EPA/530/SW-166
OCTOBER 1975
-------
An environmental protection publication in the solid waste management
series (SW-166). Mention of commercial products does not constitute
endorsement by the U.S. Government. Editing and technical content of
this report are the responsibility of the Systems Management Division
of the Solid Waste Management Programs.
Single copies of this publication are available from Solid Waste
Information, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268.
-------
LAND AVAILABILITY, CROP PRODUCTION,
AND FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES
This publication (SW-166) was written
for the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
by LARRY A. PRIOR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OCTOBER 1975
-------
-------
CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1
II. ANIMAL WASTE 3
Waste Generation 3
Nutrient Availability 3
Nutrient Content 5
III. SEWAGE SLUDGE 8
Population Served 8
Number and Type of Treatment Plants 8
Sludge Generation 8
Waste Characteristics 11
Nutrient Content 11
IV. FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS 16
1973 Fertilizer Consumption 16
Trends in Fertilizer Consumption 16
Nitrogen Cycle 16
Sources of Nitrogen 16
Fertilizer Manufacturers 21
Anhydrous Ammonia Production 21
Energy Implications of Anhydrous Ammonia Production 21
Phosphate Rock Production 23
Energy Implications of Phosphatic Fertilizer Production 31
Potassium Production 31
Fertilizer Costs 31
Secondary and Micro Plant Nutrients 32
Composition of Fertilizer Materials 32
V. LAND AVAILABILITY 36
Total Land Area of U. S. 36
Categorical Land Use 36
Cropland 36
Total Land in Crop Production 36
Major Uses of Cropland 36
Urban Areas 40
SMSA Acreage 40
Population Density 40
Major Uses of Urban Areas 40
Strip Mined Land 45
Unreclaimed Acreage 45
Coal Mining 45
Land in Farms 49
Number of Farms 49
Average Size of Farms 49
Trend in Farm Distribution 49
iii
-------
VI. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS 53
VII. REFERENCES 58
VIII. APPENDIX 61
A. Conversion Factors 62
B. Farm Production Regions 63
C. Fertilizer Manufacturers 64
D. Municipal Waste Facilities 75
E. State Breakout 76
1. Land Use 76
2. Major Crop Production 77
3. Fertilizer Consumption 78
4. Animal Waste Generation 79
5. Sewage Sludge Generation 80
F. General Information 81
G. Fertilizer Prices 85
H. Fertilizer Production and Consumption Trends 88
I. Acreage Commercially Fertilized 93
J. Miscellaneous Maps and Crop Production Statistics 94
iv
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE Page
1. Plant Nutrient Consumption - United States 17
2. Nitrogen Cycle 19
3. U.S. Nitrogen Imports and Exports 24
A. Anhydrous Ammonia Production 26
5. Land Use 37
6. Major Uses of Cropland - Excluding Cropland Pasture 39
7. Major Types of Farming in the United States 42
8. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 43
9. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area Land Use
Average, 1970 - Percent of Total Area 44
10. Land Disturbed by Surface Mining Operations 48
11. Coal Fields 50
12. Number of Farms, by Size 51
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE Page
1. Animal Waste Generation for Selected Animals in
Confined and/or Concentrated Areas (1974) 4
2. Average Percent of Primary Nutrients Contained in
Fresh Animal Manures 6
3. Maximum Amount of Primary Nutrients Estimated to be
Recoverable from Confined Animal Waste 7
4. The Number and Type of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Facilities in the United States and Population Served
by Each 9
5. Annual U.S. Domestic Sewage Sludge Generation 10
6. Summary of Metals Content of Digested Domestic Sewage
Sludges 12
-------
7. Typical Primary Nutrient Content of Domestic Sewage
Sludges 13
8. Maximum Available Primary Nutrient Content of Sewage
Sludge After Digestion 15
9. 1974 Planted Acreage Over 1973 Figures 18
10. Average Composition of Some Common Natural Organic
Nitrogen Containing Materials 20
11. Fertilizer Production and Manufacturing Plants in
the United States 22
12. Ten Major Producing States of Anhydrous Ammonia (1974) 25
13. Ten Major Fertilizer Consumers by State (1973) 27
14. Major Consumers of NPK by State 28
15. Application of Primary Nutrients to Major Crops - 1973 29
16. Amount of Fertilizer Applied Per Acre of Cropland Harvested 30
17. Secondary and Micro Plant Nutrients 33
18. Approximate Pounds of Nutrients Per Acre Contained in the
Portion of Crop of the Average Size Shown 34
19. Composition of Selected Fertilizer Materials 35
20. Major Land Use Categories - 1969 38
21. 1973 Planted Acreage of the 20 Principal Crops in the
United States 41
22. Acreage in Horticultural and Specialty Crops (1969) 46
23. Status of Land Disturbed by Strip and Surface Mining
Operations in the United States by Region (1965) 47
24. Total Number, Acreage, and Average Size of Farms 52
25. Typical Ratio of Primary Nutrients Among Various Types
of Organic Waste Materials 56
-------
PREFACE
The disposition of increasing quantities of municipal wastewater
treatment sludges and animal waste is a subject receiving considerable
attention by various Federal, State, and local representatives.
The Office of Solid Waste Management Programs is currently evalu-
ating the reuse potential of municipal wastewater treatment sludges
and animal waste as a soil conditioner and/or as a fertilizer supplement.
The decision to dispose of these waste materials in a disposal site or
by some other means should only be reached after all utilization
opportunities have been thoroughly investigated and dismissed.
This report provides information on land availability, crop pro-
duction, and fertilizer requirements in the United States as it relates
to animal waste and sewage sludge utilization and disposal. Information
on health effects, plant toxicity, metals content, and the relative
economics of utilizing sewage sludge and animal waste on agricultural
lands including collection, transportation, and application costs are
not considered within the scope of this report. The Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, however, does intend to address these very
important issues as part of its total effort on utilization of animal
waste and sewage sludge.
vii
-------
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
The question of what to do with the increasing amount of animal
waste and sewage sludge generated in the United States annually is an
extremely perplexing environmental problem of recent and great concern.
The disposition of these solid waste residues has been commonly
associated with problems of air and water pollution, odors, and other
nuisance conditions considered to be of an adverse nature. The problems
that arise are generally the result of mismanagement involving improper
distribution and concentration of these waste products rather than an
inability on the part of nature to fully assimilate the vast quantities
of waste generated.
Until the mid-1940's, the disposition of animal waste presented
few problems as the majority of the waste generated was recycled
through its application to prime agricultural lands. It was used
extensively for its fertilizer value and as a source of organic matter
to improve the physical characteristics of cultivated soils. It was
regarded by many as the mainstay of most soil fertility and improvement
programs and as such was considered more of an asset to the average
farmer than an economical liability, as it is commonly looked upon today.
Shortly after the conclusion of World War II, the agricultural
industry experienced a tremendous increase in the production, utiliza-
tion, and availability of low cost commercially produced nitrogen-
containing fertilizers. This trend, spurred by greater demands for
higher profits and productivity, resulted in animal waste being
relegated to a much lesser role in the agricultural community. Recent
shortages and higher fertilizer cost have had a significant impact that
has not been fully assessed with regard to utilization of animal waste
on land. However, it appears the majority of the animal waste is once
again being applied to the land as a supplemental source of primary
nutrients to help offset the increasing demand for higher cost commer-
cially produced fertilizers.
Sewage sludge, on the other hand, has always been and in all prob-
ability will continue to be somewhat of a problem because of its
inherent adverse qualities when not handled properly. Historically,
the majority of the nation's population throughout the early 1900's
resided on farms and was serviced by individual pit privies or septic
tanks and tile fields. This resulted in relatively small and widely
dispersed accumulations of sewage sludge that presented very few
problems. Since that time there has been a significant increase in
the U.S. population along with a general trend toward migration of the
nation's population into the more urban and metropolitan areas. This,
in addition to a relatively rapid growth in the construction of more
and increasingly efficient wastewater treatment facilities, increased
industrial waste loadings, and enactment of more stringent air and
water pollution control legislation, has resulted in tremendous
-------
increases in the volume of wastewater treatment sludges generated as
well as significant changes in its physical and chemical characteristics.
This report focuses on the nutrient value and soil improvement
characteristics of animal waste and sewage sludge. Although purposely
omitted, it is acknowledged that additional information must be obtained
and thoroughly investigated relative to plant toxicity, metals accumu-
lation, nitrate pollution, public attitudes, and the economics of
transportation and application before formulation of any final con-
clusions or recommendations on how to best utilize animal waste and
sewage sludge on land can be developed. Several of the above areas are
currently under investigation by EPA's Office of Research and Develop-
ment, Office of Water Programs, the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
the Food and Drug Administration, and various private, State, Regional,
and local government Agencies. It is not expected that any conclusive
results will be available concerning the long-term effects of sludge
application to soils within the next 3 to 5 years. Until such time
that conclusive data are available, it is highly recommended that sludge
be applied only in accordance with acceptable sludge management practices
and that its application to cultivated soils be highly controlled or
regulated and monitored to minimize any adverse environmental effects.
-------
ANIMAL WASTE
The general nature of the animal production industry in the United
States has changed dramatically over the past several decades. What
was once considered a small, family-operated, diversified industry has
evolved into a much larger, highly specialized, cost-effective business
enterprise. The total number of animals on feed or held in confinement
has nearly doubled since the mid-1940's.l Directly associated with
these changes has been a tremendous increase in the amount of animal
waste generated in confined and/or concentrated areas. It is currently
estimated that 2 billion tons (wet weight) of animal waste is generated
annually in the United States.2 Table 1 presents data relative to the
number of animals and their respective contributions to the total solid
waste stream.
Nearly 80 percent of the animal waste generated falls on open
pasture or grazing land and for all intents and purposes presents little
or no problems due to its dispersed nature and remote location. The
United States Department of Agriculture estimates at least one-half to
two-thirds of the remaining animal waste generated in confined or con-
centrated areas is currently being recycled through its application to
available croplands.3 Although a detailed survey of recent practices
has not been conducted that accurately reflects the real impact of
today's tight energy supplies and high cost of commercial fertilizers,
it has been reported that utilization is greatly increasing.^
The nutrient content and quantity of animal waste generated are
highly dependent upon such factors as the type of animal, its age, size,
sex, and breed, the type and amount of feed ration, the methods of
storing, handling, and processing the waste, as well as a wide range
of other environmental and physical considerations (e.g., soil types,
climate, annual precipitation, animal density, etc.).
Typically 50 to 60 percent of the nitrogen, and 90 percent of the
phosphorous and potassium contained in fresh animal waste is recoverable
for possible reuse. The nutrient losses that normally occur are a
result of long-term storage and handling of the material before it is
ultimately applied to the land. It has been reported that 60 to 80
percent of the nitrogen losses that do occur are a direct result of
leaching and volatilization while the remaining losses are primarily
associated with surface water runoff.-* A complete accounting of all
nitrogen entering or leaving a particular feedlot is extremely difficult
to predict because of the wide range of variables that can and do affect
nitrogen availability. In addition to the nitrogen losses, it is
estimated that only 30 to 50 percent of the nutrient value applied in
the form of total nitrogen is available for crop utilization during the
first year after application with progressively decreasing amounts of
nitrogen becoming available in each successive year.6
-------
r
LU
_J
CO
*c
r
O
LU
Q 1
LU *ฃ
1-22
CJ 1
LU Z
1 LU
LU O
CO Z
O
on cj
o
Lu CC
o *
Z *-~*d"
o o r-
>-" Z CTl
(-<:
2 a""
Li | |jj C/)
ZT 2E ^C
UJ ' UJ
CD * * oฃ
LU O
t CJ
CO
C
I. O co O
r CU CJ 2 -r-
(O C i
4-> "S
3 C C *
E CU ซ-*--*
r- O >> O
E in -P ^
ej; CO CO CO C
3 J- 3 0
r CU C "f~
CO ปป- C C i
-P O CU ~a cu
^sSiJ
CO CO E >>
CU 2 i- f~ CO
cn cu c ~a
CO f- C co
CU CD .O
> r
a:
s-
*^ C s*^
eC CO
i >> a> -V a.
14- -P i- to c O CU
cu -P - 3 <- i- cu
OJ CO co O ^ ^" jc
Q3 O Q CJ CO CJ CO
>> (rt S-
P 3 co
r* O ^~
cn ~o ~o '*~ 3
C C S- 0) 5- CJ
r- ca CU -P CO 'i~
P > ca > -P
C -P - S- i-
- C C -P "O CO
S- CU =5 CCO.
a. E ^ c
C co CO O S- O
CU C -P O -P
E co CO t/> >,
C E i. 3 C^
S- O O T3 CO
cu cu -r- c
O CO O LO O) CO
o ca oo c c
S " 1 'I- O -P
co ซa- f- T- c
CO .* 3 OO C -P CU
CJ jQ O CJ E
:=> o E o. o 3 aj
-P 3 T3 C
ซ -
c cu o -i- s- lt-
o > cj to a. c
4-> !- I. T3 0
cn 1 ซ CU CU i u
C .CO CU -P CO
r- C CU C CO E C
to 01 en cu c
CO CO C C CO T3
2 2LU <4 o
CTl C to -P co O
i o cu i 2 -a
- > 3 co a*
ซ -P f- CJ i O CU
to co 1 ซr- CO !- 1-
U > S- E -P
r- i. C Cn-r- CO C
P CU O , co E
CO CU O -P -P i- -i-
.c a. cu c ca c:
i -P E '- 3 JC (O
> O O CJ
J- T3 CO O E 1-
3 C tO COr O
P (Or CO
r CO C E S- S-
3 -P C CO 3 CU CU
u c o o E c .a
.r- QJ -r T > d) c
s- E -P J- x cn 3
O"> QJ fQ QJ nj C
ซ=C cn c E E cu
CO i- < J= i
c cu cu -P 10
CU EC "-P C O
s- I-H ^: o -P
3 cu o cn a.
+J +J ,ซ.r- C 3 CU
"3 co cn c -o -P
o s e >!- cu
s- -* -o Q. C co c
cn o cu cu cu .a !-
a: o cu to -P i
P O O Oป -O CO
M- co o ra -o cu cu
o cu s- Q. >
> o. . j_ o cu
P -r- -P O i S-
C O 1 > (/>
E rs> C T3 0ป -P
-P t CU CU "O 3
S- CO LU E i tO O.
co cu r~ป 3 c -P
Q. . 4-> CTl CU 3
CU CJ cO r ซ0 CU O
3 co -O cu ja
r^ * co ** v. r*
cn cn oj 3 t)
O O 1 T- CO T-
* CU + -Pi "H- ซ/>
CJ 3 CO -r- .
r- i . rtJ -P CU
-------
Table 2 lists the average percent of elemental nitrogen, phosphorous,
and potassium commonly found in the various types of animal waste. As
indicated in Table 3 the maximum amount of nitrogen estimated to be
recoverable for reuse from the animal waste generated in confined and
concentrated areas is equal to approximately 1.5 million tons per year.
Assuming one-half to two-thirds of the confined animal waste is already
being returned to the land, only 500,000 to 750,000 tons of nitrogen
could be considered as available for potential reuse on land. The
effective nitrogen value of the confined animal waste as applied would
only be equivalent to 100,000 to 300,000 tons of available nitrogen.
This represents 1 to 4 percent of the total nitrogen consumed in the
United States annually. If applied at an application rate such that
100 pounds of available nitrogen were applied per acre, animal waste
could satisfy the nitrogen demand of 2 to 6 million acres of corn.
Depending upon the plant requirements and soil fertility, the application
rates may have to be adjusted. For example, the same amount of animal
waste applied at a 50 pound per acre application rate of available
nitrogen could satisfy the nitrogen demand of 4 to 12 million acres of
wheat.
-------
TABLE 2
AVERAGE PERCENT OF PRIMARY NUTRIENTS
CONTAINED IN FRESH ANIMAL MANURES*
(percent wet weight)
Animal
Type
Beef
Cattle
Dairy
Cows
Swi ne
Chickens
Sheep
Average
Moi sture
Content
80
79
75
54
65
Nitrogen
(N)
0.70
0.56
0.50
1.56
1.40
Phosphorous
(P)
0.20
0.10
0.14
0.40
0.21
Potassium
(K)
0.45
0.50
0.38
0.35
1.00
*Peterson, J. R., T. M. McCalla, and G. E. Smith. Human and animal
wastes as fertilizers. Ij! Fertilizer technology and use. 2nd ed.
Madison, Wis., Soil Science Society of America, 1971. p.557-596.
-------
TABLE 3
MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF PRIMARY NUTRIENTS
ESTIMATED TO BE RECOVERABLE FROM
CONFINED ANIMAL WASTE
(thousand tons)
Animal
Type
Nitrogen*
(N)
Phosphorous
(P2o5)
Potassium
(K20)
Beef
Cattle
Dairy
Cows
Swine
Chickens
Sheep
TOTAL
651
389
119
314
7
1490
768
286
137
332
12
1535
908
752
195
152
26
2033
*Nitrogen assumed to be 50 percent recoverable.
.Phosphorous assumed to be 90 percent recoverable.
Potassium assumed to be 90 percent recoverable.
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE
Currently there are on the order of 20,000 to 25,000 municipal
sewage treatment plants in operation throughout the United States.
These facilities service nearly 155 million people.1 The remaining
population is served by private collection and disposal systems
ranging from individual pit privies to the more elaborate types of
small, packaged sewage treatment plants.
The type of sewage treatment plant, its capacity, solids removal
efficiency, and method of sludge handling and disposal varies consid-
erably as does the character of the sewage being treated from one
location to another. It is estimated there are in excess of 40,000
possible configurations or combinations of systems that can be derived
utilizing current wastewater treatment practices and technology.8 it
is partly due to this extreme variability that it is very difficult
to generalize about the character and quantity of sludge emanating
from a "typical" sewage treatment plant. Table 4 lists, according to
general classification, the number and type of sewage treatment plants
in the United States and the estimated population served by each.
The quantity of sewage solids generated varies considerably with
the type of sewage treatment process. Many secondary and tertiary
treatment processes necessitate the addition of chemicals, thus greatly
increasing the solids content and amount of sludge removed. This
variation ranges from approximately 0.04 to 0.35 pounds of dry solids
per capita per day.9 Industrial waste loadings may increase the
average sludge generation rate of a particular treatment plant 20 to 50
percent depending upon the type of industry and its percent contribution
to the total daily flow of solids into the municipal treatment facilities.
In many municipalities, the amount of industrial waste exceeds that of
the municipal waste. Due to the extreme variation from one industrial
waste to another, it was considered far beyond the scope of this report
for industrial wastes to be included in the sludge generation figures
and they were therefore omitted. Table 5 categorizes the various
municipal treatment processes into one of three major classifications:
(1) no treatment, (2) Category I (minor and primary treatment systems,
and (3) Category II (intermediate, secondary, and tertiary treatment
systems).
The total amount of raw undigested domestic sewage sludge currently
generated in the United States from Category I and II type systems is
calculated to be approximately 5.6 million dry tons per year. This
material consists essentially of the settleable and dissolved solids
removed from the raw sewage and any chemicals that were added as part
of the treatment process. Raw sewage sludge having undergone practically
no decomposition is highly unstable, putrescible, disagreeable in phy-
sical appearance, characteristically has a foul odor, and contains
thousands of disease-carrying agents. It is for this reason that
-------
TABLE 4
THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES IN
THE UNITED STATES AND POPULATION
SERVED BY EACH*
Type of Treatment
Process
Collection System Only - No Treatment
Minor Treatment - Screening and
Chi ori nation Only
Primary Treatment - Sedimentation
Intermediate Treatment - Chemical
Secondary Treatment - Biological
Secondary - Activated Sludge
Secondary - Extended Aeration
Secondary - Trickling Filter
Secondary - Effluent to Land
Secondary - Oxidation Pond
Secondary - Filter
Secondary - Miscellaneous
Tertiary - Physical, Chemical
Total
Population
Served
2,890,676
780,135
37,904,943
6,780,241
2,506,245
47,561,508
3,963,602
29,688,917
410,444
7,680,982
1,606,110
10,798,203
2,373,698
154,945,105
Number of
Plants
2,404
72
2,714
70
1,980
1,831
2,694
3,523
144
5,031
309
1,245
809
22,054
*U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Programs. Unpublished
Data, 1974.
-------
TABLE 5
1974 U.S. DOMESTIC
SEWAGE SLUDGE GENERATION*
(DRY WEIGHT)
Treatment
Classification
No Treatment
Category I
Category II
Total
Population
Served
2,890,676
38,695,078
113,369,351
154,945,105
Total Sludge
Generation
Before Digestion
(Tons)
843,546+
4,732,392
5,575,938
Total Sludge
Generation
After Digestion
(Tons)
517,996
2,708,493
3,226,489
ง
* Data obtained from multiple sources.
+ Solids generation calculated on the basis of 0.12 Ibs/capita/day.
t Solids generation calculated on the basis of 0.23 Ibs/capita/day.
ง Digestion is assumed to result in an approximately 40 percent reduction
in total solids.
10
-------
digestion or some further means of treatment or stabilization is
generally required before the sludge is considered acceptable for
utilization.
The two major objectives of sewage sludge digestion are to reduce
the total volume of solids to be handled and to biologically stabilize
the sewage solids for safe handling. High rate digestion of sewage
sludge typically results in a 40 to 60 percent reduction in volatile
solids, which generally yields a 30 to 40 percent reduction in total
solids.10
Sewage sludge normally contains many of the elements that are
known to be essential to all plant life such as nitrogen, phosphorous,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, and a multitude of other minor and trace
elements (Table 6).
Although essential to plant life, these elements are often found
in concentrations known to be detrimental to plant life. In certain
cases where the metals content of a particular sludge is known to be
excessive, it may be necessary to establish pretreatment standards and
require users to conform with the standard before discharging into the
municipal sewer system. If a particular problem cannot be attributable
to a specific user, some other way of removing or decreasing the con-
centration level of the element or elements in question must first be
attained before further consideration is given to sludge application to
crop or pastureland.
The nitrogen content of sewage sludge is relatively low when com-
pared to that of most commercial grades of fertilizer. As displayed in
Table 7, the nitrogen content of sewage sludge will vary from 1 to 6
percent. The actual nitrogen content of a particular sludge is highly
dependent upon the unit processes involved in the treatment and char-
acter of the sewage coming into the plant. It has been reported that
as much as 30 to 50 percent of the nitrogen contained in the raw sewage
sludge is in the readily available ammonia or nitrate form.Hป1^ The
remaining nitrogen is in a lesser available organic form and is slowly
released over a much longer period of time. Table 7 presents compar-
ative figures on the nutrient content of several typical digested and
undigested sludges. As indicated in the table, anerobic digestion
greatly reduces the nitrogen content of sewage sludge by a factor of
30 to 40 percent on a dry solids basis. This is due primarily to
solubilization of the nitrogen during the digestion process and its
ultimate removal through dewatering of the sludge after digestion.
From a nitrogen standpoint, heat-dried activated sludge is by far a
superior product. This is because of the more advanced nitrification
state of the activated sludge and the fact that very little nitrogen
loss occurs through solubilization since the sludge is heat-dried
rather than digested and dewatered.
11
-------
TABLE 6
SUMMARY OF METALS CONTENT OF
DIGESTED DOMESTIC SEWAGE SLUDGES*
Metal
Zn
Cu
Ni
Cd
Cd (as percent of Zn)
B
Pb
Hg
N
P
K
Observed
Range
(PPM)
500
250
25
5
0.1
15
100
1
10,000
10,000
2,000
- 50,000
- 17,000
- 8,000
- 2 ,000
40
- 1 ,000
- 10,000
100
- 60,000
- 30,000
- 5 ,000
Average
Sludge
(PPM)
2,000
800
100
5.0
100
1,000
15
20 ,000
10,000
2,000
*Menzies, J. D. Composition and properties of sewage sludge.
Proceedings; 28th Annual Meeting of the Soil Conservation Society of
America, Hot Springs, Ark., Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1973. p.139-141.
12
-------
TABLE 7
TYPICAL
PRIMARY NUTRIENT CONTENT OF
DOMESTIC SEWAGE SLUDGES*
(percent dry weight)
Type of Sludge
Raw Primary
Digested Primary
Trickling Filter
Raw
Trickling Filter
Digested
Raw Activated Sludge
Digested Activated
Sludge
Heat Dried
Activated
Heat Dried Primary
Nitrogen
(N)
3.2
2.2
4.2
2.5
4.1
3.1
5.6
3.1
Phosphorous
(P2o5)
2.2
2.2
-
3.6
4.6
2.9
3.7
2.9
Potassium
(K20)
-
0.4
-
-
0.5
0.4
0.2
-
*Data obtained from multiple sources and represents average values
reported.
13
-------
It is estimated that approximately 100,000 tons of nitrogen are
contained in the sewage sludge generated annually in the United States
(Table 8). Approximately 20 to 50 percent of this nitrogen is readily
available for crop production within the first year after application
with smaller amounts becoming available in each successive year. A
recent EPA survey reports that 25 percent of the sewage treatment
plants in the United States are currently disposing of their sewage
sludge by land-spreading.13 The most common type of land application
reported was utilization on cropland and pasturelands. Other types of
land application included public parks, golf courses, airports,
abandoned strip mines, cemeteries, plant grounds, highway median strips,
woodlands, and sanitary landfills. Based upon its available nitrogen
content, sewage sludge could satisfy 1 to 5 percent of the total non-
agricultural demand for nitrogen-containing fertilizer materials.
Currently it is estimated that 15 percent of the total annual national
consumption of nitrogen is for non-agricultural purposes.14
14
-------
TABLE 8
MAXIMUM AVAILABLE PRIMARY
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
AFTER DIGESTION
(TONS)
Classification Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium
(N) (P205) (K20)
Category I 11,200 15,500 2,100
Category II 83,600 98,700 11,100
Total 98,800 114,200 13,200
15
-------
FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS
Fertilizer consumption in the United States totaled 42.5 million
tons in 1973.15 xhe primary nutrient content (i.e., nitrogen, phos-
phorous, and potassium) exceeded 17.8 million tons, reflecting a 3.5
percent increase over that of the previous year.15 p.8 Nitrogen and
phosphorous consumption in 1973 were both up 4 percent, while potassium
(potash) was up only 2 percent over the 1972 figures.15 In general, the
use of fertilizer has been increasing at a rate of 4 percent per year
over the last 20 years as shown in Figure 1.15 p.5 Projections for the
year 1974 indicate nitrogen consumption will reach 9.3 million tons or
about 12 percent above that consumed in 1973.1^ P-3 This is due pri-
marily to an increase in the total acreage of major crops planted in the
early spring of 1974 along with a slight increase in the amount of
nitrogen applied per acre (Table 9).
It has been reported that 18.5 million tons of nitrogen are re-
quired each year to sustain current levels of crop production and soil
fertility in the United States.I2 P-67 Approximately 60 percent of this
nitrogen demand is supplied by natural processes, while the remaining
40 percent is derived from commercially produced nitrogen-containing
fertilizers. Rain and snow contribute 1.0 to 1.5 million tons of
nitrogen to U.S. cropland each year, while nitrogen-fixing plants and
soil bacteria supply the remainder of the naturally available
nitrogen.I2 P-68
The pathway nitrogen follows in nature, whether the nitrogen source
is organic or inorganic, natural or commercially produced, is extremely
difficult to predict. The processes that affect the form in which
nitrogen is found in soils (i.e., mineralization, nitrification, denitri-
fication, immobilization, fixation, absorption, volatilization, cation
exchange, convection, dispersion, and plant uptake) take place concur-
rently and at different rates largely dependent upon the cropping
practices, type of crop planted, soil characteristics, and climatic
conditions (Figure 2). Several attempts have been made to establish a
national nitrogen balance with little success. Gross estimates, however,
indicate that approximately 3 million tons of nitrogen are depleted from
the nation's soil each year.12 P-70
The commercial production of inorganic nitrogen has increased at
an average rate of 7.8 percent per year over the past 10 years, and is
expected to continue to increase at a rate of 6 percent through 1980.15 P-4
Before World War II, most nitrogen was derived from the importation of
Chilean ammonium nitrate, by-product recovery of ammonium sulphate from
the coking of coal, natural organic nitrogen-containing materials, and,
to a very limited extent, synthetically produced nitrogen. Table 10
lists some of the more common natural nitrogen-containing organic
materials once used. Today these materials account for less than 1 percent
of the total fertilizer market.1? The main reason given by the fertilizer
industry for the decreased utilization of natural organic nitrogen
16
-------
PLANT NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION
UNITED STATES
1950
I960
U.S. Consumption of Fertilizers and Plant Nutrients
1970
Fiscal
Year
1950
1955
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
Total
Fertilizer
Material
18,343,300
22,726,462
24,877,415
25,567,130
26,615,037
28,844,480
30,681,016
31,836,403
34.532,215
37,081,315
38.552,044
38,948,517
39,588,637
41,1 18,272
41,205,839
42,536,436
Nitrogen
(N)
1,005,452
1.960.536
2,738,047
3,030,788
3.369,980
3.929.089
4,352,809
4,638,538
5,326,303
6,026,997
6,693,790
6,957.600
7,459,004
8,133,606
8,016,007
8,338,780
Plant
Phosphates
(P205)
(short tons)
1,949,768
2,283,660
2,572,348
2,645,085
2.807,039
3,072,873
3,377,841
3,512,207
3,897,132
4,304,688
4,451,980
4.665,569
4.573,750
4,803,443
4.873,053
5,072,008
Nutrients
Potash
(K20)
1,103.062
1,874,943
.153,319
.168,533
,270,537
.503,462
,729,693
2,834.537
3,221.245
3,641.799
3,792,013
3,891.576
4,035.51 1
4,231,369
4,332,016
4411,531
Total
4,058,2X2
6119 139
7.463,714
7,844.406
8,447,556
9,505.424
10,460,343
10,985.282
1 2 444 680
13 973.484
14 937 7X3
15.514,745
16,068 274
17,168.418
17,221,077
17.822.319
Figure 1. Average consumption of plant nutrients in the United
States from 1950 to 1973. Source: Harre, E. A. Fertilizer trends,
1973. Bulletin Y-77. Muscle Shoals, Ala., Tennessee Valley Authority,
Fertilizer Development Center, June 1974. 57 p.
17
-------
TABLE 9
1974 PLANTED ACREAGE OVER
1973 FIGURES*
Crop
Planted
Corn
Cotton
Wheat
Soybeans
Sorghum
Tobacco
Potatoes
Percent Change
in Acreage Planted
+ 9
+15
+12
- 7
- 8
+ 9
+11
*Crop production. CrPr 2-2 (7-74). Washington, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Statistical Reporting Service, Crop Reporting Board,
July 11, 1974. 40 p.
18
-------
z
o
S-
O)
u
c
rtj
o
o
r
I
O)
o
(U
CT)
o
C T3
0) fO
4- O
O
in o
0) >-
g.
o o
r- CO
i- -O
to
> CO
4->
d) !-
JC
4J C
r
10
0) CO
+J O)
(C CO
s- to
u
CM !-
CU
t- CD
i- C
Ll_ !-
3
o
o
19
-------
TABLE 10
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF SOME COMMON
NATURAL ORGANIC NITROGEN
CONTAINING MATERIALS*
(Percent)
Source
Activated Sewage Sludge
Dried Blood
Bone Meal , Raw
Castor Pomace
Cocoa Meal
Cottonseed Meal
Fish Scrap, Dried
Garbage Tankage
Peanut Meal
Peruvian Guano
Soybean Meal
Animal Tankage
Whale Guano
N
6.0
13.0
3.5
6.0
4.0
6.6
9.5
2.5
7.2
13.0
7.0
7.0
8.5
P2ฐ5
2.2
-
22.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
6.0
1.5
1.5
12.5
1.2
10.0
6.0
K20
-
-
-
0.5
2.5
1.5
-
1.0
1.2
2.5
1.5
-
*Tisdale, S. L., and W. L. Nelson. Soil fertility and fertilizers,
2nd ed. New York, The Macmillian Company, [1966]. p.156.
20
-------
fertilizers is the high cost per applied unit of nitrogen. In addition,
commercially produced inorganic fertilizers can be produced more cheaply
and in greater quantities, and can be formulated to provide a more
regulated release of nitrogen than can natural organic nitrogen-
containing fertilizers.
Overall, the commercial fertilizer industry consists of about 100
large primary producers of the basic NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium) constituents.16 p.6 ^ detailed listing of the primary
producers and respective number of plants is summarized in Table 11.
Many primary producers manufacture more than one type of fertilizer and
therefore the number of firms and plants are not additive.
The average capital cost of constructing a 1,000 ton per day
anhydrous ammonia plant ranges from $40 to $60 million and takes several
years to construct.18 xhe high capital investment and amount of lead
time required to construct these facilities is one of the main reasons
given by the fertilizer industry today for the lack of sufficient
production capacity and inadequate supplies of nitrogen fertilizers.
In addition to the primary nutrient producers, there are thousands
of smaller blending or mixing plants. These plants mechanically mix
and formulate bulk quantities of the basic fertilizer ingredients
according to predetermined specifications. Many of the large primary
producers distribute their products directly through their own farm
stores, while the majority sell their products to retailers or farm
cooperatives. Bulk blended fertilizers are generally applied to the
fields the same day they are mixed.
Approximately 50 percent of the commercially produced fertilizer
materials consumed in the United States are applied to the soil as a
mixture.l^ p.10 Anhydrous ammonia (the basic nitrogen source for over
95 percent of the nitrogen-containing fertilizers) accounts for nearly
40 percent of the nitrogen that is separately applied to the soil. In
1973 over 3 million tons of anhydrous ammonia were applied to the soil
by direct application.
Anhydrous ammonia is produced by the ammonium fixation process
utilizing air and natural gas as its basic raw materials in the presence
of a catalyst at elevated temperatures and pressure (i.e., 700ฐC at
40 PSI). Air contains approximately 80 percent nitrogen by volume and
therefore constitutes virtually an unlimited supply of nitrogen. Natural
gas serves as a source of energy and hydrogen necessary to complete the
reaction. The production of anhydrous ammonia requires approximately
40,000 cubic feet of natural gas per ton of nitrogen produced. Anhydrous
ammonia is 82 percent nitrogen. It is estimated that 600 billion cubic
feet of natural gas were consumed in the production of anhydrous ammonia
in 1973. Approximately 75 percent of the anhydrous ammonia produced
was consumed by the agricultural industry. This represents 450 billion
cubic feet of natural gas or about 1.9 percent of the total natural gas
consumed in the United States during the year 1973.
21
-------
TABLE 11
FERTILIZER PRODUCTION AND
MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN
THE UNITED STATES*
(1974)
Fertilizer
Product
Anhydrous Ammonia
82 percent (N)
Urea
46 percent (N)
Ammonium Nitrate
33 percent (N)
Phosphate Rock
30 percent (Pp^U
Phosphoric Acid
55 percent (P?^)
Superphosphate
46 percent (PoO^)
C- O
Ammonium Phosphate
1 5 percent (N)
30 percent (P20g)
Potash
60 percent (KgO)
Number Number
of Firms of Plants
63 96
36 46
38 57
20 30
28 35
15 16
32 42
10 11
Maximum Rated
Capacity
(million tons)
17.9
5.2
7.0
51.2
6.8
2.2
3.8
2.9
*Harre, Fertilizer trends, 1973.
22
-------
The availability of an adequate supply of natural gas is therefore
essential to the production of anhydrous ammonia in today's market. The
fertilizer industry, however, is not limited to the use of natural gas
in the manufacture of anhydrous ammonia. There are several alternate
methods of production currently available. In Europe, for instance,
fuel oil, coal, and naphtha are widely used. These methods, however,
are far more expensive than natural gas.
As the cost of natural gas continues to climb upward and its
availability becomes more limited, it is highly probable that localized
shortages of anhydrous ammonia will occur. Few industry observers see
the supply of natural gas being equal to the demand now or in the near
future and therefore project that the United States will have to look
more toward foreign imports of nitrogen to meet its fertilizer needs.
Currently the United States is a net exporter of nitrogen by a ratio of
nearly 1.5 to 1.16 p.6 xhe United States exported 1.4 million tons of
nitrogen in 1973 while importing only 0.9 million tons (Figure 3).
The 10 leading states in order of anhydrous ammonia production are
listed in Table 12. Over 75 percent of the anhydrous ammonia produced
in the United States is currently manufactured in the 10 states listed.
The United States produces over 25 percent of the total anhydrous
ammonia consumed in the world. " P-49 Approximately 75 percent of the
anhydrous ammonia produced in the United States is earmarked for agri-
cultural purposes while the remainder is used in manufacturing plastics,
explosives, food processing, additives, and for other miscellaneous non-
agricultural purposes (Figure 4).
Tables 13 and 14 list by state in order of consumption, the total
amount of fertilizer and primary nutrients consumed in 1973. Most of
the major fertilizer and primary nutrient-consuming states (with the
exception of Florida and California) fall within the areas referred to
as the Corn, Cotton, and Wheat Belts. Corn, cotton, wheat, and soybeans
account for over 50 percent of the total fertilizer consumed in 1973.
Table 15 summarizes the respective amounts of primary nutrients applied
to the four major crops produced in the U.S. in 1973. Table 16 reflects
the total acreage fertilized and the average amount of fertilizer
applied per acre over the past three years.
The U.S. produces nearly 40 percent of the total world supply of
phosphorous rock.16 p.54 Approximately 85 percent of the U.S. demand
for phosphorous is used for agricultural purposes, while the remainder
is used in the manufacture of detergents, food products, and explo-
sives. 16 p.53 Over 80 percent of the phosphate rock mined in the U.S.
(the basic source of phosphorous in the production of phosphatic ferti-
lizers) is extracted from strip mines in the states of Florida, Tennessee,
and North Carolina.16 p.51 j^ takes approximately 3 tons of phosphate
rock to produce 1 ton of phosphorous (ฅ205)'^ The known reserves in
the states of Florida and Tennessee represent nearly 40 percent of the
23
-------
U.S. Nitrogen Imports and Exports
1,000 TONS N
1200
800
400
0
EXPORTS
1964 1966
1968 1970 1972 1974*
* ESTIMATED.
Figure 3. As illustrated, overexpansion of the fertilizer industry
in the mid-sixties resulted in a tremendous increase in the export to
import ratio which is now beginning to decline slightly. Source: United
States and world fertilizer outlook, 1974, and 1980. Agricultural Economic
Report No. 257. Washington, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic
Research Service, May 1974. 65 p.
24
-------
TABLE 12
TEN MAJOR PRODUCING STATES
OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA*
(1974)
State
Louisiana
Texas
Iowa
Mississippi
California
Nebraska
Virginia
Ohio
Arkansas
Kansas
All Others
Anhydrous Ammonia
Production
(Million Tons)
3.660
3.092
1.038
1.025
0.993
0.900
0.680
0.670
0.600
0.577
4.727
*Harre, Fertilizer trends, 1973.
25
-------
Agriculture
^
X
o
Z
CO
3
K
a
>
<
ft
1?
3
y
>
ee
United States
ee
0
J
to
Industry Stocks
itmnt
i
S~
ft
in
CM
ft
ฃ
Food Products
1.2%
t*
i
N
L
JL
4 b
e>
ft
la
ซ
ซ
5 "ง ^
UJ
}
}
o
e
3
}
1
a
ft
3
ft
ii;
SIC 28
Pbstic and Syn-
thetic Products
}
x w
UJ w
'
X
>V
Industry Stocks 1
1/1/72
10.9X 1
s|
ft
1:
0 ซN
ft
* | * - ft *
^^ A ^^ * ^0 ^^
ee *
T V ^T
S
11
tt a
UJ M
ft ^
"N
^^ r-n^
ft ft
L
_j
* t * * ง
112 {ซ IS 2
S
i- GO O
T3 00
>> cr>
4- t/1 O3
O 3
Q. i
CL i
3 O
71 ^ 4J
O U 3
S -r- O
S-
0> S-
^
at -t->
-c s- s-
-*-> o at
4-
O TD -O
at i
(-> j^ S-
c: s- o
at to 2
u E
at ซ c
Q. at (O
LD (/) (/)
c\j -i- at
at c 4->
u at oo
3 o
a s_ -o
o at at
S- CL4->
Q. -i-
m c
to r-. ZD
at
at J-
tO 4J 3
a E r
at -^ 3
ป-> x o
- o -r-
c s- s_
^ ex a>
a,^
S- O S-
3 fO
CT) " Q.
-------
TABLE 13
TEN MAJOR FERTILIZER CONSUMERS
BY STATE*
(1973)
State
California
Illinois
Iowa
Texas
Georgia
Indiana
Florida
North Carolina
Minnesota
Ohio
Consumption
of Fertilizer
(Million Tons/Yr)
3.5
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.5
Percent of
Total Fertilizer
Consumed
8.2
6.8
6.1
5.9
4.9
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.2
3.5
Commercial fertilizers; consumption in the United States, year
ended June 30, 1973. SpCr 7 (5-74). Washington, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Statistical Reporting Service, Crop Reporting Board,
May 7, 1974. 26 p.
27
-------
TABLE 14
MAJOR CONSUMERS OF NPK
BY STATE*
Rank
By State
1
2
3
4
5
Nitrogen
(N)
Texas
Iowa
Nebraska
Kansas
California
Percent
Of Total
8.6
8.0
7.0
6.2
5.8
Phosphorous
11 linci-
Iowa
Texas
Minnesota
Indiana
Percent
Of Total
9.1
8.1
5.9
5.7
4.9
Potassium
(K20)
Illinois
Iowa
Indiana
Minnesota
Ohio
Percent
Of Total
10.2
7.5
7.3
6.4
5.9
Commercial fertilizers; consumption in the United States, year
ended June 30, 1973.
28
-------
TABLE 15
APPLICATION OF PRIMARY
NUTRIENTS TO MAJOR CROPS
1973*
Crop
Fertilized
Corn
Wheat
Soybeans
Cotton
Nitrogen
(N)
114
48
14
73
Pounds Applied Per Acre
Phosphorous
(P2o5)
64
38
42
53
Potassium
(K20)
71
36
55
62
*Ferti1izer situation. FS-4. Washington, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Jan. 1974. 24 p.
29
-------
TABLE 16
AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER APPLIED
PER ACRE OF CROPLAND HARVESTED*
Year Acreage Fertilizer Primary Plant
Planted Applied Nutrients Applied
(million acres) (Ibs/acre) (Ibs/acre)
1972 334 210 88
1973 354 208 87
1974 360 222 91
*1975 fertilizer situation. FS-5. Washington, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Dec. 1974. 27 p.
30
-------
nation's total available supply of phosphate rock, a quantity estimated
to be sufficient to last 30 to 40 years.16 P-51 The mining of phosphate
rock, like anhydrous ammonia production, is an energy-intensive enter-
prise. It has been reported that 10 percent of the total electrical
power sold in the State of Florida is consumed by the phosphate rock
mining industry.^ p.5 xhe majority of the phosphate rock mined in the
State of Florida is strip mined with the use of large electric cranes
requiring vast amounts of electrical power. It requires approximately
100 KWH of electrical power, 6 gallons of fuel oil, and 3,000 gallons
of water to extract and process a sufficient volume of raw materials
to produce 1 ton of available phosphate rock. P*" Additional power
and natural resources are required to process the phosphate rock into
a usable fertilizer product (e.g., phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate,
and elemental phosphorous). Therefore, it is projected that major
cutbacks in the availability of adequate supplies of energy would have
a significant impact on the phosphate rock producing industry. In
addition to its basic power needs, more than 50 percent of the nation's
sulphur is also consumed in the manufacture of phosphatic fertil-
izers. I? p.366 Shortages of phosphatic fertilizers are expected through
1975 due to insufficient production capability within the industry.
However, by the end of 1976, additional production capacity equal to
2 million tons of ?2ฎ5 ^s expected to come on line, thus alleviating
somewhat the pressures upon the industry.
Approximately 95 percent of the potassium mined in the United
States is consumed in the manufacture of fertilizer.16 p.61 Nearly
100 percent of all potassium is obtained from underground sources
through solution mining or by drilling and blasting. The U.S. imports
nearly half of its potassium from Canada, while the remainder is ex-
tracted from domestic mines located in Carlsbad, New Mexico and
southeastern Utah. The total U.S. reserves are expected to last 20
years. No shortage of potassium fertilizer is expected in the immediate
future.
The cost of fertilizer has risen sharply since the lifting of
Phase IV price controls on fertilizer products on October 25, 1973. The
U.S. Department of Agriculture reports the average cost of a ton of
fertilizer to have increased from about $75.00 per ton in mid-1973 to
well over $140 per ton in the fall of 1974.14 p.4 The price of anhydrous
ammonia alone has nearly tripled over the same time span (Appendix G).
If the cost of fertilizers continues to rise at the current rate, the
total national expenditure to farmers for commercially produced fertilizer
materials in 1975 could well exceed $6.5 billiona dramatic increase of
more than 120 percent above that spent in 1973. The average cost of
fertilizer to the farmer per pound of equivalent N, P, and K delivered
as of September 1974 was approximately 25, 40, and 5 cents per pound,
respectively.20
In addition to the three primary nutrients already mentioned, there
are several important secondary and micro plant nutrients that have been
31
-------
identified as essential to plant life. Several of the more important
of these are listed in Table 17. The quantity of secondary and micro
plant nutrients required for maximum plant development is not thoroughly
understood at this time. It is known that the amount required varies
with the type of plant, soil characteristics, climatic conditions, and
the season of the year. Table 18 displays the average amount of primary,
secondary, and micro plant nutrients required to produce a specified
type and quantity of crop. The range between beneficial and detrimental
effects to a plant with regard to many micronutrients is so very small
that it is extremely difficult to determine. In various research efforts
where such determinations have been attempted, it was found that the
availability of a specific micronutrient was more important than the
total quantity of the micronutrient present. This is also very important
with regard to primary nutrients. Field experiments have shown plant
uptake of nitrogen to range between 25 and 85 percent, depending upon
specific site conditions and the type of crop harvested.
Table 19 lists the various compositions of materials commonly used
in the production of commercial fertilizers. As few as one or as many
as 10 may be used in the production of a specific grade of fertilizer.
Often, a filler material such as sand, or more commonly limestone, is
used to produce the desired concentration of nutrients in a mixed
fertilizer.
32
-------
TABLE 17
SECONDARY AND MICRO PLANT NUTRIENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulphur
Boron
5.
6.
7.
8.
Iron
Manganese
Sodium
Molybdenum
9.
10.
11.
12.
Chlorine
Cobalt
Vanadium
Silicon
33
-------
TABLE 18
APPROXIMATE POUNDS OF NUTRIENTS PER
ACRE CONTAINED IN THE PORTION OF CROP
OF THE AVERAGE SIZE SHOWN*
Type of
Crop Harvested
Barley (Grain)
Corn (Grain)
Oats (Grain)
Rice (Rough)
Rye (Grain)
Sorghum (Grain)
Wheat (Grain)
Alfalfa
Soybean
Cotton
Apples
Potatoes (Tubers)
Turnips (Roots)
Sugar Cane
Tobacco (Leaves)
Approximate
Yield Per Acret
(Units)
40 bu.
150 bu.
80 bu.
80 bu.
30 bu.
60 bu.
40 bu.
4 tons
2 tons
1 .5 tons
500 bu.
400 bu.
1- tons
30 tons
1 ton
Nitrogen
As N
(Ibs/acre)
35
135
50
50
35
50
50
180
90
40
30
80
45
96
75
Phosphorous
As P90,
(Ibs/atre)
15
53
20
20
10
25
25
40
20
20
10
30
20
54
15
Potassium
As K90
(Ibs/aCre)
10
40
15
10
10
15
15
180
50
15
45
150
90
270
120
*0ur land and its care; the story of our soil and how to keep it
productive. 4th ed. Washington, The Fertilizer Institute, [1967]. 72 p.
+These figures may vary with soil type, season, climate, and fertility
level of the soil.
34
-------
TABLE 19
COMPOSITION OF SELECTED
FERTILIZER MATERIALS*
Fertilizer
Product
Anhydrous Ammonia
Aqua Ammonia
Ammonium Nitrate
Di ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Sulphate
Bone Meal
Calcium Nitrate
Fish Scrap
Phosphoric Acid
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Nitrate
Rock Phosphate
Sodium Nitrate
Sewage Sludge, Digested
Sewage Sludge, Activated
Superphosphate, Normal
Superphosphate, Cone.
Animal Tankage
Urea
Urea- Formaldehyde
Nitrogen
(N)
82
16-25
33.5
16-21
21
2-4
15
6-10
--
--
14
--
16
2
5-6
--
6-9
42-46
36-40
Percent
Phosphorous
(P205)
--
--
48-53
22-28
7
52-58
--
30-36
--
1.4
2.9
18-20
42-50
6-15
--
Potassium
(K20)
--
0.2
0.8
60-62
44-46
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.4
_-.
*Fertilizer Institute, Our land and its care.
35
-------
LAND AVAILABILITY
Since land is our Nation's most valuable resource, it is appropriate
to consider how much land there is available and how it is currently
being used.
As demonstrated in Figure 5, the overall distribution of the Nation's
land among the major land use categories has not changed significantly
over the past several decades. The total land area of the United States
consists of approximately 2 1/4 billion acres.1 p.507 The 48 contiguous
states alone account for nearly 85 percent of this total land area. Less
than 20 percent of the Nation's land is currently under cultivation. It
has been estimated that only 60 percent of the land that is considered
suitable for regular or intermittent cultivation is actually being used
for that purpose.21 Almost 40 percent of the Nation's land is used for
livestock grazing and an additional 30 percent is in forestland, wild-
life refuges, and recreation areas. The remaining land falls into a
miscellaneous category consisting of desert lands, mountainous regions,
tundra, urban areas, and public lands (Table 20).
Cropland
The total land area available for cultivation-in 1969 was approx-
imately 472 million acres.21 p-2 This figure includes all cropland
harvested, not harvested due to crop failure, land used only for pasture,
and land in summer fallow or otherwise lying idle and not being used
(Figure 6).
Approximately 2 1/2 million acres of prime cropland are removed from
production each year as a direct result of urban sprawl, highway and
airport construction, strip mining operations, and a multitude of various
other reasons. The net loss of available cropland, however, is partially
offset by the addition of an estimated 1 1/4 million acres of reclaimed
land each year of which approximately 60 percent consists of newly
developed irrigated land. Although thousands of acres of cropland are
permanently lost each year, agricultural experts do not foresee any
great danger of the United States running out of available cropland to
meet its ever increasing demand for food and fibre production.
If one considers the total amount of cropland or other lands that
are potentially available for land application of sewage sludge and
animal waste, it soon becomes apparent that more than enough available
land exists to utilize safely all of the waste produced. It is estimated
the total land area required for utilization of all the available sewage
sludge and animal waste generated in the United Statesassuming the soil
has the capacity for assimilating up to 10 tons of dry solids per acre
per yearis approximately equal to 1.3 percent of the total land area
in crop production. As indicated previously, at least one-half of the
confined animal waste and possibly as much as 25 percent of the sewage
sludge generated is already being returned to the land. Depending upon
36
-------
LAND USE
MIL. ACRES
GRASSLAND PASTURE AND RANGE
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1959 1969
OCROPLAND USED ONLY FOR PASTURE is INCLUDED IN GRASSLAND PASTURE AND RANGE.
"EXCLUDES FOREST LAND RESERVED FOR PARKS AND OTHER SPEC/XL USES OF LAND.
Figure 5. In spite of increased demands for food and fibre
production in the United States over the past several decades, the
major land use patterns of the nation have remained virtually
unchanged. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic
Research Service. Our land and water resources; current and
prospective supplies and uses. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1290.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1974. 54 p.
37
-------
TABLE 20
MAJOR LAND
USE CATEGORIES*
1969
Land Use
Agricultural Lands
Cropland used for crops
Soil Improvement
Grassland & Pastureland
Forest Land - Grazed
Miscellaneous-Bldgs. etc
Sub Total
Nonagricultural Lands
Forest Land - Not Grazed
Urban Areas (not SMSA's)
Recreation & Wildlife
Public Lands
Miscellaneous-Mtns. etc.
Sub Total
TOTAL
Acreage
(Millions)
333
51
692
198
9
1,283
525
61
81
27
287
981
2,364
Percent of
Total Acreage
14.7
2.3
30.6
8.7
0.4
56.7
23.2
2.7
3.6
1.2
12.6
43.3
100.0
*U.S. Department of Agriculture, Our land and water resources.
38
-------
MAJOR USES OF CROPLAND
Excluding Cropland Pasture
MIL. ACRES
SOIL IMPROVEMENT ONLY, OR IDLE
Cropland used
for crops
100
0
1949 1954 1959 1964
'69 71 73
Figure 6. Over the past two decades, total cropland,
excluding cropland in pasture, has declined about 6 percent
or about one million acres per year. Source: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Our land and water resources.
39
-------
the actual utilization rate or capacity of the soil to assimilate the
animal waste and sewage sludge applied, this annual land requirement
could be reduced significantly.
Agronomists have long recognized the potential benefits of applying
animal waste and sewage sludge to cropland. Sewage sludge and animal
waste, although very similar, do differ from one another in several
respects. Sewage sludge generally has a much lower organic content,
contains much higher concentrations of metals, and can harbor pathogenic
organisms if not digested properly. The latter two are primarily
responsible for the adverse reactions often generated in the general
public when considering the use of sewage sludge on food-chain crops.
Similar problems are not commonly encountered when attempting to apply
animal waste to food-chain crops and, therefore, utilization of animal
waste has greatly exceeded that of sewage sludge.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture maintains statistics on 79
different types of crops planted in the United States. Table 21 lists
the total acreage planted in 1973 of each of the 20 principal crops.
Corn, cotton, hay, soybeans, and wheat represent nearly 75 percent of
the total acreage planted and are considered the major crops produced
in the U.S.
Most animal waste is applied to feed grain crops grown in close
proximity to the major animal-producing areas. Figure 7 displays the
major land resource regions and crop production areas of the major crops
produced in the United States. The feed grain, cotton, and wheat-
producing regions are situated in the more rural areas, while dairy,
truck, and specialty crops are typically located in the more populated
areas of the United States.
Urban Areas
At the time of the 1970 census, 70 percent of the total United
States population resided within the boundaries of the Nation's 242
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA).21 p.14 An SMSA is
defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as a county of group of counties
which contain at least one central city or twin cities with a combined
population of 50,000 or more people (Figure 8). It is estimated that
80 percent of the sewage sludge generated in the United States emanates
from within the confines of the Nation's SMSA's. The concentration of
sludge varies directly with the population density. As indicated in
Figure 9, the population density of the SMSA urban core averages 3,137
persons per square mile, while the population density of the more rural
sections inside and outside of the SMSA's average 42 and 24 persons per
square mile respectively.21 p.17 The total land area within the Nation's
242 SMSA's in 1970 was approximately 255 million acres.
Approximately 25 percent of the land area surrounding the major
urban areas within a 22.8 mile radius is classified as cropland and an
40
-------
TABLE 21
1973
20 PRINCIPAL
PLANTED ACREAGE OF THE
CROPS IN THE UNITED STATE*
Crop Planted
Corn
Hay
Wheat
Soybeans
Sorghum
Oats
Cotton
Barley
Rye
Rice
Flaxseed
Peanuts
Beans
Potatoes
Sugar Beets
Tobacco
Sugar Cane
Peas
Sweet Potatoes
Misc. (All Other Crops)
TOTAL
Acreage Planted
(million)
71.6
64.3
59.0
57.3
19.3
19.2
12.5
11.3
3.6
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
0.9
0.8
0.2
0.1
24.2
354.0-1-
Percent of
Total Acreage
20.2
18.1
16.6
16.2
5.5
5.4
3.5
3.2
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
6.9
100.0
*U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural statistics, 1973.
+Total acreage planted includes all land harvested, not harvested
due to crop failure, and land in summer fallow.
41
-------
MAJOR TYPES OF FARMING IN
THE UNITED STATES
HI Wheat and sma
Dairy
EZ3 Range livestock
Tobacco and
general farming
CD Nonfarming
Fruit, truck, and special crops
KB Feed grains and livestock (Corn Belt)
SS3 General farming
iH Cotton
Figure 7. Identifies the eight major types of farming and geographical
extent of each in the United States. Although each region, when described
graphically, appears to end very abruptly, it in fact does not. Each region
has a core in which the physical features and location has resulted in a
homogeneous technology and economy with the outer fringes being transitional
in nature. Source: Smith, G. Conservation of natural resources. 4th ed.
New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [1971]. p.17.
42
-------
\y
o
S-
3
C O
ra co
+-> a>
<- s-
O> O S-
-c a. a>
-p o *->
S- ro
<+- 4-> 3
O O>
s: -a
4-> C
c -a ro
CJ S-
(J ro T3
J- -O C
(1) C ro
Q- ro i
+->
OO CO S-
i 3
CM O
TD *
C CM "
ro CD
CU S-
C -C 3
O *-> 4J
fO O O
3 to S-
Q. O) CD
O C O 4->
c
M- CD QJ
O -C E
-l-> -P
-(-> S-
E C (O
QJ -i- Q.
O -E CU
S- +-> Q
CD -i-
Q. 2
CO
O LO
r^ cu ^>
3 co a>
CO CD O
C -P S-
O> ro 3
O -l-> O
CO C/)
o
l~^ CO
tn 3
r O CU
3 >
<1J en O
^: -i- J2
+-> -l-> ro
C
o o -o
4-3 CJ O)
cnco 4-
-o a; c
s- jc a>
O 4-> T3
O !-
u 4-
4-> CO
43
-------
STAUDMD METROPOinAfl STAT!5TKM
ARIA LAND SJSi, AVCRAGI, 1970
Percenf of Torai Area
CROPLAND
24%
URBAN
10% /
WOODLAND
X
PASJURE
19%
f
JeOHF rE" -'iQUARE f-'ntf - UR8AN ArEA 3,137
-------
additional 20 percent is in pastureland.21 p.17 A large portion of this
land is in dairy farms, horticultural specialty crops, and general farm-
ing, which together account for 17 percent of the national corn crop,
60 percent of the vegetables produced, and 43 percent of the fruit and
nut crop.21 p.16 Horticultural specialty crops such as sod, greenhouse
vegetables, nursery products, bulbs, seeds, flowers, and mushrooms
collectively account for more than 285,000 acres of the available crop-
land surrounding SMSA's (Table 22). Sod production and nursery products
alone account for nearly two-thirds of the land in horticultural specialty
crops. Although seemingly very small when compared to that of the total
national acreage in corn, wheat, cotton, and soybeans, the total acreage
in sod and nursery products represents a significant amount of land under
cultivation surrounding the large metropolitan areas.
Sod and nursery product production is very closely related to the
nation's housing industry and is extremely sensitive to the number of new
housing starts and the overall economy of a particular region. The sod
and nursery product industry as well as the nation's sewage sludge is
primarily centered in and around the Northeastern, Great Lakes, and
Southern Pacific States.
The application of sewage sludge to sod or nursery products appears
to be an excellent means of recycling the nutrient content and soil
improvement characteristics inherent in sludge. Both sod and nursery
products are non-food chain crops and are located in close proximity
to the sources of sludge generation. In addition to its soil improvement
characteristics and nutrient content, sewage is an excellent source of
organic matter that could replace the soil removed when a sod crop is
harvested or when trees and shrubs are transplanted.
Strip Mined Land
In assessing the potential for utilizing sewage sludge or animal
waste, one should not overlook the vast amounts of land that have been
stripped as a result of surface mining operations. The soil-building
characteristics of sewage sludge and animal waste appear to be excellent
for reclaiming these wastelands. It is estimated by the U.S. Bureau of
Mines that in excess of 3 million acres of land in the United States
have been disturbed by surface mining.22 xhe states of Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and West Virginia account for over 25 percent of this total acreage
(Table 23).22 p.110 Only one-third of the total acreage disturbed by
surface mining operations to date in the United States has been reclaimed,
leaving approximately 2 million acres yet to be improved.22 p.85
Coal mining accounts for over 40 percent of the total stripped areas,
while sand and gravel mining operations account for an additional 25
percent of the total disturbed acreage (Figure 10). Experts calculate
that over 100,000 acres of land each year are disturbed by the coal
mining industry alone and projections are this number will continue to
increase paralleling the nation's greater needs for and dependence upon
coal to meet its basic energy requirements.21 p.13
45
-------
TABLE 22
ACREAGE IN HORTICULTURAL
AND SPECIALTY CROPS*
(1969)
Type of
Crop
Nursery Products
Sod Production
Bulbs
Flowers
Seeds
Mushrooms
Greenhouse Crops
Acreage in
Production
145,948
59,116
7,025
26,675
38,724
1,260
6,270
*0rnamentals production and marketing trends, 1948-72. Statistical
Bulletin No. 529. Washington, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic
Research Service, May 1974. 100 p.
46
-------
TABLE 23
STATUS OF LAND DISTURBED BY STRIP
AND SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS IN
THE UNITED STATES BY REGION*
(1965)
Region
Alaska/Hawaii
Pacific States
Mountain States
West South
Central States
West North
Central States
East South
Central States
East North
Central States
New England
States
Appalachian
States
TOTAL
Land Requiring
Reclamation
7.0
119.2
127.4
192.4
265.7
170.3
167.2
92.7
898.8
2;040.7
Thousand Acres
Land Not Requiring
Reclamation
4.3
73.0
83.2
54.5
103.8
170.6
51.2
66.3
541.0
1,147.3
Total Land
Disturbed
11.3
192.2
210.6
246.9
368.9
340.9
218.4
159.0
1,439.8
3,188.0
*U.S. Department of the Interior. Surface mining and our environment.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, [1967]. 124 p.
47
-------
All others
Iron
Phosphate
Gold
Stone
Total = 3.2 million acres
Figure 10. As displayed above, the mining of coal, sand, and
gravel accounts for two thirds of the total land area disturbed by
surface mining operations in the United States. Source: American
Public Works Association. Rail transport of solid wastes. Environ-
mental Protection Publication SW-22d. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1973. 148 p. (Distributed by National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Va., as PB-222 709.)
48
-------
For the most part, the Nation's coal reserves have remained untapped.
Less than 5 percent of the total land reserves of this valuable resource
lying within 100 feet of the earth's surface have been mined.21 p.13
Approximately half of the coal consumed in the United States has been
obtained through surface mining operations. The states of Montana,
Illinois, North Dakota, and Wyoming account for over two-thirds of the
Nation's total coal reserves; however, the most intensive mining
operations to date have been east of the Mississippi River (Figure 11).
Land in Farms
Historically the United States consisted of a highly developed
agricultural society in which farmers were in the majority, representing
over 90 percent of the total population. Farming was once a way of life
among the American people. Today farming is simply considered another
big business. The United States is currently dependent upon less than
6 percent of the total population for its food and fibre production.
The trend over the last five years has been toward fewer and larger
farms. Larger farms tend to be more productive than smaller farms due
to their better management techniques and intensive fertility programs.
The average size of farms has risen from 190 acres in 1945 to over 400
acres in 1970. The greatest decline in numbers has been in farms of less
than 100 acres. In 1935 the number of farms peaked at approximately
6.8 million and has continued to decrease since to its current level of
2.5 million.-'- P-504 projections indicate that this trend will continue
and the current figure will fall below the 2 million mark by the year
1980 (Figure 12). Table 24 summarizes the total number, acreage, and
average size of U.S. farms from 1900 through 1970. The distribution of
U.S. farms is extremely widespread with very little concentration in
any one specific area of the United States.
The most rapid decline in total number of farms since 1935 has
occurred in the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Delta States. These
areas experienced a 55 percent reduction in farms while the Great Lakes,
Corn Belt, and Northern Plains States only experienced a 30 percent
decrease over the same period of time.21 p.25 Today 50 percent of the
total land under cultivation is owned and operated by 5.5 percent of the
farmers.21 p.23 The trend toward further concentration of farms has, for
the most part, subsided.
49
-------
COAL FIELDS
Figure 11. Over half of the nation's coal reserves lie west of the
100th meridian (Central United States), about one-fourth in the Midwest,
and one-fourth in the Appalachian Region. Source: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Our land and water resources.
50
-------
NUMBER OF FARMS, BY SIZE
THOUS. FARMS
4,000
3,200
2,400
1,600
800
\
Less than 100
-,.. /
acres
\ \
X
J
-
i
100-259 acres
\
\
260-499 acres
/ I
1,000 acres and ovซ" 500-999 acres
ป | 1 \
1930 1940 1950 1960
1970 1980
Figure 12. The number of farms exceeding 260 acres in size has
remained basically unchanged since the mid 1930's, while a dramatic
decline in the number of farms of 260 acres or less has occurred over
the same time span. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Our land
and water resources.
51
-------
TABLE 24
TOTAL NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND
AVERAGE SIZE OF FARMS*
Year Number of Farms
1900 5,737,372
1910 6,361,502
1920 6,448,343
1930 6,288,648
1940 6,096,799
1950 5,382,162
1960 3,703,894
1970 2,585,051
Land in Farms
(Acres)
838,592,000
878,798,000
955,884,000
986,771,000
1,060,852,000
1,158,566,000
1,120,138,000
1,063,347,000
Average Size
(Acres)
146
138
148
156
174
210
288
410
*U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural statistics, 1973.
52
-------
DISCUSSION AHO IMPLICATIONS
Historically, animal wa^' e aiiil Hewac-^ -. 1 udge were once highly
regarded by farmers as a primary so-.irce of ,,l^nt- nutrients and organic
matter necessary to sustain adequnt? leปe.lฃ oi s<~>il fertility in culti-
vated lands. It has only beer, within the past few decades that animal
waste and sewage sludge have gained u it-io^sl recognition as a waste
disposal problem. The reason for this dramaLir change in attitude
toward utilization of animal ^' < !' <"P been used for many
years with varying degrees of HMI n-.bt ? c '"r.t i Hizer supplement and as
a soil conditioner to irp,pr.,>"ฃ s,r . i"eiti1Jr^i lc;--:ni<~ f-Taste materials as
complete substitutes for commercially pirduccd fertilisers, however, has
been limited because of then" 1 ov i.'utripnt corJent, slow and virtually
uncontrolled nitrogen release ch"!an eristics, and the high cost of
distribution and application Lol.iJ'ivc ; >" synthetics. A farmer usually
thinks in terms of adding pounds of nutrlent per acre, but when contem-
plating the use of sewage sludge or animal waste, he must think in terms
of adding tons of fjgr_tiliggr_mat^r_] al pp.r --Hire fo attain the same
relative degree of applied nutrients.
In the United States the annual production of animal, waste and sewage
sludge totals approximately 2 billion wet tons per year. Animal waste
is by far the greater of the two, acrmmring for c-.rer 99 percent of the
total waste generated. Approximately 80 percent of the animal waste falls
on open pasture or grazing land and presents few if any problems. The
remaining 20 percent is found in highly concentrated quantities where
animals are held in confinement: for irrensive feeding or marketing pur-
poses. Recent estimates by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and others
indicate that at least one-half to tvo-thirds of all the beef cattle waste
generated in confined or concentraied areas is being returned to the land
as a supplemental source of fertilizer or as a soil conditioner.
-------
Utilization of sewage sludge on the other hand is extremely low when
compared to that of animal waste. This is due primarily to an increased
awareness of the general public concerning the adverse qualities commonly
associated with sewage sludge when improperly handled or applied to the
land (i.e., odor development, accumulation of toxic metals in soil, plant,
and animal life, pathogen survival, and the potential that exists for
disease transmission). In actuality, the fears of the public are not
completely unfounded because many sludge utilization and disposal oper-
ations across the United States do have a track record of not being
properly monitored and managed and problems have developed. If,
however, sludge is properly handled and applied to the land in accordance
with "accepted practices", there is little or no reason for the public
to be alarmed. The Environmental Protection Agency is currently in the
process of publishing a technical bulletin on acceptable methods of
sludge utilization and disposal which should be of benefit in determining
what would be considered an acceptable practice.^3
According to a recent EPA report, fewer than 25 percent of all the
sewage treatment plants in the United States of 1 million gallons per
day capacity or more are currently landspreading their sewage on a
routine basis. Approximately 68 percent of those landspreading their
sludge have been doing so for less than 10 years. Furthermore, it was
found that most sludge landspreading operations are conducted without
any means of monitoring for environmental effects.
In view of recent shortages and higher cost of commercially pro-
duced fertilizers, it has been reported that utilization of sewage
sludge and animal waste has increased and will likely continue to
increase throughout the remainder of this decade. Utilization is ex-
pected to remain at a high level until the availability of abundant
supplies of natural gas are once again restored or alternate sources of
energy are found to replace natural gas as a cheap source of hydrogen
in the production of anhydrous ammonia. Most industrial experts do
not foresee the supply of natural gas being equal to demand now or in
the near future and therefore predict even higher costs and increased
demands for limited supplies of fertilizer products.
The nitrogen content of digested sewage sludge and animal waste
typically ranges between 1 and 4 percent on a dry solids basis. It has
been calculated that 40 to 50 wet tons of animal waste or dewatered
sewage sludge have a nitrogen content approximately equivalent to that
contained in an average ton of commercial fertilizer produced in 1973
(i.e., @ 20 percent nitrogen). Moreover, substituting organic waste for
commercial fertilizer means that a farmer has to handle many times as
much bulk material, thus greatly increasing his fertilizer handling and
application costs. In addition to the added cost of application, sewage
sludge and animal waste seldom contain nutrients in the proper ratio
consistent with that of a farmer's specific needs. This becomes
especially important when assessing the potential market value of a
particular organic waste material as a low grade fertilizer. Fertilizer
54
-------
materials having different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium, but similar ratios, can generally be used interchangeably as
it is necessary to alter only the rate of application to attain the same
relative degree of applied nutrients. If the ratio of primary nutrients
differs significantly, however, excesses and/or deficiencies in one or
more of the primary nutrients is likely to occur after prolonged appli-
cation. Therefore, it is generally recommended that only enough organic
waste material be applied to satisfy the demand of the most limiting
nutrient being applied. Table 25 displays the typical ratio of primary
nutrients among the various types of organic waste materials compared to
that of the average commercial fertilizer produced in 1973.
In addition to its nutrient content, sewage sludge may also contain
high concentrations of heavy metals which may restrict or inhibit its
utilization on land. In general, sludges with extremely high concentra-
tions of heavy metals should not be applied to agricultural lands. To
assist in determining acceptable application rates or the utilization
potential of a specific sludge based upon its metals content, the following
formula has been developed by the U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service
as a guide for limiting the toxic metal addition to soils.23
TOTAL SLUDGE APPLIED = 32.700 x C.E.C. of soil
(dry tons per acre) ppm Zn + 2(ppm Cu) + 4(ppm Ni) - 200
C.E.C. = Cation Exchange Capacity of the unamended soil in meg/100 g
as determined by the sum of cations or equivalent method
ppm = mg/kg dry weight of sludge
The above equation takes into account the greater phytotoxicity of
Zn, Cu, and Ni by converting each to its Zn equivalency. The - 200
adjusts for the increase in Cation Exchange Capacity of the native soil
as a result of the added inorganic matter applied with the sludge. The
soil C.E.C. relates to the characteristic of the soil to absorb excess
metal ions. Soil pH is also a very important factor limiting the amount
of sludge that can be applied to a specific soil. Generally speaking, a
pH of 6.5 or greater is recommended for sludge applications.24 in
addition, the cadmium to zinc ratio should not exceed 1:100. ^
Approximately 500,000 to 800,000 tons each of nitrogen (N), phos-
phorous ^265) , and potassium (I^O) are potentially available from that
portion of the animal waste and sewage sludge not being applied to the
land. If all the available waste were to be applied to the Nation's
cropland and its total nutrient value realized, it would represent a
potential national savings of 7, 15, and 18 percent in nitrogen, phos-
phorous, and potassium consumption annually. The energy implications
of such a savings are significant; however, when placed in proper per-
spective, this savings has only a minor impact upon the overall national
consumption of energy. According to Sweeten, a net energy savings of
approximately 4.4 million BTU's per acre of harvested grain sorghum or
55
-------
TABLE 25
TYPICAL RATIO OF PRIMARY
NUTRIENTS AMONG VARIOUS
TYPES OF ORGANIC WASTE
MATERIALS
Fertilizer
Material
Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorous Potassium
(P2o5)
(K20)
Average Commercial Grade 2
Fertilizer Produced in 1973
Digested Primary Sludge 1
Digested Secondary Sludge 1
Beef Cattle Manure 4
Dairy Cattle Manure 6
Swine Manure 5
Chicken Manure 4
Sheep Manure 7
0
0
2
5
2
1
5
56
-------
or corn silage could be realized by using 10 dry tons of feedlot manure
in lieu of commercial fertilizers (maximum haul distance was assumed to
be 10 miles one way).25 The 4.4 million BTU's of energy saved is approx-
imately equivalent to that required in the commercial production of 200
pounds of anhydrous ammonia (the amount normally applied to grain sorghum
and corn silage). Therefore it can be calculated that a net national
savings of approximately 0.12 percent of the natural gas or 0.04 percent
of the total energy consumed annually in the U.S. could be potentially
realized if all the available animal waste and sewage sludge were used
in lieu of commercially produced nitrogen.
Most of the problems commonly associated with utilization and
disposal of sewage sludge and animal waste have been largely the result
of improper distribution and handling, rather than an inability or
capacity of nature to assimilate fully the vast quantity of waste
generated. Assuming a very moderate application rate of 10 dry tons of
solids per acre per year, it is calculated that less than 5 million
acres of land would be required to handle adequately all of the avail-
able animal waste and sewage sludge generated in the United States each
year. The land requirement for sewage sludge alone is less than 10
percent of this total acreage. The combined acreage for both sewage
sludge and animal waste represents only 1.3 percent of the Nation's
total land area currently under cultivation. On an assumed worst case
basis, it is estimated that all of the Nation's municipal waste (i.e.,
garbage, sewage sludge, and food processing waste) could be disposed of
on less than 5 percent of our Nation's cropland without harm to the
environment or the crop.26 Therefore, it does not appear that our
Nation need be concerned about having sufficient land available to
utilize fully the growing quantities of sewage sludge and animal waste
being generated annually. The real problem is basically one of distri-
bution, economics, and public acceptance.
All factors taken into consideration, it is highly unlikely that
cities will be able to afford to continue to haul their sewage sludges
greater and greater distances to "remote" areas; therefore, they will
have to rely more heavily upon utilizing their sludge in urban areas.
The use of composted, heat-dried, digested, or otherwise stabilized
sludge should be encouraged on park land, playgrounds, turfgrass,
nursery products, cemeteries, cropland, etc., whenever possible. The
higher cost of fuel and the more stringent regulations being placed
upon ocean dumping and incineration are making sewage sludge utilization
practices more and more attractive to municipalities than ever before.
In addition, feedlot operators should be encouraged to maximize the
utilization of their animal waste on cropland as a partial substitute
for commercially produced fertilizers. New feedlots should attempt to
locate their businesses in areas that are considered to be more in step
with animal waste supply-and-demand principles. Alternate and innovative
ways to deal with these waste products should be developed (e.g., gas-
ification, refeeding, pyrolysis, and energy recovery systems). Land-
spreading should only be considered as a partial solution to the waste
disposal problems of our Nation to be used in conjunction with other means
of utilization and disposal.
57
-------
REFERENCES
1. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural statistics, 1973.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. 617 p.
2. Loehr, R. C. Pollution implications of animal wastesa forward
oriented review. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1973. 148 p.
3. Personal communication. J. D. Menzies, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, to L. A. Prior,
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, Aug. 15, 1974.
4. Anderson, R. K. Feedlot wastes. [Washington], Office of Solid
Wastes Management Programs, Systems Management Division,
Jan. 1975. 25 p. (Unpublished report.)
5. Viets, F. G., Jr. Cattle feealo1, pollution. In Proceedings;
National Symposium on Animal Waste Management, The Airlie
House, Warrenton, Va., Sept. 28-30, 1971. Washington, Council of
State Governments, p. 97-105.
6. Azevedo, J., and P. R. Stout. Farm animal manures; an overview
of their role in the agricultural environment. Manual 44.
University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences,
Aug. 1974. 109 p.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Programs.
Unpublished data, 1974.
8. Bernard, H. Alternative methods for sludge management. Ir^
Proceedings; National Conference on Municipal Sludge Management,
Pittsburgh, June 11-13, 1974. Washington, Information
Transfer, Inc. p. 11-19.
9. Hecht, N. L., D. S. Duvall, and A. S. Rashidi. Characterization
and utilization of municipal and utility sludges and ashes.
Dayton, Ohio, University of Dayton, Research Institute,
Oct. 1973. 217 p.
10. New York State Department of Health. Manual of instruction for
sewage treatment plant operators. Albany, N. Y., Health
Education Service, [n.d.] 247 p.
11. Menzies, J. D. Composition and properties of sewage sludge.
Jjl Proceedings; 28th Annual Meeting of the Soil Conservation
Society of America, Hot Springs, Ark., Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1973.
p.139-141.
58
-------
12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Materials Advisory
Committee. Nitrogenous compounds in the environment.
EPA-SAB-73-001. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1973. 187 p.
13. Carroll, T. E., D. L. Maase, J. M. Genco, and C. N. Ifeadi.
Review of landspreading of liquid municipal sewage sludge.
Columbus, Ohio, Battelle Memorial Institute, June 1974.
97 p. (Unpublished report.)
14. Fertilizer situation. FS-4. Washington, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Jan. 1974. 24 p.
15. Harre, E. A. Fertilizer trends, 1973. Bulletin Y-77. Muscle
Shoals, Ala., Tennessee Valley Authority, Fertilizer
Development Center, June 1974. 57 p.
16. United States and world fertilizer outlook, 1974 and 1980.
Agricultural Economic Report No. 257. Washington, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service,
May 1974. 65 p.
17. Tisdale, S. L., and W. L. Nelson. Soil fertility and fertilizers.
2d ed. New York, The Macmillan Company, [1966]. 694 p.
18. Personal communication. D. C. Collins, The Fertilizer Institute,
to L. A. Prior, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs,
June 20, 1974.
19. 1975 fertilizer situation. FS-5. Washington, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Dec. 1974. 27 p.
20. Personal communication. K. R. Hummels, California Cattle Feeders
Association, to L. A. Prior, Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs, Oct. 1, 1974.
21. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Our land and water resources; current and prospective supplies
and uses. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1290. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1974. 54 p.
22. U.S. Department of the Interior. Surface mining and our
environment. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
[1967]. 124 p.
59
-------
23. Acceptable methods for the utilization or disposal of sludges;
technical bulletinsupplement to Federal guidelines: design,
operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment facilities.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nov. 1974.
26 p. (Unpublished report.)
24. Mosher, D. C. Heavy metals in sewage sludge and their health
implications. Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, Apr. 1975. 35 p.
(Unpublished report.)
25. Sweeten, J. M. Energy from feedlot manure. Irฑ Agricultural
engineering. College Station, Tex., Texas Agricultural
Extension Service, Texas A&M University, Oct. 21, 1974.
p.1-4.
26. Carlson, C. W., and J. D. Menzies. Utilization of urban wastes
in crop production. BioScience, 21(12):561-564, June 15, 1971.
60
-------
APPENDIX
61
-------
APPENDIX A
Conversion Factors
To convert
P 0
p
K
Anhydrous ammonia ....
Urea
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Sodium nitrate
Superphosphate:
46 percent PoOs
Potash:
60 percent KpO
Potassium chloride ....
Metric tons
(tonnes, 2204.6 av. Ibs.)
Long tons
(224O av. Ibs.)
To
P
K
K20
N
N
N
N
N
P
P
K
K
K20
Short tons
Short tons
Multiply by
0.43642
2.29137
.83016
1.20459
.82
.46
.335
.205
.16
.08728
.20075
.49810
.51470
.63177
1.10231
1.12
62
-------
APPENDIX B
FARM PRODUCTION REGIONS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NEC. ERS IJ*ปA-*3 (() ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE
63
-------
APPENDIX C
Anhydrous Ammonia Production Capacity
Company
Location
1972
1973
1974
1975 1976
(000 short
1977 1978
1979
1980
tons of material)
United States
Agnco Chemical Co.
Agway, Inc.
Air Products & Chem.
Allied Chemical Co.
American Cyanamid Co.
Amoco Chemical Co.
Apache Powder Co.
Arkla Chemical Co
Atlas Chemical, Inc
Beker Industries
Borden Chemical Co.
CF Industries, Inc.
Cherokee Nitrogen
Chevron Chemical Co.
Collier Carbon & Chem.
Columbia Nitrogen
Commercial Solvents
Diamond-Shamrock Co.
Dow Chemical Co.
E. I. DuPont Co.
Duval Corp.
El Paso Products Co.
Farmers Chemical Assoc.
Farmers National Chem.
Farmland Industries
First Mississippi Co.
FMC Corp.
Gardinier
Good Hope Refineries
Donaldsonville, La.
Blythevilte, Ark.
Tulsa, Okla.
Clean, N. Y.
New Orleans, La.
Pace Jet., Fla
Geismar, La.
Hopewell, Va.
LaPlatte, Neb
South Point, Ohio
Fortier, La.
Texas City, Texas
Benson, Ariz.
Helena, Ark.
Joplm, Mo.
Carlsbad, N.M.
Conda, Idaho
Geismar, La.
Fremont, Neb.
Donaldsonville, La.
Terre Haute, Ind.
Pryor, Okla.
Richmond, Cahf.
Ft. Madison, Iowa
Pascagoula, Miss.
El Segundo, Calif.
Kenai, Alaska
Brea, Calif.
Augusta, Ga.
Sterhngton, La
Dumas, Texas
Freeport, Texas
Beaumont, Texas
Belle, W. Va.
Victoria, Texas
Hanford, Cahf.
Odessa, Texas
Tunis, N.C.
Tyner, Tenn.
Plamview, Texas
Dodge City, Kan.
Ft. Dodge, Iowa
Hastings, Neb.
Lawrence, Kan.
Enid, Okla.
Ft. Madison, Iowa
S. Charleston, W. Va.
Tampa, Fla.
Corpus Christi, Texas
340
340
-
85
210
100
340
340
202
80
340
720
15
210
136
-
-
240
48
680
135
55
130
105
510
4
510
260
122
340
160
us
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
210
210
140
340
340
24
120
-
400
390
-
85
210
100
340
340
202
160
340
720
15
210
136
-
-
240
48
750
135
55
130
105
510
20-
510
260
122
340
160
115
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
-
210
210
140
340
340
24
120
-
400
390
-
85
210
100
340
340
202
160
340
720
15
210
136
-
100
240
48
750
135
55
130
105
510
20
510
260
122
340
160
115
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
60
210
210
140
340
425
340
24
120
-
400
390
425
85
210
100
340
340
202
160
340
720
15
210
136
200
100
240
48
750
135
55
130
105
510
20
510
260
122
340
160
115
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
60
710
210
140
340
425
340
24
120
-
400
390
425
85
210
100
340
340
202
160
340
720
15
210
136
200
100
240
48
750
135
55
130
105
510
20
510
260
122
340
160
115
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
60
210
210
140
340
425
340
24
120
850
400
390
425
85
210
100
340
340
202
160
340
720
15
210
136
200
100
240
48
750
135
55
130
105
510
20
510
260
122
340
160
115
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
60
210
210
140
340
425
340
24
120
850
400
390
425
85
210
100
340
340
202
160
340
720
15
210
136
200
100
240
48
750
135
55
130
105
510
2O
510
260
122
340
160
115
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
60
210
210
140
340
425
340
24
120
850
400
390
425
85
210
100
340
340
202
160
340
720
15
210
136
200
100
240
48
750
135
55
130
105
510
20
510
260
122
340
160
115
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
60
210
210
140
340
425
340
24
120
850
400
390
425
85
210
100
340
340
202
160
340
720
15
210
136
200
100
240
48
750
135
55
130
105
510
20
510
260
122
340
160
115
340
340
100
21
115
210
170
60
210
210
140
340
425
340
24
120
850
-------
Anhydrous Ammonia Production Capacity
Company
Location
1972
1973
1974
1975
(000 short
1976
1977 1978
1979
1980
tons of material)
United States
Goodpasture, Inc.
W. R. Grace & Co.
Green Valley Chem. Co.
Hawkeye Chemical Co.
Hercules, Inc.
Hill Chem. (Camex)
Hooker Chemical Co.
Kaiser Ag. Chem.
Mississippi Chem. Corp.
Mobil Chemical Co.
Monsanto Co.
New Jersey Zinc Co.
Nipak, Inc.
Occidental Ag. Chem.
01in,Inc.
Pennsalt Chemical Co.
Phillips Pacific Chem.
Phillips Chemical Co.
PPG Industries
Reichhdld Chemical
Rohm and Haas
St. Paul Ammonia Prod.
Shell Chemical Co.
J. R. SimplotCo.
Sun Oil Co.
Tenneco Chemical Co.
Tennessee Valley Authority
Terra Chemicals
Triad Chemical Co.
USS Agri-Chem.
Valley Nitrogen Prod.
Vistron Corp
Vulcan Materials
Wycon Chemical Co.
Dimmitt, Texas
Woodstock, Tenn
Big Spring, Texas
Pt. Lisas, Trinidad
Creston, Iowa
Clinton, Iowa
Hercules, Calif.
Louisiana, Mo.
Borger, Texas
Tacoma, Wash.
Savannah, Ga.
Pascagoula, Miss.
Yazoo City, Miss.
Beaumont, Texas
Luling, La.
Palmerton,Pa.
Pryor, Okla.
Kerens, Texas
Lathrop, Calif.
Plamview, Texas
Lake Charles, La.
Wyandotte, Mich.
Portland, Ore.
Kennewick, Wash.
Beatnc, Neb.
Etter, Texas
Pasadena, Texas
Natrium, W. Va.
St. Helens, Ore.
Deer Park, Texas
E. Dubuque, 111.
Ventura, Calif.
Pocatello, Idaho
Marcus Hook, Pa.
Houston, Texas
Muscle Shoals, Ala.
Port Neal, Iowa
Donaldsonville, La.
Cherokee, Ala.
Clairton, Pa.
Geneva, Utah
El Centro, Calif.
Helm, Calif.
Chandler, Ariz.
Lima, Ohio
Wichita, Kan.
Cheyenne, Wyo.
30
275
100
500
35
138
70
70
340
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
34
8
155
210
210
230
50
90
-
230
60
54
133
210
-
210
340
177
-
70
210
176
-
510
23
167
30
340
100
340
35
138
70
70
400
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
-
8
155
210
210
230
50
90
35
230
-
54
133
210
74
210
340
177
325
70
210
176
510
23
167
30
340
100
340
35
138
70
70
400
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
-
8
155
210
-
230
50
90
35
230
-
108
-
210
74
210
340
177
325
70
210
176
33
510
23
167
30
340
100
340
35
138
70
70
400
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
-
8
155
210
-
230
50
90
35
230
-
108
-
210
74
210
340
177
325
70
210
176
33
510
23
167
30
340
100
340
35
138
70
70
400
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
-
8
155
210
-
230
50
90
35
230
-
108
-
210
74
210
340
177
325
70
210
176
33
510
35
167
30
340
100
740
35
138
70
70
400
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
8
155
210
230
50
90
35
230
-
108
-
210
74
210
340
177
325
70
210
176
33
510
35
167
30
340
100
740
35
138
70
70
400
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
-
8
155
210
230
50
90
35
230
-
108
-
210
74
210
340
177
325
70
210
176
33
510
35
167
30
340
100
740
35
138
70
70
400
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
8
155
210
-
230
50
90
35
230
108
-
210
74
210
340
177
325
70
210
176
33
510
35
167
30
340
100
740
35
138
70
70
400
23
150
175
340
300
450
35
105
125
96
52
490
-
8
155
210
230
50
90
35
230
-
108
-
210
74
210
340
177
325
70
210
176
33
510
35
167
Total
17,004 17,589 17,918 18,543 19,405 19,805 19,805 19,805 19,805
65
-------
Anhydrous Ammonia Production Capacity
Company
Location
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
(000 short tons of material)
Canada
Alberta Ammonia Ltd.
Beker Industries
Brockville Chemical Ind.
Calgary Petrochemicals
CIL Ltd.
CF Industries, Inc.
Cominco, Ltd.
Cyanamid of Canada
Imperial Chemical Co.
Northwest Nitro. Chem.
Pan Canadian-Tyler
Sherntt-Gordon Mines
J. R. Simplot Co.
Western Coop. Pert.
Total
Type of Plant
Medicine Hat, Alta.
Sarnia, Ont.
Maitland, Ont.
Alberta
Courtnght, Ont.
Medicine Hat, Alta.
Calgary, Alta.
Trail, B.C.
Welland, Ont.
Redwater, Alta.
Medicine Hat, Alta.
Medicine Hat, Alta.
Ft. Saskatchewan, Alta.
Brandon, Man.
Calgary, Alta.
Location
88
-
340
125
155
250
210
65
-
160
110
70
1,573
1972
-
88
-
340
-
125
155
250
210
65
-
160
110
70
1,573
1973
-
88
-
340
-
125
155
250
210
65
-
160
110
70
1,573
1974
_
163
88
-
340
125
155
250
210
65
-
160
110
70
1,736
1975
(000 short
400
163
88
135
340
400
125
155
250
210
65
400
160
220
70
3,181
1976
800
163
88
135
340
400
125
155
250
210
65
400
495
220
70
3,916
1977
1,600
163
88
135
340
400
125
155
250
210
65
400
495
220
70
4,716
1978
1,600
163
88
135
340
400
125
155
250
210
65
400
495
220
70
4,716
1979
1,600
163
88
475
340
400
125
155
250
210
65
400
495
220
70
5,056
1980
tons of material)
Other Production Capacity Under Consideration0
Conventional (U.S.)
Total
Coal Gasification (U.S.)
(Byproduct Ammonia)
Total
Total
Conventional (Canada)
Total
Total
Summary
Total United States
Total Canada
Total North America
Alabama
Alaska
Indiana
Louisiana
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Texas
Texas
New Mexico
North Dakota
Wyoming
Alberta
Alberta
Ontario
Ontario
-
~
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17,004
1,573
18,577
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17,589
1,573
19,162
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17,918
1,573
19,491
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18,543
1,736
20,279
-
-
X
X
-
X
-
1,080
-
-
-
-
1,080
-
-
-
-
-
1,080
20,485
3,181
23,666
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
2,330
-
-
-
-
2.330
X
X
X
X
1,210
3,540
22,135
5,126
27,261
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2,930
X
X
X
235
3,165
X
X
X
X
1,219
4,375
22,970
5,926
28,896
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2,930
X
X
X
235
3,165
X
X
X
X
1,219
4,375
22,970
5,926
28,896
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2,930
X
X
X
370
3,300
X
X
X
X
1,210
4,510
23,105
6,266
29,371
aUnconfumed plants said to be in various stages of planning. Market conditions will affect future construction schedules of these or other plants
currently under study. Many may not come into being until such time as the energy policy of the U.S. is more clearly defined.
66
-------
Urea Production Capacity
Company
Agrico Chemical Co.
Agway, Inc.
Air Products & Chem.
Allied Chemical Co.
American Cyanamid Co.
Arkla Chemical Co.
Atlas Chemical Ind.
Borden Chemical Co.
CF Industries, Inc.
Cherokee Nitrogen
Collier Carbon & Chem.
Columbia Nitrogen
E.I. DuPont Co.
Farmers Chemical Assoc.
Farmers National Chem.
Farmland Industries
W. R.Grace & Co.
Hawkeye Chemical Co.
Hercules, Inc.
Kaiser Ag. Chem.
Mississippi Chem. Co.
Mobil Chemical Co.
Nipak, Inc.
Olin Inc.
Phillips Pacific Chem.
Phillips Chemical Co.
Premier Petrochemical
Reichhold Chemical
SunOlin Chemical Co.
Tennessee Valley Auth.
Terra Chemicals
Triad Chemical Co.
U.S.S. Agri-Chem.
Valley Nitrogen Prod.
Vistron Corp.
Wycon Chemical Co.
Total
Location
Donaldsonville, La.
Blytheville, Ark.
Tulsa, Okla.
Clean, N.Y.
Pace Jet., Fla.
Geismar, La
LaPlatte, Neb.
South Point, Ohio
Fortier, La.
Helena, Ark.
Joplm, Mo.
Geismar, La.
Fremont, Neb.
Donaldsonville, La.
Pryor, Okla.
Kenai, Alaska
Brea, Calif.
Augusta, Ga.
Belle, W. Va.
Tunis, N.C.
Tyner, Tenn.
Plamview, Texas
Lawrence, Kan.
Woodstock, Tenn.
Clinton, Iowa
Hercules, Calif.
Louisiana, Mo.
Savannah, Ga.
Yazoo City, Miss.
Beaumont, Tex.
Pryor, Okla.
Kerens, Texas
Lake Charles, La.
Kennewick, Wash.
Beatrice, Neb.
Pasadena, Tex.
St. Helens, Ore.
Clayton, Del.
Muscle Shoals, Ala.
Port Neal, Iowa
Donaldsonville, La.
Cherokee, Ala.
El Centra, Calif.
Helm, Calif.
Lima, Ohio
Cheyenne, Wyo.
1972
United States
200
-
-
60
23
'230
125
190
145
70
64
165
20
-
45
350
55
30
100
165
45
-
76
140
61
40
95
80
85
49
100
86
160
43
56
75
55
90
-
123
420
25
155
35
238
50
4,419
1973
200
-
60
23
230
125
100
145
70
64
165
20
45
350
55
30
40
165
45
-
76
140
61
40
95
80
153
49
100
86
160
43
56
103
55
-
66
123
420
25
155
35
238
50
*4,341
1 974
(000 short
340
-
60
23
230
125
100
145
70
64
165
20
340
45
350
55
30
40
165
45
60
286
140
61
40
95
110
153
49
100
86
160
43
56
103
55
_
66
170
420
25
155
35
238
50
5,168
1975
tons of material)
340
340
215
60
23
230
125
100
145
70
64
165
20
340
45
350
55
30
40
165
45
60
286
140
61
40
95
110
153
49
166
86
160
43
56
103
55
66
170
420
25
155
35
238
50
5,789
1976
340
340
215
60
23
230
125
100
145
70
64
165
20
340
45
350
55
30
40
165
45
60
286
340
61
40
95
110
153
49
166
86
160
43
56
103
55
_
66
170
420
25
155
35
238
50
5,989
67
-------
Urea Production Capacity
Company
Brockville Chemical Ind.
Calgary Petrochemicals
C1L Ltd.
CF Industries, Inc.
Commco, Ltd.
Cyanamid ot Canada
PanCanadian Petro.
Sherritt-Gordon Mines
I R. Simplot Co.
Total
Agrico Chemical Co.
Agway. Inc
Air Products & Chem.
Allied Chemical Co.
American Cyanamid Co
Apache Powdei Co
Arkla Chemical Co.
Atlas Chemical Ind.
Carolina Nitrogen
CF Industries, Inc
Cherokee Nitrogen
Chevron Chemical Co.
Collier Carbon & Chem.
Columbia Nitrogen
Commco-American
Commercial Solvents
Farmers Chemical Assoc.
Farmland Industries
Goodpasture, Inc.
Gulf Oil Co
Hawkeye Chemical Co.
Hercules, Inc.
Location
Maitland, Ont.
Alberta
Courtright, Ont.
Medicine Hat, Alta.
Calgary, Alta.
Weiland, Ont.
Alberta, Canada
1972
Canada
50
-
70
-
90
99
Ft. Saskatchewan, Alta. 100
Brandon. Man.
Ammonium
Tulsa, Okla.
Olean, N.Y.
Pace Jet., Fla.
Geismar, La.
Hopewell, Va.
LaPlatte.Neb.
South Point, Ohio
Hannibal, Mo.
Benson, Ariz.
Helena, Ark.
Jophn, Mo.
Tamaqua, Pa.
Wilmington, N.C
Fremont, Neb
Terre Haute, Ind.
Pryor, Okla.
Richmond, Calif.
Ft. Madison, Iowa
Kennewick, Wash
Brea, Calif.
Augusta, Ga.
Beatrice, Neb.
Sterlington, La.
Tunis, N.C.
Tyner, Tenn.
Lawrence, Kan.
Demmitt, Texas
Pittsburg, Kan.
Henderson, Ky.
Clinton, Iowa
Hercules, Calif.
Louisiana, Mo.
Donora, Pa.
33
442
1973
50
-
70
-
90
99
100
33
442
1974
(000 short
50
70
-
90
99
100
33
442
1975
tons of material)
50
-
70
90
99
_
100
33
442
1976
50
136
70
510
90
99
400
33
1,388
Nitrate Production Capacity3
United States
-
69
100
290
95
112
100
132
66
96
233
40
188
32
160
85
41
78
83
60
208
175
187
165
(65
270
100
360
112
147
80
460
137
-
69
100
290
95
112
132
66
96
233
40
188
32
160
85
4!
78
83
60
208
175
187
165
165
270
100
360
-
147
80
460
137
-
69
100
290
95
112
132
66
96
233
40
188
32
160
85
41
78
83
60
208
175
187
165
165
270
100
360
-
147
80
265
69
100
290
95
112
_
132
66
96
233
40
188
32
160
85
41
78
83
60
208
175
187
165
165
270
100
360
-
147
80
460 460
137
137
265
69
100
290
95
112
132
66
96
233
40
188
32
160
85
41
78
83
60
208
175
187
165
165
270
100
360
-
147
80
460
137
68
-------
Ammonium Nitrate Production Capacity3
Company
Illinois Nitrogen Co.
Kaiser Ag. Chem.
Mississippi Chem. Co.
Mobil Chemical Co.
Monsanto Co.
Nipak, Inc.
Nitram, Inc.
Phillips Pacific Chem.
Phillips Chemical Co.
Reichhold Chemical
St. Paul Ammonia Prod.
Terra Chemicals
U.S.S. Agri-Chem
Valley Nitrogen Prod.
Vistron Corp.
Wycon Chemical Co.
Total
Brockville Chemical Ind.
CIL Ltd.
Cyanamid of Canada
Exxon Chemical Co.
Northwest Nitro. Chem.
Total
Agrico Chemical Co.
American Cyanamid Co.
Beker industries
Borden Chemical Co.
Comin co-American
Gardimer
W. R.Grace & Co.
Hooker Chemical Corp.
Location
Marseilles, 111.
Savannah, Ga.
Tampa, Fla.
North Bend, Ohio
Bainbridge, Ga.
Yazoo City, Miss.
Beaumont, Texas
Lulmg, La.
El Dorado, Ark.
Kerens, Texas
Tampa, Fla.
Kennewick, Wash.
Beatrice, Neb.
Etter, Texas
Pasadena, Texas
St. Helens, Ore.
Pine Bend, Minn.
Port Neal, Iowa
Cherokee, Ala.
Geneva, Utah
Crystal City, Mo.
El Centro, Calif.
Lima, Ohio
Cheyenne, Wyo.
Maitland, Ont.
Courtnght, Ont.
McMasterville, Que.
Welland, Ont.
Redwater, Alta.
Medicine Hat, Alta.
Phosphate
Pierce, Fla.
Brewster, Fla.
Bradley, Fla.
Dry Valley, Idaho
Teneroc, Fla.
Garrison, Mont.
Ft. Meade, Fla.
Bonny Lake, Fla.
Columbia, Tenn.
1972
United States
99
198
54
96
48
400
195
275
350
51
132
50
68
168
16
22
88
137
90
100
92
41
75
75
7,446
Canada
30
135
79
170
120
66
600
Rock Production
United States
6,100
1,300
1,500
-
1,000
750
2,000
2,300
750
69
1973
99
198
54
96
48
400
195
275
350
51
132
50
68
168
16
22
88
137
90
100
92
41
75
75
7,234
30
135
79
170
120
66
600
Capacity
6,100
1,300
1,500
1,800
1,000
750
2,000
2,300
750
1974
(000 short
99
198
54
96
48
400
195
275
350
51
132
50
68
16
22
88
137
90
100
92
41
75
75
7,066
30
135
79
170
120
66
600
6,100
1,300
1,500
1,800
1,000
750
2,000
2,300
750
1975
tons of material)
99
198
54
96
48
400
195
275
350
51
132
50
68
_
16
22
88
137
90
100
92
41
75
75
7,331
30
135
79
170
120
66
600
8,600
1,300
1,500
2,000
1,000
750
2,000
2.300
750
1976
99
198
54
96
48
550
195
275
350
51
132
50
68
16
22
88
137
90
100
92
41
75
75
7,481
30
135
79
170
120
66
600
9,100
1,300
1,500
2,000
1,000
750
2,000
2,300
750
-------
Phosphate Rock Production Capacity
Company
Location
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
(000 short tons of material)
IMC Corp.
Mobil Chemical Co.
Monsanto Co.
Occidental Ag. Chem.
Presnell Phosphate
George Relyea Co.
J. R. Simplot Co.
Stauffer Chemical
Swift and Co.
Tennessee Valley Auth.
TGS Inc.
U.S.S. Agri-Chem.
Florida & North Carolina
Tennessee
Western States
Total
Kingsford, Fla.
Bonnie, Fla.
Mt. Pleasant, Tenn.
Ft. Meade, Fla.
Columbia, Tenn.
Ballard, Idaho
White Springs, Fla.
Columbia, Tenn.
Columbia, Tenn.
Garrison, Mont.
Conda, Idaho
Fort Hall, Idaho
Mt. Pleasant, Tenn.
Leefe, Wyo.
Melrose, Mont.
Cherokee, Utah
Vernal, Utah
Watson, Fla.
Franklin, Tenn.
Lee Creek, N.C.
Ft. Meade, Fla.
United States
2,000
6,700
200
4,500
1,000
1,000
2,600
750
700
100
1,000
1,000
600
500
600
400
300
3,000
200
3,000
2,800
38,800
3,450
5,650
47,900
2,000
6,700
200
4,500
1,000
1,000
2,600
750
700
100
1,000
1,000
600
500
600
400
300
3,000
200
3,000
2,800
38,800
3,450
7,450
49,700
2,000
7,700
200
4,500
1,000
1,000
3,100
750
700
100
1,000
1,000
600
500
600
400
300
3,000
200
3,000
2,800
40,300
3,450
7,450
51,200
2,000
9,000
200
4,500
1,000
1,000
3,100
750
700
100
1,000
1,000
600
500
600
400
300
3,000
200
3,000
2,800
44,100
3,450
7,650
55,200
2,000
9,000
200
4,500
1,000
1,000
3,100
750
700
100
1,000
1,000
600
500
600
400
300
3,000
200
4,000
2,800
45,600
3,450
7,650
56,700
Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid Production Capacity
AFC, Inc.
Agrico Chemical Co.
Allied Chemical Co.
Arkla Chemical Co.
Beker Industries
Borden Chemical Co.
Bunker Hill Chem. Co.
CF Industries, Inc.
Collier Carbon & Chem.
Conserve, Inc.
Duval Corp.
Farmland Industries
First Mississippi Co
Bena, Calif.
Donaldsonville, La.
Pierce, Fla.
Geismar, La.
Helena, Ark.
Conda, Idaho
Marseilles, 111.
Taft.La.
Piney Point, Fla.
Kellogg, Idaho
Bonnie, Fla.
Plant City, Fla.
Pittsburg, Calif.
Nichols, Fla.
Hanford, Calif.
Pierce, Fla.
Ft. Madison, Iowa
United States
1
-
240
160
50
-
-
207
175
32
630
250
15
-
15
455
190
(000
7
-
280
160
50
100
104
207
175
32
630
250
15
150
15
455
190
short tons P3
7
-
280
160
50
256
104
207
175
32
630
250
15
150
15
455
190
os)
7
400
280
160
50
256
104
207
175
32
630
625
15
150
15
455
190
7
400
280
160
50
256
104
207
175
32
630
625
15
150
15
455
190
70
-------
Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid Production Capacity
Company
Freeport Minerals
Gardinier
W. R. Grace & Co.
IMC Corp.
Mississippi Chem. Co.
Mobil Chemical Co.
Occidental Ag. Chem.
Olin Inc.
Phosphate Chemicals
Royster Company
J. R. Simplot Co.
Stauffer Chemical
TGS Inc.
U.S.S. Agri-Chem.
Valley Nitrogen Prod.
Total
Belledune Fertilizer
Border Fertilizer
CIL Ltd.
Cominco, Ltd.
Exxon Chemical
IMC (Canada) Limited
Northwest Nitro. Chem.
St. Lawrence Fert.
Sherritt-Gordon Mines
Western Coop. Fert.
Total
Agrico Chemical Co.
Beker Industries
Borden Chemical Co.
CF Industries, Inc.
Farmland Industries
Gardinier
W.R. Grace & Co.
IMC Corp.
Mississippi Chem. Co.
Location
Uncle Sam, La.
Tampa, Fla.
Bartow, Fla.
Mulberry, Fla.
Pascagoula, Miss.
Depue, 111.
Lathrop, Calif.
White Springs, Fla
Pasadena, Texas
Joliet, 111.
Pasadena, Texas
Mulberry, Fla.
Pocatello, Idaho
Garfield, Utah
Lee Creek, N.C.
Bartow, Fla.
Ft. Meade, Fla.
Helm, Calif.
Belledune, N.B.
Winnipeg, Man.
Courtright, Ont.
Trail, P.C.
Kimberley, B.C.
Redwater, Alberta
Pt. Maitland, Ont.
1972
United States
600
544
300
-
160
-
17
230
210
127
50
135
180
100
346
90
176
50
5,741
Canada
1 49
17
90
80
120
127
124
Medicine Hat, Alberta 70
Valleyfield, Que.
Ft. Saskatchewan,
Calgary, Alberta
Concentrated
Pierce, Fla.
Conda, Idaho
Piney Point Fla.
Plant City, Fla.
Pierce, Fla.
Tampa, Fla.
Bartow, Fla.
Joplin, Mo.
Mulberry, Fla.
Pascagoula, Miss.
45
Alta. 60
90
972
1973
750
544
315
-
160
125
17
230
210
127
50
135
180
100
346
90
176
50
6,425
149
17
90
80
120
127
124
70
45
60
90
972
1974
(000 short
750
544
315
-
160
125
17
230
210
127
50
135
180
100
516
90
176
50
6,751
149
17
90
80
120
127
124
70
45
60
90
972
1975
tonsP2Os)
750
544
315
750
160
125
32
580
210
127
50
135
180
100
686
90
176
150
8,911
149
17
90
80
120
127
124
70
45
60
90
972
1976
750
544
565
750
160
125
32
580
210
127
50
135
180
100
686
90
176
150
9,161
149
17
90
80
120
127
124
70
45
60
90
972
Superphosphate Production Capacity
United States
161
-
33
243
87
375
320
45
-
-
161
-
33
243
87
375
320
45
-
126
276
156
33
243
87
375
320
45
-
126
276
156
33
427
87
375
320
45
126
276
156
33
427
87
375
320
45
126
71
-------
Concentrated Superphosphate Production Capacity
Company
Occidental Ag. Chem.
Royster Company
J.R. Simplot Co.
Stauffer Chemical
TGS Inc.
U.S.S. Agri-Chem.
Total
IMC (Canada) Limited
St. Lawrence, Pert.
Total
Location
White Springs, Fla.
Mulberry, Fla.
Pocatello, Idaho
Garfield, Utah
Lee Creek, N.C.
Ft. Meade, Fla.
Pt. Maitland, Ont.
Valley field, Que.
1972
United States
78
97
55
41
164
121
1,820
Canada
W
17
86
1973
78
97
55
41
164
121
1,946
69
17
86
1974
(000 short
78
97
55
41
164
121
2,217
69
17
86
1975
tonsP2O5)
78
97
55
41
164
121
2,401
69
17
86
1976
78
97
55
41
164
121
2,401
69
17
86
Ammonium Phosphate Production Capacity''
United States
AFC, Inc.
Agrico Chemical Co.
Allied Chemical Co.
Arkla Chemical Co.
Beker Industries
Borden Chemical Co.
Brewster Phosphates
Bunker Hill Chem. Co.
CF Industries, Inc.
Chevron Chemical Co.
Collier Carbon & Chem.
Conserve, Inc.
Faimers Chemical Assoc.
Farmland Industries
First Mississippi Co.
Ford Motor Co.
Gardinier
W.R. Grace & Co.
Kaiser Steel Crop.
Mississippi Chem. Co.
Mobil Chemical Co.
Nipak, Inc.
Occidental Ag. Chem.
Bena, Calif.
Donaldsonville, La.
Geismar, La.
Helena, Ark.
Conda, Idaho
Marseilles, 111.
Taft, La.
Piney Point, Fla.
Geismar, La.
Luling, La.
Kellogg, Idaho
Bonnie, Fla.
Richmond, Calif.
Ft. Madison, Iowa
Kennewick, Wash.
Pittsburg, Calif.
Nichols, Fla.
Tunis, N.C.
Joplin, Mo.
Lawrence, Kan.
Pierce, Fla.
Ft. Madison, Iowa
Dearborn, Mich.
Tampa, Fla.
Bartow, Fla.
Fontana, Calif.
Pascagoula, Miss.
Depue, 111.
Kerens, Texas
Lathrop, Calif.
White Springs, Fla.
7
322
135
50
161
87
200
85
50
110
21
450
17
30
13
25
45
92
61
92
170
10
170
105
15
153
125
33
18
115
7
322
135
50
161
87
216
85
50
150
21
450
17
30
13
25
110
92
61
92
170
10
170
105
15
153
125
33
18
115 ,
7
322
135
50
147
87
216
85
50
150
21
450
17
30
13
25
110
-
92
61
92
170
10
170
105
15
153
125
33
18
115
7
713
135
50
147
87
216
85
50
150
21
450
17
30
13
25
110
-
92
61
92
170
10
170
105
15
153
125
33
18
276
7
713
135
50
147
87
216
85
50
150
21
450
17
30
13
25
110
-
92
61
92
170
10
170
105
15
153
125
33
18
276
72
-------
Ammonium Phosphate Production Capacity"
Company
Olin Inc.
Phosphate Chemicals
Royster Company
J.R. Simplot Co.
Stauffer Chemical
Tennessee Valley Auth.
TGS Inc.
U.S.S. Agri-Chem.
Valley Nitrogen Prod.
Total
Belledune Fertilizer
Border Fertilizer
CIL Ltd.
Cominco, Ltd.
Cyanamid of Canada
Exxon Chemical
Northwest Nitro. Chem.
St. Lawrence Fert.
Sherritt-Gordon Mines
J.R. Simplot Co.
Western Coop. Fert.
Total
Location
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
(000 short tonsP205)
Pasadena, Texas
Pasadena, Texas
Mulberry, Fla.
Pocatello, Idaho
Garfield, Utah
Muscle Shoals, Ala.
Lee Creek, N.C.
Cherokee, Ala.
Bartow, Fla.
Helm, Calif.
Chandler, Ariz.
Belledune, N.B.
Winnipeg, Man
Courtnght, Ont.
Trail, B.C.
Kimberley, B.C.
Welland, Ont.
Redwater, Alta.
Medicine Hat, Alta.
Valleyfield, Que.
Ft. Saskatchewan, Alta
Brandon, Man.
Calgary, Alta.
Potash
United States
198
50
45
106
56
20
101
75
14
35
12
3,679
Canada
147
30
90
115
115
35
152
50
30
55
104
79
1,002
Production Capacity
198
50
45
106
56
20
101
75
14
35
12
3,800
147
30
90
115
115
35
152
50
30
55
104
79
1,002
198
50
45
106
56
-
101
75
14
35
12
3,766
147
30
90
115
115
35
152
50
30
55
104
79
1,002
(000 short tons
Amax Corp.
Duval Corp.
IMC Corp
Kaiser Ag. Chem.
Kerr-McGee, Inc.
Lithium Corp.
National Potash Co.
Potash Corp. of America
Teledyne, Inc.
TGS Inc.
Total
Carlsbad, N.M.
Carlsbad, N.M.
Carlsbad, N.M.
Wendover, Utah
Trona, Calif.
Carlsbad, N.M.
Salt Lake City, Utah
Carlsbad, N.M.
Carlsbad, N.M.
Carlsbad, N.M.
Moab, Utah
United States
320
240
300
55
235
326
120
350
620
200
350
3,116
320
240
300
55
235
326
1 20
350
620
-
350
2,916
320
240
300
55
235
326
120
350
620
-
350
2,916
198
50
45
106
56
-
101
75
14
105
12
4,388
147
30
90
115
115
35
152
50
30
55
104
79
1,002
K,0)
320
240
300
55
235
326
120
350
620
-
350
2,916
198
50
45
106
56
-
101
75
14
105
12
4,388
147
30
90
115
115
35
152
50
30
55
104
79
1,002
320
240
300
55
235
326
120
350
620
-
350
2,916
73
-------
Potash Production Capacity
Company
Allan Potash Mines
Alwinsal Potash Co.
Noranda Mines
Cominco, Ltd.
Duval Corp.
IMC Corp.
Kalium Chemicals
Potash Corp. of America
Sylvite of Canada
Total
Location
Saskatoon, Sask.
Lanigan, Sask.
Viscount, Sask.
Delisle, Sask.
Saskatoon, Sask.
Esterhazy, Sask.
Belle Plain, Sask.
Lake, Patience, Sask.
Rocanville, Sask.
1972
Canada
900
600
900
(720)
730
2,330
937
460
732
7,589
1973
900
600
900
(720)
730
2,330
937
460
732
7,589
1974
(000 short
900
600
900
(720)
730
2,330
937
460
732
7,589
1975
tons K2O)
900
600
900
(720)
730
2,330
937
460
732
7,589
1976
900
600
900
(720)
730
2,330
937
460
732
7,589
^Includes some ammonium nitrate for industrial uses.
"Includes mono and diammonium phosphate and nitricphosphate prodi
lucers.
74
-------
X O
oo
01
T
(r
$
S i
*""
o
2 i
o
"> i
UJ
ป "' '
U. CL O
ซ ' UJ
ui y , i
x
O r
^1 M
*x
zง
LO O
: Ul
a. z
Ul ป
JE ffi
Ul Z
Is
I Ul
I I-
', f
'. tL
l/>
<
e.
o
X
u
3 : * O
ui J ป- ui
3 oi
a.
O O X
(u *rt *
.ฃ--
4 IN OS <*ป IT
sO >0
T
i
i
.
<
-i
3
m ' rg f- CM i
! i :
i i ' \
II1'
1 1 ; i
" ฃS
,-
ICMm
-4
**tgfMfMrปa*trt*O'6<4>
ir\rsjo >*-W ffl lf\ (*^
^ot^-oofninrn-^MflO ซซ
orvj^^fMrn^^^v m
o P^ o ^ *^ "^ ^ *f ซsr (^ (*i
<0
CM
^ O "^
' -^ ^ ซO 'T i U> ** CO
o
IT
O
;r
13
*- t>
-I Jj O
> *- Tt uj
| ^j, ^. *.
^ **1 ซl
: uu *: o
V
j -^OuJU
I -a z -(r -
f rr >
i < tf
o-ป
(\l -** rsj -iJ co <
0K CD O ^* OD ^O
, ^. ^i r^ tn t*. CNJ
o tn o r- f- r-
iy* r"ft o ^^ *
co i ro
i ^ in CT* en \o fv r*j tn t^ ^ in
T
'OQOfMf'*'*'MUr\OfNJ^pOปO I O
o j r^ -ซ t o
*o
O^-fMป-ซ-ooDปtLn*or-cooOa^rory^j
t*. 4 ^ m rg <^rxjซ*r-o
f^i ^i ^ -i in
ct > ro ^ OD
- i i &
f*)O^*>Otf'r-^ir\rNj.-4in^mr-QNf'-flfctnf* co
f\j^^-ปjri*f^ซa-tf\f*>'Otf\i.r'-u*oซji^ri*i'OfOfi1- ' ^
^- ซ4(*imtf\ rg^-p-ijPunpn^-t^-Mtpioi-^
iincc^fiOos-^ - i
tn
o
*o-^sotAr---nป'j'ryiNjif\tJ>wm*r^wtป-tf*ซu -<
^ซO r-^*Orv| ^
OP*Oซป*'*T''n-.**^"^?*>(j*'^'-'*' ^v^fn^f^^
* "vl 4) -o X -*'9ป^<^^ ^-^O^-Oco
uj i/ป I/T H* ;
O < < ui **
-^ *-*--* t
hป *ป Q. ,
^ O U. U.' i
< - o U) ป ;
O7^u.u.^Z^
Q O U- l T O O
^ cr o < a z
_j ** ^ v- ar _i i
'yป < t ป ซt n t_j -S
^"ft"?^ซ^iป5
-ri-t*' aOป-ซ**'C
>-^^^fy ^Jisr
I J *D _P J '_ '-I 'J '-J O U ^*
t_> _> O O *_> L> '-> O O '-* *
! jj UJ y *u uJ *o UJ uj ui> uj LU
vป tfi **> * *xi <*ป i** vป u^i ซ*ป ^
a
x
HH
O
a.
O.
75
-------
APPENDIX E
LAND USE (1969)
TOTALS
1. Alabama
2. Alaska
3. Arizona
4. Arkansas
5. California
6. Colorado
7. Connecticut
&. Delaware
9. District of Columbia
10. Florida
11. Georgia
12. Hawaii
13. Idaho
14. Illinois
15. Indiana
16. Iowa
17. Kansas
18. Kentucky
19. Louisiana
20. Maine
21. Maryland
22. Massachusetts
23. Michigan
24- Minnesota
25. Mississippi
26. Missouri
27. Montana
28. Nebraska
29. Nevada
30. New Hampshire
31. New Jersey
32. New Mexico
33. New York
34. North Carolina
35. North Dakota
36. Ohio
37. Oklahoma
38. Oregon
39. Pennsylvania
40. Rhode Island
41. South Carolina
42. South Dakota
43. Tennessee
44. Texas
45. Utah
46. Vermont
47. Virginia
48. Washington
49. West \ irzicia
50. Wisconsin
51. fivomins:
52. Guam
53. Puerto Kico
54. Virgin Islands
Total
Land
103Acres
34.452
362.516
72.587
33.245
100.071
66.410
3.112
1.268
39
34r618
37.167
4,112
52,913
35.679
23,102
35r802
52.344
25.376
28,755
19.789
6T330
5r009
36.363
50,745
Total Land
in Farms
103 Acres
13.654
1.604
38.203
15,695
35.722
36,697
541
674
_
14.032
15.806
2.058
14.417
29.913
17,573
33.570
49.390
15.968
9.789
1.760
2.803
701
11.901
28.845
30,269 16,040
Croplands
103 Acres
5,828
18
1.685
10,105
11,245
11,497
268
533
_
3.828
7.150
375
6.204
25.470
14.246
28.459
32.890
10.023
5.932
794
1.957
301
8.994
23.863 '
8.256
44,157; 32.420 i 21.414
93,176
48,949
70,328
5,777
4,813
77,703
30,612
31 ,231
44 ,339
26,724
44,020
61,557
28,778
671
19,344
48,611
26.450
167.766
52.541
5.931
25.459
42 r605
15r405
34.857
62,210
fi2,917
45,834
10,708
fi13
1 ,036
46,791
10,148
T2 ,734
43J18
17J11
36 ,008
18,018
8,901
69
6,992
45 ,584
15.057
142,567
11.313
1.916
10.650
17.559
4r341
18,109
35 T 476
16r376
23.774
749
224
725
2,410
6 r&33
6,502
29,819
12,533
15,653
5,291
6,222
36
3,663
20,993
8,982
39,945
1.996
916
4.945
8.485
1.763
12.359
2,894
2,263,587 1 ,0&3ซ346 475,223
:orestland
103 Acres
5,320
34
5,071
3,239
2,038
1,479
192
121
_
3,814
6,958
167
972
2.296
2.141
1.630
777
3.823
1.916
876
627
310
1.844
2.844
3astureland
TO3 Acres
2,506
1,552
31 ,447
2,351
22,439
23,721
81
20
-
6,390
1,698
1,516
7,241
2,147
1,186
3,481
15,723
2,122
1,941
90
219
90
1,063
2.138
4.841 2.943
5.847
1.752
490
74
360
186
2,943
2.190
5,053
442
2,179
2,757
2,030
1,961
Zb
2,10,1
288
4,375
8,713
230
792
3,912
3.108
1.663
4.161
504
1 I2.UIJ
5.159
44.789
21.570
9.925
29
125
41 ,438
1.325
1,179
12,857
2,399
17,598
10,697
718
1
bbZ
24,3U3
1,700
93,909
9 ,087
208
1,793
5,966
915
2.384
32.078
4/0,110
PMS-24-3
REV. 7-81
STATISTICAL. WORK SHEET
76
-------
(1971) ACREAGE PLA
TOTALS
1. Alabama
2. Alaska
3. Arizona
4. Arkansas
5. California
6. Colorado
7. Connecticut
8. Delaware
9. District of Columbia
10. Florida
11. Georgia
12. Hawaii
13. Idaho
14. Illinois
15. Indiana
16. Iowa
17. Kansas
18. Kentucky
19. Louisiana
20. Maine
21. Maryland
22. Massachusetts
23. Michigan
24. Minnesota
25. Mississipci
26. Missouri
27. Montana
23. Nebraska
29. Nevada
30. New Hampshire
31. New Jersey
32. New Mexico
33. New York
34. North Carolina
35- North Dakota
36. Ohio
37. Oklahoma
38. Oregon
39. Pennsylvania
40. Rhode Island
41. South Carolina
42. South Dakota
43. Tennessee
44. Texas
45. Utah
46. Vermont
47. Virginia
48. Vlashanaton
49. \\p-5t \ irirmia
50. Wisconsin
51. H%onnn<:
5-. Guam
53. Puerto Uico
7)1. Viruin Islands
Corn
103 Acres
686
25
48
405
719
50
216
421
1,751
_
105
10,470
5,679
12,231
1,660
1 ,377
143
22
605
?,?53
fi,572
325
3,332
75
5,95R
2
115
52
915
1 725
''569
3,767
108
42
1,469
5
510
3,939
801
709
75
86
NTED OF FOUR MAJOR CROPS
Wheat.
103 Acres
164
-
189
368
502
2,816
27
77
242
_
1,059
1,027
781
40
9,593
247
9R
120
590
l,53fi
2fl3
1 974
Soybean
ID3 Acres
700
-
-
4.305
-
-
-
155
211
660
_
_
7.190
3,400
5,456
880
768
1,695
222
561
2.RR9
2,429
Cott.nn
103 Acres
579
-
286
1,180
760
-
-
-
-
12
426
_
-
2
-
_
_
6
510
_
_
_
_
1.355
3.652 343
4,516
2^644 650
13
40
347
\A ~[
o 1 6
O 1 O
9,307
1,004
4.875
809
295
134
_
_
54
^
7
1.059
211
2,507
155
34
-
1,084
2,412 243
290
3,512
212
-
670 212
1,371
262
-
-
384
114 2,584
101 | 16
3.074
70
74,097
_
_
3
mf
IRfi
194
_
_
445
_
-
381
-
Total
1Q3 Acres
1,443
_
500
5,853
1,667
3,535
50
398
-
721
3.079 !
_
1.169
18.689
9,860
17.727
12.133
2.398 !
2.446
22
947
34
' 3,404
10,997
4,312 ,
R.301
4,591 !
9,252 1
1R !
16 :
209 i
555
1 063
3 ',296 1
10.087
7.278
5,583 1
852 i
1,798
5
2,109
6,594
447 i 2.909
5,265
-
_
5
9.748
287
86
1,271
2.698 :
117
47 130
262
1
54,643 43,176 1J> WJ
3,251 1
332 i
'
184.271
PHS-I4-9
REV. 7-ซl
STATISTICAL WORK SHCET
77
-------
1973 FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION
TOTALS
1. \[aba!Ud
2. \la-ka
3. Xri'ona
t. VU^ns
5. CaSi.~oT-.ia
6. Colorado
7. Ccur.i'csicut
8. Delaware
9. District of Columbia
10. Florida
11. Georgia
12. Hawaii
13. Idaho
14. Illinois
15. Indiana
16. lov.a
17. Kansas
18. Kentucky
19. Louisiana
20. Maine
21. Marvlacd
22. Massachusetts
23. Michigan
24- .Minnesota
25. Mississippi
26. Missouri
27. Montana
28. Nebraska
29. Nevada
30. New Hampshire
31. New Jersey
32. New Mexico
33. New York
34. North Carolina
35. North Dakota
36. Ohio
37. Oklahoma
38. Ore son
39. Pennsylvania
40. Rhode Island
41. South Carolina
12. South Dakota
43. Tennessee
44. Texas
45. Utah
46. Nermont
47. Vir.-i-.i.!
43. Washington
49. Rest \ !"_'inia
50. Riscon-Mn
51. tt\oiniii!j
> 52. fiu.ua
53. Puerto Kioo
54. Virgin Islands
Total
Fertilizer
103 Tons
1.123
b
335
634
3,510
320
70
129
8
1,893
2,145
171
509
2,907
2.039
2,666
1.448
845
590
137
444
77
897
1,781
916
1,418
246
1,468
25
18
217
113
627
1.845
484
1.552
719
536
681
17
902
366
767
2,557
121
55
823
701
1 69
908
90
140
43 ,06Q_
N
103 Tons
171.123
1,168
102.513
122.690
479.631
97.170
9.018
15.062
620
209 .995
285 .405
27.995
124.917
465.384
326.771
643 .696
503.422
113.302
118,072
16,128
54,996
10,, 095
143,847
423,958
205,144
276,181
52 ,840
566 ,943
4,160
2,468
26,355
30,854
87,988
203.219
133.512
237.835
202.566
113.939
90,968
1,789
97,300
98,835
104,195
711,613
22,341
7.011
86 .352
190.443
8.191
116t673
22 r589
19,fi33
8.188,914
P20s
103 Tons
116.289
686
39.011
77.325
178.799
48.037
6.703
15.860
597
Illt028
161.342
19.411
74.780
434.860
261 .765
380,301
199.466
112,156
61 ,659
18,657
55 ,583
7,726
139,655
280 ,320
87,751
177,184
62,346
157,782
3,073
1,894
22,411
21,813
83,747
144,721
107,960
244.567
109.099
49.099
96,429
1,576
74,874
62,230
99,556
288,910
27.583
6.834
76,799
63,171
10,927
137.189
14,502
7 jRftt
5,038,845
K20
(Tons)
121.445
477
1.476
82 .282
61.512
7.802
6.821
20.432
417
231 .840
238.628
24.014
5.251
508.864
336 .246
391 .041
90.941
122.848
61,191
18,421
61 ,427
6,899
164,944
288,688
83,498
200,485
2,983
53,167
180
2,309
21,125
1,835
78,725
187,833
13,495
271,617
39,029
30,098 ,
77,142
1,516
103,897
13,755
107,140
115,486
819
7.653
89.018
23,912
6,484
228,493
1,922
14,fi97
4.622',220
Total
NPK
(Tons)
408.857
2.331 1
142.999
282 .297
719.941
153.009
22 .542
51.353
1 T634
552 .863
685 .375
71.421
204.949
1.409.108
924.783
1.415.038
793.829
348.305
240,922
53,206
172,005
24,720
448,445
992 ,966
376,394 !
653,850
118,169
777 ,893
7,413
6,671
69,891
54,503
250,460
535,773
254,966
754,020
350 ,694
.,183,135
264,538
4.881
276,071
174,819
3110,890
1,116,008
50.744
21 .498
252.169
277,576
25,601
477,356
39,013
42,133
17,849:977
REV. 7-el
STATISTICAL WORK SHEET
78
-------
1974 ANIMAL MANURE TONNAGES (WET)
TOTXLS
1. Alabama
2. \laska
3. Arizona
4. Arkansas
5. California
6. Colorado
7. Connecticut
8. Delaware
9. District of Columbia
10. Florida
11. Georaia
12. Hawaii
13. Idaho
14. Illinois
15. Indiana
16. Iowa
17. Kansas
18. Kentucky
19. Louisiana
20. Maine
21. Maryland
22. Massachusetts
23. Michigan
24. Minnesota
25. Mississippi
26. Missouri
27. Montana
23. Nebraska
29. Nevada
30. New Hampshire
31. New Jersey
32. New Mexico
33. New York
34. North Carolina
35. North Dakota
36. Ohio
37. Oklahoma
38. Oregon
39. Pennsylvania
40. Rhode Island
41. South Carolina
42. South Dakota
43. Tennessee
44. Texas
45. Utah
46. Vermont
47. Virginia
48. Washington
49. West \ irmuia
50. Wisconsin
51. ttvomina
52. Guam
5-1- Puerto Ilico
51. Virgin Islands
Cattle
103 tons
30,688
122
19,043
29,318
71,925
51,293
438
34,113
28.811
3,288
27.756
44 .525
28.770
104 ..942
95.763
44 ,046
23.906
5,644
21,810
58,088
35,757
84 ,940
46 ,306
101,517
9,097
1,699
22,126
24 ,496
14,659
36,100
29,455
82 ,474
20.139
25,098
9,179
68,500
36,853
222,625
11.398
22 ,084
18,906
6,918
60,280
21 ,920
1,736,815
Hogs
103 tons
1,536
2
130
437
229
464
11
88
486
2.803
98
184
11.760
7.800
23.520
3.200
2.048
272
13
360
96
116
6,362
768
6,920
376
5,528
16
15
146
112
149
3,120
598
3,638
504
162
930
14
1,040
3,480
1,504
1.680
62
5
1,006
120
86
2,520
70
96,584
Sheep
(Tons)
3,220
9,800
347.900
4,200
785 ,400
805 ,000
1,400
3,010
2.660
465.500
176.400
141,400
371 .700
203,000
35 ,000
12,600
12,600
141 ,400
290,500
5,250
156,800
555^800
231 ,000
121,100
5,950
495 ,600
60 ,900
8,400
262,500
407 ,400
72 ,800
339,500
100.800
840
683.200
14.700
2,240.000
'547 ,400
122,500
81 ,900
95,200
78,400
1053,500
11,554,830
Chickens
TO3 tons
3.756
4,670
2,906
1,039
1.190
4.812
73
868
566
166
221
592
961
1,444
360
734
2,320
527
238
183
578
2,980
568
299
1.326
589
652
1.953
795
418
179
161
38,124
Total
(Tons)
35,983
134
19.521
34,429
75 ,845
52,502 '
11
1,566
-
35,792
36.429 i
3.459
28 .406
56.461
37.579
129.400
99.332
46,350 !
24,783
974
7,461
456
22,067
65,475
38,850 j
92,544 I
47,238 !
107,514 !
9,234 !
15
2 ,034 i
22 ,734
?5 ,284
20,767
36,961
34 ,068 i
83,349
20,641 1
27.455
14
10.809
72.663
39 .024
228.498
12,007
5
24,008
19,526
7,278 1
63 ,039 i
23.044 ':
1
1 ,883,078 :
PHS-I4-3
REV. 7-91
STATISTICAL WORK SHEET
79
-------
197
TOTALS
1. \labama
2. Alaska
3. Arizona
4. Arkansas
5. California
6. Colorado
7. Connecticut
8. Delaware
9. District oi Columbia
10. Florida
11. Georzia
12. Hawaii
13. Idaho
14. Illinois
15. Indiana
16. Iowa
17. Kansas
18. Kentucky
19. Louisiana
20. Maine
21. Maryland
22. Massachusetts
23. Michigan
24. Minnesota
25. Mississioci
26. Missouri
27. Montana
23. Nebraska
29. Nevada
30. New Hampshire
31. New Jersey
32. New Mexico
33. New York
34. North Carolina
35. North Dakota
36. Ohio
37. Oklahoma
38. Oreeon
39. Pennsylvania
40. Rhode Island
41. Soutli Carolina
42. South Dakota
13. Tennessee
41. Texus
45. Utah
46. Vermont
47. Virginia
48. Washington
19. Be-,1 \ir_-iiiia
50. V>iseonsin
31. VI \oininii
52. (Juatn
53. Puerto Ilico
31. Viriiu liiaudi*
T SEWAGE SL
Cat. I
Population
(in3)
6??
143
157
7,755
18
976
iq
5R4
q5q
116
158
669
321
334
227
672
684
80
344
2,557
3,214
228
4
2^667
163
292
5
171
3,30fi
1
4 130
43
R
fi7fi
IfiR
1,205
110
?15
47
79
infl
13
154
q77
373
503
47
38,343
UDGE GENERA!
Cat. I
^ludge
(Tnpt:)
13,684
3,146
3,454
170,610
.396
?1,47?
41R
1?,R4R
?1 ,nqR
2,552
M76
14,718
7,062
7 348
6 994
14 784
15 408
1 760
7V568
56 ,254
70 708
5 016
88
58 674
3 586
6 424
110
3,76?
7?, 73? 1
90 860
Qdfi
14 87?
3 6%
13 134
?6 510
?,4?0
4,730
1 71R
2 376
286
3,388
?1 ,d9d
8 206
1 1 ,0fi6
1,034
843,596
ION (DRY}
Cat. II
Population
1.101
30
1r626
755
10r538
2,314
96fi
1 ,7Rn
1 3fi3
206
8 362
3,077
1 ,424
1 ,534
813
1 j,016
111
2,237
Q52
2 271
1 601
991
1 413
268
942
50'q
64
RR4
9 737
389
1 6^4
980
11,6/iq
fin?
3fiq
1 5i2
11 Q^Q
972
75
833
356
2,71"
244
1112.676
Cat. II
Sludnp
(Tons)
' 46\242
Ir260
68r292
31.710
442,596
97,188
40,698
!R,5fi/l
l?q R??
57 ?4fi
8,652
351 204
129,234
54 808
64t428
34 146
42 672
4 562
9 3, '954
39 934
95 382
67 242
41 622
59 '346
11 256
39 564
?1 '37 R
?,fiRR
l?q,n?4
408 951
16,338
^42" 132
68 628
41,160
4Rq,?5R
47,250
63,504
464 100
40,824"
3,150
34,986
14,952
.113,820
10,248
4 732 392
Sludge
Total
(Tons)
59.926
4.406
68.292
35.164
613.206
97.584 !
62r170
18,982
74,7fiO
U?,670
11 ?n4
14 fiOfi
3fi5 q??
136,296
6^,422
48*930
58 080
6 '422
101 ,522
qfi 238
166 090
72 258 '
41 710
1181020
14*842
AZ qfifl '
o i Aftft t
6 450 '
151,75fi
199 814
qfi,?44
16,514
357 ,no4
72,324 '
52 ,294
?7,7nd
SI ,980
16,537
466 476
,41,110
6,538
105,6?0
66,7.54
23,158
124,886
11,282
5,575,938 -
PMS-24-9
REV. 7-ซl
STATISTICAL WORK SHEET
80
-------
APPENDIX F
GENERAL INFORMATION
Animal Manure (1,883,078,000)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Texas
Iowa
Nebraska
Kansas
Missouri
Total
TONS
228,498,000
129,400,000
107,514,000
99,332,000
92,544,000
657,288,000
Sewage Sludge (5,575,938)
1. California
2. Pennsylvania
3. New York
4. Texas
5. Illinois
Total
TONS
613,206
515,768
499,814
466,476
365,922
2,461,186
Fertilizer Consumption (43,060,000)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
California
Illinois
Iowa
Texas
Georgia
Total
TONS
3,510,000
2,907,000
2,666,000
2,557,000
2,145,000
13,785,000
81
-------
Nitrogen Consumption (8,188,914)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Texas
Iowa
Nebraska
Kansas
California
Total
TONS
711,613
643,696
566,943
503,422
479,631
2,905,305
Total NPK Consumption (17,849,977)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Iowa
Illinois
Texas
Minnesota
Indiana
Total
TONS
1,415,038
1,409,108
1,116,008
992,966
924,783
5,857,903
Total Land In Farms (1,063,346,000)
1. Texas
2. Montana
3. New Mexico
4. Nebraska
5. South Dakota
Total
TONS
142,567,000
62,917,000
46,791,000
45,834,000
45,584,000
343,693,000
Leading States In Phosphorous Consumption
1. Illinois 9.1%
2. Iowa 8.1%
3. Texas 5.9%
4. Minnesota 5.7%
5. Indiana 4.9%
6. Total 33.7%
82
-------
Sewered Population (151,019,000)
1. California
2. New York
3. Pennsylvania
4. Texas
5. Illinois
Total
18,293,000
13,867,000
12,854,000
11,158,000
9,031,000
65,203,000
Corn Production (74,097,000)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Iowa
Illinois
Minnesota
Nebraska
Indiana
Total
ACRES
12,231,000
10,470,000
6,572,000
5,958,000
5,679,000
40,910,000
Wheat Production (54,643,000)
1. Kansas
2. North Dakota
3. Oklahoma
4. Montana
5. Texas
Total
ACRES
9,593,000
9,307,000
4,875,000
4,516,000
3,512,000
31,803,000
Leading States In Potassium Consumption
1. Illinois 10.2% 4. Minnesota 6.4%
2. Iowa 7.5% 5. Ohio 5.9%
3. Indiana 7.3% 6. Total 37.3%
83
-------
Soybeans (43,176,000)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Illinois
Iowa
Arkansas
Missouri
Indiana
Total
ACRES
7,190,000
5,456,000
4,305,000
3,652,000
3,400,000
24,003,000
Cotton Production (12,355,000)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Texas
Mississippi
Arkansas
California
Alabama
Total
ACRES
5,265,000
1,355,000
1,180,000
760,000
579,000
9,139,000
Surface Mining Acreage Disturbed (3,187,825)
ACRES
1. Pennsylvania
2. Ohio
3. West Virginia
4. Florida
5. California
Total
370,202
276,700
195,500
188,800
174,020
1,205,222
Major Producers Of Anhydrous Ammonia
1. Louisiana
2. Texas
3. California
4. Nebraska
5. Iowa
6. Mississippi
84
-------
APPENDIX G
Fertilizers and Agricultural limestone: Prices paid by farmers per ton for selected
corumercial fertilizers, United States, September 15, 1974, with comparisons
Item
Mixed fertilizers:
0-20-20
3-9-9
3-9-18
4-0-12
4-12-12
5-10-10
5-10-15
5-20-20
6-12-12
6-24-24
7-21-7
8-8-8
8-24-24
8-32-16
9-30-0
10-10-10
10-20-10
10-20-20
10-34-0
11-48-0
12-12-12
13-13-15
15-10-10
15-15-15
16-20-0
18-46-0
19-9-0
Fertilizer material:
Nitrate of soda
Sulphate of ammonia
An""onium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate-limestone mixture
Anhydrous ammonia
Urea
Superphosphate
20 percent P2 0$
46 percent ?2 0$
Phosphate rock
Muriate of potash, 60% K20
Agricultural limestone (spread on
Gypsum (land plaster)
Nitrogen solutions:
28 percent N
30 percent N
32 percent N
Mixed fertilizers:
field
1972 :
Sept . :
15 :
66.30
66.20
57.40
60.00
49.50
55.90
51.90
75.20
56.00
81.60
71.10
55.30
77.00
88.80
92.40
63.90
73.70
86.70
9.2.10
102
70.10
67.80
74.00
86.30
79.40
98.70
76.00
69.70
53.00
65.40
57.10
80. 8C
82.70
51.20
79.00
25.50
58.70
6.19
17.10
52.20
55.90
63. 5C
Average price per ton
used in specified States, September
State 5-2Q-20 '. 6-24-24
ILL 160 175
IND 150 165
IOVซA 165 180
KANS
MICH 140 160
"INN 155 160
MO 145 160
NEBR
N DAK .. ".
OHIฐ 155 165
S DAK
W1S 150 165
'. 7-21-7 i 8-32-16 |
150 200
155 185
155 190
155 185
135 170
175 185
145 180
150 185
145 175
160 180
160 200
145 185
Apr.
15
69. 70
68.50
59.10
65.80
52.80
59.80
54.50
81.60
61.40
88.00
80.10
58.80
79.20
96.50
96.70
68.20
77.70
92.30
102
109
75.30
70.50
75.00
91.90
83.90
109
79.00
77.40
55.20
71.40
61.00
87.60
90.30
53.70
87.50
26.50
61.50
6.68
22.00
57,50
58.30
66.80
paid by
15, 1974
10-34-0
190
200
220
205
180
210
190
205
190
200
205
185
^973 i
: Sept . :
: 15 :
Dollars
71.80
70.70
60.70
64.90
54.40
61.50
56.70
83.50
62.60
90.80
82.60
60.20
81.20
99.50
102
70.80
80.60
95.00
108
117
78.90
72.30
78.00
95.80
88.60
119
78.00
81.80
59.50
77.30
62.70
92.50
96.20
56.00
94.10
26.70
63.60
6.84
19.50
61.00
60.80
72.10
farmers for principal
, North Central States
:.ll-48-0 '.12-12-12 ;
155
150
165
200
135
150
140
225
205
150
240
140
1974
Apr.
15
108
93.80
83.00
90.50
S4.30
S9.50
88.00
125
96.40
139
136
86.50
122
155
167
103
131
140
170
183
123
110
115
147
146
181
US
131
110
139
102
1S3
183
91.40
150
38.50
81.30
7.99
23.40
115
111
127
grades
16-20-0
__
__
165
__
190
160
180
: Sept.
: 15
129
112
100
108
101
106
104
151
110
164
155
100
149
184
194
123
154
173
205
234
147
134
145
175
178
228
165
168
137
170
126
229
232
104
188
42.00
91.00
8.43
33.70
137
136
153
18-46-0
230
220
235
215
215
245
260
225
215
220
225
230
AGRICULTURAL PRICES, September 1974
85
Crop Reporting Board, SRS, USDA
-------
Mixed fertilizer: Average price per ton paid by fanners for principal grades
used in specified States, September 15, 1974 Continued
Northeastern States
State
CONN
MAINE
MASS
N H
N J
N Y
PA
R I
VT
0-20-20
140
140
140
140
150
155
145
140
140
; 5-10-10
125
125
125
125
120
115
120
125
125
; 10-10-10
D o 1
145
145
145
145
140
140
140
145
145
; 10-20-10
1 a r s
370
170
170
170
180
170
170
170
170
; 10-20-20
185
185
185
185
.190
180
180
185
- 185
;. 15-15-15
180
180
180
180
175
175
185
180
180
Southeastern States
State
3-9-9
3-9-18:4-8-12
4-12-12: 5-10-10= 6-12-12:
8-8-8 :10-10-10'10-20-20: 15-10-10
DEL
FLA
GA
MD
N C
S C
VA
W VA
115
110
98
105
96
95
~
100
38
90
100
125
105
105
--
n o
95
97
105
105
105
~
liars
105
105
105
9?
97
105
;
110
105
96
89
100
96
96
125
110
115
12J
120
115
115
125
170
170
170
160
160
160
145
145
South Central Part I
State
0-20-20 - 4-12-12 6-24-24
8-8-8 8-24-24 '10-20-10 ' 10-20-20 ' 12-12-12 ' 13-13-13
ALA
ARK
LA
MISS
120
130
130
125
100
100
140
155
155
140
D o
105
110
liars
150
170
165
135
140
145
155
155
135
140
135
140
145
130
South Central Part II
State 5-10-15 : 5-20-20 : 6-12-12 : 6-24-24 : 10-10-10:10-20-10 : 12-12-12 : 16-20-0 : 18-46-0
KY
OKLA
TENN
TEX
130
125
150
150
115
110
n o
160
155
175
175
liars
125
125
1/170
155
l/lb-5
155
2/170
145
2/165
140
170
165
225
235
I/ 10-20-202/ 15-15-15.
Western States
State
9-30-0
10-34-0
11-48-0
16-20-0
18-46-0
19-9-0
ARIZ
CALIF
COLO
IDAHO
MONT
N HEX
NEV
OREG
UTAH
WASH
WYO
205
195
195
195
150
190
190
210
235
205
200
200
210
Dollars
245
265
250
220
205
195
200
220
215
260
175
190
190
175
165
170
195
180
175
200
200
260
250
245
225
215
225
195
235
230
240
230
165
165
AGRICULTURAL PRICES, September 1974
Crop ReporttnR Board, SRS, USDA
86
-------
Fertilizer materials and agricultural limestone: Average price per ton paid by farmers
for specified materials, by States, September 15, 1974
State
ALA
ARIZ
ARK
CALIF
COLO
CONN
DEL
FLA
GA
HAW
IDAHO
ILL
IND
IOWA
KANS
KY
LA
MAINE
MD
MASS
MICH
MINN
MISS
MO
MONT
NEBR
NEV
N H
N J
N MEX
N Y
N C
N DAK
OHIO
OKLA
OREO
PA
R I
S C
S DAK
TENN
TEX
UTAH
VT
VA
WASH
W VA
WIS
WYO
V S
Nitrate
of
soda
150
__
__
175
150
175
__
__
__
__
190
175
140
175
180
150
175
168
; Sulphate'.
f '
OI
\ ammonia ',
140
160
110
130
175
170
115
105
100
145
110
110
125
1*5
130
170
115
170
130
155
100
105
135
130
150
170
130
150
110
140
120
145
150
125
170
155
140
130
170
165
125
150
137
Ammonia;
nitrate;
155
220
13P
175
185
240
205
185
175
180
170
175
170
160
185
180
240
205
?40
no
180
135
160
17P
160
200
240
205
180
145
180
160
170
170
185
215
240
175
165
175
175
180
740
175
205
165
175
165
170
Aphydrous
antnonla
n o
200
205
205
225
245
310
250
235
315
235
230
225
210
225
230
310
240
240
145
225
385
210
250
250
240
250
270
240
225
220
350
300
350
230
225
235
190
250
330
220
235
229
Mlrea
;T?
1 1 n
160
250
195
215
245
280
275
250
200
235
220
230
220
215
225
235
280
275
280
290
225
140
225
240
235
250
280
300
230
260
240
215
250
215
235
300
280
230
225
200
230
225
280
260
265
220
220
232
Superphosphate
{
: 2(ปX :
: P2ฐ5 : P
r s
110
140
87
100
140
125
125
84
75
110
120
120
110
135
110
83
125
125
125
100
140
95
78
125
125
115
145
110
100
110
90
95
100
125
85
135
105
98
100
125
94
110
85
110
104
$*
_fc
210
180
210
ISO
190
185
190
175
180
170
180
1QO
180
170
185
185
170
180
180
180
165
185
190
210
185
185
170
188
: 'Phosphate
rocV
__
__
40
48
43
65
70
60
60
70
38
70
48
58
50
65
42
.Muriate of
.potash 60%
". . K2.0
91
93
96
83
110
150
110
01
94
100
90
84
96
84
97
93
150
110
150
86
90
100
98
89
96
150
135
90
140
110
76
85
84
96
125
150
86
93
105
91
95
150
105
96
105
82
110
91
:Agricul-
: turaL
: stone I/
12.50
9.30
18.00
13.00
15.00
15.00
5.40
5.90
7.00
4.45
5.00
13.00
18.00
13.00
18.00
9.90
10.00
12.00
5.00
8.00
18.00
17.00
14.00
14.50
6.60
7.40
12.00
18.00
13.50
5.90
8.90
18.00
12.00
12.00
11.00
8.43
I/ Spread on field.
AGRICULTURAL PRICES, September 1974
Crop Reporting Board, SRS, USDA
87
-------
APPENDIX H
EXPORTS OF PLANT NUTRIENTS
UNITED STATES
UJ
o:
i
z
<
u.
o
V)
z
p
z
o
2.0
|JO
1950
I960
1970
U.S. Fertilizer Foreign Trade
Year
1950
1955
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
Nitrogen
238
202
185
159
229
213
286
397
657
790
1,310
1 ,3 1 1
1,105
907
1,066
1,234
Exports
P50,
139
155
221
238
307
369
474
390
650
862
1,108
780
781
920
1,202
1,406
K2O
Nitrogen
(000 short tons)
55 247
118
469
433
482
398
552
548
512
604
643
620
476
453
680
780
360
268
314
376
399
353
528
549
668
642
706
879
868
888
874
Imports
PiO,
46
103
53
50
71
58
43
76
79
93
107
120
200
202
220
172
K2O
178
145
197
199
278
526
718
1,068
1,430
1,629
2,134
2,297
2,554
2,729
2,906
3,300
88
-------
10.0
NITROGEN CONSUMPTION
UNITED STATES
1950
I960
U.S. Nitrogen Consumption
1970
Fiscal
Year
1950
1955
1%0
1 9d 1
196:
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973a
Total
Nitrogen
Consumption
1.005.45:
1 960.536
:. 738.047
3.030.788
3.369.980
3 9:9.089
4.352.809
4.638.538
5.326.303
6.02(1.997
6.693.790
6.957.600
7.459.004
8.133.606
8.016.007
8.338.780
Nitrogen
in
Mixtures
Direet
Fluid
(short tons of nitrogen 1
495.360
803.541
1.017 415
1.071.224
I.147.2(i(i
1.263 641
1.377.033
1.452.084
1 591 927
1 764.372
1.867.091
1.901 3(>3
1.939 077
2.062. "82
2.135.921
2.278.270
75.556
375.316
862.044
1.045 289
1 238 587
1.594.602
1.832.357
2.041.760
2.520.131
2.935.163
3.423.400
3.560.071
3 9S7.718
4.441.979
4.141.558
4.168.644
Application Materials
Solid
434.536
781 670
858. 5SS
914.275
984.1 2"1
1 070 846
1 143 419
1 144.694
1 214.245
1.327.462
1 403.299
1 496.136
1.562 209
1.628 845
1 ""38 582
1.891 866
Total
510092
1.156.905
1 720.632
1 959 564
2 222 "14
2 665 448
2.975 "6
3 186 454
3 -34 3^6
4 262 625
4.826 699
5.056.207
5 519 927
6 0"0 S24
5 880 085
6 060 5 1 0
JPrclinuiurs
89
-------
PHOSPHATE CONSUMPTION
UNITED STATES
U.
o
o
4.0
MIXTURES LESS
DIAMMONIUM
PHOSPHATES
DIRECT APPLICATION AND
DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATES
2.0
1950
I960
U.S. Phosphate Consumption
1970
Fiscal
Year
1950
195S
I960
196]
196:
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1%8
1969
1970
1971
1972
I973C
Total
P205
Consumption
1.949.768
2,283,660
2,572,348
2,645,085
2,807.039
3,072,873
3,377.841
3.512.207
3.897.132
4.304.688
4,451,980
4.665.569
4,573.758
4,803.443
4.873.053
5.072.008
P205
in
Mixtures
1,344.295
1,821,087
,033,316
.069.425
,219.444
.473.599
.704.985
2.816.056
3.110.784
3.502.897
3,579.140
3.724.237
3.709.062
3,943.372
4.006,595
4.199.566
Direct Application Materials
Ammonium
Superphosphates Phosphates'1
(short tons of P2O5 )
490,605 34.243
291.406 84,617
287,335 171,329
303,256 188,398
313.860 204.768
318.415 205.457
382.287 215.604
403.403 204.401
506.351 220.908
517.470 223.761
566.120 227.288
656.713 207,448
608.338 183.688
610.969 178.878
620.059 174,277
604.681
Total
605,473
462,573
539,032
575,660
587.595
599,274
672,856
696,151
786,348
801,791
872,840
941,332
864.697
860,071
866.458
872,442
Diammonium
Phosphates'3
113
35,278
63,482
110,074
177,487
244,271
302,088
417,821
451,452
608,296
723,786
726,486
814,938
883,795
^Includes grades 11-48-0 13-39-0. 16-20-0. 21-53-0. and 27-14-0
"Includes 18-46-0 and 16-18-0 classified as mixed fertilizer
"Preliminary
-------
POTASH CONSUMPTION
UNITED STATES
1950
I960
Potash Consumption (U.S. and Canada)
1970
Fiscal
Year
1950
1955
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973a
United States
Mixtures
1,018,174
1,657,864
1,886,798
1,883,11 1
1,973,149
2,148,434
2,294,618
2,300,209
2,478,084
2,750,954
2,697,201
2,660,854
2,663,457
2,795,668
2,782,454
2,806,513
Direct Application
84,888
217,079
266,521
285,422
297,388
355,028
435,075
534,328
743,161
890,845
1,095,371
1,230,722
1,372,054
1,435,701
1,549,562
1,605,018
Total
Canada
Mixtures
(short tons of K2O)
1,103,062 54,063
1,874,943
2,153,319
2,168,533
2,270,537
2,503,462
2,729,693
2,834,537
3,221,245
3,641,799
3,792,572
3,891,576
4,035,511
4,231,369
4,332,016
4,411,531
71,219
84,888
96,514
99,934
102,285
106,609
117,142
135,695
150,336
148,329
144,560
152,004
156,362
158,568
181,500
Direct Application
1,924
3,120
4,387
5,404
6,558
9,704
14,087
18,264
20,644
27,806
34,771
40,967
40,475
46,831
48,340
48,500
Total
55,987
74,339
89,275
101,918
106,492
1 1 1 ,989
120,696
135,405
156,339
178,142
183,100
185,527
192,479
203,193
206,908
230,000
aPrehminary
91
-------
WORLD FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION
1950
I960
1970
World Plant Nutrient Consumption
Fiscal
Year
1950
1955
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973a
1975 Low
High
1980 Low
High
Nitrogen
(N)
3,639,000
6,521,309
9,626,357
10,800,870
1 1,868,776
13,430,491
14,822,959
16,404,014
18,841,520
21,778,393
23,938,254
26,618,116
28,652,789
31,720,898
33,700,259
36,023,000
39,600,000
44,300,000
53,100,000
60,800,000
Phosphate
(P205)
(metric tons!
5,864,000
7,552,948
9,531,905
10,047,939
10,517,746
11.310,505
12,334,088
13,634,393
14.772 286
16,129,403
16,986,561
18.197,663
18,809,668
19,868.084
21,090.163
22.766,000
Forecast
22,900,000
26,800,000
28.300,000
34,100,000
Potj-.li
(K20)
3.994,000
6.438,865
8.109 038
8.435,626
8,783,042
9,347,466
10,083,784
1 1 ,03 1 , 1 00
12,179,519
12.978,005
13,950,337
14.631,618
1 5 ,44 1 ,9 1 3
16.504.912
17,480,094
18,704,000
19,000.000
21.800.000
23.500.000
27,800,000
lotal
13.4')-' <)0(i
20.513 1 71
27.267 '00
29.284 43-"-
3!,l'i9 561
34,088 46:
3^.240 S31
4I.061' -"()"
45 70 " }_'S
50 8S5 4! :
54,873 9S9
59.446. ??2
62.90 i 46"
68 00?. KM
72.270.516
77.493 !M)0
81.500.000
92,900,000
104,900 000
122.700,000
a Preliminary.
92
-------
S 3
u i
tl doS l * *
it-(/> O O O
-------
-------
it
M !} i ii
a s e ง jig j
95
-------
Complied from Census olagnculture
v I, county table 13, v II, chap 4, table 25
Field crops, Stal Bull 384, tables U & 4(i
SCALE 1 34,000,000
Barley for grain
10,000 acres
U S TOTAL 9.805,327
1960-1964 AVERAGE YIELD
BUSHELS PER ACRE
45.0 and over
40 0-44.9
30.0-39.9
25.0-29.9
24.9 and under
U S AVERAGE- 33 8
Vield per acre data for Maine
based on Census or agncu/-
ture 1959 and 1964
Sorghums for
all purposes
10,000 acres
U S. TOTAL 14,965,707
SORGHUMS AND
OATS HARVESTED: 1964
Complied from Census of agriculture t964,
v I, county table 13, v II, chap 4, table 24 ,
Field crops. StaL Bull 384, tables n & 46*
SCALE 1 34,000,000
Oats for grain
10,000 acres
U S TOTAL 18,935,713
1960-1964 AVERAGE YIELD
BUSHELS PER ACRE
50.0 and over
45 0-49.9
40 0-44.9
30.0-39 9
29 9 and under
Yield per acre data for New
Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Rhode Is-
land based on Census of
agriculture 1959 and 1964
96
-------
50.0 and over
25 0-49.9
tO 0-24.9
5.0-9.9
4.9 and under
US 131
DAIRY PRODUCTS SOLD
1964
97
-------
LIVESTOCK AND PRODUCTS
SOLD: 1964
POULTRY AND PRODUCTS
SOLD: 1964
98
-------
COTTON HARVESTED: 1964
Compiled f
i Census of agriculture 1964,
v I county table 13',
field crops, SUt Bull 384, lable 45!
SCALE 1 34,000,000
1960-1964 AVERAGE YIELD
POUNDS PER ACRE
1,000 and over
600-999
500-599
350-499
349 and under
US AVERAGE 475
Soybeans for
all purposes
10,000 acres
U S. TOTAL 30,351,248
SOYBEANS FOR BEANS
1960-1964 AVERAGE YIELD
BUSH ELS PER ACRE
SOYBEANS HARVESTED
Compiled from Census of agriculture. 1964,
v I, county table 13, v II, chap 4, table 45 ,
field crops. Slat Bull. 384, table 23'
SCALE 1 34,000,000
25.0-27.9
22.0-24.9
18.0-21.9
17 9 and under
U.S. AVERAGE. 24.0
Yield per acre data for Wash-
ington, New Mexico, and
West Virginia based on Cen-
sus of agriculture- 1959 and
1964
pall 77
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1975- 210-810-60
99
------- |