EPA/530/SW-160
ULY1975
-------
An environmental protection publication in the solid waste
management series (SW-160). Mention of commercial products
does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Editing and technical content of this report were accomplished
by the Hazardous Waste Management Division of the Office of
Solid Waste Management Programs.
Single copies of this publication are available from Solid
Waste Information/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
-------
STATE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE:
HAZARDOUS WASTE SURVEYS
This publication (SW-160) was prepared by C. H. Porter
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1975
-------
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction
Authority to Request Data
Hazardous Waste Definition
Survey Procedure (On-Site)
Potential Generators
The Survey Data Collection Guide
Data Storage, Handling, and Display
Other Topics
References
Bibliography
Appendix A:
Appendix B:
Appendix C:
Appendix D:
Appendix E:
Appendix F:
Criteria Systems for Defining
Hazardous Substances and
Materials
An Example List of Hazardous
Substances
Suggested Information to be
Included in a Survey Data
Collection Guide
Partial List of Published State
Hazardous Waste Survey Reports
Checklist For An Industrial
Waste Survey
English to Metric Conversion
Table
1
2
3
3
H
6
13
14
15
15
16
20
23
35
36
38
I
-------
STATE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE: HAZARDOUS WASTE SURVEYS
IQtroducti on
In its £?J22£t £o Congress^ Disposal of Hazardous
Wastes^ the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
estimated that approximately 10 million tons of non-
radioactive hazardous wastes are, generated annually and that
hazardous waste generation will increase at an annual rate
of 5 to 10 percent. As a first step in managing this ever
increasing hazardous waste problem, EPA recommends that each
State conduct a Statewide hazardous waste survey to
establish an information base.
In the short term this information base will serve to
demonstrate the magnitude of the hazardous waste problem,
document the need for legislation and regulation, and
identify t-he hazardous waste sources and sinks which should
be regulated. In the long term the information base will
serve as an indicator of the effectiveness of a State's
hazardous waste management program. A good survey will- also
help establish surveillance priorities and enforcement
actions. A survey should therefore be designed to be a
planning tool as well as a tool to coordinate State agency
operations.
A comprehensive survey should include facilities which
generate hazardous wastes, facilities which receive
hazardous wastes for storage, treatment and final disposal,
and the collectors and haulers who transport hazardous
wastes. The objective of the survey is to establish a
Statewide mass balance of hazardous wastes (i.e., the
hazardous waste generated, plus the hazardous waste
transported into the Statue should equal the hazardous waste
which is disposed of within the State, plus the hazardous
waste treated, plus the hazardous waste stored, plus the
hazardous waste transported out of the State), If a
comprehensive survey is made, a system of checks and
balances will be established.
Surveying only one portion of the hazardous waste life
cycle will not define the total problem. As an example, if
a survey were to include only those landfill sites which
accept hazardous wastes, the survey would miss hazardous
wastes which are stored or disposed of at the generators'
sites. In some cases this could be a substantial quantity
of waste. Furthermore, some haulers could be dumping their
loads along back roads or in sewers. A comprehensive survey
would help highlight these problems.
-------
to Reijuest pata
In a few States, legislation has been enacted to
specifically regulate hazardous wastes. Pursuant to that
legislation, formal reporting, registration, or permi*-
systems are being implemented. The data from these systems
can provide the information necessary for a hazardous waste
survey. These systems generally require periodic reporting
and therefore provide an axitomatic means to update the
hazardous waste survey. In some other States the solid
waste management legislation is broad enough to include
wastes other than municipal solid wastes (i.e., hazardous
wastes). In these cases, reporting, registration, or permit
systems can also be used to gather data.
If existing waste management legislation is not broad
enough to require information from generators, collectors
and haulers, and disposal facilities, it may be possible to
use information gathering authority provided in other
legislation (e.g., air pollution control legislation or
water pollution control legislation). States can and have
required generators to provide hazardous waste information
with their water discharge permit applications. This
approach reqxiires coordination with and the cooperation of
other State environmental programs. Additionally, this
approach may cause some hazardous waste generators (e.g.,
pesticide applicators) to be excluded from ^he survey
because they are not. considered a point source of air or
water pollution. Even if other legal authority cannot be
used, air emission inventories and water discharge permit
applications are good lists of potential generators with
which to begin a survey.
In situations where a response is mandatory, the data
gathered should be fairly reliable and nearly complete.
Many States, however, will not be able to use any existing
information gathering authority to conduct a hazardous waste
survey. In these cases, the States will need to rely upon
the good faith of the industries which they are surveyina.
States which have conducted hazardous waste surveys by mail
and without data gathering authority have received less than
50% response to their inquiries. Telephone follow-up to the
mailings has increased the response to as much as 70*.
Other States without data gathering authority have conducted
on-site interviews with potential generators with a mu<-h
higher success rate (greater than 90%). Therefore, the on-
site interview is the best approach to assure maxinmm
coverage of hazardous waste sources and also to minimize
poor quality data. Even when industries respond, the
reliability of the. data may be suspect. Part of the problem
is the reluctance of industry to provide data which
eventually may be used to formulate regulations. The best
-------
response to this problem is that- it is tar better to
establish regulations using sound data than to establish
regulations using inaccurate data.
Wast:e Def
Another part of the problem is that thsre is no single
definition of "hazardous wastes," although the Office of
Solid Waste Management Programs (OSWMP) of ^P!\. is developing
one, along with a model to determine which wastes are
hazardous. The following definition can serve as a
definition of hazardoiis waste in the interim: A hazardous
waste is "any waste or combination of wastes which pose a
substantial present or potential hazard to human health or
livincr organisms because such wastes are non-degradable or
persistent in nature, or because they can be lethal, or
because they may otherwise cause or tend to cause
detrimental cumulative effects."
Various agencies and organizations have used varying
criteria to define hazardous substances. Appendix A is a
list of seventeen criteria systems used to define hazardous
substances and materials, a table showing the types of
criteria used by each system, and a table showing example
criteria. Appendix B is a partial list of substances which,
if present in a waste stream, could cause a waste stream to
be classified as hazardous. As mentioned earlier, the model
or criteria to be used in determining what is hazardous are
under development by OSWKP, but, for purposes of a State
hazardous waste survey, all wastes which are "potentially"
hazardous should be included. Hazardous wastes can be
solid, liquid, or contained gases or any combination of the
three including sludges and slurries. A waste stream is an
air or water pollution problem only if it is emitted into
the air or discharged into water. Tf it is destined for
disposal on the land (burial or ponding) , it is potentially
a hazardous waste. The control of air and/or water
pollutants often results in the creation of a hazardous
waste problem (e.g., th^ disposal of metallic fines from a
fabric filter and the disposal of a sludge from a water
treatment process are potential hazardous waste problems).
Suryey Procedure __ (Onz§it£L
Each facility which generates or receives a hazardous
waste should be visited and operating personnel at each
facility should be interviewed, if at all possible. Greater
depth and increased accuracy of the information received and
better response rates can be achieved by visiting each
generator and disposal facility. Firsthand knowledge of
hazardous waste problems gained during interviews will be of
lasting benefit to the State hazardous waste program. There
-------
will undoubtedly be a great aeai or Hesitation by many
States to undertake a hazardous waste survey simply because
such a survey would appear to quickly exhaust the resources
of a fledgling hazardous waste management program. Most
State environmental programs have field personnel (in
regions or districts) who can assist in conducting a survey.
These individuals, with minimal training, could conduct
approximately 20 interviews per month. The key to this
approach is that each individual who conducts an interview
must receive basic training for the task. In addition to'
the basic training, interviewers should review the technical
literature2-5 before each interview to familiarize themselves
with the types of processes and wastes which they are likely
to encounter during the interview.
Before actually beginning interviews, the proper
groundwork should be laid by identifying potential
generators and disposal facilities, developing interview
forms, and soliciting the cooperation of other organizations
{e.g., trade associations, local health departments, other
State agencies, etc.).
Each generator, disposal facility, etc., which is to be
surveyed, should be contacted to make an appointment and to
briefly discuss the reasons for making the survey. The
location of the facility should be verified during the
conversation.
£2*LSI!tial Generators
Several States have used standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) codes to identify groups of hazardous
waste generators and have found them to be inadequate, (SIC
codes are established by the Office of Management and Budget
and are published in the Standard Industrial Classification
Manua j.. 6 ) The manual and codes do not identify individual
facilities or potential generators. They are not as
descriptive and inclusive as is necessary for a complete
hazardous waste survey. The electroplating industry can be
used to illustrate the problem. Approximately two-thirds of
the electroplating shops in the United States are "captive
shops" and are not listed under the STC code for the
electroplating industry. Therefore, if a hazardous waste
survey of the electroplating industry focused only on *:hose
electroplating shops which could be identified by the STC
codes, many electroplating waste streams vxDuld be omitted,
Manufacturing directories, which may also be based on
SIC codes, do identify specific facilities but do not
include all of the industries which are potential generators
of hazardous waste. Pesticide applicators, utilities
(railroads, electric utilities, etc,), mining operations.
-------
and Federal and state facilities are examples of potential
generators which are not usually included in manufacturing
directory listings. Manufacturing directories can also be
out of date or incomplete. It is therefore recommended that
other listings (e.g., air pollution emission inventories,
water discharge permit applications. State Department of
Agriculture listings, State Department of Labor listings.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration listings,
etc.) be reviewed to expand upon the basic SIC code and
manufacturing directory listings. Addresses and telephone
numbers for potential generators can be obtained from the
aforementioned listings as well as from telephone
directories and trade association directories.
The hazardous waste practices assessment studies for
thirteen industries which are being conducted by OSWMP are
planned for completion between early 1975 and early 1976
(Table 1). These industries were selected for study because
previous studies indicated that they generate large
quanities of potentially hazardous wastes.
The OSWMP studies include a characterization of the
industries studied; a characterization of the wastes from
each industry which pose a potential health or environmental
hazard upon final disposal; a description of three levels of
treatment and disposal technology for each potentially
hazardous waste stream; and, a cost analysis of each of the
three levels of treatment and disposal.
More specifically, the industry characterizations
include general information about each industry such as
plant location distribution (by State), the age distribution
of plants, the size distribution of plants (by numbers of
employees) and the products produced (see Tables 2 and 3 for
examples). The waste characterizations will provide a
schematic, quantitative process flow diagram arid mass
balance indicating raw materials, products and sources of
wastes to air, water, and land tor a typical plant (see
Figure 1 for an example). The waste characterizations also
include a detailed description of each potentially hazardous
waste stream from a typical plant.
The three treatment and disposal technology levels which
are discussed are: the level of technology currently
employed by the typical plant; the best technology currently
employed; and, the technology necessary to provide adequate
health and environmental protection. The cost analysis for
each of the levels of technology includes estimates of
capital, operating, and energy costs for each of the
potentially hazardous waste streams identified (see Tables U
and 5 for examples). These studies, althouah extremely
useful to States, will not obviate the need for States to
-------
conduct, their own surveys, since they do not. provide
specific information about individual generators, haulers,
or disposal facilities.
Data Collection Guid
A survey data collection quide should be developed and
used by all interviewers to insure that they are requesting
and gathering similar data during their interviews.
Development of the data collection guide is one of the keys
to a successful survey because the types and format of the
questions included in the guide will dictate the quantity,
quality, and usefulness of the data which is gathered. An
individual experienced in conducting surveys and designina
survey forms should be consulted for this aspect of the
program.
Data should be gathered for a base year (e.g., calendar
year 1974) , so the information will be on a comparable basis
with respect to time. Appendix C is an outline of topics
which are considered appropriate for an hazardous waste
survey.
Much of the information described in Appendix C can be
obtained from air pollution, waiter discharge permit
applications, or other State records. If information is
available from these or other sources, it should not be
requested again in the survey interview. Some of the
information may be considered confidential or proprietary,
and therefore it will be difficult to obtain without
adequate authority. The main objective of the survey is to
learn about the life cycle of hazardous wastes. If specific
information concerning hazardous wastes is not available,
hazardous waste generation rates can be estimated by using
waste generation factors. Waste generation factors usually
require data relating to a facility's production capacity
(e.g., 0.324 kg of waste per 1COO kg of product).
Comparisons can also be made with similar facilities of
known size, production capacity, and generation rates to
estimate hazardous waste generation.
Various approaches can be taken in developing a data
collection guide. Specific guides can be developed for each
industry (i.e., electroplating, battery manufacturing, etc.)
or a single survey guide can be developed to survey the
various phases of the hazardous waste life-cycle (i.e.,
generation, transporation, treatment, disposal, etc.) The
advantage of the latter type of guide is that it is not
limited to a single industry (i.e., electroplating, etc.)
Each State should tailor the data collection guide to its
individual needs.
-------
TABLE 1
OSWMP HAZARDOUS WASTE PRACTICES ASSESSMENT
STUDIES FOR THIRTEEN INDUSTRIES
Industry Name
1. Metals mining
2. Industrial inorganic
chemicals
3. Pharmaceuticals
4. Paint and allied
products
5. Organic chemicals,
pesticides and
explosives
6. Petroleum refining
7. Primary metals
8. Electroplating
9. Primary and storage
batteries
SIC Code
1020;1031;
1092;1094;
1099
281
283
285
286;2879;
2892
291
331;3321;
3322;3324;333;
3341;3399
3471
3691;3692
10. Textile mill products 223;226
11. Rubber and plastics
12. Leather tanning
13. Machinery, except
electrical
282;301;302;
303;304;306
331
355;357
Scheduled Completion
Second Quarter 1975
First Quarter 1975
Second Quarter 1975
Second Quarter 1975
Third Quarter 1975
First Quarter 1975
Second Quarter 1975
Second Quarter 1975
First Quarter 1975
First Quarter 1976
First Quarter 1976
First Quarter 1976
First Quarter 1976
-------
TABLE 2
Product Category - 3691 Storage Batteries
REGION/*™16 _ ..
IV ALABAMA
IX API 20NA
VI ARKANSAS
IX CALIFORNIA
VIII COLORADO
I CPNNFCTICUT
III r>F( 4I.4PF
IV FLC" 104
T v GFfRG! A
x IDA--0
V ILLINOIS
V INPI ANA
VII 'rw J
IV K.PNTUTKY
VI LPU'SIANA
1 MAINE
I 1 1 MAP XL AND
I M4S$ACHUSCTTS
v MICHIGAN
iv MISSISSIPPI
VII MISSOURI
VIII MONTANA
VII NEBRASKA
IX NFVAPS
I NEW HAMPSHIRE
I I MEW Jct> Sc V
VI NFW MEXICO
T T nei- vr*aif
IV NORTH C*BnLlNA
VIII NORTH Ofi"CCTA
V OH I 0
VI OKLAHOMA
X OREGON
III PENNSYLVANIA
IV Sf"UTH CAROLINA
VIII SOUTH DAKOTA
iv TF\NES$FC
vl TFXAS
VIII UTAH
, VERMONT
1 1 : VT.OGINI A
X W4SHINGTON
1! J Vt^ST vl°GINl A
\ HSCOVSTN
VI Ii KVCM1NG
TrTAL US
REGION
TCTAl
2 ~
1
1
1
39
t,
3
1
11
7
0
0
10
8
3
2
0
I
6
8
5
2
7
0
2
0
0
6
1
A
3
0
6
2
9
15
2
2
0
6
IP
C
I
2
3
0
i,
0 _
219
TOTAL
•JT
l
1
0
21
I
2
0
1
0
0
4
2
2
0
3
1
0
1
2
6
2
0
2
0
1
0
0
2
1
i.
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
4
11
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
98
PLANT sire n.»H"
B"
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
C
1
1
I
1
0
1
0
C
1
0
1
1
2
C
0
0
0
0
C
1
1
0
2
C
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
C
0
0
0
3
C
0
3
3
0
0
1
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
b
0
0
0
0
0
0
' b
n
0
0
6
0
2
1
0
0
0
Q
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
C
26
6 E
0 ^0
0 0
0 0
0 0
9 1
1 0
r c
0 1
I 0
2 1
0 0
0 0
2 2
2 3
0 0
1 0
0 0
c c
0 0
0 0
"b o
0 1
-" O «M O C
-> -";-< o'<
u u
0 0
0 0
1 2
0 0
i n
l i
0 0
1 0
-1 0
2 0
... 2 4.
0 1
1 1
0 0
2 Q
3 2
C 0
0 1
2 Q
0 0
0 0
0 C
_ c o
39 24
e
o~
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
o
0
c
1
0
n
1
c
0
6
0
1
0
0
0.
0
n
i
0
8
O,O O r> O £>
l
0
0"
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 "
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0'
0
n
0
" 0
o
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
H I
1 1
0 1
0 1
0 0
5 '30
1 3
C 2
0 1
I 9
C 7
0 0
0 0
2 t
0 7
I 1
0 3
2 2
0 ?
0 0
0 1
1 . 3
1 4
0 5
0 2
I 5
C 0
1 1
0 0
o b
0 4
C 1
? 4
0 2
0 0
1 4
1 1
1 8
1 12
0 2
0 2
0 0
.C . 6
3 14
0 0
0 1
0 2
1 ?
0 0
0 2
0 0
27166
J
0 "
0
c
1
4
I
1
r
I
0
C
0
2
1
C
0
0
0
0
0
3
C
c
1
c
p
0
0
?
Q
c
0
0
0
0
6
l
0
0
0
0
c
0
c
0
0
0
1
c
21"
AGE
K
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
Q
KEY FOR
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
KEY FOR
H
I
J
X
KEY FOR
L
M
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
fKl^-Cbi IXi-C.
L M N
SIZES
LESS THAN
BETWEEN
BETWEEN
BETWEEN
BETWEEN
BETWEEN
GREATER THAN
AGES
LESS THAN
BETWEEN
BETWEEN
GREATER THAN
20
20 and
50 ar.d
100 and
250 and
500 and
1000
5
5 and
30 and
50
50
100
250
500
1000
30
50
PROCESSES & PRODUCTION
LEAD ACID
NICKEL CADMIUM
OTHER
A STATE BY STATE LISTING OF
PROCESS TYPES CANNOT BE GIVEN
TO AVOID DISCLOSURE OF INDIVIDUAL
PLANTS
0
0
1
0
0
. 0
0
0
1
0
5
PLANT SIZE Pl*»'T »Gf
A
B
C
D F
*
G
H I
J
K
202 10 6
PROCESS TYPE
L M N
PF3ION
OFGION
RFGI ON
REGION
per, | ON
OFGIPN
REGION 10
TOTAL
12
12
19
37
41
24
16
5
40
13
4
6
6
14
18
14
5
t
22
8
2
1
2
i
5
2
4
0
4
I
3
0
1
7
3
1
2
3
4
2
1
2
4
8
6
4
2
1
9
2
2
2
5
3
7
2
2
0
1
0
0
1
1
2
2
1
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
4
4
4
3
1
5
2
8
fl
16
31
28
18
12
3
31
11
3
2
1
1
7
1
I
1
4
C
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
A REGIONAL LISTING OF
PROCESS TYPES CANNOT BE
GIVEN TO AVOID DISCLOSURE
OF INDIVIDUAL PLANTS
219
24 26 39 24 8
2^166
202 10
-------
TABLE 3
SIC 3691, DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION, LEAD-ACID,
NICKEL-CADMIUM AND OTHER (1972, Production
in Metric Tons)
REGION/STATE
IV Alabama
X Alaska
IX ' Arizona
VI Arkansas
IX California
VIII Colorado
I Connecticut
III Delaware
IV Florida
IV Georaia
IX Hawaii
X Idaho
V Illinois
V Indiana
VII Iowa
VII Kansas
IV Kentuckv
VI Louisiana
I Maine
III Maryland
I Massachusetts
V Michigan
V Minnesota
IV Mississiooi
VII Missouri
VIII Montana
VII Nebraska
IX Nevada
I Nev; Harroshire
II New Jersev
VT N«.» Movi^^.
II New York
IV North Carolina
VIII North Dakota
V Ohio
VI Oklahoma
X Oregon
III Pennsvlvania
I Rhode Island
IV South Carolina
VIII South Dakota
IV Tennessee
VI Texas
VIII Utah
I Vermont
III Virainia
X Washincrton
III West Virginia
V Wisconsin
VIII Wvoming
TOTAL
Region I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Lead Acid
10.848
537
534
1.740
150.622
Ir407
9,666
17.798
22.682
46.206
0
0
67.086
97.702
• 5.499
35.037
31.776
2.277
0
535
9.257
49 04?
21,611
10,333
13 146
0
3.759
0
0
64,447
coz
3,887
14,477
0
1 1 ,943
9,129
25,610
133.124
1.740
30.075
0
19.332
93.191
0
18.282
17.185
1.6TO
0
21.936
0
1 ,081 1 187
38.945
68.334
168.645
185,730
?n9,3?0
_ 106,874
57.441
_. 6r981
151.159
?7.757
Nickel -Cadmium
0
0
0
0
0
Combined with Iowa
o
o
Combined with Texas
0
0
o
0
o '
283.3
0
0
0
0
0
Zombined with N.J. & N.Y.
0
Combined with Ohio
0
0
0
0
0
0
Combined with Mass, & N.Y.
f\
646.9
0
0
1,161.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.913.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,005.6
Combined with Reaion II
646.9
0
Combined with Region VI
1.161.8
Combined with Reqion VIII
283.3
0
0
Other
0
0
0
0
11.4
90.8
0
0
59 ;
0
0
0
6
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
w
0
99.9
0
0
0
11.4
4.5
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FIGURE 1 Major Production Operations in Lead-Acid
Storage Battery Manufacture
10
-------
TABLE 4 Lead Acid Battery Typical Plant Costs
For Treatment and Disposal
Typical Plant:
Identification of
Waste Stream:
Lime Wastewater
Treatment Sludge
Production
Rate
8,200kkg/yr
Composition
Calcium Sulfate
Water 150 ppm
Lead
Location
Process
Eastern U.S. Dry and Wet Charge
Form
Sludge
(35% Solids)
Dollars (1973)
Amount to
Treatment/Disposal
1,100 kg/kkg product or
17,290 kkg/year
T/D Level
Technology
Investment Costs:
Land
Other
Total Investment
Annual Costs:
Lost of Capital
Operating Costs
Energy & Power
Contractor
Total Annual Costs
Cost/kkg of product
Cost/kkg of waste
Level 1
1
1,770
19,750
21,520
3,2IU
18,460
1,000
26,840
3.27
1.55
Level II
1
1,770
100,000
101,770
21,480
18,860
1,000
43,110
5.26
2.49
Level
1
1,770
19,750
21,520
5,210
18,460
1,000
66,778
91,448
11.15
5.29
III
2
1,770
29,750
31,520
7,200
28,460
1,000
36,660
4.47
2.12
Treatment/Disposal Technology
Level I — Simple land storage (On-site)
Level II — Land storage with leachate collection and treatment (On-s?te)
Level 111(1) — Chemical fixation and landfill (Cost assumed to be $3.86/kkg
for fixation.)
Level III (2) - Approved landfil I.
11
-------
TABLE 5 Lead Acid Batfery Typical Plant Costs
For Treatment and Disposal
Typical Plant:
Identification of
Waste Stream:
Caustic Soda Waste-
water Treatment
Sludge
T/D Level
Production
Rate
8,200kkg/yr
Composition
Lead Hydroxide
Lead Sulfate, and
Water
Location
Process
Eastern U.S. Dry and Wet Charge
Form
Sludge
(80% Solids)
Dollars (1973)
Amount to
Treatment/Disposal
0.5 kg/kkg product or
4.46 kkg/yr
Level I
Level II
Level III
Technology
1
1
Investment Costs:
Land
Other 1,000
Total Investment 1,000
Annual ^osrs:
Cost of Capital 200
Operating Costs 1,000
Energy & Power 200
Contractor
Total Annual Costs 1,400
Cost/kkg of product 0.17
CostAkg of waste 314
Treatment/Disposal Technology
<500
<500
<0.10
<500
<500
<0.10
0
0
0
1,000
1,000
0.12
224
0
0
0
Level 1(1) - Simple landfill (On-site)
Level 1(2) — Simple landfill (Off-site contractor)
Level 11(1) - Simple landfill (Off-site)
Level 11(2) — Reclaim of lead
Level 111(1) — Secured landfill (Based on outside contractor costs)
Level 111(2) - Reclaim of lead
12
-------
Data Storage,
The data gathered during the survey should be reviewed
for completeness and accuracy and then stored so that it is
readily available and usable. The data will probably first
be used to produce a survey report describing hazardous
waste management practices in the State. Topics which would
probably be of interest for a hazardous waste survey report
include the types, quantities, and distribution of hazardous
wastes within the State; the types, numbers, capacities, and
distribution of treatment and disposal facilities which
handle hazardous wastes in the State; and the flow of
hazardous wastes into and out of the State. In order to
standardize hazardous waste reporting, quantities of
hazardous waste should be reported on a dry weight basis.
An estimate of the weight of the water portion of hazardous
waste should also be given. Projections of future hazardous
waste generation based on growth projections for the State's
population and industry are also appropriate. Appendix D is
a partial list of States and other jurisdictions which have
completed hazardous waste surveys and have published
reports.
The hazardous waste survey will probably be subject to
refinement as the hazardous waste management program
matures. As an example, if a permit or registration system
is implemented, hazardous waste generation and disposal data
should become more readily available and more accurate.
From time to time it will probably be necessary to produce
new or supplementary survey reports to describe the status
of the program. The data storage and handling system should
be flexible to permit the development of summary reports, to
track the progress of the overall program, and to track the
progress of individual facilities.
Some States may wish to use existing automatic data
processing resources to store and manipulate the data
gathered during the survey. Many States, however, will not
have the necessary resources to develop a computerized data
retrieval system and will prefer to use a manual storage
system. These States should design data collection guides
which will allow for conversion to automated data processing
systems in the future. Either approach is sufficient, as
long as the objectives of the program and the survey are
satisfied.
The data gathered from hazardous waste sources and sinks
will probably be in English units. The data should be
converted to metric units and used and stored in that form
to conform with the national trend to convert to the metric
system. Appendix F is a table of conversion factors to
assist in the conversion to metric units.
13
-------
The cost of a hazardous waste survey will vary from
State to State depending upon a number ot factors. Some of
those factors include the number of potential waste sources
and sinks, the complexity of the sources and sinks, and the
amount of travel required to obtain data. OSWMP estimates
that it will cost the typical State $100 per generator plant
site, treatment site, or disposal site to gather and store
hazardous waste data and to publish a survey report. This
cost includes supervision, clerical, printing costs and
other overhead costs as well as the actual data gathering
costs.
Most medium to large companies require visitors to sign
releases from responsibility in the event of injury to the
visitor. State employees should make inquiries to determine
if it is their State's policy to permit employees to sign
such releases. The Attorney General's office is usually
responsible for questions of this nature and should be
contacted before visits are initiated.
Most companies will provide required safety equipment
(e.g., safety shoes, safety glasses, hard hat, etc.) for
plant tours by visitors. State employees should, however,
obtain and be prepared to use their own safety equipment
when making plant inspections.
-------
REFERENCE
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs. Disposal of hazardous
waste; report to Congress. Environmental Pro-
tection Publication SW-115. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1974. 110 p.
2. Shreve, R. N. Chemical process industries. 3d ed. New
York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967. 90S p.
3. Lund, H. F., ed^ Industrial pollution control handbook.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971. 1 v.
(various pagings).
4. Nemrow, N. L. Liquid waste of industry; theories,
practices, and treatment. Beading, Mass., Addison-
Wesley Publishing company, 1971. 584 p.
5. Ottinger, R. S,, et al._ (TRW Systems Group) Recommended
methods of reduction, neutralization, recovery or
disposal of hazardous waste. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Aug. 1973. 16 v. (Distributed
by National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va. , as PB-224 579.)
6. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management
and Budget. Standard industrial classification
manual. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1972. 649 p.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Thomas' register of American manufacturers and Thomas'
register catalog file, 1974. 64th ed. New York,
Thomas Publishing Co., 1974. 11 v.
2. Guide to American directories. 8th ed. Rye, New York,
Klein Publications, Inc., (1972). 477 p.
3. Trade directories of the world. Queens Village, New
York, Croner Publications, Inc., 1971. 1 v.
(loose-leaf) .
15
-------
Appendix A: Criteria Systems for Defining
Hazardous Substances and Materials
Department of the Army, Materiel Command, Edgewood
Arsenal. Ranked list of industrial chemicals.
Unpublished data.
Consolidated hazardous item list; storage and handling.
NAVSUP Publication 4500. Mechanicsburg, Pa., Department
of the Navy, Navy Fleet Material Support Office, 1 July
1972.
Hazardous substances; definitions and procedural and
interpretive regulations. Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 21 (Food and Drugs) , Pt. 191: 10-59,~1973.
(a) Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards;
revised 1962. Public Health Service Publication
No. 956. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1969. 61 p.
(b) Drinking water standards; prepared by the EPA
Advisory Committee on the Revision and Application
of the Drinking Water Standards as recommended to
the Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Sept. 20, 1973. 28 p., app. {Unpublished report.)
List of toxic pollutants, Sec. 307 (a), Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (FWPCA).
FedS£ai S£2isterx 38(173):24342-24344, Sept. 7, 1973;
and 38 (247): 35388-35392, Dec. 27, 1973.
Hazardous substances-spills. Sec. 311, Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (FWPCA).
Federal Register, 39(164):30466-30471, Aug. 22, 1974.
National emission standards for hazardous air
pollutants. Sec. 112, Clean Air Amendments of 1970.
federal Register, 38 (66) : 8820-8850, Apr. 6, 1973; and
39(208):38064-38073, Oct. 25, 1974.
Ocean dumping; final regulations and criteria. Federal
Register, 38(198):28610-28621, Oct. 15, 1973.
(a) Hazardous Materials Regulations Board. Code of
Federal Regulations^ Title 49 (Transportation),
Pts. 100-199, 19737~
(b) Transportation of hazardous materials; driving and
parking rules. Code of Federal Regulations^ Title
49 (TransportationTT Pt, 397:355-3587 1974."
16
-------
10. Listing of extremely hazardous waste, Sec. 25115, Health
and Safety Code of California. State of California
Statutes of 1972. v.1. p. 2387-2397.
11. System for evaluation of the hazards of bulk water
transportation of industrial chemicals; a report to the
Department of Transportation, United States coast Guard.
Washington, National Academy of Sciences—National
Research Council, Feb. 197**. 42 p. (Distributed by
National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Va. , as AD-782 476.)
12. Office of Solid Waste Management Programs. Proposed
guidelines of EPA Sewage Sludge Working Group for
hazardous pollutants. Unpublished data.
13. Booz Allen Applied Research, Inc. A study of hazardous
waste materials, hazardous effects and disposal methods.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. 3 v.
(Distributed by National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va., as PB-221 164.)
14. Program for the management of hazardous wastes for
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs; final report. Richland, Wash.,
Battelle Memorial Institute, July 1973. 385 p.
15. Ottinger, R. S., et al._ (TRW Systems Group) Recommended
methods of reduction, neutralization, recovery or
disposal of hazardous waste. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Aug. 1973. 16 v. (Distributed by
National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Va., as PB-224 579.)
16. Christensen, H. E., T. T. Luginbyhl, B. S. Carroll. The
toxic substances list; 1974 edition. HEW Publication
No. (NIOSH) 74-134. Rockville, Md., U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, June 1974. 904 p.
17. Pesticide programs; proposed registration,
reregistration, and classification procedures. Federal
Eeaisterj. 39 (201) : 36973-36991, Oct. 16, 1974.
17
-------
TABLE 6
SUMMARY OF CRITERIA FOR
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Criteria
System
Department of the Army
Department of the Navy
FDA - Title 21, CFR, Part 191
Drinking Water Standards
FWPCA - Sec. 307 (a)
FWPCA - Sec. 311
Clean Air Act - Sec. 112
Ocean Dumping - Title 40, CFR, Part 227
DOT - Title 49, CFR, Parts 100-199
State of California List
National Academy of Sciences
Booz-Allen Applied Research, Inc.
Battelle Memorial Institute
TRW Systems Group
NIOSH - Toxic Substances List
Pesticides - Title 40, CFR, Part 162
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19
-------
Appendix B: An Example List of Hazardous Substances*
This list of substances was issued as an advanced notice of proposed
rulemaking under authority of section 311 and section 501 of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.).* Its
inclusion is for illustrative purposes only and does not necessarily
represent endorsement or approval by OSWMP for use in determining those
wastes which are hazardous.
acetaldehyde
acetic acid
acetic anhydride
acetone cyanodrin
actyl bromide
actyl chloride
acrolein
acrylonitrile
adiponitrile
aldrin
allyl alcohol
allyl chloride
aluminum sulfate
ammonia
ammonium acetate
ammonium benzoate
ammonium bicarbonate
ammonium bisulfite
ammonium bromide
ammonium carbamate
ammonium carbonate
ammonium chloride
ammonium citrate,
dibasic
ammonium ferrocyanide
ammonium fluoborate
ammonium formate
ammonium gluconate
ammonium hydroxide
ammonium hypophosphite
ammonium iodide
ammonium molybdate
ammonium nitrate
ammonium oxalate
ammonium pentaborate
ammonium persulfate
ammonium silicofluoride
ammonium sulfamate
ammonium sulfate
ammonium sulfide
ammonium sulfite
ammonium tartrate
ammonium thiocyanate
ammonium thiosulfate
amyl acetate
aniline
antimony pentachloride
antimony pentafluoride
antimony potassium
tartrate
antimony tribromide
antimony trichloride
antimony trifluoride
antimony triiodide
antimony trioxide
arsenic acid
arsenic disulfide
arsenic pentaoxide
arsenic tribromide
arsenic trichloride
arsenic trifluoride
arsenic triiodide
arsenic trioxide
arsenic trisulfide
cacodylic acid
calcium arsenate
calcium arsenite
potassium arsenate
potassium arsenite
sodium arsenate
sodium arsenite
sodium cacodylate
benzene
benzoic acid
benzonitrile
benzoyl chloride
benzyl chloride
beryllium chloride
beryllium fluoride
beryllium hydroxide
beryllium nitrate
beryllium phosphate
beryllium sulfate
boric acid
brucine
butyl acetate
butylamine
butyric acid
cadmium acetate
cadmium bromide
cadmium chloride
cadmium fluoborate
cadmium nitrate
cadmium sulfate
calcium carbide
calcium hydroxide
calcium hypochlorite
calcium oxide
captan
carbaryl
carbon disulfide
catechol
chlordane
chlorine
chlorobenzene
chloroform
chlorosulfonic acid
ammonium bichromate
ammonium chromate
calcium chromate
chromic .acetate
* Source: Hazardous substances-spills, Sec. 311, Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972 (FWPCA). Federal Register,
39(164):30H66-30171, Aug. 22, 1974.
20
-------
chromic acid
chromic sulfate
chromous carbonate
chromous chloride
chromous oxalate
chromyl chloride
lithium bichromate
lithium chromate
potassium bichromate
potassium chromate
sodium bichromate
sodium chromate
strontium chromate
zinc bichromate
cobaltous acetate
cobaltous bromide
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous citrate
cobaltous fluoride
cobaltous formate
cobaltous iodide
cobaltous nitrate
cobaltous perchlorate
cobaltous succinate
cobaltous sulfamate
cobaltous sulfate
cupric acetate
cupric acetoarsenite
cupric acetylacetonate
cupric bromide
cupric chloride
cupric formate
cupric gluconate
cupric glycinate
cupric lactate
cupric nitrate
cupric oxalate
cupric subacetate
cupric sulfate
cupric sulfate,
ammoniated
cupric tartrate
cuprous bromide
cuprous iodide
coumaphos
cresol
barium cyanide
calcium cyanide
hydrogen cyanide
potassium cyanide
sodium cyanide
zinc cyanide
cyanogen chloride
cyclohexane
2,4-D (acid)
2,4-D (ester)
dalapon
DDT
diazinon
dicamba
dichlobenil
dichlone
dichlorvos
dieldrin
diethylamine
dimethylamine
dinitrobenzene
dinitrophenol
diquat
disulfoton
diuron
dodecylbenzenesulfonic
acid
dodecylbenzenesulfonic
acid, calcium salt
dodecylbenzenesulfonic
acid, isopropanolamine
salt
dodecylbenzenesulfonic
acid, sodium salt
dodecylienzenesulfonic
acid, triethanolamine
salt
Dursban
endosulfan
endrin
thion
ethylbenzene
ethylenediamine-
tetraacetic acid
aluminum fluoride
ammonium bifluoride
ammonium fluoride
hydrofluoric acid
lithium fluoride
phosphorus pentafluoride
sodium bifluoride
sodium fluoride
stannous fluoride
formaldehyde
formic acid
fumaric acid
furfural
guthion
heptachlor
hydrochloric acid
hydroquinone
hydroxylamine
ferric ammonium citrate
ferric ammonium oxalate
ferric chloride
ferric fluoride
ferric glycerophosphate
ferric nitrate
ferric phosphate
ferric sulfate
ferrous ammonium
sulfate
ferrous chloride
ferrous oxalate
ferrous sulfate
isoprene
kelthane
lead acetate
lead arsenate
lead bromide
lead chloride
lead fluoborate
lead fluoride
lead iodide
lead nitrate
lead stearate
lead sulfate
lead sulfide
lead tetraacetate
lead thiocyanate
lead thiosulfate
lead tungstate
lindane
malathion
maleic acid
maleic anhydride
mercuric acetate
mercuric chloride
2JL
-------
mercuric cyanide
mercuric iodide
mercuric nitrate
mercuric oxide
mercuric sulfate
mercuric thiocyanate
mercurous chloride
mercurous iodide
mercurous nitrate
methoxychlor
methyl mercaptan
methyl methacrylate
methyl parathion
mevinphos
molybdic trioxide
monoethylamine
monomethylamine
naled
naphthalene
naphthenic acid
nickel acetate
nickel ammonium sulfate
nickel bromide
nickel chloride
nickel fluoride
nickel formate
nickel hydroxide
nickel iodide
nickel nitrate
nickel perchlorate
nickel sulfate
nitric acid
nitrobenzene
nitrogen dioxide
nitrophenol
paraformaldehyde
parathion
pentachlorophenol
phenol
phosgene
phosphoric acid
phosphorus
phosphorus oxychloride
phosphorus pentasulfide
propyl alcohol
Pyrethrins
pyrogallic acid
quinoline
resorcinol
selenic acid
selenium oxide
sodium selenite
sodium
sodium bisulfite
sodium borate
sodium hydrosulfide
sodium hydroxide
sodium hypochlorite
sodium methylate
sodium nitrite
sodium phosphate,
dibasic
sodium phosphate,
monobasic
sodium phosphate,
tribasic
sodium silicate
sodium sulfide
strychnine
styrene
sulfuric acid
sulfuric monochloride
2,4,5-T (acid)
2,4,5-T (esters)
tannic acid
IDE
tetraethyl lead
tetraethyl pyrophosphate
toluene
toxaphene
trichlorfon
trichlorophenol
triethylamine
trimethylamine
uranium peroxide
uranyl acetate
uranyl nitrate
uranyl sulfate
vanadium oxytrichloride
xylenol
Zectran
zinc acetate
zinc ammonium chloride
zinc ammonium sulfate
zinc borate
zinc bromide
zinc carbonate
zinc chloride
zinc fluoride
zinc formate
zinc hydrosulfite
zinc nitrate
zinc permanganate
zinc phenolsulfonate
zinc phosphide
zinc potassium chromate
zinc propionate
zinc silicofluoride
zinc sulfate
zinc sulfate, monohydrate
zirconium acetate
zirconium ammonium fluoride
zirconium potassium fluoride
zircomium nitrate
zirconium oxychloride
zirconium sulfate
zirconium tetrachloride
phosphorus trichloride
polychlorinated biphenyls
potassium hydroxide vanadium pentoxide
potassium permanganate vanadyl sulfate
propionic acid vinyl acetate
propionic anhydride xylene
22
-------
Appendix C: Suggested Information to he Included in a
Hazardous Waste Survey
t. General information (to be obtained for each facility).
A. The facility name, location, and owner.
B. The facility's mailing address.
C. The name and telephone number of the individual
authorized to answer questions concerning the
hazardous waste survey.
D. The name and telephone number of the individual
responsible for the facility.
E. Time period for which data is representative (e.g.,
calendar year 1974).
F, SIC group name and four digit number.
1. Primary
2. Secondary
G. Number of employees and facility area (i.e., square
feet).
H. A plat of the facility showing the location of on-
site process waste storage, treatment, and disposal
sites.
II. Waste characterization (applicable to generator,
treatment, and incinerator facilities).
A. The types of process waste generated by specific
processes.
B. The quantities (weight and volume basis) of process
wastes generated in terms of an annual rate, an
average hourly rate, and a maximum hourly rate.
(In some cases hourly rates may be impossible to
obtain or meaningless. The best alternative should
be substituted.)
C. The composition (on a weight basis) of each process
waste stream including "inerts" and hazardous
constituents.
D. The process and quantity of products associated
with each process waste stream.
23
-------
E. Flow diagrams of each process showing product and
waste streams (if available).
III. Storage" methodology (applicable to generators,
treatment, and disposal facilities and collectors and
haulers).
A. Types and quantities of process waste stored.
B. Frequency of transfer from the storage area.
C. Methods used to store process waste {i.e., steel
drums on pallets, railroad tank cars, stationary
storage tanks, lagoons, etc.).
D. Methods used to transfer process waste to and from
storage.
E. Procedures which have been implemented to prevent
emergency situations.
F. Plans which have been prepared in the event of
emergency situations.
IV. Transportation methodology (applicable to generator,
storage, and treatment facilities and collectors and
haulers).
A. Types and quantities (weight: and volume basis) of
process waste transported,
B. Destination of process wastes (i.e., landfill,
dump, treatment facility, incinerator, sewer,
roadside ditch, etc.).
C. Identify any special handling procedures.
D. Plans which have been prepared in the event of
emergency situations (i.e, spillage clean-up
procedures, accident procedures, etc.).
V. Treatment methodology (applicable to generator and
treatment facilities).
A. Types and quantities of process waste treated. .
B. Composition of process waste treated.
24
-------
C. Chemical analysis capabilities.
D. Treatment methods and processes description (i.e.,
volume reduction, neutralization, detoxification,
physio-chemical encapsulation, etc.).
E. Equipment used to Treat Wastes (i.e., setting
tanks, filters, separators, etc.
F, Product and waste streams after treatment (see II.
Waste characterization),
71. Disposal methodology {applicable to generator,
treatment, and disposal facilities),
A. Types, composition (weight basis) and quantity
(weight and volume basis) of process wastes
handled.
B. Land disposal,
1. Type of disposal (i.e., landfill, dump,
lagoon, pond, etc.).
2, Design specifications.
a. Liner type (i.e., concrete, asphalt,
clay, etc.) and thickness.
b. Leachate collection capability.
c. Depth of landfill, pond, dump, etc.,
and the distance from the surface to
the water table.
d. Land site security (i.e. fences,
warning signs, etc.).
3. Operating procedures.
a. Leachate collection and treatment
procedures.
b. Number of wells used to monitor the
groundwat er.
c. Types of analysis performed on
leachate and ground water samples.
d. Methods of burial (i.e., mixing
hazardous waste with other wastes,
containerization, etc.).
25
-------
e. Methods used to identify and mark
the location of hazardous wastes.
C. Incineration.
1. Types and rated capacity of incinerator.
2. Type and quantity of auxiliary fuel used.
3. Design specification?.
a. Burning temperatures.
b. Dwell-time of waste in incinerator.
c. Status of current air pollution
permit.
4. operating procedures,
a. Residue disposal practices.
b. Storage practices prior to burning.
D. Other disposal methods.
1. Ocean dumping.
2. Sale to reclaimer.
3. Well injection.
26
-------
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Appendix D: Partial List ot - Published State Hazardous
Waste Survey Reports
1. Hazardous waste disposal survey, 1974. California State
Department of Public Health, Jan. 1972. 69 p.
2. Idaho solid waste management industrial survey report.
Idaho Department of Environmental and Community
Services, June 1973. 71 p., app.
3, Barr Engineering Company. Hazardous waste generation
Twin Cities metropolitan area. Minneapolis,
Metropolitan Inter-County Council, Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency, (Oct. 1973). 1 v. (various pagings).
4. Hazardous waste management planning, 1972-73. State of
Oregon, Department of Environmental Quality, Mar. 1974.
43 p., app.
5. A report on industrial and hazardous wastes. State of
Washington, Department of Ecology, Dec. 1974. 90 p.
35
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Appendix E: Checklist for an Industrial Waste Survey
I. Pre-survey.
A. Determine the type of authority, if any, which
will be used to require a response.
B. Develop a data collection guide.
C. Obtain the cooperation of other State
agencies, local agencies, trade associations,
etc.
1. Existing permit applications.
2. Review other data.
D, Train survey personnel.
1, Procedures.
2. Process waste information and data
sources.
3. Data collection guide.
E. Identify and list potential generators,
haulers, treatment facilities, and disposal
sites.
1. List by si^e
2. List by geographic distribution (e.g.,
counties).
F, Obtain existing information from other
agencies.
II. Survey.
A. Call the sources and sinks for an appointment
and to explain the purpose of the visit.
3. Review process information from the
literature.
C. Interview source and sink personnel to obtain
additional information and to verify existing
data.
D. Request waste stream sampling data.
36
-------
E. Return completed data collection guide to the
central office for compilation.
[II. Post-survey.
A. Check data collection guides for completeness
and accuracy.
1. Complete industrial waste generation data
using waste generation factors.
2. Compare with similar facilities and use
"engineering judgement."
B, Tabulate quantities of wastes by waste type
(i.e., chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.) and
geographic distribution.
C. Tabulate quantities of wastes by industry type
(i.e., refining steel making, etc.) and
geographic distribution.
D. Store raw data tor future analysis and use.
37
-------
Appendix F: English to Metric Conversion Table
Multiply
English Units
by
to Obtain
Metric Units
acres
acre-feet
British Thermal
Unit
British Thermal
Unit/pound
cubic feet/minute
cubic feet/second
cubic feet
cubic inches
degree Fahrenheit
feet
gallon
gallon/minute
horsepower
inches
inches of mercury
pounds
million gallons/day
mile
pounds/square inch
gauge
square feet
square inches
tons (short)
yard
0.405
1,233.5
0.252
0.555
0.028
1.7
28.32
16.39
0.555(°F-32)
0.3048
3.785
0.0631
0.7457
2.54
0.3342
0.454
3,785
1.609
(0.06805 psig +1)(1.0)
0.0929
6.452
0.907
0.914
hectares
cubic meters
kilogram-calories
kilogram-
calories/kilogram
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters/minute
liters
cubic centimeters
degree Centigrade
meters
liters
liters/second
killowatts
centimeters
atmospheres
kilograms
cubic meters/day
kilometers
atmospheres
square meters
square centimeters
metric tons
meters
yal!26
38
•tf U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975- 210-810/20
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