compliance and enforcement programs, including hands-on aid to publicly owned
treatment works (POTWs) that have difficulty developing local limits for specific
categories of indirect industrial dischargers, difficulty meeting their toxicity
requirements or have no local pretreatment program. POTWs that discharge to
sensitive aquatic resources at greatest risk will also be targeted for this
specialized assistance. General assistance efforts will continue to help
communities deal with the problems of sewer infiltration/exfiltration,
infrastructure and treatment and sludge reuse.
Demonstration projects continue to be extremely useful in leveraging state
and local funds, as well as local interest and support for water quality. EPA
will fund demonstration projects in the various coastal areas to test solutions
and support local management decisions in areas such as nonpoint source pollution
controls, low cost technologies, compliance assessment projects and pollution
prevention activities. These projects seek to encourage state, local and private
investment in the application of these problem solutions in other geographic
areas in the future.
Construction Grants and State Revolving Funds
The Agency is working to establish self-sustaining state revolving loan
fund programs that can provide financial assistance for construction of new and
upgraded wastewater treatment facilities needed by communities to comply with
Clean Water Act requirements, and for other purposes (including non-point source
programs). Funding for the construction grants program ended in 1990; however,
over 4,000 projects will remain in active status in 1992. The Agency is
implementing a completion/closeout strategy that will effectively and efficiently
phase out the construction grants program while maintaining its technical,
environmental and financial integrity. EPA is providing technical and financial
assistance to states to carry out their increased base workload, meet new
requirements, and attempt to offset the reduction of construction grant set-aside
funds that have provided significant financial support to base program
activities.
Enforcing Water Quality Controls
In 1992, the water quality enforcement effort will continue to be
strengthened by tightening controls on dischargers, improving monitoring efforts
and coordinating outreach to inform the public and regulated community of the
consequences of improper or illegal disposal of wastes or filling of wetlands.
This effort will also include taking stronger enforcement actions through the use
of administrative orders, penalties and referrals. Continued compliance will be
encouraged by giving priority to resolution of violations at those POTWs which
have completed the construction necessary to meet final effluent limits, and by
vigorously enforcing pretreatment requirements.
3-5
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In an effort to support protection of coastal and marine environments,
permitting and enforcement activities will be targeted to achieve maximum wateri
quality improvement. In addition, EPA will continue to promote further
delegation of our statutorily mandated program for the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System.
Pollution Prevention
EPA will address the growing global trend towards pollution prevention as
an important means of protecting our natural resources. Efforts will include
international conferences and special projects related to industrial, municipal
and agricultural pollution prevention. The conferences augment continuing
efforts to share our industrial technology-based guidelines with other nations
through organizations such as the World Bank and the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development. They also help familiarize us with successful
pollution prevention techniques employed by other nations. This will help us
further our on-going efforts to incorporate pollution prevention into effluent
guidelines development process. EPA will continue support for international
activities, generally including the London Dumping Convention, MARPOL, the
Cartagena Convention and the Antarctic Treaty. The Agency will also sponsor and
participate in workshops and symposia for the international community. Work will
continue in conjunction with the wetlands and coastal protection programs of
Canada and Mexico to protect these shared water resources, particularly where
efforts coincide with bi-national programs involving the Great Lakes and the Gulf
of Mexico.
EPA will continue to exhibit domestic environmental leadership in targeting^
and addressing emerging environmental problems. The Agency will use pollution'
prevention and control approaches that involve both public and priv£ite
capacities. In 1992, the Agency will continue to encourage pollution prevention
in its municipal pollution control program, through technical assistance to
states that will help maintain and improve permit compliance. Likewise, water
use efficiency will continue to be promoted in order to reduce pressure for
expanding waste treatment capacities and the construction of costly new and
environmentally-damaging impoundments.
Performing Research and Development
In 1991, EPA's research program will provide increased focus on wetlands,
sediment quality and a renewed emphasis on oil spills research. With losses of
over one half of the nation's wetlands and the increased recognition of their
ecological and social value emphasized through the "no net loss" goal, research
will focus efforts on the science of wetlands creation and restoration. This
will include development of scientific guidelines for operational decisions to
achieve "no net losses" and to produce and validate design criteria for creation
and restoration of the many varying types of wetlands.
Most chemical contaminants and organic wastes in aquatic ecosystems
eventually accumulate in the sediments where they adversely affect the water
column, accumulate in biological tissues, and enter human food chains. Sediments
have become the concern for many state and EPA regulatory activities because of
potential impacts, the long periods of time associated with natural assimilation,
of many in-place pollutants, and the high cost of mitigation action. Current"
activities requiring sediment quality assessments include ocean disposal, NE1PA
3-6
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reviews, Superfund, and the Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay estuary projects.
Studies will be conducted to compare approaches for developing sediment quality
criteria. Comparative toxicological data bases will be used to begin deriving
contaminant-specific sediment quality criteria and to recommend minimum test
requirements for sediment quality evaluations. Great Lakes Research will also
include studies of the impact on the Great Lakes ecosystems of the non-indigenous
species, zebra mussel.
Oil spill technologies have not progressed over the past decade to
incorporate scientific advances such as microbial degradation. In 1992, research
will include bioremediation research at Valdez, Alaska. This research is
designed to evaluate the feasibility of accelerating the rate of biological
degradation of residues on Prince William Sound's shore lines. A renewed
National Oil Spills Program will focus on thermal, chemical and biological
approaches to spill prevention and clean-up, while research on the "physical"
clean-up activity will be carried out by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Consulting Services
The Agency uses consulting resources to fulfill the requirements of its
authorizing legislation. Specifically, EPA uses these resources to provide
technical assistance to Regions, states and local governments; collect data and
monitor background levels as a basis for future regulatory actions; and conduct
studies and analyses which support new programs.
3-7
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WATER QUALITY
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Incremental Outputs
Actual
1990
EPA Ocean Dumping Permit Review
25
Ocean Discharge Criteria Eval.
General 1
Major 23
Minor 0
Construction Grants
Awards1 251
Active Construction Grants
Projects2 5,796
Construction Projects
Initiating Operations3 590
Permits Issued by EPA:
Municipal*
Major 210
Sludge Requirements 324
Minor 274
Non-Municipal5
Major 210
Minor 462
General 5
Adjudicatory Hearings6
Settled 73
Enforcement Actions7:
Inspections 1,863
Admin. Orders (AOs) 657
AOs with Penalties 196
Civil Litigation 57
Criminal Litigation 26
Clean Lakes Projects/Studies/
Assessments 98
Final Water Quality Criteria 0
Current
Estimate Estimate
1991 1992
25
1
23
41
117
4,939
398
220
265
0
300
0
5
106
1,900
476
378
52
20
107
7
25
1
22
6
33
4,333
325
196
285
0
228
0
5
116
1,460
553
409
71
28
90
Increase (+)l
Decrease (-)
1992 vs.
1991
-1
-35
-84
-606
-73
-24
+20
-72
+ 10
-440
+ 77
+31
+19
+8
-17
3-8
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WATER QUALITY
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Cumulative Outputs
Operational SRF Programs8 . .
Effluent Guidelines
Regulations/Support Documents
for Sludge Reuse/Disposal . ,
NPDES State Program Approvals
National Estuary Projects . .
Actual
1990
51
51
0
39
17
Current
Estimate Estimate
1991 1992
51
51
2
39
17
Increase (+)
Decrease (-)
1992 vs.
1991
51
53
6
39
17
+2
+4
Quicker conversion to SRF
2More recent data
3Revised projections
* Majors - The actual amount of major municipal permits reissued in 1990
increased slightly from last year (1989) because of the push to do
ICSs this fiscal year before the deadline of February 1991. The
estimate for 1991 decreased slightly from last year because the
Regions have negotiated the new target and this is all they feel
that they can do given the complexity of their permits and that they
are very resource intensive. Our estimate for 1992 decreased
sightly as the permits issuance bulge is going down.
Sludge - The actual amount of permits issued with sludge monitoring
requirements increased because it includes the municipal and the
non-municipal as we do not split it out for this STARS measure.
Minors - The number of municipal minors decreased due to the push to get ICSs
done and the large major municipal backlog.
5 Majors - The number of major non-municipal permits reissued in 1990 is
sightly less than what was issued in 1989 due to the high cost and
complexity of these permits. The estimate for 1991 reflects what
has been committed to through the Agency's Management System
process. The estimate for 1992 reflects the number of permits
scheduled to expire in that fiscal year.
Minors - The number of minor non-industrial permits reissued in FY1990
reflect the increase priority on majors and decreasing that backlog.
General - General permits were issued in 1990 as they are beginning to take on
more importance with the promulgation of the storm water rule. More
are expected in the coming years because they are more effective in
dealing with stormwater.
3-9
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WATER QUALITY
6There were more adjudicatory hearings done in FY 1990 as more and more
permittees objected to the strict limits being placed in permits. As the permits
get more and more complex the permits get more and more controversial which
explains the increased estimates for the next two fiscal years.
Calculations are based on rate of non-compliance
8Fifty States and Puerto Rico have operational SRF programs
3-10
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Water Quality Research 3-11
Scientific Assessment 3-15
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 3-16
Health Effects 3-17
Environmental Engineering and Technology 3-17
Environmental Processes and Effects 3-19
Great Lakes Research 3-21
Oil Spills 3-22
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Research
ACTUAL
1990
ENACTED
1991
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST
1992
INCREASE +
DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Scientific Assessment -
Water
Salaries I Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
Monitoring Systems And
Quality Assurance -
Water
Salaries & Expenses
Research t Development
TOTAL
Health Effects - Water
Salaries & Expenses
TOTAL
Environmental
Engineering And
Technology - Water
Salaries t Expenses
Research t Development
TOTAL
Environmental Processes
And Effects - Water
Salaries & Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
$259.1
$334.8
$593.9
$3,058.5
$875.6
$3,934.1
$287.9
$287.9
$2,348.6
$3,231.1
$5,579.7
$310.0
$312.5
$622.5
$2,597.8
$824.4
$3,422.2
$404.7
$404.7
$2,031.0
$1,775.3
$3,806.3
$310.0
$312.5
$622.5
$2,597.8
$824.4
$3,422.2
$452.6
$452.6
$2,031.0
$1,775.6
$3,806.6
$371 .3
$322.4
$693.7
$3,156.4
$1.013.7
$4,170.1
$1,973.6
$2,125.6
$4,099.2
$9,265.5 $8,864.3
$4,027.4 $4,373.6
$13,292.9 $13,237.9
$8,864.3 $9,134.9
$4,373.6 $6,223.6
$13.237.9 $15,358.5
$61.3
$9.9
$71.2
$558.6
$189.3
$747.9
-$452.6
-$452.6
-$57.4
$350.0
$292.6
$270.6
$1,850.0
$2,120.6
Great Lakes Research -
Water
Salaries & Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
Oil Spills
Salaries & Expenses
Research t Development
TOTAL
TOTAL
Salaries I Expenses
Research t Development
$1
$2
$1
$617
,399
.017
$236
$973
.210
$16,073
$10
,842
.6
.4
.0
.4
.9
.3
.6
.2
$1
$2
$4
$4
$14
$12
$467
,699
,167
,000
,000
,675
,985
.8
.4
.2
.0
.0
.6
.2
11
$2
$4
$4
$14
$12
$467
,699
.167
,000
,000
,723
,985
.8 $481.1
.4 $4,099. 4
.2 $4,580.5
.0
.0
.5 $15,117.3
.5 $13,784.7
$13
$2,400
$2,413
0
-$4,000
-$4,000
.3
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
$393.8
$799
.2
Water Quality
Research
TOTAL $26,915.8 $27,660.8 $27,709.0 $28,902.0 $1,193.0
3-11
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Research
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Scientific Assessment - 2.8 5.0 5.0 6.0 1.0
Water
Monitoring System And 47.9 49.4 49.4 58.4 9.0
Quality Assurance -
Water
Health Effects - Water 4.3 4.7 4.7 -4.7
Environmental 35.9 36.7 36.7 36.7 0.0
Engineering And
Technology - Water
Environmental Processes 135.8 152.2 152.2 152.2 0.0
And Effects - Water
Great Lakes Research - 6.8 8.0 8.0 8.0 0.0
Water
Oil Spills 3.7 0.0
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 237.2 256.0 256.0 261.3 5.3
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Scientific Assessment - 4.6 5.0 5.0 6.0 1.0
Water
Monitoring Systems And 53.1 49.4 49.4 58.4 9.0
Quality Assurance -
Water
Health Effects Water 4.9 4.7 4.7 -4.7
Environmental 37.1 36.7 36.7 36.7 0.0
Engineering And
Technology - Water
Environmental Processes 145.9 152.2 152.2 152.2 0.0
And Effects - Water
Great Lakes Research - 8.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 0.0
Water
Oil Spills 3.8 0.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS 258.0 256.0 256.0 261.3 5.3
3-12
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Research
Principal Outputs
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1992: o
1991:
Initiate the development of a methodology to estimate exposure
pathways from contaminated sediments (ie., fish, water column,
plants).
Development of bioaccumulation factors for the eleven metals related
to the sixty-five ambient water quality criteria.
Provide technical support to the regions and states on existing water
quality standards and revise ambient water quality criteria as
necessary.
Apply risk assessment methods for surface disposal to develop
criteria. Investigate methods to incorporate those individuals
highly exposed.
Prepare 7 new health advisories and respond to comments on 65 ambient
water quality criteria addenda revisions.
Finalized risk assessments for surface impoundment methodology and
preliminary assessment for bacteria in land applied sludge.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1992: o Report on bioassessment protocols to support implementation of
biocriteria.
o Provide the Regions validated analytical marine methods for chemical,
fish tissue and sediment toxicity.
1991:
1990: o
HEALTH
1992: o
Report on feasibility study on the consolidation of wastewater and
drinking water methods.
Develop guidance manual for EPA and State use in evaluation/certi-
fication of toxicity testing laboratories.
Provide report on survival, viability and detection of pathogenic
protozoa in sludge.
Evaluated monitoring techniques and a generic approach to measure-
ments of toxic compounds.
Maintained discharge monitoring report as support for the quality
assurance program.
Reported on methods development, standardization and evaluation of
toxicity tests for marine, estuarine and freshwater organisms.
Provide guidance on toxicity tests for determining the potential
health hazard from substances in municipal waste waters and sludge.
3-13
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1991: o Provide a comparison of fish. bioassay with conventional toxicity|
testing.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
1992: o Develop preliminary design guidance for subsurface-flow constructed
wetlands systems.
o Provide reports and summaries on sludge incineration studies.
1991: o Provide assessment of toxicants in storm water runoff.
1990: o Reported on the fate of toxic organic during sludge treatment.
o Reported on pilot-scale treatability studies on pesticides-
manufacturing wastewater.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES
AND EFFECTS
1992: o Report on toxicity identification evaluations to marine sites.
1991: o Report on the application of wasteload allocation models to multiple
discharge sources into estuaries.
o Report on dredge material assessment techniques.
o Provide scientific data on predicting effects of disturbance of water|
quality functions on wetlands.
o Develop a screening model to predict virus transport in
ground water.
1990: o Provided report on validation of water quality criteria for Selenium.
o Reported on water quality functions of wetlands.
o Verified models used in 301(h) to define the zone of initial dilution
and water quality parameters.
o Reported on the characterization of complex mixtures using a
biomarker approach.
3-14
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Research
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $28,902,000 supported by 261.3 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $1,193,000 and 5.3 total workyears. Of the
request, $15,117,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$13,784,700 will be for the Research and Development appropriation, an increase
of $393,800 for Salaries and Expenses and a increase of $799,200 for Research and
Development. The increase of Research and Development provides partial support
for Agency initiatives in the Great Lakes and wetlands. Additional support has
been provided these initiatives through re-prioritization within the media. The
increases in Salaries and Expenses and total work years reflect additional
inhouse support for monitoring and engineering activities.
Program Objectives
The Water Quality research program provides the scientific and technical
data to States and the EPA's Office of Water in implementing the Clean Water Act,
and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act.
o This research provides the scientific base to help States develop
water quality standards, conduct use-attainability analyses and
implement the Agency's water quality based pollution control program.
o This activity provides the research needed by EPA for evaluating
impacts of ocean disposal practices, conducts research on the Great
Lakes ecosystems, develops responsive and scientifically valid
estuarine and coastal waters programs, and up through FY 1991 provides
national oils spills research.
o The wastewater research program provides the technical information,
engineering and monitoring assistance needed by EPA, municipalities,
and industry to develop and implement regulations, sludge disposal
guidance, and pollution control from municipal treatment plants.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $693,700 supported by 6 .0 total workyears for
this program, of which $371,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $322,400 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $61,300 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, and a minor increase of $9,900 in the Research and
Development appropriation. The increase in the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation is requested to fund the Federal workforce needed to implement the
President's program in 1992, and reflects 1.0 added workyear effort for
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quantitative health risk assessments.
Research to support Post-BAT requirements will provide support to the Agency
and States to update, modify, and implement health standards for ambient water
quality and sediment criteria. ORD will develop health advisories to support
effluent regulations for toxics and provide technical support to the Regions and
States on risk assessments. In support of the CWA Amendments ORD will provide
technical support to the Office of Water for developing and implementing their
regulations on toxics in sludge. Criteria for assessing hazards and risk from
exposure to bacteria in sludge will be developed. An approach using the most-
exposed population will be developed for comparing disposal options for municipal
sludge.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $622,500 supported by 5.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $310,000 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $312,500 is from the Research and Development appropriation.
ORD is providing support to the Agency and States on health criteria for
water quality, developing health advisories in support of effluent regulations,
providing technical support for risk assessments, and developing criteria for
assessing hazard and risk from bacteria in sludge.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $593,900 supported by total of 4.6
workyears for this program, of which $259,100 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $334,800 was from the Research and Development appropriation.
Sixty-four ambient water quality documents were finalized. Support to the
regions and states on criteria was provided. Draft pathogen land application
methodology for use in risk assessments and a methodology for addressing risk
from surface sludge impoundments were completed.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,170,100 supported by 58.4 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,156,400 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $1,013,700 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents increase of 9.0 workyears, $558,600 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and $189,300 in the Research and Development
appropriation. The increase in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation is
requested to fund the Federal workforce needed to implement the President's
program in 1992 and corresponds to the increase in workyears, while the increase
in Research and Development represents support for the agency wide initiative for
Great Lakes specifically through increased efforts on sediment quality
activities.
The CWA Amendments place emphases on developing methods to measure and
monitor water quality. In support of this activity, ORD will develop and
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standardize methods and provide field tested protocols to assess ambient water
quality. In addition, ORD will evaluate biological and microbial monitoring
techniques and promulgate standardized tests to measure chronic toxicity.
Additional research will develop the scientific data needed to support
environmentally sound ocean disposal, wetlands, estuarine, and Great Lakes
programs.
ORD will provide standardized analytical methods to the Regions,
particularly in the estuarine and marine areas. ORD will conduct research on
marine methods consistent with the Agency's priority for validated chemical,
biological and sediment toxicity methods. Research will continue on methods for
determining microbial quality in marine systems including standa.rd methods to
distinguish human and animal fecal contamination. Protocols for monitoring
coastal waters, viruses in shellfish, and bacteria associated with fish diseases
will be developed. Great Lakes research will focus on developing methods for
analyzing contaminated sediments.
The monitoring research program will conduct semi-annual performance
evaluation studies to review and revise the Agency's Quality Assurance support.
Performance criteria will be developed for NPDES permit analysis, and
investigation of analytical method deficiencies identified by NPDES permitters.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,422,200 supported by 49.4
total workyears for this program, of which $2,597,800 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $824,400 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
ORD is evaluating chemical monitoring methods and protocols designed to
measure marine and estuarine water quality. The program also provides cost-
effective monitoring methods for the measurement of chemical and biological
parameters required in the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) program and in the assessment of fresh water quality and quantifying
contaminants in sediments and sludge to the Agency and States.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $3,934,100 supported by 53.1 total
workyears for its monitoring and quality assurance program in water quality, of
which $3,058,500 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $875,600
was from the Research and Development appropriation.
In support of the Clean Water Act, the Marine Protection Research and
Sanctuaries Act, and the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES),
ORD evaluated monitoring methods for measuring toxic compounds. A series of
discharge monitoring reports were provided to the Regions and States.
Interlaboratory comparisons were performed to assess the performance of chemical
and biological methods for the analysis of contaminants regulated under NPDES.
A repository of toxic standards and calibration samples was maintained.
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HEALTH EFFECTS
«
1992 Program Request
The Agency has not requested resources for this activity. This represents
a decrease of $452,600 for Salaries and Expenses and 4.7 in total workyears. All
remaining research will be completed during fiscal year 1991. These resources
have been reprogrammed to support the Office of Waters' disinfection/disinfection
by-products activities.
1991 Program
In 1990, the Agency is allocating a total of $452,600 supported by 4.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $452,600 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and no dollars from the Research and Development appropriation.
This inhouse research program is providing guidance on toxicity tests for
determining the potential hazard from substances in municipal wastewater sludge.
This work is to be completed during fiscal year 1991.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $287,900 supported by 4.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $287,900 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and no dollars from the Research and Development appropriation.
Research activities focused on the validity of fish toxicity bioassays
against conventional toxicity testing to determine if fish assays could be
substituted.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,099,200 supported by 36.7 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,973,600 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,125,600 dollars for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $57,400 from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, an increase of $350,000 in the Research and Development
appropriation and no change in workyears. The decrease in Salaries and Expenses
represents a realignment while the increase in Research and Development
represents additional support for sediment quality activities providing benefits
to the Great Lakes and other bodies of water.
ORD will evaluate new wastewater technologies that promise improved
economics or effectiveness primarily for small communities (i.e., constructed
wetlands). Results will be provided to states, municipalities, and design
professionals. ORD will provide technical assistance to support the update of
sludge regulations and conduct research to support the Agency's storm and
combined sewer overflow program. Cost effective control technology for
contaminated sediments will be initiated.
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1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,806,600 supported by 36.7
total workyears for this program, of which $2,031,000 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,775,600 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
ORD are evaluating new conveyance and treatment technologies. The results
will be provided to States, municipalities, and design professionals. Technical
investigations are being conducted on the infrastructure of Publicly Owned
Treatment Works (POTWs). Results will be provided to the municipalities to help
them realize full value of these investments and properly operate and maintain
the facilities. ORD is providing technical assistance and research to support
the Agency's storm and combined sewer overflow program mandated by the Clean
Water Act. Research and technical assistance is being continued in support of
sludge regulation implementation and revision.
Congressional Directives. A total of $2,750,000 is for the Congressionally-
directed projects to study sludge-to-oil reaction ($250,000), the Denver Water
Reuse Demonstration Project ($500,000), and oil spills ($2,000,000).
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $5,579,700 supported by 37.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,348,600 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,231,100 from the Research and Development
appropriation.
Major accomplishments included pilot-scale treatability studies on
wastewater from pesticide manufacturers; technical support to the Office of Water
for developing sludge regulations, assessment of toxics treatability, development
of toxicity reduction evaluation procedures and removal capabilities. Technical
assistance was provided to the Office of Water for the development of stormwater
permitting guidelines.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $15.358,500 supported by 152.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $9,134,900 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,223,600 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $270,600 from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, an increase of $1,850,000 from the Research and
Development appropriation, and no change from total workyears. The increase in
Salaries and Expenses and in Research and Development is requested to fund the
Federal workforce needed to implement the President's program in 1992, and
represents additional support for the "No Net Loss" goal for wetlands and for
sediment quality activity. The sediment quality increase will benefit both the
Great Lakes and other water bodies.
In response to the Post-BAT requirements of the CWA Amendments, the ORD will
develop methods to determine what uses are attainable in aquatic systems, and to
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work on integrating pollutant-specific control methods with whole toxicity
testing procedures and best available technology limits for use in permitting.
ORD will '
provide methodologies to assess water quality functions of wetlands, assess
individual and cumulative impacts of wetland conversions, and evaluate means of
mitigating wetland impacts. Increased emphasis will be given to research on
sediment quality and wetlands as part of the Agency's initiative on ecology. The
data from these studies will assist the States in developing strategies for
controlling and understanding toxic sediment pollutants in both small and large
water bodies and in implementing "No net Loss" goals for wetlands.
In addition, ORD will develop assessment procedures to evaluate impacts due
to ocean disposal of wastes in coastal waters. The integration of these
procedures will help determine the relative safety of ocean disposal and provide
comparison of alternative disposal strategies. Research will be conducted to
support the Agency's goal to reduce pollution in near coastal waters. This
research program will focus on recovery of coastal ecosystems, developing
biomarker assessment methods, coastal eutrophication problems and developing
wasteload allocation models for estuarine and coastal waters.
The gas chromatograph/mass spectroscopy tape library will be maintained and
updated. Growing data bases will provide additional information on wastewater
treatment technology needed to support the NPDES program and further research
will be conducted on ecological fate and effects issues associated with wetlands
constructed for the treatment of wastewater from small municipal discharges and
acid mine drainage.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $13,237,900 supported by 152.2
total workyears for this program, of which $8,864,300 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $4,373,600 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
Research is being conducted on methods to integrate whole effluent testing
procedures with chemical specific control technology. Methods to assess water
quality functions and ecological impacts associated with wetlands, the cumulative
loss and mitigation of impacts on wetlands are being developed. Research is
being conducted to provide methods to better assess the impacts of ocean
disposal. These procedures will be used in risk assessments. Estuarine and
near coastal waters research is focused on ecosystem recovery, eutrophication,
wasteload allocation and biomarkers as assessment techniques in coastal waters.
The gas chromatograph/mass spectroscopy tape library is being maintained and
updated. Research on ecological fate and effects of constructed wetlands is
being conducted.
Congressional Directives. A total of $400,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project to do research at the National Resources Institute Minerals
Research Laboratory on removing toxicity from materials using mining technology.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $13,292,900 supported by 145.9
total workyears for this program, of which $9,265,500 was from the Salaries and
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Expenses appropriation and $4,027,400 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
Major accomplishments include a report on the role of atmospheric nitrogen
in estuarine eutrophication, a critical review of waste load allocation practices
for estuaries, a synopsis of methods for biomonitoring of inland wetlands, a
report on applicability of current water quality to wetlands, and a research plan
for coastal waters biomarker assessment methods.
GREAT LAKES RESEARCH
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,580,500 supported by 8.0 total workyears
for this program, of which $481,100 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $4,099,400 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $13,300 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, an increase of $2,400,000 in the Research and Development
appropriation, and no change from total workyears. The increase in Salaries and
Expenses is a minor adjustment while the increase in Research and Development
represents additional support for the Administrator's Great Lakes initiative
through additional activity for research of exotic species such as zebra mussels
and for mass balance modeling. There are a number of research activities
contributing to improvement of water quality of the Great Lakes in addition to
those specifically directed to Great Lakes in this program element. These
include Contaminated Sediments, also supported under Water Quality, and
Environmental Management and Assessment Program (EMAP), supported under
Multimedia.
The objective of this program is to provide the scientific basis for cost-
effective reduction of human and ecological risk associated with Great Lakes
usage. In 1992, ORD will continue to develop and test methods to determine the
sources, bioaccumulation, and fate of toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes. The
program will accelerate the validity of uncertainty of model predictions. ORD
will develop CIS-based information systems for each lake basin and will be
networked into a single computer. Work will begin to develop regional airshed
and watershed models to better define the distribution mechanisms for toxic
chemicals.
Increased emphasis will be placed on assessing the impacts and consequences
of zebra mussels and other nonindigenous species. Increased funding for this
research is provided in 1991; continued funding is requested in 1992.
Contaminated sediment research in the Great Lakes will be coordinated with the
National program to develop sediment quality criteria. The entire Great Lakes
research program will be closely coordinated with EMAP-Great Lakes, funded under
multimedia, which in 1992 will expand to cover all five of the Great Lakes.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,167,200 supported by 8.0
total workyears for this program, of which $467,800 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,699,400 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
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In 1991 the program will emphasize research to develop mass balance models,
Geographical Information System (CIS) based environmental data bases and
decision-making systems, and technologies to assess contaminated sediment.
Confined disposal facilities will be evaluated. Research on indicators and
sampling methods for the Great Lakes EMAP program, funded under multimedia, and
ecological effects of the zebra mussel is being conducted.
Congressional Directive. A total of $250,000 is for the Congressionally-
directed project to conduct research on non-indigenous species in the Great
Lakes.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $2,017,000 supported by 8.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $617,600 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $1,399,400 was from the Research and Development appropriation.
Among the many accomplishments of the Great Lakes research program were:
completion of "screening level" mass balance models for Lake Ontario and the
Niagara River; completion of a major demonstration modeling project for Green
Bay; completion of an "In-place Pollutant Study" of sediments in the Detroit
River; completion of a sediment evaluation methods report for the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (DNR); development of sediment sampling
technologies; and completion of an interagency workplan for development of an
environmental information and decision-making system (CIS) for the Rouge/Detroit
River watershed.
OIL SPILLS
1992 Program Request
Support for the oil spills activities have been transferred as a total
program to Hazardous Waste Media Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance,
Environmental Engineering and Technology, and Envrionmental Processes and Effects
beginning with 1992. This choice was made because of its more direct association
with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act activity both in planning and
execution.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency Is allocating* a '"total of $4 ,t>00,000 for this program,
of which all is for the Research and Development appropriation.
In 1991 Agency research is finalizing results for and providing technical
support at Prince William Sound. The new national oils spills research program
is providing the scientific and engineering data required by on-site coordinators
to choose the most cost-effective and environmentally sound options for dealing
with spills. These options will include determining the effectiveness of the
removal processes. The research is divided into three areas: biological and
chemical cleanup techniques, cleanup operation monitoring techniques and
mechanical cleanup techniques for inland spills.
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1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $1,210,300 supported by 3.8 total
workyears for this program of which $236,400 was for the Salaries and Expense
appropriation and $973,900 was for the Research and Development appropriation.
Additional funds were provided by Exxon through the Federal Technology Transfer
Act.
Among the accomplishments were: development of biological enhancement
through nutrient application for remediation of oil soaked beaches, determination
of optimum application rates in cold water regions, acceptance by Exxon of
nutrient application use on approximately thirty-five miles of beach.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
WATER QUALITY
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Water Quality and Grants Program Management 3-24
Water Quality Management 3-25
Great Lakes Program 3-27
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-30
Effluent Standards and Guidelines 3-32
Grants Assistance Programs 3-36
Clean Lakes Program 3-37
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) 3-38
Water Quality Strategies Implementation 3-41
Wetlands Protection 3-43
Wetlands Implementation Program 3-46
Ocean Disposal Permits 3-47
Oil Spills Program 3-49
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention 3-50
Standards and Regulations 3-52
Nonpoint Source Management Grants 3-54
Nonpoint Source Implementation 3-56
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 3-58
Coastal Environment Management 3-59
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 3-61
Municipal Source Control 3-64
Municipal Pollution Control 3-65
Waste Treatment Operations and Maintenance 3-67
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality And Grants Program Management
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Water Quality
Management
Salaries I Expenses $5,550.8 $6,144.2 $6,144.0 $6,602.0 $458.0
Abatement Control and $2,166.1 $7,522.0 $7,522.0 $4,322.0 -$3.200.0
Compliance
TOTAL $7,716.9 $13,666.2 $13,666.0 $10,924.0 -$2,742.0
Great Lakes Program
Salaries & Expenses $2,542.0 $3,183.4 $3,183.4 $3,487.2 $303.8
Abatement Control and $10,438.2 $13,223.7 $13,223.7 $9,523.7 -$3,700.0
Compliance
TOTAL $12,980.2 $16,407.1 $16,407.1 $13,010.9 -$3,396.2
Chesapeake Bay Program
Salaries t Expenses $1,469.8 $1,497.6 $1,497.6 $1,545.0 $47.4
Abatement Control and $11,309.3 $14,748.8 $14,748.8 $14,748.8 0.0
Compliance
TOTAL $12,779.1 $16,246.4 $16,246.4 $16,293.8 $47.4
TOTAL:
Salaries t Expenses $9,562.6 $10,825.2 $10,825.0 $11,634.2 $809.2
Abatement Control and $23,913.6 $35,494.5 $35,494.5 $28,594.5 -$6,900.0
Compliance
Water Quality TOTAL $33,476.2 $46,319.7 $46,319.5 $40,228.7 -$6,090.8
and Grants Program
Management
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Water Quality 99.8 107.9 107.9 113.2 5.3
Management
Great Lakes Program 33.8 42.0 42.0 47.4 5.4
Chesapeake Bay Program 14.7 11.4 11.4 12.0 0.6
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 148.3 161.3 161.3 172.6 11.3
TOTAL WORCYEARS
Water Quality 105.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 0.0
Management
Great Lakes Program 37.3 45.4 45.4 47.4 2.0
Chesapeake Bay Program 15.7 12.0 12.0 12.0 0.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS 158.2 170.6 170.6 172.6 2.0
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality and Grants Program Management
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $40,228,700 supported by 172.6 total
workyears for 1992, a decrease of $6,090,800 and an increase of 2.0 total
workyears from 1991. Of the request, $11,634,200 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $28,594,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance Appropriation. This represents an increase of $809,200 in the
Salaries and Expense Appropriation and a decrease of $6,900,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance Appropriation.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,924,000 supported by 113.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,602,000 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $4,322,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $458,000 in Salaries
and Expenses, and a decrease of $3,200,000 Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
no change in total workyears. The increases in Salaries and Expenses reflects
increased personnel costs. The decrease in Abatement, Control and Compliancej
reflects Congressional add-ons in 1991 not carried through to 1992. The
reduction is partially offset by increases to support expanded efforts in the
nonpoint source (NFS) pollution prevention and control program and NFS pollution
prevention in high risk watersheds.
In 1992, as part of the President's ecological protection initiative, EPA
will increase emphasis on nonpoint source management to assist states in
addressing those priority watersheds most at risk from NPS pollution. The
ecological initiative will stress an integrated, cooperative approach to
implement geographically-targeted controls with special emphasis on non-
traditional pollution sources impacting state priority watersheds identified
through the state section 319 management program. The decreases reflect
completion of one-time Congressionally mandated projects in 1991.
EPA will continue providing NPS program direction, management and oversight
to help states strengthen the base structure for targeted watershed management
using improved state 319 management programs. This assistance will include
increased emphasis on the application of best management practices (BMPs). We
will work on developing the BMP guidance required by the Coastal Zone Management
Act reauthorization.
The Agency will develop and issue guidance supporting the creation of
strong state/local watershed management alliances among natural resources
agencies. These alliances will enable states to better use the programs,
policies, and delivery systems of related Federal programs from U.S. Department
of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, National Oceanic Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS), and others to provide water
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Federal alliances through Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) and better field
cooperation to support state NFS efforts.
The Agency will establish a national program for integrated watershed
protection, including guidance, technical assistance, workshops, and a
clearinghouse. EPA will work with Federal agencies to develop and catalogue
baseline BMPs for priority NFS sectors and will sponsor a national NFS Forum to
consolidate consensus among Federal agencies, states, localities and citizens on
actions needed to further NFS management.
EPA will support innovative state approaches to address NFS problems from
agriculture, mining, and forestry and will devote special emphasis to work with
USDA on the President's Water Quality Initiative to assure effective linkages
with state 319 programs. Improved strategies by States and local governments
with EPA assistance for linking needed NFS controls and stormwater permits will
be developed to address significant urban runoff problems.
The Agency will continue to provide basic eligibility and management
guidance for sections 106 and 205(j)(l)/604(b) grants to states, interstate
agencies, Indian Tribes and Regional Comprehensive Planning Organizations
(RCPOs). The Agency will allocate funds, review state work programs and evaluate
state and other agency performance.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $13,666,000 supported by 113.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,144,000 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $7,522,000 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1991, EPA, having approved (or approved portions) of all state section
319 NFS management programs, is continuing to award grants to states to implement
both statewide NFS initiatives and targeted watershed NFS controls.
The Agency is assisting states to use risk-based approaches to identify
impacts of NFS pollution on sensitive aquatic resources and target needed
controls; supporting state implementation of priority agricultural elements of
approved state NFS management programs in concert with the President's Water
Quality Initiative; and coordinating its NFS activities with USDA's water quality
initiative by taking advantage of USDA's extensive delivery system.
EPA is providing direction and technical support to help states implement
geographically-targeted NFS management programs, emphasizing prevention and
control activities in specific watersheds at highest risk. The Agency is also
assisting states in designing prevention and control programs for urban runoff
not regulated by stormwater permits.
Headquarters is overseeing Regional efforts to manage funds to states
through new cooperative agreements under section 104(b)(3) and allocating section
106 grant funds to states and qualified Indian tribes, with emphasis on building
strong Indian tribal institutions fully capable of managing EPA grants.
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EPA is providing management oversight to existing Clean Lake projects and
is reviewing and approving state lake grant applications under the competitive
section 314 program.
Congressional Directives. A total of $5,200,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects Lake Champlain Management Conference ($2,000,000), the
Northwest Indian Tribes model NFS program ($1,500,000), the New Jersey Water
Quality Activities ($450,000), and the Lake Onondaga Management Conference
($1,250,000).
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $7,716,900 supported by 105.2
total workyears for this program, of which $5,550,800 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,166,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA approved 51 state section 319 NPS assessment reports and reviewed and
approved all or portions of state management programs. EPA worked with states
to upgrade and implement these programs by providing technical support, guidance
and oversight. The Agency also developed section 319 grants guidance and
allocations for FY 1990; allocated NPS implementation funds; and made initial
state grants, including bonus grants to selected exemplary states. A final EPA
report to Congress, summarizing the states' progress in implementing section 319
requirements and recommending needed programmatic changes, was prepared.
Headquarters provided guidance on basic grants management functions for grants
to states under section 106 and section 205, and evaluated the performance of
selected Indian tribes' water quality programs.
The Regions negotiated state work programs and managed grant funds under
sections 106 and 205(j)(5) to approximately 203 state/interstate/regional
organizations and qualified Indian tribes, ensuring that funds were targeted
carefully to meet critical water quality needs. To accomplish this, the Regions
issued guidance and funding targets for specific priority activities, provided
technical and management assistance, tracked and evaluated grantee performance
and assured that states met their level-of-effort requirements.
The Agency provided management oversight to 150 Clean Lake projects. E1PA
reviewed and approved state lake water quality assessments, prepared reports to
Congress on the status of lake water quality and progress achieved under the
section 314(d) Demonstration Program, provided a technical supplement to the Lake
and Reservoir Restoration guidance manual and continued efforts to validate
various restoration methodologies.
GREAT LAKES PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,010,900 supported by 47.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,487,200 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $9,523,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and*
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $303,800 in the Salaries
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and Expenses appropriation, an increase of 2.0 in total workyears, and a decrease
of $3,700,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
increase in Salaries and Expenses supports the increase in total workyears and
increased support costs for the RV Lake Guardian. The decrease in Abatement,
Control and Compliance reflects expiration of Congressional add-ons for specific
projects within the Great Lakes basin. The increase in workyears reflects
increased support for the Lake Ontario Mass Balance Study and the Assessment and
Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program.
Under the Clean Water Act (CWA) the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
(GLWQA) with Canada, and the Great Lakes Critical Programs Act of 1990, the Great
Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) will continue to provide technical and
management support for Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) and Lakewide Management Plans
(LAMPs) and pollution prevention and control activities to protect critical
habitats, surface water and ground water in the Great Lakes Basin. GLNPO's ARCS
program will complete pilot field demonstrations of promising technologies to
abate contaminated sediment problems at several locations and begin preparing a
final report to Congress on the results of the demonstrations. Work will
continue on initiatives in support of the Binational Pollution Prevention
Strategy and the U.S. Action Plan for its implementation. GLNPO will continue
to coordinate with Regions II, III, and V on water quality criteria and standards
and on technical matters in the development, review and compliance of permits
related to GLWQA requirements. Great Lakes monitoring and source assessment
activities, including operational surveys by the RV Lake Guardian, will continue
through annual programs for conventional and toxic pollutants, for collection,
analyses, and reporting on both open lake migratory and near shore non-migratory
fish, and for collection of precipitation samples through the Great Lakes
Atmospheric Deposition (GLAD) network for the analyses of metals, nutrients, and
organic toxics. These analyses will be used to determine metals and nutrient
loadings to the Great Lakes as a basis for the design and operation of pollution
abatement programs.
GLNPO will continue to work with states, Regions, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (USFWS), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA),
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (COE), to develop an integrated strategic plan for gathering and
managing Great Lakes environmental data. GLNPO will continue to participate in
the Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative. The program office will continue to
prepare the Reports to Congress and the IJC, and to convene and participate in
bilateral U. S ./Canadian committees and task forces as the U.S. lead on GLWQA
implementation.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $16,407,100 supported by 45.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,183,400 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $13,223,700 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
GLNPO is increasing support to Regions II and V for state/local development
of RAPs. Stage I LAMPs for Lakes Ontario and Michigan are being accelerated and
readied for submission to the International Joint Commission (IJC). Ten Stage
I and three Stage II RAPs are being submitted to the IJC. GLNPO's ARCS program
continues with pilot field demonstrations of promising technologies to abate
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contaminated sediment problems at several locations. The ARCS projects support
RAP implementation by determining feasible technologies for abatement of
contaminated sediments, a problem identified in most of the Areas of Concern
(AOC) . GLNPO, in conjunction with the COE, the New York Department of
Conservation, and EPA Region II, is initiating dredging and disposal of
contaminated sediments in the Buffalo River. The Agency's replacement research
vessel, RV Lake Guardian, is being outfitted with laboratory modules for toxics
monitoring needs and is beginning operational surveys. The Green Bay Mass
Balance study is completed including a joint study with the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on the Green Bay hydrology and sediment flux.
An Agency Five Year Strategic Plan for the Great Lakes to reduce toxics and
protect/restore habitat and species diversity while controlling nutrients is
being completed through the combined efforts of GLNPO, states, Regions and
Headquarters and with the involvement of the public. A Binational Pollution
Prevention Strategy and an accompanying U.S. Action Plan for implementation are
being announced and action on binational initiatives beginning. GLNPO, states,
Regions, USFWS, and USCG are beginning a comprehensive review of the U.S. Great
Lakes monitoring programs to develop an integrated strategic plan for gathering
Great Lakes environmental data. In addition, the Agency is completing a study
on the effectiveness and efficiency of the Great Lakes National Program Office.
Congressional Directives. A total of $4,200,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects including innovative program initiatives, efforts to mitigate
the zebra mussel problem, funding for the large lakes laboratories in Duluth,
Minnesota and Grosse lie, Michigan, initial work on clean up of contaminated
sediments in Buffalo River, and upgrading shoreside facilities in Bay City,
Michigan for the new Great Lakes research vessel.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $12,980,200 supported by 37.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,542,000 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $10,438,200 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
GLNPO, in cooperation with Regions II and V, provided technical support to
state/local agencies to develop RAPs and participated in initial LAMP development
work for Lakes Ontario and Michigan. The ARCS program initiated bench-scale
demonstrations of promising technologies and preliminary work for pilot-scale
demonstrations in the field. Progress was made in 1990 toward developing
technical protocols, site selection criteria, and procedures. The refitting of
the RV Lake Guardian to Coast Guard specifications was completed, and
arrangements were made to home port the vessel in Bay City, Michigan. GLNPO
completed Joint field work with NOAA on the Green Bay hydrology and sediment
flux. The Green Bay Mass Balance study developed predictive models for
identification, transport, and fate of toxic substances.
GLNPO provided continuing technical support for and tracking of various
state-level nonpoint source control programs to implement the U.S. phosphorus
reduction plan. Great Lakes monitoring and source assessment activities
continued through annual programs for conventional and toxic pollutants.
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CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $16,293,800 supported by 12.0 total
workyears for this program. Of the request, $1,545,000 will be for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $14,748,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $47,400 in the Salaries
and Expense appropriation. There is no change in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation or total workyears.
Under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Chesapeake Bay Agreement (CBA), the
Chesapeake Bay Liaison Office (CBLO) will continue to provide technical and
management support for pollution prevention and control activities to protect
critical habitats, surface water, and ground water. The Agency will continue to
meet its expanded responsibilities under the CBA in concert with the States of
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake
Bay Commission, and the Agency. The CBLO will continue management of state
nonpoint source control and monitoring grants, and will provide overall program
coordination, computer services/data management, administrative and public
information support. Also, technical advisory services to the program's
Executive Council, advisory committees, and subgroups established to carry out
the terms of the CBA will continue.
In support of the President's ecological protection initiative, the Agency
will continue funding for implementation of the Chesapeake Bay Basinwide Toxics
Reduction Strategy. This strategy includes: 1) research on the fate, transport
and effects of toxics on the Bay ecosystem through the joint EPA and National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) toxics research program (this will
include research and monitoring of atmospheric deposition loadings of toxics to
the Bay); 2) continuing pollution prevention initiatives including the continued
enhancement of Bay basin states' pesticides management programs; and 3)
development of a basinwide toxics database and future investigation of the extent
and toxicity of contaminated sediments in the Bay.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $16,246,400 supported by 12.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,497,600 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $14,748,800 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The CBLO is completing a review of the Bay monitoring program. CBLO, the
states, and the District of Columbia are defining nutrient loads and contributing
to the reevaluation of the nutrients reduction goal and reassessment of costs.
The goal of the basinwide nutrient reduction strategy is to achieve at least a
40 percent reduction from 1985 levels of nutrients entering the Bay's mainstem
by the year 2000. The CBLO and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are completing
the time varying model for use in the reevaluation of the 40 percent nutrient
reduction goal. Toxic studies, expanded monitoring data, pesticide management
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demonstrations and use surveys, analytical capabilities surveys, toxic loading
inventories, and the continued implementation of the Basinwide Toxics Reduction
Strategy are being used by CBLO and others to refine and redirect the Strategy
and improve regulatory efforts. States are using and analyzing the data from a
CBLO pesticide survey to support improvements in the their pesticide management
programs. The CBLO is also developing a pesticide index and registry as a
pollution prevention initiative to assist in reducing the risk of nonpoint source
pesticide pollution.
The program is working to expand toxics data to include atmospheric
deposition data. CBLO is continuing activities to ensure public involvement in
protecting and restoring living resources and water quality. It is producing
reports, fact sheets, and media releases and is a participant and contributor to
the Agency's ongoing Near Coastal Waters technology transfer activities. CBLO
is also cooperating in a special stormwater management demonstration project on
the Patuxent River.
Coneressional Directives. A total of $4,050,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects of toxics research in the Chesapeake Bay and a stormwater
management demonstration project on the Patuxent River.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $12,779,100 supported by 15.7
total workyears for this program, of which $1,469,800 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $11,309,300 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The CBLO continued to work with the Bay states to implement the elements
of the CBA. This included completion of development policies and guidelines;
development of the Toxics of Concern List; toxicity assessments of living
resource habitats, particularly shallow nearshore habitats in cooperation with
the Fish and Wildlife Service; estuarine sediment bioassay development and
validation; and research on matters relating to ecological risk assessment, In
cooperation with NOAA. CBLO also undertook a pesticides use survey based on the
findings of the Office's 1988 surface microlayer study; provided technical and
management leadership in nutrient reduction and the emerging problems of
persistent toxics in the Bay basin; and initiated and completed two required
Maryland studies -- the Rock Creek clean-up program study and the Patuxent River
Demonstration Site study for pollution management and control. Environmental
results from the Program's actions are now recognized in downward trends in
phosphorus and in some recovery in submerged Bay grasses.
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UATER QUALITY
Effluent Standards I Guideline*
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAN
Effluent Standards t
GUI delines
Salaries t Expenses S3,052.7 $3,463.8 $3,463.8 $3,761.6 1297.8
Abatement Control and $6,868.8 $9,463.6 $9,463.6 $9,463.6 0.0
Coinpl isnce
TOTAL $9,921.5 $12,927.4 $12,927.4 $13,225.2 $297.8
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $3,052.7 $3,463.8 $3,463.8 $3,761.6 $297.8
Abatement Control and $6,868.8 $9,463.6 $9,463.6 $9,463.6 0.0
Compliance
Effluent Standards TOTAL $9,921.5 $12,927.4 $12,927.4 $13,225.2 $297.8
& Guidelines
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Effluent Standards I 43.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 0.0
Guidelines
TOTAL PERMANENT WORICYEARS 43.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 0.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Effluent Standards I 45.3 48.5 48.5 48.5 0.0
Guidelines
TOTAL WORICYEARS 45.3 48.5 48.5 48.5 0.0
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WATER QUALITY
«
Effluent Standards and Guidelines
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,225,200 supported by 48.5 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $297,800 and no change in total workyears from
1991. Of the request, $3,761,600 will be for the Salaries and Expense
appropriation and $9,463,600 will be for the Abatement, control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $297,800 in the Salaries arid
Expenses appropriation and no change in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
EFFLUENT STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
1992 Program Request
In 1992, the Agency requests a total of $13,225,200 supported by 48.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,761,600 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $9,463,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $297,800 in Salaries
and Expenses and no change in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
and total workyears. The increase in Salaries and Expenses reflects increased
personnel costs.
The effluent standards and guidelines program will continue to develop
controls or guidance for the unregulated industries and pollutants as identified
in the January 2, 1990, Section 304(m) notice. The Agency will promulgate
regulations for the offshore oil and gas industry and the pesticides
manufacturing industry, and propose a revision for the remanded portion of the
regulations for the organic chemicals, plastics and synthetic fibers industries.
EPA will continue development of regulations for machinery manufacturing and
rebuilding, pesticides formulating and packaging, Pharmaceuticals, coastal oil
and gas, and pulp and paper industries. The Agency will publish an updated
Effluent Guidelines Plan in the next Section 304(m) notice, continue evaluation
of other categories listed in the 1990 and 1992 notices, and continue development
of analytical methods, analytical service support, technical assistance for
permit writers and publicly-owned treatment work (POTW) operators, and support
for pollution prevention activities.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $12,927,400 supported by 48.5
total workyears for this program, of which $3,463,800 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $9,463,600 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The effluent standards and guidelines program continues to develop controls
or guidance for the unregulated industries and pollutants as identified in the
section 304(m) notice. The Agency is proposing regulations for the offshore oil
and gas industry and the pesticides manufacturing industry and is publishing two
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draft technical guidance studies (timber, petroleum refining). The Agency also
is pursuing development of regulations for an unregulated industry cited by the
Domestic Sewage Study (DSS) as contributing considerable quantities of hazardous
and toxic wastes to POTWs and surface waters (centralized waste treatment, Phase
II).
Headquarters continues to review the following industries: onshore and
coastal oil and gas, pharmaceuticals, pesticides formulating/packaging and pulp
and paper. The Agency is also developing the proposed regulation covering the
remanded portion of the organic chemicals, plastics and synthetic fibers
regulation. Analytical methods development continues, and the Sample Control
Center continues to provide the analytical service (3,000 samples) required for
regulatory development, enforcement activities, hazardous waste programs and
Superfund activities.
Headquarters provides post-promulgation negotiation and litigation support
for several industries and is publishing one final amendment (organic chemicals).
The Agency is also conducting an analytical methods conference and four
comprehensive technical workshops for state and local permit writers and POTW
operators. The program, as part of the ongoing development of effluent
guidelines, fully and effectively addresses pollution prevention, water
conservation and cross-media impacts. The program is expanding technology
transfer to promote rapid implementation of pollution prevention concepts and
techniques.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $9,921,500 supported by 43.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,052,700 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,868,800 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1990, the effluent guidelines and standards program addressed toxic
dischargers through development of effluent limitations and guidance or
preliminary data summaries for the non-regulated industries identified in the
DSS, including transportation, paint manufacturing/formulating, centralized waste
treatment, drum reconditioning, waste oil recovery, machinery manufacturing and
rebuilding, and hospitals. A major emphasis in rulemaking activities was the
development of proposed limitations for the offshore oil and gas industry and the
continued development of proposed regulations for several other industries,
including pesticide manufacturing, pesticide formulating/packaging,
Pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, centralized waste treatment and machinery
manufacturing and rebuilding. The section 304(m) notice was published on January
2, 1990, and announced the Agency's plans for developing new and revised effluent
guidelines and standards.
The program continued analytical methods development and validation for the
analysis of pesticides, chemicals reported under Title III of the Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act, and toxic and hazardous pollutants subject
to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The Sample Control Center
provided a wide diversity of analytical capability services to support effluent
guidelines development and other Agency programs, such as the Chesapeake Bay
microlayer sampling, the National Sewage Sludge Survey, biomonitoring and
bioaccumulation methods and sampling analyses, stormwater surveys, and toxicity
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reduction evaluation studies for permitting and enforcement activities. Hie
program also published the "List of Lists," which presented an integrated and up-
to-date list of Agency-wide pollutants of concern and identified those for which
analytical methods are available.
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WATER QUALITY
Grants Assistance Program
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Clean Lakes Program
Abatement Control and 18,747.7 $7,583.0 $7,583.0 -$7,583.0
Compliance
TOTAL 18,747.7 S7,583.0 17,583.0 -17,583.0
Control Agency Resource
Supplementation
(Section 106)
Abatement Control and 171,902.9 181,700.0 181,700.0 181,700.0
Compliance
TOTAL 171,902.9 181.700.0 181,700.0 181,700.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and 180,650.6 189,283.0 189,283.0 181,700.0 -17,583.0
Compliance
Grants Assistance TOTAL 180,650.6 189,283.0 189,283.0 181,700.0 -17,583.0
Programs
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WATER QUALITY
Grants Assistance Programs
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $81,700,000 for 1992, all of which will be
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a
decrease of $7,583,000 from 1991.
CLEAN LAKES PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
In 1992, the Agency requests no funding for this program, which represents
a decrease of $7,583,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In past years, the Agency has developed and demonstrated lake restoration
techniques and assisted states in classifying lakes, identified techniques for
restoring the levels of water quality needed to maintain or enhance uses, and
implemented cleanup and control projects. Because the Agency has provided
guidance to the states on maintaining clean lakes, it believes that the states
are now able to address lake restoration needs, along with other local
priorities, under their existing water quality management programs.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating $7,583,000 for this program in 1991 from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Clean Lakes program supports state-EPA cooperative agreements under
Section 314 of the Clean Water Act. The agreements are being used to support the
highest priority Phase I lake diagnostic feasibility studies, Phase II
implementation activities to restore and protect lake water quality and Phase III
post-restoration monitoring projects to enhance the scientific basis for various
lake restoration methodologies. Projects are being selected based on an
evaluation of the environmental and public benefits of state Clean Lakes
proposals.
Congressional Directives. A total of $7,083,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects for Nationally Competitive Clean Lakes Program and the Lake
Alcyon, New Jersey Clean Lakes Demonstration Project." ' "" ~" "~" ~
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $8,747,700 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, to support
state-EPA cooperative agreements under Section 314 of the Clean Water Act. The
agreements were used to support the highest priority Phase I lake diagnostic
feasibility studies, Phase II implementation activities to restore and protect
lake water quality and Phase III post-restoration monitoring projects to enhance
the scientific basis for various lake restoration methodologies. Projects were
selected based on an evaluation of the environmental and public benefits of state
Clean Lakes proposals.
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CONTROL AGENCY RESOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION (SECT. 106)
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $81,700,000 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents no change in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance Appropriation.
Section 106 grants will continue to provide funding assistance for water
pollution control programs operated by 63 state, interstate and territorial
agencies and approximately 30 Indian tribes. Grantees will assess water quality
conditions and trends and conduct comprehensive monitoring (including water
column, fish tissue and sediment) to identify sites impacted by toxic and other
pollutants and areas needing controls on a high priority basis. Grantees will
continue "to administer water quality standards programs that focus on adopting
standards to protect aquatic ecosystems, and on completing adoption of numeric
standards for toxic pollutants based on EPA water quality criteria and review of
standards, as required by the statute.
States (and Indian tribes that qualify as states) will emphasize reissuance
of expiring National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits that
incorporate toxic/toxicity-based limits and will modify other permits to
incorporate new limits based on the findings from earlier analyses. Grantees
will also focus on selected, high priority permit modifications for publicly
owned treatment works (POTWs) to address pretreatment requirements. States will
develop and implement comprehensive Ground-Water Protection Programs which will
serve as state-level mechanisms to integrate Federal ground-water activities.
Through comprehensive programs, states will thoroughly assess their ground-water
resources, evaluate or rank the highest risk contaminants and establish
priorities and approaches to ground-water protection.
States (and Indian tribes that qualify as states) will devote resources to
geographically targeted watersheds. Priority watersheds and activities will be
identified and states will select and implement the appropriate mix of control
strategies, including, but not limited to, nonpoint source (NPS) best management
practices (BMPs), and permits for industrial and municipal stormwater discharges
and combined sewer overflows.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $81,700,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Section 106 grants provide funding assistance for water pollution control
programs operated by 63 state, interstate and territorial agencies and
approximately 30 Indian tribes. Grantees are completing implementation of
Section 304(1) water quality-based controls for toxic discharges in high priority
waters, assessing water quality conditions and trends and conducting
comprehensive monitoring (including water column, fish tissue and sediment) to
identify sites impacted by toxic pollutants and areas needing controls on a high
priority basis. Grantees are administering water quality standards programs that
focus on new standards for toxic pollutants based on EPA water quality criteria
and review of standards, as required by the statute.
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States (and Indian tribes that qualify as states) are emphasizing reissuance
of expiring National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits that)
incorporate toxic/toxicity-based limits and modifying other permits to
incorporate new limits based on the findings from earlier analyses. Grantees are
also focusing on selected, high priority permit modifications for publicly owned
treatment works (POTWs) to address pretreatment requirements. Grantees are
focusing permitting, compliance and enforcement activities in waters at highest
risk, particularly in critical aquatic habitats.
States (and Indian tribes that qualify as states) are developing and
implementing ground-water protection activities that move the states beyond
protection strategies to comprehensive ground-water protection programs. States
are also enhancing their efforts to incorporate wellhead protection activities
and pesticide management plans into their comprehensive ground-water protection
programs.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $71,902,900 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Section 106 grants provided funding assistance for water pollution control
programs operated by 63 state, interstate and territorial agencies and
approximately 30 Indian tribes. In 1990, states reviewed water quality standards
and adopted numeric and/or narrative water quality standards for toxic pollutants
and toxicity, as appropriate. States determined whether "new" or additional
waters needed to be listed under Section 304(1), and completed assessments for
rivers, lakes, estuaries, wetlands and marine waters. Monitoring and assessment
data were used to establish priorities for needed control measures, to develop
wasteload allocations for permits and to increase sediment contamination
information.
States modified, issued or reissued NPDES permits to incorporate limits for
toxic pollutants and/or toxicity in water quality-based or technology-based
permits. States also issued permits for combined sewer overflows and sludge
controls, where needed. States were encouraged to assume pretreatment program
delegations, improve reporting where the state is the POTW control authority, to
inspect POTWs to determine compliance status and to initiate enforcement actions
against inadequate POTW implementation and/or industrial user noncompliance.
To ensure compliance of NPDES-permitted facilities, states continued an
effective assessment, monitoring and enforcement program, focusing on controlling
toxic pollutants and protecting municipal infrastructure. Industrial enforcement
actions and NPDES and pretreatment inspections included toxicity reduction
evaluation methodologies. National Municipal Policy follow-up enforcement
actions focused on municipalities that failed to meet their construction
schedules.
Ground-water protection activities received a total of $10,885,485 for
support of state efforts to develop comprehensive ground-water protection
programs. These programs set priorities and integrated efforts to manage and
control actual and potential sources of contamination. As part of their
3-39
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programs, state water agencies developed hydrogeologic aspects of pesticides
management plans, which provide protection methods tailored to area-specific
differences in ground-water vulnerability. In addition, state wellhead
protection (WHP) programs were developed as key components of state comprehensive
ground-water protection programs. In developing and implementing WHP programs,
states played an active role in protecting a very important subset of their
ground-water resources (i.e., ground waters that supply drinking water to public
water systems).
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE «
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Wetlands Protection
Salaries « Expenses $5,779.6 $7,900.1 $7,899.8 $9,825.0 $1.925.2
Abatement Control and $3,375.7 $5,938.0 $5,938.0 $6,413.0 $475.0
Compliance
TOTAL $9,155.3 $13,838.1 $13,837.8 $16,238.0 $2,400.2
NonPoint Source Grants
Abatement Control and $36,804.1 $48,450.0 $48,450.0 $23,750.0 -$24,700.0
Compliance
TOTAL $36,804.1 $48,450.0 $48,450.0 $23,750.0 -$24,700.0
Wetlands Program
Implementation - Grants
Abatement Control and $1,215.0 $5,000.0 $5,000.0 $8,500.0 $3,500.0
Compliance
TOTAL $1,215.0 $5,000.0 $5.000.0 $8,500.0 $3,500.0
Oil Spills Program
Salaries I Expenses $467.4 0.0
Abatement Control and $42.8 $300.0 $300.0
Compliance
TOTAL $510.2 $300.0 S300.0
Nonpoint Source
Implementation
Abatement Control and $831.3 $2,550.0 $2,550.0 $1,250.0 -$1,300.0
Compliance
TOTAL $831.3 $2,550.0 $2,550.0 $1,250.0 -$1,300.0
Ocean Disposal Permits
Salaries I Expenses $2,521.2 $2,709.0 $2,708.9 $2.726.3 $17.4
Abatement Control and $7,431.3 $7,406.9 $7,406.9 $5,456.9 -$1,950.0
Compliance
Ocean Dumping Act $1,365.9 $1,314.0 $1,314.0 -$1,314.0
TOTAL $11,318.4 $11,429.9 $11,429.8 $8,183.2 -$3,246.6
Environmental Emergency
Response I Prevention
Salaries I Expenses $1,675.4 $2,289.1 $2.289.0 $3,855.7 $1,566.7
Abatement Control and $1,944.3 $4,682.8 $4,682.8 $10,982.8 $6,300.0
Compliance
TOTAL $3.619.7 $6,971.9 $6,971.8 $14,838.5 $7,866.7
Standards & Regulations
Salaries & Expenses $4,741.3 $5,266.1 $5,265.9 $6,218.6 $952.7
Abatement Control and $3,819.3 $4,341.9 $4,341.9 $7,541.9 $3,200.0
Compliance
TOTAL $8.560.6 $9,608.0 $9,607.8 $13,760.5 $4,152.7
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $15,184.9 $18,164.3 (18,163.6 $22,625.6 $4,462.0
Abatement Control and $55,463.8 $78,369.6 $78,369.6 $64,194.6 -$14,175.0
Compliance
Ocean Dumping Act $1,365.9 $1,314.0 $1,314.0 -$1,314.0
Water Quality TOTAL $72,014.6 $97,847.9 $97,847.2 $86,820.2 -$11,027.0
Strategies
Implementation
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Wetlands Protection 105.1 155.2 155.2 178.9 23.7
Oil Spills Program 5.4 0.0
Ocean Disposal Permits 44.8 57.7 57.7 60.3 2.6
Environmental Emergency 31.9 43.9 43.9 64.8 20.9
Response I Prevention
Standards I Regulations 85.9 95.5 95.5 106.0 10.5
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 273.1 352.3 352.3 410.0 57.7
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Wetlands Protection
Oil Spills Program
Ocean Disposal Permits
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
Standards I Regulations
TOTAL WORKYEARS
110.5
6.4
46.7
35.3
87.9
286.8
160.9
60.3
46.8
98.0
366.0
160.9
60.3
46.8
98.0
366.0
178.9
60.3
64.8
106.0
410.0
18.0
0.0
0.0
18.0
8.0
44.0
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $86,820,200 supported by 410.0 total
workyears for 1992, a decrease of $11,027,000 and an increase of 44.0 total
workyears from 1991. Of the request, $22,625,600 will be from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $64,194,600 will be from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $4,462,000 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and a decrease of $14,175,000 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
WETLANDS PROTECTION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $16,238,000 supported by 178.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $9,825,000 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,413,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents increases of $1,925,200 and $475,000,
respectively, and an increase of 18.0 total workyears. The increases reflect the
Agency's support for achieving the President's goal of no net loss of wetlands
and several other major Presidential initiatives: state capacity, enforcement,
and protection of critical habitats.
In 1992, the Agency will support the President's Ecology Initiative and
continue to work toward the President's goal of no net loss of wetlands, the new
Presidential Executive Order on Wetlands Protection, comprehensive planning for
Federal land management agencies, and increased compliance monitoring and
enforcement. The program will continue its efforts under the Section 404
regulatory program, particularly in addressing inconsistencies with the Army
Corps of Engineers or other programs.
A major program activity during 1992 will be working with other water
programs and the Office of Research and Development, as well as other appropriate
Federal agencies, to implement a geographically targeted watershed management
approach to the protection/maintenance of water quality and preservation of
wetland values and functions. The integrated implementation of point and
nonpoint source controls, including wetlands protection, can greatly enhance the
prevention of pollution and the reduction of risks to public health and the
environment. The program will work to ensure that in watersheds targeted for
special emphasis such activities as advance identification and targeted Section
404 enforcement actions, coupled with education/outreach programs, are
undertaken. Regional staff will continue their review of Section 404 public
notices, field inspections, and enforcement actions, and will work with the
affected regulated communities to inform them about the Section 404 program,
The Agency will also link its wetlands protection activities with
reforestation efforts to assist in achieving the President's goals of no net loss
of wetlands and reforestation. The restoration of forested wetlands adjacent to
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streams and other water bodies, including bottomland hardwood forested wetlands,
is one of the most effective methods of protecting water quality while restoring
wetlands and protecting critical habitats. Forested wetlands act as buffers
between development and the water, absorbing the nonpoint source impacts of
development before they reach the water body. They assist in controlling floods,
erosion of sediments, both point and nonpoint sources of pollution and provide
habitat for fish, wildlife, and food chain production.
Another major program activity for 1992 will be the development and use of
ecological indicators to measure the quality (i.e., ecological "health") of the
wetland resources and the reduction of risk to public health and the environment.
The program will begin to identify and collect data on key wetland indicators
that track the status, health and trends of wetlands and efforts to achieve the
no net loss goal, in conjunction with other EPA programs and Federal and state
agencies. The program will also initiate efforts to correlate the status and
health of wetlands to water quality and other ecological indicators. The number
of state wetlands pilot projects focusing on state water quality standards will
be expanded, with assistance of the wetlands state grants program.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $13,837,800 supported by 160.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,899,800 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $5,938,000 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
Appropriation.
The Agency continues to work toward the President's goal of no net loss of
wetlands through the support of the evolving Administration initiatives for
wetlands protection, a stronger Section 404 program, and assisting states to
develop effective wetlands protection programs.
A major component of a stronger Section 404 program is the enhanced field
presence of the Agency and an increasingly cooperative working relationship with
the Army Corps of Engineers. The program continues to implement the memoranda
of agreement (MOAs) with the Corps on mitigation policy, enforcement, and
delineation of jurisdictional wetlands. EPA is monitoring restoration activities
occurring under the mitigation MOA. Section 404 enforcement activities are
augmented by an aggressive public outreach/media campaign to inform the public
and the regulated community of the values and functions of wetlands and the
consequences of their destruction or degradation. The wetlands program is being
coordinated with the Marine and Estuarine Protection Program to implement the
improved test methods and procedural guidance on sediment criteria and disposal
of dredged material in coastal waters. These efforts are ensuring that wetlands,
rivers, lakes and coastal/marine waters are subject to the same standards and
equal levels of protection.
Increased funding assistance is being provided to states to encourage state
program assumption, development of state comprehensive wetlands protection plans,
and other state activities to promote wetlands protection, including use of the
Section 401 water quality certification process and development of state water
quality standards for wetlands. EPA continues to assist in the development of
local programs through the Regions and states and the use of
information/technology transfer. Continued focus is being ' placed upon
anticipatory approaches to wetlands protection, including advance identification.
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The Agency is implementing a variety of projects aimed at protecting special
wetland, ecosystems such as coastal Louisiana and western riparian wetlands.
The Agency, working with other Federal and state agencies, is launching an
education/technical assistance program aimed at abating the high loss of wetlands
through agricultural uses. Since EPA has limited regulatory powers in this area,
forming partnerships with others is a key to success. EPA is disseminating new
technical tools emerging from the Agency's research efforts in the areas of
restoration, cumulative impact assessments, and long term monitoring of wetlands
"health." EPA is playing an increasing role in international activities, seeking
opportunities to share U.S. experience and expertise with others, especially
developing countries.
Congressional Directives. A total of $525,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects for protecting the Canaan Valley, West Virginia, wetlands
complex and supporting the Lake Pontchartrain wetlands creation demonstration
project.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $9,155,300 supported by 110.5
total workyears for this program, of which $5,779,600 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,375,700 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1990, the Agency continued to work with the Corps of Engineers and other
Federal agencies in developing policies and procedures to clarify or amplify
regulatory requirements of the Section 404 program. The Agency supported the
work of the White House/Domestic Policy Council's Task Force on Wetlands to
develop Administration policy on wetlands. The Agency worked with other Federal
agencies on a variety of Federal wetlands protection issues including
streamlining the Section 404 regulatory process, improving Federal land
management practices, and strengthening the knowledge and science of wetlands.
In particular, EPA participated on the Interagency Floodplain Task Force to
demonstrate the use of integrated floodplain management planning for reducing
flood losses and erosion, protecting wetlands, providing recreational
opportunities, and improving stream water quality.
Major activities in 1990 included more intensive efforts aimed at state
wetlands protection programs, the use of anticipatory approaches for wetlands
protection, and aggressive enforcement activities. State interest in wetlands
protection activities increased due to increased public knowledge of the
importance of wetlands and the availability of a modest amount of "seed" grant
funding for pilot state programs. The Agency held training workshops involving
state personnel on Section 404 regulations and enforcement, the delineation
methodology, water demand management, and use of planning/negotiation techniques.
The Agency worked with states as they revised their 401 water quality
certification processes to reflect wetlands values and functions. The program
issued final regulations so that qualified and approved Indian Tribes may
administer the Section 404 program.
The Agency continued its use of anticipatory approaches for wetlands)
protection, particularly in areas where loss rates continue to be unacceptably
high and traditional program tools did not satisfactorily address the problem.
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Enforcement activities expanded in 1990, building upon new directions and
experience gained under a new enforcement memorandum of agreement with the Army,
new guidance on the use of administrative civil penalties, an expanding EPA
criminal enforcement program, and greater field experience. The use of
administrative penalty orders increased commensurate with these enhancements.
In 1990, the program worked with the Marine and Estuarine Protection
Program to develop improved test methods and procedural guidance on sediment
criteria and disposal of dredged material in coastal waters. The criteria and
guidance should apply equally to material disposed of in wetlands, rivers, lakes
and coastal/marine waters.
WETLANDS IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,500,000 for this program, all of which
will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents an increase of $3,500,000. The increase supports the Agency's
commitment to achieving the President's goals of no net loss of wetlands and
enhancing States' wetlands protection capacity.
Increasing the roles and responsibilities of state governments and Indian
Tribes in wetlands protection is a crucial component of the national effort to
achieve the President's goal of "no net loss" of wetlands. States and Indian
tribes continue to need assistance as they initiate new wetlands protection
projects. These resources will facilitate initiation of activities supporting
the President's goal of no net loss of wetlands, including examination of the
feasibility of assuming the administration of the Section 404 program.
States will use Federal financial assistance to further national wetlands
protection efforts in a variety of ways, including developing water quality
standards for wetlands, incorporating wetlands into the Section 401 state water
quality certification process, developing comprehensive statewide or
geographically targeted wetlands protection management plans, and working with
local governments and citizen groups to promote wetlands protection efforts. In
1992, the Agency will fund additional innovative wetlands protection programs,
and will assist states in more technically demanding projects such as the
evaluation of a state's wetlands values and functions. Projects that integrate
state, local and private sector programs and activities and that focus on
geographically targeted problem areas will be a high priority. EPA will explore
innovative techniques such as those combining economic development with
wetlands/habitat protection.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $5,000,000 for this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The wetlands implementation program is providing grant assistance to states
and Indian Tribes for research, investigations, experiments, training,
demonstrations, surveys, and studies for the protection of wetlands from
pollution under Section 104 of the Clean Water Act. Grant assistance is allowing
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many states and Indian Tribes to acquire basic information and data on their
wetlands resources and the risks posed to these resources, examine a wide variety|
of techniques for protection for these critical resources, and develop"
comprehensive wetlands protection plans that may combine watershed, nonpoint
source, river corridor, estuary/coastal management and other critical habitat
protection initiatives. States are undertaking aggressive public
outreach/education campaigns in concert with local government planning and
protection measures.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $1,215,000 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
During 1990, grants were made available to 21 states, one local government
entity, and one Indian Tribe under a wetlands implementation program for the
first time. The majority of the projects focused on state comprehensive wetlands
protection planning/management and the use of the Section 401 process. In 1989
and in previous years, the Agency's wetlands protection program had provided
small amounts of "seed" money to a limited number of states and one Indian Tribe
to examine the feasibility of assuming administration of the Section 404 program.
The State of Michigan is the only state that has assumed the program, which in
other states is jointly administered by the Corps of Engineers and EPA. Examples
of the ways in which states used this financial assistance to enhance their
wetlands protection efforts included: evaluation of existing statutory and
regulatory programs; development of narrative water quality standards for
wetlands; incorporation of wetlands protection in the Section 401 water quality^
certification process; and identification of wetland resources, their functions,
and priorities.
OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMITS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,183,200 supported by 60.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,726,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $5,456,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The Agency also expects to receive $1,314,000 from the Ocean
Dumping Revolving Fund. Of the total workyears, 50.3 will be supported by the
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 10.0 will be supported by the ODRF.
This represents a decrease of $1,000,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance,
an increase $17,400 in Salaries and Expenses, and no change in total workyears
from 1991. The decrease in Abatement, Control and Compliance reflects completion
of the more intensive phases of a study of a San Francisco Bay area ocean
disposal site and completion of the New York Bight Restoration Plan. The
increase in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation reflects increased personnel
costs.
Headquarters and Regions will continue site management, monitoring,
surveillance, and monitoring of compliance with enforcement agreements required
under the Ocean Dumping Ban Act (ODBA) of 1988. This will include continued,
surveillance of the 106 Mile Site (deepwater municipal sludge dump site) in'
coordination with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and
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the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). The Agency will continue its development of
revisions to the ocean dumping regulations for dredged material and will continue
work on ocean dumping regulations for other types of materials. Headquarters
will continue work to control marine debris through identification of sources and
the development of reduction and control strategies. Region II will continue
monitoring of nearshore waters to address the continuing problems on the New
York-New Jersey beaches. The Regions will continue to develop environmental
impact statements (EIS) for selected ocean dredged material disposal sites and
will continue site management and monitoring of designated disposal sites.
Region II will continue work on designating a replacement Mud Dump Site. The
Agency will continue to participate in activities under the London Dumping
Convention, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL), and the Cartagena Convention to preserve the coastal and marine
environments.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total $11,429,800 supported by 60.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,708,900 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation, $7,406,900 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, and $1,314,000 is from the ODRF. Of the total workyears, 50.3 are
supported by the the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 10.0 are supported
by the ODRF.
The Agency is planning to propose revised Ocean Dumping (OD) regulations
on dredged material disposal and is initiating work on a proposal for regulations
on disposal of other types of materials. The Regional role in disposal site
management and monitoring is expanded to ensure compliance and enforcement of
ocean dumping criteria and permit requirements. Additional support for Region
II is continuing for monitoring of nearshore waters to address the continuing
problems on the New York-New Jersey beaches. Region II is completing the New
York Bight Restoration Plan; is completing a report on the feasibility of
designating an alternative 20-mile site to the Mud Dump Site; and, in cooperation
with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), is completing a plan for the long-
term management of dredged material from the New York/New Jersey Harbor region.
Headquarters and Region II continue implementing expanded management, monitoring,
and surveillance of the 106 Mile Site in coordination with NOAA and the USCG.
The Regions are continuing their role in the development of environmental
impact statements (EIS) for ocean dredged material disposal sites, and in site
management and monitoring as more interim dredged material disposal sites are
designated as final sites. The Agency, in cooperation with other Federal
agencies, 1) is beginning to develop a compliance and enforcement improvement
initiative to reduce risk to human health and aquatic life; 2) is working (in
cooperation with the COE) to develop improved procedures for identifying illegal
ocean dumping of dredge materials; and 3) is working (with NOAA and USCG) on
improving surveillance.
Congressional Directives. A total of $500,000 is for the Congressionally
directed study of a San Francisco Bay area ocean disposal site for dredged
materials.
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1990 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $11,318,400 supported by 46.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,521,200 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, $7,431,300 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, and $1,365,900 was from the ODRF.
The Agency continued development of revised OD regulations to respond to
statutory and judicial requirements. Headquarters continued work on developing
sediment testing protocols and a comprehensive, risk-based management strategy
to bring the Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act Section 103 program
and the Clean Water Act Section 404 program into harmony. In addition,
Headquarters developed a compliance and enforcement strategy for the OD program.
Region II continued to develop the New York Bight Restoration Plan and, in
cooperation with EPA Headquarters, USCG and NOAA, developed and began
implementing an expanded monitoring plan for the 106 Mile Site and related other
sites, as required by ODBA. The Agency participated in international efforts t:o
preserve the coastal and marine environments through activities under the London
Dumping Convention and other international agreements.
OIL SPILLS PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $300,000 for this program, all of which will
be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an
increase of $300,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. The increase in
Abatement, Control and Compliance reflects increased Agency participation in the
development of a restoration plan for the areas impacted by the Exxon Valdez oil
spill.
The Agency, through the Alaska Restoration Task Force Office, supports
activities to develop and implement a restoration plan of the Trustee Agencies -
- the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, and the Interior -- for the areas
impacted by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The Agency will provide technical
assistance and expertise to designated task forces, and to the Trustee Agencies
in the development of a restoration plan, a review of damage assessment data, and
identification of data needs.
1991 Program
The Agency did not request resources for this program in 1991, but
continues to support this effort through its base program..
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $510,200 supported by 6.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $467,400 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $42,800 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The Agency provided support to the State of Alaska in assessing
contamination and clean-up activities, and assisted the Trustee Agencies in
developing and implementing sampling and monitoring programs, developing
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monitoring protocols for toxic pollutant investigations, and reviewing workplans
and water quality data.
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND PREVENTION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,838,500 supported by 64.8 total
workyears for this program of which $3,855,700 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $10,982,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of $6,300,000 to Abatement,
Control and Compliance, an increase of $1,566,700 in Salaries and Expenses, and
an increase of 18.0 workyears from 1991. The increase is requested to fund the
Federal workforce needed to implement the President's program in 1992.
In 1992, resources will support implementation of the Oil Pollution Act of
1990 (OPA). Revisions to Subparts D and J, "Response and Dispersants", of the
National Contingency Plan (NCP) will be finalized. The NCP will also include
requirements for area contingency plans and how areas were designated. Based on
the efforts of the Area Contingency Plan Workgroup begun in 1991, preparation of
area contingency plans will be written and approved. These plans, when
implemented in conjunction with the NCP, shall be adequate to remove a worst case
discharge, and to prevent or mitigate a substantial threat of such a discharge.
In the spring, the Agency will also finalize revisions to the Spill Prevention,
Countermeasure and Control (SPCC) regulations Phase II amendments, which include
facility response plans. The Regions will begin to review and approve facility
response plans submitted by the regulated industry.
The OPA introduces new federal enforcement language which authorizes the
use of penalties against violators of the law. In 1992, the regional enforcement
component of the program will effectively begin to implement these new
authorities by bringing administrative actions against facilities for failure to
comply with SPCC and enforcement response plans. Headquarters will develop
guidance for enforcement strategies.
The program will provide national management and oversight of oil spill
response activities to ensure that Regions adhere to program policy and conduct
technically adequate, cost-effective responses. The Agency will support field
operations through operational guidance, technical bulletins and demonstrations
of response technologies.
The Agency will remain on a 24-hour alert to receive notifications of
accidental releases of oil and other petroleum products. EPA will direct or
monitor removals at major inland oil incidents. Additionally, it will provide
technical assistance to the U.S. Coast Guard on coastal oil spills when the
Emergency Response Team (ERT) is activated or when the U.S. Coast Guard makes a
specific request. Funding for response actions will continue to be provided on
a reimbursable basis from permanent indefinite appropriations in the Department
of Transportation. Response actions will be defined in a Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) between the Coast Guard and EPA.
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1991 ProEram
In 1991, the Agency.is allocating a total of $6,971,800 supported by 46.8
total workyears for this program, of which $2,289,000 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $4,682,800 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991, the Agency is beginning implementation of the Oil Pollution Act
of 1990. The Agency is working closely with the U.S. Coast Guard on drafting the
Executive Order that sets forth the responsibilities for Federal Agencies
implementing the Act. Several workgroups have been formed to implement EPA's
responsibilities: the NCP, including Subparts D and J (Response and Dispersants) ,
Enforcement, Contingency Plans/Area Designation and SPCC/Response Plans.
Revisions to Subparts D and J of the NCP are expected to be proposed in the fall.
The Area Contingency Plan workgroup is designating areas for which contingency
plans are needed and beginning preparation of those plans. Areas that are
designated are to be published in a notice in the Federal Register. The
Enforcement Workgroup is preparing a Memorandum of Understanding with the U.S.
Coast Guard which will cover penalties for releases and actions for non-
compliance. The Agency is issuing enforcement guidances including a penalty
matrix. The Phase I amendments of the SPCC regulations, which do not address the
new legislation, are to be proposed in the spring. Based on the recommendations
of the Oil Spill Prevention, Control and Countemeasures Program Task Force,
these amendments will make mandatory many aspects of the regulations. The
SPCC/Response Plan workgroup is initiating work on the Phase II amendments of the
SPCC regulations, which will include facility response plans. A limited number
of facility response plans will be reviewed and approved by EPA at facilities
that pose substantial and significant threat to the environment. The Regions
will conduct 500 SPCC inspections. In 1991, Phase II amendments are expected to
be proposed in the fall of 1991. Guidances for regulated industry and Regional
programs are being developed.
In addition, the Agency handles and monitors oil spill notifications and
directs or monitors on-scene removal activities of Potentially Responsible
Parties or state and local authorities at major spills. Moreover, the Agency
provides advice and technical guidance to state and local officials and PRPs
involved in spill response; organizes and staffs Regional Response Team meetings;
assists the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) at major disasters;
participates in response and safety training of state and local staff; and
maintains response equipment and facilities. The Environmental Response Team
provides .support during field chemip.al jsafety^ audits, and at major, oil spills
where expertise is needed.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated $3,619,700 supported by 35.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,944,300 was from Abatement, Control and Compliance
and $1,675,400 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
The program received, and screened a total of 8,958 notifications of oil
spill releases, conducted 805 SPCC inspections, performed on-scene monitoring of
154 oil spills, conducted 40 oil spill responses, and investigated 98 oili
releases. The Agency continued revising Phase I of the SPCC regulations.
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In August, the Oil Pollution Act was signed. The Agency formed an
Implementation Workgroup to begin assessing its responsibilities under the
legislation and timeframes in which to accomplish them.
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,760,500 supported by 106.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,218,600 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $7,541,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This reflects increases of $952,700 in the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation, $3,200,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation and 8.0 total workyears. The increases will support the initial
steps toward a comprehensive scientific basis on which states will adopt water
quality standards that address the ecological integrity of surface water. These
steps will include work in the area of biological criteria, sediment criteria,
and wildlife criteria values.
In 1992, the program will develop criteria and standards that will enable
the state and federal water quality community to factor ecological risks into
water quality decision-making, to develop ecologically-based standards, and to
evaluate the effectiveness of control programs. Ecological criteria provide the
basis of state standards that address the water environment holistically--
considering the sum total of the complex biological, chemical and physical
dynamics necessary to sustain the ecological integrity of a healthy aquatic
ecosystem. State ecological standards will provide a comprehensive scientific
basis on which to design programs that prevent and control pollution and habitat
destruction, particularly from nonpoint sources, combined sewer overflows, and
stormwater runoff.
The program will publish biological technical guidance for states to use
in adopting water quality standards that protect the structure, function and
habitat requirements of rivers, lakes, estuaries and wetlands. Headquarters will
continue publication of in situ organic and metal sediment quality criteria
protective of aquatic life, guidance on identifying and managing contaminated
sediments, and the development of a methodology for criteria protective of human
health. The program will develop aquatic life and wildlife criteria for those
pollutants that bioaccumulate through the food chain, thus posing high risks to
aquatic life in the water and to wildlife, endangered species and migratory birds
using water and wetlands. The program will conduct training seminars and, where
appropriate, provide on-site technical support to help states target water
quality standards reviews based on ecological risks, use comprehensive ecological
risk assessments in developing standards, and adopt standards protective of the
chemical, physical, and biological integrity of critical waters. Training for
Indian tribes qualifying as states for the water quality standards program will
be integrated with state training programs.
The program will promulgate the first round of regulations for the use and
disposal of sewage sludge, and will develop and distribute to Regional and state
permit writers and to local governments the technical support materials to assist
them in understanding and effectively implementing the rule. In addition, the
program will provide workshops and training materials to assist in the design and
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implementation of programs that beneficially reuse sewage sludge. The program
will complete the collection, analysis and evaluation of data as initial steps,
in developing numeric criteria for a limited number of round two pollutants.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $9,607,800 supported by 98.0
total workyears for this program, of which $5,265,900 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $4,341,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The program is addressing pressing needs for scientifically sound technical
guidance and support to enable state adoption of ecologically protective water
quality standards. The program consists of: issuing initial technical guidance
on biological criteria for streams; publishing sediment criteria for organic
contaminants and a methodology for calculating sediment criteria for metal
contaminants; publishing salt and fresh water aquatic life criteria and issuing
revisions to the regulations governing water quality standards for Indian tribes;
and proposing regulation revisions to reflect statutory requirements for toxic
pollutants.
The program is working with the 41 states and territories that failed to
comply with the deadline in section 303(c)(2)(B) of the CWA for adopting numeric
toxic standards, and is preparing promulgation actions for those states that
remain out of compliance. In addition, as states initiate the seventh triennial
water quality standards reviews, Regions are working with states to revise state
water quality standards to meet the priorities for the states' 1991-1993
triennial standards reviews. The priorities include adoption of wetland water
quality standards, narrative biological criteria, coastal/estuarine standards,
salt water standards, where appropriate, and antidegradation implementation
methods. Regions and Headquarters are providing on-site assistance and training
enabling states and qualified Indian tribes to make more effective use of
criteria and program guidance. Regions are continuing to review and approve
state and Indian water quality standards, resolve issues and provide needed
litigation support. Regions are assisting states in adopting salt and fresh
water criteria for newly-identified toxic pollutants, in addressing
bioaccumulation of toxic pollutants in fish flesh and in applying antidegradation
implementation methods.
The program is completing the majority of the technical work to promulgate
final first-round standards for the use and disposal of sewage sludge, scheduled
for early 1992. The program is conducting analyses in response to comments on
regulations proposed in 1989, and on additional data and information published
in 1990. EPA is also conducting workshops and providing technical assistance to
states and initiating data collection and analysis on additional pollutants,
disposal practices and exposure pathways for second-round regulations.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $8,560,600 supported by 87.9 total
work years for this program, of which $4,741,300 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,819,300 was from the Abatement, Control and|
Compliance appropriation.
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The program emphasized state adoption of numeric criteria for toxic
pollutants. The Agency announced its intention to initiate promulgation actions
for states not complying with Section 303(c)(2)(B) of the CWA.
Priority objectives for state water quality standards reviews during the
1991-1993 triennium were established, including state adoption of biological
criteria, antidegradation policies and implementation methods, and water quality
standards for wetlands and coastal/estuarine waters. The program issued national
guidance on water quality standards, program guidance for biological criteria,
and proposed water quality criteria for six pollutants to assist states in
implementing the water quality standards program during the 1991-1993 triennium.
Outreach programs provided information to the states on policies and
requirements, interpretation and use of water quality criteria and advisories,
and use of sediment and biological criteria.
EPA made continued progress toward final promulgation of standards for the
use and disposal of sewage sludge. The program issued a notice of availability
of information and data from the National Sewage Sludge Survey, and announced
preliminary decisions on key issues affecting the final regulation. The program
conducted additional sewage sludge modeling activities, evaluated proposed
numerical criteria, and continued its response to public comments on the proposed
technical regulations for use and disposal of sewage sludge.
NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGEMENT GRANTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests $23,750,000 for this program, all of which will be for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease
of $24,700,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, which
reflects a reduced, but continuing need for NPS implementation funds. The
decrease is based on the fact that local government land use decisions and
agricultural practices cause most NPS pollution. Furthermore, it is in
appropriate for the Federal government to involve itself too heavily in these
local responsibilities. The agency does not request additional funding for
special NPS projects earmarked in the 1991 Congressional appropriation.
In 1992, EPA, based on careful analyses and oversight of updated state
Section 319 management plans, will select state NPS implementation activities
fully supporting EPA's Watershed Initiative, which focuses on critical
watersheds. Selected state NPS projects will: 1) support integrated urban
pollution programs in priority watersheds by enhancing section 319 programs
addressing stormwater runoff not regulated by National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permits; 2) support innovative state approaches to
resolve NPS mining and forestry problems in priority watersheds; 3) assure
performance, continuity, and self-sufficiency of NPS programs at the state level
through hiring of staff and establishment of state-wide programs for education,
technical assistance, and technology transfer; 4) support development of
effective pollution prevention mechanisms to minimize generation of NPS pollution
at the source, with emphasis on high priority watersheds; and, 5) expand and
strengthen activities to build state capacities to protect ground water from NPS
pollution.
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EPA will ensure that all selected projects will: 1) protect/restore
critical aquatic habitats; 2) establish linkages with state agricultural agencies
and the President's Water Quality Initiative under the leadership of USDA; 3)
protect, where needed, high quality waters; and, 4) support NFS needs identified
in state Comprehensive Ground Water Protection Programs.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating $48,450,000 for this program, all of which is
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
EPA is directing these grant funds to states that effectively implement
Best Management Practices (BMPs) that control particularly difficult or serious
NPS pollution problems and/or use innovative methods or practices to prevent or
control NPS pollution. Major sources of NPS pollution to be addressed include
(1) agricultural practices that result in surface water contamination by soils,
fertilizers, pesticides, and animal wastes; (2) resource extraction (mining/oil
and gas) that cause serious water quality impacts; and (3) urban NPS pollution
(contaminated urban runoff) that results in substantial loadings of toxic and
conventional pollutants not controlled under the NPDES stormwater permit program.
EPA is selecting projects that focus on measures (regulatory and
nonregulatory) to abate and prevent NPS pollution in targeted state watersheds,
consistent with the objective of our Watershed Initiative. Activities selected
for funding must achieve discrete, measurable results that will reduce risk to
human health and the aquatic environment and advance states toward effective
implementation of comprehensive NPS management programs.
Grants under section 319 are also being used for activities to build state
institutional capabilities to protect ground-water resources from NPS pollution.
Such activities include (1) ground-water resource assessments in areas where NFS
pollution is a major concern; (2) development of BMPs to prevent ground-water
contamination; (3) development of technical assistance documents and training
efforts; (4) establishment of state and local regulatory and nonregulatory
capabilities; (5) establishment of institutional responsibilities and
coordination mechanisms; and (6) development of ground-water monitoring
capability, including data management.
Congressional Directives. A total of $36,000,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects, including Nonpoint Source Grants under Section 319 of the
Clean Water Act, NPS management for the Illinois River Basin, NPS management for
the Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa Region, and the Rouge River Basin NPS control
demonstration.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $36,804,100 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Nonpoint source management grants were made available to states and
qualified Indian tribes to implement approved elements of their section 319 NPS
management programs. EPA developed state-by-state planning targets for funding
based on interim criteria that reflected nonpoint source needs; prepared guidance
on the award and management of grants in accordance EPA's December 1987 NPS
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Guidance; and awarded grants based on merit to fund NFS activities that result
in demonstrated progress in achieving Congress' goal of preventing and abating
NPS pollution. Priorities for funding included (1) evaluating the effectiveness
of a state's performance to date; (2) balancing programs to provide for both
improvement and protection of water quality in specific watersheds and
institutionalization of long-term, statewide NFS management programs; (3)
particular NFS activities of highest priority to the Agency (including those
articulated in EPA's 1987 NFS Guidance); and (4) conducting appropriate before-
and-after water quality monitoring and evaluation activities to enable EPA to
report to Congress on its progress in reducing NFS pollution and improving water
quality. Section 319 grants contained ground-water elements to further state
assessment of ground-water resources and to establish a basis for identifying
priority protection needs prior to undertaking any site-specific measures. If
a state already had a good basis for determining its ground-water priorities,
then the state was encouraged to implement efforts to address these priorities.
NONPOINT SOURCE IMPLEMENTATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $1,250,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
a decrease of $1,300,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
from 1991.
Section 319(n) requires that "(n)ot less that 5 percent of the funds
appropriated (under Section 319) for any fiscal year shall be available to the
Administrator to maintain personnel levels at the Environmental Protection Agency
at levels which are adequate to carry out (Section 319)... ." Thus, EPA will use
these funds to provide adequate staff to continue to support and oversee state
319 programs. These staff will assist in the award and management of NPS
implementation funds to states under Section 319. EPA will continue to negotiate
state work plans for projects consistent with the complex legal and procedural
requirements associated with grants under Section 319, including program tracking
and accounting requirements. EPA will also continue activities related to the
approval of complete NPS management programs in each state and to oversee state
implementation, which may include on-site reviews.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $2,550,000 for this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Section 319(n) requires that "(n)ot less that 5 percent of the funds
appropriated (under Section 319) for any fiscal year shall be available to the
Administrator to maintain personnel levels at the Environmental Protection Agency
at levels which are adequate to carry out (Section 319)...." EPA is continuing
to use these funds to provide adequate staff to oversee the award and management
of funds to states under Section 319. EPA is negotiating state work plans for
projects consistent with the complex legal and procedural requirements associated
with grants under Section 319, including program tracking and accounting
requirements. EPA is also continuing activities related to the approval of
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complete NFS management programs in each state and the oversight of state
implementation, which may include on-site reviews.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated $831,300 for this program, all of which was
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Since 1990 was the initial year of Section 319 funding, start-up activities
represented a major program focus. These activities included developing state-
by-state planning targets for funding based on interim criteria consistent with
direction provided by Congress; preparing guidance on the award; and management
of grants consistent with EPA's 1987 guidance and awarding grants for NFS
activities based on funding priorities.
EPA also developed and implemented reporting and oversight procedures
designed to ensure the integrity of the grants process and assure positive
environmental results from the projects selected for funding. Activities
included Headquarters review of selected management programs, grant work programs
and watershed plans; participation with Regions in selected reviews of state
programs; on-site review of Regional NPS programs; and provision for NFS
information exchange between states.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Monitoring ft Analysis
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Coastal Environment
Management
Salaries ft Expenses $5,431.7 S7.256.2 $7,256.0 $8,808.4 $1,552.4
Abatement Control and $15,627.4 $28,248.9 $28,248.9 $40,648.9 $12,400.0
Compliance
TOTAL $21,059.1 $35,505.1 $35,504.9 $49,457.3 $13,952.4
Water Quality
Monitoring ft Analysis
Salaries ft Expenses $8,163.9 $8,060.1 $8,059.9 $9,841.5 $1,781.6
Abatement Control and $6,225.8 $6,310.1 $6,310.1 $6,115.1 -$195.0
Compliance
TOTAL $14,389.7 $14,370.2 $14,370.0 $15,956.6 $1,586.6
TOTAL:
Salaries ft Expenses $13,595.6 $15,316.3 $15,315.9 $18,649.9 $3,334.0
Abatement Control and $21,853.2 $34,559.0 $34,559.0 $46,764.0 $12,205.0
Compliance
Water Quality TOTAL $35,448.8 $49,875.3 $49,874.9 $65,413.9 $15,539.0
Monitoring ft Analysis
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Coastal Environment 97.5 139.8 139.8 160.6 20.8
Management
Water Quality 146.7 149.1 149.1 156.5 7.4
Monitoring & Analysis
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 244.2 288.9 288.9 317.1 28.2
TOTAL WORCYEARS
Coastal Environment 103.5 144.6 144.6 160.6 16.0
Management
Water Quality 157.5 156.5 156.5 156.5 0.0
Monitoring ft Analysis
TOTAL WORKYEARS 261.0 301.1 301.1 317.1 16.0
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $65,413,900 supported by 317.1 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $15,539,000 and an increase of 16.0 total
workyears from 1991. Of the request, $18,649,900 will be for the Salaries and
Expense appropriation and $46,764,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $3,334,000 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and an increase of $12,205,000 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $49,457,300 and 160.6 total workyears for
this program, of which $8,808,400 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $40,648,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents increases of $1,552,400 in Salaries and Expenses,
$12,400,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance, and 16.0 in total workyears.
The increase in Salaries and Expenses reflects support for increased workyears
and increased personnel and operating costs. The increases in total workyears
and in Abatement, Control and Compliance reflect two components of the
President's ecological protection initiative: implementation of the Agency's
Great Lakes initiative and the interagency Coastal America initiative.
In response to the mandates of the recently enacted Great Lakes Critical
Programs Act of 1990, the President's ecological protection initiative includes
significant additional resources directed to the Regions and the states who, in
conjunction with the Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO), will continue
to accelerate development of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for the 30 U.S. Areas
of Concern (AOC) as well as for the five Joint U.S./Canada AOCs. Lakewide
Management Plans for Lakes Ontario and Michigan will continue on their
accelerated schedule with the Lake Michigan LAMP being readied for submission t;o
the International Joint Commission.
As a major part of the President's ecological protection initiative, the
Agency, working closely with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, will
direct significant new resources towards a cooperative interagency approach to
improve the Federal response to three major coastal problems: species and
habitat alteration and loss, nonpoint source pollution, and contaminated
sediments. This initiative, known as Coastal America, builds upon the
collective capabilities and authorities of the participating agencies, thereby
providing a broader range of authorities to effect change, the ability to share
field expertise and resources, and an expanded range and scope of
responsibilities and influence. Existing institutional frameworks and ongoing
programs, such as the NEP management conferences, near coastal waters (NCU)
strategies, and geographically targetted wastewater treatment construction grants
will be used to facilitate proposed actions and to administer project grants.
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Headquarters will continue support to the coastal Regions in 301(h) permit
reissuance decisions and in conducting ocean discharge criteria evaluations for
403(c), as well as to continue developing regulations, technical guidance and
support documents, and managing a national data base in support of these
programs. The Agency will continue work to develop an overall framework for
marine ecological risk assessment, implementation of Section 312 of the CWA to
control marine sanitation devices, and operation of an ocean survey vessel to
support sound environmental management decisions.
Headquarters and the coastal Regions will continue providing support to 17
management conferences in the National Estuary Program (NEP). NEP action
projects to demonstrate innovative clean-up strategies will continue to be
evaluated and shared with other regions and states as they are completed. The
Agency will continue to develop tools and conduct training in response to needs
identified by the Regions and states through the Regional NCW strategies.
Headquarters will continue providing technical assistance to Regional and state
staffs on integrating point source, nonpoint source, and water quality planning
to address identified NCW problems. Regions IV and VI will continue to support
the Gulf of Mexico Program.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $35,504,900 supported by 144.6
total workyears for this program, of which $7,256,000 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $28,248,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Headquarters and the coastal Regions are providing support to 17 management
conferences in the NEP. The Agency is beginning to implement those Regional Near
Coastal Water strategies that have completed development. To test pollution
prevention effectiveness, grants are being provided to state and local
governments for selected action demonstration projects identified as national
priorities in NCW strategies or through the NEP projects.
The Agency continues developing regulations, technical guidance and support
documents, and managing a national data base in support of coastal and marine
regulatory responsibilities under Sections 301(h), 312, and403(c). Headquarters
is continuing support to the coastal Regions in 301(h) permit reissuance
decisions and in conducting ocean discharge criteria evaluations for 403(c) . The
Agency is continuing to develop an overall framework for marine ecological risk
assessment, implementation of Section 312 of the CWA to control marine sanitation
devices, and ocean surveys conducted by the RV Anderson to support sound
environmental management decisions.
Congressional Directives. A total of $1,000,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of controlling erosion and sedimentation in the Great Lakes
Basin.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $21,059,100 supported by 103.5
total workyears for this program, of which $5,431,700 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $15,627,400 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
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Through the NEP, the Agency provided support and oversight to twelve
estuary projects. The Buzzards Bay project neared completion of its CCMP and I
began the implementation phase of the program. Five more projects completed the
intensive environmental characterization and began Comprehensive Conservation
Management Plan (CCMP) development. The six projects selected in 1988 began the
intensive characterization phase. Five new projects were designated in 1990
based on a determination of national significance. For NCW initiatives, the
Regions continued working with the states to assess environmental risks in NCWs,
select and define priority problems, identify needed enhancements to ongoing
programs, and identify and implement innovative abatement and control programs.
The Section 301(h) programs of Regions I, II, IX, and X focused on the
evaluation of monitoring programs and permit reissuance, following completion of
final waiver determinations for the remaining first round applications;.
Headquarters supported a study by the National Academy of Science on
opportunities to improve wastewater management by urban coastal areas. The
coastal Regions' Section 403(c) programs continued efforts to bring NPDES
permittees into compliance with Section 403(c) criteria, consistent with the
recommendations of the 1989 report to Congress.
WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ANALYSIS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $15,956,600 supported by 156.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $9,841,500 will be for the Salaries and
Expense appropriation and $6,115,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,781,600 for Salaries
and Expenses, a decrease of $195,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
no change in total workyears from 1991. The increase in Salaries and Expenses
reflects increased personnel costs. The reduction in Abatement, Control and
Compliance reflects a significant reduction in traditional monitoring activities
and a major shift to focus on watershed protection needs. This shift will
increase national activities to identify and target priority watersheds, develop
cost-effective rapid bioassessment methods and improved indicators, and
revitalize water data systems to support watershed initiatives. These increased
activities will support the Presidential ecological protection initiative,
EPA will reduce traditional monitoring program activities. We will reduce
technical guidance and modeling workshops supporting TMDL/WLAs and scale back
water quality monitoring and assessment activities for water quality trends. The
Agency will also postpone planned improvements to Section 305(b) reports to later
reporting cycles.
EPA will initiate efforts to assist States in establishing watershed
assessment and targeting programs. Working with Regions and States, Headquarters
will begin developing a national program to identify priority watersheds for
targeted/integrated management programs. EPA will identify indicators reflecting
ecological integrity and develop cost-effective rapid bioassessment methods to
both assess aquatic ecosystem stress (for targeting) and measure the
environmental gains of watershed protection initiatives. The Agency will sponsor,
a third national monitoring symposium to address these and other significant
monitoring program directions.
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EPA will revitalize water quality data systems to support more watershed-
oriented applications, including developing electronic linkages to extensive
environmental data bases maintained by other Federal, State, and local agencies.
The data systems revitalization will also address expanding existing systems as
needed to handle appropriate watershed data (including ancillary data bases) and
to improve data transfer between mainframes and PCs.
1991 Program
The Agency requests a total of $14,370,000 supported by 156.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,059,900 will be for the Salaries and
Expense appropriation and $6,310,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Based on previous national and state water quality studies and reports
(such as the Section 304(1) and Section 305(b) reports), the program is
concentrating on geographic areas where the presence of pollutants of concern
(such as contaminated sediments, State priority NFS, toxics in the water column
or bioaccumulative toxics) pose the greatest risk to human health and the aquatic
environment. EPA is encouraging states to evaluate water quality in these areas
as well as the sources of pollutants, and develop needed controls to minimize the
risks to human health and the aquatic environment. States are developing total
maximum daily loads (TMDLs), wasteload allocations (WLAs) and load allocations
(LAs) where water quality-based controls are needed to reduce point and nonpoint
source discharges.
EPA is developing a national Monitoring Mission Statement and is also
sponsoring workshops to describe simplified methods that states can use to
identify areas where contaminated sediment presents a high-risk, as well as
remediation methods states can use at specific sites.
EPA is analyzing the 1990 state Section 305(b) reports and preparing the
national water quality report to Congress. The Agency is also working closely
with states to develop and implement guidance for preparing the State 1992
Section 305(b) reports.
EPA is continuing to strengthen state assessment and monitoring programs
and further enhance the Waterbody System by linking it to state Geographic
Information Systems and to national water quality data systems operated by other
Federal agencies. The Regions are reviewing state workplans and specific water
quality assessments and assisting in environmental data management.
Congressional Directives. A total of $200,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project Southwest Arkansas/Southeast Oklahoma Millwood Basin Water
Quality Study.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency allocated a total of $14,389,700 supported by 157.5
total workyears for this program, of which $8,163,900 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,225,800 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
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The program continued a high priority effort to assure effective
implementation of Section 304(1) of the Clean Water Act, providing assistance and
oversight in addressing deficiencies in state submissions. Where states failed
to act, the Agency developed and promulgated lists of waters impaired by toxics
and by other pollutants.
The Bioaccumulation Study was drafted and used along with other information
to prepare a surface water risk assessment for pulp and paper companies. The
program developed several draft guidance documents on how to assess and remediate
sediment contamination problems where toxic pollutants are suspected of causing
adverse impacts on aquatic life and bioaccumulation problems.
The surface water monitoring program encouraged states to adopt more cost-
effective approaches, such as rapid biological assessments and use of citizen
volunteer programs, to enhance and augment state monitoring programs. A series
of workshops were conducted to address nonpoint source pollution monitoring and
assessment, estuarine monitoring, sediment contamination and bioaccumulation of
pollutants in fish tissue. EPA assisted states to monitor toxic pollutants and
assess toxicity in the aquatic environment, through workshops and direct
involvement in specific projects. States completed their 1990 Section 305(b)
reports. The Agency continued to strengthen state analysis capabilities and
improve water quality data management to enable integration with other data
bases. A detailed river network (REACH file 3) was prepared for use in STORET
and other data bases.
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WATER QUALITY
Municipal Source Control
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Municipal Pollution
Control
Salaries i Expenses $20,494.8 $19,696.4 $19,696.2 $20,625.8 $929.6
Abatement Control and $19,802.5 $24,692.6 $24,692.6 $18.942.6 -$5,750.0
Compliance
TOTAL $40,297.3 144,589.0 $44,388.8 $39,568.4 -$4,820.4
Waste Treatment
Operations &
Maintenance
Salaries I Expenses $1,154.2 0.0
TOTAL $1,154.2 0.0
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $21,649.0 $19,696.4 $19.696.2 $20,625.8 $929.6
Abatement Control and $19,802.5 $24,692.6 $24,692.6 $18,942.6 -$5,750.0
Compliance
Municipal Source TOTAL $41,451.5 $44,389.0 $44,388.8 $39,568.4 -$4,820.4
Control
PERMANENT WORICYEARS
Municipal Pollution 375.9 347.4 347.4 366.2 18.8
Control
Waste Treatment 23.7 0.0
Operations t
Maintenance
TOTAL PERMANENT WORICYEARS 399.6 347.4 347.4 366.2 18.8
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Municipal Pollution 400.9 366.2 366.2 366.2 0.0
Control
Waste Treatment 24.5 0.0
Operations I
Maintenance
TOTAL WORICYEARS 425.4 ' 366.2 366.2 366.2 0.0
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WATER QUALITY
Municipal Pollution Control
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $39,568,400 supported by 366.2 total
workyears for 1992, a decrease of $4,820,400 and no change in total workyears
from 1991. Of the request, $20,625,800 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation, and $18,942,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, an increase of $929,600 and a decrease of $5,750,000,
respectively.
MUNICIPAL POLLUTION CONTROL
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $39,568,400 supported by 366.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $20,625,800 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $18,942,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $929,600 in the
Salaries and Expense appropriation, a decrease of $5,750,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and no change in total workyears. The
increase in Salaries and Expenses reflects increased personnel costs. The
decreases in Abatement, Control and Compliance reflects the completion of start-
up activities for State Revolving Funds (SRF) and certain Congressionally
mandated projects.
In 1992, EPA will continue to manage the implementation of the SRF program
as 51 SRF programs are operational and several states switch to more complex SRF
financing proposals. Although funding for construction grants ended in 1990,
including the 205(g) set-aside, over 4,000 remaining projects will require
ongoing management. Headquarters will continue the overall management of this
large construction grants workload by emphasizing prompt completion and closeout
of active projects and resolution of audit problems, while maintaining the
technical, environmental and financial integrity of the program. Regional office
support through senior experienced professionals is vital to the expeditious
completion of the program as well as the Regions oversee states' continuing
management of the program. In cooperation with this effort, the Corps of
Engineers with 168 workyears will maintain support to approximately 900
construction grants projects. EPA will continue to implement the Indian set-
aside program through its Interagency Agreement with the Indian Health Service.
To assure that the national investment in wastewater treatment
infrastructure is protected, Headquarters, in cooperation with the Regional
offices and states will enhance long term compliance through proactive municipal
water pollution prevention programs (MWPP) . Headquarters will continue to direct
operations and maintenance (O&M), operator training, small community outreach,
and municipal financing including public/private partnerships to address needs.
In addition, new initiatives and pilot programs will be undertaken that provide
on-site support to the Regions and states to foster development, operation and
oversight of MWPP. These demonstration projects will assist states with
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training, workshops, self-audits, and provide direct pnsite technical assistance
through a team approach.
The Agency will continue its efforts on constructed wetlands, reduction in
the nation's water use, and will continue work on municipal technology transfer.
Headquarters will also undertake an International initiative to promote program
development through the transfer of water information and technology to Eastern
Europe, the Caribbean and U.S. Territories to assist in water pollution
prevention and remediation efforts.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $44,388,800 supported by 366.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $19,696,200 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $24,692,600 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991, EPA is continuing cooperation with the states to manage the
implementation and oversight of the SRF program. With 51 SRF programs operating,
the Agency's high level of effort puts forth extensive first round reviews of
annual reports, as well as review and approval of more complex SRF financing
proposals. The Agency is submitting the SRF Report to Congress and is finalizing
the 1990 Needs Survey.
Although funding for the construction grants program ended in 1990, the
traditional program management workload of state oversight responsibilities is
continuing. Regions are managing a workload of over 4,900 active grant projects.
The Agency is placing maximum emphasis on the completion and closeout of grant
projects and resolution of audit problems. Funds allocated for the Corps of
Engineers Interagency Agreement are supporting 214 total workyears to provide
construction management assistance to EPA and the states. Indian wastewater
treatment projects funded from the set-aside are in design and construction.
These projects require significant coordination and negotiation with the Indian
Health Service, tribes and Alaska Native Villages.
In 1991, the Agency is integrating operations and maintenance and operator
training program activities with this program element to improve coordination and
maximize resource utilization. EPA is implementing initiatives in municipal
water pollution prevention, water conservation and technology transfer to assure
that the national investment in wastewater treatment infrastructure is protected.
The Agency is providing $800,000 for operator training grants to support
effective on-site O&M and compliance assistance to operators of small publicly
owned treatment works (POTWs).
EPA is expanding its cooperative effort of wastewater treatment and
drinking water programs providing financing and technology assistance to small
communities. The Agency will focus on establishing programs thatencourage
efficient water use, promote overall reduction of the nation's water use on a per
capita basis and encourage a significant nationwide increase in the reclamation
and reuse of wastewater for various applications. The Agency is finalizing the
Sulfide Corrosion Report to Congress and is providing $1,000,000 to support the
Water Pollution Control Federation Research Foundation. Headquarters is
continuing to provide technical guidance and program assistance on sewage sludge
management, pretreatment requirements and ground-water contamination from leaky
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sewers. Also, Headquarters is enhancing its support for constructed wetlands
which includes developing constructed wetlands guides.
Congressional Directives. A total of $4,250,000 is for Congressionaliy
directed projects for Wastewater Treatment Training ($1,250,000), EPA Training
Center/West Virginia University ($1,000,000), Small Flows/West Virginia
University ($1,000,000), Water Conservation Task Force ($500,000), and the Water
Pollution Control Federation Research Foundation ($500,000).
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $40,297,300 supported by 400.9
total workyears for this program, of which $ 20,494,800 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $19,802,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA continued to manage two wastewater treatment programs emphasizing the
prompt completion of active construction grants projects and implementation
oversight of SRF programs. The Agency developed a strategy to administer the
completion of the construction grants program. The strategy identifies the
necessary level and mix of program resources to handle the completion workload
and is based on the ongoing partnership among EPA (including the Inspector
General and Regions), the Corps of Engineers and the state agencies. Regions
also maintained essential emphasis on traditional construction grants management
activities which addresses a workload of approximately 5,800 grant projects.
Negotiation and award of initial SRF grants and the conducting of first annual
program reviews were the highest program priorities in the Regions.
As a result of the first funding cycle, the Agency provided funds for 18
Indian tribes and eight Alaska Native Villages in 1990. The $15,100,000
allocated for the Corps of Engineers Interagency Agreement supported 227 total
workyears and provided construction management assistance to EPA and the states.
In 1990, EPA increased emphasis toward preventing pollution and assuring
protection of the nation's multi-billion dollar infrastructure of major public
health and water quality improvements. The Agency promoted the development of
state programs related to municipal water pollution prevention, water
conservation and technology transfer. $1,710,900 was targeted to operator
training grants for on-site assistance to small communities. Regions provid-.d
increased information and assistance to help municipalities address alternative
financing methods for wastewater treatment needs. The wastewater treatment arid
drinking water programs cooperated to provide information and assistance on
financing and technology to hard-pressed small communities. Headquarters
coordinated research, technology transfer and outreach activities with other
agencies and national organizations, including the Small Flows Clearinghouse.
WASTE TREATMENT OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
1992 Proeram Request
In 1992, resources to support operations and maintenance, including
operator training activities are requested under the Municipal Pollution Control
program element.
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1991 Program
In 1991, resources to support operations and maintenance, including operator
training activities are allocated under the Municipal Pollution Control program
element.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $1,154,200 supported by 24.5 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
The resources obligated to continue operator training grants under the
Municipal Pollution Control program contributed to the development of effective
state O&M and operator training programs and supported improved minor municipal
facilities compliance.
With the grant funds noted in the municipal pollution control program above,
state and EPA Regional staff provided on-site compliance assistance and operator
training at about 600 minor POTWs. Regional/state operations management
evaluations and operator training programs prevented noncompliance and remained
a key component to the municipal water pollution prevention initiative. In
addition to managing operator training grants, Regions continued to work directly
with selected minor facilities to solve problems and oversee project performance
certification reviews.
EPA recognized superior facilities through enhancements to its National and
Regional Wastewater Excellence Awards programs. The Agency made 18 national
awards and 70 Regional awards for the O&M program. In addition, the Agency
continued to provide guidance, information and oversight assistance to the states
and communities to strengthen local O&M programs for improved sludge, toxics, and
innovative, alternative and conventional technologies management. In 1990, EPA
initiated a "Youth and the Environment" program to introduce youth to career
opportunities in the environmental field and help address manpower shortages for
skilled operators. The Agency also prepared promotional material and case
studies to assist POTWs in conducting Hazardous Household Waste collection
events.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Paq<
WATER QUALITY
ENFORCEMENT
Water Quality Enforcement 3-69
Hater Quality Permit Issuance 3-73
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Enforcement
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE *
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Water Quality
Enforcement
Salaries I Expenses $18,527.9 $21,133.4 $21,133.1 $22,666.8 $1,533.7
Abatement Control and $2,531.2 $5,979.6 $5,979.6 $6,379.6 $400.0
Compliance
TOTAL $21,059.1 $27,113.0 $27,112.7 $29,046.4 $1,933.7
TOTAL:
Salaries & Expenses $18,527.9 $21,133.4 $21,133.1 $22,666.8 $1,533.7
Abatement Control and $2,531.2 $5,979.6 $5,979.6 $6,379.6 $400.0
Compliance
Water Quality TOTAL $21,059.1 $27,113.0 $27,112.7 $29,046.4 $1.933.7
Enforcement
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Water Quality 370.3 384.9 384.9 402.4 17.5
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORICYEARS 370.3 384.9 384.9 402.4 17.5
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Water Quality 391.4 401.4 401.4 402.4 1.0
Enforcement
TOTAL WORICYEARS 391.4 401.4 401.4 402.4 1.0
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $29,046,400 supported by 402.4 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $1,933,700 and 1.0 total workyear from 1991.
Of this request, $22,666,800 is for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$6,379,600 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents an increase of $1,533,700 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and an increase of $400,000 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
WATER QUALITY ENFORCEMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $29,046,400 supported by 402.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $22,666,800 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,379,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,533,700 for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $400,000 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 1.0 total workyear. The
increase for Salaries and Expenses reflects increased personnel costs. The
increase for Abatement, Control and Compliance is the net result of both a
decrease of $100,000 in enhancements to the Permit Compliance System and an
increase of $500,000 for activity under the President's Ecology initiative to
provide case support for NPDES and pretreatment enforcement cases in the Great
Lakes, in conjunction with the Agency's Great Lakes Basin Initiative.
All but 135 municipal facilities are expected to have completed
construction to meet final effluent limits by the end of 1992. EPA will continue
to emphasize municipal compliance with final effluent limits, as the Agency works
for further reduction of POTW significant noncompliance rates. Diagnostic
inspections, composite correction plans, and judicial actions will be used to
facilitate compliance where necessary. The Agency will work with states to
implement individual Municipal Water Pollution Prevention (MWPP) programs, which
establish procedures designed to prevent potential noncompliance by municipal
facilities. EPA will evaluate overall accomplishments of the program and make
necessary adjustments to the MWPP guidance.
The Agency will continue to promote better pretreatment implementation
through approved local pretreatment programs. EPA will implement an expanded
inspection program for POTWs and increase inspections of industrial users (lUs),
thus providing a more intense review of the compliance status of lus.
The enforcement program will continue to place a high priority on
enforcement of permit requirements that limit the discharge of toxics. All major
permittee will be inspected, and a timely and appropriate enforcement response
will be emphasized in all cases of significant noncompliance. Administrative
penalty orders will continue to be used. About 60 percent of all such orders are
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Class I. An administrative compliance order requiring correction of the
violation will accompany nearly all administrative penalty orders.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $27,112,700 supported by 401.4
total workyears for this program, of which $21,133,100 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $5,979,600 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is issuing implementation guidance on the [WPP. This program
is being established to surface potential problems at POTWs in time to allow
correction before violations occur. EPA is continuing to focus on municipal
enforcement activity in an attempt to further reduce significant noncompliance
rates for municipal facilities on final effluent limits.
In 1991, the goal of the pretreatment enforcement program is to encourage
improved implementation by all 1,500 approved programs. EPA is continuing
pretreatment compliance inspections where programs are not audited, reviewing
annual reports and tracking POTW performance through the Pretreatment Permits and
Enforcement Tracking System. EPA is continuing to rely on states and approved
POTWs to ensure the compliance of industrial users with pretreatment standards.
Where there is no approved local program, EPA along with states, is emphasizing
the identification of categorical industrial users; compliance monitoring where
such industries have been identified; and enforcement.
EPA is monitoring and enforcing toxic permit requirements. The Agency is
using both chemical and biological methods to monitor compliance of toxics.
Enforcement of toxicity requirements is focusing on identification of causes and
expeditious elimination of toxicity using the best available technical knowledge
in the scientific community.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $21,059,100 supported by 391.4
total workyears for this program, of which $18,527,900 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,531,200 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
As of October 1, 1990, 82 percent of the National Municipal Policy (NMP)
universe had completed construction to comply with final effluent limits. Only
10 of the original 1,478 major NMP facilities were not yet in compliance, on an
enforceable schedule or referred for judicial enforcement action. Enforceable
construction schedules were established for 75 percent of the 1,240 minor
municipal facilities needing schedules.
EPA monitored POTWs to ensure adequate implementation of their approved
local pretreatment program and used enforcement actions against POTWs that failed
to implement their programs. EPA issued 24 administrative penalty orders
against municipalities for failure to adequately implement approved local
pretreatment programs and referred nine municipalities for judicial action. In
addition, enforcement action against 50 of the 61 cities included in the October
1989 national pretreatment enforcement initiative were concluded, resulting in
penalties of over $2,925,000. During 1990, EPA conducted over 316 pretreatment
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compliance inspections of POTWs and 63 pretreatment inspections of industrial
users. EPA also took action directly against industrial users. Thirty-five
administrative penalty orders were issued and 18 industrial users were referred
for judicial actions. In 1990, the Agency conducted numerous pretreatment
workshops. Specifically, these workshops covered the development of enforcement
response plans and trained city attorneys in pretreatment enforcement.
In 1990, EPA conducted training on the Compliance Monitoring and
Enforcement Strategy for Toxics Control and Toxicity Reduction Evaluations. The
Agency, along with states, began implementation of the Strategy by reporting
toxicity violations on the Quarterly Noncompliance Report, issuing administrative
orders and administrative penalty orders to address violations, and providing
technical assistance to permittees doing Toxicity Reduction Evaluations.
Enforcement of Section 311 oil hazardous substance spill requirements
included 124 referrals to the U.S. Coast Guard for assessment of civil penalties
and 48 administrative actions for violations of Spill Prevention Control
Countermeasure plan requirements.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Permit Issuance
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE *
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Permit Issuance
Salaries t Expenses SU.398.2 $16,340.7 $16,335.* $19,623.9 $3,288.5
Abatement Control and $7,269.7 $8,047.4 $8,047.4 $8,293.4 $246.0
Compliance
TOTAL $21,667.9 $24,388.1 $24,382.8 $27,917.3 $3,534.5
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $14,398.2 $16,340.7 $16,335.4 $19,623.9 $3,288.5
Abatement Control and $7.269.7 $8.047.4 $8,047.4 $8,293.4 $246.0
Compliance
Water Quality TOTAL $21,667.9 $24,388.1 $24,382.8 $27,917.3 $3,534.5
Permit Issuance
PERMANENT WORICYEARS
Permit Issuance 290.9 327.1 327.1 362.7 35.6
TOTAL PERMANENT WORICYEARS 290.9 327.1 327.1 362.7 35.6
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Permit Issuance 305.5 340.8 340.8 362.7 21.9
TOTAL WORICYEARS 305.5 340.8 340.8 362.7 21.9
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Permit Issuance
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $27,917,300 supported by 362.7 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $3,534,500 and 21.9 total workyears from 1991.
Of the request, $19,623,900 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $8,293,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents increases of $3,288,500 in the Salaries -and Expenses
appropriation $246,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance.
PERMIT ISSUANCE
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $27,917,300 supported by 362.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $19,623,900 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $8,293,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $3,288,500 in Salaries
and Expenses, an increase of $246,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation and an increase of 21.9 in total workyears. The increase in
Salaries and Expenses reflects increased personnel and support costs. The
increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance represents the reprogramming of'
resources for hazardous waste regulatory support under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) to support pretreatment activities. The increase in
workyears provides support for geographically targeted permit efforts, especially
to areas impacted by storm water and combined sewer overflow, and reprogramming
of RCRA workyears to better coordinate pretreatment and sludge management
activities cross media.
The Agency will propose or promulgate revisions to basic National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) regulations, the storm water regulations for
moratorium sources, and revisions to general pretreatment regulations. EPA will
continue to support expected legal challenges to Domestic Sewage Study
regulation, storm water, NPDES and other regulations promulgated in 1990 and
1991. Contract funds will be used for litigation, regulatory and evidentiary
hearing support.
The Agency will continue to assist in the development, review and approval
of state (and Indian tribe) NPDES programs and modifications, encouraging states
to obtain sludge permitting and general permitting authority. The latter is key
to the implementation of the storm water program. To ensure national
consistency, EPA will conduct permit quality reviews and state audits.
The Agency will provide guidance and assistance to support water quality-
based permitting (toxics control), pretreatment implementation, Near Coastal
Water permitting, and variances. EPA will also conduct training courses,
workshops, and seminars on basic permit writing to include segments on pollution
prevention, toxic permitting, sludge permitting, and pretreatment. EPA will
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increase technical assistance and specific permit support to states on combined
sewer overflows (CSOs) and storm water permits in support of geographically
targeted efforts .
In 1992 the Agency will publish a regulation under existing statutory
authority imposing fees for the issues of NPDES permits in nondelegated States.
The fees will cover the cost of issuing permits and are expected to raise $10
million annually for deposit in the General Fund.
1991
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $24,382,800 supported by 340.8
total workyears for this program, of which $16,335,400 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $8,047,400 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA is emphasizing the reissuance of expiring major permits incorporating
toxic/toxicity limits based on biomonitoring and/or chemical specific testing.
EPA is emphasizing the issuance of CSO permits and assisting states in
implementing the CSO strategies developed in 1990. To protect critical habitats,
EPA is strengthening its focus on issuing permits to near coastal water (NCW)
discharges of pollutants of concern, especially where CSO or stormwater
discharges are problems .
EPA is focusing on pollution prevention through reissuance of major
municipal permits that include requirements for publicly owned treatment works
(POTWs) to assess the need to plan for plant upgrades and expansion. Training
modules encourage consideration of innovative approaches to municipal pollution
prevention and assist in developing permit requirements for planning plant
upgrades. Pollution prevention is also a significant part of the NCW activities
through increased support of the pretreatment program.
EPA is continuing to conduct detailed POTW pretreatment program reviews,
with appropriate follow-up, to ensure effective implementation. EPA is assisting
POTWs to develop/modify local limits to control toxics/hazardous pollutants in
accordance with revised pretreatment regulations and to ensure compliance with
sludge requirements and water quality-based limits in POTW permits.
EPA continues to assist states in issuing/modifying toxic/toxicity based
permits and is working with states to improve their toxic control programs. The
Agency is continuing to review state (and Indian tribe) NPDES programs and
program modifications, with emphasis on general permit authority, and to
encourage state assumption of sludge permitting programs.
EPA promulgated storm water application regulations and is proposing NPDES
regulations to implement programmatic and other Water Quality Act (WQA) related
revisions. EPA is completing the Section 519 pretreatment and the stormwater
reports to Congress.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $21,667,900 supported by 305.5
total workyears for this program, of which $14,398,200 was from the Salaries and
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Expenses appropriation and $7,269,700 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA continued to emphasize control of hazardous and toxic pollutants from
direct dischargers. EPA gave priority to completing the issuance of Individual
Control Strategies (ICSs) to major and minor dischargers listed as required by
Section 304(1) of the Clean Water Act (CWA), as amended. Remaining permits were
being issued to include toxicity-based or water quality-based limits based on
human health protection, toxicity reduction evaluations, revised local
pretreatment programs, and/or Best Available Technology for organic chemicals.
EPA continued to review NPDES state programs and program modification
requests. EPA assisted states to develop sludge programs and strengthen their
toxic control programs in accordance with action plans.
In 1990, EPA assisted POTWs to develop/modify local limits to control
toxics and hazardous pollutants in accordance with revised pretreatment
regulations and as required by ICSs and changes in sludge disposal standards.
EPA continued to audit POTWs to evaluate application of categorical standards,
local limits and issuance of control mechanisms. The Agency provided guidance
and contract assistance to implement revisions to the general Pretreatment
Regulations based on Pretreatment Implementation Review Task Force
recommendations; revise/develop local limits to include additional toxic
pollutant limits, including organics; conduct toxicity reduction evaluations and
assess toxicity related spills; and apply organic chemical categorical
pretreatment standards. Workshops and seminars were provided on toxicity
testing, biomonitoring, and state/POTW pretreatment implementation.
The Agency promulgated the General Pretreatment Regulation revisions
reflecting requirements of the Domestic Sewage Study.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
DRINKING WATER . 4-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Drinking Water Research 4-8
Scientific Assessment 4-12
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 4-13
Health Effects 4-14
Environmental Engineering and Technology 4-15
Environmental Processes and Effects 4-17
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Drinking Water Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 4-19
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 4-20
Drinking Water Implementation 4-22
Drinking Water State Program Resource Assistance 4-26
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Grants 4-27
Underground Injection Control Program Grants 4-29
Special Studies and Demonstrations 4-32
Drinking Water Management 4-34
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Assistance 4-35
Underground Injection Control Program 4-37
Ground-Water Protection 4-41
ENFORCEMENT
Drinking Water Enforcement .. 4-46
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DRINKING WATER
ACTUAL
1990
ENACTED
1991
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST INCREASE +
1992 DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Drinking Water
$37,437.6 $41,419.0 $41,462.4 $45,881.4 $4.419.0
$72,374.2 $82,338.8 $82,338.8 $78,463.8 -$3,875.0
$10,060.4 $10.431.2 $10,431.2 $11,803.2 $1.372.0
$119,872.2 $134,189.0 $134,232.4 $136,148.4 $1.916.0
Reregistrati on and
Expedited Processing
$557.1
$402.8
$402.8
-$402.8
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
684.3 776.4 776.4 807.4 31.0
726.1 800.7 800.7 807.4 6.7
$110,071.8 $121,473.0 $121,513.4 $122,210.1 $696.7
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1986 reauthorized this
progrM at a level of $199.570.0 for 1990 and $199.570.0
for 1991. Authorization for the Safe Drinking Water Act
expires on September 30, 1991.
4-1
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DRINKING WATER
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
EPA, under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) as amended in 1986, assures
that public water supplies are free of contaminants that may cause health risks
and protects ground water resources by preventing the endangerment of underground
sources of drinking water. EPA pursues a twofold approach, protecting drinking
water at the tap and preventing contamination of ground-water sources of drinking
water supplies.
The 1986 Amendments provide for an expanded Federal role in protecting
drinking water, mandating sweeping changes in nationwide safeguards and new
responsibility to enforce them in the event of state inaction. EPA's strategy
is to usher in this new, comprehensive level of drinking water protection by
maximizing voluntary compliance through a balance of enhanced enforcement
presence, pollution prevention, state capacity building, mobilization of local
government support and innovative partnerships. EPA has established its
implementation priorities according to the degree of human health risk, focusing
on four classes of contaminants with the highest health risks nationwide:
microbiological pathogens, lead, radionuclides and disinfection by-products.
Similarly, enforcement priorities, embodied in the definition of Public Water
System (PWS) Significant Non-Compliance (SNC), are risk based.
EPA is also focusing on the prevention of contamination of vulnerable
ground-water resources by assisting states to develop and implement comprehensive
ground-water protection strategies. These strategies will address both the full
range of actual and potential sources of ground-water contamination and provide
for wellhead protection activities in the areas around public water systems. In
addition, EPA is targeting specific activities to protect drinking water sources
from the harmful effects of injection of wastes and other fluids; in particular,
EPA is increasing emphasis on the vast number of diverse shallow (Class V)
injection wells.
Drinking Water Standard Setting
EPA defines its risk-reduction objectives for drinking water protection
through promulgation of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs).
NPDWRs are developed for any contaminants "known or anticipated to occur" in PWSs
that may have any adverse human health effects. The SDWA Amendments prescribe
a stringent^timetable for regulating the 83 contaminants referenced in the law,
a subsequent triennial cycle for listing and regulating additional contaminants,
specific treatment technology requirements, and monitoring for unregulated
contaminants.
EPA sets standards that represent the level of maximum feasible health
protection. Not only does this directly enhance protection at the tap, but also
provides a comprehensive array of standards for use as health protection
benchmarks in other environmental programs. At the same time, EPA takes into
account the potential burden of the wholesale increase in the number of
regulatory requirements, by building into the standards themselves both
flexibility and streamlined administrative requirements. The accompanying!
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monitoring and reporting requirements may be staggered by the states, giving
smaller systems more time to prepare for monitoring and compliance.
The major contaminants remaining to be addressed in 1992 include the Phase
V Rule covering 24 inorganic and synthetic organic chemicals, the proposed rule
for 25 chemicals on the second Contaminant Priority List, radionuclides, arsenic,
and disinfectants and disinfection by-products. In addition, EPA will begin the
mandated triennial review of all Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), beginning
with the Fluoride rule and the Volatile Organic Contaminant (VOC) rule. EPA
estimates that full implementation of these drinking water regulations will
achieve significant health benefits: avoidance of 400,000 cases of
gastrointestinal illness and 400 deaths due to this illness per year and 180
cases of cancer. In addition, full implementation of the lead rule will bring
blood lead levels of over 500,000 children per year below the level associated
with effects on neurological development.
States have had notable success in maintaining and increasing systems'
compliance through their traditional programs. These programs reflect a balance
of preventative measures (regular surveillance of systems' operations, review of
planned facility changes, operator certification), technical assistance and an
enforcement deterrent. However, additional regulatory requirements, arising from
the 1986 amendments, mean increased non-compliance, hence increased enforcement
requirements.
EPA determines its enforcement priorities on the basis of health risk,
focusing on the prevalence of microbiological, lead, radionuclide and
disinfection by-product contamination. Enforcement is the linchpin of state/EPA
efforts to promote voluntary compliance. Credible enforcement deterrence
complements the direct promotion of compliance by ensuring that no public water
system will realize (apparent) advantage by not making the necessary enhancements
to meet the requirements. Even with the increased enforcement resources
requested in 1992, EPA and states will only have enough resources to target the
most serious NPDWR violations, continuing to take Federal action on all SNC
violators (SNCs are based on frequency of violations and seriousness of
violations) that the states have failed to bring into compliance.
PWS Program Implementation
EPA's first priority is to support the expansion of state program
capabilities, essential to implement the growing regulatory framework. The
critical factor is state partnership. Under the Federal-state framework
established by the SDWA, EPA relies on the states to realize its program
objectives. Therefore, it is essential for the states to become agents for
change. Not only must the states expand their commitment to broad protection of
drinking water supplies, but they must also invest in developing new approaches
to interacting with public water systems, local governments and other interested
parties in order to increase their effectiveness. Through its mobilization
initiative and its local government initiative, EPA is seeking to leverage scarce
Federal and state resources. This pioneering approach will mobilize all parties
with a stake in safe drinking water to seek change at the grass roots level and
bring to bear the considerable existing resources of local governments.
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In its PWS Program implementation, EPA is emphasizing "marketing" voluntary
compliance across the regulated community, focusing on the thousands of small
public water systems that predominate the PWS regulated community. Beyond the
task of simply reaching so many systems (in order to prevent a vast number of
inadvertent violations), EPA is encouraging states to address the primary causes
of system non-compliance (such as customer resistance to higher rates, inadequate
facilities and poor training and expertise) through institutional innovations,
technology and training support, public education, and other mobilization
efforts. To this end, EPA is sponsoring various initiatives and demonstrations
to promote small-systems viability.
Underground Injection Control
Through its Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program, EPA and 40 state
primacy programs will continue to maintain regulatory coverage of 308,000
underground injection wells. However, EPA and the states will increase their
emphasis on contamination risks from Class V wells that encompass a wide variety
of different well types that resist uniform regulatory treatment, ranging from
radioactive waste-disposal wells, service station and industrial drainage and
disposal wells, to irrigation return wells. EPA's "Shallow Injection Well
Program Strategy" calls for outlining an action plan combining traditional
regulatory controls (on the highest-risk well categories) with more innovative
approaches to foster voluntary control practices.
The strategy entails an analytical process for EPA and the states to screen
the Class V universe and prescribe appropriate levels or forms of control, based
on the level of potential endangerment to ground-water resources. In 1992
implementation will be guided also by the results of EPA-funded demonstration
projects (funded in 1990), designed to field test the best approaches to Class
V controls. In 1992 the most intense shallow-well activities are likely to be
the closure and enforcement of wells newly defined to be illegal "Class IV"
injection wells, pursuant to the Hazardous Waste program's redefinition of the
toxicity characteristic for designating waste as hazardous.
Addressing the emerging problem of Class V wells complements and reinforces
the Agency's efforts in regulating the principal classes of injection wells.
Class II (oil and gas production and storage-related injection wells) compliance
evaluations will continue as the remaining states complete their first five-year
cycle of Class II file reviews. The program will emphasize both permitting and
ensuring compliance with permit and statutory requirements of other UIC
categories, particularly Class I and II. Where a state does not or cannot
respond to violations in a timely and appropriate manner, EPA will take
enforcement action.
Ground-Water Protection
The principal objective of EPA's ground-water protection activities in 1992
will be assisting and supporting the states in the development and implementation
of Comprehensive Ground-Water Protection Programs (Comprehensive Programs) . With
Comprehensive Programs, ground-water protection will move beyond the limited
parameters of Federal and state source control programs and focus on protection
of the ground-water resource as a whole and the tailoring of site specific
solutions. The Comprehensive Programs serve as the mechanism to coordinate
Federal ground-water protection activities under relevant statutes (e.g. , CERCLA,
4-4
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RCRA, FIFRA, CWA, SDWA) as well as state-and local authorities and programs. In
addition,- EPA will work with other 'Federal agencies, such as the Department of
Agriculture, Department of Transportation and the Department of the Interior, to
integrate the activities of their local and state-level programs into State
Comprehensive Ground-Water Protection Programs.
EPA will emphasize the importance of prioritizing activities in high risk
areas by incorporating the wellhead protection program and state pesticides
management plans into Comprehensive Programs. In addition, EPA will expand
support for innovative activities/projects which prevent contamination of ground
water by non-traditional sources.
EPA will also work to improve the scientific knowledge underlying ground-
water protection by assessing the potential for using biological criteria as
indicators of ecological impacts of ground-water contamination. The relationship
between ground-water discharge and surface water quality in sensitive aquatic
ecosystems.
In 1992, EPA will assist states in building and strengthening their
capabilities in collecting, managing, and accessing data on the ground-water
resource. Through the adoption of the minimum data element set for ground water,
states can not only ensure the reliability and integration of ground-water data,
but also facilitate the implementation of comprehensive ground-water data
management. In addition, EPA will develop policies and procedures for
incorporating nitrate information into ground-water data bases.
Research and Development
The Agency's Office of Research and Development will continue to focus
ground water research on subsurface transport and fate processes and agricultural
processes that influence ground-water contamination. In 1992, research centers
on the processes that facilitate transport, biological transformation, and
oxidation-reduction focusing on the behavior of complex mixtures. The results
of the research will allow better human exposure assessments from ground-water
contamination. The program will also develop an integrated research effort
focusing on new approaches to delineate and manage ground-water quality within
wellhead protection areas, support methods development to detect ground-water
contaminants, understand and predict their behavior, evaluate in-situ restoration
as being a viable cost-effective alternative for cleanup, and support UIC and
regulatory efforts.
The Agency will develop data on the chemistry and toxicology of drinking
water disinfectants used in place of chlorine, primarily ozone and chloramine and
their reaction by-products. Many municipalities will begin using ozone and
chloramine for drinking water disinfection to avoid high levels of chlorinated
disinfection by-products. Currently, little is known about either the spectrum
of by-products that might be expected from the aforementioned disinfection
regimes or the toxicological properties of these chemicals and/or mixtures of
chemicals. Biologically directed fractionation will be used to identify the
compounds presenting the highest probable human health risk. Research will
strengthen the development and validation biomarkers to quantify exposure and
effects, with particular emphasis placed on the gastro-intestinal tract where
first exposure to chemicals occurs.
4-5
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Consulting Services
Consulting services are used to supplement existing in-house expertise in
the drinking water program. These services are utilized in the development .and
review of regulations, policy and guidance documents pertaining to drinking water
standards, PWS and UIC program implementation and the identification of emerging
waterborne environmental or human health hazards.
4-6
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DRINKING WATER
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
CURRENT
ACTUAL ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
1990 1991 1992
INCREASE+
DECREASE-
1992 VS.
1991
Incremental Outputs
UIC Permit Determinations
- for existing and new
facilities, by primacy
states
- for existing and new
facilities, by EPA
UIC Mechanical Integrity
testing
UIC Compliance Review1...
PWS Primacy Development
Grants to Indian Tribes
Enforcement Actions - PWS
Inspections
Notices of Violation ...
Administrative Orders ..
Civil Litigation (new) .
Criminal Litigation ....
Enforcement Actions - UIC
Inspections
Notices of Violation ...
Administrative Orders ..
Civil Ligation (new) ...
Criminal Ligation
Cumulative Outputs
PWS Primacy States
UIC Primacy States (full
and partial programs) ..
Designated Sole Source
Aquifers
Approved State Wellhead
Protection Programs2. . . .
8,606
547
35,741
34,561
n/a
453
149
2
0
99,129
n/a
165
3
0
54
35/5
55
13
6,094
534
25,461
0
n/a
527
227
3
0
56,552
n/a
137
5
0
55
35/5
63
25
6,094
516
25,355
0
n/a
576
252
3
0
56,144
n/a
137
6
0
55
35/5
72
50
0
-18
106
0
49
25
0
0
-408
0
1
0
0
0
9
25
1 Reduction in 1991 and 1992 results from phase out of this activity in order
to increase Class IV and V well and UIC enforcement activities.
2 Output is added to report on a statutory mandated program to protect
drinking water under section 1428 of the SDWA.
4-7
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
DRINKING WATER
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Drinking Hater Research 4-8
Scientific Assessment 4-12
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 4-13
Health Effects 4-14
Environmental Engineering and Technology 4-15
Environmental Processes and Effects 4-17
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ACTUAL
1990
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Research
ENACTED
1991
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST
1992
INCREASE +
DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Scientific Assessment -
Drinking Water
Salaries t Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
$431.8
$255.4
$687.2
$495.4
$268.2
$763.6
$495.4
$268.2
$763.6
S614.6
$288.2
$902.8
$119.2
$20.0
$139.2
Monitoring Systems &
Quality Assurance -
Drinking Water
Salaries & Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
Health Effects -
Drinking Water
Salaries & Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
Environmental
Engineering t
Technology Drinking
Water
Salaries I Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
Environmental Processes
& Effects - Drinking
Water
Salaries & Expenses
Research & Development
$2,487.0 $2,061.8
$1,564.7 $1,477.6
$4,051.7 $3,539.4
$3,091.9 $3,019.0
$2,795.0 $2,886.0
$5,886.9 $5,905.0
TOTAL
$3,002.1 $2,945.1
$1,816.9 $2,604.4
$4,819.0 $5,549.5
$1,863.5 $1,728.9
$3,628.4 $3,195.0
$5,491.9 $4,923.9
$2,061.8 $2,444.0
$1,477.6 $1,537.0
$3,539.4 $3,981.0
$3,019.3 $1.884.7
$2,886.0 $2,574.7
$5,905.0 $4.459.4
$2,989.4 $3,660.4
$2,604.4 $2,213.3
$5,593.8 $5,873.7
$1,728.9 $1,834.1
$3,195.0 $5,190.0
$4,923.9 $7,024.1
$382.2
$59.4
$441.6
-$1,134.3
-$311.3
-$1,445.6
$671.0
-$391.1
$279.9
$105.2
$1,995.0
$2,100.2
TOTAL:
Salaries & Expenses
Research & Development
Drinking Water
Research
$10,876.3 $10,250.2 $10,294.5 $10,437.8 $143.3
$10,060.4 $10,431.2 $10,431.2 $11,803.2 $1,372.0
TOTAL $20,936.7 $20,681.4 $20,725.7 $22,241.0 $1,515.3
4-8
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Research
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT
1990 1991 ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST INCREASE +
1992 DECREASE
1992 VS 1991
PERMANENT WORICYEARS
Scientific Assessment -
Drinking Water
Monitoring Systems &
Quality Assurance -
Drinking Water
Health Effects -
Drinking Water
Environmental
Engineering t
Technology - Drinking
Water
Environmental Processes
& Effects - Drinking
Water
TOTAL PERMANENT WORICYEARS
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Scientific Assessment -
Drinking Water
Monitoring Systems &
Quality Assurance -
Drinking Water
Health Effects -
Drinking Water
Environmental
Engineering I
Technology - Drinking
Water
Environmental Processes
& Effects - Drinking
Water
TOTAL WORKYEARS
6.9
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
6.5 8.0 8.0 10.0 2.0
39.6 38.8 38.8 44.8 6.0
55.7 58.2 58.2 30.9 -27.3
50.3 53.3 53.3 64.3 11.0
26.6 27.2 27.2 28.2 1.0
178.7 185.5 185.5 178.2 -7.3
8.0
8.0 10.0
40.9 38.8 38.8 44.8
2.0
6.0
58.3 58.2 58.2 30.9 -27.3
52.2 53.3 53.3 64.3 11.0
29.9 27.2 27.2 28.2 1.0
188.2 185.5 185.5 178.2 -7.3
4-9
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Research
Principal Outputs
1992: o Response to public comment for Phase V chemicals (Scientific
Assessment).
o Review and revision of 30 health advisories (Scientific Assessment).
o Provide guidance on monitoring strategies for wellhead
protection areas (Monitoring).
o Report on the carcinogenic effects of chloroacetaldehydes and
dichloropropanones found in drinking water when
chlorinated (Health).
o Interim performance evaluation for ozone, chlorine dioxide,
and chloromines as alternative disinfectants (Engineering).
o Report on the control of regulated synthetic organic compounds in
drinking water (Engineering).
o Report on protocols for monitoring corrosivity of water
(Engineering).
o Report on determining water quality changes using the oxygen
activation log (Environmental Processes).
o Report on field tested methods for determining mechanical integrity
of injection wells (Environmental Processes).
o Report on evaluation and refinement of wellhead protection
area delineation methods (Environmental Processes).
o Report on methods for assessing the impact of land use on ground-
water quality (Environmental Processes).
1991: o Prepare and respond to public comments on Phase IV and V
contaminates, revise corresponding criteria documents
(Scientific Assessment).
o Publish final Health Risk Assessments for Phase II
chemicals (Scientific Assessment).
o Provide report on the sampling variance caused by well construction,
materials, and operations (Monitoring).
o Evaluate and adapt, where possible, existing oil exploration methods
4-10
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for groundwater monitoring (Monitoring).
o Report on carcinogenic and reproductive effects of chloroacetic
acids (Health).
o Report on the feasibility of conducting an epidemiologic study on
the chronic effects of using ozone as a disinfectant (Health).
o The adequacy and cost effectiveness of disinfectant
by-products control (Engineering).
o Provide report on disinfection of legionella and associated bacteria
in drinking water (Engineering).
1990:
o Completed draft risk assessments and criteria documents for Phase II
chemicals incorporating public comment (Scientific Assessment).
o Provided improved methods for predicting contaminant movement and
transformation (Monitoring).
o Reported on the mechanistic approaches to assess the interactions of
drinking water contaminants (Health).
o Reported on cancer risks associated with the disinfection of
drinking water (Health).
o Develop and verify Legionella inactivation data for public plumbing
systems (Engineering).
o Provide report on inactivation of Cytptosporitium Oocysts
(Engineering).
o Provided report on point-of-entry systems for removal of radon
(Engineering).
o Reported on ozonization products in drinking water (Environmental
Processes).
4-11
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Research
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $22,241,000 supported by 178.2 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $1,515,300 and a decrease of 7.3 in total
workyears from 1991. Of the request, $10,437,800 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $11,803,200 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation, increases of $143,300 and of $1,372,000 respectively. The
increase in Salaries and Expenses reflect additional costs associated with
payroll, while the increase in Research and Development reflects support for new
initiatives for groundwater contamination in food/agricultural production
processes and in wellhead protection research.
Program Objectives
The Drinking Water research program provides support to States and the EPA
Office of Drinking Water (ODW) in implementing the Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA). This program consists of the following objectives:
o Health assessment information to support the Office of Drinking
Water in revising regulations to control drinking water contaminants
under the SDWA and technical support to the regions and states in
ascertaining causes of outbreaks from waterborne infectious diseases
and determining the hazard to humans from exposure to infectious
agents through drinking water.
o Develop and evaluate analytical procedures to monitor drinking water
contaminants and evaluate treatment processes and costs to support
ODW regulatory decision-making.
o Provide the scientific basis for the protection of underground
drinking water sources to implement the SDWA.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $902,800 supported by 10.0 total workyears
for this program, of which $614,600 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $288,200 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $119,200 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation. This increase is requested to fund the Federal workforce
needed to implement the President's program in 1992. This represents an increase
of $20,000 in the Research and Development appropriation and an increase of 2.0
in total workyears. These increases reflect the regulatory office request for
more risk assessment documentation necessary for rule making.
4-12
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ORD will provide quantitative health risk assessments from exposure to
drinking water contaminants, for use in development of drinking water standards.
It includes preparation and responses to public comments on specific Phase IV and
Phase V chemicals, revision of corresponding criteria documents and preparation
of final criteria documents for defined phase VI chemicals. Continued assistance
will be given for the promulgation of Phase IV & V regulations.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $763,600 supported by 8.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $495,400 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $268,200 is from the Research and Development appropriation.
ORD is finalizing responses to public comments received for the Phase V
chemicals and assisting in the final promulgation of the Phase II regulations.
Two Phase IV criteria documents and seventeen Phase VI health risk assessments
are being prepared. Seventeen drinking water criteria documents for
toxicological effects will be prepared for Phase VI chemicals. The program also
provides technical support to the regions and states.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $687,200 supported by 6.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $431,800 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $255,400 was from the Research and Development appropriation.
Major accomplishments include finalized public comments on Phase ^
chemicals, preparation of final drafts on documents for two Phase"IV chemicals
and final drafts for all Phase V chemicals, thirteen final drafts on Phase VI
toxicological effects chapters and three documents were prepared.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1992 ProEram Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,981,000 supported by 44.8 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,444,000 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $1,537,000 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $382,200 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation. The increase is requested to fund the Federal workforce
needed to implement the President's program in 1992. This represents an increase
of $59,400 in the Research and Development appropriation, and an increase of 6.0
in total workyears. These increases reflect additional dietary exposure research
associated with the total food chain.
ORD will provide research and technical support for quality assurance
activities supporting the states, regions and user communities through the
transfer of technologies including analytical methods, quality assurance
protocols and reduced cost techniques for testing samples. Research continues to
determine microbial quality of drinking water; methods for isolation and
detection of Giardia. Cryptosporidium and Legionella: use of molecular biological
techniques to improve and validate microbial analysis; and research on
disinfection/disin-fection by-products.
4-13
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Researchers will evaluate, identify and assess technologies to improve
injection well practices,- assess fluid movement from injection wells and develop
laser induced fluorescence to monitor groundwater by fiber optics. Major
emphasis will be placed on development of devices for continuous monitoring and
to improve techniques for extraction of samples in wellhead protection areas,
develop geographical information systems for data base management and on
geophysical surveys for characterization of injection wells.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,539,400 supported by 38.8
total workyears for this program, of which $2,061,800 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,477,600 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
The monitoring program is expediting methods validation work to meet the new
drinking water regulations for organic chemical contaminants. The program
provides analytical procedures to monitor drinking water contaminants including
development of procedures for analysis of radioactive contaminants and improved
coliform analysis methods.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $4,051,700 supported by 40.9 total
workyears for its monitoring and quality assurance program in drinking water, of
which $2,487,000 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,564,700
was from the Research and Development appropriation.
To support the revised National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR),
ORD developed and standardized numerous chemical and microbiological methods for
determining volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile organic compounds. A
handbook was completed for use by the regions and states on design and
installation of groundwater monitoring wells. Inter-laboratory comparisons were
performed to assess the performance of chemical microbiological methods for
analysis of contaminants regulated under NPDWR and laboratories were certified
to do drinking water analysis. Quality assurance support was provided for EPA,
state, regional, and contract laboratories.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,459,400 supported by 30.9 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,884,700 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,574,700 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents decreases of $1,134,300 and $311,300
respectively, and a decrease of 27.3 in the total workyears. The decreases
reflect a consolidation of function to one health laboratory. These decreases
do not reflect a reduced work effort. The consolidation is designed to optimize
use of scientific capabilities, improve programmatic support, reduce costs
associated with health and safety and consolidate animal care facilities.
4-14
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Health research will support the Office of Drinking Water in its effort to
develop recommended drinking water Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) and
MCLs for twelve disinfectants and more than eighteen types of disinfection by-
products. In response to the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments, ORD will
conduct research to isolate, identify, synthesize and characterize the
toxicological effects of major disinfectant by-products that present the highest
probable health risks.
Focus remains on the effects of disinfectants to be used as alternatives to
chlorine, such as ozone and chloramine and chlorine dioxide, individually and in
combined usage.
We will develop risk extrapolation methodology for determining human
exposure to chemical mixtures as they occur in source waters for drinking water.
Epidemiology studies will continue to be conducted to determine the association
between the use of disinfectants and carcinogenic health effects.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $5,905,000 supported by 58.2
total workyears for this program, of which $3,019,000 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,886,000 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
Health research is supporting the Office of Drinking Water's efforts to
develop maximum contaminant levels and health advisories for chemicals found in
drinking water. Researchers are developing toxicological and epidemiological
data to support development of the disinfectant rule and maximum contaminant
level goals. This includes research on disinfectants, disinfectant by-products
and other organic and inorganic contaminants. Other research is being conducted
to improve extrapolation methods used in risk assessment.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $5,886,900 supported by 58.3 total
workyears for its monitoring and quality assurance program in drinking water, of
which $3,091,900 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,795,000
was from the Research and Development appropriation.
Major Health research accomplishments were reports on: developmental and
reproductive effects of disinfectants and by-products; mechanistic approaches of
interactions of drinking water contaminants; a report on the chemistry and
toxicology of ozone disinfection; and evaluations of epidemiology in assessing
current and future disinfection technologies for drinking water.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $5,873,700 supported by 64.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,660,400 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,213,300 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $671,000 in the Salaries and
4-15
-------
Expenses appropriation. This increase is requested to fund the Federal workforce
needed to implement the President's program in 1992. There is a decrease of
$391,100 in the Research and Development appropriation, and an increase of 11.0
in total workyears. The workyear and Salary and Expenses increases represent a
strengthening of the in-house research associated with disinfectants and their
by-products. The decrease in Research and Development represents a partial
offset from the extramural support for disinfectants and their by-products.
Environmental engineers will evaluate processes for removing volatile
organic compounds and pesticides, setting standards and implementing regulations.
We will develop new information on treatment-system performance and cost analysis
of proposed treatment systems. Resources also support in-house and extramural
evaluation of disinfectants and their by-products and factors contributing to
microbial deterioration of water quality in distribution systems. Research
emphasizing technologies especially adaptable to small systems remains a
priority, as do controls for corrosion by-products (i.e., lead and copper) and
residual management.
ORD will evaluate processes for removing organic and inorganic contaminants
and viruses from drinking water sources. Pilot-plant and field evaluations of
promising technologies for removing pesticides, preventing disinfectant by-
products and inorganic contaminants/radionuclides and Hepatitis A virus from
groundwaters remain a priority.
Reports and data on new or improved technology for treating groundwater will
be provided to states, regulatory agencies and water utilities to assist in
compliance and oversight of ground-water regulations.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $5,593,800 supported by 53.3
total workyears for this program, of which $2,989,400 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,604,400 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
ORD is evaluating existing and proposed drinking water treatment systems in
support of Agency regulatory decision-making. Deterioration of water quality in
drinking-water distribution systems and the need to understand those factors
which contribute to deterioration are focusing research on methods of control.
Research on technology particularly adaptable to small systems is being
emphasized.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $4,819,000 supported by 52.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,002,100 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,816,900 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
Major accomplishments included the completion of reports on, carbon-usage
rates for synthetic organic compounds, point-of-entry systems for radon removal,
inactivation of cryptosporidium oocysts; mobile pilot-plant studies in small
communities; studies of water-cooler liner-material for the Consumer Product
Safety Commission, and studies on technology performance and cost data to support
4-16
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MCL standards. ,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $7,024,100 supported by 28.2 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,834,100 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $5,190,000 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $105,200 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation. This increase is requested to fund the Federal workforce
needed to implement the President's program in 1992. This represents an increase
of $1,995,000 in the Research and Development appropriation. The total workyears
are increased by 1.0 workyear. These increases are for an enhanced wellhead
protection program and for research on how food production/agricultural
management systems affect ground-water quality.
ORD will develop methods for wellhead protection and study subsurface
transport and fate. We will increase research on the impact of agricultural
management practices on water quality and ecology. This new focus is being
closely coordinated with the Department of Agriculture and the Geological Survey
and is of heightened interest because of the potential for ground-water
contamination in food/agricultural production process. We will increase the
research in wellhead protection primarily for assessing the impact of multiple
sources of contamination to underground water supplies, and provide increased
technical assistance to the states. Support to the Underground Injection Control
(UIC) Program will continue.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $4,923,900 supported by 27.2
total workyears for this program, of which $1,728,900 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,195,000 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
ORD is focusing on developing and improving methods to measure key
subsurface parameters that influence contaminant behavior as well as methods that
predict concentrations of contaminants. Underground Injection Control (UIC)
program research is studying the fate and transport of wastes and mechanical
integrity of well casings. Research supporting wellhead protection is providing
data on
assimilative capacity of soils around wells and data necessary to define the
area needing protection around the wellhead, as well as compiling the hydrologic
data bases for the wellhead protection models.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $5,491,900 supported by 29.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,863,500 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,628,400 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
4-17
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Among the accomplishments were: a research report on fixed film bioreactors
for treatment of contaminated groundwaters, a report on effectiveness of use of
drilling mud as a plug for injection wells, a report on field tested methods for
determining the mechanical integrity of injection wells, and a report on
assessing the impact of land use on ground-water quality.
4-18
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
DRINKING WATER
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Drinking Water Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 4-19
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 4-20
Drinking Water Implementation 4-22
Drinking Water State Program Resource Assistance 4-26
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Grants 4-27
Underground Injection Control Program Grants 4-29
Special Studies and Demonstrations 4-32
Drinking Water Management 4-34
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Assistance 4-35
Underground Injection Control Program 4-37
Ground-Water Protection 4-41
-------
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Criteria, Standards I Guidelines
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Drinking Water
Implementation
Salaries & Expenses $2,902.4 $3,076.9 S3,076.9 $3,659.1 S582.2
Abatement Control and $4,677.9 $5,639.3 $5,639.3 $6,339.3 $700.0
Compliance
TOTAL $7,580.3 $8,716.2 $8,716.2 $9,998.4 $1,282.2
Criteria, Standards I
Guidelines
Salaries t Expenses $4,504.3 $4,683.2 $4,683.2 $4,716.2 $33.0
Abatement Control and $6,900.2 $6,578.0 $6,578.0 $5,878.0 -$700.0
Compliance
Registration and $534.8 $326.4 $326.4 -S326.4
Expedited Processing
TOTAL $11,939.3 $11,587.6 $11.587.6 $10,594.2 -S993.4
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $7,406.7 $7,760.1 $7,760.1 $8,375.3 $615.2
Abatement Control and $11,578.1 $12,217.3 $12,217.3 $12,217.3 0.0
Compliance
Registration and $534.8 $326.4 $326.4 -S326.4
Expedited Processing
Drinking Water TOTAL $19,519.6 $20,303.8 $20,303.8 $20,592.6 $288.8
Criteria, Standards t
Guidelines
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Drinking Water 45.9 45.9 45.9 50.9 5,0
Implementation
Criteria, Standards I 68.3 70.8 70.8 66.8 -4.0
Guidelines
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 114.2 116.7 116.7 117.7 1.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Drinking Water 46.3 45.9 45.9 50.9 5.0
Implementation
Criteria, Standards & 75.3 70.8 70.8 66.8 -4.0
Guidelines
TOTAL WORKYEARS 121.6 116.7 116.7 117.7 1.0
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Criteria, Standards and Guidelines
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $20,592,600 supported by 117.7 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $615,200 and 1.0 workyear from 1991. Of the
request, $8,375,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$12,217,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase of $615,200 for Salaries and Expenses, and an
increase of 1.0 total workyear from 1991.
CRITERIA. STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,594,200 and 66.8 total workyears for
this program, of which $4,716,200 will be from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $5,878,000 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. Of the total workyears, 65.8 will be supported by the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and 1.0 will be supported by the Reregistration and
Expedited Processing Revolving Fund. This represents an increase of $33,000 in
the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, a decrease of $700,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 4.0 total workyears. The|
decreases reflect reduced needs in regulatory development and the completion of
the National Pesticides Survey.
In 1992, the program will continue to emphasize regulatory development for
toxic-chemical contaminants as mandated in the 1986 SDWA Amendments. EPA will
publish the final regulation establishing Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)
and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) for 24 inorganic and
synthetic organic chemicals (Phase V Rule). The review process for the proposed
Radionuclides Rule will be ongoing with promulgation scheduled for early FY 1993.
Work will continue on final development of Disinfectants/Disinfection By-
Products Rule. The Phase VIB Rule, which sets standards for contaminants from
the First Drinking Water Priority List, will be under proposal. Standard setting
for arsenic will proceed based on the outcome of technical assessment of
available data.
The program will continue to provide guidance and technical assistance to
Regions, state and local officials, and public water systems. In 1992, EPA will
provide rule interpretation and technical advice on the Surface Water Treatment
Rule, Total Coliform Rule, and the Lead and Copper Rule. The university based
pollution prevention program will provide training on implementation of
Lead/Copper Corrosion Control requirements. The program will also distribute
public education materials designed to reduce exposure to lead in drinking water.
The program will continue to develop and update Health Advisory Guidance
Documents which disseminate current information on short-term as well as long-
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term effects of drinking water contaminants. The Advisories are used by Federal,
state, and local officials in responding to drinking water contamination.
In 1992, EPA will continue to participate in conferences and workshops on
drinking water issues. The Agency will have a major role in the World Health
Organization (WHO) revision of international drinking water guidelines, and will
participate in WHO and other international conferences. At these meetings, EPA
shares technical expertise with less developed countries and assists in the
worldwide improvement of drinking water. In turn, the Agency gains valuable
information on international research findings.
Resources from the Reregistration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund
will support Agency implementation of the 1988 Amendments to the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA '88). The Amendments prescribe
a detailed reregistration process designed to review older registered pesticide
chemicals. The program will analyze reregistration data for those chemicals
found to pose a threat of drinking water contamination and will integrate the
data into comprehensive documents that provide an independent evaluation of the
health risks posed by each pesticide.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating $11,587,600 supported by 70.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $4,683,200 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation, $6,578,000 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation and $326,400 is from the FIFRA Revolving Fund. Total workyears
include 69.8 supported by the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 1.0
supported by the FIFRA Revolving Fund.
The Agency continues to make progress with regard to regulatory
development. Standards for inorganic and synthetic organic chemicals are being
promulgated. The program is preparing for the proposal of the Radionuclides
Rule. A standardized monitoring framework, which simplifies and synchronizes the
monitoring that systems are required to perform, is also being published. Also
under preparation in 1991 is the Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products Rule.
Revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule are being promulgated, and the Second
Drinking Water Priority List was published. The Agency is publishing the results
of studies on revising the standards for fluoride. Also underway is the
technical assessment of available data on arsenic.
EPA is also assisting Regions and- .states with implementation...-^ -Jth
Contamination Control Act. A new initiative is the university-based pollution
prevention program which will provide training on implementation of the
Lead/Copper Corrosion Control Rule. Public education material is being developed
and distributed with the aim of reducing the public's exposure to lead.
Information on the health risks associated with indoor radon is being produced.
A number of Health Advisories are being produced this year. The National
Pesticide Survey, completed in 1990, provides a comprehensive picture of the
prevalence and extent of a wide range of pesticides and nitrates in drinking
water wells. In 1991, the program is publishing the survey findings.
The FIFRA-mandated pesticide reregistration process requires analysis of
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pesticide chemicals. Other ongoing activities include assisting the WHO in
revising &rinking water guidelines, representing the U.S. in the International
Agency for Research on Cancer, and providing support and participating in
bilateral meeting with the Budapest Environmental Center.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated $11,939,300 and 75.3 total workyears for this
program, of which $4,504,300 and 74.7 total workyears were from Salaries and
Expenses and $6,900,200 was from Abatement, Control and Compliance. In addition,
0.6 total workyear and $534,800 were funded from the FIFRA Revolving Fund.
The Agency proposed the regulation establishing MCLGs and NPDWRs for 24
inorganic and synthetic organic chemicals (Phase V Rule). EPA also completed
field work for the National Pesticide Survey. The FIFRA Revolving Fund supported
work on review of pesticide data from the FIFRA reregistration process. EPA had
a major role in various conferences and workshops on drinking water issues. The
program produced several Health Advisories. EPA continued its program to reduce
public exposure to lead in drinking water. Outreach efforts included assistance
to schools throughout the nation to aid in the detection and remedy of lead
contamination. The program published a list of water coolers failing to meet EPA
lead criteria. The program provided technical support to the Consumer Product
Safety Commission in developing an agreement with a major water cooler
manufacturer to recall water coolers that fail to meet the lead criteria.
DRINKING WATER IMPLEMENTATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,998,400 supported by 50.9 total workyears
in 1992. Of the total request, $3,659,100 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $6,339,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of 5.0 total workyears, an increase
of $582,200 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and an increase of
$700,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The increase
in Salaries and Expenses reflects increased personnel and support costs. The
majority of the increase in workyears and all of the increase in Abatement,
Control and Compliance funds will support increased mobilization activities,
particularly to expand local involvement in drinking water issues. An aggressive
mobilization effort is critical to ensure that the States retain primacy and the
SDWA requirements are carried out.
Extramural resources will be used to improve and modernize Public Water
System (PWS) information systems. Headquarters will enhance accessibility by a
wider range of users, take advantage of the expanded electronic data transfer
capabilities, and include data collected under new regulations or requirements.
Geographic Information System data will be improved with emphasis on targeting
latitudinal/longitudinal data for wells and intake points in the current system.
In addition, EPA will develop a new data verification protocol and will oversee
Regional testing of the protocol.
The budget request also includes a transfer of one total workyear from the
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulatory program to help support the
hazardous waste injection well program. This shift of resources will allow for
better integrated management of the disposal of hazardous waste into injection
wells.
In 1992, Headquarters will continue to focus on improving the nationwide
implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments. In the coming decade,
State and local governments will face greater implementation responsibilities as
the increasing number of regulated contaminants will be accompanied by broader,
more complex, and more costly implementation challenges. EPA will continue
mobilization strategies and technology transfer activities with the specific aim
of assisting the State and local governments in meeting these challenges. In
particular, mobilization efforts will focus on the local level, where support is
critically needed to ensure the compliance of small systems.
Of special concern are small public water systems which have chronic
compliance problems because they typically face low revenues, poor financial and
managerial capabilities, insufficient technical knowledge and unfavorable
economies of scale in treatment processes. Over 90% of violations occur within
small systems. An important focus in 1992 will be the strengthening of local
involvement to protect public water systems and improve underground injection
control. Training and on-site technical assistance will be provided. The
program will promote the use and -acceptance of lower cost technologies among
small drinking water systems. As part of the effort to enhance local
involvement, EPA will develop informational materials for use by local entities
in dealing with problems unique to small systems, private wells and high priority
shallow injection wells.
Headquarters will continue engaging all parties with a stake in safe
drinking water in increasing the capability of all systems. EPA will continue
its partnerships with the numerous national organizations who recognize the
importance of full implementation. Strategies include public outreach, public-
private partnerships in demonstrating new low-cost technologies, improving State
funding and program capabilities, and promoting institutional change to ensure
the viability of new small systems and the restructuring of existing small
systems.
One aspect of mobilization is to help the public understand the health
benefits of full implementation of the drinking water regulations. Based on
extensive analysis, EPA estimates that full implementation of the drinking water
regulations will result in an annual avoidance of 400,000 cases of
gastrointestinal illness, 400 deaths due to gastrointestinal illness, and 180
cases of cancer. In addition, full implementation will bring blood lead levels
of over 500,000 children per year below the level associated with neurological
development problems.
State and local governments currently lack the capability to carry out the
expanding SDWA requirements. EPA will continue with mobilization activities
designed to strengthen State primacy, encourage local involvement, and heighten
public awareness and involvement.
EPA will continue to provide program oversight to the primacy States.
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Headquarters will issue guidance to the States and will review subsequent State
regulations as they adopt the 38 Inorganic and Synthetic Organic Chemical rule
and the Lead and Copper rule. Thorough and expedited review will ensure
continuation of State primacy. EPA will also continue outreach and assistance
efforts to assist Indian tribes in qualifying for primacy for the PWS and
Underground Injection Control (UIC) programs.
Revisions to Class II regulations will be under proposal. EPA will also
work with the States and industry to develop solutions, including demonstration
projects, to prevent contamination of ground water, particularly in sensitive
watershed areas, from shallow injection practices.
EPA will initiate an integrated approach to source assessment and control
for ground water source PWS systems using expanded comprehensive program
evaluations. EPA will assist States in conducting vulnerability assessments
whereby determinations are made regarding whether systems' water sources are
vulnerable to certain contaminants. Source protection strategies will encompass
watershed and wellhead protection techniques.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $8,716,200 supported by 45.9
total workyears for this program. Of the total, $3,076,900 is from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $5,639,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991, the program continues to work toward national implementation of
SDWA standards. Headquarters is issuing draft guidance on regulatory variances
and exemptions and is reviewing state regulations for the eight VOCs and the
public notification requirements. The program is also reviewing state adoptions
of the Surface Water Treatment Rule and the Total Coliform Rule. The program is
working with the states to assist them in maintaining primacy, as many states are
asking for extensions in rule adoption.
Implementation documents for Regions, state and local officials, and public
water systems are being developed. The program is preparing new procedures for
states to use in determining and facilitating compliance of water systems. The
program is also studying the feasibility of using test kits for simplified
monitoring.
The UIC Headquarters program is currently refining regulations for oil and
gas production (Class II) wells through regulatory negotiation. In addition, a
regulation addressing shallow (Class V) wells is under development, and the
program is producing information brochures and a training handbook to assist
Indian tribes seeking primacy for the PWS and UIC programs.
Headquarters continues to assist states in building state capacity by
working with national and private organizations to provide technical and
managerial assistance and training to system owners and operators. The Agency
also works with states in developing funding options to support their programs.
1990 Accomplishments
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In 1990, EPA obligated $7,580,300 supported by 46.3 total workyears for
this program, of. which $2,902,400 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $4,677,900 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
During 1990, the program continued to facilitate implementation of drinking
water regulations. The program developed guidance and assistance documents for
the Regions, states, and public water suppliers. In particular, the program
developed a primacy guidance manual to assist the states in overall adoption of
new requirements. The program developed a strategy to facilitate Indian primacy.
A guidance manual on the Surface Water Treatment Rule was issued. Other
publications developed in 1990 include a revised laboratory certification manual,
a document on available technology for meeting drinking water standards, and
guidance on determining exemption and variance eligibility. EPA issued a water
supply guidance manual which presented a compilation of EPA water supply policy.
The Drinking Water Hotline responded to over 30,000 calls. The program managed
thirteen demonstration projects for solving Class V well problems through local
involvement. The program provided outreach and technical interpretation and
assistance on various regulatory issues throughout the year.
Mobilization proved to be an effective tool in strengthening state
capacity, fostering drinking water expertise at the local level, and promoting
state and local program coordination. In 1990, eight states increased their
drinking water resources, while several states worked toward building specific
state capacity functions. EPA conducted several demonstration projects in
cooperation with both traditional and nontraditional groups and associations.
The program prepared reports to assist small systems with institutional problems
and developed long term training strategies for the PWS program. The program
engaged two health associations in an information transfer and training program
for local health officials.
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water State Program Resource Assistance
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Public Water Systems
Supervision Program
Grants
Abatement Control and $38,521.7 $47,450.0 $47,450.0 $49,950.0 $2,500.0
Compliance
TOTAL $38,521.7 $47,450.0 $47,450.0 $49,950.0 $2,500.0
Underground Injection
Control Program Grants
Abatement Control and $9,913.0 $10,500.0 $10,500.0 $10,500.0 0.0
Compliance
TOTAL $9,913.0 $10,500.0 $10,500.0 $10,500.0 0.0
Special Studies I
Demonstrations
Abatement Control and $4,373.6 $4,650.0 $4,650.0 $500.0 -$4,150.0
Compliance
TOTAL $4,373.6 $4,650.0 $4,650.0 $500.0 -$4,150.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and $52,808.3 $62,600.0 $62,600.0 $60,950.0 -$1,650.0
Compliance
Drinking Water State TOTAL $52,808.3 $62,600.0 $62,600.0 $60,950.0 -$1,650.0
Program Resource
Assistance
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water State Program Resource Assistance
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $60,950,000 for 1992, a decrease of $1,650,000
from 1991. All of the request will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS SUPERVISION PROGRAM GRANTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $49,950,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $2,500,000 from 1991. The increase will provide States with
increased capacity to address compliance with new and existing regulations and
effective implementation of an expanded drinking water regulatory program.
Drinking water programs are implemented and enforced with the objective of
protecting human health. Federal and state responsibilities have been revamped
through the Federal/state alliance and greatly expanded in both the traditional
drinking water program and newly mandated requirements. As a result, states need
increased funding not only to carry out the new requirements, but also to
maintain their current programs and achievements.
States are facing serious funding and capacity shortfalls as indicated by
a recent report conducted to determine current and future resource needs to
implement the SDWA requirements. Since the study was completed, changes in
regulation development may have slightly reduced estimated implementation costs
in 1992. The report concluded that approximately $129 million per year is needed
to meet current program requirements of which only an estimated $95 million per
year (including Federal resources) is currently being funded. Implementation of
the new requirements will cost states an additional $180 million in initial one-
time start up costs expended between 1987 and 1992. It is estimated that an
additional $150 million (beyond the current need of $129 million) will be needed
in 1992, bringing the total estimated need to $279 million. At the requested
level of funding, Federal support will increase to 18 percent of program need,
based on these estimates.
States are actively seeking additional resources and the necessary
statutory/regulatory authorities to meet the new SDWA requirements. The Agency
may use a portion of the funds allocated to primacy states that have requested
an extension or adopted the necessary statutory/regulatory authorities to
implement new requirements in order to assure at least minimal compliance with
new requirements in these states.
Additional support to state programs is intended to help the states defray
the costs of the new duties entailed by these regulatory changes and work towards
successfully implementing the new program requirements. The agency intends to
accomplish three other objectives: (1) leverage an even greater commitment from
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state authorities, in the form of higher state program budgets, innovative
program funding and/or greater regulatory program productivity; (2) facilitate
mobilization and technology-transfer activities at the state level; and (3)
maintain compliance with existing program requirements and enforce the new
requirements as they become effective. These efforts seek to prevent loss of
current program achievements in compliance and, at the same time, reach new goals
through rigorous enforcement of the new requirements.
Pursuant to the surface water treatment rule (SWTR), states will continue
detailed evaluation of each of the 9,200 surface-source community and non-
transient non-community public water systems (PWSs) in order to determine
specific treatment and performance requirements. These evaluations entail
consultation with each system and public hearing opportunities as well as
extensive technical evaluation. Priority will be on evaluating the 4,000 systems
with no filtration facilities in place now. All 200,000 PWSs will be operating
under a revised microbiological monitoring regimen under the microbiological
National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR). This monitoring regimen will
emphasize increased monitoring where contamination is detected, focusing on
systems with actual contamination problems as they occur.
This request includes $625,000 for travel to support EPA's direct
implementation activities or enforcement actions in non-primacy states and in
states that have not acquired the necessary statutory/regulatory authorities to
implement the new drinking water requirements.
1991 Program
In 1991, the agency is allocating a total of $47,450,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
PWS grants support 55 state primacy programs, two EPA direct implementation
programs and programs on Indian lands that together comprise the nationwide
protection program. Grant funds provide for laboratory certification, on-site
evaluations and technical assistance, sanitary surveys, and compliance and
enforcement actions. States and EPA assist communities and systems affected by
continuing incidences of contamination by toxic chemicals and outbreaks of
giardiasis, cholera, and hepatitis. Systems in violation of National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) either receive technical assistance to bring
them into compliance or are placed on formal compliance schedules.
Compliance/enforcement priorities are structured to eliminate all significant
noncompliers (SNC) and target exception systems for formal enforcement action.
The states and EPA have begun implementation of microbiological, surface water
treatment and volatile organic contaminant (VOC) requirements. Also, states are
implementing a lead NPDWR and the lead ban requirements. Indian tribes are being
assisted in qualifying for treatment as states and applying for development
grants. Grant funds are used to support EPA direct implementation activities,
including travel.
States are actively seeking additional resources and the necessary
statutory/regulatory authorities to meet the new SDWA requirements. The Agency
may use a portion of the funds allocated to primacy states that have not yet
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acquired the necessary statutory/regulatory authorities to implement new
requirements'in order to assure at least: minimal- compliance with new requirements
in these states.
States are aggressively pursuing institutional changes that will enable
them to address their small systems problems. They are beginning to seek the
legal authority and state regulations required to ensure that new small systems
are able to meet the technical, financial and managerial requirements of future
regulations.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $38,521,700 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The PWS grant program continued to support the primacy programs of 54 states
and territories and EPA direct implementation program activities including
analytical services, sanitary surveys, training, disease surveillance, on-site
technical activities, and data management. Funds were also used to support EPA
direct implementation activities for the drinking water program, including travel
associated with these activities.
States supervised compliance with drinking water regulations, revised their
legal authorities to accommodate new Maximum Contaminant Levels, expanded state
laboratory certification capability, and provided assistance in monitoring for
regulated and unregulated contaminants. States continued the emphasis on system
compliance and took action against violations of drinking water standards. EPA
assisted approximately 40 states to adopt new requirements for microbiological
contaminants standards and the surface water treatment rule. Enforcement
continued to ensure implementation of the ban on lead-content plumbing materials.
In addition, states continued to enforce the public notification requirements and
maximum contaminant levels for VOCs. Indiana was provided grant support to
continue development of its PWS program to qualify for primacy. The second year
of a PWS program development grant was awarded to an Indian tribe to develop a
suitable PWS program to qualify for primacy designation.
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM GRANTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,500,000 for this program, all of which
will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents no change from 1991.
UIC grants will continue to support programs to protect underground sources
of drinking water (USDW) from contamination through underground injection in all
57 states and territories, as well as on Indian lands. Where states and Indian
tribal authorities have failed to assume UIC primacy, EPA will use grant
allotments to support direct implementation of Federal UIC requirements,
including a total of $375,000 in travel to support EPA's direct implementation
activities.
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Forty states will have primacy for 36 full and four partial programs. EPA
will implement the remaining state programs (17 full and four partial) and
programs on most Indian lands. Indian tribes approved as eligible to assume
primacy may apply for grants to establish a UIC program.
States/Regions will issue or deny new permits, evaluate appeals on previous
denials, and review applications to modify existing permits, including hazardous
waste Class I well petitions. In assuring that permit conditions are being met,
the states/Regions will review monthly, quarterly, and annual reports from
operators and conduct inspections. The states/Regions will supervise injection
practices in the field by witnessing mechanical integrity tests, inspecting and
reviewing plugged and abandoned injection wells, reviewing well.records, and
tracking compliance with regulatory requirements and permit conditions. The
states will implement the enforcement role through field presence and by
initiating appropriate enforcement actions.
States/Regions will initiate programs to address contamination problems
from shallow injection wells. Since 1987, 63 confirmed cases of contamination
posing human health threats or environmental threats have been identified.
Contaminants such as benzene, organic solvents, and other toxic chemicals are
found in fluids injected in these wells.
States/Regions, working with local jurisdictions, will initiate an active
program to locate and assess priority shallow wells, such as some industrial
drainage wells and automobile service station wells that are located in
vulnerable watershed areas, unsewered locations, and those in proximity to
drinking water wells to determine whether they should be reclassified as Class
IV wells and closed. Where the risk of endangerment to USDUs is lower, as in
Class V wells, they will utilize a multifaceted protection approach. In addition
to the traditional regulatory efforts, such as requiring facilities to be
permitted and initiating enforcement actions, they will also use innovative non-
regulatory approaches involving public-private partnerships, outreach and
education, and community action. States/Regions will adopt the approaches that
proved successful in demonstration projects previously funded and best management
practices already available at the state and local levels to promote voluntary
protection efforts. When Class IV wells are identified, states and Regions will
require immediate closure, through an enforcement action, should the facility
owners fail to comply.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $10,500,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
UIC grants support 40 states, 36 full and four partial, with primacy. EPA
is responsible for implementing programs in the remaining states. Grant funds
support basic program operations such as compliance evaluations of existing wells
to ensure mechanical integrity, conducting field inspections, data management and
enforcement. The grant funds also support technical assistance to operators,
maintain well inventory data, and support regulatory changes to accommodate new
EPA requirements and guidelines. The Agency provides grants to Indian tribes
working toward primacy, and continues to implement the program on Indian lands
and in non-primacy states. During 1991, Indian tribes that are eligible to
assume primacy may apply for grants to establish a UIC program. Activities
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include conducting an inventory to determine the number and types of wells to be
regulated and establishing the framework for the permitting and enforcement
programs. The Agency uses a portion of the grant funds for travel related to
direct implementation activities.
States and Regions are enhancing their Class IV and V well efforts by
following the Agency's Shallow Injection Well Strategy. This strategy, combining
traditional regulatory efforts and innovative non-regulatory approaches to
protect drinking water sources and other critical ground waters, complements the
Agency's Wellhead Protection efforts. EPA's Toxic Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) rule has a major impact. To address "high risk" shallow
injection wells, the states and EPA are contacting owners/operators to solicit
information to determine whether they are subject to closure. Many wells that
inject service station, industrial process and radioactive disposal wastes are
being re-classified into the banned Class IV category. States are initiating
closure, remediation and enforcement actions against these wells. The results
of EPA funded projects to demonstrate effective state approaches in addressing
specific categories of Class V wells are being provided to all states for
inclusion in their individual comprehensive ground water protection programs and
will be used in support of regulatory development covering these wells.
States and Regions continue to permit new Class I and Class II wells and
repermit Class I wells. States and Regions continue compliance reviews to ensure
that safeguards on all permitted or rule-authorized Class I, II, III, and
permitted Class V wells are comprehensively evaluated on a regular basis. EPA
and state programs are implementing revisions to existing UIC regulations and
programs for Class II wells based on the 1989-1990 mid-course evaluations. In
addition, EPA and the states continue to observe on-site mechanical integrity
tests, inspect and review plugged and abandoned wells, review well records, and
track compliance with regulatory requirements and permit conditions.
Administrative Orders (AOs) and/or legal actions are being initiated by
state programs against owners and operators in violation of UIC regulatory
requirements. This includes preparing public notification of violation and
intent to issue Aos, and conducting public hearings.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, The Agency obligated a total of $9,913,000 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
These funds supported 36 full and four partial primacy programs to protect
USDWs from contamination through underground injection. EPA used grants to
support direct implementation activities for 17 full non-primacy and four partial
non-primacy states and Indian lands. A top priority for EPA and the states was
the permitting of new Class II wells in order to expedite oil and gas production
and repermitting of hazardous waste Class I wells. Under existing regulations,
such as the Agency's TCLP rule, EPA increased efforts to bring enforcement and/or
regulatory action against Class IV and V wells which endangered USDWs serving
public water supplies. A $1,000,000 set-aside funded demonstration projects
selected to provide information to support Class V regulatory and guidance
development.
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Grants also supported surveillanqe and compliance activities. The
program's primary means of surveillance was through field inspections and the
review of reports submitted by operators. One important component was periodic
testing of the mechanical integrity of injection wells to demonstrate the absence
of contamination sources. Where violations were evident, appropriate
enforcement actions were initiated.
The states and EPA completed 9,153 permit determinations for new and
existing wells and conducted evaluations to determine if permit requirements were
being met. In addition, 35,741 mechanical integrity tests were conducted to
ensure the integrity of wells. The states and EPA also focused on compliance
activities through increased field inspections and enforcement actions. Other
activities included the review of monitoring reports and maintenance of inventory
data.
SPECIAL STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $500,000 for this program, all of which will
be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a
decrease of $4,150,000 from 1991. This decrease reflects the Agency's effort to
achieve maximum leverage with limited resources. It is the Agency's position
that the recipient organizations should secure additional funding through
organizational dues, training fees and other mechanisms, and is not a Federal
responsibility.
In 1992, the Special Studies and Demonstration program will continue to
provide support for training and technical assistance to small rural systems
through the National Rural Water Association (NRWA) and the National Rural
Community Assistance Program (NRCAP) affiliates. These activities include one-
on-one technical assistance in the areas of preventative maintenance, facility
operations, management and finance. NRCAP programs will provide public water
systems with up-front management assistance in the areas of locating financial
assistance and day-to-day accounting operation. Training and technical
assistance will help owners and operators of rural water systems achieve and
maintain compliance with the NPDWRs as mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act
Amendments. The goal is to promote system compliance with the NPDWRs by
enhancing the system's physical infrastructure and ability to generate new
revenue sources.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $4,650,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
funds provide $3,700,000 to the NRWA, $700,000 to the NRCAP, and $250,000 to the
National Environmental Training Centers.
Through the NRWA and the NRCAP, EPA provides training and technical
assistance to small water suppliers. EPA funds 45 independent, non-profit state
associations covering 47 states through agreements with the NRWA. EPA funds six
regional non-profit rural water community organizations through agreements with
the NRCAPs.
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EPA provides funding to state 109(B) Environmental Training Centers and to
the National Environmental Training Association (NETA). State 109(B)
Environmental Training Centers provide drinking water technical assistance,
training and information directly to state personnel.
Congressional Directives. A total of $3,650,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects with the National Rural Water Association, the National Rural
Community Assistance Program, and the National Environmental Training
Association.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $4,373,600 for these programs, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
funds included $391,000 for the NRCAP to foster small system compliance; $278,000
to support state 109(b) environmental training centers; $92,600 to NETA;
$3,212,500 to the NRWA to provide training and technical assistance to support
small system compliance; and $399,500 to six states to develop Pilot State
Compliance Assurance Plans.
EPA provided funding to six states to develop Pilot State Compliance
Assurance Plans. These comprehensive plans will establish a framework in these
states to maximize the effectiveness of all parties involved with public water
supply by developing action-oriented partnerships, coordinating activities, and
leveraging resources to promote public water system compliance.
The NRWA and its 45 state affiliates conducted a total of 641 technical
assistance and training programs including: 221 technical seminars; 364 technical
training sessions; 22 jointly sponsored specialized training sessions with other
state and Federal Agencies; and 34 problem solving sessions. In addition, NRWA
affiliates provided a total of 14,692 hours of on-site technical assistance to
address individual rural water system problems related to compliance, operations
and maintenance, finance and management.
In 1990, EPA supported six RCAP organizations through a grant to the NRCAP.
These organizations helped to improve the management capabilities and financial
management through technical assistance to 52 small community drinking water
systems in 12 states. RCAP projects included an assistance program to help small
systems apply for loans and grants, a resources clearinghouse project to compile
a manual of all available funds within a state and the development of training
information for,.small water systems.* -.- -
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Management
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE «
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Public Water Systems
Supervision Program
Assistance
Salaries t Expenses $5,759.5 $7,271.2 $7,270.8 $8,952.3 $1,681.5
Abatement Control and $661.5 S10.0 $10.0 $10.0 0.0
Compliance
TOTAL $6,421.0 $7,281.2 $7,280.8 $8,962.3 $1,681.5
Underground Injection
Control Program
Salaries I Expenses $5,695.0 $6,476.0 $6,476.0 $7,173.4 $697.4
Abatement Control and $972.0 0.0
Compliance
TOTAL $6,667.0 $6,476.0 $6,476.0 $7,173.4 $697.4
TOTAL:
Salaries £ Expenses $11,454.5 $13,747.2 $13,746.8 $16,125.7 $2,378.9
Abatement Control and $1,633.5 $10.0 $10.0 $10.0 0.0
Compliance
Drinking Water TOTAL $13,088.0 $13,757.2 $13,756.8 $16,135.7 $2,378.9
Management
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Public Water Systems 114.7 152.0 152.0 170.6 18.6
Supervision Program
Assistance
Underground Injection 124.8 133.1 133.1 136.7 3.6
Control Program
TOTAL PERMANENT WORICYEARS 239.5 285.1 285.1 307.3 22.2
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Public Water Systems 121.2 157.6 157.6 170.6 13.0
Supervision Program
Assistance
Underground Injection 131.8 141.7 141.7 136.7 -5.0
Control Program
TOTAL WORICYEARS 253.0 299.3 299.3 307.3 8.0
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Management
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $16,135,700 supported by 307.3 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $2,378,900 and 8.0 total workyears from 1991.
Of the request, $16,125,700 will be for the Salaries and Expenses and $10,000
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
increases of $2,378,900 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 8.0 total
workyears. There is no change in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation from 1991.
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS SUPERVISION PROGRAM ASSISTANCE
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,962,300 supported by 170.6 total workyears
for this program, of which $8,952,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $10,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,681,500 for Salaries and
Expenses and 13.0 total workyears, and no change in Abatement, Control and
Compliance. The increase in Salaries and Expenses and total workyears will
enhance state program implementation efforts.
Regional resources will be used to further establish the essential link
between all parties involved in drinking water by actively encouraging states to
take on the role of "marketing" the new requirements across the entire regulated
community. In addition, Regions will assist states in expanding the capability
of their programs, through (1) strategy development to address state resource
needs as well as institutional barriers to successful program implementation; and
(2) consultations on state initiated legislation to facilitate improved support
for state programs and water supplies. The Regions will maximize voluntary
compliance by working with third parties through public education, public/private
partnerships and information transfer on treatment technologies.
Regions will work with states on the adoption of lead/copper corrosion
control and inorganic and synthetic organic contaminants standards. Regions will
focus on state implementation of the filtration and disinfection requirements for
surface water systems and revised microbiological contaminant standards. Some
states will experience difficulty in adopting the new provisions and in
maintaining primacy of their drinking water programs. In these situations,
through Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) with the states, EPA will undertake
essential activities in order to assure at least minimal compliance with the new
requirements in these states. Where Regions have direct implementation
responsibility, including most Indian lands, the Regions will implement new
requirements and work with Indian tribal authorities to develop supervision
programs. Regional data management responsibilities will escalate as a result
of increased reporting on system compliance requirements. The Regions will
provide technical assistance on the lead testing protocol and remedial action
guidance for lead contaminated drinking water.
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In 1992, the Regions will seek to expand the Federal/state alliance where
appropriate to include local governments to further assist drinking water program
implementation. The Regions will work with states and national organizations of
local governments to gain support and encourage an evolution of a recognized and
accepted role of local governments to support implementation of drinking water
requirements.
Most often, local governments are willing to take on a recognized role but
are hindered by a lack of technical information and limited resources.
Demonstration and pilot projects will be supported with interested states and
local governments willing to share implementation activities, formal delegation
of enforcement, technical assistance, system inspections, information
dissemination and other activities. These projects are expected to demonstrate
that local government officials along with states can play a major role in
improving-compliance by motivating and educating small drinking water systems.
National and regional organizations of local governments will receive support for
demonstration projects to build state and local partnerships, technical
information transfer and outreach activities.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $7,280,800 supported by 157.6
total workyears for this program, of which $7,270,800 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $10,000 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The Regions oversee states' efforts in adopting requirements for lead/copper
and inorganic and synthetic organic contaminant standards. Regional oversight
also focuses on state activities to implement filtration/disinfection
requirements for surface water systems and revised microbiological contaminant
standards. The Regions continue to encourage states to improve compliance by
eliminating violations of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
(NPDWRs) through use of available tools and escalating actions as needed. For
those states experiencing difficulty in adopting the new provisions and in
maintaining primacy of their drinking water programs, the Regions directly
implement the new program requirements after negotiating workload requirements
with the states. Where Regions have direct implementation responsibility,
including most Indian lands, they also assume the expanded duties.
Regional mobilization and technology transfer efforts help reach the va<;t
number of small water systems which are the prevailing noncorapliance problem.
The Regions assist states in establishing fee systems and Fond programs to "build
their state program capacity and address prospective high risks posed by private
wells through outreach and information transfer programs. To address small
system problems, the Regions are actively encouraging states to adopt program
requirements to ensure system viability and removing small system technology and
institutional barriers. Technical assistance is provided to identify and remedy
lead contaminated drinking water in schools, to ban lead content-plumbing
supplies, and to implement corrosion control.
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1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $6,421,000 supported by 121.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,759,500 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $661,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
During 1990, the Regions worked with states in adopting the surface water
treatment rule and revised standards for microbiological contaminants. Regions
worked with primacy states to incorporate regulatory and monitoring requirements
needed to enforce the revised standards for volatile organic contaminants and
public notification requirements. Efforts continued in overseeing the
prohibition of lead-content plumbing materials and enforcing the other existing
rules.
The program continued to track state compliance monitoring to locate and
assist with problem systems and respond to contamination of supplies and
waterborne disease outbreaks. The Regions assisted states in adopting new
analytical techniques to meet additional laboratory certification requirements.
The program continued to provide oversight of basic state program operations and
conducted evaluations of state drinking water programs.
The Regions reviewed and approved 40 state primacy revision applications.
Seminars were conducted for the states on implementing the surface water
treatment and coliform requirements, with eight states formally adopting these
requirements. Regions continued to provide states with assistance in increasing
their program capacity to meet future drinking water requirements.
The Regions conducted workshops to train Indian tribes on qualifications
for treatment as a state, the grant application process and primacy
responsibilities. Significant assistance was given to Indiana to build an
adequate Public Water System (PWS) program to quality for primacy by late 1991.
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $7,173,400 supported by 136.7 total
workyears for this program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. This represents an increase of $697,400 and a decrease of 5.0
workyears. The increase in Salaries and Expenses reflects increased personnel
and support costs. The decrease in workyears represents a decrease in program
activities from Class I & III wells and from Class II wells in direct
implementation states.
In 1992, EPA will continue to implement 21 Federal Underground Injection
Control (UIC) programs (17 full and four partial) in states and on Indian lands
which do not have primacy. Direct implementation activities will focus on making
permit determinations as well as ensuring adherence to permit conditions and
other regulatory requirements by conducting field inspections, witnessing
mechanical integrity tests, and reviewing well record reports. Regions will
continue to review primacy applications, and provide guidance and grants as
appropriate.
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The Regions will oversee 40 primacy State programs (36 full and four
partial programs). EPA will provide technical assistance to primacy states andI
ensure that the programs continue to meet the minimum regulatory requirements.
The Agency will continue to review state-issued permits to ensure that Federal
and state requirements are met. Regions will conduct state oversight and will
continue to emphasize full inspections of Class II wells for adequate well
construction and to witness mechanical integrity tests to prevent contamination.
State UIC agencies will work closely with local jurisdictions to encourage
them to assist in implementing environmental regulations. Local officials will
be encouraged to actively participate in addressing diffuse types of
contamination associated with shallow injection wells through grassroots efforts
to identify and close unsafe shallow injection practices, consider the
environmental and health implications of approving these practices and best
management practices as part of their land use planning process, etc. Regions
will participate in the design and implementation of demonstration projects.
They will assist states in developing a cooperative arrangement at the local
level.
Urbanization and unprecedented growth are threatening our water resources
through runoff of nutrients and toxic chemicals. Shallow wells and septic
systems often occur in urbanized areas as an alternative to connections to sewage
treatment facilities. Contamination of watershed areas occurs from these sources
through interconnections with surface waters. Shallow injection wells will be
targeted using a wellhead protection approach and using the information obtained
from vulnerability assessments that are being mandated under the public water
system supervision program. Coordinated field investigations with the ground-1
water, Superfund, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) programs will
be initiated to determine whether the facility is in violation of regulations and
the appropriate course of action taken. There are estimated to be over 200,000
shallow injection wells and approximately 10% of these may be Class IV wells
under the new Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) which will therefore
require closure; others may require a permit as a Class V facility and still
others may be targets for enforcement actions. EPA will seek increased local
participation to achieve voluntary remedial/closure action. Activities will be
coordinated with other nonpoint source programs that impact the targeted area.
Regions will review applications from Indian tribes to determine their
qualifications for treatment as a state and their eligibility for primacy. For
those Indian tribes applying for primacy, the Agency will provide guidance and
grant assistance.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $6,476,000 supported by 141.7
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
The Agency continues to implement Federal programs in 21 non-primacy states
(17 full and four partial) and on Indian lands. This work includes making permit
determinations and ensuring that well owners and operators adhere to permit
conditions and other regulatory requirements. Regions are providing assistance)
to Indian tribes working toward primacy.
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The Agency is completing its five-year schedule for permitting Class II
wells within non-primacy jurisdictions. Regions are .implementing state-specific
revisions to compliance evaluation programs; these changes, derived from the mid-
course evaluation of Class II oil and gas wells, impact such areas as the use of
cement records as a valid mechanical integrity test, well construction practices,
and the proper closure of abandoned wells. Other direct implementation
activities include management of contracts and grants, data management, and
permit .tracking.
The Agency oversees 36 full and four partial state primacy programs.
Regions are responsible for reviewing state annual plans and evaluating and
monitoring state programs to ensure consistent application and enforcement of
program regulations; this includes a review of state issued permits. Regions
continue to provide program-specific training to both new and experienced
inspectors. The Regions continue to supervise state Class V demonstration
projects and continue to work with states to identify and locate Class IV wells
which were reclassified as a result of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) and are subject to closure.
The Agency is implementing the "Shallow Injection Well Program Strategy"
that calls for integration with the Wellhead Protection and Public Water Systems
Supervision Programs. This comprehensive strategy provides a systematic approach
for screening the diverse Class V universe and prescribing different levels of
regulatory controls. Injection into certain high-risk wells is banned as a
result of revisions to the Hazardous Waste Toxic Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP). The remaining well groups are targeted for action based on the
contamination risk posed by the wells. Information gained from the Class V
demonstration projects aides in the choice of guidance or regulatory revisions
as the most effective method of control under different circumstances.
Integration with other programs, such as Wellhead Protection, and the use of
other authorities, such as RCRA, maximizes the total environmental benefit.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $6,667,000 supported by 131.8
total workyears for this program, of which $5,695,000 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $972,000 was from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency implemented Federal programs in 21 states and on Indian lands.
Direct implementation activities focused on making permit determinations and
ensuring adherence to permit conditions and other regulatory requirements.
Regions implemented ambient monitoring requirements for Class I injection wells,
as required under the SDWA Amendments of 1986. Regions provided assistance to
Indian tribes working toward primacy.
EPA provided oversight and technical assistance to 36 full and four partial
primacy state programs. Regional activities in primacy states included general
oversight and technical assistance through the issuance of guidance documents and
on-site assistance. Through quarterly reporting data, the Regions reviewed the
states' progress and took the necessary actions to ensure proper enforcement.
EPA evaluated state efforts to implement their UIC programs and ensured that the
minimum regulatory requirements were met. Regions continued to review Class I,
II, III, and permitted Class V state-issued permits to ensure consistency with
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Federally-approved state programs. These reviews helped to ensure proper
enforcement of permit conditions. Regions also negotiated state grant workplans.
Class V activities such as inspections and permitting were continued in order to
reduce potential contamination of underground sources of drinking water.
During 1990, the Agency conducted its mid-course evaluation of the Class
II regulatory provisions for mechanical integrity testing procedures, monitoring,
reporting and permitting requirements. Regions oversaw and implemented
compliance review strategies to ensure that all permitted or rule-authorized
Class I, II, III, and permitted Class V wells receive comprehensive
technical/operational evaluations including field inspections on a regular basis.
These compliance reviews replaced the five-year cycle of file reviews. Regions
reviewed and revised Class V well inventories and assisted the states in
identifying and taking enforcement action against high risk Class V wells and
banning Class IV wells. Regions continued to give permit determinations high
priority. On-site inspections were conducted to ensure compliance with permit
conditions. Other activities included developing site-specific guidance,
maintaining inventory data, and preparing annual reports.
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DRINKING WATER
Ground-Water Protection
ACTUAL
1990
ENACTED
1991
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST
1992
INCREASE +
DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Ground-Water Protection
Salaries fc Expense* $4,201.1 $4,954.7 $4,954.5
Abatement Control and $3,713.7 $7,511.5 $7,511.5
Compliance
Reregistrati on and $22.3 $76.4 $76.4
Expedited Processing
$5,419.4
$5,286.5
TOTAL $7,937.1 $12,542.6 $12,542.4 $10,705.9
$464.9
-$2,225.0
-$76.4
-$1,836.5
TOTAL:
Salaries & Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Reregistrati on and
Expedited Processing
Ground-Water
Protection
$4,201.1
$3,713.7
$22.3
$4,954.7
$7,511.5
$76.4
$4,954.5
$7.511.5
$76.4
$5,419.4
$5,286.5
$464.9
-$2,225.0
-$76.4
TOTAL $7,937.1 $12,542.6 $12,542.4 $10,705.9 -$1,836.5
PERMANENT WORICYEARS
Ground-Water Protection
TOTAL PERMANENT WORICYEARS
77.6
77.6
96.3
96.3
96.3
96.3
99.3
99.3
3.0
3.0
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Ground-Water Protection
TOTAL WORKYEARS
82.5
82.5
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.3
0.0
0.0
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DRINKING WATER
Ground Water Protection
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,705,900 supported by 99.3 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $1,760,100 and no change in total workyears
from 1991. Of the request, $5,419,400 will be from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $5,286,500 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $464,900 in Salaries and Expenses
and a decrease of $2,225,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. Total
workyears will include 98.3 from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 1.0
from the Registration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund.
GROUND WATER PROTECTION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,705,900 supported by 99.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,419,400 will be from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $5,286,500 will be from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $464,900 in Salaries
and Expenses and a decrease of $2,225,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance,
and no change in total workyears. The increase in Salaries and Expenses reflects
increased personnel costs. The decrease in Abatement, Control and Compliance
reflects the completion of projects that do not require a continuing Federal
role. Of the total workyears, 98.3 will be supported from the Salaries arid
Expenses appropriation and 1.0 will be supported by the Registration arid
Expedited Processing Revolving Fund.
For 1992, EPA will enhance assistance to states in the development and
implementation of comprehensive ground-water protection programs. A guidance
document will be provided to the states describing recommended elements of a
comprehensive state ground-water protection program to protect the resource, and
EPA's approach to reviewing voluntarily submitted state programs and providing
grant support.
The description of a comprehensive program will be used to work with states
to help them achieve their groundwater protection efforts. EPA will provide both
financial and technical assistance to the states to help them develop
comprehensive programs that: 1) set goals and document progress; 2) characterize
the resource and set priorities for actions; 3) develop and implement prevention
and control programs; and 4) define roles within the state, and the relationship
to Federal programs. EPA will provide incentives to those states demonstrating
initiative in developing and implementing comprehensive ground-water protection
programs. Particular emphasis will be placed on providing incentives to those
states exploring innovative methods of establishing ground-water protection
priorities/approaches that are used to guide both state and Federal ground-water
activities. The Agency will also work to provide greater integration and
consistency among EPA and other Federal agencies' programs in order to facilitate
comprehensive protection on the state level.
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The Agency will continue to assist states in their implementation of
wellhead'protection (WHP) programs established in the 1986 amendments to the Safe
Drinking Vater Act. Wellhead protection programs and activities are important
subsets within comprehensive programs and provide important means of setting
priorities by identifying and directing protection toward ground-water resources
serving as drinking water supplies and, hence, reducing the public health risks
from contaminated drinking water.
In 1992, EPA will strengthen the scientific knowledge underlying
comprehensive ground-water protection programs by seeking additional
environmental indicators of ground-water quality. The Agency will assess the
potential for using various organisms as signals of the overall condition of
ground-water resources. EPA will also more fully explore means of safeguarding
ground water from contamination by nitrates.
EPA will continue to improve the collection and accessibility of ground-
water information. During 1992, EPA will develop and implement policies on
cross-program integration of ground-water data and policy on the integration of
nitrate data into ground-water data bases. The Agency will also strengthen
efforts to assist states in the adoption of the minimum data element set for
ground water and to modernize STORET.
EPA will expand and enhance efforts to educate the public as well as state
and local government officials regarding ground-water protection issues. The
Agency will reach out to public officials, providing them with the tools to
protect ground water, while it works to increase citizen awareness of and
involvement with efforts to safeguard the resource.
For activities related to the 1988 FIFRA amendments, workyears supported
by the Registration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund will support
hydrogeological and related technical assistance in the pesticide reregistration
process.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $12,542,400 supported by 99.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $4,954,500 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation, $7,511,500 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation and $76,400 is from the Registration and Expedited Processing
Revolving Fund. Of the total workyears, 98.3 are supported by the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and 1.0 is supported by the Registration and Expedited
Processing Revolving Fund.
For 1991, EPA is enhancing assistance to states in developing and
implementing ground-water protection activities that move the states beyond
protection strategies to comprehensive ground-water protection programs. EPA and
the states are profiling the states' current ground-water activities to identify
gaps in protection. These "State Profiles" will provide an important base of
information and will help states target the ground-water efforts necessary in
each state to comprehensively protect the resource as the state desires. The
Agency is also assisting states in such technical ground-water concerns as
mapping of aquifer systems, conducting resource assessments, developing source
control strategies, and determining vulnerability characteristics. EPA is
instituting measures to foster institutional capacity building, such as
4-43
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instituting measures to foster institutional capacity building, such as
facilitating the coordination of state management and control activities with
local governments to engender effective implementation of comprehensive ground-
water protection programs. In addition, EPA is working with other Federal
agencies to ensure consistency and integration of Federal ground-water policies,
regulations and guidance.
The Agency continues to assist states in their development of WHP programs:
established in the 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act. This program,
which addresses the prevention of contamination of ground water serving as public
water supplies, is considered by EPA to be an essential component of a state
comprehensive ground-water protection program. In addition, EPA is enhancing and
expanding its efforts in WHP demonstration projects which concentrate on local
issues related to the protection of wellhead areas.
During 1991, EPA is seeking, testing and refining additional environmental
indicators of ground-water protection. Other initiatives include developing
Ground-Water Data Management Orders which will enhance cross program data sharing
and integration. In addition to expanding its data collection efforts, the
Agency is strengthening its capacity to disseminate and promote the exchange of
information through the use of videos, pamphlets, workshops and conferences.
EPA is maintaining its efforts in Sole Source Aquifer (SSA) designations.
The Agency also continues to review projects financially assisted by the Federal
government on or near designated SSAs.
For activities related to the 1988 FIFRA amendments, workyears are
supporting hydrogeological and related technical assistance in the pesticide
reregistration process.
Congressional Directives. A total of $2,225,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects to continue work on the Spokane Aquifer and to fund the
National Rural Water Association Programs's ground-water protection program.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $7,937,100 supported by 82.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $4,201,100 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, $3,713,700 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation and $22,300 was from the Registration and Expedited Processing
Revolving Fund. Of the total workyears, 82.3 were supported from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and 0.2 were supported by the Registration and
Expedited Processing Revolving Fund.
During 1990, the Agency made progress toward completing the "Ground-Water
Task Force Report" which contains a set of EPA ground-water protection principles
and a policy on the Federal/State relationship in ground-water protection that
are intended to set forth an aggressive approach to protecting the nation's
ground-water resources and directing the course of the Agency's efforts over the
coming years. A key component of this approach is an increased focus on actively
assisting states, which should retain their preemminent role in ground-water
management, in developing and implementing comprehensive protection programs
designed to protect the resource and provide the framework for coordinating state
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and Federal activities. The Task Force Report contains a preliminary description
of the elements EPA considers to be essential in an adequate comprehensive
protection program, which is being further refined in FY 1991.
The ground-water protection program assisted state water agencies in
developing hydrogeologic aspects of pesticides management plans which provide for
protection methods tailored to area-specific differences in ground-water
vulnerability. These plans are an important aspect of a comprehensive approach
to ground-water protection.
The Agency promoted prevention of ground-water contamination by encouraging
states to develop and implement VHP programs. During the fiscal year, 13 states
had wellhead protection programs approved by EPA. Support of WHP programs is a
central feature of EPA ground-water protection activities. EPA efforts to
support WHP programs included assisting states in the delineation of wellhead
protection areas (WHPAs) and enhancing state capacity to both address specific
sources of contamination and develop appropriate risk management strategies.
Furthermore, EPA initiated a demonstration program with localities to encourage
creative and unique approaches to information management in WHPAs.
The Agency implemented efforts to ensure that EPA-related ground-water
protection projects collect a minimum set of data elements. Other information
management activities included the development of methods for translating new and
historical ground-water data into an automated form and the continuation of
enhancements to STORET and other EPA data-bases. The Agency enhanced and
promoted the use of geographic information systems, particularly in identifying
the most critical sources of contamination in WHPAs, and provided workshops and
seminars for state and local officials on the use of these data management tools
for ground-water protection.
EPA responded to five petitions for SSA designation and reviewed 154
Federal financially assisted projects valued at over $560 million on or near a
designated SSA.
EPA provided expertise and technical assistance in the pesticide
reregistration process for new chemicals and/or new uses, mandated in the FIFRA
Amendments of 1988.
4-45
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
DRINKING WATER
ENFORCEMENT
Drinking Water Enforcement 4-46
-------
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Uattr Enforc
ACTUAL
1990
ENACTED
1991
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST INCREASE +
1992 DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Drinking Water
Enforcement
Salaries I Expenses $3,499.0 $4,706.8 $4,706.5 $5,523.2
TOTAL $3,499.0 $4,706.8 $4,706.5 $5,523.2
$816.7
$816.7
TOTAL:
Salaries & Expenses
Drinking Water
Enforcement
$3.499.0 $4,706.8 $4,706.5 $5,523.2 $816.7
TOTAL $3,499.0 $4,706.8 $4,706.5 $5,523.2 $816.7
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Drinking Water
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
74.0
74.0
92.8
92.8
92.8
92.8
104.9
104.9
12.1
12.1
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Drinking Water
Enforcement
TOTAL WORKYEARS
80.5 99.9 99.9 104.9
80.5 99.9 99.9 104.9
5.0
5.0
4-46
-------
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $5,523,200 supported by 104.9 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $816,700 and 5.0 total workyears from 1991.
All of the request will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This
represents an increase of $816,700 in the Salaries and Expense appropriation.
DRINKING WATER ENFORCEMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $5,523,200 supported by 104.9 total workyears
for this program, an increase of $816,700 for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and 5.0 total workyears. The increase will support regional
enforcement of new public water system (PWS) standards to protect public health
when states fail to take action.
EPA is working with states in adopting new enforcement authorities and
establishing programs to carry out new requirements. Where states are unable to
implement the surface water treatment rule, microbiological contaminant
monitoring and lead requirements, EPA will carry out activities normally:
conducted by primacy state programs, such as technical assistance,
inspections/sanitary surveys, public notification, monitor system compliance,
enforcement actions, hearings and data management. While EPA enforces these new
requirements, states will be building additional program capability, seeking
increased program resources, training staff and developing procedures, guidelines
and policies necessary to implement the new requirements.
Some states are considering withdrawing as the primary enforcement agent of
their drinking water program. When this happens, implementation and enforcement
of new as well as existing program requirements will be thrust upon the EPA
Regions. The Regions will commence direct implementation in targeted states
conducting program management and administration activities, ensuring state
laboratory capability, operator training, phasing-in monitoring and reporting
requirements, maintaining vital data management and analysis, and conducting the
full array of enforcement activities. Additional resources will be used by the
Regions to carry out program activities normally conducted by primacy states.
Enforcement depends primarily on timely and accurate reporting of compliance
data. Accessible and accurate data will be indispensable as the Regions are
required to take over state drinking water programs as well as continue oversight
of primacy state activities. EPA will field test the application of a practical
data verification protocol, procedures, and user's guide. The EPA Regions will
implement a system to identify falsified data and prosecute those individuals
that knowingly falsify drinking water data.
4-47
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The Underground Injection Control (UIC) enforcement program will enforce UIC
regulations in the absence of timely and appropriate state action or in states
that do not have primary enforcement authority. Priority enforcement will be
targeted at shallow wells endangering underground sources of drinking water
(USDW) and sensitive ecosystems. Assistance will be given to states when needed
to bring shallow wells under control.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $4,706,500 supported by 99.9
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
Drinking water enforcement focuses on systems in significant noncompliance
(SNC), defined on the basis of relative risk to human health posed by different
kinds of violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs).
While SNCs are the first enforcement priority, all systems in violation are
subject to enforcement action, particularly those systems which are about to
become SNCs or otherwise are causing a public health threat. When state
enforcement fails, EPA issues Administrative Orders (AOs) or initiates court
action. In addition, the Regions conduct AO hearings and assess penalties for
AO noncompliance in conjunction with Regional Counsels. Based on enforcement
program reviews, Headquarters is implementing across-the-board changes in EPA's
PWS enforcement efforts. Also, these reviews highlight opportunities for EPA to
improve internal data management procedures for faster, more accurate tracking
of priority non-compliance and EPA/state response.
UIC enforcement activities ensure testing for mechanical integrity and
review and approve permit requirements and applications for oil and gas, mining
and shallow injection wells. The monitoring of deep disposal wells continues in
order to ensure protection of USDWs. Enforcement actions against violators help
to reduce some of the most substantial health threats to humans and the
environment as well as set examples to deter future violators.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $3,499,000 supported by 80.5 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
Regions continued to issue Aos against violators of PWS and UIC program
requirements in order to achieve compliance with regulations and standards set
by the Agency. Significant non-compliers remained the enforcement priority
although other violators were pursued. Where state action failed to remedy a
violation, EPA issued Aos or initiated court action. EPA implemented the new AO
compliance tracking system designed to provide information on the status of AOs
and the actions taken to return violators to compliance. The Regions assisted
Regional Counsels in documenting violations which required new and more stringent
enforcement actions and participated in activities related to civil enforcement
referrals to the Department of Justice.
Approximately four percent of community water systems were in significant
noncompliance with microbiological, turbidity, total trihalomethane or other
chemical/radiological requirements. Approximately 27 percent of all community
4-48
-------
water systems reported some type of violation. The remaining 73 percent of
community water systems were in full compliance. The Regions issued 165 final
AOs for UIC violations and 149 final AOs and 14 complaints for the assessment of
administrative penalties against PWS violators.
4-49
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
HAZARDOUS WASTE 5-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Waste Research 5-8
Scientific Assessment 5-16
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 5-17
Health Effects 5-19
Environmental Engineering and Technology 5-20
Environmental Processes and Effects 5-23
Technical Information and Liaison 5-25
Integrated Hazardous Waste Research 5-25
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies 5-27
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Hazardous Waste .... 5-29
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Air and Radiation . . . 5-31
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Water 5-32
Regulations, Guidelines & Policies - Underground Storage Tanks 5-34
Financial Assistance 5-37
Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance to States . . . 5-38
Underground Storage Tanks State Grants 5-40
Hazardous Waste Management Regulatory Strategies Implementation . 5-42
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-know - Title III 5-46
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Waste Enforcement 5-51
-------
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE *
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Salarias I Expenses S76,681.3 S91,640.3 S91,610.8 S101.587.3 $9.976.5
Abatement Control and $167,453.6 $193,391.5 $193,391.5 $202,553.5 $9,162.0
Compliance
Research I Development $29,980.5 S25,987.3 $25,987.3 $29,594.2 $3,606.9
TOTAL, Hazardous Waste $274,115.4 $311,019.1 $310,989.6 $333,735.0 $22,745.4
PERMANENT UORKYEARS 1,332.0 1,574.6 1,574.6 1,660.0 85.4
TOTAL UORICYEARS 1,400.4 1,631.8 1,631.8 1,660.0 28.2
OUTLAYS $234,382.5 $285,317.5 $285,290.1 $302,619.2 $17,329.1
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS The Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended expired on
November 8, 1988. Reauthorization is pending.
5-1
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, as revised by
the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984, provides the legislative
mandate for a nationwide program to protect human health and the environment from
the risks of improper management of hazardous and solid wastes. The goals of the
Act are: to ensure adequate and safe treatment of hazardous waste from generation
through disposal; to ensure adequate and safe management and disposal capacity
for solid wastes; and to prevent and detect leakage from underground storage
tanks (USTe).
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, Title III of the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, establishes a framework for
identification of hazardous chemicals present in communities. This program
provides for development of state and local response plans to prevent, protect,
and inform the public in the event of a chemical release emergency. The recent
Clean Air Act amendments expanded the program by requiring owners and operators
of facilities to develop risk management plans to prevent, detect, and respond
to chemical accidents.
The demands on and expectations for the Agency's waste management programs
continue to rise. During the early 1970 's, program direction emphasized
identifying and controlling solid waste. The late 1970's and 1980's saw the
refinement and expansion of this direction to include "cradle to grave"
management of hazardous wastes and states' implementation of Federally-authorized
national management standards. In the 1990's, the Agency will address problems
associated with the expanding universe of wastes. Some of these wastes include
municipal solid waste, special large-volume wastes, industrial solid waste, and
medical waste. The Agency will continue its work on completing the remaining
protective mandates of HSWA hazardous waste requirements. In addition, the
Agency will reorient its corrective action resources to address the greatest:
number, and most environmentally-risky facilities.
The Agency's strategy to address these demands and expectations is to: 1)
strengthen state relationships by leveraging permitting and enforcement resources
to improve hazardous waste program implementation; 2) develop new, and revise
existing regulations to address evolving program directions; and 3) conduct
research, encourage technology development and transfer, and establish outreach
programs to provide the scientific program foundation, national information
network, and public communications capability necessary to successfully conduct
a national waste management program.
Leveraging a National Regulatory Program Through the States
The Agency recognizes the essential role of the states in developing,
implementing, and enforcing a national waste management program. The Agency is
providing increases in resources to assist the states in fulfilling their growing
responsibilities. Success in managing the expanding universe of hazardous,
solid, municipal, and special wastes depends on a strong partnership between
Federal and state governments. The Agency and the states will jointly examine
existing state authorities to determine the changes necessary to meet national
5-2
-------
hazardouB wait* program requirements. The Agency's Region*, will assist the
states in upgrading their program capabilities to meet new and modified Federal
standards. The states will continue to develop legislation and regulations to
incorporate HSWA provisions as well as new and revised requirements into their
programs.
The permitting program is the backbone of the national hazardous waste
management system upon which depends our ultimate success in achieving the
legislative direction envisioned in HSWA the protection of our health and
environment from the risks of ill-managed wastes. The permitting program will
continue to issue permits to operating and closing hazardous waste management
facilities, addressing the most environmentally-significant facilities first.
The Agency will increase state resources for post-closure permitting of
environmentally-significant land disposal facilities and permitting for the most
environmentally-significant storage and treatment facilities will be undertaken.
The Agency and states will continue to modify permits as necessary to address
changing regulations, new corrective action provisions, and changes to facility
design and practices.
The Agency's concentration on meeting the mandated permitting deadlines
and on recent use of corrective action order authorities have created an
expanding universe of facilities where corrective action requirements have been
imposed. The Agency will continue to encourage the states, through HSWA
authorization, to assume the lead for approximately fifty percent of corrective
action oversight. The Agency and the states will continue to oversee
owner/operators' corrective action activities and will tailor their facilities
oversight to ensure effective owner/operator response. Where feasible, interim
corrective measures will be used to reduce overall risk, while leveraging limited
resources, to address the largest number of environmentally-significant
facilities.
As new hazardous wastes continue to be brought into the RCRA regulatory
universe, an increased level of Federal and state inspection and enforcement
activity will be necessary to ensure continued industry compliance. Examples of
this expanding waste universe include wastes brought in under the organic
toxicity characteristic rule, and mineral processing and wood preserving waste
listings. The Agency is increasing Regional and state resources for. this higher
level of enforcement activity.
Additionally, greater emphasis will be placed on inspecting generator
facilities and conducting searches of facilities operating illegally outside the
RCRA system. Increased enforcement activities in these areas are expected to
provide leveraged pollution prevention benefits. Federal and state resources
will be designated to fund these activities.
The Agency will provide Federal and state resources to continue progress
toward the completion of lake-wide management plans for Lake Ontario and Lake
Michigan. Greater levels of enforcement activities, particularly conducting
facility assessments and taking corrective action as appropriate, will be
directed toward the Great Lakes Basin.
Emphasis on non-hazardous waste management activities will continue as
Regions and states work to implement revised municipal waste management criteria,
and to support the increased national attention to municipal waste recycling and
5-3
-------
source reduction. The Regions will provide project-specific financial assistance
to develop a strong and consistent national effort to attain municipal wastei
management and reduction goals as established in the Agency's Agenda for Action.
The Underground Storage Tanks (UST) program will focus on preventing,
detecting/ and correcting leakage from USTs containing petroleum or other
hazardous substances. Because this is a state delegated program, the Agency's
strategy will be to monitor and evaluate state implementation and enforcement
performance, and provide ongoing technical information, assistance, and training
to build state capabilities.
The Agency has promulgated a number of important regulations in the UST
program: the Federal technical standards, leak detection and corrective action
regulations for both petroleum and hazardous substance tanks, and financial
responsibility regulations for petroleum tanks. The Agency's task is to help
states develop UST regulatory programs as comprehensive as the Federal
regulations. Some states have completed this process and submitted their
applications for program approval. The remaining states will continue working
to strengthen their programs to be no less stringent than the Federal regulations
while continuing to manage their existing state programs.
As the states and local communities move from development to implementation
of emergency response plans under the Title III program, the Agency will assist
them in developing their capability to enforce the emergency planning and
chemical storage and release notification requirements. National guidance,.
technical assistance, and training will highlight enforcement targeting
mechanisms and development of the case referral process through state legal
systems.
Sustaining a Responsive National Regulatory Program
The hazardous waste regulatory program must continue its work to complete
the remaining requirements mandated in HSWA, responding to statutory and court-
ordered deadlines. The national program must also respond to the concerns of an
increasingly aware and informed public, which expects Agency action on a growing
universe of waste management facilities in such diverse areas as municipal solid
waste, waste exports and imports, and special large volume wastes.,
In order to implement the legislative intent to identify and bring under
management those wastes considered hazardous, the Agency will perform preliminary
listing studies and develop regulations to list as hazardous the specific waste*
named in HSWA. The Agency will begin development of an environmental data
initiative, an essential step in providing the RCRA program with information on
solid and hazardous waste management activities. This will improve
decisionmaking and EPA's and the states' ability to measure progress. In
addition, the Agency will provide a characterization of the industrial landfill
universe as a first step in order to understand the risks posed by th«««
facilities. The Agency will provide a more complete picture of industrial wast*
management activities. The Agency will begin development of treatment standards
for those wastes listed as hazardous since the enactment of HSWA. The Agency
will implement the land disposal restrictions program by processing treatment
capacity and no migration petitions. These regulatory efforts will substantially
address major HSWA protective mandates to study, identify, list, restrict
disposal, and manage certain hazardous wastes. In addition, the Agency will
5-4
-------
produce a rule for the authorization of Indian tribes which will improve the
quality of Indian lands by increasing tribal capabilities in managing
environmental protection programs.
The Agency will proceed with its efforts to address emerging solid waste
management issues of national concern by serving as a technical clearinghouse for
municipal solid waste management information. The Agency will continue to
address municipal solid waste source reduction and recycling programs recommended
in the Aoenda for Action for solid waste. These efforts will include
establishing volume and toxicity reduction goals as well as encouraging the
initiation of source reduction and recycling programs to meet various state and
local needs. The Agency will propose a Subtitle D state program approval rule
which will provide the necessary direction for comprehensive management of the
nation's municipal solid waste.
The Agency will respond to management concerns in its special waste
program by promulgating rules for oil and gas and mining waste and will issue a
regulatory determination on exempt mineral processing wastes in 1991. Also, the
Agency will issue mixed waste guidance and rules, and conduct a regulatory
determination on cement kiln dust. In the international arena, the Agency will
develop amendments to its hazardous waste export program rules to ensure proper
disposition of hazardous waste abroad.
Pollution prevention and minimization of hazardous and solid waste are
national priorities. The Agency will promote pollution prevention through
specific initiatives, such as encouraging the use of re-mining techniques at
abandoned or inactive mine tailing sites. Significant Agency efforts will be
devoted to enhancing outreach and education programs for encouraging industrial
source reduction and market-based recycling. Headquarters will reexamine
policies, guidance, and regulations, and will promote pollution prevention in its
permit activities. The Agency will continue to integrate pollution prevention
conditions into RCRA settlement agreements and will implement the recommendations
of the study on the role of the RCRA inspector in waste minimization activities.
The UST program will continue its mission to prevent pollution of surface and
groundwater due to the leaking of underground storage tanks.
Finally, the Agency will begin the regulatory development process
necessary to meet the statutory deadlines under the Clean Air Act accidental
release provisions. Immediate efforts will focus on the following: 1) developing
a list of hazardous chemicals (and associated thresholds) that upon accidental
release risk serious harm to the general public and the environment; 2)
developing regulations requiring owners and operators of facilities to develop
risk management plans to prevent, detect, and respond to accidental releases into
the air, 3) providing support and establishing a liaison role with the Chemical
Safety Board; 4) conducting a study on the hazards associated with hydrofluoric
acid; and 5) coordinating facility reporting information with state and local
governments.
Supporting the Regulatory Program Through Research. Technology Transfer and
Public Participation
The research program provides the scientific and technical information
necessary to support the development and implementation of hazardous waste
regulations. Scientific information on risk assessment, monitoring
5-5
-------
methodologies, alternate technologies,, pollution prevention, health effects, and
the environmental processes associated with hazardous waste, from generation to!
disposal, is provided to the Regions, state and local government, private
industry, and other decision-makers.
The Agency will conduct research in several areas: pollution prevention and
waste minimization, alternate technologies for the management and disposal of
wastes, land disposal, incineration, waste characterization and identification,
quality assurance, underground storage tank releases, oil spills, and municipal
solid wastes. The Agency will support technology transfer of its research
findings to encourage implementation of improved methods and practices.
Increased resources will be provided to support research on the use of
bioremediation for the cleanup of hazardous wastes and on the health effects of
incineration. Increased resources will also be provided to support
implementation of site-specific technical support for RCRA corrective action.
Increased Regional resources will be provided for on-line activation of
the RCRA information system in all EPA Regions and a number of states. This
system will enable the Agency, Regions, and the states to better monitor facility
progress and identify national, Regional, and state trends in hazardous waste
management. This improved data collection system, in conjunction with the
Agency's Environmental Data Initiative, will provide assistance in evaluating the
effectiveness of waste management regulations and development of regulatory
improvements.
Utilizing the Private Sector for Essential Consulting Services
The Agency requires private consultants to perform essential support in
cases where it is not economically effective to possess the specialized, expert
personnel services required. The Agency will utilize the services of consultants
for development of regulatory impact analyses, highly complex regulations, and
national guidance documents. Consultants will be required for functionally
specialized technical assistance necessary for program implementation, and for
the development of comprehensive information management systems.
5-6
-------
HAZARDOUS HASTE
CURRENT
INCREASE (+)
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Regulations
RCRA Standards ....
Proposals .......
Promulgations
ACTUAL
1990
22
11
11
ESTIMATE
1991
29
19
10
ESTIMATE
1992
32
15
17
DECREASE
1992 VS
+3
-4
+7
<-)
1991
Effl. Stds. Decision Doc.
Effl. Stds. Data Summaries.
UIC Petition Reviews
Implementation
Guidance Documents . .
Reports to Congress . .
State Authorization (cum.)
Base Program . .
HSWA Cluster I
Final Permit Determinations
and Closures (Cumulative) 2,
Ongoing Permit Processing
UIC Permit Revisions
Enforcement/Corrective Action
Inspections .... 12,
Administrative
Civil Litigation
Criminal
Litigation : . . -"" " "
23
3
46
7
076
498
698
500
172
"T ~1 ~5~ - -1"- -
28
3
48
17
2,271
775
13,382
1, 300
147
-_, 132_
18
0
52
32
2,531
780
14,907
1, 507
164
' ' 132 -
-10
-3
+4
+ 15
+260
+ 5
+1,525
,,
+ 207
+ 17
N/C
Corrective Action
Facility
Assessments . . .
Monitoring of
Corrective Action
Activities . . .
POTW Corrective
Measures ....
230
268
107
700
0*
700
N/A
N/C
* Funded by Superfund under the Environmental Priorities Initiative
5-7
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
HAZARDOUS WASTE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Waste Research 5-8
Scientific Assessment 5-16
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 5-17
Health Effects 5-19
Environmental Engineering and Technology 5-20
Environmental Processes and Effects 5-23
Technical Information and Liaison 5-25
Integrated Hazardous Waste Research 5-25
-------
PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS UASTE
Hazardous Waste Research
ACTUAL
1990
ENACTED
1991
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST INCREASE +
1992 DECREASE
1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Scientific Assessment -
Hazardous Uaste
Salaries t Expenses
Research t Development
TOTAL
Monitoring System ft
Quality Assurance -
Hazardous Uaste
Salaries I Expenses
Research & Development
Health Effects -
Hazardous Waste
Salaries I Expenses
Research I Development
TOTAL
Environmental
Engineering t
Technology - Hazardous
Uaste
Salaries & Expenses
Research & Development
TOTAL
Environmental Processes
& Effects - Hazardous
Waste
Salaries I Expenses
Research t Development
TOTAL
Technical Information
and Liaison - Hazardous
Uaste
Salaries t Expenses
Research I Development
TOTAL
Integrated Hazardous
Uaste Research
Research & Development
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Salaries & Expenses
Research & Development
Hazardous Uaste
Research
$1, 247.2
$1,538.2
(2,785.4
$3,334.6
(7,840.8
$11,175.4
$634.2
$764.0
$1,398.2
$5,257.7
$13,855.5
$19,113.2
$3,479.4
$3,546.9
$7,026.3
$2,435.1
$2,435.1
$13,953.1
$29,980.5
$1,062.2
$1,064.0
$2,126.2
$3,110.1
$6,056.9
$9,167.0
$602.8
$61.8
S664.6
$5.037.1
$11.327.3
$16.364.4
$3,387.0
$3.087.3
$6,474.3
$840.0
$840.0
$3,550.0
$3,550.0
$13,199.2
$25,987.3
$1,062.2
$1,064.0
$2,126.2
$3.110.1
$6,056.9
$9,167.0
$602.8
$61.8
$664.6
$5,008.1
$11,327.3
$16,335.4
$3,387.0
$3,087.3
$6,474.3
$840.0
$840.0
$3,550.0
$3,550.0
$13,170.2
$25,987.3
$1,149.5
$1,368.4
$2,517.9
$3.213.3
$6,507.5
$9,720.8
$622.1
$870.5
$1,492.6
$5,430.3
$14,082.5
$19,512.8
$3,560.1
$5,479.2
$9.039.3
$6.0
$886.1
$892.1
$400.0
$400.0
$13.981.3
$29.594.2
$87.3
$304.4
$391.7
$103.2
$450.6
$553.8
$19.3
$808.7
$828.0
$422.2
$2,755.2
$3,177.4
$173.1
$2,391.9
$2,565.0
$6.0
$46.1
$52.1
-$3,150.0
-$3,150.0
$811.1
$3,606.9
TOTAL $43,933.6 $39,186.5 $39,157.5 $43,575.5 $4,418.0
5-8
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Research
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT
1990 1991 ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST INCREASE *
1992 DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS}
Scientific Assessment -
Hazardous Waste
Monitoring System I
Quality Assurance -
Hazardous Waste
Health Effects
Hazardous Waste
Environmental
Engineering t
Technology - Hazardous
Waste
Environmental Processes
& Effects Hazardous
Waste
Technical Information
& Liaison - Hazardous
Waste
U.3 17.1 17.1 18.2
43.3 47.5 47.5 47.9
10.4 11.6 11.6 11.6
81.6 84.9 84.9 89.9
49.1 50.0 50.0 51.5
0.1
1.1
0.4
0.0
5.0
1.5
0.1
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
198.7 211.1 211.1 219.2
8.1
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Scientific Assessment
Hazardous Waste
Monitoring Systems I
Quality Assurance -
Hazardous Waste
15.9 17.1 17.1 18.2
47.1 47.5 47.5 47.9
1.1
0.4
Health Effects -
Hazardous Waste
Environmental
Engineering (
Technology - Hazardous
Waste
Environmental Processes
& Effects - Hazardous
Waste
12.0 11.6 11.6 11.6
85.2 84.9 84.9 89.9
51.2 50.0 50.0 51.5
0.0
5.0
1.5
5-9
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Research
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE *
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Technical Information 0.1 0.1
and Liaison - Hazardous
Waste
TOTAL WORKYEARS 211.4 211.1 211.1 219.2 8.1
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HAZARDOUS WA£TB
Hazardous Wast* Research
Principal Output*
1992;
Scientific Assessment
o 20-30 Health and Environmental Effects Documents
o Prepare Approximately 30 Subchronic Testing Protocols for RCRA
Chemicals
o Technical Support for RCRA Site-Specific Assessments - e.g.,
Petitions, ACLs, etc.
o Guidance Manual - Feasibility Study of Environmental Monitoring and
Exposure Assessment for a Municipal Waste Combustor: Rutland,
Vermont Pilot Study
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
o Optimization of Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectroscopy
(ICP/MS) for Metals Analysis
o Report on Analytical Methods Validation for Analytes Lacking
Standardized Methods
o Annual Report on Quality Control Samples for RCRA Appendix VIII
Chemicals
Health Effects
o Report on the Bioavailability of Metal Residue in Soil
Environmental Engineering and Technology
o Pollution Prevention Case Studies
^
o Industry-Specific Pollution Prevention Guides
o Background Report on Existing Clean Products Programs
o Engineering Reports on Technologies for Treating Contaminated Soil
and Debris
o Evaluation of Biofliters for Control of Hazardous Air Emission*.
o Report on the Construction Quality Assurance/Construction Quality
Control of Haste Management Facilities
o Guidance Documents on the Design and Operations of Landfills end
Surface Impoundments
o Incineration Research Conducted at the US EPA Incineration Research
Facility during in 1991
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o Report on tha Environmental Effect* of Ash Utilization
o Report on the Optimization of Soil Vapor Extraction for Remediation
of Subsurface Gasoline Releases
o Report on the Application of Low Temperature Thermal Oesorption for
Cleaning up LUST Sites
o Report on Recovery of Landfill Gas
o Reports on Municipal Innovative Technology Evaluations
o Protocols for Testing Efficacy and Toxicity of Bioremediation Agents
o Protocol for Testing Efficacy and Toxicity of Dispersants
Environmental Processes and Effects
o Report on Available Ground-Water Models
o Numerical Model for Multiphase Chemical Transport in Porous Media
o Report on Foliar Uptake of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by Three Plant Species
1991;
Scientific Assessment
o 50-60 Health and Environmental Effect Documents
o Prepare Approximately 30 Subchronic Testing Protocols for RCRA
Chemicals
o Technical Support for RCRA Site-Specific Assessments - e.g.,
Petitions, ACLs, etc.
o Municipal Waste Combustors Indirect Exposures Methodology: Case
Studies (St. Louis and Jacksonville)
^
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
o Report on Field Validation of Dual Range Carbon Dioxide Monitors
o Comprehensive Soil Sample Preparation Manual for Volatile Organic
Compounds
o Report on the Application of Borehole Geophysics in Waste Site
Monitoring
o Annual Report on Quality Control Samples for RCRA Appendix VIII
Chemicals
o Field Test of Peat for Adsorption of Hydrocarbon Contamination from
Underground Storage Tanks
o Research on Continuous Monitoring Methods for Detection of Dioxin
and Mercury in Emissions
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Environmental Engineering and Technology
o Incineration Research Conducted at the US EPA Incineration Research
Facility during 1990
o Report on the Effects of MWC Leachate on Natural and Geosynthetic
Liner*
o Final Report on Internal Inspection Protocol and Validation
o Update State-of-the-Art on the Application and Effectiveness of Oil
Spill Dispersants
o Reference Document on Soil Vapor Extraction Technology
o Expansion of Computerized On-line Information System for Underground
Storage Tank Technology Transfer
o Development, Operation, and Maintenance of a Computerized On-Line
Information System for Underground Storage Tank Technology Transfer
o Final Report on Evaluation of Volumetric Leak Detection for Chemical
USTs
o Report on Biological/Physical Clogging and Degradation of
Geosynthetics in Municipal Solid Haste Drainage Systems
Environmental Process and Effects
o Report on Nitrate Contamination Studies
o User's Manual for Two-Dimensional Multiphase Transport Model
o Report on Methods for Handling Spatial Variability of Subsurface
Environments
o Computer Program for Estimating Hydraulic Properties of Unsaturated
Soils for Contaminant Transport Modeling
/
o Report on Toxicity Profiles for Hazardous Haste Characterization:
An Assessment of the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Potential of
Hydrolyzed Leachates
o Report on Forced Air Ventilation for Remediation of Unsaturated
Soils Contaminated by Volatile Organic Compounds
1990;
Scientific Assessment
o Carcinogenicity Profiles for Third Portion of Land Disposal Ban
o 29 Health and Environmental Effects Documents
o Beta Test Model of Risk Assistant Expert System
o Prepare Approximately 30 Subchronic Testing Protocols for RCRA
Chemicals
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o Technical Support for RCRA Site-Specific Assessments - e.g.,
Petitions, ACLs, etc.
o Report: Kinetics and Toxicity studies in Monkey* Exposed to TCDD
o Final Report: Indirect Exposures Methodology for Municipal Waste
Combustors
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
o Report on Research Statistics, Geostatistics, and
Chemometrics
o Summary Report on Quality Assurance Support Including Development of
Quality Assurance Materials for Unconventional Matrices
o Annual Report on Quality Control Samples for RCRA Appendix VIII
Chemicals
o Guide for Field Screening of Underground Storage Tanks
o Handbook for the Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring
Wells
o Progress Report on Methods Development for the Supercritical Fluid
Extraction of Soil and Sediments
o Proximity/Impact of Subtitle D Facilities to Wet Environments
Health Effects
o Report on the Scientific and Programmatic Issues Associated with
Metal Residues
Environmental Engineering and Technology
o Waste Minimization Guidance Manuals for Seven Industries
o Report to Congress on Pollution Prevention Research
,
o Reports on OSW Methodology for Multi-Media Risk Assessment
o Technical Report on the Summary of Waste Minimization Evaluations
supported by the USEPA
o Minimization and Control of Hazardous Combustion By-Products
o Operations and Research at the USEPA Incineration Research Facility
(Annual Report for 1989)
o Report on EPA/Environment Canada; RDF Combustion Technology,
Environmental Characterization Mid-Connecticut Resources Recovery
Facility
o Report on the State of the Art on Internal Tank Inspection Equipment
and Procedures
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o Protocol for Evaluating Pipeline Leak Detection Systems
Environmental Processes, and Effects
o Report on Site Specific Multimedia Modeling for Ranking Closure
Options at RCRA Land Disposal Operations
o Report on Evaluation of Selected Plants as Cover Crops for HW/3F
Sites
o User's Manual for MINTEQ2 with Updated Theory and Applications
o Report on Hydrogeological Approaches for Mobilizing Immiscible
Wastes for UST Corrective Actions
o Report on Determining Hydrologic Properties of Subsurface
Environments
o Report on Fate and Transport of Residual Matrix Constituents in Soil
o Report on Use of Toxicity Profiles for Aquatic Impacts as Waste
Leachate Characteristics
Integrated Hazardous Waste Research
o Establish the Integrated Hazardous Waste Research Center and
Initiate Multiple Research, Education and Technology Transfer
Products
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HAZARDOUS WASTS
Hazardous Waste Research
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $43,575,400 supported by 219.1 total
workyears for 1991, an increase of $4,418,000 and an increase of 8.1 total
workyears from 1991. Of the request, $13,981,300 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $29,594,200 will be for the Research and
Development appropriation. There is an increase of $811,100 in Salaries and
Expenses which is primarily due to a realignment of ORD positions to better
manage resources. An increase of $3,606,900 in Research and Development
provides for additional studies on bioremediation, municipal solid waste,
health risk effects of incineration, oil spills, technical support for RCRA
corrective action, and the transfer of aquifer restoration research and oil
spills research from the Water Research Program.
Program Objectives
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) authorizes a regulatory
program to identify and manage wastes that pose a substantial hazard to human
health or the environment. RCRA also requires the promulgation of standards
related to Underground Storage Tank systems for both chemicals and petroleum
products. Section 311 of the Clean Water Act also mandates some of the
research conducted under this program, specifically the hazardous material
release efforts.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $2,517,900 supported by 18.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,149,500 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,368,400 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $87,300 and 1.1 workyears for
Salaries and Expenses. The increase is primarily due to a realignment of ORD
positions to better manage resources. The increase in Research and
Development is $304,400. Additional resources will be used to respond to
regional requests on health risk assessment issues related to RCRA correctly*
action, and to the preparation of Health and Environmental Effects Documents
(HEEDs).
ORD will establish a new technical support center for health and risk
assessment to provide assistance to Regional and State staff engaged in RCHA
corrective action. ORD will also provide Health and Environmental Effects
Documents, Reference Doses, and technical evaluations to support the RCRA
listing, permitting and land disposal restriction programs. Work will
continue on improving microcomputer assisted risk assessment tools.
A guidance manual will be completed for use by the State of Vermont on
the feasibility case study completed in 1991. A sensitivity analysis using
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chemical-specific input parameters will be conducted as an extension of the
municipal waste combustion indirect exposures methodology. The assessment of
potential haxards associated with municipal solid waste recycling will
continue with emphasis on particular wastes (e.g. tires).
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,126,200 supported by
17.1 total workyears for this program, of which $1,062,200 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,064,000 is from the Research and
Development appropriation.
In 1991, the program is continuing to emphasize the preparation of risk
assessment documents and development and evaluation of tests and procedures
for conducting risk assessment*. Health and Environmental Effects Documents,
Reference Doses, and technical evaluations are provided to support the RCRA
listing, permitting and land disposal restriction programs. Microcomputer-
assisted risk assessment tools are being further developed.
A case study on the indirect exposures associated with municipal waste
combustion will be provided to support the risk assessment methodology and
incineration regulations. A comparative risk assessment report on indirect
exposure methodologies will be completed. The assessment of potential hazards
associated with municipal solid waste recycling will be initiated.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $2,785,400 supported by 15.9
total workyears for this program, of which $1,247,200 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $1,538,200 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
The 1990 program emphasized the production of health and environmental
effects documents for the listing/delisting programs, and Reference Doses for
the land disposal restriction program. The exposure work was completed for
risk assessments of burning contaminated soils in mobile incinerators. Peer
review of the draft report on the site-specific risk assessment of the
municipal waste combustor at Rutland, Vt. was completed. The indirect
exposures methodology for municipal waste combustion was also completed. The
beta test version of the Risk Assistant expert system was made available.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1992 Program Recniest
The Agency requests a total of $9,720,800 supported by 47.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,213,300 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,507,500 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase from 1991 of $103,200 for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and a .4 increase in total workyears. The
increase is requested to fund the Federal workforce needed to implement the
President's program in 1992. The increase from 1991 of $450,600 for the
Research and Development appropriation reflects additional funding for
research into methods to develop monitoring protocols for oil spills and
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municipal solid wast*, and to provide technical,support to Rational offices in
the area of RCRA corrective action.
ORO will utilize additional resources to provide site-specific technical
support to th« RCRA corrective action comnunity for monitoring and site
characterization. Work will be conducted at Subtitle C facilities to provide
the scientific information required to implement corrective actions.
Researchers will develop methods for detecting toxic wastes in soils and
sediments and for detecting organics in the ambient air, near and at waste
treatment disposal facilities. Major methods development and evaluation will
be conducted utilizing supercritical fluid extraction and high performance
liquid chromatography. Validation and improvement of the methods contained in
the Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (SW-846) continues. Geophysical,
geochemical and in-situ spectroscopic methods for subsurface monitoring will
be evaluated for their ability to detect and track waste plume migration in
the subsurface.
Remote sensing will be conducted to assist permit writers in verifying
the contents of permit applications and to assist enforcement in assessing
compliance.
ORD will conduct oil spills research to refine and validate microcosm
models used to assess impacts of spills in individual environments. This will
eliminate the need for testing each type of cleanup technique in each
different environment. This will provide response personnel with simplified
analytical tools to monitor the progress of a cleanup operation. These
include the identification of benchmark oil components which are easy to
measure, the development of biological indicators to assess cleanup
effectiveness, as well as improved methods for chemical analysis in the field.
Quality assurance research will focus on improving quality control sample
matrices and expanding the universe of quality control samples.
Remote sensing support is provided to the Regions for monitoring spills
and spill threats under emergency conditions in support of Section 311 of the
Clean Water Act. In addition, in support of leak prevention and ^corrective
action, leak monitoring methods applicable to underground storage tanks are
under evaluation. This activity includes evaluation of leak monitoring
methods. Monitoring evaluation of remediation techniques such as passive
bioremediation will be conducted.
Guidelines for monitoring groundwater at RCRA Subtitle D landfill
facilities will be developed.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $9,167,000 supported by 47.5
workyears for this program, of which $3,110,100 is for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,056,900 is for the Research and Development
appropr iat ion.
Methods are being developed to detect toxic wastes in soils and sediment!
and for detecting organics in the ambient air, near and at waste treatment
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disposal facilities. Validation and improvement of the methods contained in
the Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (SW-846) continues. Geophysical,
geochemical and in-situ spectroscopic methods for subsurface monitoring are
evaluated for their ability to detect and track waste plume migration in the
subsurface. Remote sensing is conducted to verifying the contents of permit
applications and to assist enforcement in assessing compliance.
Quality assurance research focuses on improving quality control sample
matrices and expanding the universe of quality control samples.
Remote sensing support is provided to the Regions for monitoring spills
and spill threats under emergency conditions in support of Section 311 of the
Clean Water Act. In addition, in support of leak prevention and corrective
action, leak monitoring methods applicable to underground storage tanks are
under evaluation. This activity includes evaluation of leak monitoring
methods to establish which existing instrumentation meet established
performance criteria. Techniques for determining soil gas concentrations and
constituents and for determining ground water contamination are evaluated
under field and laboratory conditions.
Guidelines for monitoring groundwater around RCRA Subtitle D landfill
facilities are being developed.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $11,175,400 supported by 47.1
workyeare for this program, of which $3,334,600 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $7,840,800 was from the Research and Development
appropriat ion.
During 1990, research was conducted to support RCRA requirements to
determine waste composition, to detect levels of toxic constituents in soils,
groundwater, and air, and to characterize hazardous constituents through the
evaluation, validation, development and improvement of analytical methods for
SW-846. Monitoring methods were evaluated and/or developed for use at RCRA
Subtitle D landfills. A major guidance document was developed for the design
and installation of ground-water monitoring wells. Remote sensing was
provided to assist in the assessment and mitigation of spills from facilities
engaged in production, storage, processing, and distribution of hazardous
materials. Performance criteria for evaluating leak monitoring methods were
established and a manual for conducting field screening monitoring of
underground storage tanks was developed.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $1,492,600 supported by 11.6 total
workyears for this program of which $622,100 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $870,500 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represent an increase of $19,300 for Salaries and Expenses
and no change in work years. The increase in Research and Development is
$808,700. Additional resources will be used for health risk research relating
to the bioavailability of metals in soils and incineration residuals, and
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health effects research relating to the potency of complex emissions from
municipal waste combustors.
Thii program will explore the relationship between exposure to disposed
incineration residuals containing metals and dose to target tissues. Research
will be performed on bioavailability, metabolism, distribution, and
elimination of metals. The municipal solid waste program will continue the
evaluation of comparative potency approaches to the assessment of combustion
emissions and residuals.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $664,600 supported by 11.6
total workyears for this program, of which $602,800 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $61,800 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
Research is focused on improving the assessment of risks from emissions
and residuals of hazardous waste management practices and municipal solid
waste combustion. Research in this area is necessary to improve our
understanding of the principles governing dosimetry of metals and will improve
the accuracy of assessment of such risks.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $1,398,200 supported by 12.0
total workyears for this program, of which $634,200 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $764,000 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
In 1990, the studies of in-vivo exposure to combustion emissions were
completed. A metals residue bioavailability program was initiated and a
workshop was held to identify scientific and programmatic issues. A report on
metals research issues (on a metal by metal basis) was prepared as a
springboard for the metals research program.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1992 Program Request
In 1992, the Agency requests a total of $19,512,800 supported by 89.9
total workyears for this program, of which $5,430,300 will be for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $14,082,500 will be for the Research and
Development appropriation. This represents an increase from 1991 of $422,200
and 5.0 additional total workyears in the Salaries 6 Expenses appropriation.
These increases are primarily due to a realignment of ORD positions to better
manage resources. An increase of $2,755,200 in Research and Development
provides for additional studies on bioremediation, municipal solid waste,
health risk effects of incineration, oil spills, technical support for RCRA
corrective action, and the transfer of oil spills research from the Water
Research Program.
ORD will continue to emphasize research on reducing the production of
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pollutants at their source. Research will dafin* assessment tachniquaa to
meaaura tha reduction in quantities of pollutants produced and to identify
potential areas for pollution prevention and risk reduction. Other research
efforts will evaluate both existing and emerging alternative treatment
processes for wastes likely to be restricted from land disposal. Research
funded in 1991 on using solar energy to treat waste will be completed.
ORD will initiate a new research effort on bioremediation to complement
the ongoing work funded under the Superfund Research program. Since
bioremediation is a complex process involving the interaction of many
scientific disciplines such as microbiology chemistry and engineering, the
main effort in this objective is to improve the base of scientific knowledge,
particularly as it applies to optimizing the application of in-situ-
bioremediation. The field component of this objective will build a base of
data on how to combine microbiological science and engineering in the field,
and will serve as a test-bed for the laboratory research.
Oil spills research will be carried out to provide On-Scene Coordinators
(OSC) with the scientific and engineering data required to choose the most
coet-effective and environmentally sound option for dealing with a spill and
the associated clean-up. This research includes developing protocols to
evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a variety of chemical and biological
agents designed to be used under various conditions to remove oil spilled into
water or from beaches, marshes and shorelines. These protocols will make it
possible to evaluate commercially available products as part of the listing
procedures provided for in the National Contingency Plan, as well as to have
this information available to the OSC at the time of a spill. Research will
be conducted to demonstrate mechanical cleanup techniques for inland spills
and for removing oil spilled into ice-cover bodies of water.
Major issues associated with disposal of hazardous waste to the land
will be addressed. Synthetic and clay liners will be studied and the
effectiveness of alternative closure and monitoring procedures for surface
impoundments will be investigated. Research also characterizes air emissions
from hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFa) and
to assess methods to control them. Technical Resource Documents will be
updated for use by Regional and State agencies for permitting hazardous waate
facilities and for enforcing applicable regulations.
Laboratory, pilot and full-scale incineration units are being
investigated to determine the performance of a range of thermal treatment
devices. Results are used by permitting officials to evaluate permit requests
and to monitor for compliance with performance requirements. Incineration
research will focus on four areas: 1) characterizing performance of existing
thermal technologies; 2) developing methods for compliance monitoring of th«»«
facilities; 3) characterizing products of incomplete combustion and their
formation conditions; and 4) developing methods to predict performance to
avoid process failure and control process reliability. Information is being
developed for both industrial processes and incinerators to support regulation
of toxic metal emissions, emission of products of incomplete combustion, and
for refinement of the destruction removal efficiency rule.
Underground storage tank (UST) research evaluates prevention, detection,'
and corrective action technologies to identify cost-effective, reliable
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techniques and equipment for UST». This research has and will continue to
produce publications on prevention practices, assessment of retrofit
techniques for leaking underground storage tanks, and improvement of emergency
response and remedial corrective action technologies.
The Municipal Innovative Technology Evaluation (MITE) program will
continue. This program is designed to: 1) provide data on innovative
equipment and techniques for managing municipal waste; 2) accelerate early
commercialization of innovative equipment; 3) provide support and credibility
to new techniques and equipment being developed at the bench and pilot-scale;
and 4) develop promising techniques directly where a definite need exists.
The initial emphasis is on demonstration of new or modified equipment
processes or techniques at full or nearly full scale. Major issues associated
with disposal of municipal solid waste to the land will be investigated.
Research on municipal solid waste incinerators will be conducted. The
emphasis will shift from field evaluation of various air pollution control
devices and the assessment of ash utilization and disposal techniques.
Additional research will focus on methods to deal with the air emissions of
metals such as mercury.
ORO will utilize increased resources to provide technical support to the
RCRA corrective action community. This will include refining engineering
treatment technologies developed under the Superfund program and other
existing technologies for use at RCRA correction action sites.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $16,335,400 supported by
84.9 total workyears for this program, of which $5,008,100 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,327,300 is from the Research and
Development appropriation.
Research is being conducted to evaluate treatment processes for wastes
likely to be restricted from land disposal. New research is being conducted
to define assessment techniques to measure the reduction in quantities of
pollutants produced and to identify potential areas for pollution reduction at
the source. Research is continued on using solar energy to treat; and dispose
of waste.
Major issues associated with disposal of municipal and hazardous waste
to the land continue to be addressed. Research also characterizelT'aiT ~~~
emissions from hazardous waste facilities (TSDFs). Technical Resource
Documents are being updated for use by Regional and State agencies. Expert
systems to provide state-of-the-art, cost effective information about the
design, operation, closure and post-closure procedures are being developed and
maintained.
Studies to provide the technical basis for Agency hazardous incineration
policies, regulations, permits, and compliance actions are being conducted.
Fundamental research on products of incomplete combustion and heavy metal
emissions are also being conducted.
Underground storage tank (UST) research evaluates technologies to identify
cost-effective, reliable techniques and equipment for USTs. Research on
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identification and evaluation of reliable leak detection methods for
underground chemical tanks is being completed and the leak detection facility
is being closed.
A new Municipal Innovative Technology Evaluation (MITE) program is
underway. Research on municipal solid waste incineration is being conducted.
Information is being developed for both industrial processes and incinerators
to support regulations.
Congressional Directives; A total of $600,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of Solar and Renewable Fuels.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $19,113,200 supported by 85.2
total workyears for this program, of which $5,257,700 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $13,855,500 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
Activities in 1990 included the evaluation of emerging alternative
technologies and initiation of a waste minimization/pollution prevention
program. Emerging technologies for detecting leaks from petroleum and
chemical tank systems were evaluated. Major land disposal issues and various
thermal destruction systems techniques were investigated. An Urban Haste
Management and Research Center was established at the University of New
Orleans. The goal of the center is to provide an integrated approach for
solving urban waste problems.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,039,300 supported by 51.5 total
workyeara for this program, of which $3,560,100 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $5,479,200 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase from 1991 of $173,100 and 1.5
workyears for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and $2,39^,900 for the
Research and Development appropriation. The increases are attributed to
additional studies on bioremediation, RCRA corrective action, and oil spills,
and the transfer of aquifer restoration research from the Water Research
Program.
ORD will conduct research on multimedia site assessment models to
support hazardous waste management decisions, methods and data for predicting
subsurface contamination, and procedures and data for evaluating the impacts
of wastes and closure criteria on aquatic habitats and species. Ecological
risk assessment will continue to be emphasized in these studies. The research
will support evaluation of a model describing metals speciation, pursue
performance testing of decision models, develop a predictive model for the
toxicity of chemical mixtures, field evaluate saturated and unsaturated
subsurface contaminant transport models, and evaluate bioavailability, uptake,
and metabolism of hazardous chemicals by plants.
ORD will place new emphasis on developing bioremediation technologies
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specifically applicable to RCRA hazardous wastes. This major program will
complement ongoing studies being conducted for Superfund sites, but will
emphasize biological treatment of known industrial chemicals rather than of
complex mixtures.
Researchers will develop techniques for assessing potential ecological
risk from oil spills and for evaluating environmental impacts of various
control and response techniques to be used for oil spills in marine and
freshwater environments. Studies will be conducted and techniques evaluated
for the remediation of subsurface contamination of soils and ground water in
order to improve and expand the array of possible RCRA corrective action
measures. The aquifer restoration research activity, being transferred from
the Water Research Program, supports field evaluations of promising in-situ
biotransformation techniques to determine the cost-effectiveness of these
methods.
Research supporting the underground storage tanks program will be
conducted to evaluate approaches for corrective actions including techniques
for mobilizing immiscible wastes and techniques for in-situ biological
treatment.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $6,474,300 supported by
50.0 total workyears for this program, of which $3,387,000 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $3,087,300 is from the Research and
Development appropriation.
Research is being conducted in several major areas to support risk
assessment, contaminant fate and transport prediction, and corrective action
and/or closure activities at hazardous waste sites. Activities include
developing both screening-level and more site-specific multimedia assessment
methods and data for implementing waste management decisions (including
toxicity characterletic/delisting) and evaluating waste management, treatment,
and disposal systems based on potential human health and environmental
impacts. Important environmental processes that govern transport,
transformation, and fate of hazardous wastes in the subsurface are
investigated. Field-evaluated methods and data to predict concentrations and
to remediate wastes that either escape or are released into the subsurface
environment are being developed. Procedures and data are also being developed
to evaluate waste characteristics and closure criteria for impacts on aquatic
habitats and lifeforms. These methods will be compatible with current OSW
regulatory models and testing procedures for human health risk. Testing and
field validation is continuing on protocols for determining the biological
hazard associated with contaminated soils, water, and sediments. Research
also continues on the bioavailability, including uptake, translocation, and
metabolism of hazardous chemicals by plants.
Studies continue on determining the applicability and cost-effectivenais
of in-situ reclamation techniques to unsaturated-zone and ground-water
contamination resulting from leaking underground storage tanks and other
hazardous waste sources.
1990 Accomplishments
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In 1990, the Agency allocated a total of $7,026,300 supported by 51.2
total workyears for this program, of which $3,479,400 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $3,546,900 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
Research continued on the development of multimedia site assessment
models in support of the RCRA listing/delisting, risk assessment, siting, land
disposal restriction, and corrective action programs. Studies on methods for
characterizing risk of complex wastes, and on methods and data for predicting
subsurface contamination were continued. Increased emphasis was placed on
ecological assessments. Transport models for predicting waste concentrations
in saturated and unsaturated zones in the subsurface were field evaluated, and
progress was made on the development of a model describing speciation of
metals. Bioavailability, uptake, and metabolism of hazardous chemicals by
plants were investigated.
Research and field testing were conducted on biological, physical, and
chemical methods, previously tried at hazardous waste sites, to determine
their cost and applicability to cleanup of pollutants from underground storage
tanks.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND LIAISON
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $892,100 supported by .1 total workyears
for this program, of which $6,000 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $886,100 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase from 1991 of $6,000 and .1
workyears for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, and $46,100 for the
Research and Development appropriation. The increases are related to the
provision of technical support for RCRA corrective action.
The technical information needs of the Hazardous Waste program will continue
to be addressed by providing handbooks and PC expert systems to State and
local decision makers in such areas as: 1) disposal of residues; 2) selecting
appropriate treatment technologies; and 3) source reduction and recycling.
Additional resources will be applied to the provision of technical information
to the RCRA corrective action community.
1991 Program
The technical information needs of the Hazardous Waste program will
continue to be addressed by providing handbooks and PC expert systems to Stat.e
and local decision makers. Although the nature of this work does not change
dramatically, it is a new funding category in 1991. Formerly this activity
was included in the monitoring systems budget.
INTEGRATED HAZARDOUS WASTE RESEARCH
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests $400,000 in the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a reduction of $3,150,000. The reduction .a
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attributed to the fact that no resources are being requested for the Center for
Environmental Management at Tufts University in 1992. Seed money was
originally provided 1983. The Agency believes that this Center is now fully
established and should seek continued funding on a competitive basis in keeping
with the process established to allocated resources to the five competitively
selected Hazardous Research Centers supported by EPA. Other sources of funding
are available from the private sector as well as other governmental sources.
Funding is provided to support continuing activities at the Institute for
Environmental Issues and Policy Assessment, at the Southern University of
Louisiana. The Institute will facilitate the transfer of the new knowledge and
technologies, conduct studies of environmental risk assessment, and facilitate
small and minority business and industry development in the environmental waste
management.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,550,000 supported by no
workyeara for this program, all of which is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
The program of work at the Center for Environmental Management is
addressing a wide variety of research, education and public policy
environmental issues. Several on-going projects will be completed. New
activities related to pollution prevention, international environmental policy
and environmental health policy and education will be initiated.
An Institute for Environmental Issues and Policy Assessment at the Center
for Energy and Environmental Studies was established at the Southern University
of Louisiana. The Institute will focus on technology transfer and research
relating to hazardous waste issues.
Congressional Directives; A total of $400,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of Southern University of Louisiana Environmental Issues and
Policy Assessment Institute; A total of $3,150,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of the Center for Environmental Management at Tufts
University.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $2,435,100 supported by no
workyears, all of which is from the Research and Development appropriation.
These resources funded a program at Tufts to continue funding research
projects on health effects, monitoring systems, alternative technologies, risk
communication and waste minimization.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
HAZARDOUS WASTE
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies 5-27
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Hazardous Waste .... 5-29
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Air and Radiation . . . 5-31
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Water . 5-32
Regulations, Guidelines & Policies - Underground Storage Tanks 5-34
Financial Assistance 5-37
Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance to States . . . 5-38
Underground Storage Tanks State Grants 5-40
Hazardous Waste Management Regulatory Strategies Implementation . 5-42
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-know - Title III 5-46
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines fc Policies
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE «
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$17,603.4 $21,560.6 121,560.6 $23,098.6 $1,538.0
$35,773.4 $42.754.5 $42,754.5 $45.429.5 $2,675.0
TOTAL $53,376.8 $64,315.1 $64,315.1 $68,528.1 $4,213.0
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Air and
Radiation
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$629.7 $848.0 $848.0 $874.6 $26.6
$2,956.9 $3,073.3 $3,073.3 $3,073.3
TOTAL $3,586.6 $3.921.3 $3,921.3 $3,947.9 $26.6
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Water
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - UST
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$2,221.8 $1.820.4 $1,820.4 $1,110.2 -$710.2
$4,406.5 $3,966.5 $3,966.5 $2,420.5 -$1,546.0
$6,628.3 $5,786.9 $5,786.9 $3,530.7 -$2,256.2
$2,938.2 $3,794.4 $3,794.4 $4,107.4 $313.0
$3,392.3 $4,165.8 $4.165.8 $4,165.8
TOTAL $6,330.5 $7,960.2 $7,960.2 $8,273.2 $313.0
TOTAL:
Salaries & Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$23,393.1 $28,023.4 $28,023.4 $29,190.8 $1,167.4
$46,529.1 $53,960.1 $53,960.1 $55,089.1 $1,129.0
Waste Managi
Regulations,
Guidelines I Policies
TOTAL $69,922.2 $81,983.5 $81,983.5 $84,279.9 $2,296.4
PERMANENT UORICYEARS
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
232.6
266.3
266.3
271.3
5.0
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Air and
Radiation
11.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
0.0
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Watt* Management Regulations, Guidelines I Policies
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Water
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - UST
45.3 37.6 37.6 20.5 -17.1
50.4 63.9 63.9 66.4 2.5
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
339.3 380.8 380.8 371.2
-9.6
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Air and
Radiation
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Water
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - UST
240.2 266.3 266.3 271.3 5.0
11.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 0.0
46.2 38.4 38.4 20.5 -17.9
55.6 66.4 66.4 66.4
0.0
TOTAL WORICYEARS
353.5 384.1 384.1 371.2 -12.9
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines, and Policies
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $84,279,900 and 371.2 total workyears for
1992, an increase of $2,296,400 and a decrease of 12.9 total workyears from 1991.
Of the request, $29,190,800 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $55,089,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase of $1,167,400 in the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation, and an increase of $1,129,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The decrease in workyears represents shifting
resources from RCRA Hazardous Haste regulations to Water Quality permits and
enforcement programs.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES HAZARDOUS WASTE
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $68,528,100 and 271.3 total workyears for
this program, of which $23,098,600 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $45,429,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,538,000 for Salaries and
Expenses, $2,675,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and 5.0 total
workyears from the 1991 levels. The increase in total workyears and Abatement,
Control and Compliance supports the RCRA component of the Agency's Environmental
Data Initiative and the reevaluation of certain RCRA regulations. The increase
in Salaries and Expenses reflects the increase in workyears and increased
personnel and support costs.
In 1992, the Agency will continue the development and promulgation of major
regulations, most of which are dictated by statutory mandates and court orders.
Included among these are HSWA mandated waste listings. The Agency will
significantly amend the universe of wastes regulated under Subtitle C with the
promulgation of listings for azo dyes, linuron, bromicil, chlorinated aromatica,
coke by-products, and solvents. In addition, EPA will begin to address the need
for better waste management data through the development of an environmental data
initiative. Finally, the Agency will propose land disposal restrictions for
newly-listed wastes, and guidelines for mixed waste.
The Agency will continue its pollution prevention efforts by coordinating
waste minimization activities, providing technical assistance, conducting a
recycling campaign for public media, proposing national procurement guidelines,
and redefining solid waste. International partnership will remain a high item
on the Agency agenda with the proposal of the hazardous waste export rule.
The Agency will continue efforts to address non-hazardous (Subtitle D)
waste issues by serving as a technical clearinghouse for management information,
options, and guidelines. The Agency will also propose a used oil listing and
used oil management standards. States' assistance in the development of solid
waste management plans and production of non-hazardous waste guidelines will
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continue. EPA will promulgate a rule for the authorization of Indian Tribes, and
continue to provide assistance to states and Regions in working with Indian
Tribes on non-hazardous waste issues. In addition, the Agency will promulga
a rule for state program approval under Subtitle D.
The Agency will continue to develop and disseminate to Regional and state
permit writers technical guidance on new regulations, including guidance for
state programs, corrective action, waste combustion, and post-closure and clean
closure.
i
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $64,315,100 and 266.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $21,560,600 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $42,754,500 is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation.
The Agency is continuing to develop and promulgate major regulations
required by HSWA. A regulation revising hazardous waste facility location
standards will be proposed. Regulations to list primary treatment sludge from
petroleum refining processes, and wastes from wood preserving and surface
protection industries will be finalized. The Agency will address the growing
national concern over waste combustion by finalizing a rule for burning hazardous
waste in boilers and industrial furnaces, and issuing mixed waste combustion
guidance.
The Agency serves as a source for non-hazardous waste management
information, options, and guidelines. Activities include developing
disseminating technical and general guidance to assist states, local
and citizens in implementing recycling and source reduction programs. The Agency
is developing large volume waste management strategies and programs. The Agency
will continue its medical waste efforts by producing an interim report to
Congress, and providing technical support, training, and outreach assistance to
states involved with the medical waste tracking demonstration program.
The Agency continues to process HSWA authorization packages, and develop
and disseminate to Regional and state permit writers technical guidance on new
regulations, including procurement, corrective action, mixed waste guidelines,
and a permit policy compendium.
Congressional Directives. A total of $2,325,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects of a scrap tire recycling demoBstration-jwojectin *few J«r««y,
a New Jersey recycling demonstration project, a waste management testing training
program at St. Vincent College (Latrobe, PA), and a computerized waste exchange
network project.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $53,376,800 supported by 240.;
total workyears for this program, of which $17,603,400 was from the Salaries *nc
Expenses appropriation and $35,773,400 was from the Abatement, Control *n<
Compliance appropriation.
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The Agency addressed important HSWA and non-HSWA regulatory revision*.
Treatment standards for the Third Third of the wastes scheduled for the Land
Disposal Restrictions program were completed and work began on the land disposal
restrictions for newly-listed wastes. The Agency amended the universe of wastes
subject to Subtitle C management standards by promulgating listings for
chlorinated aliphatics and methyl bromide, proposing a rule to regulate the
burning of hazardous waste in boilers and industrial furnaces, and clarifying the
status of mineral processing wastes. In addition, the Agency finalized the
Organic Toxicity Characteristic, increasing the number of wastes regulated as
hazardous.
The Agency continued to develop a nationwide program for the safe
management of non-hazardous wastes. In support of pollution prevention
objectives, the Agency provided assistance and information to government,
industry, and consumers to foster increased recycling and source reduction. The
Agency produced three Reports to Congress: Special Wastes from Mineral
Processing, Methods to Manage and Control Plastic Waste, and Medical Waste
Management in the United States (First Interim Report).
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES, AND POLICIES - OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,947,900 supported by 13.0 total workyears
for this program, of which $874.6 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $3,073,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $26,600 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, and no change in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, and no change in total workyears from 1991.
In 1992 the program will continue to support the promulgation of
regulations for organic emissions from the seven types of hazardous waste
treatment storage and disposal facility (TSDF) area sources. These types of
sources include: surface impoundments, landfills, wastewater treatment tanks,
waste piles, land treatment facilities, pretreatment facilities, and transfer
operations. Some sources will require additional regulations to control
emissions of specific toxic constituents that will not be covered by the 1992
rule. Resources will be provided for data collection to promulgate regulations
for these toxic pollutants in a future year. This program will also provide
technical support for states and EPA Regional offices in implementing the TSDF
regulations.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $3,921,300 supported by 13.0
total workyears to this program, of which $848,000 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,073,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 efforts are continuing on the development of standards for the
seven types of TSDF area sources listed above. These sources have been estimated
to emit 2.0 million tons per year of volatile organic compounds and toxic air
pollutants. Toxic emissions from TSDFs have been associated with up to 140
cancer deaths per year. Standards have been promulgated for equipment leaks at
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these facilities. Workshops to provide technical support for states and EPA.
Regional offices in implementing the TSDF regulations promulgated in 1990 will!
be held in eight cities in 1991. Proposal of additional regulations for all
other sources is currently scheduled for early 1991. Additional work on
developing regulations for individual hazardous air pollutants from TSDFs will
be continued in 1991.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $3,586,600 supported by 11.5 total
workyears, of which $629,700 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$2,956,900 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1990 standards for volatile organic emissions from equipment leaks and
waste solvent recovery process vents at TSDFs were promulgated under RCRA.
Workshops to provide technical support for states and EPA Regional offices in
implementing the TSDF regulations were developed. Workshops were held in
Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Boston, Massachusetts during 1990.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES WATER
1992 Program Request
In 1992, the Agency requests a total of $3,530,700 supported by 20 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,110,200 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,420,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $710,200 in Salaries and
Expenses, a decrease of $1,546,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance, and a
decrease of 18 workyears. The decreases reflect a reduction in the number of
publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) requiring corrective action, completion
of the double-liner waiver assessment, a decline in the level of oversight nead«d
to review facility exemption petitions, and a resulting decline in personnel and
suppoort costs.
In 1992, information gathering and sampling of specific Domestic Sewag*
Study (DBS) industries will continue. The Agency will continue to develop
effluent limitations, guidelines and standards for the machinery .raanufacturing
and rebuilding category, as well as the coastal and offshore segments of th« oil
and gas extraction category. EPA will continue to provide assistance on
additional local limits, particularly in relation to new sludge technical
regulations and on POTW enforcement response plans, and will continue development
of analytical methods and analytical service support.
The Regions will increase oversight of State-issued UIC Permits and
litigation defense to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and
protection of public health and the environment. Defense against litigation
challenging prior approvals or denials of petitions will be a continuing
workload.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $5,786,900 supported by
total workyears for this program, of which $1,820,400 is from the Salaries and
*
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Expenses appropriation and $3,966,500 is from the Abatement,« Control and
Compliance appropriation.
One of the Agency's major pollution prevention activities is improving the
pretreatment program for controlling hazardous wastes from industrial users of
POTWs. Information gathering and sampling of specific industries, analytical
methods development and analytical service support is continuing.
The Agency is continuing to develop effluent limitations, guidelines and
standards for several industries. EPA has issued technical guidance and provided
assistance on additional local limits, particularly in relation to new sludge
technical regulations and on POTW enforcement response plans.
Regions and states are revising POTW permits to include requirements for
spill prevention plans, sewage sludge, whole effluent toxicity screening or
testing and modification of pretreatment program implementation. EPA and states
have continued pretreatment audits and inspections of POTWs and review and
approval of new local limits for controlling hazardous pollutants in discharges
and sludges. EPA has completed issuance of rider permits to incorporate follow-
up actions where necessary. EPA is assessing compliance and has taken
enforcement action to ensure reporting requirements and other RCRA permit-by-rule
requirements are satisfied. Work is continuing on the completion of ongoing RCRA
facility assessments and remedial investigations.
The Regions continue to review new petitions and those carried over from
1990. Petitions are expected from the following types of facilities: those
injecting previously excluded mining wastes (Bevill wastes); those injecting
wastes classified as hazardous under the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure,
including modifications for those with previously approved petitions; and any new
facilities wishing to inject hazardous wastes. Defense against litigation
challenging prior approvals or denials of petitions is a continuing workload.
In addition, the Regions continue to review permit applications for Class
I wells in direct-implementation States and are increasing their oversight of UIC
permits issued by primacy States to ensure that these requirements are fully
implemented. A corrective action program is being implemented for Class I
hazardous waste injection wells including assessments of prior continuing
releases.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $6,628,300 supported by 45 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,221,800 was from the Salaries and
Expenses and $4,406,500 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriations.
The Agency continued gathering information and sampling specific DSS
industries. Wastewaters were screened and analyzed for hazardous constituents.
The Agency continued development of effluent limitations, guidelines and
standards for several DSS industries (hazardous waste treatment, Pharmaceuticals
manufacturing, etc.). The Agency formulated guidance and tracking, overseeing
and assisting the new specific discharge prohibitions, including
ignitability/explosivity and reactivity/fume toxicity. The Agency also
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established hazardous waste discharge notification improvements, numerical
discharge limits or other controls to protect workers' health and safety.
EPA continued to implement the corrective action requirements for a small
number of POTWs and focused on control of hazardous and toxic pollutants through
implementation of recommendations from the DSS. Pretreatment audits and
inspections focus on identification of POTW corrective action requirements and
appropriate follow-up assessments and investigations continued.
Headquarters continued to develop guidance and provided technical advice
and assistance for regions and states in the implementation of hazardous waste
disposal restrictions, reviewing facility petitions and enforcing the loss of
facility interim status.
EPA reviewed petitions and revised or modified hazardous waste injection
well permits from those operators of hazardous waste injection wells seeking
exemptions from the injection ban. The Agency provided technical assistance in
developing geologic data. Modeling of waste fate and transport was under
development. Regional UIC permit writers conducted corrective action
investigations for Class I hazardous waste wells, giving priority to wells with
permits issued after November, 1984, and without schedules for corrective action.
Regions also continued to review petitions from operators of hazardous waste
injection wells seeking exemptions from the injection ban under Part 148.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS fUST)
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,273,200 supported by 66.4 total workyears
for this program of which $4,107,400 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $4,165,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $313,000 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation to support increased personnel costs. A shift of
resources from regulation development to implementation will provide support for
states and Indian tribes.
The Agency will implement a national program by ensuring- that states
continue to work toward meeting the conditions for program approval. The number
of state programs receiving Federal approval will increase as they complete the
legislative and regulatory changes required to ensure their programs are no less
stringent than the Federal program, and as they develop adequate enforcement
authorities and capacity. For states not yet applying for program approval, the
Agency will continue to assist in the development of their UST programs.
The Agency will increase outreach and provide compliance and enforcement
assistance to tribal leaders and owner/operators with tanks on Indian lands.
Outreach efforts will be enhanced to promote voluntary compliance through
education of the public and the regulated community.
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1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $7,960,200 supported by 66.4 workyears
of which 3,794,400 is from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,165,800
is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The basic approach to accomplishing the environmental goals of the UST
program is to develop, support, and improve state and local programs where
day-to-day implementation of the program occurs. The Agency's mission is to help
implement the program more effectively by promoting more streamlined, cost
effective methods and procedures. As the technical and leak detection
regulations phase in during this fiscal year, the Agency will focus its efforts
on assessing compliance with the first phase-in group. To facilitate compliance,
the Agency is developing standard test procedures for leak detection equipment
that will allow tank owners to choose equipment that meets EPA requirements. A
nationwide marketing campaign is being conducted to promote resource efficient
methods for states to monitor owner/operator compliance and to take enforcement
actions against violators. Videos on installation and tank closures have been
completed, and a video on conducting UST inspections and an interactive training
video program have been started.
The Agency is continuing to support state regulation development and is
encouraging states to apply for program approval. The Agency is also helping
states manage their increasing workload by providing technical advice on state
data management information systems.
The Agency is working with owner/operators and municipalities to meet the
Federal financial responsibility requirements by assisting municipalities in
their efforts to provide guarantees to local owner/operatora and by assisting
states in developing state assurance programs and loan funds. The loan program
would be used by tank owners to upgrade or replace their tanks, preventing many
leaks from ever occurring. The assurance programs help owner/operators to meet
their financial responsibility requirements. EPA is reviewing state funds as
they are submitted.
1990 Accomplishments
s
In 1990, the Agency has obligated $6,330,500 supported by 55.6 workyear*,
of which $2,938,200 is from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$3,392,300 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency issued final regulations on corrective action, leak detection,
and technical performance standards for new and existing tanks that contain
petroleum products and hazardous substances, as well as regulations on meeting
the financial responsibility requirements. The Agency developed supplemental
policies and guidance on the processes and requirements for state regulatory
program authorization.
The Agency negotiated UST grants with all States and provided technical
assistance and guidance for implementation and enforcement.
Developmental tools such as videos demonstrating correct procedures for
tank installations and closure were finalized and distributed. Several brochures
such as Straight Talk on Tanks. Field Measurements; Dependable Data When You
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It. Commitment to Cooperation? Frainchi.Bi.ng the UST ProorflfB And A eerie* of 7
document* outlining leak detection method* were developed and distributed.
The Agency provided on-going support and service* to state program*.
State* need* were identified through analysi* of state processes using Total
Quality Management technique*. A* a result of these studies, the Agency
continued to assist the states to improve their performance in specific area*
such as tank inspections, closure*, enforcement, and the administrative tasks of
regulating thousands of tanks. The Agency also assisted the state* in developing
communication tool* such a* the File Transfer System - a computer technology used
in transferring document* from the Region to Headquarter* and State* and vice
versa.
The Agency'* enforcement strategy emphasized voluntary compliance but also
promoted innovative technique* to achieve successful enforcement action when
required. A penalty policy was completed to ensure consistent application of
penalties in federal enforcement cases.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Financial Assistance
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Underground Storage
Tanks State Grants
Abatement Control and $8,954.8 $9,000.0 $9,000.0 $9,000.0 0.0
Compliance
TOTAL $8,954.8 $9,000.0 $9,000.0 $9,000.0 0.0
Hazardous Waste
Management Financial
Assistance To States
Abatement Control and $68,403.5 $82,967.0 $82.967.0 $90,292.0 $7.325.0
Coinpt iftnct
TOTAL $68.403.5 $82,967.0 $82,967.0 $90,292.0 $7,325.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and $77,358.3 $91,967.0 $91.967.0 $99,292.0 $7.325.0
Compliance
Financial Assistance TOTAL $77,358.3 $91,967.0 $91,967.0 $99,292.0 $7.325.0
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« HAZARDOUS HASTE
Financial Assistance
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $99,292,000 for this program for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This is an increase of
$7,325,000 from the level provided in 1991.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO STATES
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $90,292,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $7,325,000 to support the expanded workload associated with the
increasing RCRA handler universe, and the Agency's Great Lakes and Pollution
Prevention initiatives.
In 1992, the Agency will provide funding to assist the states in their
continued efforts to develop legislation and regulations to achieve equivalence
with the Federal hazardous waste management program. Almost all states will be
authorized for the base RCRA program and will develop the capability to adopt
corrective action and other provisions of HSWA.
The Regions will continue working with states to address environmentally
significant facilities. Increased resources are provided for processing post-
closure permits for land disposal facilities in order to ensure monitoring and
other post-closure requirements, and to address potential contamination at these
facilities. The Regions will target permitting at the most environmentally
significant storage and treatment facilities. Resources are provided for the
Regions to work with states to maintain hazardous waste disposal and incineration
capacity by permitting environmentally sound new facilities. The states will
process modifications to operating permits, which will need revisions due to
changes in facility processes, facility expansions, and the need too incorporate
corrective action provisions as remediation activities progress. The states will
continue to review and approve closure plans for incinerators and storage and
treatment facilities, and will process appeals to permit decisions, as necessary.
The states will conduct the bulk of the compliance monitoring inspections
and will place greater emphasis on conducting inspections of new RCRA handlers
resulting from new rules and listings. The new rules and listings include the
organic toxicity characteristic and hazardous waste fuel rules, as well as the
mixed waste, and wood preserving listings. The states within the Great Lakes
Basin will conduct intensified inspections and initiate enforcement arid
corrective action when appropriate.
The Agency and the states will implement an integrated RCRA enforcement
pollution prevention program which will include conducting targeted inspections,
of generators, initiating searches of facilities operating illegally outside the
RCRA system, as well as integrating pollution prevention conditions into
enforcement settlements where possible.
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The states will continue to place increased emphasis on addressing the worst
facilities by completing facility assessments and implementing national
prioritization criteria. Long-term corrective measures will continue where
already imposed, but the focus will be on facilities posing the most significant
threat to human health and the environment. Where appropriate, facility
stabilization will be encouraged.
Information management resources will continue to fund national
implementation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System
(RCRIS), the hazardous waste data management system that will greatly expand the
states' and EPA's ability to input and retrieve information critical to
successful program management.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $82,967,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States are required to amend their programs to incorporate the provisions
of RCRA and HSWA. The states are proposing legislation and upgrading regulations
to achieve equivalence with the Federal hazardous waste management program, and
are applying to EPA for authorization to administer the program.
Permitting efforts have been directed toward permitting environmentally
significant storage and treatment facilities, and toward processing modifications
to existing permits. The states are emphasizing compliance monitoring and
enforcement efforts to ensure adequate environmental safeguards covering the
generation, transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste. To emphasize the
implementation of the land ban restrictions, states will increase the number of
inspections and the level of oversight activity at small quantity generators and
other affected facilities. The states are conducting facility assessments to
ensure that corrective action activities are focused on those facilities that
offer the greatest risk reduction. As releases are identified, states are
ensuring that owners/operators address the contamination.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $68,403,500 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1990, states developed legislation and regulations to achieve equivalence
with the Federal hazardous waste management program. States were granted
authority to administer important HSWA regulations. The states and Regions
worked jointly on processing permits for those HSWA provisions for which states
were not authorized, particularly corrective action.
As required, states conducted biennial inspections at all operating land
disposal facilities, and at closed land disposal and operating storage and
treatment facilities. Enforcement actions were taken against handlers that
presented the greatest threat to human health and the environment.
The states placed increased emphasis on conducting facility assessments to
ensure that the most environmentally significant facilities were addressed first.
The states focused their corrective action resources to ensure that
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owners/operators conducted facility investigation* in compliance with the terms
of permits or orders. The states placed priority on new facility investigations
at environmentally significant closing and closed facilities, as well as at
permitted facilities.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS GRANTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,000,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
no change from 1991.
This request provides states with a funding base to develop and implement
their underground storage tanks (UST) programs. States who have completed the
necessary legislative and regulatory changes will apply for state program
approval. Concurrently, these states will build program capabilities to enable
them to administer the entire Federal program. Other states will continue to
develop and update their legislative and regulatory standards, including
technical standards and leak detection, financial responsibility, and corrective
action requirements. In addition, states will continue to work on achieving
compliance with tank closure and pressurized piping requirements.
1991 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $9,000,000 all of which is from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States use these grant funds for core program development with a focus on
the development of an effective prevention program. Funded activities include
development of notification and data systems, as well as requirements for new
tank installation, leak detection, and tank closure. States are currently
implementing portions of the federal regulations.
To supplement Federal funds, some states have developed independent funding
sources from tank fees, state taxes, and gasoline taxes; other funding mechanisms
are still in the process of development. Independent funding is essential to the
success of state prevention programs as UST grant funds provide only "seed money"
of about $162,000 per state.
The phase-in of the financial responsibility and leak detection regulations
will continue to increase the states' workload as USTs that are unable to meet
applicable requirements must be either upgraded or closed. The states will
process and/or review all upgrades and closures.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated $8,954,800 for this program, all of which was
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
UST grant funds were used primarily to stimulate development of state VST
programs. Most states have initiated legislative and regulatory changes
necessary for the state program to be no less stringent than Federal standards.
Eleven states completed this process in 1990 and began the state program approval
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process. In addition, many states made significant strides in developing their
compliance and enforcement programs.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Strategics Implementation
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Waste
Management Regulatory
Strategies
Implementation
Salaries I Expenses $16,159.4 119,956.0 $19,955.8 $22,251.8 $2,296.0
Abatement Control and $9,988.5 $11,599.7 $11,599.7 $11,599.7
Compliance
TOTAL $26,147.9 $31,555.7 $31,555.5 $33,851.5 $2,296.0
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $16,159.4 $19,9S6.0 $19,955.8 $22,251.8 $2,296.0
Abatement Control and $9,988.5 $11,599.7 $11.599.7 $11,599.7
Compliance
Waste Management TOTAL $26,147.9 $31,555.7 $31,555.5 $33,851.5 $2,296.0
Strategies
Implementation
PERMANENT WORICYEARS
Hazardous Waste 331.7 391.1 391.1 418.1 27.0
Management Regulatory
Strategies
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 331.7 391.1 391.1 418.1 27.0
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Hazardous Waste 352.3 418.1 418.1 418.1 0.0
Management Regulatory
Strategies
Implementation
TOTAL WORICYEARS 352.3 418.1 418.1 418.1 0.0
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $33,851,500 supported by 418.1 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $2,296,000 from 1991. Of the request,
$22,251,800 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $11,599,700
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The $2,296,000
increase will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $33,851,500 and 418.1 total workyears for
this program, of which $22,251,800 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $11,599,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,296,000 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation. The increase is requested to fund the Federal workforce
needed to implement the President's program in 1992.
The Regions will continue to encourage states to develop and maintain
hazardous waste management programs. This support from the Regions, along with
funding available to the states through the Hazardous Waste Management Financial
Assistance program, is designed to develop state capability to effectively manage
hazardous waste programs. Almost all states will be authorized for the pre-HSWA
program and will be working toward authorization for HSWA provisions such as
corrective action.
The Regions will continue working with states to address environmentally
significant facilities. Resources are provided to continue increasing the
emphasis on processing post-closure permits for land disposal facilities in order
to ensure that monitoring and other post-closure requirements are adhered to, and
to address potential contamination at these facilities. The Regions will target
permitting at the most environmentally significant storage and treatment
facilities. Resources are provided for the Regions to work with states to
maintain hazardous waste disposal and incineration capacity by permitting
environmentally sound new facilities. The Regions will continue to process
modifications to operating permits, which will need revisions due to changes in
facility processes, facility expansions, and the need to incorporate corrective
action provisions as cleanup activities progress. The Regions will continue to
review and approve closure plans for hazardous waste facilities and will process
appeals to permit decisions as necessary.
The Regions will conduct municipal non-hazardous waste (Subtitle D)
activities. The Regions will provide technical and financial support to states
and other eligible organizations, such as municipalities and universities, that
are interested in pursuing unique projects that will support the recycling and
source reduction goals of the Agency's Agenda for Action. The Agency will assist
states as they revise statutes and regulations in accordance with the new
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national Subtitle D criteria, and will review State program revision packages.
Large volume waste will be addressed through targeted cooperative agreements with
states. Resources will fund investigations of state mining waste and oil and gas
production waste programs in order to develop nationally consistent regulatory
special waste programs.
Information management resources will fund implementation of the RCRA
Information System (RCRIS), the hazardous waste data management system that will
greatly expand EPA's and the states' ability to enter and retrieve information
critical to successful program management.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $31,555,500 and 418.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $19,955,800 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $11,599,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Permitting efforts are focused on ensuring adequate post-closure care of
land disposal facility closure plans in 1991, as well as processing
environmentally significant storage and treatment facility permits.
The Regions are working jointly with the states on all aspects of the
hazardous waste program. The Regions process those portions of permits for which
states are not yet authorized, and are providing technical oversight of state
work. The Regions are supporting the enhancement of state capability by
providing assistance with state regulatory and legislative development. This
provides a framework for ensuring national program consistency and will
ultimately allow states to run the hazardous waste program independently. The
Regions are working with states and other organizations, through technical and
financial assistance, to implement the recommendations of the Agency's solid
waste Agenda for Action.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $26,147,900 supported by 352.3
total workyears for this program, of which $16,159,400 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $9,988,500 from the Abatement Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1990, the Regions supported the states in the development of hazardous
waste management programs equivalent to the Federal program. With 47 states
authorized for the pre-HSWA program, the Agency focused on oversight and
technical support activities. The Regions provided technical assistance to the
states as they developed legislation and regulations consistent with the
provisions of HSWA and with regulatory revisions to the Federal base program.
The Regions and non-authorized states worked together to process permit
applications with HSWA provisions. Achievements included processing the
remainder of incineration facility permits subject to the November 1989 deadline.
Other important efforts included increasing the processing of1
environmentally-significant storage and treatment facility permits and increasing
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Emergency Planning Coanunity Right To Know
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Emergency Planning
Community Right To Know
Salaries I Expense* $1,890.3 $2,801.9 t2,801.9 $4,698.6 $1,896.7
Abatement Control and $4,733.0 $4,438.0 $4,438.0 $3,938.0 -$500.0
Compliance
TOTAL $6,623.3 $7,239.9 $7,239.9 $8,636.6 $1,396.7
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $1,890.3 $2,801.9 $2,801.9 $4,698.6 $1,896.7
Abatement Control and $4,733.0 $4,438.0 $4,438.0 $3,938.0 -$500.0
Compliance
Emergency Planning TOTAL $6,623.3 $7,239.9 $7,239.9 $8,636.6 $1,396.7
Community Right To
Know
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Emergency Planning 30.9 41.8 41.8 57.5 15.7
Community Right To Know
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 30.9 41.8 41.8 57.5 15.7
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Emergency Planning 32.6 44.5 44.5 57.5 13.0
Community Right To Know
TOTAL WORICYEARS 32.6 44.5 44.5 57.5 13.0
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
and Clean Air Act Accidental Release Provisions
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,636,600 supported by 57.5 total workyears
for 1992. Of the request, $6,146,300 and 44.5 workyears will be for the
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know program. Of the $6,146,300,
$3,208,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,938,000
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These levels
represent a total decrease of $1,093,600 for this program. A total of $2,490,300
supported by 13.0 total workyears will be for implementation of the Clean Air Act
Accidental Release Provisions. Of the $2,490,300, $1,490,300 will be for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $1,000,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. 1992 is the first year the Agency is
requesting resources for implementation of these Clean Air Act provisions.
EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW TITLE III
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,146,300 supported by 44.5 total
workyears for 1992. Of the request, $3,208,300 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,938,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. These levels represent a total decrease of $1,093,600
from 1991. The decrease in dollars will come from the area of emergency planning
support (technical assistance, training, and guidance) to the states.
The Agency will continue to focus on building the infrastructure of star*
and local governments to assist in their efforts to implement the emergency
preparedness program. The program will assist state and local governments in
updating and improving their emergency response plans. In addition, support will
be provided to update emergency planning guidance, review and modify instructor
training programs for state and local groups, develop and present workshop* on
chemical hazard analysis, and develop simulation exercises to test emergency
response plans. EPA will also develop guidance and assist states in organizing
and utilizing hazardous chemical information received from reporting facilities.
as well as provide tools and materials to enable the public to better under«t«r.J
the risks involved with hazardous chemicals.
Chemical emergency planning requires a cooperative effort between state «~.J
local governments working in partnership with industry and the Federal
government. Therefore, the Agency will concentrate on enhancing relational.f
with public and private sector organizations such as the National Governor*
Association, International City Management Association and the Cheat::*;
Manufacturers' Association. The program will also work to build and strengthen
the participation of the American Red Cross, fire service organizations, as -e»»
as medical and public health officials. Participation by each member of . -.
partnership is essential if full compliance with the reporting requirements «- l
involvement of the community is to be achieved.
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investigation of violations of the emergency release notification provisions
inventory reporting, and Material Safety Data Sheet submissions, and expects t
complete more administrative penalty cases against violators of these
requ irements.
The Agency is also providing direct support to states and local communities
in their efforts to implement the Title III program. While most of the
designated planning districts have submitted their initial emergency response
plans, they are in varying stages of the implementation process. EPA is
providing states and priority area communities with guidance, technical
assistance and training to review, test and update their plans. For those
communities that do not yet have emergency response plans, EPA is working with
them to achieve compliance.
EPA continues to evaluate chemicals against the criteria of the extremely
hazardous substances (EHS) list and is currently reviewing petitions to delete
chemicals. The Agency is also completing a final rule to consider additions to
the EHS list based upon the physical hazards posed by a chemical. EPA continues
to receive, process and evaluate Title III trade secrecy claims.
Congressional Directives. A total of 7.5 workyears and 51,500,000 is for
implementing the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, including
emergency planning provisions.
In response to this directive, the Agency is focusing on building the
infrastructure state and local governments require to take ownership and
implement the emergency preparedness program. A significantly increased level'
of emergency planning technical assistance and training will be provided to
assist states and local communities in: 1) developing, testing and improving
their emergency response plans. The program will review and update tools and
materials, such as emergency planning guidance and instructor training programs;
2) conducting hazards analysis to identify a community's chemical hazards and i.ts
vulnerability to harm if a release occurs; 3) providing information management
to assist states and local governments in organizing and utilizing hazardous
chemical information received from facilities; 4) communicating to the public
about the risks involved in the presence of chemicals in their communities; and
5) building state enforcement capabilities. .
To complement these efforts, the program is also initiating a program t.o
help states enhance the capabilities of their Local Emergency Planning Committees
(LEPCs). The program will provide assistance to states and Indian Tribes t.o
develop projects in such areas as hazards analysis, emergency plan testing,
information management, enforcement/compliance and risk communication. Results
of these projects will serve as a model for use by other states and LEPCs in
implementing the Title III program.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $6,623,300 and 32.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,890,300 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $4,733,000 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1990, EPA developed and implemented an emergency planning initiative
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In 1992, the Agency will continue to foster a coordinated enforcement
effort between EPA and the State* as more formal, information-sharing
capabilities and enforcement referral protocols are developed. The program will
develop internal guidance on conducting investigations, develop targeting
information to identify facilities that may have regulated chemicals present, and
provide states with information on prospective violators identified through
Agency databases.
CLEAN AIR ACT ACCIDENTAL RELEASE PROVISIONS
The Agency requests a total of $2,490,300 supported by 13.0 total workyears
for 1992. Of the request, $1,490,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $1,000,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Resources will be used to begin the regulatory development process for
meeting statutory deadlines of the Clean Air Act accident release provisions.
In 1992, the program will focus on five objectives. First, the Agency will
develop a list of hazardous chemicals (and associated thresholds) that upon
accidental release risk seriously affecting the general public and the
environment. Efforts will be made to determine which chemicals should be listed
to meet criteria set forth in the legislation using existing lists and
approaches. Once the criteria for formulating the list is prepared,
methodologies for establishing a threshold quantity for each substance will be
reviewed. In addition, a process will be developed for responding to petitions
for additions and deletions to the list.
Second, the Agency will develop regulations addressing requirements for
owners and operators of facilities to develop risk management plans, coordinating
Agency activities with OSHA, developing guidance, and evaluating regulatory
impacts. The program will also develop procedures for registration, audit and
review of plans. Third, the Agency will provide support and establish liaison
with the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board after it has been
established. EPA will begin to formulate procedures and processes for assisting
Board startup and coordinating and assisting the Board in investigating
accidents.
Fourth, the Agency will conduct a hydrofluoric acid study and develop
required regulations either for converting to an alternative, or for preventing
accidental releases. Finally, the Agency will develop the expertise of States
and local-entities -wh» will -be required to receive and review information from
regulated facilities. In addition, the program will administer a General Duty
clause and will coordinate with the Office of Air and Radiation on state program
implementation and grants.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $7,239,900 supported by 44.5
workyears, of which $2,801,900 is from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $4,438,000 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1991, the Agency is focusing efforts on the increasing needs of state
and local governments as they incorporate Title III enforcement functions into
their institutional structure. For its part, EPA is stepping up its
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that provided assistance to states and local communities to strengthen the
capabilities and operation of LEPCs. The program also introduced ah
information management system to help local communities manage Title
information and use computerized hazards analysis to address the extremely
hazardous substances reported under the law. In addition, the Agency published
an advisory for states and local governments on chlorine in swimming pools and
presented regional training on hazards analysis.
In the regulatory area, EPA issued final regulations for implementing the
Title III Indian program and established reporting threshold quantities for the
community right-to-know sections of the law. The Agency also published an
advanced notice of proposed rulemaking to establish criteria for adding chemicals
to the extremely hazardous substance list.
In 1990, the enforcement program made significant strides. The first
nationwide Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know enforcement planning
meeting was held. A number of enforcement support documents were developed
including model enforcement pleadings, a penalty policy, inspection targeting
data, and an enforcement manual. The Regions issued 31 Administrative complaints
with proposed penalties in excess of $2.7 million. The number of complaints
issued in 1990 represents a 180% increase over 1989. The EPCRA/CERCLA S103
program also conducted a nationwide enforcement initiative in which each EPA
Region participated.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
HAZARDOUS WASTE
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Haste Enforcement 5-51
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Enforcement
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement
Salaries I Expenses $21,285.4 $27,659.8 $27,659.5 $31,464.8 $3,805.3
Abatement Control and $20,027.8 $31,426.7 $31,426.7 $32,634.7 $1,208.0
Compliance
TOTAL $41,313.2 $59,086.5 $59,086.2 $64.099.5 $5,013.3
TOTAL:
Salaries & Expenses $21,285.4 $27,659.8 $27,659.5 $31,464.8 $3,805.3
Abatement Control and $20,027.8 $31,426.7 $31,426.7 $32,634.7 $1,203.0
Compliance
Hazardous Waste TOTAL $41,313.2 $59,086.5 $59,086.2 $64,099.5 $5,013.3
Enforcement
PERMANENT WORICYEARS
Hazardous Waste 428.3 549.8 549.8 594.0 44.2
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 428.3 549.8 549.8 594.0 44.2
TOTAL WORICYEARS
Hazardous Waste 447.5 574.0 574.0 594.0 20.0
Enforcement
TOTAL WORICYEARS 447.5 574.0 574.0 594.0 20.0
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Enforcement
»
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $64,099,500 supported by 594.0 total
workyears for 1992 of which $31,464,800 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $32,634,700 will be for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $3,805,300 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, $1,208,000 for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation, and 20.0 total workyears over 1991 levels.
HAZARDOUS WASTE ENFORCEMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $64,099,500 supported by 594.0 total
workyears of which $31,464,800 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $32,634,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $3,805,300 for Salaries and
Expenses, $1,208,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and 20.0 total
workyears over 1991 levels. The increase in dollars and total workyears will
support the expanded workload associated with the increasing RCRA handler
universe, and the Agency's Great Lakes and pollution prevention initiatives.
The Agency will increase its emphasis on addressing the facilities posing
the greatest risks to the environment and human health by completing facility
assessments and implementation of national corrective action criteria. The
Agency will continue to implement the corrective action stabilization strategy.
Long-term corrective measures will continue where already imposed, but the focu*
will be on stabilizing those facilities posing the most significant threat.
The Agency will emphasize inspecting new RCRA handlers resulting from n*w
listings and rules. This will send a strong message to potential violators that
the new regulations will be enforced vigorously. The new rules and listing*
include the organic toxicity characteristic and hazardous waste fuel rule*.
well as the mixed waste, and wood preserving listings.
The Agency will implement an integrated RCRA enforcement pollution
prevention program which will include conducting targeted inspection* ?t
generators and initiating searches of facilities operating illegally outsid* th«
RCRA system. Where possible, settlements of enforcement actions taken «
result of violations discovered during generator and non-notifier inspection*,
as well as other enforcement actions, will integrate pollution prevention
conditions.
Resources will be dedicated to the development of remedial action plan* for
more than 30 critical sites in the Great Lakes Basin. The affected Region* will.
in coordination with the Office of Water and the Office of Enforcement, conduct
intensified inspections and initiate appropriate administrative and judicial
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enforcement as necessary. Corrective action, either through enforcement or
permits, will be imposed at the most environmentally-significant facilities.
The Resc ce Conservation and Rec ery Act (RCRA) Inspector Training
Institute will ontinue to provide training to ensure a consistent inspection
program. Training in 1992 will be conducted on the air emissions rule arid
incinerator regulations.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $59,086,200 supported by 574.0
total workyears, of which $27,659,^00 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $31,426,700 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Consistent with the RCRA Implementation Study (RIS), the Agency is
developing a facility stabilization strategy that will control or abate imminent
threats to human health and the environment from releases at RCRA facilities
while long-term remedies are pursued. The Agency will continue to address
environmentally significant facilities through oversight of owner/operator
resp ise actions. Emphasis will continue to be placed on conducting facility
assessments to ensure that corrective action activities are focused on those
facilities that offer the greatest risk reduction potential. The Agency is
developing national criteria for prioritization to ensure that the most
environmentally significant facilities are addressed first.
The Agency is placing increased emphasis on implementation of the land
disposal restrictions by increasing the number of inspections and oversight
activity of small quantity generators. The Agency is developing inspection and
enforcement guidance policies for nev y regulated waste such as those covered
under the organic toxicity characteristics rule and the hazardous waste fuel
rule, as well as mixed waste, and the wood preserving listings. Increased
emphasis is being placed on inspecting hazardous waste exporters.
* RCRA Inspector Training Institute is continuing to provide training to
ensur consistent inspection program. The Agency is continuing to
institutionalize enforcement and inspection training and workshops through the
use of interactive computer training and satellite-based training classes. The
inspectors' role in pol .ition prevention is being studied to determine if this
function should be expc. ied to provide technic- assistance to the regulated
community.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $41,313,200 supported by 447.5
total workyears, of which $21,285,400 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriations, and $20,027,800 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The Agency developed inspection guidance and enforcement strategies for the
implementation of multi-media approaches to disposal of hazardous waste.
Guidance on the enforcement of new regulations relating to land disposal
restrictions, as well as guidance for the detection of illegal disposal and
pecial wastes were revised.
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The Agency focused its corrective action resources to ensure that
owners/operators conducted facility investigations in compliance with the terms
of permits or orders. The Agency also monitored the development of corrective
measures plans to assure that environmentally sound measures are proposed and
implemented. EPA placed priority on new facility investigations at
environmentally significant closing and closed facilities as well as at permitted
facilities. Facility assessments were conducted (230 total) to ensure that the
most environmentally significant facilities are addressed.
Compliance monitoring and enforcement actions were taken against handlers
that presented the greatest threat to human health and the environment. The
Agency ensured that state inspections were conducted biennially at all operating
land disposal facilities and at closed land disposal and treatment and storage
facilities/ as required by Agency policy. The states and EPA conducted 12,698
inspections of commercial, Federal, state and local facilities that store, treat
or dispose of hazardous waste. Inspections of commercial land disposal and
treatment facilities were conducted twice a year to ensure compliance with the
Superfund Off-Site Policy. Through technical enforcement support and state
program evaluations, the Agency ensured that the states took timely and
appropriate enforcement actions. In the case of unauthorized states, the Agency
initiated enforcement action. Together, the states and EPA issued a total of
1,500 administrative orders.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
PESTICIDES 6-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pesticides Research 6-9
Scientific Assessment 6-15
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 6-15
Health Effects 6-16
Environmental Processes and Effects 6-17
Environmental Engineering and Technology 6-18
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 6-20
Generic Chemical Review 6-24
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-30
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-31
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants 6-32
ENFORCEMENT
Pesticides Enforcement 6-34
Pesticides Enforcement 6-35
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 6-37
-------
ACTUAL
1990
ENACTED
1991
PESTICIDES
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST
1992
INCREASE +
DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research I Development
TOTAL, Pesticides
$45,170.4 $54,340.7 $54,313.2 $54,575.3 $262.1
$44,939.7 $47,050.2 $47,050.2 $54,125.2 $7,075.0
$6,490.3 $6,203.4 $6,203.4 $8,363.3 $2,159.9
$96,600.4 $107,594.3 $107,566.8 $117,063.8 $9,497.0
Registration and
Expedited Processing
$22,926.8 $18,022.7 $18,022.7
-$18,022.7
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UDRKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
937.7 1,078.7 1,078.7 1,198.2 119.5
975.4 1,087.7 1.087.7 1,198.2 110.5
$81,413.9 $98,930.0 $98.904.3 $107,800.8 $8,896.5
Authorization for the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Amendments of 1988
reauthorized this program at a level of $95,000 for
1990 and $95,000 for 1991. Authorization for FIFRA
expires on September 30, 1991.
6-1
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PESTICIDES
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Pesticides can be both beneficial and hazardous substances. Almost:
everyone uses or is exposed to use of pesticide products. Pesticides are also
major contributors to ground water pollution and agricultural runoff to surface
water. At the same time, pesticide products provide benefits to society,
contributing to agricultural productivity and controlling human diseases.
EPA's authority to regulate pesticides is set forth in two statutes. The
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) governs the licensing
or registration of pesticide products. Sections 408 and 409 of the Federal Food,
Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulate the level of pesticide residues in raw and
processed agricultural commodities.
FIFRA. Under FIFRA, all pesticides must be registered with EPA before they
may be sold or distributed in the United States. EPA operates under an overall
risk/benefit standard for pesticide registration. Pesticides must perform their
intended function when used according to label directions, without posing
unreasonable risks of adverse effects on human health or the environment. In
making pesticide registration decisions, EPA is required to take into account the
economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of pesticide use. This
is a task of enormous scope and complexity. OPP regulates over 1,000 active
ingredients, included in approximately 25,000 registered products, which account:
for about three billion pounds of pesticide active ingredients used each year.
Amendments to FIFRA in 1988 substantially strengthened EPA's pesticide
regulatory authority, principally in the following areas:
The 1988 amendments accelerate the reregistration process for scientific
review and assessment of previously registered pesticides by requiring
completion of this task within nine years - by 1997.
EPA is required to give accelerated review to applications for initial or
amended registration of products which are similar to pesticides already
registered with EPA.
The 1988 law also authorizes the collection of fees which provide both
staff and contract resources to support reregistration activities.
EPA's responsibilities and funding requirements were also substantially
changed for the storage and disposal of pesticides whose registrations
have been suspended and cancelled. The law also places limitations on the
availability of funding to indemnify certain owners of suspended and
cancelled pesticides.
FFDCA. Under the FFDCA, EPA sets tolerances, or maximum legal limits, for
pesticide residues on food commodities marketed in the U.S. Before a pesticide
can be registered under FIFRA for use on a food or feed crop, EPA must either
establish a tolerance or, if appropriate, grant an exemption from the tolerance
requirement.
6-2
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The Agency's 1992 bt equest for the t sticide program includes the
followin elements: 1) I tion, Special ^gistrstion and Tolerances,
including registration of s -ducts and contr of pesticide residues in the
food chain, 2) Generic Chern. Review, including review and reregistration of
existing products, 3) Pesticide Program Implementation, including encouragement
of correct uses of pesticides, 4) Pesticides Enforcement, including the
enforcement of pesticide regulations, 5) Research and Development to support and
improve EPA's ability to evaluate the risks and benefit of pesticides, and 6)
consulting services to support the Scientific Advisor} anel (SAP).
1992 marks the first year of the implementation of the Pesticide Program's
Four Year Strategy. The overall strategy for FY 1992 emphasizes: (1) providing
resources to carry out the pesticide reregistrt _on program under F1FRA '88; (2)
building effective Regi nal and state capacity to tailor risk reduction and
pollution prevention programs to local needs for ground water, worker protection,
and endangered species; (3) minimizing risk by promoting the use of safer
chemicals and responding to public concerns about the safety of the Nation's food
supply; (4) expanding international leadership to provide -eater coordination
on pesticic issues to facil -.ate intern, ional trade in a -cultural products;
and (5) enhancing enforcemt c to meet increased requirements in the areas of
ground water protection, reregistration, and laboratory data integrity. The
implementation of the strategy will focus attention on accomplishing the goals
and objectives outlined above, includir^ the implementation of environmental
indicators to measure progress toward t; sse goals.
1. Registration. Special Registration and Tolerances
FIFRA and FFDCA authorize EPA to set the terms and conditions of pesticide
registration, marketing, and use. Under the registration program, ne- pesticide
products are registered on the basis of data reviewed by Agency scie -ists, and
current registrations are amended to add new uses and/or new formulations.
Manufa: urers are required to conduct a full range of health and environmental
testing before marketing their new products. This testing uses sophisticated
methodology and techniques, enabling the Agency to more accurately determine the
potential for ground-wat " contamination, resid on food or feed, worker and
applicator exposure, environmental risks, and cb _c and acute health hazards.
The registration program also includes special registration and tolerance-
setting activities. The special registration program continues to perform an
auxiliary function by permitting certain uses of unregistered pesticide for
experimental purposes and emergency pest situations. It also provides oversight
and gu ance to state registration and experimental use permit functions. The
tolerance program establishes safe and enforceable maximum permissible residue
levels (or, in some instances, exemptions from tolerance requirements) for both
active and irnrt pesticide ingredients in or on raw agricultural commo -s and
processed ft s.
The 1992 budget request emphasizes (1) promoting safer pesticides,
including registering new c smicals and biologicals faster, (2) implementation
of an antimicrobial strategy to ensure the efficacy of registered disinfectants,
and (3) assessing risks of pesticide use on lawns and inside buildings.
6-3
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2. Generic Chemical Review fincluding Reregistration)
The registrations of the majority of existing pesticide chemicals are
supported by data bases which the Agency has found insufficient by today's
scientific standards to support the required determination of "no unreasonable
adverse effects." The Generic Chemical Review program is designed to remedy this
problem by requiring the upgrading of the scientific data base supporting
registrations, reviewing available data about each chemical, and formulating
scientifically based regulatory positions to guide the modification,
cancellation, or reregistration of existing products and the registration of new
products. The 1988 FIFRA amendments contain provisions for a greatly accelerated
five-phase reregistration program, expedited processing of certain types of
registration applications, a new system for collecting and administering fees,
and significant revisions to the indemnification and disposal program for
pesticides suspended and cancelled after enactment of the 1988 amendments. The
fees mandated by these amendments are to be used to supplement appropriated funds
to carry out reregistration and expedited processing.
The Generic Chemical Review program contributes to the safety of the food
supply through the reregistration program and special reviews, in which
pesticides suspected of causing unreasonable adverse effects undergo intensive
risk/benefit analysis. This may result in changes to the terms and conditions
of their use. The Generic Chemical Review program also includes the disposal
program, for which funds are requested to continue safe storage of stocks of
2,4,5-T/Silvex in 1992. Funds are not requested at this time for 2,4,5-T/Silvex
disposal, which will be initiated after a facility is permitted and EPA contracts
with the permitted facility to dispose of the stocks.
There is a significant resource request increase in 1992 for elements of
the Food Safety initiative within this program. This initiative includes the
following:
o EPA will continue to give high priority to implementation of the 1988
FIFRA amendments. Additional FIFRA Fund workyears, and reprogrammed base
resources, are requested to reregister older pesticides, as mandated by
the 1988 FIFRA Amendments. The use of the additional workyears will be
dependent on the availability of fee balances in the FIFRA revolving fund.
o Other food safety activities to be emphasized through increased resources
and efforts include the development of environmental indicators,
integrated pest management (IPM) pilot projects, review of inert
ingredients used in pesticide products, special reviews deriving from risk
questions raised by the reregistration program, and international
coordination of pesticide issues.
3. Pesticides Program Implementation
In FY 1992 the Agency expects to see major field implementation activities
related to protection of ground water, endangered species, and workers exposed
to pesticides. Critical components of these programs are coming to closure in
1991 and will drive the Regional and state implementation needs in 1992. The
scope of the risks in the field is substantial. About 150 pesticides are
potential leachers, and 46 have been detected in ground water; there are 10.5
6-4
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million private wells and 94,600 community wells from which approximately 130
million people drink. Approximately 2.3 million workers, on the approximately
850,000 farms in this country, are exposed to pesticides during application.
Increased resources provided in 1990 and 1991 will enable the Regions and states
to begin addressing these problems. In so doing, the Agency will move away rrom
the traditional Headc -arters command and control approach to a much more
sophisticated approach in which risk management decisions are made closer to the
source.
Under this program, EPA is continuing to promote the correct uses of
pesticides. To achieve this goal, EPA has cooperative agreements with State Lead
Agencies to certify applicators to use Restricted Use Pesticides. EPA provides
grants to the states to support this activity. Certification grants help support
53 applicator certification programs in participating states and territories and
Federally administered programs in Colorado and Nebraska.
EPA also has an interagency agreement with USDA to provide training to pesticide
applicators by working through State Cooperative Extension Services (SCES).
Regional offices also provide technical assistance to states on pesticide issues.
4. Pesticides Enforcement
The enforcement provisions of FIFRA are carried out primarily through the
cooperative efforts of the states and territories, under a program of
Federal-state cooperative enforcement agreements established with EPA.
Participating states and territories conduct use inspections, inspect
pesticide-producing establishments, maintain marketplace surveillance, and
inspect dealers and users of restricted-use pesticides. In most instances in
which violations are detected, the states and territories develop and prosecute
enforcement cases as appropriate. In limited numbers of cases, states and
territories may refer cases to EPA for action. The Agency encourages the states
and territories to design and operate their enforcement programs so as to place
greates emphasis upc- compliance with the use provisions of FIFRA, thereby
producing the greater environmental benefit. The Agency will continue to
support and manage these cooperative efforts in 1992.
The Agency conducts Federal pesticides compliance monitoring programs in
cases in which states or territories are unable or unwilling to support
comprehensive compliance monitoring programs of their own. Federal programs in
such instances include use investigations, import and export surveillance, and
the preparation and prosecution of enforcement cases. Other activities that are
exclusively the responsibility of the Agency include providing technical and
compliance assistance to the states, the regulated community and the public, and
operating an automated data system which maintains information on compliance
inspections, enforcement actions, and pesticide production.
In 1992, Regions will increase enforcement activities related to ground-
water protection. Requirements of the accelerated reregistration program of the
1988 Amendments to FIFRA will result in increased enforcement activity.
Headquarters will direct the OPTS laboratory data integrity program, which
inspects private testing laboratories to determine compliance with Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP) regulations, audits in process and scientific accuracy
of completed test studies.
6-5
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5. Research and Development
The 1992 request for pesticides research and development will continue to
support the Office of Pesticides Programs (OPP) by performing research in the
areas of test method development and validation; biomarkers, dosimetry and
extrapolation; exposure monitoring; environmental engineering and technology;
ecology (both fate and transport and risk assessment); and biotechnology.' In
addition, EPA's Office of Research and Development will continue to provide
technical support to OPP in exposure assessment and monitoring procedures and
risk assessment methodologies for oncogenicity,,mutagenicity and reproductive and
developmental toxicity. New research will be performed in the areas of
reproductive and neurological toxicology and exposure assessment.
6. Consulting Services
Consulting services are utilized by the Agency to support the Scientific
Advisory Panel which, in accordance with section 25(d) of FIFRA, provides
comments, evaluations and recommendations on actions and regulations proposed by
the Agency. By using these services, which are funded from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, the Agency can ensure that its regulatory program
continues to be based on sound science.
6-6
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PESTICIDES
3,850 3,443
4,560 4,139
300 300
-407
-421
CURRENT , INCREASE ( + )
ACTUAL ESTIMATE ESTIMATE DECREASE (-)
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES 199Q 1991 1992 1992 VS 1991
Incremental Outputs
Special Review Decisions 12 13 16 + 3
New Chemical and Biochemical/
Microb; * Agent Reviews... 360 330 330
Old Chemical Reviews 4,119
Amended Registration Reviews 8,294
New Use Reviews 389
Emergency Exemption Reviews.. 426 250 250
Experimental Use Permit
Reviews 288 400 400
24(c) F"»te Registration
Rev: 450 475 475
temporary Tolerance
Petition Reviews 63 150 150
Tolerance Petition Reviews... 371 47 475
Inert Ingredient Reviews 8 15 15
Producer Establishment
Inspections a/ 1.594 2,509 2,779
Use/Reentry and Experimental
Use Obsevations a/ 12.843 18,829 19,369
6-7
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Marketplace Investigations a/.
Import Inspections a/
State Applicator License
and Record Inspections. .....
State Dealer Record
Inspections
i
State Disposal, Storage,
Transportation, and Recall
Inspections
Federal Laboratory
Inspections
Test Study Audits
Reregistration Elibility
Document
5,947
433
7,130
3 981
47
219
0
4,035
475
8,200
4,450
80
437
15
4,305
4,975
8,450
4,600
5,000
80
412
30
+ 270
+4 . 500
4
+ 250
+ 150
+5,000
-25
+ 15
a/Includes both Federal and State enforcement activities
6-8
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RONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
PESTICIDES
-^SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pesticides Research 6-9
Scientific Assessment 6-15
Monitoring Systems and t ality Assurance 6-15
Health Effects . 6-16
Environmental Processes and Effects 6-17
Environmental Engineering and Technology 6-18
-------
PESTICIDES
Pesticides Research
ACTUAL
1990
. ENACTED
1991
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REVEST
1992
INCREASE +
DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Scientific Assessment
Pesticides
Salaries ft Expenses
TOTAL
Monitoring Systems I
Quality Assurance
Pesticides
Salaries ft Expenses
Research ft Development
TOTAL
Health Effects -
Pesticides
Salaries ft Expenses
Research ft Development
TOTAL
Environmental Processes
ft Effects Pesticides
Salaries ft Expenses
Research ft Development
TOTAL
Environmental
Engineering And
Technology - Pesticides
Salaries ft Expenses
Research ft Development
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Salaries ft Expenses
Research ft Development
$158.1
$158.1
S337.8
S676.1
SI. 013. 9
$2,334.0
SI, 635. 6
$3,969.6
$3,247.7
$3.425.6
$6.673.3
$154.8
$753.0
$907.8
$6,232.4
$6.490.3
$196.1
$196.1
$270.0
$678.4
$948.4
$2,085.1
$1,115.2
$3,200.3
$3,779.1
$4,271.8
$8,050.9
$73.2
$138.0
$211.2
$6,403.5
$6,203.4
$196.1
$196.1
$270.0
$678.4
$948.4
$2,085.1
$1,115.2
$3,200.3
$3.751.6
$4.271.8
$8,023.4
$73.2
$138.0
$211.2
$6,376.0
$6,203.4
$198.6
$198.6
$278.6
$1,678.4
$1,957.0
$2,150.7
$2,165.2
$4.315.9
$3,855.7
$4,371.8
$8,227.5
$128.0
$147.9
$275.9
$6,611.6
$8,363.3
$2.5
$2.5
$8.6
$1,000.0
$1,008.6
$65.6
$1,050.0
$1,115.6
$104.1
$100.0
$204.1
$54.8
$9.9
$64.7
$235.6
$2.159.9
Pesticides Research TOTAL $12.722.7 $12,606.9 $12,579.4 $14,974.9 $2,395.5
PERMANENT UDRKYEARS
Scientific Assessment
Pesticides
Monitoring Systems ft
Quality Assurance
Pesticides
1.8
5.1
1.5
5.2
1.5
5.2
1.5
5.2
0.0
0.0
6-9
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Engineering And
Technology - Pesticides
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
PESTICIDES
Pesticides Research
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT
1990 1991 ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST INCREASE +
1992 DECREASE -
1992 Vf 1991
Health Effects -
Pesticides
Environmental Processes
& Effects - Pesticides
Environmental
35.4
56.4
2.5
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
39.5 39.5 39.5
62.7 62.7 62.7
1.1 1.1 2.1
0.0
0.0
1.0
101.2 110.0 110.0 111.0
1.0
TOTAL UORKTEARS
Scientific Assessment -
Pesticides
Monitoring Systems &
Quality Assurance
Pesticides
Health Effects
Pesticides
Environmental Processes
i Effects - Pesticides
Environmental
Engineering And
Technology - Pesticides
TOTAL UORKYEARS
1.8
5.1
2.5
1.5
5.2
1.1
1.5
5.2
1.1
1.5
5.2
38.4 39.5 39.5 39.5
60.3 62.7 62.7 62.7
2.1
108.1 110.0 110.0 111.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
6-10
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PESTICIDES
;icides Research
Principal Outputs
1992:
o Pr- .Iminary groundwater strategy for monitoring agricultural
chemicals (Monitoring).
o Annual report on the Pest. ies Repository (Monitoring).
o Report on Privatization Program for QA reference materials
(Monitoring).
o Guidance for interpretation of prenatally induced supernumerary ribs
as indicators of developmental effects (Health).
o Report on dermal absorption of pesticides: Effects of
age, dose, and analytical methods (Health).
o Rep t on assessment of Pacific Coast fishes and pollution
monitoring (E- ironmental Processes).
o Report on validation of hazard assessment predictions of
environmental effects of pesticides in estuarine systems
(Environmental Processes).
o Report on effects, persistence and distribution of Guthion in
littoral enclosures (Environmental Processes).
o Predicting the survival and effects of introduced microorganisms:
An evaluation of two freshwater microcosm systems (Environmental
Processes).
o Report to evaluate survival and re-entrainment of bacterial
colonizing leaf surfaces (Environmental Processes).
o Report on the relationship between microcosm and field studies
(Environmental Processes).
o Report on the composting of pesticide residues (Engineering).
Report on low-cost/low-technology physical/chemical destruction
methods for pesticides (Engineering).
199' : o Report on biomarke: s and dosiaecry research activity for exposure
monitoring (Monitoring).
o Pesticides exposure to urban and suburban pesticides in children
(Monitoring).
6-11
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Application of immunoaffinity to personal dosimetry studies
(Monitoring).
Report on exposure of field applications of biological agents used
as agricultural pesticides (Monitoring).
Annual report on the Pesticides Repository (Monitoring).
Report on Privatization Program for QA reference materials
(Monitoring).
Develop in vitro neurotoxicology test methods for the identification
and characterization of neurotoxic pollutants (Health).
Development of neurobehavioral testing strategy for use in Pesticide
Guidelines (Health).
Report on teratogenic responses in Menidia berryllina
embryos for environmental assessment: Estuarine, freshwater and
hazardous waste sites (Environmental Processes).
Role of estuarine sediments in the biodegradation of anthropogenic
chemicals (Environmental Processes).
Validation of pesticide effects on fish growth under field exposure
conditions (Environmental Processes).
Fish reproductive success studies for littoral enclosures
(Environmental Processes).
Overview of methods for evaluating the effects of chemicals in
reproduction in birds (Environmental Processes).
Control of bacteria at field release sites (Environmental
Processes).
Users manual for updated TEEAM model (Environmental Processes).
Avian muscarinic receptor binding assays as biomarkers of pesticide
exposure (Environmental Processes).
Guidance manual for selecting protective clothing for agricultural
pesticide operations (Engineering).
Conduct of a workshop: International Workshop on Research in
Pesticide Treatment, Disposal and Waste Minimization (Engineering).
Report on open burning of pesticide bags (Engineering).
Release of Version 2.0.of the Pesticide Treatability Data-Base
Software Package (Engineering).
6-12
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1990: o Protein adduct forming chemicals for exposure monitoring
(Monitoring).
o Annual report on the Pesticides Repository (Monitoring).
*
o Report on the immunotoxicology methods development and validation in
rats (Health).
o Report on the rodent model of organophosphorus-induced delayed
ne-ropschy (Health).
o Characterization of mammalian toxicity of a registered bacterial
pesticide (Health).
o Report on sorption of water soluble ionic pesticides to soils and
sediments (Environmental Processes).
o Effects of organophosphates on nesting success and nest abandonment
in the field (Environmental Processes).
o Synthesis report on test methods for BCAs on avians (Environmental
Processes) .
o Report: Protocols for exposing freshwater fish and invertebrates to
a fungal pest control agent (Environmental Processes).
o Calibration of greenhouse and the field for survival of genetically
engineered microorganisms (Environmental Processes).
o Users manual for integrated exposure and ecological risk assessment
in aquatic ecosystems (Environmental Processes).
o Final report on resistance and resilience of pond ecosystems to
toxicant stress (Environmental Processes).
o A review of peer-reviewed literature/data for the treatability of
pesticides from water, wastewater, and soils (Engineering).
o Production and release of the training video "Shedding Some Light on
Pesticide Protection," which show the dermal exposure possible when
appropriate protective clothing is not used properly during outdoor
handling/use operations (Engineering).
o OPP-availability of the Pesticide Treatability Data-Base software
package, Version 1.1 (Engineering).
6-13
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Research
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,974,900 supported by 111.0 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $2,395,500 and 1.0 total workyears from 1991.
Of the request, $6,611,600 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $8,363,300 will be for the Research and Development appropriation, an
increase of $2,159,900 in the Research and Development appropriation, and
$235,600 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
Program Objectives
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA) require the regulation of pesticide
use to avoid unreasonable adverse effects to public health and the environment.
The research program improves our understanding of how pesticides interact with
human activities and the environment, to assure that their use minimizes damage
from pests, while maximizing the protection of man's food, health and the
environment. Research includes:
o Developing and validating environmental and health test methods,
including methods for extrapolating from high to low doses between
mammalian species.
o Evaluating biological markers and testing them to determine their
potential use in exposure monitoring studies.
o Performing ecological research including transport, fate and field
validation to allow comparison between laboratory studies and actual
field results.
o Studying the movement of pesticides through the environment in order
to determine the eventual disposition of pesticides in the
environment.
o Conducting engineering research on worker-safety and disposal of
pesticides.
o Developing equipment and specialized monitoring protocols and
procedures for total human exposure monitoring for pesticide
exposure to characterize sources and routes of exposure.
o Evaluating the effects of microbial and biochemical pest control
agents (MBPCAs) and products of biotechnology on humans and the
environment.
o Determining the risk posed to ecosystems by environmental
pollutants.
6-14
-------
o Providing support to risk and exposure assessments by providing
quality assurance materials and reference compounds for pesticide
residue analyses.
SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT
1992 Program Request
!
The Agency requests a total of $198,600 supported by 1.5 total workyears for
this program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
This is a $2,500 increase in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. There is
no change in total workyears. ORD will prepare and review health risk
assessments for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, adverse reproductive/
developmental effects and exposure to support OFF implementation of FIFRA Section
3 provisions for evaluating risk from pesticides use. Support will also be
provided for laboratory data audits.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $196,100 supported by 1.5 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. The program will prepare and review health risk assessments and
provide support for laboratory data audits.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $158,100 supported by 1.8 total
workyears for this program, all of which were from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. Major activities included: support for laboratory data audits;
consultation and review of ethylene bis dithro carbamate/ethylene thiourea
(EBDC/ETU) assessments; data reviews on chemicals including bromoxynil,
propagate, larvadex, metesystox, triphenyltin hydraxide (TPTH); uniconazole, and
carbaryl; and teaching a developmental toxicity risk assessment course to program
office professional staff.
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1992 ProrfT* Request
The Agency requests a total of $1,957,000 supported by 5.2 total workyears
for thi: program, of which $278,600 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $1,678,400 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,000,000 in the Research and
Development appropriation and a $8,600 increase in the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. There is no change in total workyears. The increase in the
Research and Development appropriation is due to increased research in the area
of human exposure, particularly in developing methodologies for improving the
assessment of residential exposures, including those of infants and toddlers.
ORD will develop monitoring methods and strategies to determine the effect
of agricultural pesticides on surface and ground water systems. We will evaluate
biological markers use and conduct studies to estimate capability of these
6-15
-------
techniques to serve as indicators of exposure. Inmunoassay procedures will be
developed for the rapid detection of chemicals in monitoring and exposure
assessment studies.
ORD will perform research to determine human exposure associated with
household use of pesticides. Research will focus on home, lawn and household
pesticide usage, particularly for infants and toddlers. Quality assurance in
sample collection and analysis procedures will be provided including oversight
of the Pesticides Repository.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $948,400 supported by 5.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $270,000 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $678,400 is from the Research and Development appropriation.
ORD is identifying and test biological markers of exposure for priority pesticide
chemicals and provide protocols and methodologies for total human exposure
monitoring for pesticides. Dermal exposure in children will be emphasized.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $1,013,900 supported by 5.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $337,800 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $676,100 was from the Research and Development appropriation.
ORD developed cooperative Research and Development Agreement for privatizing the
Pesticide Repository under the Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA) of 1986,
and prepared and coordinated plans for implementing privatization.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1992 Pormii Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,315,900 supported by 39.5 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,150,700 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,165,200 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,050,000 in the Research and
Development appropriation, and an increase of $65,600 for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation. There is no change in total workyears. The increase in
the Research and Development appropriation will fund research in neurotoxicology
and reproductive toxicology.
ORD will develop and refine bioassays to detect adverse developmental,
reproductive, mutagenic, carcinogenic, neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. ORD
will conduct new research in neurotoxicity to determine age-related immune system
sensitivity to pesticides. We will develop models to assess health risk
assessment predictability and focus on methods for extrapolating results of
animal toxicity studies into risk estimates for humans. Studies will include
comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods for estimating pesticide dermal
absorption, metabolic differences between species and investigating the
relationship between maternal health and fetal susceptibility to teratogenic
outcome. These models will assist in the evaluation of pesticides data submitted
as part of the registration and reregistration process.
6-16
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To support microbial pesticide registration, ORD will develop testing
protocols for detecting, identifying, and monitoring microbial agents in
mammalian cells. Researchers will evaluate FIFRA Subdivision M infectivity
guidelines for microbial agents, and detecting health effects from exposure to
genetically engineered pesticides.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,200,300 supported by 39.5
total workyears for this program, of which $2,085,100 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,115,200 is from the Research and Development
appropriation. ORD is providing data on the effects of microbial and biochemical
pest control agents and genetically engineered pesticides and methods to detect
adverse alterations in the reproductive processes in animals.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $3,969,600 supported by 38.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,334,000 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,635,600 was from the Research and Development
appropriation. ORD included development of neurobehavioral toxicity data of
formamidine pesticides and standardization of microbial pesticide testing
protocols.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
1992 Progr**" P<*T1
-------
environmental consequences of altered microbial pest control agents (MPCAs) and
genetically altered biological control agents (BCAs), research will be conducted
to better understand the movement, survival and mode of action on receptor
organisms. Research results will support modifications of testing protocols for
Subpart M guidelines used by industry to provide registration data.
Mathematical models, support databases, and protocols for assessing
ecosystem exposure and hazards will be arranged in a database structure to
accelerate completion of ecological risk assessments. ORD will adapt pesticide
release, transport, and transformation parameters t-> dependent ecological models.
Standardized descriptors for use in risk assessment will be developed for biotic
effects of pesticides on populations, communities, and ecosystems. Field
validation studies will be conducted to evaluate the strengths and weakness of
the quotient method now used in pesticide regulatory actions.
1991
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $8,023,400 supported by 62.7
total workyears for this program, of which $3,751,600 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $4,271,800 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
ORD is developing test methods in support of FIFRA guidelines, performing
research on transport, fate and field validation, and the effects of biological
pest control agents and develop risk assessment techniques . Studies are being
designed to attain a better understanding of the elements at risk and the
processes which influence unacceptable degradation of the environment.
Congressional Directives. A total of $200,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project for studying Formosan subterranean termites at Louisiana State
University.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $6,673,300 supported by 60.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,247,700 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,425,600 was from the Research and Development
appropriation. Fourteen major reports were provided for Agency guidance covering
pesticide subjects across several media, diverse biota and at various
environmental levels of organization.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1992 flT" Request
The Agency requests a total of $275 , 900 supported by 2 . 1 total workyears for
this program, of which $128,000 will be in the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $147,900 will be in the Research and Development appropriation.
This represents increases of $9,900 in the Research and Development appropriation
and $54,800 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. There is a 1.0 increase
in total workyears. These increases support pesticide disposal and treatment
research.
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ORD will assist state «md other Federal agencies in evaluating proposed
pesticide disr sal and tre it methods. To support FIFRA-mandated container
recycling pro£ ams, field-" methods for demonstrating adequate clean-up will
be developed. A database support pesticide treatment is being updated.
1991 Program
In 1991, e Agency is allocating a total of $211,200 supported by 1.1 total
workyears for chis program, of which $73,200 is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $138,000 is from the Research and Development appropriation.
ORD is updating the pesticide treatability data, and finalizing thermal-
destruction issues and compliance field-tests. A research symposium will be held
to gather information which will be distributed regionally via technology
transfer. Work on investigating low-cost/low technology biological destruction
methods (i.e., composting) have begun.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $907,800 supported by 2.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $154,800 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $753,000 was from the Research and Development appropriation.
A pesticide treatability database was developed which demonstrates where
sufficient data exists for treatment/disposal of classes of pesticides and where
significant data gaps exist. This database is providing the focus for the
research needs for 1992. In addition, the thermal destruction (i.e., open
burning) of pesticide bags was initiated.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
PESTICIDES
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 6-20
Generic Chemical Review 6-24
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-30
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-31
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants 6-32
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PESTICIDES
Registration, Special Registration & Tolerances
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Registration, Special
Registration, and
Tolerances
Salaries ft Expenses $13.477.8 $14.833.0 $14,833.0 $15.120.2 $287.2
Abatement Control and $2,859.6 $3,016.7 $3,016.7 $4,166.7 $1,150.0
Compliance
TOTAL $16.337.4 $17,849.7 $17.849.7 $19.286.9 $1,437.2
TOTAL:
Salaries t Expenses $13,477.8 $14,833.0 $14,833.0 $15.120.2 $287.2
Abateaient Control and $2,859.6 $3,016.7 $3,016.7 $4,166.7 $1.150.0
Compliance
Registration, Special TOTAL $16,337.4 $17,849.7 $17,849.7 $19,286.9 $1,437.2
Registration t
Tolerances
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Registration. Special 256.0 265.9 265.9 254.9 -11.0
Registration, and
Tolerances
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 256.0 265.9 265.9 254.9 -11.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Registration, Special 266.2 265.9 265.9 254.9 -11.0
Registration, and
Tolerc
TOTAL UORKYEARS 266.2 265.9 265.9 254.9 -11.0
6-20
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PESTICIDES
Registration, Special Registration, and Tolerances
*
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $19,286,900 supported by 254.9 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $1,437,200 and a decrease of 11.0 workyears
from 1991. Of the request, $15,120,200 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $4,166,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $287,200 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and an increase of $1,150,000 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
REGISTRATION. SPECIAL REGISTRATION. AND TOLERANCES
1992 Progr^ Reuest
The Agency requests a total of $19,286,900 supported by 254.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $15,120,200 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $4,166,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $287,200 in the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $1,150,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 11.0 in total workyears.
The increase in Salaries and Expenses appropriation reflects increased personnel
and support costs, offset by disinvestments in the Old Chemicals and Amendments
program. The increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
reflects increased emphasis on food safety. The decrease in workyears reflects
an internal reprogramming to support the pesticides food safety initiative .
In 1992 , the Agency expects to conduct 330 reviews of new chemicals and
biochemical/microbial agents, 3,443 reviews of old chemicals, 4,139 amended
registration reviews, 300 new use reviews, and 475 tolerance petition
reviews. The emphasis on processing of new chemicals and new uses will be
continued in 1992, to permit more rapid market entry of new, safer products.
The 1992 Budget Request places increased emphasis on food safety,
including:
o Biological pesticides. Biological pesticides comprise the single fastest
growing segment of new pesticide registration activity. With increased
resources, the Agency will emphasize consideration of the regulatory
implications of biological pesticides, and where appropriate, speed the
experimental use and registration of these pesticides. These products
include natural and genetically engineered microbial pesticides,
biochemical pesticides and plants genetically engineered to produce
pesticides. Resources are being reprogrammed to this area and
supplemented with a requested increase.
o New and safer chemical pesticides . Many new chemicals for which
registrations are being submitted are less toxic, less persistent, and
more closely matched to the target species than previously registered
6-21
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pesticides. Yet program efforts to register the chemicals have not
received the resou as available tc older chemicals under the
reregistration proce^c. Resources fo: chis area of work are being
reprogramme. from other areas to expedite registration for promising new
chemicals.
o Antimicrobials (Disinfectants). Increased resources will support further
implementation of the antimicrobial strategy, including the initiation of
work on a product problem reporting and investigation system. This area
has recently been the subject of a General Accounting Office (GAO) audit,
and has been identified as an area of emphasis in the agency's Federal
Managers Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA) report.
o Lawn care and : jr risk. Increased resources are requested to begin to
develop a metho. -xogy for assessing human exposure to pesticides used on
lawns and inside buildings, support data collection, and develop a
regulatory program.
The reprogrammed resources for biological and new saiar chemical pesticides
come from Old Chemicals and Amendments. To the extent possible, the
reprogramming of resources from Old Chemicals and Amendments will be applied to
appli: tions that do not qualify for fast track treatment under the 1988 FIFRA
Amendments. Resources from Old Chemicals and Amendments are also being
reprogrammed to the Generic Chemical Review program to support reregistration and
Integrated Pest Management.
Regional liaison will continue to be improved by working closely with the
Regional pesticide experts and other Regional staff to improve Regional and state
understanding of national regulatory activities, and by obtaining their input on
policies and reviews affecting their mission. This liaison will improve
overs:. ;ht of section 18 experimental use permit reviews and section 24(c) special
local need programs.
To prevent circumvention of section 3 registration requirements. stringent
criteria for granting section 18 exemptions, such as consideration of progress
towards rmanent registration and clarification of "emergency" and "significant
economi: .oss" as criteria used in considering emergency exemptions, will
continue -o bt appli: . Headquarters will continue to work closely with the
Regions and states tc itor emergency exemptions and special local needs.
The Agency will c. ,inue to ensure that tolerances reflect the most current
regulatory status of each active ingredient, including revocation of tolerances
on cancelled pesticides and tolerance reassessments in conjunction with
reregistration reviews. Tolerance fees will be increased to reflect any increase
in the General Schedule pay-scale.
1991 Progr«"»
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $17,849,700 supported by 265.9
total workyears for this program, of which $14,83: 300 is from the laries and
Expenses appropriation and $3,016,700 is fron ;he Abatement, trol and
Compliance appropriation.
6-22
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In 1991, registration reviews are continuing to emphasize new chemicals and
new uses to facilitate the rapid availability of new, potentially safer chemicals
which may replace older, more hazardous ones still in use. Registration
reviews continue to emphasize protection of ground water, workers, and endangered
species.
In 1991, state participation in the Emergency Exemption, Experimental Use
Permit, and Special Local Needs programs is continuing to be enhanced through EPA
guidance and close Federal/state cooperation. Continued special attention is
being given to biochemical/microbial agents. The Agency is revising the section
5 experimental use permit regulations to provide sufficient oversight of the
early testing of genetically engineered and non-indigenous microbial pesticides.
Inerts of toxicological concern are listed on pesticide labels and will
undergo data call-ins. Crop group tolerances continue to be used where
applicable to reduce data requirements and efficiently deal with minor uses.,
Procedural and substantive rule for tolerances (sections 408 and 409 of FFDCA)
are being prepared. Tolerance fees will be increased by the percentage of the
General Schedule pay raise.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $16,337,400 supported by 266.2
total workyears for this program, of which $13,477,800 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,859,600 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Special attention was given to biochemical and microbial pest control
agents and necessary interagency coordination. Procedural and substantive rules
for tolerances (sections 408 and 409 of FFDCA) were worked on. These rules will
describe the process by which the Agency sets tolerances and specifies the kinds
of data required. Cooperation with USDA and FDA was strengthened through regular
meetings and consultations. Inerts of toxicological concern were listed on
pesticide products labels and are undergoing data call-ins. Tolerance fees were
increased by 3.6% to reflect the General Schedule pay raise for civilian
employees.
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PESTICIDES
Generic Chemical Review
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Generic Chewical Review
Salaries I Expenses $18,296.1 $24,271.6 $24,271.6 $23.097.9 -$1.173.7
Abataaent Control and $16,318.5 $11,543.0 $11,543.0 $17,468.0 $5,925.0
CcMplf tnce
Registration and $21,116.5 $16,063.0 $16,063.0 -$16,063.0
Expedited Processing
TOTAL $55,731.1 $51,877.6 $51,877.6 $40,565.9 -$11,311.7
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses $18,296.1 $24.271.6 $24,271.6 $23.097.9 -$1,173.7
Abatement Control and $16.316.5 $11,543.0 $11,543.0 $17,468.0 $5,925.0
Compliance
Registration and $21.116.5 $16.063.0 $16.063.0 -$16,063.0
Expedited Processing
Generic Chemical TOTAL $55,731.1 $51,877.6 $51,877.6 $40,565.9 -$11,311.7
Review
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Generic Chemical Review 425.8 504.3 504.3 615.3 111.0
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 425.8 504.3 504.3 615.3 111.0
TOTAL UDRKYEARS
Generic Chemical Review 436.8 504.3 504.3 615.3 111.0
TOTAL IIORICYEARS 436.8 504.3 504.3 615.3 111.0
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PESTICIDES
Generic Chemical Review
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $40,565,900, supported by 615.3 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $4,751,300 and 111.0 total workyears from
1991. Of the request, $23,097,900 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation, and $17,468,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $1,173,700 in S&E and an increase
of $5,925,000 in AC&C.
GENERIC CHEMICAL REVIEW
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $40,565,900, supported by 615.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $23,097,900 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, and $17,468,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Total workyears will include 345.3 from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and 270.0 to be supported by the FIFRA Reregistration
and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund. This represents a decrease of
$1,173,700 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, an increase of $5,925,000
in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 111.0
total workyears. The increase in workyears includes an additional 80.0 workyears
that will be supported by the FIFRA Fund. The increase in Salaries and expenses
reflects an increase in resources supporting the food safety initiative,
including the FIFRA reregistration process, and increased personnel and support:
costs. The increase in Abatement, Control, and Compliance also supports the food
safety initiative. The decrease in S&E is due to the shift of a one-time
Congressional add-on that was provided in FY 1991 to support the hiring of
scientific personnel in support of the FIFRA '88 pesticide reregistration
program. This decrease is partially offset by an increase that supports the Food
Safety Initiative and increased personnel and support costs.
The Agency is emphasizing food safety in the 1992 budget request for
Generic Chemical Review. The reregistration process is an important component
of the food safety initiative. The Agency has reprogrammed 20.0 total workyears
in Salaries and Expenses, and is also requesting an increase of 80.0 total
workyears from the FIFRA Fund to support this effort. The increased workyears
will help the Agency to meet the pesticide reregistration goals, prescribed by
the 1988 FIFRA Amendments. Further, the Agency will carry out its Phase IV
responsibilities (independent identification of data gaps and issuance of
requirements for registrants to fill gaps not previously identified), and its
Phase V responsibilities (making determinations of reregistration eligibility).
In 1992, the Agency projects completion of reregistration eligibility documents
(REDs) for 30 pesticide cases. However, outputs will be affected by the total
Fund workyears that can be supported from the FIFRA Revolving Fund. A total of
40 of the increased FIFRA Fund workyears in 1992 are dependent on Congressional
action on the Administration's proposal to eliminate the annual per registrant
maintenance fee caps, which would enable the Agency to collect an additional
6-25
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$3,000,000 annually and achieve the statutory goal -f $14,000,000 annually from
maintenance fees.
Other components of the food safety initiative for 1992 include:
o International Programs. With increased resources, the Agency will expand
international coordination in 1992, and will ensure consistency of
decisions and sciei.-ie data with CODEX, the General Agreement on Tariff and
Trade (GATT), and import/export policies. This initiative includes
coordination with the European Community on its reregistration efforts,
ar expanded technical assistance through the Food and Agriculture
0 ^anization (FAO) and the Peace Corps.
o Inert Ingredients. With increased resources, the Agency is proposing to
evaluate List 3 inerts (approximately 2,000 inerts of unknown toxicity) in
accordance with OPTS's Inerts Strate .
o Special Reviews. As data gathered through the reregistration process is
reviewed, the Agency expects that data for some pesticides will meet the
triggers for special reviews. The Ag.-icy is seeking additional resources
for this purpose. 16 special review outputs are projected for 1992.
o Environmental Indicators. 1992 will be the first implementation year for
the program's Four Year Strategy. Program activities will be focused on
accomplishing the goals and objectives outlined in the strategy, and will
incl .-de the implementation of environmental indicators to measure progress
toward these goals. Additional resources will be used to de elop and
implement these indicators.
o Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The Agency is reprogramming resources
to establish pilot projects, and work with USDA's IPM and Low Input
Sustainable Agriculture (LISA) programs.
Reprogrammings to the Food Safety Initiative have come from other OPTS off ces,
as well as from within the Old Chemical ("Me Too") Registration Review: and
Amended Chemical Registration Reviews in OPP. To the extent possible, the
reprogramming of resources from Old Chemicals and Amendments will be applied to
app* -tions that do not qualify for fast track treatment under the 1988 FIFRA
Ame rits.
in addition to the food safety increases, additional resources are being
requested in 1992 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
$4,000,000 i critical y needed for storage of 2,4,5-T/Silvex stoc*cs. The
Agency's responsibility to bear the costs of storage and disposal of cancelled
and suspended pesticides will continue in 1992 for chemicals which were suspended
and cancelled prior to the 1988 FIFRA Amendments. These funds are nee i to
ensure the continued safe storage of national 2,4,5-T/Silvex stocks. The;., are
known costs for which funds are not available from other sources. No funds are
requested at this time for disposal of these stocks. However, once a facility
is permitted to dispose of these pesticides, the Agency must award a disposal
contract and begin incineration.
In addition, the five pollution prevention projects begun in 1991 under the
Generic Chemical Review program as part of the Agency-wide program will continue
into 1992.
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1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $35,814,600 supported by 504.3
total workyears for this program, of which $24,271,600 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $11,543,000 is from the Abatement, Control . and
Compliance appropriation. -Total workyears include 314,3 from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and 190.0 supported by the FIFRA Fund.
The Agency expects that 15 Registration Eligibility Documents (RED) will
be completed as work pertaining to the 1988 FIFRA Amendments continues. Funds
from both base appropriations and the FIFRA Fund will be utilized to accomplish
these tasks. Reregistration fees should all be received by the end of 1991, and
EPA will be completing its Phase IV review for List B chemicals, and begin making
reregistration decisions on some of the List B documents. Thirteen Special
Reviews are projected for 1991. Special Reviews are a major risk reduction
vehicle, and continue to be generated primarily from data reviewed during the
reregistration process.
Previously appropriated pesticide disposal funds are being utilized for
disposal of national dinoseb stocks and storage of 2,4,5-T/Silvex, pending the
permitting of an incinerator for 2,4,5-T/Silvex disposal and the award of
disposal contracts.
To prepare for the implementation of the Four Year Strategy, projects begun
in 1990 to evaluate new directions for environmental indicators will carry
forward into 1991. Additional projects to assess the feasibility of potential
environmental indicators are planned for 1991.
As part of an Agency-wide program, the pesticide program has undertaken
five pollution prevention projects in 1991. The purposes of these projects will
be to: (1) reduce surface and ground-water contamination and human health risks
due to application of herbicides in major corn-producing states; (2) work with
ORD to develop a pesticides inerts strategy which formally addresses air
pollution problems associated with volatile organic compounds; (3) work with ORD
and Region 3 to develop and test the reliability of a pesticide hazard index to
reduce the risk of pesticides in the Chesapeake Bay watershed; (4) work with the
Agency's Office of Research and Development (ORD), the Regions, and states to
develop a decision support system that will help states and local governments
protect ground water from pesticides; and (5) support ORD in developing
information that would lead to a reduction in pesticide applications through
bioregulation (the management of biological degradation processes).
The Regional-state capabilities initiative, begun in 1990 to deal with the
problems of ground-water protection, protecting endangered species from
pesticides, and promoting the safety of pesticide applicators and farm workers,
continues through 1991. This initiative strengthens EPA's field presence to
provide state and local solutions to area-specific problems.
Worker Protection Standards for Agricultural Pesticides (40 CFR 170),
governing pesticide-treated field reentry intervals, protective clothing, and
label warnings, are scheduled to be published as a final regulation in 1991.
Implementation of the initial elements of the Indian strategy will occur
in 1991. The objective of the strategy is to enable tribes to become involved
6-27
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in all areas of the pesticide program through a combination of needs assessments,
tribal training to enhance pesticides awareness, technical assistance, and a
scholarship program.
The National Pesticide Survey (NFS) was completed in 1990 and the fj.nal
report is scheduled for March 1991. Results of the NFS will be used to refine the
Agency's Agricultural Chemicals in Ground Water Strategy and to evaluate further
regulatory and state-specific approaches to protect drinking water from pesticide
pollution. Detailed follow-up studies of the National Pesticide Survey (NFS)
data base will be initiated, following issuance of the final report. Other funds
will support special ground-water projects.
Congressional Directives
In 1991, Congress directed a total of $4,500,000 in Salaries and Expenses
to be allocated in support of hiring of scientific personnel for the
reregistration program. These resources are being used to support workyears that
were originally planned to be funded by the FIFRA Revolving Fund. $125,000 in
Abatement, Control and Compliance is for a Congressionally directed project to
develop an herbicide identification and warning pilot program in conjunction with
Michigan State University.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $34,614,600 supported by 436.8
total workyears for this program, of which $18,296,100 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $16,318,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Total workyears included 313.9 from the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation and 122.9 from the Reregistration and Expedited Processing
Revolving Fund.
The FIFRA Amendments of 1988 accelerate the reregistration process for
previously registered pesticides and require EPA to give accelerated
conside ition to applications for initia" or amended registration of products
which t..-. similar to pesticides already .gistered with EPA. The 1988 FIFRA
Amendments require a large increase in the number of registrant submissions. A
major hiring and training program was initiated in 1989 and continued through
1990 in order to meet the increased workload posed by the amendments. The fourth
list of active ingredients subject to reregistration was published early in 1990,
and registrants began responding to all four lists. The Agency's major workload
occurred in FIFRA Phase II-III activities, with the completion of Phase III for
all four lists by October 1990. In addition, 12 Special Review decisions were
reached in 1990.
The Agency launched a major new program in 1990 to build Regional and state
capabilities to deal with problems of ground-water pollution, protect endangered
species from pesticides, and promote the safety of pesticide applicators and
agricultural workers. Local variations in agricultural conditions and practices
emphasize the need for a strong field presence to provide state and local
solutions to specific problems in these areas. Abatement Control and Compliance
resources fcr the Headqur-ters national program development and liaison function
for this initiative at contained in the Generic Chemical Review program.
Resources for the Regions and states are in the Pesticide Program Implementation
program. EPA continues its long-term collaborative effort with the states and
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Federal agencies to integrate ground-water management programs, including
addressing ground-water concerns in registration and reregistration actions.
In keeping with the President's directive and Agency policy to treat Indian
tribes as states, an Indian strategy was developed in 1990 to enable Indian
tribes to become involved in all areas of the pesticide program. Currently,
tribes are eligible for funds for the initiation of worker protection, ground
water and endangered species programs. A tribal workshop was held in 1990
concerning pesticides in ground water. Implementation of the Indian strategy is
scheduled for early 1991.
In 1990, EPA devoted resources to addressing a broad spectrum of food
safety concerns, including the development of better scientific data on special
tolerance and residue issues, conveying scientific information on risks to the
public in understandable terms, and using improved risk information in regulatory
decisions. This initiative strengthens the Agency's ability to make pesticide
decisions based on scientific risk assessments, and educates the public on the
reasons for these decisions.
All of the sampling for the National Pesticide Survey (NPS), the first
nation-wide investigation of pesticide contamination of drinking water wells, was
completed in early 1990. A preliminary report of the findings was released in
November 1990, and the final report is scheduled to be issued at the end of March
1991. The results of the NPS will be used to refine the Agency's Agricultural
Chemicals in Ground Water Strategy and to evaluate further regulatory and state-
specific approaches to protect drinking water from pesticide pollution.
Comments of state, private and public interest groups have been
incorporated into the Agency's proposed Endangered Species Protection Program
(ESPP), which features a revised method of consultation with the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service on potential endangered species jeopardy, generic product
labeling coupled with county bulletins and maps of endangered species habitats,
and use limitations to protect endangered species. The nation-wide ESPP may be
supplemented by state endangered species protection plans suitable for local
conditions.
The major 1990 activity in the pesticide disposal program was the continued
disposal of nation-wide dinoseb stocks. Dinoseb incineration continued through
1990, after the completion of a successful demonstration burn in 1989. The
Agency is currently in the process of consolidating remaining 2,4,5-T/Silvex
stocks and maintaining them in secure storage until disposal arrangements can be
made.
In 1990 the Agency began evaluating environmental indicators for their
feasibility in measuring the effectiveness of the pesticide program's efforts to
achieve the objectives of OPTS' Four Year Strategy, particularly in the areas of
reducing pesticide risks to public health and the environment. Projects were
initiated in 1990 to evaluate several major new directions for environmental
indicators.
6-29
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Program Implementation
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Pesticides ProgrM
Implementation
Salaries I Expenses $1,535.4 S2.519.3 $2,519.3 $2,764.7 S245.4
TOTAL SI,535.4 $2,519.3 $2,519.3 $2,764.7 $245.4
Pesticides Program
Implementation - Grants
Abatement Control and $12,263.4 $14,500.0 $14,500.0 $14,500.0 0.0
TOTAL $12.263.4 $14,500.0 $14,500.0 $14,500.0 0.0
TOTAL:
Salaries t Expenses $1,535.4 $2,519.3 $2,519.3 $2,764.7 $245.4
Abatement Control and $12,263.4 $14,500.0 $14,500.0 $14,500.0
Compliance
Pesticides Program TOTAL $13,798.8 $17,019.3 $17,019.3 $17,264.7 $245.4
Implementation
PERMANENT UORICYEARS
Pesticides Program 28.6 49.5 49.5 53.2 3.7
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT UORICYEARS 28.6 49.5 49.5 53.2 3.7
TOTAL UORICYEARS
Pesticides Program 30.8 53.2 53.2 53.2 0.0
Implementation
TOTAL UORKYEARS 30.8 53.2 53.2 53.2 0.0
6-30
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Program Implementation
Budeet Request
The Agency requests a total of $17,264,700 supported by 53.2 total
workyears for 1992, an increase of $245,400 and no change in workyears from 1991.
Of the request, $2,764,700 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation,
and $14,500,000 will be for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation,
representing an increase of $245,400 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and no change in the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation from 1991.
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $2,764,700 supported by 53.2 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. This represents an increase of $245,400 in the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation and no change in total workyears from 1991. The increase
in Salaries and Expenses reflects increased personnel and support costs.
In the 1992 Budget request, the Agency is continuing to carry out the
Regional/state initiative begun in 1990 to address concerns about pesticide
threats to ground water, endangered species, and workers occupationally exposed
to pesticides. Regional workyears are requested for ground water, endangered
species, and worker protection. The Regional office staff will implement the
major ground water initiatives underway in OPP and elsewhere in EPA, including
the Ground Water Strategy, the Ground Water Restricted Use Rule, and the Non-
Point Source Management and Wellhead Protection plans. Regional office staff
will also implement the revised Worker Protection Standard, scheduled for
issuance in 1991. For the Endangered Species Program, Regional offices will
implement the geographically targeted program in high priority areas, manage
program grants, continue education and outreach, assist states in developing and
implementing state-initiated plans, and coordinate map review within the states.
Headquarters and Regional office staff will continue to manage the Certification
and Training (C&T) Program in cooperation with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture/State Cooperative Extension Services (USDA/SCES), and provide
technical assistance on other pesticide issues.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,519,300 supported by 53.2
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
In 1991 the Agency is continuing to build on the initiative begun in 1990
to strengthen Regional/state capabilities to respond to increasing public
concerns about ground-water contamination by pesticides, protection of endangered
species from pesticides, and safety of workers occupationally exposed to
pesticides. A number of activities in these areas are coming to closure in 1991.
6-31
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With their completion, the Regions will work with the states to begin actual
implementation. In 1991 this initiative includes implementation of major
revisions to the C&T Regulations (Part 171) governing strengthened record-
keeping, examination, and training requirements for initial certification,
certification renewal, and sale of restricted use pesticides to non-certified
persons. The Agency will continue to manage the C&T Program and provide technical
assistance on pesticide issues.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $1,535,400 supported by 30.8 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
Headquarters staff directed the development of training materials in the
areas of ground water, endangered species, and worker safety. The major effort
to revise the C&T regulations (Part 171) was completed.
In 1990, Regional staff emphasized correcting deficiencies in state
pesticide management plans identified through Regional evaluations and
negotiations. Regional staff also continued to provide technical expertise on
specific issues relating to the use and application of pesticides They also
began to work with the various officials in each state to lay the groundwork for
implementation of the Regional/state capability initiative in the areas of
protection of ground water, workers occupationally exposed to pesticides, and
endangered species.
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION GRANTS
1992 Progr*"" Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,500,000 for this program, all of which
is for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. This represents no
change from 1991.
Sr es will continue to implement an initiative begun in 1990 to address
increas: concerns about the pesticide threat to ground water, endangered
species, and workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. In the ground water
program, states will implement state ground water management plans. States will
continue to implement an endangered species program targeted to high priority
geographical areas. For the worker protection program, states will conduct
activities to carry out the Worker Protection Standard. States will continue to
carry out the C&T program in cooperation with USDA/SCES.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $14,500,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. These
resources support the certification and training program, as well as the program
initiated in 1990 to strengthen state capabilities to address problems in
protection of ground water, workers occupationally exposed to pesticides, and
endangered species.
6-32
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The Agency continues to carry out cooperative agreements with state lead
agencies (SLAs) to certify applicators to use Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs).
The Agency provides grants to states to support this activity. Certification
grants support 53 applicator certification programs in states and territories.
Under the guidance of the Regions, states are implementing certain program
improvements, revising certification exams to include ground water, endangered
species, chronic health effects, and other topics. EPA has an interagency
agreement with USDA to provide training to pesticide applicators by working
through SCES. Training programs are being developed and implemented for non-
agricultural (e.g. structural, urban) applicators.
States are continuing to implement the second year of the Regional/state
capability initiative. Changes to the Certification and Training Program (Part
171) will be issued in 1991, and states are developing their implementation
plans. The revisions include additional record-keeping and examination
requirements for SLAs, periodic renewal of certification, training for non-
certified applicators using RUPs, supervision of non-certified applicators of
RUPs, and continuing education for applicators.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $12,263,400 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Funding for certification agreements helped support 53 applicator
certification programs in participating states and territories and in the
Federally-conducted programs in Colorado and Nebraska. EPA continued its
interagency agreement with USDA to provide training to pesticide applicators
through an interagency agreement with USDA/SCES. Funds provided through a
cooperative agreement with USDA/SCES helps support the applicator training
programs.
A Regional/state initiative was begun to build capabilities in emerging
pesticide areas of concern, including ground water, worker protection and
endangered species. States also remedied deficiencies in state pesticide
management plans identified through Regional evaluations and negotiations.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Paqt
PESTICIDES
ENFORCEMENT
Pesticides Enforcement 6-34
Pesticides Enforcement 6-35
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 6-37
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Enforcement
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants
Abatement Control and $12,392.2 $15,803.4 $15,803.4 $15,803.4 0.0
CORD! i ftnce
TOTAL $12,392.2 $15,803.4 $15,803.4 $15,803.4 0.0
Pesticides Enforcement
Salaries ft Expenses $5,628.7 $6,313.3 $6,313.3 $6,980.9 $667.6
Abatement Control and $545.8 $2,187.1 $2.187.1 $2,187.1
Cofflpl twice
Registration and $1,810.3 $1,959.7 $1,959.7 -$1,959.7
Expedited Processing
TOTAL $7,984.8 $10,460.1 $10.460.1 $9,836.9 -$623.2
TOTAL:
Salaries ft Expenses $5,628.7 $6,313.3 $6,313.3 $6,980.9 $667.6
Abatement Control and $12,938.0 $17,990.5 $17,990.5 $17,990.5 0.0
Compliance
Registration and $1,810.3 $1.959.7 $1.959.7 -$1.959.7
Expedfted Processing
Pesticides Enforcement TOTAL $20,377.0 $26,263.5 $26,263.5 $25,640.3 -$623.2
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Pesticides Enforcement 125.9 149.0 149.0 163.8 14.8
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 125.9 149.0 149.0 163.8 14.8
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Pesticides Enforcement 133.3 154.3 154.3 163.8 9.5
TOTAL UORKYEARS 133.3 154.3 154.3 163.8 9.5
6-34
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $24,971,400 supported by 163.8 total workyears
for 1992, an increase of $667,600 and 9.5 in total workyears from 1991. Of the
request, $6,980,900 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$17,990,500 will be for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, an
increase of $667,600 in Salaries and Expenses and no increase in the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance Appropriation.
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,168,000 supported by 163.8 total workyears
for this program, of which $6,980,900 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,187,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. Of the requested workyears, 35.5 will be supported by the
Reregistration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund. This represents an
increase of $667,600 for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation, no change in the
Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 9.5 total
workyears. The increase in Salaries and Expenses and an increase in 2.0 total
workyears reflects increased personnel costs and support the expanded development
of groundwater protection enforcement requirements. An increase of 7.5 workyears
supported by the Reregistration and Expedited Processing Fund will support
increased enforcement of the reregistration sections of the 1988 Amendments to
FIFRA '88. The FIFRA workyear increase is dependent upon passage of legislation
to raise the maintenance fee cap to allow for the collection of the authorized
level of $14,000,000 annually.
In 1992, Headquarters will provide overall program guidance and management,
will assist in developing new and revised regulations, and develop compliance
monitoring strategies and enforcement response policies. Headquarters staff will
also provide guidance and general oversight of the Federal/state cooperative
enforcement agreement program, and technical and analytical support for Regional
activities. Headquarters will develop and refine compliance monitoring
strategies regarding groundwater, endangered species protection, and worker
protection initiatives. In 1992, enforcement response policies will be amended
to incorporate new violations and will be coordinated with other enforcement
offices.
Tracking and enforcement of pesticide reregistration requirements will be a
major component of the pesticide enforcement program. The states will be
responsible for enforcing notices of intent to suspend product registrations
issued under this compliance program. An increase in workyears supported by the
Reregistration and Expedited Processing Fund for reregistration enforcement
activities will handle the enforcement burden of the accelerated pesticides
reregistration program. Monitoring of voluntary suspension/cancellation of
pesticides and associated disposal activities will be initiated in response to the
6-35
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increased enforcement requirements of the 1988 Amendments to FIFRA. Headquarters
will conduct grant guidance and state liaison activities to assure that
reregistration decisions are enforced by states. The development of enforcement
strategies for section 19 recalls and FIFRA section 6(g) will be carried out by
Headquarters.
Headquarters will direct the OPTS laboratory data integrity program, which
inspects private testing laboratories to determine compliance with Good Laboratory
Practices (GLP) regulations, audits in process and scientific accuracy of
completed test studies. In 1992, five existing Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs)
with foreign countries will be implemented to assure continued GLP international
cooperation.
The Regional pesticide compliance monitoring program will respond to
situations involving substantial threats to public health and the environment from
pesticides regulated under FIFRA. Regions will also manage and oversee the state
and Federal pesticide enforcement cooperative agreement program. States and
Indian Tribes not currently involved with the cooperative agreement program will
be encouraged to participate by the Regions. The Regions will conduct inspections
in states without cooperative enforcement agreements. State inspector training
will be coordinated through the Regions to ensure that the statutes are properly
enforced and cases are legitimately developed. Technical and compliance
assistance will be conducted at the Regional level to disseminate the information
to the regulated community, the public, and the states. In the laboratory data
integrity program, three Regions support Headquarters by conducting inspections
to monitor compliance with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) regulations at
laboratories engaged in testing in response to FIFRA requirements. An increase
of 2.0 total workyears will allow Regional offices to ; ontinue to develop
compliance activities to address pesticide contaminatio: of ground weter.
Activities will include developing and refining specific strategies to address
unique local conditions and problems.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $8,500,400 supported by 154.3
total workyears for this program, of which $6,313,300 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,187,100 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Of -he total workyears, 28.0 are supported by the
Reregistration and Expedited Processing Fund.
In 1991, the Agency is continuing to emphasize state participation in
pesticide compliance monitoring and enforcement activities through cooperative
enforcement agreements. There are 55 cooperative enforcement agreements with
states and territories and eleven additional agreements with Indian Tribes and
tribal organizations. Federal compliance monitoring activities continue in states
without cooperative agreements. Other Federal responsibilities include import and
export surveillance, technical and compliance assistance to the states and the
regulated community, and operation of a computer system maintaining pesticide
producer establishment and production records and other related enforcement data.
Tracking and enforcement of pesticide registration requirements will continue to
be a vital component of the Federal compliance program.
Two new initiatives are being implemented this year. The groundwater
enforcement initiative addresses concerns regarding pesticide residues in
6-36
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community and rural domestic drinking water wells. Regions conduct pesticide use
enforcement inspections and case development for Federal compliance strategies
which seek to prevent and remedy groundwater contamination. The container
disposal initiative requires the enforcement of revised regulations on storage,
disposal, transportation, and recall of pesticides and pesticide containers.
These regulations are required by FIFRA 88 and provide for the revocation of
primacy in States unless the Administrator determines that they have an adequate
enforcement program for enforcing the container rinsate regulations. Regions are
preparing guidance to assist States to enforce the new requirements.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $6,174,500 supported by 133.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,628,700 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $545,800 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. Of the total workyears, 14.3 were supported by the Reregistratiori
and Expedited Processing Fund.
A total of 55 cooperative enforcement agreements were in place with states
and territories, plus another eleven agreements with Indian Tribes and tribal
organizations, in 1990. As part of the cooperative agreement program, the Agency
supplemented training for state inspectors, chemists and case development staff.
In 1990, Regions implemented worker protection enforcement activities. As
a result of this initiative, a large number of label changes were required and an
increased level of enforcement activity needed to monitor the larger resultant
regulated community was required.
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT GRANTS
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $15,803,400 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. States will
ensure compliance with the worker protection and groundwater regulations.
The Agency will continue cooperative enforcement agreements with 55
participating states and territories, and eight agreements with Indian Tribes and
tribal organizations. The cooperative enforcement agreement program continues to
be the primary means for ensuring public and environmental safety from hazardous
pesticides by enforcing the requirements of FIFRA.
State activities will include use and re-entry investigations, pesticide
producer establishment and marketplace inspections, applicator license and record
inspections, and dealer record inspections.
1991 Progr*""
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $15,803,400 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1991, the Agency is continuing 55 cooperative enforcement agreements with
states and territories, and eight additional agreements with Indian Tribes and
6-37
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tribal organizations. These agreements emphasize user compliance with label
directions fcr proper us; .nd applicati as well as manufacturer adherence to
product formulation requi ments under F^il-A. Inspections also address applicator
licenses and records, producer establishments, marketplaces, and pesticide
dealers. The states are increasingly emphasizing use inspections in the
expectation that use compliance produces the greatest overall environmental
benefit. State programs are being developed to enforce new container rinsate,
disposal, storage, transportation, and recall provisions of the 1988 Amendments
to FIFRA.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $12,392,200 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States began to ensure coordination with all agencies responsible for the
safety of workers occupationally exposed to pesticides, notify prospective
constituents of the provisions of the final rule, and conduct worker protection-
related inspections, incident investigations and legal action. The inspections
ensured that product labeling includes the new worker protection statements and
focused on new use-related requirements under the revised regulations.
6-38
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
RADIATION 7-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Radiation Research .. 7-7
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 7-10
Health Effects 7-11
Environmental Engineering and Technology 7-12
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 7-14
Radiation Program Implementation 7-18
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 7-21
Radon Action Program 7-25
Radon Action Program Implementation 7-30
Radon State Grant Program 7-33
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ACTUAL
1990
ENACTED
1991
RADIATION
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1991
REQUEST
1992
INCREASE +
DECREASE -
1992 VS 1991
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research t Development
TOTAL. Radiation
$11,872.2 $14,473.8 $14,473.8 $15,150.9 $677.1
$20,481.6 $21,712.7 $21.712.7 $21,612.7 -$100.0
$2,196.5 $2,769.5 $2,769.5 $2,863.6 $94.1
$34,550.3 $38,956.0 $38,956.0 $39,627.2 $671.2
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
247.7 298.1 298.1 312.2 14.1
257.5 301.2 301.2 312.2 11.0
$22,332.3 $35,967.7 $35.967.6 $36,369.6 $402.0
The "Indoor Radon Abatement Act of 1988" authorizes
$45 million over 1989, 1990 and 1991. Authorization
for the Indoor Radon Abatement Act expires on
September 30, 1991. All other authorization except
for Research and Development is by virtue of the
Appropriation Act. The Environmental Research,
Development and Demonstration Act expired September 30,
1981. Reauthorization is pending.
7-1
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RADIATION
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program to protect the public
health and environment from adverse effects of radiation exposure is derived from
several statutes including: the Indoor Radon Abatement Act, the Clean Air Act,
the Atomic Energy Act; the Public Health Service Act; the Uranium Mill Tailings
Radiation Control Act; the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act; and
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. These Acts authorize a wide
range of regulatory, assessment, assistance, and research activities. The Agency
also performs some oversight functions for programs with enforcement authority
vested in other agencies.
EPA's radiation program has four major objectives:
Reduce adverse health effects and environmental impacts from
radiation exposure through a program of standards and guidelines.
Assess and quantify existing and emerging radiation problems and
their potential impact.
Respond to issues of serious public concern.
Maintain the capability to respond to emergencies and to aid
development and testing of federal, state, and local plans for
emergency response.
To accomplish these objectives, EPA assesses and regulates sources of
airborne radionuclides; evaluates and regulates radioactive waste disposal;
provides site assessments and radiochemical analyses of environmental samples;
operates a Radon Action Program; operates the Environmental Radiation Ambient
Monitoring System (ERAMS); develops protective action guides to provide guidance
to officials on preventive and remedial actions; and responds to radiological
emergencies. The Office of Radiation Programs will highlight the following areas
in 1992:
Implement Existing NESHAPs end New Clean Air Act Requirements
EPA will emphasize implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Activities include defining a major source of airborne radionuclides, as well as
individual source categories, and evaluating the adequacy of the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) program to achieve the goals of the Act. In
addition, implementation of the existing National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) for radionuclides will continue. These
activities will include: providing technical assistance; developing model state
-legislation for the control of radionuclides; establishing training programs for
implementation at the Regional and state levels; making the air emissions data
base available for "real time" use by the regions; and providing technical
assistance to inspection teams. Headquarters will also continue to assist
Regions with the technical review of modification, construction, waiver, and
variance applications. EPA is investigating additional source categories, such
as rare earth processing and geothermal electrical production.
7-2
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In 1992 EPA 1 also work with the Department of Energy (DOE) and the NRC
to establ respo- bilities -"-r implementing the final NESHAPs for facilities
under the jurisc ion. EP. will continue to work with states to encourage
state raditcion p gram development and to build state capacity to accept
responsibility for implementing the radionuclide NESHAPs. In response to strong
recommendations by the Science Advisory Board, the Agency will review risk
assessment models used to determine radiation health risks.
Address the Problem of Radon Exposure In Structures
In 1992 the Radon Action Program will continue to assess the nation's radon
problems in homes, schools, workplaces, and other buildings. The final report
to Congress on the results of the National Schools Radon Survey will be issued,
and the Agency will initiate a technical assistance program to help states
conduct surveys in schools and non-residential day care centers. The Agency will
also assist two to three states and Indian nations to design and execute home
radon surveys. The report to Cr..gress on the results of the Federal workplace
surveys will be completed, and protocols for measuring radon in workplaces will
be developed.
The Radon Measurement Proficiency Program will be expanded tc include
testing for radon in water to support the promulgation of a radon drink, g water
star - ~d. The Agency will continue to operate the national radon information
cleai aghouse, maintain the national radon database, provide national oversight
to the state grant program, and collect user fees for its proficienc; and
training programs.
The Ad Council's national media campaign will be expanded with new messages
to promote public action on radon. The Agency will also expand its work with
organizations, such as the American Lung Association, to promote public action
at the community level. A real estate guide will be issued to educate buyers,
sellers, developers, lenders, and home inspectors about how radon should be
considered in real estate transactions and ways to effectively reduce risk.
The Agency will expand work with state and local governments, building code
organizations, and construction industry groups to promote the adoption of model
building codes. The program will pro-ride quality assurance/quality control on
sample analysis and provide direct sample analysis, where necessary.
The Agency will continue to offer radon mitigation and prevention training
through the Regional Radon Training Centers, the new House Evaluation Program,
and various workshop . In addition, the Agency will design a national survey to
determine the severity of the radon problems in workplaces across the country.
Provide Technical Assistance on Federal Facility Radioactive Wastes
The program will provide coordination, oversight, and technical support
among Regional ana headquarters offices (e.g., Hazardous Waste Divisions, Office
of Federal Facility Enforcement) to ensure at radioactively contaminated
Federal facilities are cleaned up to acceptable ~PA risk levels consistent with
the requirements of the Federal Fac .ity Agreements.
7-3
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The program is composed of three primary elements: enhancement of regional
support for site specific problems addressed through the Federal Facility
Agreements; development of overall guidance and laboratory support that ^ is
applicable to all Federal facility sites; and development of operational controls
for site characterization, sampling, handling, analysis, treatment, and disposal
of mixed waste (combination of radioactive waste and hazardous chemicals). The
latter is of particular concern for DOE sites since many have substantial amounts
of mixed waste.
During 1992 regional oversight of clean-ups at Federal facilities will be
enhanced by providing technical support, information transfer, and guidance
specific to radiation clean-up procedures. Development of risk based clean-up
goals for radioactively contaminated sites will also begin, thereby addressing
the fundamental issue: "How clean is clean?" The program will identify critical
technology problems associated with mixed waste clean-ups and test and evaluate
specific technologies that focus on the radioactive component.
Development of an EPA national "reference laboratory" for Agency-wide mixed
waste analysis will begin and will include establishment of mixed waste field
sampling, screening, handling, and shipping procedures. Generic EPA and DOE
media-specific models to predict contaminant transport and exposure pathways at
prototypical sites will be identified, evaluated, and modified if required.
Radioanalytical procedures used by the Agency, other Federal agencies, states,
and the private sector for analysis of soil and water contamination will be
evaluated, revised, and updated. Standardized Agency-wide radioanalytical
protocols will be established and site audit procedures for radionuclides
developed. An integrated radiation health monitoring program for EPA employees,
including radiation health and safety training, will also be implemented.
Conduct Research to Support the Radiation Program
To support EPA's Radon Action Program, the Office of Research and
Development (ORD) will demonstrate radon mitigation techniques in existing homes,
new construction, and schools. Cost-effective technologies for reducing levels
of radon in houses built in various types of soils will be demonstrated. Based
on test results, ORD will publish updated handbooks and technical manuals that
detail mitigation techniques for homeowners and builders.
ORD will continue to provide monitoring and quality assurance support to
laboratories that measure radionuclide emissions. Under an interagency agreement
with DOE, ORD will also conduct off-site monitoring around nuclear test sites.
EPA support includes long-term hydrological monitoring, developing a human
surveillance investigation program, and maintaining a radiation data base.
In 1992, new research will focus on developing a better understanding of
the health effects of electromagnetic radiation. The assessment program will
follow developments in laboratory and epidemiology careinogenesis research,
concentrating on laboratory studies designed to determine the critical exposure
parameters related to adverse effects and on epidemiology results and associated
exposure measurements.
Consulting Services
7-4
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The Office of Air and Radiation will fund a limited amount of consulting
services in 1992. These will be limited to obtaining specialized expertise for
radiochemical analyses, nuclear emergency response training, and the development
of computer models.
7-5
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RADIATION
CURRENT INCREASE (+)
ACTUAL ESTIMATE ESTIMATE DECREASE (-)
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES 1990 1991 1992 1992 VS 1891
Cumulative Outputs
FR Notices 1 0 0 0
Proposals 1 3 0 -3
Promulgations/Neg. Det .12 5 4 -1
Simpson Amend, finding . -- 1 0 -1
Key for Cumulative Outputs:
1990: Radionuclide NESHAPs promulgated for 9 source categories
Negative determination final for 3 source categories
Stay for Subpart 1
Proposed rule for Phosphogypsum
1991: 1 low-level waste standard proposed
1 high level waste standard proposed
Proposal for Elemental Phosporous
Final rule for Underground Uranium Mines, Mill Tailings
disposal, & Mill Tailings Operations
Final rule for Phosphogypsum
1 final Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act standard
promulgated
Finding on NRC Program
1992: 1 low level waste standard promulgated
1 high level waste standard promulgated
Final rule for Elemental Phosphorous
Final rule for NRC
7-6
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
RADIATION
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Radiation Research 7-7
Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 7-10
Health Effects 7-11
Environmental Engineering and Technology 7-12
-------
Radiation earch
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 ' 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Monitoring Systems t
Quality Assurance -
Radiation
Salaries ft Expenses
TOTAL
Health Effects
Radiation
Salaries ft Expenses
Research I Development
TOTAL
S276.8
$276.8
$169.1
$169.1
$750.0
$750.0
$169.1
1
$176.9
$176.9
$60.1
$750.0 $875.0
$750.0 $935.1
Environmental
Engineering and
Technology - Radiation
Salaries t Expenses $1,092.2 $1,053.5 $ 33.5 $872.4
Research t Development $2,196.5 $2,019.5 $1 019.5 $1,988.6
TOTAL $3,288.7 $3,073.0 $3,073.0 $2,861.0
$7.8
$7.8
$60.1
$125.0
$185.1
-$181.1
-$30.9
-$212.0
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses
Research & Development
$1,369.0 $1,222.6 $1,222.6 $1,109.4
$2,196.5 $2.769.5 $2,769.5 $2,863.6
Radiation Research TOTAL $3,565.5 $3,992.1 $3,992.1 $3,973.0
-$113.2
$94.1
-$19.1
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Monitoring Systems I
Quality Assurance -
Radiation
Health Effects -
Radiation
Environmental
Engineering and
Technology - Radiation
TOTAL PERKA»'rXT UORKYEARS
4.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 0.0
1.0 1.0
18.4 17.7 17.7 14.7 -3.0
22.8 22.4 22.4 20.4 -2.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Monitoring Sy as I
Quality Assur; ,,e -
Radiation
4.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
0.0
7-7
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RADIATION
Radiation Research
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Health Effects - 1.0 1.0
Radiation
Environmental 18.4 17.7 17.7 14.7 -3.0
Engineering and
Technology Radiation
TOTAL UORKYEARS 22.8 22.4 22.4 20.4 -2.0
7-8
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RADIATION
Radiation Research
Principal Outputs
1992: o Report on radon reduction via natural ventilation
(Engineering).
o Report on the performance of selected radon transport blocking
substrates (Engineering).
o Report on radon reduction measures in attached dwellings
(Engineering).
1991: o Annual report for calendar year 1990 on off-site surveillance
around the Nevada Test Site (Monitoring).
o Annual report on laboratory radionuclide intercomparison
studies (Monitoring).
o Third annual international symposium on radon and radon
reduction technology (Engineering).
o Report on sub-slab depressurization for low-permeability fill
soil-design (Engineering).
o Draft guidance manual on radon resistant new construction in
schools ^Engineering).
1990: o Annual report for calendar year 1989 on off-site surveillance
around the Nevada Test Site (Monitoring).
o Second annual international symposium on Radon and Radon
Reduction Technology (Engineering).
o Update of the guidance to mitigation professionals, do-it-
yourself homeowners, and State officials on radon mitigation
techniques for existing homes (Engineering).
o Report on initial school mitigation studies (Engineering).
7-9
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RADIATION
Radiation Research
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,973,000 supported by 81.4 total workyears
for 1992, a decrease of $19,100 and 2 total workyears for 1991. Of the request,
$1,109,400 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,863,600
will be for the Research and Development appropriation, a decrease of $113,200
in Salaries and Expenses appropriation and an increase of $94,100 in Research and
Development appropriation.
Program Objectives
ORD provides the Office of Radiation Programs (ORP) and other EPA, Federal,
Regional, State and local officials with the scientific data, methods,
assessments and mitigative techniques necessary to determine and control public
exposure to radon and other radioactive materials in the environment. Scientists
provide comprehensive radiological monitoring and surveillance services to meet
specific Department of Energy (DOE) requirements for its nuclear testing
programs, especially at the Nevada Test Site. This research is conducted under
a reimbursable arrangement with DOE. ORD also conducts a radiochemical
analytical quality assurance program which supports Federal, State, and local
laboratories making radioactivity measurements. ORD conducts research on
demonstrating and evaluating techniques to prevent and mitigate exposure to radon
gas in existing homes, new home construction, and school buildings. ORD has
initiated a program investigating electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
MONITORING SYSTEMS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
1992 PToram Reuest
The Agency requests a total of $176,900 supported by 4.7 total workyears
for this research program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. This increase is requested to fund the Federal workforce needed
to implement the President's program in 1992, and there is no change in total
workyears .
ORD will provide the data needed by policy-makers to make decisions
regarding the control of public exposure to radioactive materials. Monitoring
support for DOE at the Nevada Test Site and other test locations will be
provided. This support consists of a radiation safety monitoring program, a
long-term hydrological monitoring program, a human surveillance investigation
program, and maintenance of the radiation data base. ORD also provides technical
expertise and guidance to Regional, State, and contractor laboratories for
radiochemical analyses of environmental samples. ORD scientists conduct inter-
laboratory comparison studies to provide data on the precision and accuracy of
radioactivity measurements in milk, drinking water, and air.
7-10
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1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $169,100 supported by 4.7
total workyears for this research program, all of which is from the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation. ORD's monitoring staff will routinely monitor off-site
areas and provide support during nuclear tests to tht epartment of Energy at the
Nevada Test Site and other installations. ORD will rovide support to the site
characterization studies of Yucca Mountain under consideration as a potential for
the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Research activities will include
both baseline studies and monitoring during facility construction. ORD will
conduct a quality assurance program for Regional, State, and contractor
laboratories involved in the radiochemical analyses of radionuclides in
environmental samples.
1990 Accompl *ents
In 1990 £ Agency obligated a total of $276 300 supported by 4.4 total
workyears for this research program, all of which was from the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation. ORD published annual reports on the laboratory
radionuclide intercomparison studies and the off-site surveillance program.
HEALT? "^FEClj
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $935,100 supported by 1.0 total work;-ear for
this research program, of which $60,100 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $875,000 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a increase of $60,100 in S&E, $125,000 in R&D,
and 1.0 total workvear. The increase in S&E is to fund the Federal workforce
needed to implement the President's program in 1992. Additional funds are
provided for research on electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Scientists will
determine the mechanism of action and the exposure conditions under which EMR
promotes or induces the development of cancer, reproductive, and developmental
effect Scientists will conduct more accurate exposure assessments by
quanti ~>.g the dose-response relationships and determining the appropriate
measur .: health hazard of EMR.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Ager v is allocating a total of $750,000 from the Research and
Development appropriate jn. ORD researchers will complete an initial assessment
of -.he current knowledge associating exposure to EMR to various health outcomes
(e.g., cancer, reproductive/developmental effects, and effects on the nervous
system). ORt will identify ongoing efforts being conducted by other Federal,
public and private institutions and will identify major unaddressed research
issues identified as a basis for the initial program.
Congressional Directives. A total of $750,Or is for the Congressionally
directed project of Electromagnetic Radiation Rese_ich.
7-11
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $2,861,000 supported by 14.7 total workyears
for this research program, -of which $872,400 will be for the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,988,600 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents decrease of $181,100 in S&E and $30,900 in R&D,
and 3.0 total workyears. The decrease in funding reflects a reduction in
research on radon mitigation for new buildings and planned increases in school
mitigation.
Exposure to indoor radon gas poses a significant risk to public health.
The objective of the radon mitigation research program is to develop and
demonstrate technology that achieves an indoor air quality that is as free of
radon as the ambient air outside. For 1992, ORD will demonstrate and evaluate
mitigation techniques in existing homes, evaluate preventive measures for new
homes under construction, and evaluate mitigation techniques for school
buildings. Research will focus on experiments using pilot scale models to
measure the relative importance of certain buildings and soil features. In the
school research program, scientists will demonstrate the effectiveness of sub-
slab suction systems and building pressurization via HUAC systems in a variety
of geological and climatic conditions. Scientists will assess whether radon
mitigation techniques presently used in houses are effective in schools and ORD
will provide the results from this research to State agencies and local school
districts.
1991 Program
In 1991, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,073,000 supported by 17.7
total workyears for this research program, of which $1,053,500 is from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $2,019,500 is from the Research and
Development appropriation. ORD will develop an understanding of the fundamental
physical mechanisms that influence indoor radon entries. ORD scientists will
develop and demonstrate radon mitigation technologies which will reduce indoor
radon levels to 4 pCi/L in both new and existing homes, and in schools.
Scientists will develop techniques appropriate for a representative sample of
home construction types, geological characteristics, geographic variations, and
initial radon levels. ORD will develop and demonstrate radon mitigation
techniques for schools and will assist the Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) in
providing technical assistance to Regional offices, States, and local school
authorities. ORD will examine the structural, architectural, and ventilation
differences between homes and schools to determine when the unique
characteristics of school buildings alter the effectiveness of previously
examined mitigation techniques.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, the Agency obligated a total of $3,288,700 supported by 18.4 total
workyears for this research program, of which $1,092,200 was from the Salaries
and Expenses Appropriation and $2,196,500 was from the Research and Development
Appropriation. Demonstrations of radon mitigation techniques were conducted in
existing homes, new home construction, and in schools. ORD focused on those
structures that were "challenging to mitigate", including crawl space sub-
7-12
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structures and alternative geologies (expansive soils, coarse dry lands).
Researchers in the new buildings program addressed how building designs could
include sub-slab suction systems. Scientists also addressed the potential
maintenance problems and long-term durability issues of existing mitigation
systems. Researchers in the school radon reduction program provided the first
clear in -cation that residential sub-slab suction systems had applicability in
some larger structures. ORD staff provided technical information to community
leaders and participating homeowners at these demonstration sites.
7-13
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1992 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
RADIATION
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 7-14
Radiation Program Implementation 7-18
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 7-21
Radon Action Program 7-25
Radon Action Program Implementation 7-30
Radon State Grant Program 7-33
-------
Radiation Criteria
TION
idards I Guidelines
'UAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
>0 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Radiation Criteria,
Standards I Guidelines
Salaries I Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$3.653.8 $4,004.9 $4.004.9 $4,145.3 $140.4
$1,836.6 $2.194.4 $2,194.4 $2, ">4.4
TOTAL $5,490.4 $6,199.3 $6.199.3 $6,339.7 $140.4
TOTAL:
Salaries t Expenses
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$3,653.8 $4,004.9 $4,004.9 $4,145.3
$1,836.6 $2,194.4 $2.194.4 $2,194.4
Radiation Criteria. TOTAL $5,490.4 $6,199.3 $6.199.3 $6,3: 7
Standards & Guidelines
$140.4
$140.4
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radiation Criteria,
Standards I Guidelines
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
57.0
57.0
61.6
61.6
61.6
61.6
61.6
61.6
0.0
0.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Radiation Cr
Standards t
TOTAL WORICYE
#ria.
delines
.>
59.5
59.5
61.6
61.6
61.6
61.6
61.6
61.6
0.0
0.0
7-14
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RADIATION
Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,339,700 supported by 61.6 total workyears
for 1992. Of the request, $4,145,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,194,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $140,400 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, no increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, and no increase in workyears from 1991.
RADIATION CRITERIA. STANDARDS. AND GUIDELINES
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,339,700 supported by 61.6 total workyears
for this program, of which $4,145,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,194,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase from 1991 of $140,400 for the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This increase is requested to fund the
Federal workforce needed to implement the President's program in 1992.
In 1992 EPA will continue to concentrate on three major program areas:
addressing airborne radionuclides, establishing standards for radioactive waste
management, and developing Federal guidance. The airborne radionuclides effort
will focus on implementing the final NESHAPs rules issued in calendar year 1989.
The Agency will continue to promote the transfer of NESHAPs implementation
responsibilities to the states. This effort will include the development of
guidance and criteria for state permit programs for the radionuclide NESHAPs.
Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Agency will also define a major
source for radionuclides and determine whether the NRC oversight program provides
an adequate margin of safety. The Agency will develop model state guidance for
the control of airborne radionuclides, establish training programs for
implementing these standards at the Regional and state levels, maintain a
national data base related to the implementation program, and provide technical
assistance to enforcement efforts.
EPA will promulgate final standards for the disposal of low-level and high-
level radioactive wastes. The Agency will also begin to develop guidance on the
cleanup of residual radioactivity. Over 20,000 sites (including DOE facilities
and over 100 nuclear power reactors) exist where radioactive materials are used.
Many of these will be candidates for decommissioning over the next several
decades. Without controls, lifetime health risks could be as high as one in 100.
Billions of dollars potentially could be wasted by inadequate clean-up efforts.
As part of its nuclear accident response efforts, EPA will issue draft
interim protective action guides for ingestion (food and water) pathways,
initiate development of a draft interim protective action guide for accident
contamination recovery, initiate development of a training program for
implementing these protective action guides, and complete training programs for
7-15
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the early phase (evaluation and sheltering) and relocation protective action
guides.
In 1992 EPA will also perform exposure assessment, modeling and measurement
studies to identify and characterize sources of electromagnetic radiation. The
Agencv will begin to evaluate'what is known about mitigation techniques and their
utility, and continue to develop public information/outreach materials
1991
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $6,199,300 supported by 61.6
total workyears for this program, of which $4,004,900 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,194,400 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 EPA is beginning the implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990. Activities include defining a major source, as well as individual
source categories, and evaluating the adequacy of the NRC program to achieve the
goals of the new Act. In addition, implementation of the existing NESHAPs will
continue. These activities will include: providing technical assistance;
developing model state legislation for the control of radionuclides ; establishing
training programs for implementation at the Regional and state levels ; making the
air emissions data base available for "real time" use by the Regions; and
providing technical assistance to inspection teams. Headquarters will also
continue to assist Regions with the technical review of modification,
construction, waiver, and variance applications. EPA is investigating additional
source categories, such as rare earth processing and geothermal electrical
production.
EPA is proposing standards for the disposal of low- level and high-level
radioactive wastes, and will consider the feasibility of a negotiated rulemaking
for high-level waste. The Agency is also beginning to develop guidance on the
cleanup of residual radioactivity. Over 20,000 sites (including DOE facilities
and over 100 nuclear power reactors) exist where radioactive materials are used.
Many of these will be candidates for decommissioning over the next several
decades .
Protective action guides for ingestion (food and water) and recovery are
being developed and will be reviewed by other federal agencies. A training
program will be initiated for the recovery protective action guide. The Agency
is seeking clearance with the other Federal agencies for the issuance of proposed
revisions to the guidance for the general public on radiation protection. Risk
assessment work is being conducted in support of all of the activities carried
out in this program.
EPA is also evaluating the scientific literature on the potential
carcinogenicity of electromagnetic radiation. The final report will be completed
in 1991. Also, EPA is conducting field measurement surveys and modeling studies
to investigate particular source problems, and will develop informational
materials for the public.
^990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated $5,490,400 and 59.5 total workyears for this
7-16
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program, of which $3,653,800 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$1,836,600 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1990 EPA concentrated on three major program areas: addressing airborne
radionuclides, establishing standards for radioactive waste management, qnd
developing Federal guidance. The Agency focused the 1990 airborne radionuclides
effort on implementing the final NESHAPs rules issued in calendar year 1989. The
Agency initiated a program to promote the transfer of NESHAPs implementation
responsibilities to the states and provided guidance to those states seeking
delegation of authority. EPA also conducted pilot Regional and state training
programs and provided guidance to the Regions on implementing the regulations.
In addition, the Agency worked to develop a national data base on radionuclide
emissions for the implementation program. Finally, the Agency reviewed requests
for construction, waivers, or alternative standards.
As part of the effort to address the problem of radioactive waste disposal,
EPA continued its efforts to publish a notice of proposed rulemaking for the land
disposal of low-level radioactive waste, including naturally occurring and
accelerator produced materials. In order to provide required implementation
assistance to the Regions and states, the Agency worked to develop site
evaluation guidance and a site evaluation model as well as other user-friendly
computer models.
EPA also worked to develop new high-level waste standards as required by
a court remand. The Agency worked to complete a background information document
and an economic assessment. In addition, the Agency worked to augment existing
standards for inactive mill tailings sites under the Uranium Mill Tailings
Radiation Control Act with the repromulgation of standards for ground water
protection at these sites.
The Agency maintained its radiofrequency measurement capabilities and
conducting limited field studies for electromagnetic radiation. The Agency
continued to provide technical advice, assistance, and oversight.
As part of its nuclear accident response efforts, EPA issued revised draft
interim protective action guides for early phase and relocation and initiated
development of draft interim protective action guides for ingestion pathways.
The Agency is conducted a training program to help ensure the uniform application
of protective action guides nationwide in emergency situations.
7-17
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RADIATION
Radiation Program Implementation
ACTUAL ENACTED
1990 1991
CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS}
Radiation Program
Implementation
Salaries I Expenses
TOTAL
$392.7
$392.7
$857.8
$857.8
$857.8
$857.8
$901.2
$901.2
$43.4
$43.4
TOTAL:
Salaries I Expenses
Radiation Program
Implementation
$1,426.0 $2,583.5 $2,583.5 $3,026.9 $443.4
TOTAL $1,426.0 $2,583.5 $2,583.5 $3,026.9 $443.4
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radiation Program
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
6.5
27.1
15.5
51.0
15.5
51.0
17.0
57.1
1.5
6.1
Radiation Program
Implementation
TOTAL WORKYEARS
7.5
30.3
17.0
54.1
17.0
54.1
17.0
57.1
0.0
3.0
7-18
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RADIATION
Radiation Program Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $901,200 supported by 17.0 total workyears
for 1992, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation. This
represents an increase of $43 , 400 in the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
no change in total workyears from 1991.
RADIATIOjI PROGP^fl IMPLEMENTATION
1992 ^^1 Request
The Agency requests a total of $901,200 supported by 17.0 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. This represents an increase from 1991 of $43,400 for the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation. The increase is requested to fund the Federal
workforce needed to implement the President's program in 1992.
In 1992 Regional offices will review approximately 40 emergency response
plans and test 65. When accidental releases of radioactivity occur, the Regions
will assist state agencies in interpreting Agency information and guidance and
present information regarding radiation levels to the public. Regional staffs
will participate and assist states in identifying and assessing sites that are
contaminated with radioactivity and will serve as a liaison between headquarters
and field operations in remedial action programs for sites in their Regions.
Regional offices will continue to work with their states to encourage
delegation of authority for the radionuclide NESHAPs. The Regions will also
review and make decisions on applications from regulated facilities for
construction permits, modifications to facilities, and waivers and exemptions.
Regional staff will also provide technical assistance for enforcement activities
and necessary coordination between headquarters and radiation facilities when the
national program is directly involved in implementing radionuclides NESHAPs.
Finally, the Regions, along with headquarters, will assist the states in
developing permitting programs under the new Act.
The Regions will provide information on radiation problems posed by
electromagnetic field exposures. Technical assistance will be provided to state
and local radiation programs in their investigation of special problems and
sources of electromagnetic fields.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $857,800 supported by 17.0 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation .
In 1991 the Regions are participating fully in all aspects of the
radionuclide NESHAPs implementation program. Currently, many state radiation
7-19
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programs are not adequate to assume delegated authority for implementing the
radionuclide NESHAPs. Consequently, the Agency must bear primary responsibility
for implementing - 3 program. Much of this task will fall on the Regional
offices. They are performing many of the initial permitting functions while at
the same time working to strengthen state radiation programs to accept delegated
authority for implementing the radionuclide NESHAPs. The Regions are also
reviewing applications from regulated facilities for construction permits,
modifications to facilities, and waivers and exemptions. .Regional staff are also
providing technical assistance for radionuclide NESHAPs enforcement activities.
The testing and evaluation of state emergency response planning continues
to be an important element of Regional operations, along with the review of
updated plans. EPA continues to assist states in the development of radiological
emergency response plans and will formally review the plans along with other
Federal agencies. Also, the Regions are involved wit., state agencies and the
public in presenting and interpreting Agency information and guidance regarding
radiation problems in their area.
The Regions continue to be the primary reviewers of environmental impact
statements for radiation facilities, such as commercial nuclear power plants,
uranium mines and mills, and radioactive waste disposal facilities. They also
respond to special problems involving actual or potential radiation releases or
exposures.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $392,700 supported by 7.5 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Exrenses
appropriation.
In 1990 the Regions worked to participate in all aspects of the
implementation program for emission sources within their geographic boundaries
covered by NESHAPs for airborne radionuclides. The Regions also provided
coordination necessary where the national program is directly involved in
implementation of the radionuclide NESHAPs in areas such as waivers and alternate
requirements.
In addition, the Regional radiation program continued to focus on emergency
preparedness and technical assistance to states, including participation in
Regional Assistance Committees, testing and evaluating emergency response plans,
and review of updated state and local emergency response plans. The Regions
continued as the primary reviewer of environmental impact statements for
radiation facilities, such as uranium mills and mines, and radioactive waste
disposal facilities.
7-20
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RADIATION
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Radiation Environmental
Impact Assessment
Salaries & Expenses $2.796.2 $3,317.5 $3,317.5 $3,431.3 $113.8
Abatement Control and $29.5 $30.3 $30.3 $30.3
Conpl i vice
TOTAL $2,825.7 $3,347.8 $3,347.8 $3,461.6 $113.8
TOTAL:
Salaries & Expenses $5,423.4 $6,662.8 $6,662.8 $6,869.3 $206.5
Abatement Control and $18,341.2 $19,518.3 $19,518.3 $19,418.3 -$100.0
Compliance
Radiation TOTAL $23,764.6 $26,181.1 $26.181.1 $26,287.6 $106.5
Environmental Impact
Assessment
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radiation Environmental 41.7 51.0 51.0 51.0 0.0
Impact Assessment
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 85.7 102.1 102.1 102.1 0.0
TOTAL UDRKYEARS
Radiation Environmental 44.5 51.0 51.0 51.0 0.0
Impact Assessment
TOTAL UORKYEARS 89.8 102.1 102.1 102.1 0.0
7-21
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RADIATION
Radiation Environmental " pact Assessment
Budget quest
The Agency requests a total of $3,461,600 sup rted ,. 51.0 total workyears
for 1992. Of the request, $3,431,300 will be the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $30,300 will be for the Aba- it, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of VJ.13,800 in the Salaries and
Expenses Appropriation.
RADIATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1992 PrfrgrfiP Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,461,600 supported by 51.0 total workyears
of which $3,431,300 will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$30,300 will be for Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents an increase from 1991 of $113,800 for the Salaries and Expenses
Appropriation. The increase is requested to fund the Federal workforce needed
to implement the President's program in 1992.
In 1992 the Agency will continue work to enhance its ability to respond to
nuclear accidents. This effort will include training additional radiation staff
and evaluating the mobile laboratories for equipment refitting or replacement.
Emergency response teams will monitor rocket launches in which radioactive
materials are involved.
The Agency will continue to augment or replace its radiation monitoring,
emergency response, and data equipment. As a ma*cr component of the overall
nuclear accident response capability, the Envi~ nmental Radiation Ambient
Monitoring System operates 268 stations to sample *ir, precipitation, surface
water, and milk. These stations not only routinely provide information on
ambient radiation levels but also have the capability to provide near real-time
information on radiation levels caused by or resulting from nuclear accidents.
In addition. Agency staff periodically participate in tests that measure Federal
emergency response capabilities to ensure that personnel and equipment are
maintained in a state of readiness.
Technical analyses and associated quality assurance programs will continue
in -upper; of regulatory development anc jnplementation efforts. Support for
r* anuclide NESHAPs implementation will continue through compliance field
studies and background information documents for low-level and high-level
radioactive waste will be completed. Laboratory support will be provided to
-states and Regions for radionuclide NESHAPs implementation including the analysis
of air camples. In addition, limited laboratory analytical support will be made
available to states and Indian nations requiring t c'rnical assistance to address
unique radiation problems.
In 1992 the Agency will continue to enhance its ability to respond to
nuclear accidents. This effort will include training additional radiation staff
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and evaluating the mobile laboratories for equipment refitting or replacement.
1991
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $3,347,800 supported by 51.0
total workyears for this program, of which $3,317,500 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $30,300 is from the Abatement r. Control and Compliance
appropriation .
In 1991 EPA Is continuing to support the development, implementation, and
enforcement of standards and guidance. This includes support for implementing
NESHAPs for airborne radionuclides and collecting and analyzing air samples from
facilities to verify compliance with existing standards.
EPA continues to maintain emergency response capabilities at two field
locations and headquarters and to participate in field exercises scheduled by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency. In 1991 EPA participated in the launch of
the Ulysses satellite . Other activities include coordinating EPA Regional review
and testing of state emergency response plans; assisting other EPA offices and
state radiological programs; and operating the Environmental Radiation Ambient
Monitoring System.
Analytical support for the development of protective action guides is also
continuing. Other activities include offering limited training and technical
support to states and to Indian nations having other problems related to
radiation contamination. Support provided to radiation regulatory activities is
focused on implementation of NESHAPs and the development of final rules for the
disposal of low- level and high-level radioactive waste. Specific activities in
support of NESHAPs implementation include field studies around regulated
facilities to determine compliance; development of analytical procedures; and
adaption of complex computer models for easy use by states and industry.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $2,825,700 supported by 44.5 total
workyears for this program of which $2 , 796 , 200 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $29,500 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1990 EPA continued to support the development, implementation, and
enforcement of standards and guidance. This included support for implementing
NESHAPs for airborne radionuclides and collecting and analyzing air samples from
facilities to verify compliance with existing standards.
EPA continued to maintain emergency response capabilities at two field
locations and headquarters and participated in field exercises scheduled by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency. In calendar year 1990 EPA participated in
the response to three potentially uncontrolled releases of radiological
contamination: discharges at the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons plant near Denver,
Colorado; abandoned stores of radium at the Radium Chemical warehouse in New York
City, and the launch of the Atlantis Space Shuttle carrying the nuclear powered
satellite, Galileo. In 1990 EPA extended training for nuclear accident responses
to the radiation staff beyond the core group who normally participate in tests
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and exercises of the existing Federal emergency response plans. Other activities
included coordinating EPA Regional review and testing of state emergency response
plans; participation in contingency planning for the space shuttle launch
carrying the nuclear powered satellite, Ulysses, ir the Autumn of 1990; assisting
other EPA offices and state radiological programs, and operating ERAMS.
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RADIATION
Radon Action Program
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Action ProorMt
Salaries ft Expenses $2,627.2 $3,345.3 $3,345.3 $3,438.0 $92.7
Abatement Control and $17,476.6 $10,488.0 $10,488.0 $10,388.0 -$100.0
Compliance
TOTAL $20,103.8 $13,833.3 $13,833.3 $13,826.0 -$7.3
TOTALr
Salaries I Expenses $2,627.2 $3.345.3 $3,345.3 $3,438.0 $92.7
Abatement Control and $17,476.6 $10,488.0 $10,488.0 $10,388.0 -$100.0
Compliance
Radon Action Program TOTAL $20,103.8 $13,833.3 $13,833.3 $13,826.0 -$7.3
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radon Action Program 44.0 51.1 51.1 51.1 0.0
TOTAL PERMANENT UOROTEARS 44.0 51.1 51.1 51.1 0.0
TOTAL UORKVEARS
Radon Action Program 45.3 51.1 51.1 51.1 0.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS 45.3 51.1 51.1 51.1 0.0
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RADIATION
Radon Action Program
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,826,000 supported by 51.1 total
workyears for 1992, a decrease of $7,300 and no change in total workyears from
1991. Of the request, $3,438,000 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $10.388,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $92,700 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, a decrease of $100,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and no change in total workyears.
In ?992 the Agency expects to collect $2,500,000 in fees from five programs:
the Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP) program, the Radon Contractor Proficiency
(RCP) program examination, the classroom training course, the field training
course,.and the instructor training course.
RADON ACTION PROGRAM
1992 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,826,000 supported by 51.1 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,438,000 will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $10,388,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $92,700 in the Salaries ant
Expenses appropriation, a decrease of $100,000 in the Abatement, Control ana
Compliance appropriation, and no change in total workyears.
In 1992 the Radon Action Program will continue to assess the nation's radon
problems in homes, schools, workplaces, and other buildings. The final report
to Congress on the results of the National Schools Radon Survey will be issued,
and the Agency will initiate a technical assistance program to help states
conduct surveys in schools and non-residential day care centers. The Agency will
also assist two to three states and Indian nations to design and execute home
radon surveys. The report to Congress on the results of the Federal workplace
surveys will be completed, and otocols for measuring radon in workp, aces will
be developed. In addition, the ancy will design a national survey to determine
the severity of the radon problems in workplaces across the country.
The Agency will continue to offer radon mitigation and prevention training
through the Regional Radon Training Centers, the House Evaluation Pro-am, and
various workshops. The Agency will expand work with state and local governments,
buildin code organizations, and construction industry groups to promote the
adoptiox of model building codes.
The program will provide quality assurance/quality coucrol on sample
analysis and provide direct sample analysis, where necessary. The Agency will
continue to operate the national radon informati;n clearinghouse, maintain the
national radon database, provide national oversi^Ht to the state grant program,
and begin the collection of user fees for its proficiency and training programs.
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The Ad Council's national media campaign will continue with new messages
to promote public action on radon. The Agency will also continue its work with
the American Lung Association to promote public action at the community level.
A real estate guide will be issued to educate buyers, sellers, developers,
lenders, and home inspectors. about how radon should be considered in real estate
transactions and ways to effectively reduce risk. The Agency will continue to
offer radon mitigation and prevention training through the Regional Radon
Training Centers, the House Evaluation Program, the new House Evaluation Program,
and various workshops.
1991
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $13,833,300 supported by 51.1
total workyears for this program, of which $3,345,300 is from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $10,488,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 EPA continues a comprehensive Radon Action Program through
partnerships with states to minimize the health risks of radon exposure. The
Agency will continue to assess the nation's radon problems in homes, schools, and
other public buildings. The Agency will also complete design of the national
survey of radon in schools and initiate the survey. This survey will target
high-risk areas, characterize the nature and extent of radon contamination in the
nation's school buildings, and be complemented by the transfer of more detailed
information about measurement and mitigation techniques to schools throughout the
country. EPA is also providing assistance to three to five states in the design
and execution of state -wide radon surveys, as well as to two Indian nations.
The national Radon Contractor Proficiency Program continues to evaluate the
capability of mitigation firms and make the information available to the states
and public. EPA is providing radon mitigation and prevention training through
regional training centers; the House Evaluation Programs, which provide hands-on
radon measurement, mitigation, and prevention training to state personnel,
private contractors, and home builders; the transfer of measurement and
mitigation information to school officials through hands-on training and
workshops; and the Radon Diagnostic and Mitigation Training Course. The Agency
is completing national model building standards for release to the public. The
Agency is also working with building code organizations and local governments to
promote the adoption of these standards.
The Agency continues to operate the national Radon Measurement Proficiency
Program and provide information to the states and the public on the proficiency
of measurement firms . EPA is also providing assistance to states in dealing with
critical radon problems and continues to develop the capabilities of state
programs through oversight of the state grant program. The Agency is developing
a national radon database and a national radon information clearinghouse. The
Agency vill also promulgate user fee regulations.
EPA is completing revisions to the revised edition of the public
information brochure, "A Citizen's Guide to Radon." The updated brochure will
include information on health risks to special populations, costs and feasibility
of radon mitigation, and a series of recommended action levels. The Agency is
continuing the national media campaign in cooperation with the Ad Council and is
developing a cooperative agreement with the American Lung Association to conduct
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public eduction and information programs. Other public information activities
will include developing information and audiovisual materials for target
audiences, co-sponsoring regional meetings with selected national organizations,
and sponsoring a national radon symposium.
State programs being funded through the Federal grants include activities
such as carrying out radon surveys; establishing radon assessment, mitigation,
and control programs; developing public information and.educational materials;
developing data storage and management systems; operating radon hotlines; and
purchasing analytical equipment. Under this program element, headquarters, in
cooperation with the regions, develops the specific criteria used to evaluate
state grant applications, reviews applications, and administers the grant funds.
Congressional Directives. A total of $100,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of training minority and women contractors on radon mitigation.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $20,103,800 supported by 45.3 total
workyears, of which $2,627,200 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $17,476,600 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1990 EPA continued to implement a comprehensive Radon Action Program to
address and reduce the health impacts of radon exposure. The Agency completed
the field operation and data collection phase of the national survey of radon in
residences and the design of a national survey of radon in schools, and worked
to develop protocols for measuring radon in schools, initiated development of
measurement protocols for workplaces, and assisted Federal agencies with
workplace studies. EPA also continued to assist individual states and Indian
nations in the design and execution of surveys, including the collection of
screening measurements in homes and the presentation of analyses of potentially
high-risk radon areas to the public.
The Agency also initiated the national Radon Contractor Proficiency Program
to evaluate the capability of firms to mitigate radon. EPA assisted Federal
agencies through mitigation training and continued the transfer of measurement
and mitigation information to school officials through hands-on training and
workshops. Other radon mitigation and prevention activities included continuing
the House Evaluation Program, development of national model building standards,
and the offering of the Radon Diagnostic and Mitigation Training Course to
augment the regional training center program.
EPA is also continued the national Radon Measurement Proficiency Program to
assure consumers of the ability of firms to accurately measure radon levels. In
addition, the Agency continued efforts to develop the capabilities of state and
local personnel through three regional training centers and established one
additional regional training center to be shared by EPA Regions 4 and 6. The
--Agency also worked to design a national indoor radon database and a national
radon information clearinghouse to collect and disseminate information on the
radon problem.
EPA worked to develop technical and public information materials for
distribution to state and Federal officials, tie private sector, and homeowners.
The Agency continued data evaluation and analysis to revise "A Citizen's Guide
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to Radon" and prepared a draft of the document. EPA conducted a national media
campaign in cooperation with the Ad Council and continued regional meetings for
health professionals with the American Medical Association. EPA and the American
Medical Association worked to jointly developing a brochure on radon health
effects for distribution this year.
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RADIATION
Radon Action Program Implementation
ACTUAL ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
1990 1991 ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Radon Action Program
Implementation
SalarfM I Expenses SI,033.3 $1.725.7 $1.725.7 $2.125.7 $400.0
TOTAL $1.033.3 $1.725.7 $1.725.7 $2,125.7 $400.0
TOTAL:
Salaries C Expenses $1.033.3 $1,725.7 $1.725.7 $2,125.7 $400.0
Radon Action Program TOTAL $1,033.3 $1,725.7 $1,725.7 $2,125.7 $400.0
Implementation
PERMANENT UORKTEARS
Radon Action Program 20.6 35.5 35.5 40.1 4.6
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 20.6 35.5 35.5 40.1 4.6
TOTAL UORrTEARS
Radon Action Program 22.8 37.1 37.1 40.1 3.0
Implementation
TOTAL UORKYEARS 22.8 37.1 37.1 40.1 3.0
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RADIATION
Radon Action Program Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of §2 , 125 , 700 supported by 40 . 1 total workyears
for 1992, an increase $400,000 and 3.0 total workyears from 1991. All of the
request will be for the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
RADON ACTION PROGRAM
1??2 Pr?£ran* Request
The Agency requests a total of $2 , 125 , 700 supported by 40 . 1 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. This represents an increase of $400,000 in the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and an increase of 3.0 total workyears from 1991. The
increases will be used to increase regional training activities, promote the
adoption of radon building codes at the state and local levels, and conduct
public information and educational activities.
In 1992 Regional staff will continue to work through partnerships developed
with states to implement the Agency's Radon Action Program. Regional staff will
work with states to conduct EPA-assisted statewide surveys, and will help states
that have completed their surveys to interpret the results and design effective
follow-up programs. Two to three states and Indian Nations will conduct surveys
in 1992. The Regions will also continue to participate in the House Evaluation
Programs .
The Regions will be the focal point for implementation of the radon state
grant program in 1992. Regions will review state grant applications against
established criteria and will ensure that grant funds are used effectively.
The Regions will work with the headquarters program, the states, and local
governments in the design and implementation of surveys in schools, daycare
centers, and workplaces, especially in Federal buildings, to further identify
elevated radon levels. The Regions will provide direct oversight to the regional
training centers, which also conduct testing for the national Radon Contractor
Proficiency Program. The Regions will also work with states and local
governments for the adoption of radon building standards and will provide advice
and assistance to states that want to establish additional consumer protection
functions, such as licensing measurement and mitigation contractors.
The Regions will continue to provide information to states and members of
the public. They will participate in or conduct educational programs, symposia,
and workshops for state and local officials, contractors, and the public.
1991 Program ^^^
In 1991 the Agency is allocating a total of $1,725,700 supported by 37.1 "
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Salaries and Expenses
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appropriation.
The regional activities of the Radon Action Program focus on the
dissemination of technical skills and information to the states to develop their
radon capabilities. These activities include implementation of the House
Evaluation Program which offers radon mitigation and prevention training, helping
the states design and implement surveys, providing assistance to states in their
development of radon monitoring capabilities, overseeing the regional radon
training centers which provide measurement and mitigation training, administering
the state grants program in cooperation with headquarters, and providing
technical assistance as requested. Support is also provided to the states to
help them deal with the most critical radon problems as they are discovered; this
support Is aimed at promoting state self-sufficiency. The regions also
distribute EPA's public information materials, develop local public information
campaigns, and participate in numerous radon public awareness activities
(speeches, talk shows, school presentations, media interviews, etc.). Regional
personnel address public interest groups, the real estate and construction
industries, and others interested in the public health benefits that can be
realized by reducing radon exposures.
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990 the Agency obligated a total of $1,033,300 supported by 22.8 total
workyears, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
In 1990 Regional offices continued to coordinate activities to support the
implementation of the radon program by providing direct support to the states in
the development of state capabilities. This included assistance in developing
state survey designs, review of state plans for participation in the national
assessment of indoor radon, assistance in the development of state radon
capabilities, participation in the House Evaluation Program, and technical advice
and assistance to state and local governments.
The Regions oversaw the operation of the regional training centers and
provided assistance to states in their development of applications to the state
grant program. The Regions also participated in the presentation of the Radon
Diagnostic and Mitigation Training Course. The Regions provided support to
states to deal with critical radon problems. The Regions also continued to
assist in the distribution of public information materials, conduct outreach
programs to the public and local agencies as part of a continuing radon
educational program, and participate in radon public awareness activities.
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RADIATION
Radon State Grants Program
ACTUAL ENACTED
1990 1991
CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE +
ESTIMATE 1992 DECREASE -
1991 1992 VS 1991
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
0.0
Radon State Grant* Program
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL $835.1 $9.000.0 $9,000.0 $9,000.0 0.0
$835.1 $9,000.0 $9,000.0 $9,000.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$835.1 $9,000.0 $9,000.0 $9,000.0
0.0
Radon State Grants TOTAL $835.1 $9,000.0 $9,000.0 $9.000.0 0.0
Program
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RADIATION
Radon State Grant Program
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,000,000 for 1992. All of the request will
be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents no
change for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation from 1991.
RADON STATq GRANT PROGRAM
1992 Propras quest
The Agency reqi^sts a total of $9,000,000 for this program, all of which
v ' be for the Abat nt, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
Hi. change from 1991
In 1992 EPA will continue to issue grants to states to assist them in the
development and implementation of programs to assess and mitigate radon. State
programs funded through these Federal grants will cent: nue to include activities
suet ; carrying out radon surveys; establishing radon assessment, mitigation,
and itrol programs; developing public information and education materials;
developing data storage and management systems; operating radon hotlines; and
purchasing analytical equipment.
Headquarters, in cooperation with the Regions, will continue to develop
criteria used to evaluate state use of grant funds. Administration of the grant
program will include giving consideration to whether sta s have made reasonable
efforts to ensure adoption of radon model construction standards and techniques.
State implemente on of previously awarded radon grant funds will be reviewed and
also given cons: ration as new funds are distributed.
1991 Program
In 1991 the Agency is obligating a total of $9,000,0 J for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1991 state programs being funded through these Federal grants include
activities such as carrying out radon surveys; establishing radon assessment,
mitigation, and control programs; developing p- blic information and educational
materials; developing data storage and management systems; operating radon
hotlines; and purchasing & xlytical equipment. Under this program element,
headquarters, in cooperation with the Regions, develops the specific criteria
used to evaluate state grant applications, reviews applications, and administers
the grant funds.
<
1990 Accomplishments
In 1990, for the first time, EPA issued grants to states to ass ,st them in
the development and implementation of programs to assess and mitigate radon.
State programs funded through these Federal grants included activities such as
radon surveys; assessment mitigation, and ontrol programs; programs to develop
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public information and educational materials; development of data storage and
management systems; operating radon hotlines; and purchase of analytical
equipment.
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