FEDERAL SURVEYS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
                   Presented at the
         Solid Wastes Management Association
International Waste Equipment and Technology Exposition
              Los Angeles, June 20, 1975
         U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                          1976

-------
               FEDERAL SURVEYS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE

                       by John P. Lehman*



     All of you are intimately familiar with how trash and

garbage, also known as municipal solid waste, is generated and

collected, and most of you know how it is disposed of.  You are

able to quote facts on what is in municipal solid waste, how much

is generated per person per day, and what disposal costs.



     But what about industrial waste?  This is an unfamiliar and

uncharted area for most of us, because industrial waste usually

has been handled by a private waste management system outside the

traditional municipal solid waste management system.  Out of

sight and out of mind, so to speak.



     How many of you can tell me what waste comes out the back

gate of an industrial facility, and how much?  And where it goes?

And what it costs to take it there?  And whether these wastes are

hazardous?
     *Mr. Lehman is Director, Hazardous Waste Management Division,
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency.

-------
     We all know that industry is cleaning up its industrial




wastewater effluents to our rivers and streams, often using




fairly sophisticated water treatment systems.  And also, it is




cleaning up the air going out factory stacks, again using




scrubbers and precipitators of reasonably advanced design.  What




happens to the pollutants we spend so much energy and money to




remove from industrial effluents?  What is in those sludges, and




filter aids, and dust bags?  How much waste is there?  Where does




it go?  How much does it cost to dispose of?  And are the




disposal methods acceptable to our society?








     There are many such questions, and precious few answers.




About four years ago, EPA ventured out in this uncharted area to




fulfill a Congressional mandate to study hazardous waste




practices in this country-.  The results were unsettling.  We




found that about ten percent of all industrial waste is




potentially hazardous, and that most of it is disposed of on the




land, generally in an inadequate fashion.  Also, we estimated




that industrial and hazardous waste generation is growing at a




rate of five to ten percent per year.  This early work whetted




our desire for more knowledge about industrial waste in general,




and hazardous waste in particular.  Last year we launched new

-------
studies in these two areas.  In what follows, I'll report our




progress and findings to date.









Industrial Waste Study









     In mid-1974, we conducted a six-months-long, in-house study




of industrial residues.  We gathered and evaluated all available




information concerning industrial waste; no new information was




generated.









     Before quoting facts and figures, let me define some terms




concerning industry process outputs  (Figure 1).   The main output




is the product, of course.  There is some non-process waste, such




as office paper and cafeteria waste, which is usually collected




by a municipal system; we count that as "municipal" solid waste.




The main waste source is the manufacturing process itself.  In




our thinking, there are three process-related residual streams:








     (1)  Process sludges and residuals;









     (2)  Air and water pollution control sludges and residuals,




          and

-------
CO
h-

Q.
H
D
Q
CO
CO
LJLJ
O
O
cc
Q.


CC

CO
D
Q
2
fc,









h-
o
D
Q
O
CC
O.





	
0
LL)
(-
O
UJ
«J
t_l
O
O
• — •
LU
H
CO
<
5
CO
CO
LU
0
0
CC
Q.
"Z.
O
•z.
S
tf\ I _^,
i3 /2 x^
< 0 -•
3 P o (
- 1 = £
CO ' -J ^ <
LU -J 2 (
cc IOO
to ^ ^ ° :
W CO /
CO LU l
LU U
0 Q /
?° f
CC _|
n. co
1
I
1
1

, 	
O
2
E
D
1-
O
<
LL
P
5 CL
                                                         /»
                                                         o~9
                                                             CO
                                                             LU
                                                         CO < CC

-------
      (3)  Wastes reused in the basic process  (termed "home




          scrap") or recycled in the secondary materials market.








      In EPA's studies, we try to track all three, but when we say




"industrial waste," we refer only to the first two, that is, non-




recycled process and pollution control residues.








      In order to put industrial residuals into appropriate




perspective, we must look at the relative contribution of all




sources to the total waste stream (Figure 2).  Although mining




wastes greatly overshadow all other sources, they are largely




composed of overburden which, while representing a major




materials handling, problem, appear not to represent as widespread




an environmental problem as manufacturing wastes.  Crop and




feedlot wastes represent almost all of the agricultural waste




production.   The potential for reuse and natural degradation of




crop  and feedlot wastes diminish their relative significance.








      The true magnitude of the industrial waste situation is now



beginning to come into focus, and the picture we see is alarming.




Not many people appreciate the fact that industry produces about




260 million dry tons of waste per year which is almost twice as



much waste each year as is generated by residential and

-------
                   FIGURE 2
         ESTIMATED INDUSTRIAL
       VERSUS OTHER RESIDUALS *
(DRY WEIGHT IN MILLION TONS PER YEAR)
            AGRICULTURAL
                687
                (618)
                            INDUSTRIAL
                               MUNICIPAL
                            (122)  135**
             MINING
              1783
             (1605)
  *DATA REPRESENTS VALUES FROM 1970-1974.

 ** REPRESENTS VALUE "AS GENERATED" UE. WITH MOISTURE.

 ( ) METRIC TONS

-------
commercial sources.  Further, industry generates about 35 times




more waste than do the sewage treatment plants; yet one hears a




lot more talk about the sewage sludge problem than the industrial




sludge problem.








     The industrial waste figures include about 40 million tons




per year of residuals from the electric power utility industry




(bottom ash, fly ash, and captured particulates).  Sulfur oxide




scrubbers are not yet widely used, so there are only small




amounts of SOX scrubber sludges being generated at present.








     The industrial waste figures are for the current situation.




When the Effluent Limitation Guidelines mandated by the Federal




Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (FWPCA) go into force in




1977 and 1983, and as industry gears up to meet the Clean Air Act




requirements, we estimate the industrial waste figures will jump




dramatically in many industries.








     To illustrate, we have estimated the combined total waste




and the pollution control residual fraction for four major




industries (Inorganic Chemicals, Paper, Steel, and Nonferrous




Smelting/Refining) in 1971, 1977, and 1983 (Figure 3).  The total




waste increases by 70 percent in 1977 and by 100 percent in 1983.

-------
              FIGURE 3
      PROJECTED GROWTH OF
 COMBINED WASTE QUANTITIES FOR
 FOUR REPRESENTATIVE INDUSTRIES
  (INORGANIC CHEMICALS, PAPER,
STEEL, AND NON-FERROUS SMELTING)
   2 -
  UJ
  O
  CO
  >-
  DC-
  <  1
  cc
  h;
  CQ
  CC
    0
                             1983
         PROCESS RESIDUE

         POLLUTION CONTROL RESIDUE
                   1877
1971

-------
A large part of the increase is due to the anticipated




installation of pollution control equipment.  Pollution control




residuals account for about 75 percent of the total waste in




these industries.  While all industries may not have this degree




of waste growth, the trend is unmistakable.








     From this study we conclude that industrial waste is a major




fraction of the total waste stream which has been overlooked for




too long, and that EPA's air and water pollution control




activities will, over the next decade, have a major impact on




land disposal of wastes.  Implications of these findings on EPA




strategy, and on land use and energy policy, are being evaluated




by a high-level policy group set up recently by Administrator




Train.








     These industrial waste quantity and growth estimates are




somewhat staggering.  But, an aspect causing even greater concern




is that many of these wastes are potentially hazardous.

-------
Hazardous Waste Surveys








     While earlier industrial hazardous waste survey work in




support of our Report^ t£ Congress was sufficient to highlight the




importance of hazardous waste, these data were too general to




support our technical assistance efforts or preparation of




hazardous waste guidelines.  Consequently, EPA decided to study




specific industrial wastes on a national scale.








     The basis for selection of an industry for study was the




potential hazard of its wastes (Table 1) and production




quantities as determined by our earlier overview studies.








     A series of nine industrial hazardous waste practices




studies was begun in February 1974, followed by another four just




getting underway this year (Table 2).  All are being done by




contractors.








     All associated industrial trade associations have been




briefed on these studies, and in some cases the trade




associations have been active participants, by mailing




questionnaires, arranging facility visits, and the like.
                               10

-------





















to
s:
cC
UJ
CrT
J-
to

UJ
h-
to
e£
IS

_1
<
c£
h-
1/1
r>
O
"^",
t — i

z:
ar
r—
i — t
^s

IO
LU
o
2:
-
_J
_J
•=C
HH
I—

UJ
t-
O
Cu

















































































































































to
OJ
o
c
ro
4->
to
xi
3
CO

to
rs
o
"U
i.
ro
Isl
ro
a:





























c
M
O)
to


LO
13
0 H-
cu to
c o
ro T-
r— C
r— ro
,
0


^
CJ


i-
CJ


•»:
x> to
a> c:
4-> O
ro xj
C J-
•i- ro
s- u
o o
f— i-
x: xJ
0 >,
-C




XI
CJ



to
eC


















>>
S-
;t_)
to
3
XI
c
t— <





XX X XX

XX X







XX XXX XX X









xxxx xxxxx

,



XXXX XX X






XXXX X X





XX X XXX X



XX XX XX









XX XX X









XX X X





XX XXX






o
•r-
c:
O 01
>> s- c
CT1 4-> -r-
1-  01 rj o
• — r— C C 4-> •<-
. — cu ro -r- u •»->
ra J^ ry til
4-> x> en to M- ro r—
CL>OJ cc-r-rs i— ro
E>, ro-r-cc CL o
x> r— ro t- t: to XJ +->
cxicuror— cue 3 F
roc:xiuo. i — i — >ro cu 3
ro -r- T- o ro ro -r- >> u cu cu t.
D-> os_!-.-4->utoi-s-roi — i — a;
C: 4J •,- 4-> 4-> OJ T- O OJ OJ ££ T- O -C
•r- C4->l-4->
c: -i- to cu cu o o. .-i^ 4J ro X 4-^ ro
r- ro o i— i — -srx^rojraifljcu
siixci-iijuj oujQCfaa-(— ci — i






































































































»>
cu
c
^~
c
ro
O
t-
-*->
'r—
C

•*
o
c
0)
Q.
O
i.
-t-J
•<~
c
•1—
X!

"
CJ
c
cu
N
C

X5
O
i-
4_3

C
•i —
XI
^
cu
4->
rO
tt-

Z3
CO

1 —
>,
x:
+->
cu
E
•l —
X!

• *•
to c:
*>> C
c; u
CU •!-
.C O.
a. o
•l— L-
XI O
X! Ic
QJ U
i »
ro «
c: t: '
•i — •( —
S- Q)
O i —
r— O
-C i-
O O
>> ro
f—
O "
O- CJ .
1 — • , —
en a_ o
t: Si cr
•r— r.J ru
XI X _C
^ CU CL
r— 0
U S- i.
c: o o
>— i ij_ , —
•k -4- i —
^ "r -i—
U
ro
4J
tr
Q)
Q.

XI
c
ro
11

-------
                      TABLE 2






     LIST OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTF STUDIES






Group I




     Primary and Storage Batteries




     Inorganic Chemicals




     Organic Chemicals, Pesticides and Explosives




     Electroplating




     Metals Mining




     Paint and Allied Products




     Petroleum Refining




     Pharmaceuticals




     Primary Metals Smelting and Refining






Group II




     Textile Mill Products




     Rubber and Plastics




     Leather Tanning and Finishing




     Machinery, except Electrical
                           12

-------
Industrial participation is on a voluntary basis and industrial




cooperation has been very gratifying to date.









     Objectives of the studies are to:









     (1)  Characterize each industry in terms of the number of




          plants, number of employees, location, production




          processes and rates, etc.









     (2)  Characterize the wastes generated by each process in




          each industry, both the total amount, and the




          potentially hazardous fraction.









     (3)  Define hazardous waste treatment and disposal methods




          in terms of industry average, current best practice,




          and environmentally acceptable methods, and









     (4)  Analyze the costs associated with treatment and




          disposal.
                               13

-------
Results t£ Date








     Only 6 of the 13 studies are now complete, so it is




difficult to discuss results and perhaps dangerous to draw




conclusions at this time.  However, I will give you a snapshot of




the results to date, and perhaps some trends will appear.  It is




important to note that we have attempted to standardize results




by normalizing quantity data to a dry-weight basis.  Since the




majority of hazardous wastes are in liquid or sludge form, rather




than solids, and it is often difficult to accurately determine




the liquid fraction of wastes, this procedure can introduce some




inaccuracies.  On the other hand, it is important to know




quantities on a wet basis as well, since that is the tonnage




actually handled (and charged for) by the waste treatment




industry.  Consequently, in most data displays, we present both




dry- and wet-basis data.








     First, it is interesting to determine the fraction of an




industry's total waste stream that is potentially hazardous.  EPA



left it to each contractor to devise criteria for "potential




hazard" for each industry studied because:   (1) it is difficult




to define "hazard" in advance of knowing what the wastes are,




their chemical composition, form and amounts; and (2) we are
                              14

-------
still in the learning phase of this program and were interested

in getting some independent thinking as to what constitutes a

potential hazard, at what levels, etc.  Many contractors used

criteria corresponding to the National Academy of Sciences

"moderately hazardous" rating* as the cutoff between "potentially

hazardous" and other wastes.



     We use the term "potentially hazardous" waste advisedly,

since actual hazard to public health and the environment depends

on the waste management methods employed.  These are the wastes

requiring special control in order to prevent future public

health and environmental damages, both in the short term (acute)

and the long term (chronic) effects sense.



     The Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices Study results to

date, from 6 of 13 industries, indicate the total of all

industrial waste is 44 million metric tons per year, on a dry-

weight basis, of which five million tons per year, or 12 percent

is potentially hazardous (Table 3).  This hazardous waste

percentage compares to our earlier estimate of about ten percent.
     *System for Evaluation of the Hazards of Bulk Water Transportation
of Industrial Chemicals.   National Academy of Sciences,  Washington,
D.C., 1974.
                               15

-------
                                       Table 3

                         INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE STUDIES

                                  Waste Generation
     Industry
                                     Total Waste Amount
                          (Millions of Metric Tons/Yr - Dry Basis)
                                         Potentially       Hazardous
                      All-Industrial   Hazardous Wastes   Constitutents
1.   ' Batteries
2.    Inorganic Chemicals   40.00
3.    Organic Chemicals,
       Pesticides 5
       Explosives
4.    Electroplating
5.    Metals Mining
6.    Paint § Allied
       Products
7.    Petroleum Refining
8.    Pharmaceuticals
9.    Primary Metals Smelting
       and Refining
     Total (to date)       4
                       2.25
                       0.39
                       0.70
                       0.25
                                           C.005
                                           2.000
2. 200
0.106
0.674
0.062
                                           5.047
                   0.0005
                   0.064
0.840
0.160
0.124
0.003
                   1.048
Notes

1.
2.
- data not yet available
Four additional studies currently underway
                                      16

-------
The total industrial waste figure from six industries compares




with our earlier estimate of 110 million tons per year for all




industries, which was recently updated to 260 million tons per




year, as noted above.  Several of the industries not yet included




in our figures are expected to be large contributors to the




overall total and the hazardous waste fraction.  Also, our




earlier figures were on a wet basis.  This leads us to believe




that our earlier estimate of ten million tons per year (wet




basis) for all hazardous waste was on the low side.









     Turning now to the potentially hazardous portion of the




industrial waste stream, we have accumulated sufficient data to




indicate trends in hazardous waste characteristics, comparisons




of current data with earlier estimates, hazardous waste growth




projections associated with key target dates for compliance with




the FWPCA Effluent Limitations Guidelines by 1977 and 1983,




hazardous waste treatment and disposal technology and cost data,




and the geographical distribution of hazardous waste generation.








     Industrial hazardous waste characteristics, known from six




industries to date,  indicate that total amounts calculated on a




wet basis are 12.8 million metric tons per year, compared to 5




million metric tons  per year on a dry basis,  or roughly 150
                               17

-------
percent more tonnage wet than dry [Table 4).   About 28 percent of




hazardous wastes are in solid form and 72 percent are in liquid




or sludge form.  About 58 percent are organics vs. 42 percent




inorganics.








     Comparing these figures with earlier estimates on a wet




basis, we see that, within the SIC codes studied in both cases,




our earlier data on total hazardous waste amounts were low by




factors ranging from 2 to 12, except for the batteries industry




(Table 5).  Earlier we estimated 90 percent of hazardous waste




were in liquified or sludge form vs. 72 percent in our current




studies.  Earlier estimates indicated hazardous waste was 60




percent organic and 40 percent inorganic vs.  58 percent organic




and 42 percent inorganic in current estimates to date.








     To gauge the impact of the FWPCA Effluent Limitations




Guidelines on hazardous waste sludge generation, we have




projected hazardous waste amounts from 1974 to 1977 and 1983,




when best practicable technology and best available technology




levels are to be implemented  (Table 6).  Although the increase in




hazardous waste generation varies from industry to industry,




depending on the sensitivity of the process waste stream to waste




water pollution control requirements, overall we predict a
                               18

-------















Ifi
g
4J
»
)q
P,

rH
(0
w
§
00
•iH
D
13
IP
1
*&


t)
3
N
1C
K
j i
LI
H
O

















&
cj
?
0
s



^^_
,
g
rH
4J g
si
$1
to t-i
£ '
P rH
It
U
6







rH
rp
in
O
&
•H
Q
"U
5


















4J ,-.
w c:
P o
£r> 
f^

£
df U",
1
4-1
in ^
O C
C O
•£
F-
<, '"'
GJ
II
I~M Ly
4-> \
w v>
0 ~
G
^
* in
(0
&

4J
83
H £
rn \
1^
<*


QJ
B"
B C
CT O
4^
F
u
*= m
a
SE







>,
t7
4->
B
•8
C
M






oo f""1 VD I
II rH 1 1 fM f> 1 1 1


rH
0
o> in in 1 1 IN m
»-H 1



•cr «a r^ M- cr
ro ro 1 1 m cr> 1
•g 'g'g
ti tti
as s a a?
U ro tt) m<^i
PI i 1 1 K K 1 1
r-  o ro co c^ o
oo cr> 01 i | oo o\ i— i |


in
a.1
'C -O
•H S
u in io
4J O CP
in pc
m rb -iH
CX, O -P
W L| rH
rH - d, D1 SJ
Sin C E
rH in 'O -H to
•H n3 m a) c w
E U !> DI -rH -H rH m
Si -H -H C CT>rH IW (0 rH
6Ein-rHCH<]jUrt
Q) o -P -H 
in U U Q,rH • H T) g 3 5: C
0 -rj S; Q, g C 9 Q) -S
•rHcucjo S3 a) 0 ;>i c
^ro-iH Min rHt^M-3
QJ tT»CrO4-lrH4-l O fc^sJUH
^rsetjiocflGem
4L)OtJ>ro(U4J-r-]4Jn3'i-)K
It! C M rH Q) IO (U ,C M
P3HO WSdiPjfXia.
i-lfN^o ^-invDi^oocn


 10
T) ^ .
J? -P «
S £6
•rH -d
1 *5
c a
rH . 'Q
•s is *
2 ifl M
S "03
5 O
6 OT 1 PL,
Z rH 
-------
O O
c o
              II
in rH O

0)    rH
               i  i
                      in cr\ o



















<*

w

a
^

























CO
w
H
a
^J
B
Uj

[j^
H
CO
<
S
CO
D
O

K
^
<
ffi
^
H
«
E-i
CO
D
Q
*-r
H



















V)
U
•H
4->

.,_!
^j
0)
P
U
rd
iti
.C
C

0)
4-1
00




•a
•H
i — (
O
CO

dp


T u)
>H -H
>( M

w m
c
O 4->
EH 0)
4J 5
C 0
P -H
0 M
g 4J W
i^ fU *H
s; 01
fl
• f'l
rH

E. Q
— ^



4->
U)
a
•q
M






O 0
in "^








O 0
in U3









o o
rH 0
O *T
o ro



in o
o o
c o
. .
O CN





X .
ies
nic Chemica
c Che-nicals
icides and
V-l nj -H -P
o 
ft
'C
£
3

r*i ^r o o r~
r»i CN •ei' o c
n M1 <• CN  •=!•
CN rH VO O O
• 1 I • « . i
CM O O O IT



£j\
•S
tr> "a!
•a -H OT
a) d (n —
en -rH -H rH ui cri gj
n tTl rH U-l (d rH C 4-
C/l -H r: r— ' SJ (J rij -H (T
rj P -P, ^ c, -H P q TJ
> rt! C ui -P '!) -H
•rH r-( -H 13 4-> fi P S 'H C
tn Oj S: C O : J CJ (U 4-
OO f33c)O>-ii2 •—
rH H en 73 rH n M
Q,4-!'H4JOO&<'j'a r-
;TUf3c:--inPisc «-
[-] (U 4^ -H Dj -P f3 ----i fO 4-
>H n ro a) ^ M C
w s a. a, cxi a< E-


^T m vo r~- co <^
















n







1
g
M
•8
S
rH^
-P

m
^
Q
CU
rH U5
fl <1)
rH 'D
'f3 4J
§»
rH
!4J n!
0) g
>«.§
4J 4J
Q -H
2^
m«
(D M
13 D
0
in i t,

-------
o r-
o CM
o  o
c  o
rH  VD  I

























in

W
jj
CQ
§3j
f-l




















































10
w
H
D
D
£H
W

W
EH
<
£c

W
D
O
Q
C:'
<^
C\]
f£
X

^
<£
H
K
B
W
D
Q
^
H




































rd
4->
D

C1
4->
1C
rfl
[^

in
rj
O
in
(0
N
(C
E

(H
OJ
•H
rH
to
ft
W

O
Jj

c
o
in
•rH
H
(C
Cx<
E
0
U























I/I
C3
CQ

-P
C1
[g
1
•
j^
>^
q in
P C
0 0
E E~

u
•H
SH
4->
C1
2
,
rH
rH
•rH
^
	












































«
4J
•H
O
D
C'
CL

V
/•'*
C


K
^
^*
4-'
i/:

-P
t^
G;
SH
3
u










in
C'
Tl
0
C.)

CJ
H
in













K*-
I^(
4J
10
73
•o
C
H











CM O O
CM 0 0
c- in in
• • • I 1
O rH C"








o o n
rH O CO
c ^r ro
. . . | |
o ro r^









CN
C~\ C"^
kD CO
TO CM
CM
•,
•- O^i
CM in r^
CTl U? CO
U3 CO CM 1 1
ro CM
-.
«. *• "^*
r-H rH CT,
&\ rH VO W?
^D CX) CO OO
CO CM CM CM




in
rH "
CS W
U rH 13 ti
•H rd c 0}
E 0 -13 en -H
O -H C O"H
^ C W W -H C rH
(_>  rc t:
in U U -H -H r-H H 'D
  • O l)i &< [J O 4-1 -H rd C to rH fit ro 05 H O W >J C-. rH CM ro -a< in vo 01 rH X) IT ^ -H ro O D1 O CM 'H . . rH | C C tji C.' ''• •e- c o CM •* O «^ M* CM . . . | O rH O | in rH ro co cr\ oo CM CM CM C •rH 4-1 rH &•• o C E •rH W C 1/3 •rH rH tO D1 •44 rd M p 0 U £ ? '.-: in U D Cl C1 ;i ,a; •O rH rd M O O E d "J M M !H E^ r; tiv 4J rj -rj fd OJ ^ to p. t p ( p, , i> cc 01 21 ^ rH {& rsi • LO f-^ 0 CO • , — I , — , o -p d T) O -I-1 — j r-\ 03 Jj O B rH •6 rH >' • 4J CTi 4-> to rd 3 rH CM *

  • -------
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    vo
    
    w
    •J
    CQ
    ff.
    H
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    to
    W
    M
    D
    p
    EH
    Vi
    
    W
    EH
    S
    [^
    
    CO
    D
    C
    Q
    K
    rtj
    tN
    ff
    tc
    hP
    H
    EH
    w
    D
    Q
    *?:
    V!
    C
    o
    •H
    4->
    U
    (1)
    •( — 1
    o
    ^_j
    &.
    s:
    4->
    ^;
    O
    IH
    C1
    
    a)
    4->
    K
    rd
    S
    w
    0
    TH
    rs
    N
    rd
    K
    4-> ro
    2 CO
    O-
    JH 1
    U T
    t^-
    <*> -
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    £
    v^
    K
    C
    o
    EH
    -P
    C O
    "3 *H
    O M
    e -P
    J 0
    M rH
    Q •
    1 0
    
    •P
    Q)
    ^
    
    *.
    vo
    rH
    .
    O
    
    
    
    
    ^
    J-!
    D
    
    
    
    4J
    d'
    s
    CN
    OC
    C
    •
    O
    o
    , — 1
    c
    •
    o
    
    
    
    J>s
    SH
    Q
    
    in
    o
    o
    •
    o
    o
    *3*
    
    
    
    
    
    o
    o
    CO
    •
    *3-
    
    
    
    
    o
    o
    CO
    •
    CN
    C
    O
    CTA
    •
    ro
    
    
    
    o
    o
    ro
    •
    CN
    O
    O
    *3*
    •
    ro
    
    
    O
    O
    O
    .
    CN
    ro
    i —
    1
    
    
    
    
    VD
    VD
    VO
    • 1
    CN
    rH
    
    
    
    O
    O
    CO
    • 1
    n
    VD
    VO
    VO
    . |
    rH
    rH
    
    
    o
    O
    in
    . |
    ro
    ro
    ro
    ro
    • 1
    t^
    
    
    o
    o
    CN
    • 1
    CN
    CO
    in
    l
    
    
    
    
    CO
    VD
    VO
    1
    o
    
    
    
    
    r-
    10
    rH
    | •
    O
    CO
    CO
    ^3*
    1
    O
    
    
    
    CN
    CN
    rH
    1
    O
    ^
    CN
    *3*
    | •
    O
    
    
    VD
    O
    rH
    1
    O
    rH
    ro
    
    
    
    
    
    0
    in
    CO
    •
    rH
    
    
    
    
    ro
    CO
    CO
    •
    c
    o
    *J'
    in
    *
    rH
    
    
    
    ro
    r^
    r~-
    •
    o
    o
    ^r
    •^
    •
    rH
    
    
    q.
    r~-
    V£>
    ,
    O
    CO
    vo
    1
    
    
    
    
    in
    ro
    ro
    • 1
    O
    
    VO
    in
    
    •
    Cn
    >
    <
    CO
    CN
    in
    •
    o
    CN
    
    
    
    M1
    O
    rH
    1
    O
    vo
    CN
    CN
    1
    O
    
    cn
    in
    CO
    .
    r^
    
    CO
    CT»
    •
    r--
    rH
    
    
    o
    r~-
    o
    1
    0
    o
    o
    CN
    1
    O
    ( —
    ^J1
    CO
    .
    VO
    J^
    o
    CO
    •
    CN
    1-1
    
    CN
    VD
    O
    1
    O
    [^
    ^
    o
    .
    in
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    w
    0)
    •H
    ^
    ru
    4J
    ) V
    
    M
    O
    ro
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    m
    0)
    
    •rH
    U)
    0
    rH
    a,
    X
    w
    
    -a
    
    ra
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    tT1
    c
    •H
    4J
    rd
    rH
    a,
    0
    M
    4J
    O
    Ci)
    rH
    CO
    T3-
    
    
    
    
    W
    I >
    O
    3
    r£J
    0
    M
    PM
    
    r^J
    01
    •H
    tPrH
    C rH
    •H <;
    f *
    •H T3
    ^ r^
    rj
    10
    rH 4.)
    re C
    4J -H
    O rd
    :-/ Oi
    in VD
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    tn
    C
    •H
    C
    •H
    MH
    C)
    04
    
    fl-
    ^5
    0)
    rH
    0
    
    4J
    0)
    a.
    I-.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    to
    rH
    ro
    u
    •H
    4J
    3
    a)
    u
    ra
    R
    
    rd
    r^
    Cl4
    co
    
    
    "O
    C
    
    
    Cn
    C
    •H
    +J
    rH
    0)
    g
    CO
    
    in
    rH
    rd
    4J
    (i) Cn
    ?: r:
    •rH
    r^t f-^
    M -H
    rd UH
    G 0)
    •-H (L,
    ^
    cu
    cr.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    f —
    rj)
    4J
    rd
    T!
    
    O
    4J
    —
    
    rH
    rd
    43
    O
    H
    
                                        CO
                                        C
                                        P
                                       rH
                                       -P
                                        C
                                        C
                                        U
                                    a)
                                    rH  10
                                    J3  01
                                    rd -H
                                    rH TJ
                                    •H  3
                                    rd 4J
                                    >  in
                                    re
                                       .H
                                    -P  rd
                                    0)  c:
                                    >i O
                                       •rH
                                    4-1 4-)
                                    O -H
                                    c •a
                                       T)
                                    CO  rd
                                    4->
                                    rd  M
                                    •a  D
                              in
                              Q)
                              4J
                              O
                              2
    22
    

    -------
    hazardous waste growth of 56 percent over the next decade.  This
    
    
    
    
    figure compares with our earlier estimated growth rate of 5 to 10
    
    
    
    
    percent per year.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         Current hazardous waste treatment and disposal practices and
    
    
    
    
    costs confirm earlier suspicions (Table 7).   Over 92 percent of
    
    
    
    
    all hazardous waste is disposed of directly  on land as opposed to
    
    
    
    
    4 percent undergoing some form of treatment, and 4 percent being
    
    
    
    
    recycled in some fashion.  The average cost  figures illustrate
    
    
    
    
    why this is so:  $11 per ton for land disposal vs. S49 per ton
    
    
    
    
    for treatment.  Land disposal is by far the  cheaper waste
    
    
    
    
    management option.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         Similarly, distribution of hazardous waste generation
    
    
    
    
    follows expected patterns (Table 8).  The highest percentage of
    
    
    
    
    hazardous waste is generated in EPA Region VI, followed by
    
    
    
    
    Regions IV and III.  Each of these regions contains heavy
    
    
    
    
    concentrations of chemical and other industrial production.  In
    
    
    
    
    our study reports, the hazardous waste generation distribution is
    
    
    
    
    further subdivided by total  amount generated per industry by
    
    
    
    
    State.  This information should be of great  interest to State
    
    
    
    
    solid waste management authorities.
                                   23
    

    -------
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    c
    o
    •r-l
    tr
    0)
    g
    W
    
    j-j
    QJ
    C/3 p.
    H
    M i-l
    Q C nj
    DO 4J
    EH -H C
    l/j 4-> EH
    3
    H -H O
    v: >-i
    < 4J 4-1
    £ : U) C
    •H Q)
    co en Q u
    D ^
    W O (ii 0)
    t-1 D -P (X
    a K in
    < < d
    EH N IS
    C 10
    3
    t-P O
    <3 T5
    M J-l
    ec; ca
    E-l N
    to w
    D K
    D
    2
    H
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    X
    
    X
    
    H
    H
    M
    >
    
    
    H
    M
    >
    
    M
    £>
    
    
    
    
    
    
    £>
    
    
    
    
    £>
    M
    
    
    
    
    
    M
    M
    M
    
    
    
    M
    M
    
    
    
    
    
    
    M
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    £*!
    ^
    4-1
    W
    3
    •D
    C
    M
    
    
    
    
    rH O1 CN CN O CN
    • . . | | ... |
    "^ r»"> c rH ro <£>
    o ro CN "3" o CN
    CM f> •— I n ro o
    
    rH VD CO
    II •!!••* 1
    o o r~ *
    
    
    in VD o o in CN
    . . . | | ... |
    O rH rH kD CO O
    V£> ^3* VD in O
    • . • 1 1 • . * 1
    vc> in M* UD r*~) +
    "9* in M
    
    
    
    CN •* t~- r- o VD
    . 1 l ... |
    VD CO CN rH  O
    CO rO rH CN
    
    
    co in in co in t--
    . . . | i ... t
    rr in rH CO O") f--
    rH CN rH
    
    
    
    n ro o CN CM r^
    • . • | j . . . i
    (N *x* in CT*I r^ G\
    CN rH rH
    
    
    CN CN VD 1* O
    • • . | | . . * |
    CN in n in in
    rH rH
    
    
    
    c-"> ^3* ,—j CN *sT
    * . . 1 1 . . 1
    i—to o CN o in
    in
    l tn
    •H 4->
    4-) U tn
    tn in 3 C
    01 QJ tJ -H
    Cu > O 4J
    tf! -H M rH
    rH •• tO tX tT> 0)
    fd to O C £
    U rH rH T3 -'O4->-.H,K
    4-1 M rc3 -H U f3 C M V-i G C
    4JOO1UO)4-l''H4-lf3 -H fI3
    P-l ( — 1 CO fj ^ f\4 pt p^ p !
    i — I CN f^ ^r in vo r~' co OA
    rH
    .
    CN
    r-
    ro
    
    vx>
    .
    o
    
    
    r^
    .
    rH
    ^
    .
    r^
    T^1
    
    
    
    CT-,
    .
    f^
    
    
    
    M"
    .
    1C
    rH
    
    
    
    ro
    .
    ^3.
    rH
    
    
    ^O
    .
    T
    
    
    
    
    c\
    .
    o
    
    
    0)
    
    rO
    ^
    0)
    t>
    <
    
    T!
    01
    4-1
    j^
    tr>
    -H
    o
    
    
    rH
    rH
    0)
    o
    
                  4-1
                  O
                                    •C
                                     C
                                    rH
    
                                    4J
                                     V,
                                     3
                                     (J
           X)  0)
            <« -H
           rH 'O
    M  X -H  D
            rt +J
     C  .'-)  >  to
     O  O  (3
    •H  -r-l     rH
     tr> cn -tJ  co
     0)  Q!  i  O
               •H
     C  C 4' -P
    •r-l  -H  0 -H
            C 'D
    03  T3     T3
     O  OJ  fd  rB
    'O  T! -P
     3  n  ra  M
    rH  -H T3  3
     O  O      O
     C  C  I  fa
    M  M
    
    *   *    .   .
    24
    

    -------
    Cost Implications
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         Each industrial hazardous waste study defines specific
    
    
    
    
    technology levels and associated costs for each process waste
    
    
    
    
    stream.  I refer you to each study report for details.  In
    
    
    
    
    general terms, we have found that the cost required to move from
    
    
    
    
    current treatment and disposal practice to environmentally
    
    
    
    
    acceptable treatment and disposal for hazardous waste does not
    
    
    
    
    represent an unreasonably high cost burden on industry.  For
    
    
    
    
    example, in the petroleum industry the cost of current hazardous
    
    
    
    
    waste treatment and disposal practice represents about one
    
    
    
    
    percent of refinery production costs while environmentally
    
    
    
    
    acceptable treatment and disposal methods for these wastes would
    
    
    
    
    be about three percent of refinery production costs.  Please note
    
    
    
    
    that refinery production costs are only one element in the retail
    
    
    
    
    price of oil and gasoline.   Other elements include exploration,
    
    
    
    
    drilling, transportation and marketing.  Consequently, the cost
    
    
    
    
    impact to the industry and to the public of upgrading hazardous
    
    
    
    
    waste disposal practices will be significantly less than the
    
    
    
    above figures.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         These patterns are followed in most industries we have
    
    
    
    
    studied; we are now performing more studies of the economic
                                    25
    

    -------
    impact on specific industries of improved waste management
    
    
    
    practices in order to confirm our earlier estimates.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Availability of_ Reports
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices Study reports will be
    
    
    
    published by EPA and made available through the National
    
    
    
    Technical Information Service (NTIS) operated by the Department
    
    
    
    of Commerce.  The first report of the series to be completed,
    
    
    
    "Assessment of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices, Storage and
    
    
    
    Primary Batteries Industries," is at NTIS now and should be
    
    
    
    available for purchase shortly.  Other reports in the series will
    
    
    
    follow in sequence.  Most reports from the first group of studies
    
    
    
    will be available before year-end.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Value tp_ Industry
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         EPA feels these hazardous waste studies are of considerable
    
    
    
    value to the industries studied.  Strange as it may seem, many
    
    
    
    industrial facilities visited during the course of these surveys
    
    
    
    had no idea what was in their land-destined waste streams, or
    
    
    
    what the ultimate fate .of these wastes was.  As a result of these
    
    
    
    studies, many industries will, for the first time, have a much
                                    26
    

    -------
    clearer picture of the hazardous waste generation situation in
    
    
    
    
    that industry, along with suggested treatment and disposal
    
    
    
    
    technology options and associated cost information for upgrading
    
    
    
    
    hazardous waste management practices.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
              For the waste treatment and disposal industry, these
    
    
    
    
    studies pull together detailed information about the quantities,
    
    
    
    
    characteristics, and location of industrial hazardous waste.  In
    
    
    
    
    the past, this type of information had to be purchased from
    
    
    
    
    marketing consultants.  Close study and evaluation of these data
    
    
    
    
    should lead to new offers of service to industry, and should be a
    
    
    
    
    valuable aid in facility siting and construction decisions.
    
    
    
    
    Lastly, service bid pricing structures will be more easily and
    
    
    
    
    logically determined.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Future Efforts
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         "What is past is prologue" states the facade of our National
    
    
    
    
    Archives.  Knowledge is often the precursor to action.   Clearly,
    
    
    
    our industrial hazardous waste survey efforts to date are just
    
    
    
    the opening act of a drama yet to be revealed.
                                  27
    

    -------
         EPA's first order of business is to gain more facts.  As I
    
    
    
    
    mentioned, our second series of industrial hazardous waste
    
    
    
    
    studies is just getting underway.  When completed next year,
    
    
    
    
    these studies will clarify considerably the somewhat preliminary
    
    
    
    
    data I've presented here.  We also recognize the need for new
    
    
    
    
    techniques to deal with the mounting hazardous waste management
    
    
    
    
    problem.  Consequently, OSWMP has recently initiated programs to
    
    
    
    
    explore the major hazardous waste treatment and disposal options:
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         (1)  Land Disposal.  EPA recently awarded a major
    
    
    
    
              demonstration grant for a full-scale chemical waste
    
    
    
    
              landfill to the State of Minnesota.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         (2)  Incineration.  Last fall EPA started a $1.5 million
    
    
    
    
              program to evaluate the effectiveness and costs of
    
    
    
    
              hazardous waste incineration.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         (3)  Chemical/Biological Treatment.  A major effort to
    
    
    
    
              evaluate existing hazardous waste chemical/biological
    
    
    
              treatment methods and match them with industrial wastes
    
    
    
    
              is now in the contract procurement stage.
                                    28
    

    -------
         (4)  Resource Recovery.  Last on this list, but first in our
    
    
    
    
              priority, we have recently begun two studies of
    
    
    
    
              resource recovery potential from industrial hazardous
    
    
    
    
              waste.  First, we will examine the concept of waste
    
    
    
    
              exchange between industries;  one man's waste may be
    
    
    
    
              another man's raw material.  Second, we will study the
    
    
    
    
              potential for energy recovery from industrial wastes,
    
    
    
    
              as part of the overall national effort to enhance
    
    
    
    
              energy conservation.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    We believe these efforts will allow us to make better judgments
    
    
    
    
    as to future actions, and provide us with sharper tools for our
    
    
    
    
    technical assistance efforts to industry, State and local
    
    
    
    
    governments, and the public.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Conclusions
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         Bearing in mind that our industrial hazardous waste surveys
    
    
    
    
    are not yet completed, the following trends and conclusions can
    
    
    
    be drawn from the preliminary results presented here:
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         (1)  Industrial waste is now generated at roughly twice the
    
    
    
    
              rate of municipal waste.
                                   29
    

    -------
    (2)   Land-destined industrial  waste amounts  will jump
    
    
    
    
         dramatically in the next  decade,  due in great part to
    
    
    
    
         installation of air and water pollution control
    
    
    
    
         systems.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    (3)   About 12  percent of all industrial wastes can be
    
    
    
    
         classified as potentially hazardous to  public health
    
    
    
    
         and the environment.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    (4)   About 72  percent of potentially hazardous waste is in
    
    
    
    
         liquid or sludge form.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    (5)   About 58  percent of potentially hazardous waste is
    
    
    
    
         organic;  42 percent is  inorganic.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    (6)   Amounts of potentially  hazardous waste  generated will
    
    
    
    
         increase  by about 56 percent in the next decade.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    (7)   Land disposal is the predominant hazardous waste
    
    
    
         management practice today.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    (8)   Only four percent of potentially hazardous waste is
    
    
    
    
         treated and four percent  is recovered.
                              30
    

    -------
         (9)  Generation of potentially hazardous  waste is
    
    
    
    
              concentrated, as expected,  in  the  heavily
    
    
    
    
              industrialized Gulf Coast and  mid-Atlantic regions.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
        (10)  Upgrading hazardous waste treatment  and disposal
    
    
    
    
              practice to environmentally acceptable  standards will
    
    
    
    
              not represent an unreasonable  cost burden to industry
    
    
    
    
              or the public.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         EPA's future efforts will  concentrate on  improving our
    
    
    
    
    industrial waste data base and  evaluating the  major treatment  and
    
    
    
    
    disposal options for hazardous  waste  management.   We cannot alone
    
    
    
    
    bring about the necessary improvements to current industrial
    
    
    
    
    hazardous waste management practices.  We urge the waste
    
    
    
    
    generation industry and the waste management industry to join
    
    
    
    
    with us in a cooperative effort to upgrade industrial waste
    
    
    
    
    management practices to better  protect the public health and our
    
    
    
    
    environment.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
         Thank you very much.
    SW-545
     U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE' 1976—  241-037/8
                                    31
    

    -------