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at almost one-year intervals for analysis  and comparison purposes.
A synopsis of indicated groundwater quality before and after the
impact of refuse and/or wastewater treatment sludge disposal at
the case study locations is depicted in Figures 3 to 18.

     Each figure depicts a specific chemical constituent.
Results are grouped by sites.   The one or  two horizontal lines
for each site depict background groundwater quality for that
particular constituent.  The vertical  bar  graphs from left to
right are:  (1) sludge as shipped to landfill, (2) in-refuse
leachate, (3) off-site shallow groundwater, and (4) off-site
deep groundwater.   Sites 1, 3, 4, and  5 do not have a deep
off-site well.  The top and bottom of  a bar represent maximum
and minimum observed concentration values.  Additional results
are shown as points within the bar.  Where only a single value
was available, it is shown as  a point  in the column space  where
a bar would have been.

     Where an EPA Drinking Water Standard  (see Appendix D) or
an AWWA Potable Water Standard has been established, the
respective value has been superimposed on  the appropriate
figure to provide a basis for  evaluating the relative quality
of the waters sampled.  In addition, where sample concentrations
were below the present state-of-the-art analytical detection
levels, they are presented below the figure ordinate.

     In addition to these graphical representations, the
monitoring results have been further summarized in Tables  18
and 19.  These tabulations identify the number of samples  in
which a specific constituent was above the EPA or AWWA Drinking
Water Standard, the number of  samples  below present state-of-the-
art detection levels, and the  number of samples falling within
incremental order of magnitude concentration ranges.

     The constituent concentrations observed within the fill
were high and determined to a  large degree by the type and
quantity of material disposed.  However, the concentrations
within the fill are immaterial to an assessment of the off-
site environmental impact.  For the purpose of the environmental
assessment and evaluation, the analysis centered around the off-
site groundwater quality in the direction  of presumed ground-
water movement.

     With regard to the shallow off-site monitoring well results,
all of the sites except Site 4 exceeded established drinking
water standards for iron, and  all the  sites except Site 7
exceeded the allowable maximum lead concentration.  Sites  2,
3, 4, and 6 exceeded the allowable mercury standard, while
Sites 1 and 4 exceeded the sulfate standard.  Sites 2 and  8
exceeded the allowable cadmium standard.  Only Site 8 exceeded
the allowable copper standard.   In summary, all locations
exceeded one or more of the allowable  drinking water standards
in the shallow off-site well.


                              58
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                                 69
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                     76
-------
     A lesser number of infractions occurred in the deep off-
site groundwater wells.  Four of the eight sites exceeded
allowable levels on at least two constituents.   Samples
obtained at Site 2 exceeded five water quality  tolerances
(chloride, cadmium, iron, mercury, and lead).   Site 6 exceeded
the iron, mercury, and lead standards.  Sites  7 and 8 both
exceeded the iron and lead standard.

     Iron appeared the most times in concentrations in excess
of EPA Drinking Water Standards.  Twenty-four  of 30 shallow
and 11 of 16 deep off-site groundwater sample  results exceeded the
the iron standard.

     Lead emerged as the second most prevalent  constituent
monitored for which EPA Drinking Water Standards had been
exceeded.  Fourteen out of 30 shallow groundwater samples and
eight of 16 deep off-site groundwater sample results violated
maximum acceptable standards for lead.

     Mercury in excess of EPA standards appeared four times
in the shallow off-site groundwater and three  times in the
deep off-site groundwater.

     In the shallow off-site groundwater, cadmium appeared
twice, copper once, and sulfate six times above accepted
limits.  In the deep off-site groundwater, cadmium appeared
once and chloride four times.

     Using the EPA Drinking Water Standards as  a measure of
degradation of off-site groundwaters, it must  be concluded
that in the eight sites surveyed, there had been appreciable
groundwater quality degradation beyond the limits of the
immediate disposal area.  Subsequent studies will be necessary
to determine the area! extent of contamination  which has
occurred and to estimate the potential for future contamination.

     Testing of statistical significance of data was not
attempted because of the limited data, masking  by seasonal
variation, and limited degree to which one case study site
could be reasonably compared to another.
                              77
-------
                       BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Ground and Surface Water:  A Review of Their Occurrence and
Survival.  13th Water Quality Conference, 59,  University
of Illionis, 1971 .

Allen, M.J. and S.M.  Morrison.   Bacterial Movement through
Fractured Bedrock.  Ground Water,  11:2,6, 1973.

Baars, J.K.  Travel  of Pollution and Purification En Route,
In Sandy Soils.  Bulletin World Health Organization,  16:
727-747, April  1975.

Bloom, H.H., W.N. Mack, and W.L. Mailman.  Enteric Viruses
and Salmonellae Isolations; II:  Media Comparison for
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1958.

Drewry, W.A. and R.  Eliassen.  Virus Movement  in Ground-
water. JWPCF,   4£:R257-R271, August 1968.

Eliassen, R.  Studies on the Movement of Viruses with
Groundwater.  Water Quality Control Research Laboratory,
Stanford University,  1967.

Engelbrecht, R.S., e_t_ ajL  Biological Properties of Sani-
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Water Systems,   Malina and Sagik, eds.  Water  Resources
Symposium #7,  1974.   pp 201-217.

Grigoryeva. L.V., G.I. Korchak, and T.V.  Bey.   Survival of
Bacteria and Viruses  in Sewage  Sludges,   Microbiolog.  Zh.,
3J_:659, 1969.

Krone, R.B.  The Movement of Disease Producing Organisms
through Soils.   Proceedings of  the Symposium on Municipal
Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Louisiana Polytechnic
Institute, July 30,  1968.

Krone, R.B., G.T. Orlab, and C. Hodgkinson.  Movement of
Coliform Bacteria through Porous Media.   Sewage and In-
dustrial Wastes, 30:1-13, January 1968.

Lund,  E.  Observations on the Virus Binding Capacity of
Sludge.  5th International Conference on Water Pollution
Research, San  Francisco, California, 1970.
                            78
-------
Mailman, W.L. and W. Litsky.  Survival of Selected Enteric
Organisms in Various Types of Soil.  American Journal Public
Health ,  4_1_:38,  1951 .

Mailman, W.L. and W.M. Mack.  Biological Contamination of
Groundwater.  U.S. Public Health Service Technical Report,
W61-5,  1961.  pp 35-43.

Molina, A.J.E.,  O.C. Braids, and T.D. Hinesly.  Observations
on Bactericidal  Properties of Digested Sludge.  Environ-
mental Science and Technology,  i5_:448-450, 1972.

Robeck, G.G.  Microbial Problems in Groundwater.   Ground-
Water,  1 (3):33-35,  May-June 1969.

Romero, J.C.  The Movement of Bacteria and Viruses through
Porous Media.  Ground Water,  £ (37), 1970.

Rudolfs, W., L.L. Falk, and R.A. Ragotzkie.   Literature on
the Occurrence and Survival of Enteric, Pathogenic, and
Relative Organisms in Soil, Water, Sewage, and Sludges,
and on Vegetation; I:  Bacterial and Virus Diseases.
Sewage and Industrial  Wastes,  2_2_:1261, 1950.

Broadbent, F.E.  and G.R. Bradford.  Cation Exchange Groups
in Soil Organic  Fraction.  Soil Science,  ^4_:447-457, 1952.

Degradation of Wastewater Organics in Soil.   JWPCF,  41_
(5):808-813, 1969.

Howath, R.S.  Microbial Co-metabolism and the Degradation
of Organic Compounds in Nature.  Bacteriology Review,
36_:146-155, 1972.

Miller, R.H.  The Microbiology of Sewage Sludge Decomposi-
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Ohio State University, 1972.

Mitchell, J.  The Origin, Nature, and Importance.of Soil
Organic Constituents Having Base Exchange Properties.
Journal American Society Agronomy, 2£:256-275, 1932.

Stevenson, F.J.  and M.S. Ardakani.   Organic Matter Re-
actions Involving Micronutrients in Soils.  In:   Micro-
nutrients in Agriculture, 1972.

Thomas, R.E. and T.W.  Bendixen.  Degradation of Wastewater
Organics in Soil.  JWPCF, 41:808-813, 1969.
                             79
-------
Berrow, M.L. and J. Webber.  Trace Elements in Sewage
Sludge.  Journal of Science and Food Agriculture,  23:93-100,
1972.

Bradford, G.R., P.I. Bair, and V. Hunsaker.  Trace and
Major Elements of Soil Saturation Extracts.  Soil Science
J_l_2:225-230, 1971.

Hem, John D.  Chemistry and Occurrence of Cadmium and Zinc
in Water and Groundwater.  Water Resources Research,
i8(3):661-679, 1972.

Jenkins, S.D., D.G. Keight, and A. Ewins.  The Solubility
of Heavy Metal Hydroxides in Water, Sewage, and Sewage
Sludge - II.  International Journal of Air and Water
Pollution, 8^:679-693, 1964.

Jenkins, S.H. , D.G. Keight, and J.S. Cooper.  The Solu-
bility of Heavy Metal Hydroxides in Water, Sewage and Sew-
age Sludge - III.   International Journal of Air and Water
Pollution, 8^:695-703, 1964.

Jurinak, J.J. and J. Santi11an-Medrano.  The Chemistry and
Transport of Lead and Cadmium in Soils.  Research Reoort 18,
Utah Agricultural  Experiment Station,  Utah State University,
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Kubota, Joe and W.H. Allaway.  Geographic Distribution of
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culture, 1972.

Lagerwerff, J.W.  Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil.  Agri-
culture and the Quality of Our Environment.  N.C. Brady, Ed.
Norwood, Mass., Plimpton Press, 1967.   pp. 343-359.

Lagerwerff, J.V.  Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium as Contaminants.
In;  Micronutrients in Agriculture, 1972.

Leeper, G.W.  Reactions of Heavy Metals with Soils with
Special Regard to Their Application in Sewage Wastes.
Contract No. DACW 73-73-C-0026, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
November 1972.

Lieber", M. and W.F. Welsch.  Contamination of Ground Water
by Cadmium.  JAWWA, 4J>:541, 1954.

Martin, R.  Determination of Heavy Metals in Digested
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                             80
-------
Norvell, W.A.  Equilibria of Metal  Chelates  in  Soil  Solu-
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Purves, David.  Consequences of Trace-Element Contamination
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Wentink, G.R. and J.E.  Etzel.  Removal of Metal  Ions  by
Soil.  JWPCF,  44_ (8):1561-1574,  1972.

Fredrick, L.R.  The  Formation of  Nitrate from Ammonium
Nitrogen in Soils;  I:   The  Effect of  Temperature.   Soil
Science Society of  America  Proceedings,  2£:496-500,  1956.

Lance, J.C.  Nitrogen  Removal by  Soil Mechanisms.   JWPCF,
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Pratt, P.F., W.W. Jones, and V.E. Hunsaker.  Nitrate  in
Deep  Soil Profiles  in  Relation to Fertilizer Rates  and
Leaching Volume.  Journal Evni ronmental Quality,  1_:97-102,
1972.

Reichman, G.A., D.L. Grunes, and  F.G. Viets,  Effect  of
Soil  Moisture on Ammonification and  Nitrification  in  Two
Northern Plains States.  Soil Science Society of  America
Proceedings,  .30:363-366, 1966.

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Health, Berkeley, California, 1970.

Viets, F.G., Jr., and  R.H.  Hageman.    Factors Affecting the
Accumulation of Nitrate in Soils, Water, and Plants.
Agriculture Handbook No. 413,  ARS, U.S.D.A. , Washington,
D.C.    1971.

Mathur, R.P., and N.S.   Grewal.   Underground Travel  of
Pollutants.   In:  Advances in Water Pollution Research.
New York, Pergamon  Press, June 1972.  pp 159-166.

Wischmeier, W.H. and J.V. Mannering.  Effects of Organic
Matter Content of the  Soil  on Infiltration.   Journal  Soil
Water  Conservation,  2£:150-152,  1965.
                                    »
Molina, A.J.E., et_ a_l_.   Division S-3-Soil Microbiology and
Bio-chemistry-Aeration-Induced Changes in Liquid Digested
Sewage Sludge.   Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,
.35:60-63 , 1971 .

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and Desorption of Sulfate Ions by Soil Constituents.
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                             81
-------
Barrow, N.J.  Comparison of the Adsorption of Molybdate,
Sulfate, and Phosphate by Soils.  Soil Science ,  109:282-
288, 1970.

Barrow, N.J.  Studies on the Adsorption of Sulfate by Soils.
Soil Science   l_04:342-349,  1967.

Bornemisza, E.  and R. Llanos.   Sulfate Movement, Adsorption,
and Desorption  in Three Costa  Rican Soils.  Proceedings of
the Soil Science Society of America, 3Jj356-360, 1967.

Chao, Tsun  Tien, M.E. Harward, and S.C. Fang.  Adsorption
and Desorption  Phenomena of Sulfate Ions  in Soils.  Proceed-
ings of the Soil Science Society of America, £6^:234-237, 1962

Chao, Tsun  Tien, M.E. Harward, and S.C. Fang.  Cationic
Effects on  Sulfate Adsorption  by Soils.  Proceedings of the
Soil Science Society of America, 27_:35-38, 1963,

deVilliers, J.M.  and M.L. Jackson.  Cation Exchange  Capa-
city Variations with pH in Soil Clays.  Proceedings of the
Soil Science Society of America, 3J_:473-476, 1967.

Eriksson, E.  Cation-Exchange  Equilibria  on Clay Minerals.
Soil Science,  7^:103-113, 152.

Gieseking,  J.E. and Hans Jenny.  Behavior of Polyvalent
Cations in  Base Exchange.  Soil Science,  42^:273-280, 1936.

Krishnamoorthy, C. and R. Overstreet.  An Experimental
Evaluation  of Ion-Exchange Relationships.  Soil Science,
69>:41-53, 1950.

Anderson, M.S.   Comparative Analyses of Sewage Sludge.
Sewage  And  Industrial Wastes,  2^8:132-135, 1956.

Parizek, R.R. and D. Langmuir.  Management of Leachates
from Sanitary Landfills.  Pennsylvania Geology Survey
Bulletin, 1971.

Sludge  Handling and Disposal;   Phase I:  State of the  Arts.
Metro Sewer  Board of Twin Cities Area, November 15, 1972.
                             82
-------
APPENDIX A
-------
      GAS  PROBE  AND MONITORING  WELL  PLACEMENT  PROCEDURE

I.   In-Refuse  Well

    A.   The monitoring  well  in  the  landfill  will  be  drilled
        to the groundwater  table.   Figure  1  shows  a  typical
        installation.   The  following samples will  be  taken  at
        the time of drilling this well:

        1.  Core sample of  soil  cover material  for  permea-
            bility  determination.

        2.  Two  (2) samples  of  landfill  material  for  deter-
            mination of moisture content.

        3.  Three (3)  soil  cores spaced  over the  distance
            between the landfill bottom  and  the groundwater
            table for  determination  of leachate attenuation
            by soi1.

        A  core auger or bucket  rig  is most desirable  for
        drilling holes  in  refuse.   An air  rotary  drill may
        be used  but is  subject  to fouling  in refuse.

        Experience  has  indicated that for  our  typical  4-
        in diameter monitoring  well, the well  bore  diameter
        should be a minimum  of  6 in  and  preferably  8  in  or
        greater.  During the drilling, refuse  is  pulled  loose
        and protrudes  into  the  hole.  This leads  to  diffi-
        culties  during  the  placement of  the  gas probes attached
        to the outside  of  the well  casing  and  in  backfilling.

        Carefully construct  a soil  boring  log  of  the  mater-
        ial brought to  the  surface  during  the  well  drilling
        operati on.

    B.   Core Sample of  Cover Soil.   After  the  location
        of the well has been determined  on the site  and
        preferably  before  the well  driller arrives,  take a
        core sample of  the  cover soil material  for deter-
        mination of permeability.   Refer to  Field Sampling
        Instruction Manual  for  detailed  instructions
        orT obt a i ni n g the samp 1 e .

    C.   Moisture Content Samples of  Refuse.  Two  refuse
        samples  will be taken for determination of moisture
        content  from each  hole  at the one-third and  two-
        third  overall  landfill  depth, respectively.
        Approximately  one  shovelful  of refuse  and/or
        sludge material will be placed in  a  plastic  bag
                              84
-------
                 GAS
                SAMPLE
SOIL
COVER
      SHALLOW
     GAS  PROBE
  APPROX.  3-5 FT
(0.9 TO 1.5M) BELOW
      SURFACE	
   6  IN (15 CM)
      NOMINAL      /
  DIA.  BORE HOLE
  DEEP GAS PROBE
  APPROX. 3-5  FT
  (0.9 TO 1.5M)
  BOTTOM OF REFUSE-

               2 FT
              (0.6M)
MINIMUM OF 2 FT
BACKFILL WITH
SOIL OR CONCRETE-
                  IT
                        SOIL
                      BACKFILL
                       GRAVEL
                       BACKFILL
   	CAP

LEACHATE SAMPLE
      SURFACE OF LANDFILL
                          ..
                     ftr* -.-X -y* *t. vv-'s
                                      CONCRETE SEAL
                          •4 IN  (10  CM)
                           PVC PIPE  TO EXTEND
                           MINIMUM OF  2  FT (0.6M)
                           ABOVE SURFACE
                           C1 *>NDFILLED REFUSE J
                             AND/OR SLUDGE —^
                           CLAY OR
                           CONCRETE
                             PLUG
                         r
                       WELL
                      SCREEN
                      SECTION
                                    LEGEND
NOT  TO SCALE
                        § SOIL  CORE SAMPLE

                        At REFUSE/SLUDGE
                          MOISTURE SAMPLE

                        | SOIL  COVER
                          PERMEABILITY SAMPLE
                        	5?	
                        GROUNDWATER
                             FIGURE 1
                 TYPICAL  SAMPLING WELL  DETAILS
                        (IN-REFUSE WELL)
                               85
-------
        and sealed.   The  bag  containing  the  sample  will  be
        placed  in  a  second  plastic  bag and  again  sealed.
        This double  bagging is  to    minimize  moisture
        loss .

    D.   Soil Below Landfill.   Upon  reaching  the  bottom
        of the  landfill  (when  the auger  brings  up mostly
        soil),  take  a soil  or  core  sample  (approximately
        a shovelful)  and  place  in a sterile  plastic speci-
        men bag.   Label  and place in a second bag.

        Two additional  samples  will be taken  following  the
        same procedure,  one halfway between  the  landfill
        bottom  and the  groundwater, and  the  other at
        groundwater level.   Since the exact  distance to
        groundwater may  not be  known, several  samples  around
        the presumed  mid-depth  may  need  to  be obtained  and
        retained  until  the  midpoint location  is  established.

II.   Plume Wells

     Two wells  will  be  placed  in  the presumed groundwater down-
     gradient  direction  from  the  in-refuse  well  described
     above.  These wells  should not penetrate any refuse,
     and should be approximately  100 ft  from  the  in-refuse
     wel1 i f practical.

     One well  will penetrate  the  groundwater  table  elevation
     to a depth of 2  ft.   This  well will  be  termed  the
     shallow well.  The  second  well will  penetrate  the
     groundwater  table  elevation  to a depth  of about 20  ft
     (site conditions permitting).   This  well  will  be  termed
     the deep  well.   Figure 2  illustrates  typical  construc-
     tion details  for each  well.
                              86
-------
20 FT
(6.1M)
       2  FT
      (0.6M )
        J_
                               CAP.
                         GROUND SURFACE
                            CONCRETE
                              SEAL -""
                        4  IN  (10  CM)
                     PVC PIPE,  TO EXTEND
                     MINIMUM  OF 2 FT
                        ABOVE SURFACE
                             .-SOIL
                       -GRAVEL/NATIVE
                       MATERIAL  BACKFILL
                           GROUNDWATER
__ 	 	 — —
E j.
END
0.6M)

*2TT
(0. 6M)
t
-*-r
f£f



ss
i!
it
II
i
5-S51
AJ*

K,
? /W
WELL
SCREEN
SECTION
                                            SHALLOW WELL
                                    NOT TO SCALE
WELL
SCREEN
SECTION
           DEEP  WELL
                            FIGURE  2
                 TYPICAL  SAMPLING WELL DETAILS
                    (DOWNSTREAM PLUME WELLS)
                               87
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
-------
              FIELD SAMPLING INSTRUCTION MANUAL

The objective of field sampling is  to obtain representative
leachate, groundwater, gas, sludge,  and mixed refuse-sludge
samples from each of the case  study sites.   The accuracy
and care taken during sampling cannot be overemphasized.
An accurate analysis is directly dependent  upon the care
taken by field personnel in drawing and shipping the requi-
site samples.

This manual is intended to provide  field personnel  with a
guide to the precise procedures to  be employed  as  well  as
alternative procedures, where  applicable,  for coping with
anticipated problems.

I.  S a m p 1 i ng Code Con v e n t i p n

    A.  Labeling

        The following information should appear on  each
        sample container.  (See Figures 1  and 2.)

        1.   Date:  Month and day only, use  number  for
            months .

        2.   Sample sequence number:  Each  sample will be
            given a sequence number starting with  1 for
            the first sample.   Consecutive  numbers  will
            be assigned for additional samples  taken from
            each site.  For example, the second leachate
            sample taken will  be assigned  the number "2."

        3.   Project code:  This five-digit  code uniquely
            identifies this specific project, i.e.,
            SCS-34.

        4.   Location code:  Sample  site location codes
            are taken from the commercial  airport  nearest
            to the case study site.

         5.   Sample hole designation  (for gas sampling):
            Each gas  probe hole will  be assigned a reference
            number.

         6.   Probe Depth  (for gas sampling):
            A =  shallow  probe
            B =  deep  probe

         7.   Sample  hole  designation  (for groundwater sampling)
             A  =  shallow  we!1
             B  =  deep  well
                              90
-------
    SAMPLE
      DATE
    SAMPLE-
   SEQUENCE
    NUMBER


   PROJECT
    CODE

  LOCATION
    CODE
OFF-SITE WELL
 DESIGNATION
                         FIGURE  1

                     LEACHATE  SAMPLE
                   CONTAINER  LABELING
                              91
-------
 SAMPLE
  DATE
 SAMPLE
SEQUENCE
 NUMBER

 PROJECT
  CODE

 LOCATION
  CODE
  HOLE
  DEPTH

  HOLE
LOCATION
           FIGURE  2

   SAMPLE CONTAINER  LABELING
    FOR GAS SAMPLE BOTTLES
                  92
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B.   Leachate and Groundwater

    Both sides of the sample bottles should be labeled
    with a waterproof marking pen.   Mark each container
    in LARGE NEAT BLOCK LETTERS as  in Figure 1.   Use
    dashes (not slashes) to separate items.  On  ground-
    water sample containers for off-site wells,  be sure
    to designate which well is being sampled (A  for
    deep, B for shallow).

C.   Gas Bottle Marking

    Carefully place two strips of masking tape on the
    gas sample bottle as shown in Figure 2.  Label the
    tape as per the above-mentioned procedure.  Do not
    use waterproof pens directly on glass because the
    markings are almost Impossible  to remove.

D.   Soil and refuse samples will be placed in polyeth-
    elene bags.  Prior to  sampling, the bag should be
    marked (with waterproof pens) with appropriate
    sample codes.  All samples are  to be double  bagged
    and sealed to prevent  moisture  loss.
                         93
-------
11.   Leachate and Groundwater Sampling  Procedure

     A leachate sample  will  be obtained from the  in-refuse
     well  at each site.  A groundwater  sample will  be
     obtained from each off-site  well  at each site.

     A.   Materials Required

         1.   One copy Field  Sampling  Instr u c t ion  Manual

         2.   Styrofoam-lined corrugated shipping  cartons

         3.   Adequate supply of plastic 2-liter bottles  and
             lids*

         4.   Sampling unit with two  sample bottles  (Figure
             3)

         5.   One thermometer with a  range of 0 to 150°C

         6.   Corning Model 3 pH meter  (portable)

         7.   One plastic funnel

         8.   Black waterproof marking  pens

         9.   Four packs minimum of "blue ice" for shipping.
             (The "blue ice" should  be  frozen prior to
             obtaining  the leachate  samples.  Use motel
             ice machine or restaurant  freezer).

        10.   Several rolls of fiber  packing  tape  or duck
             tape

        11.   Notebook for field notes

        12.   Master list of sample sequence  numbers  and
             sampling dates  by site
  * These containers are prepared for field use as  follows:
The polyethylene containers are first washed with hot tap
water, cooled and rinsed with AA grade 1:1  Nitric and Hydro-
chloric Acid.  Cold tap water is used to flush the  acid re-
mains from the bottles and finally,  each bottle is  rinsed
several times with double-distilled  deionized water.   Caps
are treated in a similar fashion.  The bottles are  then
capped tightly and prepared for shipment to the field.
                             94
-------
                                 WELL
                                WEIGHTED
                                 BOTTLE
                                 SAMPLE
                                 BOTTLE
                      USE NEW SAMPLE BOTTLE
                         AT EACH WELL
            FIGURE 3
SAMPLING UNIT FOR LIQUID SAMPLES
              95
-------
   13.  One styrofoam ice  chest

B.  Field Sampling

    Leachate and groundwater samples  will  be  obtained
    using careful  grab sample techniques  to  insure
    representative sampling.  The  sample  sequence
    shall be as  follows:   deep off-site well,  shallow
    off-site well, and in-refuse well.

    1.  Carefully  label  the  outside  of  2-liter bottles
        with the appropriate identifying  codes,  dates,
        etc., using a black  waterproof  marking pen  (see
        Fi gure 1 ).

    2.  Place sampling bottle firmly  attached  to
        weighted bottle  (see Figure  3)  in  well casing
        and lower  to water level of  well  and  submerse
        both bottles.  When  the  sample  container is
        filled,  pull the  container back to the surface
        and transfer sample  to appropriate 2-liter
        bottle.   Repeat  procedure  until the  bottle  is
        90 percent filled.  Record water  temperature  and
        pH and cap the sample bottle  tightly.

    3.  After capping, place the 2-liter  bottle  in  an
        ice water  bath.   Allow the sample  temperature
        to equilibrate at  3-4°C  (usually  2 to  3  hours).

    4.  Repeat the above  procedure at the  remaining
        two wells  after  replacing  the sample  bottle
        on the sampling  unit.
C.  Shipment of  Leachate  and Groundwater  Samples
    All samples  are to be  sent to  the SCS  -  Long Beach
    Office by air  freight  as soon  as  practical after
    field sampling has been  completed.  All  project
    samples must be shipped  in sturdy styrofoam-
    lined insulated corrugated cartons.   All  samples
    are to be wrapped in  at  least  two layers  of paper
    to prevent container  damage  and  to  prevent the
    sample codes from rubbing off.

    "Blue ice" is  to be  packed with  the samples
    to keep them at the  proper temperature.   If the
    transition time between  the  field and  the  SCS  -
    Long Beach lab is expected to  be more  than three
    days, sufficient "blue ice"  should  be  used to  keep
    the samples  adequately chilled.   Dry  ice  should
    not be used  for shipping purposes.
                         96
-------
III.   Soil  and Refuse  Sampling  Procedure
      Soil  and refuse  samples will  be  obtained  from  well  lo-
      cations  during  drilling and  placement  of  the  in-refuse
      wel 1 .
      A.   Materials  Required
          1 .   One  copy Field Sampling  Instruction Manual
          2.   Styrofoam-1ined corrugated  shipping cartons
          3.   Adequate supply of comercially-availab!e
              polyethylene  bags
          4.   Several  black waterproof marking  pens
          5.   Sufficient "blue  ice"  for shipping
          6.   Several  roles of  fiber-packing  or duck tape
          7.   Notebook
          8.   Master  list  of sample  sequence  numbers and
              sampling dates by site
          9.   One  4  Ib hammer
         10.   One  shovel
         11.   Core sampling device
         12.   One  tarp 8'  x 8'
      B.   Soil  Permeability Sampling
          Locate  an  area of the site where soil  cover has
          been  placed  over  refuse  for  some time.  With  a
          shovel  excavate  the first  inch  or  so  of soil  to
          remove  grass,  weeds,  and  organic material
          until  the  soil appears uniform  in  texture.  Drive
          the  sample  device (with  hammer)  to  a  depth of
          about 12 in.   Carefully  excavate around the sampler
          and  remove  it, seal both  ends and  place in a  dou-
         •ble  plastic  bag.  Seal bag and  label  with  site
          desi gnat ion.
      C.   Refuse  Sampling  from  In-Refuse
          Refuse  samples will be taken  from  the  bore hole at
                             97
-------
          approximately  one-third  and  two-thirds  depths  of
          the  landfill,  respectively.   Place  approximately
          one  shovelful  of  refuse  and/or  sludge material
          in  a double  plastic  bag,  seal and  label  properly.

      D.   Soil Sampling  from  In-Refuse  Well

          Three soil  core samples  will  be  taken from  each
          site.  The  first  sample  will  be  obtained from  the
          bottom of the  bore  hole  at  the  refuse/soil  inter-
          face.  The  second and  third  samples will  be  taken
          half the  distance to groundwater and at  the  soil/
          groundwater  interface,  respectively.  A  split-tube
          or  Shelby tube sampler will  be  used depending  on
          local well  driller  equipment  capabilities.   Place
          about 1/3 Ib of soil sample  in  a double  plastic
          bag, seal and  label  the  bag  properly.

      E.   Shipment  of  Soil  and Refuse  Samples

          Soil and  refuse samples  will  be  shipped  similarly
          to  liquids  as  delineated in  II(C).

VI.   Background Groundwater Sampling  Procedures

     Sampling  procedures for  background groundwater are
     site specific.  Whether  samples  are  drawn from test
     facilities or  domestic outlets,  they  should  be taken
     in a method which will minimize  any  possible  contam-
     ination  of the samples.   Example,  if  sampling from  a
     tap, turn tap  on  and let  run  for  five minutes before
     sampling  to insure  that  the  piping system has been
     thoroughly flushed. Again,  sampling  will be  site-
     specific  and procedures  should be  discussed  with  the
     Project  Manager to  determine  the  best method  for each
     case study site.

     A.  Materials  Required

         1.  Two plastic 2-liter  bottles  and  lids

         2.  Shipping  materials  if sampling  performed at a
             different time than  site  well sampling

     B.  Shipment of Samples

         Refer to Shipment  of Leachate and Groundwater
         Samples, II(C).

V.  Gas Probe  Sampling Procedure
                              98
-------
    Gas samples will  be obtained from probes  placed  in  the
    in-refuse well  hole.   Each probe is  situated at  a dif-
    ferent depth within the hole.

    A.  Materials Required

        1.  1/4" I.D.  rubber hose  (surgical  tubing  is ade-
            quate), 2  - 6-in lengths

        2.  Sample  bottle(s) - 250 ml.  (Corning  #9500)*

        3.  Masking tape

        4.  Rubber  suction bulb, aspirator type

        5.  One copy  SCS  Field Sampling  Instructions

        6.  Styrofoam-1ined corrugated  shipping  cartons

        7.  Several rolls of fiber-packing tape  or  duck tape

        8.  Notebook  for  field notes

        9.  Master  list of sample  sequence numbers  and
            sampling  dates by site

    B.  Gas Sampling  (refer to Figure 4  while reading
        instructions)

        1.  Mark sample bottles as shown in  Figure  2

        2.  Remove  rubber stopper  from  the exposed  end  of
            one gas probe

        3.  Slip the  end  of one of the  6"  pieces of  rubber
            hose over the probe end
  *  Gas burettes are to be immersed in a solution of deter-
gent and water to remove residue soils or other foreign
material.  Insolubles will  be removed by immersing burette
in acetone.  Residues that  might have remained will  be re-
moved by soaking burettes in aqua regia.  The burettes are
then rinsed in distilled h^O and dried in the oven at 103°C
for 30 minutes.  The burettes are removed and placed in  the
desiccators for 30 minutes.  Upon cooling, the stopcocks  are
greased with Apiezon N grease to insure a tight seal.  The
burettes are then evacuated with a vacuum pump just prior
to shipment to the field.
                              99
-------
            RUBBER HOSE
     PLASTIC TUBE
        -NATURAL
         GROUND
BACKFILL-

                                        SAMPLE
                                       'BOTTLE
                                                       RUBBER HOSE
                                                          RUBBER BULB
                         FIGURE 4

                   GAS  SAMPLING PROCEDURE
                               100
-------
 4.   Slip the other end of the  same  rubber hose
     over one end of the sample bottle.

 5.   Slip one end of the second piece  of rubber
     hose over the other end of the  sample bottle.

 6.   Slip the other end of the  rubber  hose onto
     the rubber bulb.

 7.   Open the sample bottle stopcock nearest  the
     gas probe.  Note:   The sample  bottle has  been
     evacuated to remove any contaminants from the
     bottle.   Thus, when the stopcock  is opened,  a
     brief hissing noise will  be heard.   This  is
     the sound of the  vacuum being  filled.  If
     the hissing sound  is not heard, one of the  stop-
     cocks may have been opened during transport  or
     at some  other time prior to sample  taking.
     Make a note of this fact and continue the pre-
     scribed  sampling  procedure.

 8.   Open the second stopcock.

 9.   Begin aspirating  the rubber bulb  to draw  in
     gases within the  probe's area  of  influence.
     The number of squeezes necessary  varies with
     the probe depth.   A rule of thumb:   one
     squeeze  is required for each two  feet of  probe
     depth.

10.   When the appropriate number of squeezes  have
     been taken, close  the stopcock  nearest the
     rubber bulb.

11.   Close the other stopcock.

12.   Remove the sampling apparatus  from  the gas
     probe and replace  the rubber stopper (cap)  on
     the gas  probe end.

13.   Follow steps numbers 1-11  until a sample  is
     obtained from each of the  gas  probes.

 Shipment of  Gas Samples

 All  samples  must be sent to SCS -  Long  Beach
 immediately  after collection and packing for  shipment
 (see Figure  5) .

 The  gas sample bottles must be wrapped  with multi-
 layers of paper or in  packing  sleeves to prevent
                      101
-------
                                              fe.
102
-------
        breakage  and shipped in  styrofoam-1ined  corrugated
        containers.

VI.   Quality Control  Procedures  for the  Arrival  of  Field
     Samples

     All  leachate,  groundwater,  and soil  samples  will  be
     transferred  from shipping  containers  to  refrigeration
     immediately  upon receipt.   This  interim  storage  before
     analysis  insures temperature  control  of  3  to 4°C.
     Sample temperatures  will  be recorded  for all arriving
     water and leachate.   Analytical  procedures  are  to
     start as  soon  as practical  after receipt of  samples.

     All  incoming samples will  be  assigned SCS  lab  sequence
     numbers.   The  numbers will  be recorded  in  a  log  along
     with the  date  of receipt,  sample identifier, descrip-
     tion of sample,  disposition of the  sample,  and  the
     SCS  project  number.

     Gas  samples  are  analyzed  upon receipt by gas chromato-
     graphy.

     This record  is  a necessary  part  of  the  SCS  quality
     assurance program in which  positive  disposition
     of samples,  sample destinations, and  analytical  results
     are  effected.
                             103
-------
-------
APPENDIX C
-------
                         METHODS  FOR
               SAMPLE  PREPARATION  AND  ANALYSIS

The following procedures  were  standardized  for  the  prepara-
tion and analysis  of sewage  sludge, soil,  leachate,  and
groundwater samples  received from  the  case  study  sites.

                     Sample  Preparation

I.   Soils and Sludges

    A.   Sample preparation  for water extraction  of  pH,
        Total Solids,  COD,  Ammonia Nitrogen,  Nitrate  Nitrogen,
        Organic Nitrogen,  Chloride, Sulfate,  TOC, Moisture,
        Heavy Metals and  Bacteriological  Tests.

        1.   A representative sample of 75  grams  of  soil
            or sludge  was  placed  in a  previously-sterilized
            mason  glass  jar.

        2.   750 ml.  of sterilized  deionized water were added.

        3.   The contents  of  the jars were  stirred for one-
            half hour  with  mixer.   (The  chrome  plated mixer
            blades  are flamed  for  sterilization.)

        4.   The slurry was  allowed to  settle.

        5.   The liquid portion was decanted through  a
            fluted  filter  using paper  equivalent  to  What-
            man No.  l.or  Whatman  No. 42.

        6.   A liquid sample  of the supernatant  was  pip-
            etted  into prepared microbiological  tubes for
            determination  of fecal coliform and  fecal
            streptococcus.

        7.   A portion  of  the supernatant was  preserved with
            several  mis.  of  concentrated hydrochloric
            HC1) acid  as  a  preservative  prior to  analysis
            for total  organic  carbon  (TOC).

        8.   An aliquot for  the COD determination  was  removed.

        9.   The supernatant  was again  used  for  total  kjeldahl
            nitrogen,  ammonia  and  nitrate  nitrogens,  chlor-
            ides and sulfates.

       10.   An aliquot of the  supernatant  was  concentrated
            and analyzed  for heavy metals  (calcium,  copper,
                             106
-------
            chromium,  lead,  iron,  mercury,  cadmium)  by
            atomic  absorption.

        Sample  preparation  for  acid  extraction  of  soils
        and  sludges  for  heavy metals  (calcium,  copper,
        chromium,  lead,  iron, mercury,  cadmium)  by atomic
        absorption.

        1.   An  equal  volume  of  nitric  acid  (HNOg)  was added
            to  the  soil  or  sludge  residue  volume remaining
            in  the  jar (following  water extraction).

        2.   A  teflon-coated  stirring  bar was  placed  in  an
            agitating  mixer  on  a  hot  plate  and  stirred
            for approximately 90  minutes (without  boiling).

        3.   Sufficient water was  added  to  the contents  to
            make  up  to 750  ml.   (Double distilled  deionized
            water  was  used  in all  determinations.)   Appro-
            priate  blanks were  prepared for each group  of
            determi nations.

        4.   Mercury  was  determined by  a separate procedure
            taking  50  ml. of the  supernatant  solution and
            50  ml.  of  the solid residue, acidifying  each
            and then  run with flameless atomic  absorption.
II.   Leachate
     A.   Aliquots  of  well-shaken  leachate  were  drawn  for
         pH  and  total  solids  determination.

     B.   A  liquid  sample  of  the  leachate was  pipetted  into
         prepared  microbiological  tubes for determination
         of  fecal  coliform and  fecal  streptococcus.

     C.   A  portion of the  leachate was  preserved with  sever-
         al  mis. of hydrochloric  acid  and  analyzed  for
         total organic carbon.

     D.   An  aliquot of leachate  was  drawn  for analysis  of
         kjeldahl  nitrogen,  ammonia  nitrogen, nitrate
         nitrogen, chlorides, and  sulfates.

     E.   An  aliquot of leachate  was  digested  in nitric  acid
         by  gently refluxing.   This  process was repeated
         several times until  the  formation of a light-
         colored liquid residue.   The  residue was evaporated
         gently  to dryness,  taken  up with  1:1 hydrochloric
         acid, the solution  then  heated, filtered and
                             107
-------
         diluted with doubly distilled deionized water to
         a known volume.   The  solution was  analyzed by
         atomic absorption spectroscopy for heavy metals.

                    Analytical  Procedures
pJH
All pH measurements were performed using an Orion Model  701
pH Meter with glass electrode in combination with a satur-
ated reference calomel  electrode.   The pH meter was stan-
dardized periodically under conditions of temperature and
concentration which were as close  as  possible to those of
the sample, using various standard pH buffer solutions
(pH 4, 7, and 10) .

Total  Solids

The procedure used  to determine percent solids was evapora-
tion at 180°C in an air convection oven.  Standard Methods
(13th  Edition, Section  USA, p. 288-289).

Chemical Oxygen Demand

Chemical oxygen demand  was determined using the dichromate
reflux method.  Standard Methods (13th Edition, Section  220,
p. 495).

Ammonia Nitrogen

Ammonia nitrogen was analyzed by distilling procedure.
Standard Methods (13th  Edition, Section 132, p. 222).

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrate nitrogen was determined by the brucine sulfate
procedure.  Standard Methods (13th Edition, Section 213C,
p. 461).

Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Organic nitrogen was determined by the classic kjeldahl
procedures.  Standard Methods (13th Edition, Section 216,
p. 469).

Chloride

Chlorides were determined via the  mercuric nitrate procedure.
Standard Methods (13th  Edition, section 112B, p. 97).
                              108
-------
APPENDIX D
-------
                 PROPOSED NATIONAL  INTERIM PRIMARY
                     DRINKING WATER  STANDARDS
 Maximum  Contaminant  Levels for  Inorganic Chemicals

      Contaminant      Level  (mg/1)     Contaminant     Level  (mg/1)

      Arsenic           0.05            Lead            0.05
      Barium            1.             Mercury         0.002
      Cadmium           0.010          Nitrate        10.
      Chromium          0.05            Selenium        0.01
      Cyanide           0.2            Silver          0.05


F1uorides  -  When the  annual average of the maximum daily  air
temperatures  for the  location in  which the public water  system
is  situated  is the  following, the corresponding  concentration
of  fluoride  shall not  be exceeded:

      Temperature (in
       degrees F)             (degrees C)        Level (mg/1)

      50.0-53.7                10.0-12.0           2.4
      53.8-58.3                12.1-14.6           2.2
      58.4-63.8                14.7-17.6           2.0
      63.9-70.6                17.7-21.4           1.8
      70.7-79.2                21.5-26.2           1.6
      79.3-90.5                26.3-32.5           1.4


 Maximum  Contaminant  Levels for  Organic Chemicals

 The maximum  contaminant level for  the total  concentration of
 organic  chemicals  is  0.7  mg/1.

 Maximum  Contaminant  Levels for  Pesticides

      Chlorinated Hydrocarbons                  Level (mg/1)

      Chlordane                                 0.003
      Endrin                                    0.0002
      Heptachlor                                0.0001
      Heptachlor Epoxide                         0.0001
      Lindane                                   0.004
      Methoxychlor                              0.1
      Toxaphene                                 0.005
                                    110
-------
     Chlorophenoxys                           Level (mg/1)

     2,4-D                                   0.1
     2,4,5-TP Silvex                           0.01


Maximum Microbiological Contaminant Levels

Two methods may be used:

(1)  When membrane filter technique is used, coliform densities
shall not exceed one per 100 milliliters as arithmetic mean
of all samples examined per month and either

     (i)  Four per 100 milliliters in more than one standard
          sample when less than 20 are examined per month; or

    (ii)  Four per 100 milliliters in more than five percent
          of the standard samples when 20 or more are examined
          per month.

(2)(a)  When fermentation tube method is used and 10 milliliter
standard portions, coliforms shall not be present in more than
10 percent of the portions in any month; and either

     (i)  Three or more portions in one sample when less than
          20 samples are examined per month; or

    (ii)  Three or more portions in more than five percent of
          the samples if 20 or more samples are examined per
          month.

   (b)  When fermentation tube method is used and 100 milliliter
standard portions, coliforms shall not be present in more than
60 percent of the portions in any month; and either

     (i)  Five or more portions in more than one sample when
          less than five samples are examined; or

    (ii)  Five or more portions in more than 20 percent of
          samples when five samples or more are examined.

Supplier of water shall provide water in which there shall be
no greater than 500 organisms per one milliliter as determined
by the standard bacterial  plate county.

Maximum Contaminant Level  of Turbidity

The level at representative entry point(s) to the distribution
system is one turbidity unit (TU) except that five or fewer
                                111
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turbidity units may  be allowed if supplier  can  demonstrate
to State that  higher turbidity does not:
     (a)  Interfere  with disinfection;
     (b)  Prevent  maintenance of an effective  disinfectant
          agent through the distribution  system;  and
     (c)  Interfere  with microbiological  determinations.
                                                      W01575
                                                      SW-5U7c
                                     4 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1977 720-116/5723
                                  112
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