United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 5
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
May, 1983
Environmental
Management
Report
Attachment X
VakJas V. Adamkus, Regional Administrator
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REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT
ATTACHMENT A
REFERENCE AND SUPPORT MATERIALS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MEDIUM PAGE
Air 1
Land 38
Water 179
Great Lakes 282
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1
REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT
ATTACHMENT A
AIR
AIR QUALITY OVERVIEW
Figures A-l to A-7 (see Part 1) present maps that give an overview of the
Region's major air quality problems. These are discussed on a pollutant-
by-pollutant basis below.
Ozone (0-Q
The ozone problems which are shown in Figure A-l (see Part 1) are the most
serious air quality problems in Region V.
The most severe ozone problems in the Region continue to occur in the Chicago/
NW Indiana/SE Wisconsin, Detroit, and Milwaukee areas. These areas are
required to attain the standard by 1987. However, nonattainment problems
also continue in Portage and Summit Counties in Ohto (Akron area); and
control implementation problems occur in St. Joseph and Elkhart Counties
(South Bend area) in Indiana.
In 1978, 155 of the 524 Region V counties were designated primary nonat-
tainment for ozone. Strategies to reduce ozone concentrations in these
areas impacted over 75% of the Region's population. By 1980, of the 84
counties still monitored, 33 contained at least one site over the primary
standard. In 1981, of the 89 counties with monitors, 22 contained at
least one site over the primary standard. Regionally, by 1980 just
over 21% of the total population resided in primary nonattainment areas.
Region V ozone trends from 1978-1980 are summarized as follows:
- Number of sites with increasing concentrations 6 (5.9%)
- Number of sites with decreasing concentrations 39 (38.6%)
- Number of sites with no change 56 (55.5%)
This summary illustrates a short-term decrease which appears to be due
to a combination of factors: reduction in precursor emissions, less con-
ducive meteorological conditions for ozone formation, and ozone monitor
calibration changes (causing up to a 15% drop in observed concentrations).
Detroit, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Louisville have
all shown significant downward ozone trends. It should also be noted
that RACT regulations covering many point sources did not become effective
until the end of 1982.
While substantial improvement in ozone levels has occurred in Region V
since 1977-1978, at least two areas, Portage and Summit Counties in Ohio
and St. Joseph and Elkhart Counties in Indiana, are projected not to
meet the standard by the 1982 statutory deadline. A substantial portion
of the attainment demonstration in these areas is dependent on reduced
emissions achieved through FMVCP. The major factors responsible for
failure of the in-use vehicle control program to provide its share of
emission reductions are the lower than expected turn-over of the used
car fleet, emission control system deterioration, improper maintenance,
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Description of Figure A-l; Region V Problem Areas for Ozone
Illinois:
1. All of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties
2. All of Madison, Monroe, and St. Clair Counties
Indiana:
1. All of Lake and Porter Counties
2. All of Elkhart and St. Joseph Counties
3. All of Clark and Floyd Counties
Michigan:
1. All of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne Counties
Minnesota:
No Areas
Ohio:
1. All of Portaqe and Summit Counties
Wisconsin:
1. All of Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, and Waukesha Counties
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR
81.356 and subsequent Federal Register notices up to February 1, 1983.
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•»
JJ
component failure, and tampering and fuel switching.
The Chicago/NW Indiana/SE Wisconsin, Milwaukee, and Detroit areas are
required to meet the standard by the final statutory deadline of 1987.
The Clean Air Act currently requires that these areas implement I/M by
no later than January 1, 1983. None of these areas have yet met this
requirement.
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) _ _
The TSP problems in Region V, shown in Figure A-2 (see Part 1), are among
the most serious of the air quality problems. The potential health impact
from TSP is indicated by the 16 areas still showing violations of the primary
standard.
The most severe TSP problems in the Region occur in the Chicago/N.W. Indiana,
Detroit, and Cleveland urban areas. In addition, the following counties,
or parts thereof, were not in attainment by their statutory deadline of
December 31, 1982: Macon, St. Clair, and Madison Counties in Illinois;
Clark County in Indiana, Hennepin County in Minnesota; and, Columbiana,
Jefferson, Mahoning, Rich!and, and Sandusky Counties in Ohio.
In many of these areas, violations are associated with the steel industry
and power generation. While TSP emissions have decreased from 1970 to the
present, due mostly to the control of traditional industrial stack and pro-
cess fugitive emissions and fuel conversion (from coal to oil and natural
gas), ambient levels have not decreased as much in recent years because
low level fugitive emissions from industry and wind blown dust have not
decreased.
In 1975, 24% of the 947 TSP monitoring sites exceeded the annual primary
standard and 7% of these sites exceeded the 24-hour primary standard.
By 1981, the number of monitors exceeding the annual primary standard
was reduced to 8% of 955 total sites. Similarly, the percentage of mon-
itors exceeding the 24-hour primary standard was reduced to 3% of the
955 sites. The populations exposed to primary standard violations
stood at just under 17% in 1980, compared to over 20% in 1975.
These recent decreases in primary standard exposure are significant when
we consider that:
- many urban areas had already achieved their largest decreases in TSP
levels between 1970 and 1975;
- improvement in the monitoring network after 1978, resulted in reloca-
tion of monitors to peak concentration areas (or "hot spot" special-pur-
pose monitoring), and thus, reducing the number of TSP sites in clean
air areas; and,
- industrial fugitive dust regulations have only just become effective
at the end of 1982.
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Prescription of Figure A-2: Region V Problem Areas for Total Suspended
Parti oil ates
PRIMARY PROBLEM AREAS:
Illinois:
1. Cook County: most of the City of Chicago and communities south and
southwest of the City
2. Macon County: City of Decatur
3. Madison County: Townships of Chouteau and Godfrey
4. St. Clair County: western portion of the County
Indiana:
1. Clark County: southern portion of the County
2. Lake County: northern portion of the County
3. Porter County: area approximated by the Community of Burns Harbor
4. Marion County: most of the County
Michigan:
1. Wayne County: most of the City of Detroit and Communities south of
the City
Minnesota:
1. All of Hennepin County
Ohio:
1. Columbiana County: eastern portion of the County
2. Jefferson County: eastern portion of the County
3. Cuyahoga County: most of the City of Cleveland and several of the sur-
rounding communities
4. Mahoning County: east-central portion of the County
5. All of Richland County
6. All of Sandusky County
Wisconsin:
No Areas
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te-
(Description of Figure A-2 cont'd)
SECONDARY PROBLEM AREAS:
Illinois:
Adams County:
Bureau County:
Cook County:
Kane County:
Kankakee County:
Will County:
OuPage County:
Kendall County:
Lake County:
DeKalb County:
Jefferson County:
Jo Daviess County:
Woodford County:
Knox County:
Peoria County:
Tazewell County:
LaSalle County:
McClean County:
Macon County:
Madison County:
Monroe County:
St. Clair County:
Massac County:
Menard County:
Putnam County:
Rock Island County:
Whiteside County:
Williamson County:
Winnebago County:
Indiana:
Dearborn County:
DuBois County:
St. Joseph County:
Vanderburgh County:
Vigo County:
Michigan:
Bay County:
Calhoun County:
Delta County:
Emmet County:
Genesse County:
Ingham County:
Kent County:
Lapeer County:
Macomb County:
west-central portion of the County
most of the County
almost all of the County, aside from the Primary Area
northeastern portion of the County
most of the County
most of the County
entire County
entire County
entire County
most of the County
north and central portion or the county
most of the County
most of the County
entire County
entire County
entire County
west-central portion of the County
central portion of the County
portion of the County north of the Primary Area
most of the County, aside from the Primary Area
northeastern portion of the county
most of the County, aside from the Primary Area
central portion of the County
central portion of the County
central portion of the County
along most of the State border, in the area of the
City of Moline
most of the eastern portion of the County
central portion of the County
most of the County
Township of Lawrenceburg
Township of Bainbridge
northeast portion of the County
central portion of the County
a small portion of the City of Terre Haute
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
most of the City of Flint
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
of Bay
of Albion
of Escanaba
of Petoskey
of Lansing
of Grand Rapids
of Imlay
of New Haven
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$
(Description of Figure A-2 cont1d)
Manistee County:
Mason County:
Midland County:
Monroe County:
Muskegon County:
St. Clair County:
Saginaw County:
Wayne County:
Minnesota:
area approximated by
area approximated by
area approximated by
northeastern portion
area approximated by
area approximated by
area approximated by
northeastern portion
the City of Manistee
the Township of Golden
the City of Midland
of the County
the City of Muskegon
the City of Port Huror*
the City of Saginaw
of the County
Goodhue County: City of Red Wing
Koochiching County: City of International Falls
St. Louis County: most of the City of Duluth
portions of three townships in the Iron Range
City of St. Paul
St. Louis County:
Ramsey County:
Ohio:
Belmont County:
Jefferson County:
Columbiana County:
Monroe County:
Tuscarawas County:
Butler County:
Montgomery County:
Preble County:
Clark County:
Miami County:
Logan County:
Cuyahoga County:
Franklin County:
Hamilton County:
Lake County:
Summit County:
Medina County:
Lawrence County:
Lorain County:
Lucas County:
Seneca County:
Allen County:
Wyandot County:
Mahoning County:
Trumbull County:
Muskingum County:
Scioto County:
Gallia County:
Jackson County:
Stark County:
Washington County:
eastern portion of the County
eastern portion of the County, aside from the Primary Area
eastern portion of the County, aside from the Primary Area
northeastern portion of the County
entire County
eastern portion of the County
much of the southern portion of the County
southwestern portion of the County
eastern portion of the County
northern portion of the County
entire County
most of the County, aside from the Primary Area
central portion of the County
south-central portion of the County
north-central portion of the County
most of the County, except for the northern and southern
portions
entire County
southern portion of the County
north-central portion of the County
north-central portion of the County
entire County
entire County
entire County
northeastern portion of the County
southern portion of the County
entire County
southern and eastern portion of the County
entire County
entire County
central portion of the County
entire County
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,***••
(Description of Figure A-2 cont'd)
Wisconsin:
Brown County: most of
Columbia County: most of
Dane County: most of
Douglas County: most of
Kenosha County: most of
Manitowoc County: most of
Marathon County: City of
Milwaukee County: most of
Racine County: portion
Rock County: portion
Waukesha County: portion
Winnebago County: portions
Wood County: portion
the City of Green Bay
the Township of Pacific
the City of Madison
the City of Superior
the City of Kenosha
the City of Manitowoc
Brokaw
the City of Milwaukee
of the City of Racine
of the City of Beloit
of the City of Waukesha
of the Cities of Neenah and Oshkosh
of the City of Marshfield
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR
81.356 and subsequent Federal Register notices up to February 1, 1983.
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There exists uncertainties over how the eventual promulgation of the
inhalable particulate standard will affect the overall TSP problem.
However in order for control strategies to be developed for the in-
halable particulate standard, there is a need for inhalable particulate
monitoring in order to assess the nature and extent of the problem;
determination of source contributions, i.e., emission factors; evalua-
tion of control technology effectiveness; and, establishment of sche-
dules for compliance.
The resolution of the TSP problem is complicated by the following factors:
0 TSP sources are suffering extreme economic hardship because of the
area's dependence on industrial production; as a result, public and
private sources are less likely to voluntarily install costly controls.
In fact, several sources have been unwilling to cooperate in meeting
their statutory requirements.
0 At the same time steel production, which is a major factor in creating
TSP emissions, is at an extremely low ebb with many sources physically
shutdown. A revival of economic activity could result in a significant
increase in emissions and consequent rise in unhealthful air quality
levels and increased population exposure.
0 Parts of the SIP that regulate iron and steel mill sources have not
yet been finally approved; therefore, industry is reluctant to comply
with still-uncertain requirements.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Though the CO problem areas in Region V are not as widespread as other
air quality problems, they still represent a major health concern to the
exposed populations. The areas of excessive CO levels of most concern
in the Region occur in Chicago, Illinois; Detroit, Michigan; Indianapolis,
Indiana; and, St. Paul, Duluth, and St. Cloud, Minnesota. Also experiencing
high CO levels based on 1981 monitoring data are Minneapolis and Rochester,
Minnesota; East Chicago, Indiana; and Akron, Ohio. With the exception
of Chicago, these CO nonattainment problems are concentrated along
heavily traveled corridors or near major intersections. In Chicago,
the nonattainment problem appears to be more uniform in the downtown
area as well as being concentrated along heavily traveled corridors in
the adjoining areas.
The major source of CO contamination is the incomplete combustion of fossil
fuels. This primarily occurs from the approximately 30 million vehicles
operating in the Region. Additional CO emissions occur when cold weather
inhibits the complete combustion of fuels even further, especially during
cold starts. This is significant in Region V, which has a large population
with many vehicles in the northern portion of the Region. Progress has
been made in dealing with the CO problem through the implementation of
FMVCP. Furthermore, progress has also been made through the increased
use of smaller cars which offer better gasoline mileage.
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Description of. Figure A-3 in Part 1: Region V Problem Areas for Carbon Monoxide
Illinois:
1. Cook County downtown ("Loop Area" portion of the City of Chicago)
Indiana:
1. Lake County: City of East Chicago
2. Marion County: downtown portion of the City of Indianapolis
Michigan:
1. Wayne County: northeast portion of the City of Detroit
Minnesota:
1. Ramsey County: City of St. Paul
2. St. Louis County: City of Duluth
3. Stearns County: City of St. Cloud
Ohio:
No Areas
Wisconsin:
No areas
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR
81.356 and subsequent Federal Register notices up to February 1, 1983.
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10.
The number of total exceedances of the eight-hour standard decreased
sharply from 831 in 1975 to just 99 in 1981 while the exceedances of
the one-hour standard also decreased from nine to one in the same time
period. However, the percentage of monitors exceeding either standard
increased from 38% (28/73) in- 1975 to 40% (31/78) in 1981. Further
examination of the data reveals that while counties with monitors exper-
iencing exceedances in 1975 showed fewer exceedances in 1981, many coun-
ties that were monitored in 1975 with no exceedances are now showing
exceedances in 1981. One possible cause of this phenomenon is the popula-
tion movement from major urban centers to suburban locations, spreading
the CO problem over a larger area. However in many downtown areass 1982
concentrations exceeded 1980/1981 concentrations throughout the Region
probably due to adverse meteorology.
Sulfur Dioxide
Poor sulfur dioxide (S02) air quality is generally not considered a major
problem in Region V; that is, most of the high population areas are not
routinely exposed to levels of SOg greater than the ambient health stan-
dards. Figure A-4 (see Part 1) displays the areas that continue to have
nonattainment problems for S02-
The present S02 air quality problems are, for the most part, confined to
limited areas near certain major fossil fuel burning facilities (i.e.,
power plants, refineries, pulp and paper mills, and industrial boilers).
The known SOg problem areas in the Region are noted below t
0 Five areas have had monitored violations of the S02 NAAQS during the
1980's: Dakota Co. (Pine Bend area) in Minnesota; Brown (Green Bay),
Marathon, and Oneida (Rhinelander) Co. in Wisconsin; and Lake Co. in
Indiana. Lake County has had running violations and a history of high
ambient concentrations.
0 Eight S02 nonattainment problem areas do not have fully approved control
strategies that assured attainment of the standards by the statutory dead-
line of December 31, 1982." These areas are: Brown and Milwaukee Counties
in Wisconsin; Lake, LaPorte, Marion and Wayne Counties in Indiana; and,
Peoria and Tazewell Counties in Illinois.
The most important of these problems is in Green Bay. In this area, moni-
tored levels continue to be above the primary (health related) standards
and are occurring in high population areas. The three other areas with
monitored problems are in relatively isolated areas and are caused by
one or two major sources. In most of the problem areas, the States/EPA
are in an advanced stage of regulation development which should remedy
the potential problems (with the exceptions of Wayne County, Indiana for
which there has been no recent action by the State; and Oneida County,
Wisconsin which is a newly discovered problem area). There are 28 offi-
cially designated S02 nonattainment counties in the Region that already
have fully approved control strategies which are either presently attain-
ing the standards (and could be redesignated) or should attain the stan-
dards upon final compliance by the affected sources with their control
strategy.
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II
There has been a marked improvement in the Region's S02 air quality
levels; for example:
0 Areas with monitors recording standard violations have been reduced
from 39 (during the 1970's) to 5 presently.
0 Counties with designated nonattainment areas have been reduced from
44 in 1978 to 28 in 1982 (including projected redesignations mentioned
above).
Also, a close look at past monitoring data shows great improvement in
urbanwide S02 levels in Chicago and Cleveland since the early 1970's.
For example, S02 violations (some as high as twice the S02 primary
standards) observed at 16 different monitors in Chicago have been elim-
inated. The past S02 problems in Chicago and Cleveland can be attributed
to the general consumption of high sulfur content fuels by residential
and commercial users for space heating and by industries for steam and
power requirements. The Region's improvement in S02 air quality levels
has, as expected, been accompanied by a decrease in total Regional S02
emissions (declining since the late 1960's) and in Regional utility S02
emissions (declining since the mid 1970's). The decline in utility S02
emissions is also caused by the New Source Performance Standards which
requires that newer cleaner units displace older less effective units,
and by alternative energy sources (e.g., nuclear power).
Control strategies for sources within Region V have, for the most part,
consisted of one or more of the following elements:
0 Fuel conversions (from higher to lower sulfur content coal or oil, from
oil to natural gas)
0 Taller stacks (and/or combination of stacks for a higher effective stack
height), especially for utilities. Higher release heights lessen the
local air quality impact.
0 Load restrictions (i.e., legal constraints on equipment operation
levels).
0 Control equipment (i.e., coal-washing which provides sulfur removal
prior to coal combustion; flue gas desulfurization which removes S02
from flue gases). With the exception of refineries (flue gas scrubbing)
and a few utilities (coal washing), the retrofit of control equipment
has not been widely used by sources in the Region to lessen their S02
impact in deference to fuel switching and taller stacks.
Future regulatory efforts for S02 will focus on finalizing the control
strategies for the remaining problem areas (and any newly identified areas)
in the Region. In each instance, sophisticated air quality modeling analyses
have or are being performed in order to determine specific emission
limitations for each major source. In this manner, the potential for
S02 standard violations will be remedied for these areas. Our reliance
on modeling to assess ambient impacts from major stationary sources is
necessary to overcome the limitations (spatial and temporal) in monitoring
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f Figure A-4 in Part 1: Region V Problem Areas for Sulfur Dioxide
PRIMARY PROBLEM AREAS:
Illinois:
1. Peoria County: southwestern portion of the County
2. Tazewell County: west-central portion of the County
Indiana:
1. Lake County: northern portion of the County
2. La Porte County: northwestern portion of the County
3. Marion County: entire County
4. Vigo County: entire County
5. Wayne County: eastern portion of the County
Michigan:
No Areas
Minnesota:
1. Dakota County: entire County
Ohio:
1. Coshocton County: south-central portion of the County
Wisconsin:
1. Brown County: portion of the City of Green Bay
2. Milwaukee County: portion of the City of Milwaukee
SECONDARY PROBLEM AREAS:
Illinois:
Tazewell County: west-central portion of the County, aside from the
Primary Area
Indiana:
No Areas
Michigan:
Ingham County: area approximated by the City of Lansing
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13
data alone. The principal obstacle in resolving the Region's S02 problem
are the enormous costs associated with reducing S02 emissions at utilities
and other major sources. An important factor which assists S02 control
efforts is the present national and international concern over long-range
pollutant transport and acid deposition. The absence of a legislative
remedy for these concerns has focused much attention on the S02 control
efforts in Region V and elsewhere.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)
The NOX problem in Region V is potentially of major significance because
of its association with hydrocarbons as a precursor to ozone formation.
The most severe NOX problem in Region V occurs in the Chicago area. In
addition, there are moderate problems in Indianapolis, Indiana, and Youngs-
town and Steubenville, Ohio.
From 1975 to 1977 only 4-5 sites in the Region exceeded the primary annual
standard; however, 11 sites in 1978, and 18 sites in 1979, all in the Chicago
area, exceeded the standard. Then, in 1980 only three sites, all in Cook
County, exceeded the standard. In 1981 no sites exceeded the standard. In
1982 1-2 sites appear to have exceeded the standard. The phenomenon of
an increasing trend in the period 1977-1979 for NOX is not limited to Chicago
but to the Region as a whole (including Cleveland, Akron, and Canton,
Ohio and Indianapolis, Indiana). Although other cities showed an increas-
ing trend during this time, the standard was not exceeded.
Due to the lack of NOX emissions trend data, it is difficult to explain
the exact causes of the observed NOx concentration trends. However it
appears that NOX emissions are increasing regionally because of increases
in the fuel consumed by power plants and growth in vehicle miles traveled.
While this increasing trend is cause for concern, it is important to note
that only 3% of NOX measurements at 933 sites, with data that meets samp-
ling criteria, exceeded the health related standard. The 1977 emission
inventory indicates that in urban areas, such as Chicago, Cincinnati and
Indianapolis, both point and mobile sources are significant emitters of
NOX, with point sources contributing approximately 40-50 percent of the
total NOX emissions. In these urban areas, the two biggest sources of
NOx are motor vehicles and combustion of bituminous coal at electric
generation facilities.
NOX emissions from light duty motor vehicles was expected to decrease with
time due to the impact of FMVCP. This emission reduction should occur
throughout Region V. However, there is little emissions trends data avail-
able for stationary sources. Most emissions trend data in Region V has
assumed that stationary source emissions from NOx would remain relatively
constant from 1977 to 1987. However, this assumption may not be correct
because of a possible coal consumption increase due to the switch from
oil to coal. Illinois' 1982 SIP indicates a 5% drop in NOX emissions
from point sources due to increased reliance on nuclear plants. This
increase in emissions may be sufficient to counteract the emissions
decrease from the implementation of FMVCP.
Moreover, the proposed modification of the statutory automobile emission
standard to a less stringent NOX standard for 1985 and later trucks
may cause a number of areas to approach the standard in the 1990's.
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(Description of Figure A-4 cont'd)
14
Minnesota:
Anoka County:
Carver County:
Hennepin County:
Ramsey County:
Scott County:
Washington County:
Olmstead County:
Ohio:
Clermont County:
Columbiana County:
Cuyahoga County:
Gallia County:
Jefferson County:
Lake County:
lorain County:
Lucas County:
Morgan County:
Summit County:
Washington County:
Wisconsin:
Dane County:
Marathon County:
entire County
entire County
entire County
entire County
entire County
entire County
City of Rochester
Township of Pierce
Township of Unity and the Cities of East Palestine
and East Liverpool
eastern portion of the County
northeastern portion of the County
east-central portion of the County
northwestern portion of the County
north-central portion of the County
eastern portion of the County
eastern portion of the County
northeastern and central portion of the County
northwestern and southwestern portions of the County
portion of the City of Madison
City of Brokaw
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR 81.356
and subsequent Federal Register notices up to February 1, 1983.
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15
Lead (Pb)
Since 1972, Region V has been monitoring the ambient level of lead in
areas generally centered around secondary lead smelters and areas of
high vehicular traffic. There has been a downward trend of ambient lead
concentration based on a maximum quarterly average in all six Region V
States since 1973. The trend indicates that several areas that were
originally in violation of the lead standard are now showing compliance
with the standard. The major reason for the reduced level of lead may
be due to the implementation of FMVCP which includes the phase down of
the use of lead in gasoline. However, there are smaller areas that show
continuing violations of the standard. These problem areas (Figure A-6,
Part 1) have been identified and are located in Granite City, Illinois
and St. Paul, Minnesota. Another potential problem area is in Northwest
Indiana in the cities of Hammond and East Chicago. The two actual problem
areas, plus the potential Northwest Indiana problem area are discussed
below.
0 Granite City, Illinois
Readings from monitors around the Tara Corp plant in Granite City showed
violations of the lead'standard. The maximum reading recorded, averaged
over a quarter period, was 7.27 ug/m3 in the 4th quarter of 1981, more
than 4 times the standard. Investigation of the problem pointed to the
nearby Tara Corp plant, a secondary lead smelter and a large pile of
scrap batteries and lead-bearing waste material located adjacent to the
Tara Corp facility. The State is very concerned about the problem and
has initiated a multi-faceted study of the sources that impact on health
and the environment. Region V is providing contractor assistance to
conduct laboratory studies of samples. Illinois plans to have all data
evaluated by March 1983 and to submit a lead SIP for the area shortly
thereafter.
0 St. Paul, Minnesota
The monitor in the vicinity of Gould, Inc. Study area has shown a serious
violation of the ambient lead standard for the 1st quarter of 1982. The
reading recorded by the monitor, averaged over a quarter period, was
7.97 ug/m3 more than 5 times the standard. Possible sources of the
violation at Gould are currently being investigated. A re-evaluation of
the study area and a revision of the operating permit for Gould addressing
this problem are now being performed by the State. The lead SIP and the
proposed operating permit for Gould are scheduled for submission in
April 1983.
0 Northwest Indiana
In 1982 a new monitoring site in the Hammond area at Kennedy Avenue
and Borman Expressway indicated a violation of the Pb standard (1.72
ug/m3). There are no point sources located within 5 miles of this
monitor. This morning site is more moible sources oriented because it
is located on a major expressway/roadway. In addition the monitoring
site in East Chicago indicated a violation of the Standard (1.67ug./m3)
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16
in 1979. This violation is associated with emissions from the steel
industry. However, the more recent deceases in the ambient lead level
monitored in this area maybe due to the decline in iron and steel
production. Indiana plans to submit a draft SIP by May 1983 and a
final SIP by September 1983.
The principal barrier to lead problem control in Region V is that several
States have not submitted a plan to implement the lead standard., The Ohio
and Michigan SIPS have been approved by EPA. The SIP for Illinois has
been approved for all areas except Granite City. Indiana, Minnesotas
Wisconsin, and Illinois (Granite City) are still in the process of develop-
ing their implementation plans. Until the recent threat of sanctions
against States lacking lead SIPs was proposed, completion of these SIPs
was a low priority. Also, there was a perception that lead is generally
a problem being resolved by the Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program.
Presently Region V is rendering technical assistance to the States toward
the submission of their lead SIPs.
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.Description of Figure A-5 in Part 1: Region V Problem Areas for Nitrogen Oxides
Illinois:
1. Cook County: area approximated by the City of Chicago
Indiana:
No Areas
Michigan:
No Areas
Minnesota:
No Areas
Ohio:
No Areas
Wisconsin:
No Areas
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR 81.356
and subsequent Federal Register notices up to February 1, 1983.
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<•- a 3
Jescription of Figure A-6 In Part 1: Region V Problem Areas for Lead
Illinois:
1. Madison County: lead smelting and battery industrial areas of Granite
City.
Indiana:
No Areas
Michigan:
No Areas
Minnesota:
1. Ramsey County: lead smelting and battery industrial area of the City of
St. Paul
Ohio:
No Areas
Wisconsin:
No Areas
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19
Radiation
A. Radiological Emergency Response Plans
EPA evaluates the capability of State and County governments to adequately
protect the population and the environment in the 10 mile emergency plan-
ning zone (EPZ) around a nuclear station (Fig. A-7, Part 1). All of the
Region V States have demonstrated a capability to make the required assess-
ment and provide protection for the population at risk for one or more nu-
clear stations in the State. The assessment involves calculating and pro-
jecting the direction, size, and radiation content of the radioactive
plume. Based upon the calculated plume size and direction, actions such
as relocation of people are recommended to the local county government.
A verification assessment in the plume area is made by radiological teams
dispatched with equipment to measure the actual airborne and deposited
radioactivity. Extensive effort has been made to assist Region V States
to develop accident assessment capability through EPA training courses.
A listing of County RERPs not approved by the Regional Assistance Committee
is given in Part 2 under the Priority 1 ranking.
v^\
B. Industrial Radiation Sftes
Region V has increasingly become involved with industrial radiation sites.
Many of these sites are inactive. Some were once registered or licensed
by either the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or the States. Some
operated before enactment of either the Atomic Energy Act or Federal or
State regulations.
To illustrate the scope of the problem Region V is dealing with and the
difficulties which have been encountered, site-specific discussions
follow. An attached map, Figure A-8, identifies the locations of the
sites.
1. Kerr-McGee Facility—West Chicago, Illinois
Starting in 1931 this site extracted thorium from monazite ore for gas
mantle manufacture. The site was licensed in the 1950's by the Atomic
Energy Commission (later the NRC). In 1973 when the site closed, sub-
stantial contamination problems were identified onsite and in numerous
offsite areas of the City of West Chicago. The company prepared a plan
for permanent onsite burial of facility wastes which led to NRC issuance
of a draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in May, 1982 advocating
temporary onsite burial. The NRC disclaims jurisdiction over numerous
sites and substantial volumes of wastes in the community because it be-
lieves they were deposited before the Atomic Energy Act. EPA reviewed
the NRC's draft EIS and rated it unacceptable because of the omission
of offsite wastes in the decommissioning plan. The problem is further
complicated by apparent overlapping jurisdictions between the EPA and
the NRC, especially with regard to mixed media contamination by chemicals
and radioactive materials. EPA is considering action under Section 106
of CERCLA with regard to offsite wastes for which NRC disclaims juris-
diction.
-------
* 20
2c Skiljan Residence/Dial Services Manufactuing Company - Cleveland, Ohio
Luminous Processes - Ottawa, Illinois
Both Dial Services and Luminous Processes were radium dial painting
operations. The Skiljan residence was contaminated with radium wastes
from Dial Services. All of these sites are being handled through
CERCLA: In the former case through emergency provisions for planned
removal and in the latter case through prioritization under remedial
action provisions. All sites are clearly contaminated with radium
and require remedial action. Radiation sites, even small ones, are
extremely expensive to clean up because of high transportation and
disposal costs for wastes. Because of the large volumes of low-level
radioactive material involved only one of the three available commerical
low-level radioactive waste disposal sites, Richland, Washington,
will even consider taking these wastes.
3. Lindsay Light Company Building - Chicago, Illinois
Keleket X-ray Corporation Building - Cincinnati, Ohio
Lindsay Light manufactured gas light mantles from thorium compounds
between 1910 and 1936, before radiation was regulated or health effects
were well understood. The building was surveyed in 1980-81 by Region V
and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and was
found to be contaminated, although fully occupied. The matter was
referred to the Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety which has stronger
regulations but they have elected not to proceed further. It is the
assessment of Region V that further decontamination is clearly required.
Keleket manufactured radiation instruments in the 1950's. A radium
source they were using ruptured, contaminating parts of the building.
The building was decontaminated adequately for the 1950's but was re-
surveyed by Region V in 1981 and found to be unfit for unrestricted
use. The building sits empty and no decomtamination has proceeded.
Both sites have remained unresolved because there are not direct legal
means to secure decontamination. Moreover, decontamination criteria
have not yet been specifically developed by EPA. Actual cleanup of
both sites will be expensive because of transportation and disposol
costs for large volumes of low-level radioactive wastes. Where to
affix responsibility for cleanup and cleanup costs is not clear under
existing statutes, particularly since present owners were not the
parties responsible for the contamination.
4. Historical Sites of Radioactive Materials Usage
Before enactment of the Atomic Energy Act and institution of Federal
and State regulation, the usage of radioactive materials, principally
radium, was often casual and marked by unawareness of possible health
effects. Region V has instituted a seek and find effort to locate
old radium and thorium gas mantle sites in order to survey them and
determine whether they remain contaminated by past operations. This
effort is hindered by the lack of clear cut contamination criteria by
which to perform surveys, by the lack of direct authority to institute
cleanup, and by a shortage of funds and disposal sites required for
-------
cleanup. This effort has just begun and manpower will be determined
by the number of sites discovered.
5. Active Industrial Operations
Some industries use ores that contain radioactive materials as a con-
taminant, often at levels below that defining them as source material.
However, there is information available that processing actions and
waste disposal may, nevertheless, create a potential radioactive
materials hazard. Region V has instituted an exploratory effort to
look at selected industrial sites and assess whether potential problems
might exist. Specifically targeted will be the titanium extraction
industry, refractory industries using zircon sands, and feldspar
mines. EPA authority derives from RCRA so long as none of the materials
can be classed as source or by-product material.
-------
o
^Description of Figure A-7: Region V Areas Requiring Radiological Emergency
Response Plans for Nuclear Sites ™~ ~™~
RERP PLANS UNDER REVIEW:
Illinois:
1. De Witt County
2. Lake County
30 Ogle County
4. Rock Island and Whiteside Counties
Indiana:
1. Jefferson County
Michigan:
1. Bay, Midland, and Saginaw Counties
2. Monroe and Wayne Counties
Minnesota:
1. Dakota and Goodhue Counties
2. Houston County
3. Sherburne and Wright Counties
Ohio:
1. Clermont County
2. Columbiana County
3. Lake County
Wisconsin:
1. Dunn and Pierce Counties
2. Kenosha County
3. Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties
4« La Crosse and Vernon Counties
SUBMITTED TO HEADQUARTERS FOR APPROVAL:
Illinois:
No Areas
Indiana:
No Areas
-------
3 -*
(Description of Figure A-7 cont'd)
Michigan:
Emmet and Charlevoix Counties
Allegan, Berrien, and Van Buren Counties
Minnesota:
No Areas
Ohio:
Lucas and Ottawa Counties
Wisconsin:
No Areas
FEDERALLY APPROVED PLANS
Illinois:
Grundy, Kendall, La Salle, and Will Counties
The State of Illinois RERP plan has been approved at the Federal level
Indiana:
No Areas
Michigan:
No Areas
Minnsota:
No Areas
Ohio:
No Areas
Wisconsin:
No Areas
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' 24
Acid Rain:
Acid rain is the common catch-phase used to denote the broader phenomenon
of the wet and dry deposition of atmospheric acid materials. It is a prob-
lem that transcends state and national borders and was first recognized
as an environmental threat in Scandinavia in the 1960's. The long-range
transport of acid precursor emissions from the industrialized areas of
England and Europe are blamed for making fish!ess thousands of lakes in
Sweden as well as possibly damaging forests,, soils, and farmland,,
Acid rain originates principally from the release of sulfur oxides (SO)
and nitrogen oxides (NOX). These pollutants are transformed through a
series of complicated reactions into surfuric acid and nitric acid that
are then scavenged from the atmosphere. In the Northeast U.S. almost
two-thirds of the acidity level is due to sulfuric acid; thus, indicating
the importance of S02 emissions. While natural S02 emissions are signifi-
cant on a global scale, they account for only 4-10% of the emissions in
eastern North America. A map showing the distribution and relative mag-
nitude of SOg emissions in eastern North America is presented in Figure E-l.
In 1980 over 80% (22.4 million tons) of all North American man-made S02
emissions were released east of the Mississippi River. Region V States
accounted for 7.3 million tons, roughly one-third of the total emissions.
Individually, the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois rank as number
one, two, and six, respectively, of these 38 states and provinces.
The majority of S02 emissions are released from coal-fired power plants.
Approximately three-fourths of Region V's S02 emissions are from such
plants. Four of Region V*s plants are ranked in the top six of utility
sources in the country, including Ohio Power Gavin, the largest utility
S02 emitter. The ranking of utility S02 sources and a map showing the
location of the top 30 Region V power plants are presented in Figure
E-2. A few examples demonstrate the wide discrepancy in state-wide S02
emissions in Region V. Ohio Power (OP) Gavin emitted more S02 than
the entire State of Minnesota in 1980. Also in 1980, OP Gavin and
Public Service Indiana (PSI) Gibson emitted more than the State of Wisconsin
and OP Gavin, PSI Gibson, and Columbus and Southern Ohio Electric (CSOE)
Conesville emitted more than the State of Michigan.
As can be seen in Figures E-> and E-2, there is an especially high den-
sity of S02 emissions in the Ohio River Valley area. Over 40% of the
power plants in this area are located in Region V. Most of these plants,
as well as many others in Region V, have tall stacks. Emissions from
tall stacks are subject to long-range transport since elevated release
heights increase pollutant residence times in the atmosphere, which in
turn increase the distance pollutants can be carried. It is because of
the large numbers, the high density, and the upwind location of the tall
stack power plants, that Region V has been accused of contributing to
acidity levels in the Northeast U.S. and eastern Canadian water systems.
-------
Figure A-S; INDUSTRIAL RADIATION SITES
Keleket X-Ray Cor
— Luminous Processes
Kerr-McGee Facility
Lindsay Light Compan,
Historical Radium Site
Flourspar Industry
Zirconium Industries
Skiljan Residence
Dial Service Manufacturing"
Titanium Indsutries,
-------
Numerous sources in Region V have been the subject of lawsuits filed by
several Northeastern states. These suits charge, among other things,
that the cumulative impact of S02 emissions from specific Midwestern
sources are adversely affecting air quality in the Northeast. These
alleged adverse impacts include acid deposition. As a result of law-
suits filed by New York and Pennsylvania, EPA held a Section 126 hearing
in Washington, D.Co, on June 18-19, 1981. EPA is still evaluating the
information presented at that hearing and has not yet issued a find-
ing. Region V has also been consistently challenged by many North-
eastern states and Canada on relaxations of S02 emission limitations
for certain sources.
Much of the concern on the part of the Northeastern States and Canada
stems from a growing body of scientific research that suggests that acid
rain may have the potential for or has already caused substantial environ-
mental damage. Such effects include acidification of lakes, rivers, and
ground waters, with resultant damage to fish and other inhabitants of the
water system; acidification and demoralization of soils; reduction of
forest productivity; damage to crops; deterioration of man-made materials;
and degradation of drinking water systems. These effects may result from
cumulative exposure of short-term peak acidity episodes such as the shock
loadings experienced in the spring. Acids accumulated over the winter
are released quickly in concentrated amounts (the first 10% of snow melt
water contains 90% of the soluble ions) when the fry, the most vulnerable
stage for fish, have just hatched.
The effects may be especially pronounced in eastern North America because
this area is being impacted by the highest precipitation acidity levels
(see Figure E-3) and much of the region is underlaid by carbonate-poor
granite bedrock. Thus, it is poorly buffered and vulnerable to acid de-
position (see Figure E-4). Just as most environmental hazards have their
own biologicial monitors, fishless lakes may be the monitor for acid rain.
The fishless condition of several streams in Nova Scotia and over 100 lakes
in both the Adirondacks and Ontario is being blamed on acid rain; or more
precisely, to the presence of toxic metals (e.g., mercury, aluminum, man-
ganese) which are mobilized in soil after acid rainfall. Leaching and run-
off subsequently transfer these metals to streams and lakes. It should
be recognized, however, that harmful effects occur long before all fish
have disappeared from a lake.
The economics of acid rain damage can also be substantial. A recent Nat-
ional Academy of Sciences (NAS) report estimated that acid rain caused
damage costing $5 billion to materials, forests, agriculture, aquatic
ecosystems, health, and drinking water systems in the eastern third of
the U.S. in 1978 alone. The New England River Basins Commission pegged
economic loses in the NE/Adirondack region of New York from acid rain at
$250-500 million per year, exclusive of health effects. Millions of
dollars in fishing revenue are jeopardized in the Northeast and Canada.
High acidity also threatens Canada's forests, an $11.5 bill ion/year
industry which employs more than 10% of the Canadian labor force.
-------
The potential for acid rain damage is not limited to the Northeast and
Canada. The northern portions of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin are
also very sensitive areas. According to a recent Office of Technology
Assessment (OTA) report, up to 80% of the lakes and streams in the upper
Midwest are at risk. This has generated a considerable amount of concern
in these three Region V States.
The State of Wisconsin is actively involved in a joint one-year acid de-
position research project with the Public Service Commission, a group of
Wisconsin utilities, and the Wisconsin Paper Council. Together these
four parties have banded together to form a Joint Acid Deposition Technical
Review Committee. The current project will attempt to assess the degree,
extent, and effects of acid deposition in Wisconsin; identify the sources
of acid deposition; and identify and review the effectiveness of emission
control options.
In response to the state-adopted Acid Precipitation Act of 1980, Minnesota
performed a one-year investigation of acid precipitation as it relates to
Minnesota. The final report from this review identified many lakes located
primarily in the northeast part of the State as being sensitive or poten-
tially sensitive to acid deposition. The report stated, however, that no
evidence of direct fish kills resulting from lake or stream acidification
presently exists for Minnesota waters. In March 1982, the State passed
a stronger acid rain act (Minnesota Acid Deposition Control Act of 1982)
requiring: the publication of a list of sensitive areas by January 1983;
the adoption of acid deposition standards in the sensitive areas by
January 1, 1985; the adoption of a control plan considering both in-state
and out-of-state sources to meet these standards by January 1986; and the
compliance by in-state sources with the control plan by January 1990.
The act also requires interim progress reports to the State legislature.
Minnesota's statutory efforts are unprecedented nationally.
On a national scale, much of EPA's efforts to date have focused on re-
search. EPA's official position has been to recommend only that research
be accelerated. Under the current Clean Air Act, there is no direct
mandate to reduce S02 emissions based solely on acid rain impacts. As
for the various bills requiring large reductions in S02 emissions being
considered by Congress in their review of the Act, the Administration
does not support them in view of the many uncertainties surrounding acid
rain (see "Principal Barriers" on Acid Rain, Part 2).
EPA is actively involved in several acid rain research projects. EPA is
one of the lead agencies in the Interagency Task Force established by
Congress in the Federal Acid Precipitation Act of 1980 to develop and
implement a ten-year research program to investigate acid rain. EPA is
also participating in the technical workgroups established by the Memo-
randum of Intent between the U.S. and Canada concerning transboundary air
pollution signed August 5, 1980. Other research efforts include support-
ing many monitoring networks such as The Natural Atmospheric Deposition
Program (NADP), the Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution
Study and the Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition Network (GLAD). In addi-
tion, there are also numerous other research projects being performed by
or through EPA laboratories or offices. EPA's funding for this research
-------
has progressed from $4 million in FY 1978 to $9 million in FY 1982„
Total government expenditure on acid rain research in FY 1982 was over
$18 million, with more than $22 million committed for FY 1983.
As mentioned earlier, the need for Federal regulatory action on acid rain
is currently being considered by Congress in its review of the Clean Air
Act. Several acid rain bills have been proposed ranging from those re-
quiring a reduction of S02 emissions by 10 million tons per year to those
only stressing further research.
The projected annual costs of a 10-million ton emission reduction by 1990
range from $3-7 billion and the cumulative capital costs ranging from $13=
26 billion. Seventy percent of these costs would be incurred by ten States,
five of which are in Region V.
Several Region V utility companies have estimated tremendous increases in
utility bills: Americari Electric Power (63%), Ohio Edison (40%), Public
Service Indiana (50%), and Central Illinois Public Service (18%).
Furthermore, a 10 million ton reduction has been estimated to produce a
severe loss of coal-mining jobs (9,000-38,000 by 1990) in Illinois, Ohio,
western Kentucky, and northern West Virginia. This is because it is ex-
pected that utilities would shift coal supplies rather than install scrub-
bers. It has been suggested, however, that these coal shifts (and subse-
quent job losses) could be mitigated by delaying the reduction deadline
date until after 1995 when new technologies, such as fluidized bed combus-
tors and dry scrubbers, may be available for utility size operation.
Since there is a lack of complete scientific understanding of the trans-
port, transformation, and removal process, Region V's position reflects
one of the major themes of the Administration; sound science provides
the most suitable basis for effective regulations.
-------
89
2 o
ji.l K-T'-.i-j.-V
I I I I I
i 1 ; i : ! I
1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1
I I I I I I T-l—f-*H»-~T—
• By—-<-*-•,«-.«—-
t • • Tt—+-r-t»^«»—-
Be
r i fa •.
-
—- -
— »~»— i— s~-* ---
^•BM^iM^MM^*a^^^^^Ma^»^"i **V~^ | i 'i*ii ^" i ( '" liT""^ .^~'''-+*
: t 3
-------
RANKING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS - AIR
In developing this ranking, the Region used the following criteria:
0 air quality levels and trends
0 population exposed
The most significant air quality problems in Region V are prioritized below:
PRIORITY 1:
a. 0^ primary nonattainment or maintenance target areas:
Chicago
SE Wisconsin
NW Indiana
Detroit
Milwaukee
E. St. Louis
Louisville
Akron
Cook, Lake, Will, DuPage, Kane, McHenry Counties, Illinois
Racine and Kenosha Counties, Wisconsin
Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana
Oakland, Macomb and Wayne Counties, Michigan
Milwaukee, Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin
Madison, St. Clair and Monroe Counties, Illinois
Clark and Floyd Countiess Indiana
Portage and Summit Counties, Ohio
b. TSP primary nonattainment or maintenance target areas:
Chicago
NW Indiana
Detroit
Cleveland
Steubenville
Granite City
Louisville
Industrial area of Cook, Will and DuPage Counties, Illinois
Industrial area of Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana
Industrial area of Wayne County, Michigan
Industrial area of Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Industrial area of Jefferson and Columbiana Counties, Ohio
Industrial area of Madison County, Illinois
Industrial area of Part of Clark County, Indiana
c. CO primary nonattainment or maintenance target areas:
Chicago - Urban areas
NW Indiana - Urban areas
Detroit - Urban areas
Indianapolis - Urban areas
St. Paul - Urban areas
St. Cloud - Urban areas
Duluth - Urban areas
of Cook County, Illinois
of Lake County, Indiana
of Wayne County, Michigan
of Marion County, Indiana
of Dakota County, Minnesota
of Stearns County, Minnesota
of St. Louis County, Minnesota
d. SO? primary nonattainment areas:
Illinois:
Peoria County:
Tazwell County:
Indiana:
Lake County:
LaPorte County:
southwestern portion of the City of Peoria
west-central portion of the County
entire County
northwestern portion of the County
-------
•r-
U
I
o"1
«/»
»»
i
»
s
>
i
-------
Figure E-3s
/•
Animal A««ra%« pa of Precipitation in North Aiwrica
Uurinq 1979 Uased On Observation* By Canadian AMI
•mi CA9SAP M«t«orks and American HAP3S *nj lUVD? Mt-
worfca. (Kot«t An isolin* la dashed wtwr* ancart«inti«*
in it* position aro frcat du« to lack of data.}
\
-------
Figure E-4 .
Regions in North America with lakes which way be
sensitive to acid precipitation, using bedrock
geology as an indicator.^5
-------
Minnesota:
Dakota County: entire County
Ohio:
Coshocton County: south-central portion of the County
Wisconsin:
Brown County: City of Green Bay
Milwaukee County: portion of the City of Milwaukee
e, NOjc primary nonattainment area:
Cook County: Portions of the County
f. Lead primary nonattainment or maintenance target areas:
Minnesota:
Ramsey County: Portion of City of St. Paul
Illinois:
Madison County: Portion of Granite City
g. Radiation Industrial Radiation Site and Counties without approved Radiological
Emergency Response Plans are:
Kerr McGee Industrial Radiation Site
Counties with Radiological Emergency Response Plans Not Approved by Regional
Assistance Committee:
Illinois Counties: De Witt, Lake, Whitesides Rock Island, Ogle
Indiana County: Jefferson
Ohio Counties: Clermont, Columbiana, Lake
Michigan Counties: Wayne, Monroe, Midland, Bay, Saginaw
Wisconsin Counties: Manitowoc, Kewaunee, La Crosse, Vernon, Kenosha, Pierce,
Dunn
Minnesota Counties: Sherburne, Wright, Houston, Goodhue, Dakota
h. Acid Rain
i. Ai r Toxi cs
-------
35
PRIORITY 2:
All other primary nonattainment areas for all pollutants and industrial
radiation sites not listed under priority 1:
a. ^l Primary Nonattainment areas:
Illinois Counties: Kankakee, Kendall, La Salle, Peoria, Sangamon,
Tazewell, Williamson, DeKalb, Grundy, Boone, Adams
Indiana Counties: Marion, St. Joseph, Elkhart
Michigan Counties: Allegan, Barry, Bay, Bern en, Branch, Calhoun,
Clinton Easton, Genesse, Gratiot, Hillsdale,
Huron, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent,
Lapeer, Lenawee, Marquette Midland, Monroe, Montcalm,
Muskegon, Ottawa, Saginaw, St. Joseph, Sanilac,
Shiawassee, Tuscola, Van Buren, Cass, Washtenaw,
Livingston, St. Clair
Ohio Counties: Allen, Ashland, Ashtabula, Belmont, Brown, Carroll,
Champaign, Clark, Clinton, Columbiana, Darke, Delaware,
Erie, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Fulton, Geauga,
Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Henry, Highland, Hocking,
Holmes, Huron, Jefferson, Knox, Lawrence, Licking,
Logan, Lucas, Madison, Mahoning, Marion, Montgomery,
Morrow, Ottawa, Perry, Pickaway, Preble, Rich!and,
Ross, Scioto, Seneca, Shelby, Summit, Trumbull,
Tuscarawas, Union, Wayne, Wood
Wisconsin Counties: Brown, Columbia, Dane, Sheboygan, Vilas
b. TSP Primary Nonattainment areas:
Illinois Counties: Du Page, La Salle, Monroe, Peoria, Rock Island, Tazewell,
Will, Jo Daviess, Knox, Macon, Madison, St. Clair
Indiana Counties: Dearborn, Dubois, Vigo, Marion
Michigan Counties: Calhoun, Genesee, Marquette, Monroe, Saginaw
Minnesota Counties: Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Ramsey, Scott, St. Louis,
Washington, Hennepin
Ohio Counties: Belmont, Butler, Franklin, Hamilton, Lake, Lawrence,
Lorain, Lucas, Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Scioto, Stark,
Summit, Trumbull, Mahoning, Richland, Sandusky,
Wisconsin Counties: Columbia, Milwaukee, Rock, Waukesha
c. C£ Primary Nonattainment areas:
Illinois Counties: Peoria, Rock Island
-------
36
Minnesota Counties: Anoka, Benton, Carver, Dakotas Hennepin, Olmsteds
Scott, Washington
Ohio Counties: Franklin, Montgomery
d. SO? Primary Nonattainment areas:
Michigan County: Ingham
Minnesota Counties: Anoka, Carver, Hennepin, Olmsted, Ramsey, Scott,
St. Louis, Washington
Ohio Counties: Clermont, Columbiana, Cuyahoga, Jefferson, Lake, Lorain,
Lucas
Wisconsin Counties: Dane, Marathon
e. NOX
No Additional areas
•>.
f. Lead
No Additional areas
g. Industrial Radiation Sites Not Listed Under Priority 1;
Illinois:
1. Luminous Processes
2. Lindsay Light Company
3. Historical Radium Sites
4. Flourspar Industry
Ohio:
1. Keleket X-Ray Corporation
2. Zirconium Industries
3. Skiljan Residence
4. Dial Service Manufacturing
5. Titanium Industries
PRIORITY 3:
a. All secondary nonattainment areas for TSP and S0£.
b. All regionally approved counties requiring RERPs which are not federally
approved:
Michigan:
Allegan County
Berrien County
Charlevoix County
-------
Emmet County
Van Buren County
Ohio:
Lucas County
Ottawa County
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38
REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT
ATTACHMENT A
LAND
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Nine facilities have withdrawn their Part A applications in lieu of filing Part B
(4 each, storage-only; 3 each, treatment; 1 each, incinerator; and 1 each, land
disposal). Also, while several permits have been drafted, and the public hearing
process has begun, no permits have been formally issued or denied. The first
Region V public hearing on a proposed RCRA permit was held in Ohio on November 17,
1982.
Part B applications will continue to be called on a periodic basis throughout
the year -- a total of 54 land disposal facility Part B applications is to be
called in during the last half of FY 1983, at the rate of 6 to 10 applications
per month.
^
Under the cooperative arrangement mechansim, State staff will be assisting in the
reviews of Part B applications. Program output targets, which the States commit-
ted to in their FY 1983 grant proposals, include assistance to Region V staff in
the review of 178 Part B's for storage and treatment facilities, 28 incinerators,
and 18 land disposal facilities.
The interim status standards (ISS) include operational9 facility design, monitor-
ing, reporting and process requirements. All TSDF's undergo routine ISS inspec-
tions and compliance monitoring while in interim status. During FY 1981, inspec-
tions uncovered numerous violations of the ISS. Most of these violations were
of the procedural, reporting, or administrative variety. To a lesser extent,
violations also were of the actual waste management standards, such as: "inade-
quate aisle space", and "leaking drums." In FY 1982, inspections revealed improv-
ing compliance with the procedural and administrative requirements. Also, during
FY 1982, additional requirements came into play, such as groundwater monitoring
and reporting, and financial responsibility requirements; compliance efforts
focussed on these, as well.
In FY 1983, compliance emphasis will contine to be on the groundwater and finan-
cial responsibility requirements, as well as on insuring that the requested
permit applications (Part B), are submitted on time, and are complete. Approxi-
mately, 1000 compliance inspections at Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities
and 1100 compliance inspections at Generators/Transporters are projected to be
completed in FY'83 within Region V.
As in the assistance review of Part B applications, State staff will be conducting
these inspections. The mechanism will again be the Cooperative Arrangement,
whereby these inspections will be conducted for the U.S. EPA by State staff, or
will be conducted under the State's own jurisdiction, if the State has been
granted interim authorization to conduct the program in lieu of the U.S. EPA. In
either instance, the investment of State staff time is meeting output commitments
is extensive.
-------
39
Additional information is just beginning to be generated as a result of analysis
of data from the financial responsibility requirements contained in the ISS and
data from the groundwater monitoring and reporting requirements. This latter
requirement may be the starting point for a system to provide surrogate measures
of ambient impact. Right now, groundwater data is being used, to prioritize the
call-in of land disposal facility Part B applications noted above. This data is
not yet fully usable in any other way.
-------
4 0 vf '.
" " .
•_P_art B RCRA Permit applications
xalled-in, and received (in parenthe
by county,as of January 4, 1983.
Priority geographic.area
selected for emphasis by
the Air program are out!
in red
-------
-------
MICHIGAN
-------
43
-------
W'-'D/V.r-2/ATT-A'R5
44
H
-------
-------
WMD/WMB7ATT A-P:1
\ 46
_Part B RCRA Permit applications
called-ia, and received (in parenthe
by county,as of January 4, 1983.
Priority geographic.areas
selected for emphasis by
the Air program are outli
in red
-------
WMD/WMB/ATT-"A P2
t* w
47
-------
WMD/WMB/ATT-A.P3
48
-------
,. WMD/UHB/.ATT-A P4
-------
WMD/WMB/ATT-A-R5
50
-------
WMD/WHB/ATT-A'P6
51
-------
'52
WHO/PS/ATT A-l
*
•D
*
•i
AGfflCULTURAL ACREAGE TREATED WITH PESTICIDES
REGION V
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
KEY:
*••*.•!
h*.«« J
(thousands of acres)
0-50
51-125
126-250
251-400
over 400
-------
WMD/PS/ATT A-2
ILLINOIS
53
PESTICIDE USE INVESTIGATIONS
VIOLATIVE RATES
70
MICHIGAN (FY 81 and 82)
30
50 i
40
30
20
10
50
40
30
20
10
INDIANA (FY 81&82)
75
MINNESOTA (FY 82)
50
WISCONSIN",..
CFY 821 m
22
2
2
2
-------
I'ID/PS/ATT A-3 *" g4 • '
•AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS'- FISCAL YEAR 1982
ILLINOIS
AGRICULTURAL ACREAGE
TREATED WITH A PEST/tlDE
(thousands)
sO-50
S51-125
8126-250
251-400
OVER 400
-------
WHD/PS/ATT A-4 ' 55
NPNAGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS - FISCAL YEAR 1932
ILUNOIS
-------
WKD/PS/ATT -5
56 --. INDIANA
.AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS - FISCAL YEARS 1981 and .1982
KEY:
• Incidents-iO
^-Violations
{AGRICULTURAL ACREAGE
TREATED WITH A PESTICIDE
j (in Thousands)
-------
WMD/PS/ATT-6
57 v
NONAGRICULURAL INCIDENTS - FISCAL YEAR 81&S2 INDIANA
Violations
-------
58.
WMD/PS/ATT A-7/ .
MICHIGAN
'AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS .
FISCAL YEARS 1981 AND 1982
ag groyn
t
acres.treated with pesticides
"(000)
s 0-50
•
= 51-125
* 126-250 •
= 251-400
9 over 400
-------
WMD/PS/ATT A-8
59
MICHIGAN
NONAGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS
FISCAL YEARS 1981 - 1982 .
KEY :
Structural-
/•other
-------
WMD/PS/ATT. A-9
60
AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS'- FISCAL YEAR 1982
RfflWRJESOTA
KEY:
Aon cultural
Aerial
AGRICULTURAL ACREA
TREATED WITH A PESTICI
(thousands)
Agricultural
Ground
-------
WMD^PS/ATT A-10 .
NONAGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS - FISCAL YEAR 1982
MINNESOTA
-------
WMD/PS/ATT A-
AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS - FISCAL YEAR 1982
- AGRICULTURAL ACREA
TREATED WITH A PESTICID
(thousands)
126-250
251-400
over 400
-------
WMD/PS/ATT A-12
OHIO
STRUCTURAL PEST CONTROL INCIDENTS
FISCAL YEAR 1982
-------
v-. •.
64
WMD/.PS/ATT A-13
AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS - I;ISCAL YEAR'1982
WISCONSIN
KEY:
ACRES TREATED WimT-ESTICIDES
0-50
51-125
126-250
-------
,65
HMD/ PS/ATT A-14 '~~~~
NONA6RICULTURAL INCIDENTS - FISCAL YEAR 19G2
KEY:
STRUCTURAL-
O.IHER NONAPR.
-------
REMEDIAL RESPONSE (SUPERFUND)
The NPL sites in Region V are distributed as follows:
NPL Sites
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Mi nnesota
Ohio
Wisconsin
13
46
10
19
0
Total
99
Threatened
Population
203,273
698,780
4,912,592
868,975
934,828
0
7,618,448
The HRS analysis looks at hazardous threats via three pathways:
groundwater, surface water, and air. In Region V, the predominate abandoned
hazardous waste site threats are to groundwater followed by threats to surface
water and air repectively.
Groundwater
In Region V, all hut two NPL sites in Illinois and two in Ohio (four total) are
known to pose possible threats to groundwater. This is significant due to the
fact that over half of the people living in the Region V States obtain their
drinking water from groundwater sources (private and municipal wells).
Surface Water
Slightly more than half of the Region V NPL sites are known to pose a possible
threat to surface waters (51 out of 99): The distribution is:
Illinois
InHi ana
Michigan
Minnesota
Ohio
Number of NPL Sites
Posing a Possible
Threat to Surface
Water
5
8
14
8
16
| % of the Total f
Sites in the State
45%
62%
30%
80%
84%
JPL | Population
Threatened
112,192
465,886
2,524,334
824,231
868,111
Clearly, potential surface water threats are the most serious in Ohio and
Minnesota and to a lesser degree in Indiana. This is attributable to the large
number of people who rely on these surface waters for their drinking water.
-------
6?
WMD/RRB/P2-4
Air
Abandoned hazardous waste sites in Region V which are known to present a
potential volatile release which could be a significant threat to people
constitute approximately 9% of the NPL sites in each of the five "NPL"
states. There are only one each of these sites in Illinois, Indiana, and
Minnesota, two in Ohio and four in Michigan (nine total). One of these
sites (in Illinois) scored high enough to be placed on the NPL solely be-
cause of its potential air pathway threat. Five of these sites are alsa
known to pose significant threats to both surface water and groundwater,
while the remaining three also pose potential threats to either ground water
(2) or surface water (1). The total Region V population threatened by air
pathway sites is 449,4-32.
FY '83 Superfund Program .;----
During FY '83, Region V expects to initiate Federally financed remedial
response action at 17 NPL sites (5 in Illinois, 2 in Indiana, 5 in Michigan,
2 in Minnesota, and 3 in Ohio). Sixteen of these sites are known to pose
a significant groundwater threat, 12 a surface water threat, and one arr air
pathway threat. The projected FY '83 Federal funds obligations total $2T.9
million. The total population threatened by these 17 sites is over 1.6
million people. Obviously the major thrust of Region V efforts will be to
protect drinking water supplies both surface and ground water. Associated
with protection of drinking water is the inherent benefit of protecting
the environment in general through removal and appropriate disposal of
improperly dumped hazardous materials. The goal at each individual site
will be to address the threats or actual insults to public health and/or
the environment by focusing on the appropriate pathways and taking neces-
sary cost effective actions. . _ - .
-------
68
WMD/RRB/P2-5
Region V NPL sites prioritized by their individual hazardous ranking score:
MRS Site Name State
74.16 FMC MN
66.74 Berlin & Farro MI
63.28 Liquid Disposal Inc. MI
62.26 Arcanum Iron & Metal OH
60.43 Midco I IN
59.16* New Brighton MN
59.16* Oakdale MN
59.16* Reilly Tar MN
58.41 Burlington Northern MN
58.15 Seymour IN
57.93 Northernaire Plating MI
55.49 A&F Materials IL
55.05 Koppers Coke MN
53.61 Spiegel burg LF MI
53.60 Gratiot Co. LF MI
53.42 Wauconda Sand & Gravel IL
53.41 Ott/Story/Cordova ' MI
52.38 Velsicol MI MI
52.28 Summit National OH
52.15 Packaging Corp of Amer, MI
52.05 Fisher Calo IN
51.97 Springfield Twp Dump MI
51.80 Bowers LF OH
51.62 Fields Brook OH
50.92* Rose Twp Dump MI
50.92* Waste Disposal Eng MN
50.72 South Andover Site MN
50.30 Butterworth #2 LF MI
49.09 G&H LF MI
48.78 Velsicol IL IL
48.50 Tar Lake MI
47.78 Chem Dyne OH
47.19 Nease Chemical OH
47.05 Allied Chemical OH
46.86 Verona Well Field MI
46.44 Envirochem IN
46.04 Wash King Laundry MI
44.63 McGraw Edison MI
42.93 Neal's LF IN
42.82 OMC IL
42.55 National Lead Taracorp. MN
42.49* Main St. Well Field IN
42.49* Lehillier MN
*Sites with identical scores
-------
1 69
WMD/RRB/P2-6
MRS Site Name State
42.33 Wayne Waste Oil IN
42.06 LaSalle Elec. Ut. IL
42.04 Cross Bros/Pembroke IL
41.05 Spartan Chem. Co. MI
40.86 Grand Traverse OSC MI
40.37 E.H. Schilling LF OH
40.32 Ninth Ave. Dump IN
40.21 Gratiot Co Golf Course MI
39.66 S.W. Ottawa LF MI
39.42 Fultz LF OH
39.14 Cochocton City LF OH
38.82 Johns-Manville IL
38.64 Forest Waste Products MI
38.31 Lake Sandy Jo IN
38.20 Chem Central MI
38.16 Novaco Inds. MI
38.02 Ionia City LF MI
36.70 New Lyme LF OH
36.36 SCA Indp. LF MI
35.97 Petosky Man. Co. MI
35.95* Rock Creek/Jack Webb OH
35.95* Laskins/Poplar Oil OH
35.43 Kentwood LF MI
35.39 K & L Ave LF MI
35.25* Marion (Bragg) Dump IN
35.25* Pristine OH
35.10 Buckeye Reclamation OH
34.78* Galesburg/Koppers IL
34.78* Big D Campgrounds OH
34.66* Duell & Gardiner LF MI
34.66* Cliff/Dow Dump MI
34.18 Mason Co. LF MI
34.16 Cemetary Dump Site MI
33.93 Byron IL
33.78 Ossineke MI
33.66 U.S. Aviex MI
32.93 Organic Chemicals MI
32.36 Clare Water Supply MI
32.09 Littlefield Twp Dump MI
32.07 Auto Ion MI
32.00 Sparta LF MI
31.98 Morristown/Acme Solvents IL
31.95 Charlevoix MI
31.80 Rasmussen's Dump MI
31.70 Hedblum Industries MI
-------
70
WMD/RRB/P2-7
Site Name State
31o27 Wedzeb Inc IN
31.02 Anderson Dev. MI
31.01 Shiawassee River MI
30.23 Skinner LF OH
29.85 Whitehall Mun. Wells MI
29.77 Electrovoice MI
29.31 Lemon Lane LF IN
28.90 Zanesville Well Field OH
28.73 Van Dale Junkyard OH
28.62 Belvidere IL
28.58 Parrot Road IN
-------
* 71
WMD/RRB/P2-8
Region V NPL sites listed in alphabetical order:
Site Name HRS
IL A & F Materials/Greenup 55.49
Acme Solvent Reclaiming, Inc. 31.98
Belvidere Municipal Landfill #1 28.62
Byron Salvage Yard 33.93
Cross Brothers Pail Recycling Site 42.04
Galesburg/Koppers 34.78
Johns-Manville Corporation 38.31
LaSalle Electrical Utilities 42.06
Outboard Marine Corporation 42.82-
Velsicol Chemical Corporation 48.78
Wauconda Sand and Gravel 53.42
IN Envirochem Corporation 46.44
Fisher-Calo 52.05
Lake Sandy Jo (M&M Landfill) 38.21
Lemon Lane Landfill 29.31
Main Street Well Field 42.49
Marion (Bragg) Dump 32.25
Midco I 60.43
Neal's Landfill 42.93
Ninth Avenue Dump 40.32
Parrot Road Dump 28.58
Seymour Recycling Corporation 58.15
Wayne Waste Oil 42.33
Wedzeb Enterprises, Inc. 31.27
MI Anderson Development Company 31.02
Auto Ion 32.07
Berlin & Farro - Liquid Incineration 66.74
Butterworth Number 2 Landfill 50.3
Cemetery Dump Site 34.16
Charlevoix Municipal Well Field 31.95
Chem Central 38.2
Clare Water Supply 32.36
Cliff/Dow Dump 34.66
Duel! and Gardner Landfill 34.66
Electrovoice 29.77
Forest Waste Products 38.64
G & H Land Fill 49.09
Grand Traverse Overall Supply Co. 40.86
Gratiot County Golf Course 40.21
Gratiot County Landfill 53.6
Hedblum Industries 31.70
Ionia City Landfill 38.02
K&L Avenue Landfill 38.10
-------
' 72
WMD/RRB/P2-9
Site Name HRS
MI Kentwood Landfill 35.39
Liquid Disposal, Inc. 63.28
Littlefield Township Dump 32,09
Mason County Landfill 34.18
Mc6raw-Edison 44,63
Northernaire Plating 57.93
Novaco Industries 38,10
Organic Chemicals, Incorporated 32.93
Ossineke Groundwater Contamination 33,78
Ott/Story/Cordova Chemical Company 53.41
Packaging Corporation of America 52.15
Petoskey Municipal Wells 35.97
Rasmussen's Dump 31.80
Rose Township Dump 50.92
SCA Independent Landfill 36.36
Shiawassee River 31.01
Southwest Ottawa County Landfill 39.66
Sparta Landfill 32.00
Spartan Chemical Company 41.05
Spiegleburg Landfill 53.61
Springfield Township Dump 51.97
Tar Lake 48.5
U.S. Aviex 33.66
Velsicol Plant Site 52.38
Verona Well Field 46.86
Wash King Laundry 46.04
Whitehall Wells 29.85
MN Burlington Northern Site 58.41
FMC Corporation 74.16
Koppers Coke 55.05
LeHillier 42.49
National Lead-Taracorp Site 42.55
New Brighton/Arden Hills 59.16
Oakdale Dump Sites 59.16
Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation 59.16
South Andover Site 35.41
Waste Disposal Engineering 50.92
OH Allied Chemical and Ironton Coke 47.05
Arcanum Iron and Metal 62.26
Big D Campground 34.78
Bowers Landfill 51.80
Buckeye Reclamation 35.10
Chem-Dyne 47.78
Coshocton Landfill 39.14
E.H. Schilling Landfill 40.37
-------
WMD/RRB/P2-10
Site Name HRS
OH Fields Brook 51.62
Fultz Landfill 39.42
Nease Chemical 47.19
New Lyme Landfill 36.70
Poplar Oil Co. 35.95
Pristine, Inc. 35.25
Rock Creek (Jack Webb) 35.95
Skinner Landfill 30.23
Summit National 52.28
Van Dale Junkyard 28.73
Zanesville Well Field 28.90
-------
74 Illinois |L
WMD/RRB/ATT B-l
A & F
Greenup, Illinois
The A&P Materials/Greenup site is located on 3.8 acres of land on West
Cumberland'Street in Greenup, Illinois. The site contains four lagoons which
hold a mixture of waste oils, sludges, spent caustics, spent acids, contaminated
water, and other waste products containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCSs).
Similar products containing PGBs are stored in 13 steel tanks on-site, sane of
which have failed on several occasions, leaking their contents. The site
presently contains about 1.4 million gallons of contaminated water, 16,000
gallons of contaminated oil, and 800,000 gallons of contaminated sludge and
soil. The City of Newton periodically withdraws drinking water frcm the Embarras
River downstream of the 'site.
Operations at the site, which began during 1977, were originally intended
to reprocess waste oils and sludges from various generators. The storage
lagoons became filled by March 1978 and began to overflow, contaminating the
environmental pathways leading to the Bnbarras River 1300 feet away. The site
has been inactive since June 1980.
Samples have been collected at the site on' at least 10 occasions by the
State of Illinois and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) between
May 1978, and October 1981. PCBs have been found in the lagoons, tanks, ditch,
Embarras River, site soils, and groundwater beneath the site. Significant
concentrations of other organic compounds and metals have also been detected.
In mid-1980, under section 311 of the Clean Water Act, the level of the waste
in the lagoons was lowered, in addition to diking, trenching, and removal of
wastes. Emergency funds from Superfund were needed in May 1982 to again lower
the waste level in the lagoons and to reinforce the containment dikes.
Future activities include removal of all liquids from the tanks and lagoons,
further site investigations to determine the full extent of contamination, and
a feasibility study to define a cost-effective remedy for dealing with the
soils, sludges, and groundwater. EPA approved funds to undertake these activities
in August 1982.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
A Federal civil action in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief
has been brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site.
HRS: 55.49
Population threatened: 3,024
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: }
Index number, on map:
-------
WMD/RRB/ATT A-1 through 5
ILL
ft**
fi*- 75 -,
(SAMPLE MOCK UP) NPL Sites
See Part 2 for index Listing of sites (Crosshatching wi L-L not appear on
final maps)
(There will be one map per page for 5 pages - - not Wisconsin)
-------
78
WMD/RRB/ATT B-2
ACME SOLVENT RECLAIMING, INCORPORATED
Morristown, Illinois
Acme Solvents Reclaiming, Inc., is a 20 acre inactive site located
on Lindenwood Road In a rural area of Winnebago County, approximately one
and 1.5 miles southeast of Morristown, Illinois. The site is adjacent to
sand and gravel operations and an asphalt-lined landfill. Acne Solvents
reclaimed vaste solvent through distillation. Still bottom material and
waste drums,-both full and empty, were disposed of into numerous shallow,
unlined pits. The surficial geologic material at the site is a coarse
textured glacial outwash deposit.-
Private veils in the vicinity of Acme Solvents have been sampled by
the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and the Winnebago County
Department of Public Health since April 1981. Analysis of the shallow
groundwater samples indicated low levels of organic compounds, including
trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, and tetrachloroethylene. Four
residential wells in the area have been closed, and residents dependent
on those wells are using bottled water. The shallow aquifers are
hydrologically connected to the deeper, highly productive sandstone
aquifers which provide the water supply for large industrial and
municipal wells in the Rockford vicinity.
Acme Solvents commenced operations at the site in 1960. In late
1972, the Illinois Pollution Control Board initiated an administrative
action requiring Acme Solvents to cease its disposal operations. In
1973, the waste ponds were covered over, although partially buried drums
are still visible.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued notice letters under
the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Comoensation and Liability Act
to the owners of Acme Solvents on 13 August 1982, requesting that the
company undertake a hydrogeologic investigation at the site.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
MRS: 31.98
Population threatened: 699
Aquifers threatened: 2
Surface waters threatened:
TnrlPY mimhpr nn man-
-------
7?
WMD/RRB/ATT B-3
BELVHEPE MUNICIPAL LANDFILL II
Belvidere, Illinois
The 11.3-acre'Belvidere Municipal Landfill is located at RR#1 and Appletcn
Road in Belvidere, Scene County, Illinois. The site was active fron 1939 until
September 1973. When it closed, it was inadequately covered with sandy soil
excavated from a borrow pit and soil left over fron highway construction just
south of the facility. 'The site is incompletely fenced and isjnostly overgrown
with natural grasses. Contamination "by various organic compounds, including
polychlorinated biphenyls, has been detected in downgradient monitoring wells
installed by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Puddles of water
along the west base of the landfill were contaminated with a variety of organics,
including relatively high concentrations of ethylbenzene and toluene.
HRS: 28.62
Population threatened: 14,061
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
-------
78
WMD/RRB/ATT B-4 g^N SALVAGE YARD
Byron, Illinois
The Byron Salvage Yard, in Che 2,200-acre drainage basin of Woodland
Creek, -is located .south of the South Branch of Woodland Creek and
Razorsville Road, just east of Byron, Illinois. It has been inactive
since 1973.
The streams draining the salvage yard join Woodland Creek at about
the middle, of its length. Woodland Creek is an intermittent stream,
except at its lower reach, about one-half mile from its confluence vith
Rock River. The stream flow in the lower reach is principally provided
by groundwater discharge (base flow). Woodland Creek, in the middle and
upper reaches, and its tributaries, flow in response to precipitation.
This means that any leachate from this site will drain into Woodland
Creek and contaminate the aquifer.
. In 1974, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) filed a
complaint with the Illinois Pollution Control Board against the owners of
the Byron Salvage Yard, concerning the wacer pollution resulting from its
operations. This complaint was based upon Illinois EPA's inspections,
photographs, interviews, and collection and analyses of waste, surface
water, and groundwater samples. Illinois EPA continued to monitor in and
around the yard until the end of 1981. This investigative work revealed
that cyanide-containing placing wasce was sprayed onto che roads in and
around the salvage yard, and that plating wastes and other wastes with or
without containers were dumped and buried in the area of che salvage
yard. These activities resulted in high concentrations of cyanide and
toxic metals in soils, surface water, and groundwater, creating a serious
threat to public health and the environment.
HRS: 33.93
Population threatened: 1,749
Aquifers threatened: 2
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
-------
. 79
WMD/RRB/ATT B-5
CROSS BROTHERS PAIL RECYCLING SITE
Pembrok e, Illinois
Since 1961 chere has been a drum and pail recycling operation on 20
acres in rural Pembroke Township, 15 miles southeast of Kankakee,
Illinois. The main business was to reclaim 5-gallon paint cans. As part
of normal operations, pails were lined up on the ground, sprinkled with
waste solvents classified as hazardous, and set on fire. Over a Ion?
period of time, this "burn out" procedure contaminated the soil and
groundwater. The contamination has migrated off-site. Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitoring of nearby drinking water
wells resulted in the issuance of warning letters to four families,
notifying them of the dangers of drinking their well water. Chemicals in
the groundwater included alkylbenzene, toluene, xylene,
methyleyelohexanone, pentachlorophenol, and others.
The sandy soils present in the area contribute to the rapid spread-
ing of the rone of contamination. The threat to human health nosed by
the organic contaminants found in well water is documented by a hydro-
geological study of the site conducted by the Illinois EPA in August
1981.
The operations at the site were discovered by Illinois EPA aerial
surveillance and a subsequent court-authorized search of the site.
Investigation revealed about 10,000 pails on-site, about 10 acres of
highly contaminated soil, 10 trenches of unknown buried waste, and a
plume of contaminated groundwater leaving the site.
At the request of Illinois EPA, the Attorney General's office ini-
tiated action against the site owners. Initially, the owners were
ordered to stop operations. This was followed by orders to clean up the
site and provide deeper wells for the affected neighbors. The owners did
not have any money to start remedial actions.
HRS: 42.04
Population threatened: 402
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface, waters threatened:
Index number on map:
-------
.WMD/RRB/ATT B-6 GALES BURG/XOPPSilS
Galesburg, Illinois
The Xoppers Company of Galesburg, Knox County, Illinois, has been
operating a railroad cie treating plant for about 75 years. The site,
approximately 400 acres in area, is relatively flat, with surface drain-
age being provided by several drainage ditches that flow into a nearby
intermittent stream. The stream flows southward into Lake Bracken.
There are three lagoons on-site plus an irrigation field.
A shallow aquifer in the area and Che nearby stream are contaminated
with oily materials. The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency is
concerned that the deeper aquifer, along with private drinking water
wells serving some 300 area residents, is in danger of becoming
contaminated.
HRS: 34.78
Population threatened: . 33,800
Aquifers threatened: 2
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
-------
81
WMD/RRB/ATT .B-7
JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION
Waukegan, Illinois
. The Johns-Manville Sice is located on the shoreline of Lake
Michigan, north of Waukegan, Illinois. The problem area is a 600-acre-
— foot (a measure of volume, usually used for vater, that is one acre by
one foot in depth) waste pile into which are placed asbestos wastes.
Significant levels of asbestos have been found in downwind air samples.
The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency has noced violations of the
Illinois Environmental Protection Act regarding operation of the waste
pile.
Further sampling is required to determine the full extent of air
releases of asbestos.
HRS: 38.31
Population threatened: 64,400
Aquifers threatened: 0
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
-------
WMD/RRB/ATT B-s' LASALLE ELECTRICAL UTILITIES
LaSalle, Illinois
The LaSalle Electrical Utilities site is a closed factory located on
St. Vincent Road, -just north of LaSalle, Illinois, in LaSalle County.
The facility used polychlorinatad biphenyls (PCBs) to manufacture capaci-
tors from the late 1940s until late 1973. The company reportedly used
waste oils for dust control in the parkins? lot until 1969. Residual PCBs
remain in the soil throughout the site at levels greater than 1,000 parts
per million. Warning signs and a gate have been installed around the
site.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency installed and sampled four
monitoring wells at the facility during August 1982.
HRS: 42.06
Population threatened: 9,800
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
-------
83
WMD/EIRE/ATT B-9
OUIBCARD MARINE CORPORATION
Waukegan, Illinois
In 1976, the Jchnscn Motors Division of Outboard Marine Corporation (CMC)
in Waukegah, Illinois, was found to be discharging polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) into the Waukegan Harbor and the North Ditch. Both feed into Lake
Michigan. This finding was of great concern as a number of Lake Michigan fish
species, both then and now, contain PCBs in -quantities exceeding Food and Drug
Administration guidelines. Administrative orders were issued by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (SPA) and the Illinois EPA requiring that the
company take certain steps to eliminate discharges of PCBs. Although those
steps were taken, and discharges were significantly reduced, a great deal of
damage had already been 'done.
Fran at least 1959 to 1971, the company purchased approximately 9 million
pounds of PCBs for use in the hydraulic equipment of its aluminum die cast
machines, and a substantial amount was discharged into the Harbor and Ditch.
Sane PCBs were carried into the Lake. The rest contaminate the sediments and
biota of the Ditch and Harbor and also can be transported into Lake Michigan.
Studies were begun by U.S. EPA in 1976 to determine the nature of the PCBs
problem and associated environmental impact. They show that PCBs are distributed
throughout Waukegan Harbor. About 11,000 cubic yards are contaminated at a
level beyond 500 parts per million (ppm), about 50,000 cubic yards beyond 50
ppm, and substantially more yardage beyond the 10 ppm level. The PCBs becone
suspended or dissolved and enter Lake Michigan. Additionally, fish that frequent
the Harbor accumulate high levels of PCBs as a result of exposure to ccntamianted
sediment and water.
Following a breakdown of negotiations between the State of Illinois and
OMC, a Federal civil action in U.S. District Court was filed by the Department
of Justice on behalf of EPA against responsible parties,
This is the top priority site in Illinois and was on the Interim Priority
List of 160 sites.
MRS: 42.82
Population threatened: 64,400
Aquifers threatened: 0
Surface waters threatened: 1_
Index number on map:
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* 84
WMD/RRB/ATT B-10 VELSIC°L CHEMICAL CORPORATION
Marshall, niinois
Velsicol Chemcial Corporation's Marshall manufacturing facility is
located aoproximately 1 nils north of the City of Marshall, Clark County,
Illinois, on Highway Route #1. It was constructed in the 1930s as a
specialty chemical manufacturing plant producing resins. In 1946, the
plant started to manufacture chlordane. In 1950, the company shut down
its two resin units. The facility continues to produce chlordane.
In the early years of operation, the process effluent was discharged
from the plant untreated. In 1965, a well was installed for disposal of
both process effluent and stormwater runoff. A second well was installed
in 1973. These wells, under permit from the Illinois Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, continue in operation today.
Part of the disposal system consisted of surface impoundments, com-
monly known as ponds 5/6, on the plant site. Also of concern is an
inactive landfill immediately adjacent to ponds 5/6. The surface
impoundments have overflowed during periods of heavy rain, and contami-
nants have been detected in a drainage ditch and two observation wells.
Analyses of water samples- taken from wells located adjacent to the
impoundments on the plant property strongly suggest that shallow
groundwater beneath the plant area is being polluted. Chlordane-related
compounds have also been found in Mill Creek, its tributaries, and the
Wabash River.
MRS: 48.78
Population threatened: 3,468
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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85
WMD/RRB/ATT B-ll WAUCONDA SAND AND GRAVEL
Wauconda, Illinois
Wauconda Sand and Gravel is located in Lake County, Illinois,
approximately 2 ai-les north of the Village of Wauconda and 3 miles east
of the Villaze of Island Lake. The 80 acre site, originally a sand and
gravel pit, was operated as a, landfill from 1950 to 1978 and then was
closed and covered. The northern two-thirds of the site was filled prior
to the State of Illinois landfill regulations and was never permitted. A
9 acre portion in the.southern one-third of the site was permitted to
accept general refuse.
The leachate emanating from the landfill has contaminated both the
grounriwater and surface water in the vicinity. Analyses of both the mon-
itoring and residential well samples revealed low levels of contaminants,
including ammonia, boron, chloride, iron, phenols, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), and 2,4 dimethylphenol. Leachate contaminated by low
levels of PCBs has also been detected entering Mutton Creek directly
north of the landfill.
This site was on the Interim" Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 53.42
Population threatened:. 7,500
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number'on map:
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Indiana 86 . _J?t. .
ENVIROCHEM CORPORATION
WMD/RRB/ATT B-12
Zionsville, Indiana
Envirochem Corporation owns and operates a waste storage and re-
cycling business in Boone County, at 865 South U.S. 421, Zionsville,
Indiana. This facility, in operation sines August 1977, is adjacent to
the Northside Landfill.
Operations at this facility involve the recovery of solvents and
oils from industrial sources. On-site storage practices have .resulted in
an inventory beyond that needed to maintain recycling operations. On one
occasion, this excessive inventory resulted in an overflow- of
contaminated rainwater from a holding pond into an unnamed ditch which
flows to Findley Creek, causing an oil sheen on Findley and Eagle Creeks.
Storing drums in the open and without an impermeable base has caused sone
to deteriorate. Three organic solvents (1,1-dichloroethane,
trichloroethene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) were found in groundwater
samples taken from on-site wells during July 1981.
Operations at Envirochem have ceased under a Court Order obtained by
the Indiana Environmental Management Board on 5 May 1982. The facility
is presently under receivership. Over 20,000 drums and 400,000 gallons
of waste remain on-site as of June 1982.
Indiana and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-Region V will
continue to monitor compliance by Envirochem with the court imoosed
schedule and cleanuo actions for this facility.
MRS: 46.44
Population threatened: 1,875
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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S7 *
WMD/RRB/ATT B-13
FISHER-CALO
LaPorte, Indiana
Fisher-Calo Chemicals and Solvents Corporation (Fisher-Calo) operated a
solvents reclamation facility near Lapcrte, Indiana, from late 1972 through mid-
1978.
In July 1980, a Federal civil suit in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive
relief was brought by the Department of Justice en behalf of the u.S. Environmental
Protection Agency against the owner and operator for disposal of drunned waste.
The drums were excavated prior to the suit, and the company has agreed to
determine when contaminants, including 1,1-dichlcrcethene, trichlorcethene, and
tetrachlorcethene, have dissipated.
HRS: 52.05
Population threatened: 20.300
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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88
WMD/RRB/ATT B-14 ^33 SAOT? JO (M&M LANDFILL)
Gary, Indiana
'Lake Sandy Jo (M&M Landfill) is located in a southwest section of
Gary, Lake County, Indiana, on a 55-acra tract in the araa bounded by the
Tri-3cate Highway (1-90/80) on the south; Wright Street on the west; West
25th Avenue on the north; and Jennings Street on the east. It was a
large borrow pit from which fill material had been obtained to build the
Tri- State Highway. For several years it was filled with water and known
as Lake Sandy Jo. According to the present owner/operator, filling has
been going on for 12 years, 4 of them under his ownership. The water has
been pumped out, and only a snail area of the original borrow pit (less
than 1 acre) regains unfilled.
The site was used for the disposal of demolition wastes, with no
record of hazardous waste disposal. 'However, the present owner states
that "midnight dumping" occurred frequently, and the site has been
plagued by above- and below-ground fires. Investigators of the 0. S.
Environmental Protection Ag_ency ' detected benzene, toluene and
tetrachloroethylene in groundwater and surface water. Groundwater
contamination is the primary concern since the area is surrounded on all
sides by houses, a number of which use private wells to_ suoply all water.
The total population served by groundwater within 3 miles of the site
exceeds 5,000, with over 1,400 wells recorded in the area.
HRS: 38.21
Population threatened: 152,900
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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, 83
WMD/RRB/ATT B-15 ^
3loomir.gron, Indiana
Lamou Lane Landfill is a 7-acre disposal sita owned by the City of
Bloomington, Indiana. The sice, which has no liner or runoff controls,
contains unstabiliaed wastes and piles of capacitors containing poly-
chlorinated bipheayls (PC3a). The soils are thin and irregular.
Residents in the immediate vicinity use groundwater from an underlying
aquifer.
The site is located in the northeast quarter of section 31 of
Bloomingcon Township, on the western edge of the city, 'off Lemon Lane
Road. From 1950 to 1964, the City disposed of both municipal and indus-
trial wastes. Allegedly, wastes were incinerated on-sice. Mo records
were kept of the types or quantities of wastes disposed.
Of primary concern are piles of exposed capacitors on the south and
west sides of the landfill. Many are leaking and have contaminated
underlying soils. Levels of PC3s in the soils range from 1,500 to 57,000
parts per million.
The Indiana State Board of Health and the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (SPA) have sampled several times in Che past 2 years. To
data, no ?C3s have been detected in nearby residential wells, nor have
any surface discharges bean observed. However, given Che geology of Che
area, it is possible chat groundwater contamination may occur.
No containment or cleanup actions have been cakan at the sice. The
landfill is an open area and children play on Che sica. The Cicy of
Bloomington is working wich EPA to eract a security fence around the
site.
MRS: 29.31
Population threatened: 49,700
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ;
Index number on map:
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90
WMD/RRB/ATT B-16
MAIN ST3EET WELL FIELD
Slkfaarc, Indiana
The Main Street Well Field is che largest of three municipal fields
which supply potable water for Che City of Elkhart, Indiana. Of 21 pro-
duction wells in the three, the Main Street Well Field has 15, represent-
ing approximately 70 percent of Slkhart's potable water supply.
The Main Street Well Field functions as a recharge pond system. The
Christiana Creek flow is diverted to numerous ponds which recharge the
shallow water table aquifer. Water cable levels, varying throughout the
year from 8 to 15 feet, are close to the surface. The unsaturated and
saturated zones consist of coarse sand with some gravel and little clay;
Che Cop 8 Co 10 feet is fill material with a chick clay layer at approxi-
mately 53 feet. All production wells are completed above this clay
layer. Infiltration from Che ponds is rapid, resulting in 800 gallons
per minute capacity per well. Though the St. Joseph River is che main
discharge point for Che area, most of che groundwacer in che well field
discharges to Christiana Creek.
Trichloroethene (TCE) has been detected in 5 of che 15 produce ion
wells. Four show concencrations ranging from 50 Co 880 aicrograms per
liter. The contamination was discovered in April 1981, with sample
analyses ongoing through 1982.
The City of Elkhart has iaplemenced several measures Co reduce TCE
Levels in che immediate vicinicy o£ che well field. Recharge ponds have
been cleaned and capacity increased, and various flow control measures,
including shutdown of specific production wells mosc adversely affecced,
have been caken. Two barrier wells have been installed to prevent Che
movement or TCS into chis well field.
MRS: 42.49
Population threatened: 44,200
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: '.
Index number on map:
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' 91
MARION (BRAGG) DUMP
WMD/RRB/ATT B-17 t. _.
Marion, Indiana
The Marion (3ragjr) Dump was covered and closed in 1975. The 40-acre
site, located near Central Avenue on the southeast edge of Marion, Grant
County, Indiana, lies in a relatively flat araa, with the Mississinewa
River within 200 yards.
The landfill was once an old jrravel pit which was subsequently used
for the disposal of various wastes. State reports indicate that the
landfill received approximately 1,400 drums per month of various wastes
for at least a two year period. At least 30,000 drums, containing a
variety of hazardous materials such as acetone, thinners, solvents,
plasticizers, lead, and cadmium, nay be buried.
Some leachate areas have been observed on the south side of the
fill. The primary concern is the threat of groundwater contamination.
Approximately 3,000 people live within a one mile radius of the fill and
draw their water from a groundwater aquifer 20 to 25 feet below the site.
As yet, there are no reports of contaminated wells in the iamediata
area.
HRS: 32.25
Population threatened: 40,300
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
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92
WMD/RKB/ATT B-18'
MIDCO I
Gary, Indiana
The Midwest Solvent Recovery Company, cotnmonly referred Co as MIDCO
I, was located at 7400 West 15th Avenue, Gary, Indiana. Operations began
at the site in April 1975. In addition to storing and reclaiming thou-
sands of drums of hazardous wastes, the company apparently dumped sludges
and other wastes into a pit on the site. On 21 December 1976, a fire
destroyed more than 14,000 drums on the site, essentially halting the
operation. Subsequently, operations were renewed at the site in late
1977.
Several thousand drums containing materials such as paint sludge,
solvents, acids, caustics, and cyanides were left stored on-site, many of
them leaking and deteriorated. The drums which were burned in the 1976
fire also remained on-site.
MIDCO I is located in a lowland area, with wetlands to the north and
east. Studies of the area have shown contamination of the surface water,
groundwater, and soils.
Using funds available under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) erected security fencing
around the site in June 1981. In February, 1982, EPA undertook a Planned
Removal Action to remove the wastes and approximately one foot of soil
from the site, and place a temporary clay cap on the site, therehv alle-
viating the threats of fire, explosion, and human contact. The removal
action took over four months to complete and cost nearly 3900,000.
Before specific remedial actions can be determined, additional investiga-
tory work will be required to 1) ascertain if wastes are buried on the
site, and 2) determine the full extent of contamination of the soil,
groundwater, and the wetlands.
A Federal civil action in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief
has teen brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site.
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93
WHD/RRB/ATT B-19 * USDF1LL
Bloooington, Indiana
Seal's Landfill is locatad directly north or State Highway 43,
approximately 4.5 miles west of Bloomington, Indiana. The site was used
as an industrial and municipal waste landfill from 1950 to 1972. It
covers abou£ 40 acres, with the main fill area approximately 300 by 150
yards.
The landfill is situated over fractured Icarst limestone. There are
a nuaber of springs which surface near the site and flow 0.8 ailes to
Rich-Land Creek, a tributary of the White River. Recently, the landfill
has been used as pasture land for beef cattle.
During parts of 1966 and 1967, capacitors and arresters filled with
polychlorinated biphenyls (PC3a), as well as PCBs-contaminated capacitor
insulation material, rags, and filter clay, were disposed of at deal's
Landfill. Presently, capacitors and other contaminated materials are
visible on the surface.
Available data show high concentrations of PC3s in the surface soils
in the northeast portion of the- landfill. PCBs has been found in water
samples from the springs near the site and in sediments of Richland
Creek. Analysis of a fat sample from a calf that had grazed on the site
indicated 65 parts per million of PCBs.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites. _
HRS: 42.93
Population threatened: 49,700
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1
Index number on map:
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94
WMD/RRB/ATT B-20
AVENUZ DCM?
Gary , Indiana
The Ninth Avenue Dump is an abandoned twenty-acre waste site located
one-quarter mile east of Cliae Avenue, on 9th Avenue in Gary, Indiana.
The site is a relatively flat, partially filled area with marsh lands to
the east and south. Operations at the dump began in 1973, and continued
through September, 1980.
In 1975, the Indiana State Board of Health inspected the site and
discovered 10,000 empty 55-gallon drums. As much as 500,000 gallons of
industrial waste may have percolated into the groundwater. At present,
250 drums are badly deteriorated and leaking. Furthermore, there are six
abandoned tank trucks on-site, as well as a suspected dump area contain-
ing liquid wastes and approximately 1,000 buried drums. The exact quan-
tity and character of these wastes are unknown. Investigators have iden-
tified aJJcylated benzenes, including toluene and p-xylene, polynuclear
s
aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters, and heavy metals.
Surface runoff from the site has been contaminating marshland sur-
rounding the site, and entering a drainage ditch on the north side of the
site. The predominantly sandy soils in the area indicate a high
potential for groundwater contamination.
In an effort to alleviate potentially hazardous conditions, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency negotiated a plan in which the site
operator agreed to begin removing surface containers and specific areas
of contaminated soil.
A Federal civil action in U.S. District Ccurt seeking injunctive relief
has teen brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site.
MRS: 40.32
Population threatened: 152,900
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1_
Index number on map:
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95
WMD/RRB/ATT B-21
PARROT FDAD DGMP
New Haven, Indiana
The 70-acre Parrot Pcad Dump lies in- a primarily rural area, en Parrot and
Hartzell Roads, New Haven, Allen County, Indiana. It was covered and closed in
1976. A ditch surrounding the site drains into the Maumee River, less than 0.5
miles from the site. A highway runs through the landfill, which is unfencsd
and easily accessible to the public.
The site was an open burning dump of considerable size at cne time. It is
believed that various wastes were buried en-site. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has evidence that leachate from the site contains
various organic chemicals, including tetrachlorcethylene; trichlorcethylene;
1,1,1-trichlorcethane; benzene; fluorene; and hexachlcrobenzene. Leachate has
been observed flowing into the drainage ditch, and soils en-site are discolored.
The primary concern is the threat of grcundwater contamination. The
aquifer, located approximately 20 feet below the 'site, provides drinking water
to nearby residents. A well SO feet east of the site is contaminated.
Approximately 1,100 people live within 3 miles of the site and draw their
drinking water- from this aquifer.
HRS: 28.58
Population threatened: 5,728
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
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96
WMD/RRB/ATT B-22
SE2J1CUR RECYCLING CORPORATION
Seymour, Indiana
Seymour Recycling Corporation is an approximately 14 acre site located in
Freeman Field Industrial Park, about 2 miles from the center of Seymour, Indiana.
The facility is an abandoned industrial waste reclamation operation. Approximately
60,000 drums and 98 bulk storage tanks containing wastes such as solvents,
phenols, cyanides, acids, and C-56, were left en-site. Hundreds of small
containers of hazardous materials, primarily from laboratory operations, were
also found en-site. Seme of them, such as ethers, are highly explosive.
Studies performed off-site indicated contamination of the soil and groundwater.
Operations began at the site in 1969, when the Seymour Manufacturing
Company moved its Chemical Divisions to land it leased at Freeman Field. In
June, 1976, the Chemical Division was incorporated into Seymour Recycling
Corporation under the ownership of the owners of Seymour Manufacturing Company.
In 1978, the site was sold to Environmental Processing Corporation. Because of
numerous permit violations, the site was shut down by the State in February
1980.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) undertook emergency actions
at the site beginning in March 1980, using section 311 of the Clean Water Act.
These actions included: installation of a dike around the site; installation
of a carbon filter unit to treat surface water on-site; sampling and testing of
drums, tanks, soil, and water; restaging of approximately 45,000 drums to more
secure areas; installation of security fencing; cleanup of a spill of 3,000
gallons of chronic acid; and removal of liquids from the bulk storage tanks.
During this time, two waste generators removed wastes from the site.
A Federal civil action in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief
has been brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site. In October 1982, EPA negotiated $7.7
million agreement with 24 generators to undertake a complete surface cleanup
at the site.
This is the top priority site in Indiana and was en the Interim Priority
List of 160 sites.
HRS: 58.15
Population threatened: 13,600
Aquifers threatened: 2
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
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9?
WMD/RRB/ATT B-23
WAYNE WASTE OIL
Columbia City, Indiana
Wayne Waste Oil, a Division of Wayne Reclamation and Recycling,
Inc., owns an 11-acre site in central Whitley County, Indiana. The site
is located on Daniel Drive in Columbia City, population 5,000. From
370,000 to 1.4 million gallons of wastes have been disposed of on the
property by open dumping on surface soils, into unlined pits, and into a
trench. The site is bordered by residences and a lumber yard on the
north and west sides, and a bend of the Blue River on the east and south
sides. Three municipal wells are located within one-eighth mile north-
east of the site.
The primary concern is the threat of groundwater contamination,
given the waste amounts, disposal practice, and the proximity of the
drinking water wells. There are open, leaking drums on-site, and waste
areas which have been covered with sands, as evidenced by disturbed sur-
face soils. Laboratory analyses indicate high levels of cyanides, lead,
chromium, and cadmium.
MRS: 42.33
Population threatened: 4,911
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ;
Index number on map:
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98
WMD/RRB/ATT B-24
WEDZEB ENTERPRISES, INC.
Lebanon, Indiana
Wedzab Enterprises, Inc. owns two warehouse facilities in Lebanon,
Indiana, which were used to store capacitors, many containing poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) insulating oils, for subsequent distribution
and resale.
On 2 May 1981 a fire occurred at the warehouse located at 415 West
Pearl Street. The _ blaze destroyed the warehouse, which contained
approximately 50,000 capacitors, and caused the release of PCBs and low
levels of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and tetrachlorodibenzofuran
(TCDF) into the immediate environment. The PCB-contaminated warehouse
debris was left on-site and remains on-site at the present tine.
State and Federal investigators sampled the warehouse premises on
several occasions, beginning on 3 May 1981. The majority of the samples
obtained from the warehouse rubble contain PCBs in excess of 500 parts
per million (ppm), with a level of 24,500 ppm recorded. TCDD and TCDF
were detected, but in low concentrations (30 to 500 parts per trillion)
that preclude adverse human health effects.
Investigators found evidence of low concentrations of PCBs in Praire
Creek at U.S. 52 Lebanon-and discovered that PCBs may have contaminated
sludge from the Lebanon sewage treatment plant via a basement drain in
the warehouse. The drain has since been sealed.
On 19 June 1981 the Indiana State Board of Health requested that the
principal owner of Wedzeb Enterprises, Inc. submit a proposal for-cleanup
and disposal. The situation was referred to the Indiana Attorney
General's office for appropriate action on 29 October 1981. To date, the
site has not been cleaned up, nor have the PCBs materials been properly
disposed of. The site is neither secured nor posted. There is no
protection from wind and weather infiltration.
The primary concern is the threat of groundwater contamination with
PCBs. The site stands on silt loam soil with a sand and gravel aquifer
approximately 100 feet beneath the surface.
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99
Michigan MJ
WMD/RR3/ATT 3-25
Adrian, Michigan
Anderson Development Conpany (ADC), locatad in Adrian, Michigan is
the sourca of widespread environmental, residential, and occupational
contamination with the carcinogenic compound 4,4'-3ethylene bis(2-chloro-
aniline), referrad to as-MSCCA... This chesical ciring agent was ssanufac-
Curad by A3C under the trade nane Curane 442 from 1971 to March, 1979.
In 1973, anilines wera found in tha last Side Drain, whara ATC dis-
charged wastavatars to the South Branch of tha Raisin River. Latar that
jear, ATC began discharging to tha Adrian mnicipal vastawatar traatssnt
plant and causad a decrease in the plant's efficiency. M30CA, was found
to be present in sewage sludge and in sadinents froa a traatnent lagoon.
Studies conducted throughout 1979 also found M3CCL to be widely distrib-
uted in soils vithin a r^o mile radius of the plant, and in the urine of
AJX vorkars and preschool'children living near AJXT.
The aanufacture of M50CA ceased in Adrian in 1979. Hesedial actions
at Che site included increasing -strait sweeping activitie's to a veekly
schedule, paving of the Sunnyside Subdivision adjacsnt to tha AUC indus-
trial zone, and cleaning of 252 households. Tha ADC plant has covered
their driveway with car and stone as part of the cleanup. Additional
"unpavad driveways and parking lots in the industrial araa near ADC were
also covered. Contaminated soils in Che industrial and residential areas
were ranoved or tilled and covered.
HRS: 31.02
Population threatened: 20,600
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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f 00
WMD/RRB/ATT B-26 ^
Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Auto Ion Chemicals, Inc., located on Mill Street in the City of
Kalamazoo, is a former plating waste treatment facility. The facility
was in operation between 1963 and 1973. During this period, Michigan
Department of Natural Resources staff documented numerous pollutant dis-
charges to the grounds, sewers, and the Xalamazoo River. Hexavalent
chromium and cyanide have been detected in spillage on the ground and in
water samples taken 'from the river. Groundwater contamination is sus-
pected, but has not yet been verified. At present, approximately 122,000
gallons of liquid plating wastes and sludges remain on-sita in three
basement arsas and an outside concrete-lined lagoon.
The City of Xalamazoo, concerned with a public safety hazard, filed
for condemnation of the facility in 1981. The facility owner filed for
an injunction, but the entire case was dropped due to reversion of the
property to'State ownership for nonpayment of taxes.
Though fencing has been constructed around che site, vandals have
repeatedly destroyed sections of che barrier. There is additional con-
cern chat two city wells, located within one and one-quarter miles of che
site, may be threatened by suspected groundwater contamination. These
wells are part of the Kalamazoo municipal system which services over
100,000 cicy residents.
MRS: 32.07
Population threatened: 76,200
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-27
BERLIN & FAHRO - LIQUID INCINERATION
Swartz Creek, iiichigan
Berlin & Farro, located at 3322 S. Morrish Road, Swartz Creek,
Michigan, incinerated liauid industrial wastas from 1971 until 1980 with
no emission controls. Open lagoons were used for storage of liquids. A
landfill on the property was used for disposal of crushed and empty
druas, and a large quantity of liquid waste- The landfill currently
contains an estimated 20,000 barrels. Four tanks containing C-56 liquids
(a pesticide by-product) and sludges hare also been found buried on the
site. Slocum Drain and Swartz Creek have been contaminated with C-56.
Air emissions of C-56 have been and continue to present a public health
threat. '
Since 1974, the Scate has pursued administrative and legal actions
to force cleanup, yielding no significant results. In May, 1980, the
Governor declared a toxic substance emergency at the site and the State
has since devoted $850,000 to site cleanup The funds were used for re-
noval and disposal of 15,300 cubic yards of sludges.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently undertook an emer-
gency removal action, using 3^10,000 of Superfund monies. Security fenc-
ing of the sits was completed In early July. The remainder of the re-
moval operation will involve additional cleanup near the incinerator area
of the site and the removal of contaminated soil.
Prior to State-funded cleanup, the site had been in Genessee County
Circuit Court since 1978, with a court -appointed receiver for the site.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 66.74
Population threatened: 4,928
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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102 1 \
WMD/RRB/ATT B-28
3UTTERWORIH NUMBER 2 LANDFILL
Grand Rapids, Michigan
The Bucterworth Number 2 Landfill, located ac 1500 Buttervorth Road,
S.W., vas owned and operated by the City of Grand Rapids until ordered
closed by Che State of Michigan in 1971. for improper operations. Prior
to closure, the landfill accepted industrial wastes, including plating
wastes, cyanides and organic solvents. The site is iaproperly covered
and has an occasional leachate problem. The site is located adjacent to
the Grand River which is threatened by leachate and runoff from the
site.
MRS: 50.3
Population threatened: 180,500
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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. t €3 «
WMD/RRB/ATT B-29
CEMETERY DUMP SITE
Oakland County, Michigan
Tie Cemetery Dump Site is locatad ia rural Oakland County, near Rose
Cancer, Michigan. Barrels or industrial wastes were dumped in an old
gravel pit near a ceaecary in the late 1960s. It ia esciatacad that 300
to 600 barrels were dumped, and buried. Sampling of the three domestic
wells next to the site has shown no contamination to date, excavation of
a trench uncovered evenc7 Co chirty barrels. Analysis of chair concents
revealed paint sludges, solvents, polychlorinatad biphenyls, and oils.
HRS: 34.16
Population threatened: 1,000,500
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1_
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-30 CHARLSVOLT MUNICIPAL WELL FI2LD
Charlevolx, Michigan
The 5,000 residents of the City of CharlevoLx, Michigan, are served
by one municipal well. In September 1981, Che Michigan Department of
Public Health discovered the presence of trichloroethylene (TCZ) ac
37 parts per billion (ppb) in Chat well. The City of Charlevoix
installed four monitoring wells around the municipal well in Novenber
1981. Sampling of these wells also indicated the presence of TCS.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted a study in June
and July 1982, to determine the source of contamination. Although Chrae
possible sources of contamination have been identified, Che actual source
is yet to be defined.
HRS: 31.95
Population threatened: 3,519
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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105 *f
WMD/RRB/ATT B-31
C3EM CENTRAL
Kane County, Michigan
The Cham Central Sice is located in Kant County, Michigan. In July
1977, a ditch located at Che U.S. 131 and 28th Street intersection ia
Wyoming Township was found by Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNS) staff to contain oily, multi-colored sediments. Analysis of those
sediments showed high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, heavy
metals, phthalates, oils, and organic compounds. The ditch has been
dewatared repeatedly since November 1977, but contaminants continue to
leach into the ditch. Hydrogeologic investigations conducted by MDNR
have traced the contamination to Cheai Central, Grand Rapids (formerly
Wolverine Solvents), a chemical distribution facility. Thera ara no
domestic wells in Che area, but contaminants continue to seep into the
dicch, discharging Co Cla Drain, a tributary of Plaster Creek. Fencing
has been constructed around Che ditch area and warning signs have been
posted.
In April 1980, Che State of Michigan filed suit in Kent County Cir-
cuit Court seeking a permanent injunction to hale Chem Central's
discharges Co the ground and dry wells and Co correct Che groundwatar
contamination problem.
HRS: 38.2
Population threatened: 432.700
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: C
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-32
CLASS WATZR SUPPLY
Clare, Michigan
Two of cfaa three municipal wells in the City of Clare, Clara County,
Michigan, are contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, includ-
ing dichloroethylene (DCS) and trichloroethylene (TCZ). The contamina-
tion was discovered by the Michigan Department of Public Health as part
of a statewide effort to sample public wster supplies for contaminants.
Levels of TCZ contamination as high as fifty-seven parts per billion
(ppb) have been found in the municipal wells. The City has taken certain
steps to decrease the amount of hydrocarbons in the water distribution
system. These measures include increasing the production of the city's
uncontaminated well and use of an aeration system to volatilize the con-
taminants. The'Michigan Department of Natural Resources has identified
eight potential sources of groundwater contamination. The U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency installed monitoring wells in the Charlevoix
area this August to identify the source of groundwater contamination.
Results of well sampling will -help identify the concaaination source.
HRS: 32.36
Population threatened: 2,639
Aquifers threatened: __1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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107 4
WMD/RRB/ATT B-33
CLIIr/DOW DUMP
Marquecca, Michigan
The Cliff/Dow Dump is located on County Road 550 ia Marquecca, Mar-
quette County, Michigan. Wood tars, a by-product of Che manufacture of
charcoal briquets, were disposed of at Che sice from 1954 until Che late
1960s. It is estimated Chat approxiaacaly 20,000 cubic yards of Che Car
exists at Che sice. Groundwater has been shown Co contain benzene,
phenol xylene, chloroform, and other constituents.
HRS: 34.66
Population threatened: 24,300
«
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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108
WMD/RRB/ATT B-34 DUELL AND GAUDNZS. LANDFILL
Muskeson County, Michigan
Duall and Gardner Landfill, located at 1235 East Bard Road, Dalton
Township, Mtiskezon County, Michigan, was in operation from approximately
1969 to 1975.
The site is poorly covered and there is evidence of open dumping of
leaking, unsealed containers. Wastes such as polychlorinated biphenyls,
f
ethyleniaine, and other unknown chemicals were detected in a soil
analysis. General refuse and garbage have been seen scattered about the
site. Groundwater contanination is suspected.
MRS: 34.66
Population threatened: 157,900
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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"-0 9 i
WMD/RRB/ATT B-35 ,
SLZCTSOVOICZ
Buchanan, Michigan
Electro 7oica, located in Buchanan, Michigan, is an existing
electroplating plant that used two seepage lagoons on-site for discharge
of wastes in the 1960s. The company abandoned the lagoons in the late
1960s and removed ouch of the material in them.
la 1979, an industrial sewer line broke, resulting in the discharge
or an unknown amount of plating wastes into Che abandoned treatment
ponds. The company immediately had the effluent treated and removed, re-
paired the line, and installed a holding tank to prevent such incidents
from occurring again.
The company installed four monitoring wells around the lagoons.
Samples taken in January 1980, indicated toluene and xylene wera present
in two of the wells and trichloroethylene was present in one of the
lagoons.
HRS: 29.77
Population threatened: 4,645
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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,10
WMD/RRB/ATT B-36 1
FOREST WASTE PRODUCTS
Genesee County, Michigan
Forest Wasta Produces is located at 3359 Ease Farrand Road, Otis-
villa, G«nesee County, Michigan. The site was licensed co operate a
landfill and receive liquid industrial wastes from 1972 to 1978. The
site is also known to have illegally received toxic materials such as ?SB
and C66 due to improper screening of incoming wastes. Oils,
polychloriaated. biphenyls (?C3), and plating wastes wera buried in drums,
as well as being dumped into surface impoundments. PC3s, copper, and
zinc have been found in the groundwater.
HRS: 38.64
Population threatened: 442,000
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-37
G i H LAOT JILL
Utica, Michigan
From Che late 1950s Co 1966, millions of gallons of industrial waste
liquids, including oils, solvents, and process sludzes, were disposed of
at the presently closed G & H Land Fill located at Ryan and 23 Mile Roads
in fftica, Macomfa County, Michigan. Liauid wastes were dumped in pita and
lagoons on the 40-acre site. Pursuant to a law suit filed by the State
of Michigan, a Consent flrder was entered in 1967, requiring the company
to cease disposal of all liquid wastes. The settlement, however, did aot
require the company to clean up the wastes already dumped at the site.
The site was operated as a refuse landfill from 1967 until it closed in
1974. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved Superfund
action on 23 July 1982 to erect a fence around a polychlorinated
biphenyl-contaoinated area. EPA and the State of Michigan have
documented contamination of soil, surface watar, and groundwater in the
vicinity of the site.
This site was on the--Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 49.09
Population threatened: 3,504
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-38
G3AND T2AVSSSZ OVERALL SUPPLY COMPANY
Grailickville, Michigan
Grand Traverse Overall Supply Company is located ia Grsilickville,
Laelanau County, Michigan, approximately one and one-half miles north of
Che city limits of Traverse City, just west of Highway M-22, and on the
north side of Cherry Bend Road. The area is relatively flat, but
one-half mile to the west the relief rises sharply. Perchloroethylene
(PCS) and crichloroethylene (TCE) have been identified in residential
wells and a school well of less than fifty feet in depth. PCS has also
been found in soils of the company seepage lagoon, a water sample from
one of the lagoons, drycleaning waste sludges, and soil samples from boch
inside and outside the company dry well. The cooling water discharge to
Cedar Lake Outlet also contained TCZ ia 1977. All process and cooling
waters are now discharged to sanitary sewers. The wet well has been
excavated.
HRS: 40.86
Population threatened: 900
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-39
GRATTCT CCONK GOLF CCCJESE
St, Lcuis, Michigan
The Qratiot County Golf Course is Li St. Lcuis, Michigan. Fran 1936 until
August 1970, the Michigan Chemical Corporation (later purchased by Velsicol
Chemical Corporation) used this 3-acre site as an industrial waste burning and
disposal ground. Hazardous wastes then seeped and ran off into the Pine River.
In 1982, Velsicol completed cleanup of the site under supervision of the
Michigan Department of Natural Kesources.
Velsicol recently agreed to a S38.S million combined settlement, part of
which will be used to offset the cost of cleanup for this site. The rest will
be used for cleanup of two other sites in Michigan — The Gratiot County Landfill
and the Velsicol plant in St. Louis.
MRS: 40.21
Population threatened: 4,101
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-40 ' | 14 ' '
GRATIOT COUNTY LANDFILL
Gratiot County, Michigan
The Gratiot County Landfill covers 40 acres about 0.5 miles southeast of
St. Louis, Michigan. Prior to 1977, the Michigan Chemical Corporation (later
purchased by Velsicol Chemical Corporation) disposed of various plant wastes,
including PBBs, at the landfill.
The State of Michigan has performed a site investigation and feasibility
study and has designed remedial actions to abate threats to public health and
the environment posed by this site.
Velsicol recently agreed to a $38.5 million combined settlement for cleanup
of this site and two others in Michigan « The Gratiot County Golf Course and
the Velsicol plant in St. Louis, Michigan.
This fs the top priority site in Michigan and was on the Interim Priority
List of 160 sites.
HRS: 53.6
Population threatened: 38,200
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1_
Index number on map:
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T 1 S *
WMD/RRB/ATT B-41 I *
HEDBLOM INDUSTSIZS
Oscoda, Michigan
Eedblua Industries was a. manufacturing plane located at 100 Au Sable
Road, Oscoda, losco Count/, Michigan. It produced stamped aecal parts
for the automotive industry. The parts were degreased with trichloro-
ethylene (TCE). From 1963 until 1972, Hedblum dumped an estimated 4,000
gallons of TC2 directly onto the ground. Thirteen residential wells
nearby have since become contaminated with TCZ. A municipal water supply
has been extended to the affected area.
HRS: 31.70
Population threatened: 2,170
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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1 16
WMD/RRB/ATT B-42 L
IONIA CITY LANDFILL
Ionia, Michigan
The Ionia City Landfill is located three-quarters of a aile east of
the City of Ionia, Ionia County, Michigan. This abandoned ten-acre land-
fill was used by the city as a refuse dump during the 1950s and 1960s and
was closed ia 1968.
A citizen's complaint in February 1981 led to the discovery of a
number of druas at the site, both buried and on the surface. About 100
drums were excavated in June 1981, under the direction of the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Many of these contained indus-
trial liquids and some were leaking. The City of Ionia placed snow
fences around the excavated drums to prevent personal contact with the
wastes. Sampling results showed the drams to contain organic solvents
and heavy metals. In July 1981, Michigan DNR placed monitoring wells
around the site and found organic and heavy netal contamination of the
groundwater.
To date, no drums have been removed from the site. A number of
drums lie within the floodplain of the nearby Grand River. Deteriorating
drums present an ongoing threat of personal contact, especially since a
portion of the site is now a recreational area. The City of Ionia's
municipal well field lies about one mile northwest of the site.
HRS: 38.02
Population threatened: 6,361
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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, 17 -
WMD/RRB/ATT B-43
SSL AVENUE LANDFILL
Xalamasoo, Michigan
The SSL Avenue. Landfill, located ia Oshtemo Township, Kalamazoo,
- Michigan, was owned and operated by Kalaoasoo County beginning in 1963,
The landfill accepted municipal refuse and industrial wastes. Residen-
tial wells near the landfill became contaminated with volatile hydro-
carbons, including chloroform, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene.
Leachate from the landfill has enterad nearby surface waters.
A suit brought against the county in 1979 by homeowners near Che
site resulted in the county providing the homeowners an alternative
potable water supply and the placement of a cap over the landfill. The
cap is not adequate and a leachate problem still exists.
HRS: 38.10
Population threatened: 76.200
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-44 KENWOOD LANDFILL
Kantvocd, Michigan
The Kantwood Landfill, located at 4900 Walma Road, Kent-wood, Xant
County, Michigan, was used as an open duno up Co 1972. From 1972 until
1975, the Kant County Departaent of Public Works operated the 55-acre
site as a amicipal landfill.
The landfill reportedly has received unidentified hazardous wastes.
A leachate collection system was installed by Che county, but oaintenance
problems with the system have lad to leachate contamination of nearby
Plaster Creak. Leachate analyses have shown the presence of cyanide and
heavy metals.
MRS: 35.39
Population threatened: 28.400
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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I19
WMD/RRB/ATT -B-45
LIQUID DISPOSAL, ETC.
tftica, Michigan
Liquid Disposal, lac. (LDI) is an abandoned liquid waste .incinera-
tion facility located at 3901 Eaxalia Road, tftica, Macomb County, Michi-
gan. The 6-acre site contains an inoperative incinerator, various
industrial liquid wastes and sludges contained in two waste lagoons,
numerous above and below ground tarks, over 1,000 drums, and numerous
small containers. Following an incident in which toxic hydroeen sulfide
gas was produced and two workers were killed, the citizens of Shelby
Township filed suit on 22 January 1982 to permanently enjoin LDI from
operating. On 27 April 1982, LDI was forced into involuntary bankruptcy.
The firm was permanently closed on 17 May 1982 by the Macomb County
Circuit Court. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and State
investigations have revealed contamination of air, soil, surface water,
and groundwater in the vicinity of LDI. On 20 May 1982, EPA approved a
Superfund action to clean up a polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminatad oil
spill at the site. On 23 July 1982, EPA approved additional Superfunri
action to remove liquid wastes from a - lagoon that was in- danger of
overflowing and to remove contaminated water from- the area surrounding
the abandoned incinerator.
4
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 63.28
Population threatened: 3,504
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-46
LITTL£?rELD TOWNSHIP DUMP
Emmet County, Michigan
The Littlefield Tovnshi? Landfill Site is located near Odea, Emmet
"County, Michigan. The publicly owned landfill had received domestic
refuse and light industrial and commercial vase2 for approximately ten
years until November 1980. Improper operation of the disposal area, in
. association with natural hydrogeological conditions at the site, has
resulted in groundwater degradation.
Leachate from the landfill has contaminated a private well in the
area with trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and ocher chlorinated
hydrocarbons. The contamination plume is moving in a southwesterly
direction toward Oden and Crooked Lake. Wells have been installed at
several different locations to monitor the plume and its contents. The
Littlefield Township Board is pursuing funding to finance Che closing and
sealing of the landfill. A solid waste transfer facility is being in-
stalled in the area and will eventually eliminate landfills in the
county.
HRS: 32.09
Population threatened: 21.300
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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121
WMD/RRB/ATT 3-47
MASON COUNTY LANDFILL
Pera Marquetta Township, Michigan
The Mason County Landfill is in Pars Marquette Township, Mason
County, Michigan, approximately 3 miles south of Ludington and one mile
east of Lake Michigan.
The landfill began operation in late 1971, and was operated for the
Mason County Department of Public Works by Acae Disposal Company of
Ludington uncil the site was closed in August 1978. While in operation,
the landfill received residential, commercial, and industrial refuse,
liquid, and sludges. A two-foot thick clay cover was put in place in
1979.
Since closure, Che landfill sice and adjacent properties have been
impacted by erosion. The landfill is suspected of polluting groundwatar
aquifers and nearby Iris Creek. Groundwatar contaminants include
pentachlorophenol, trichloroethylane, I,2-trans-dichloroethyLene, and
1,1-dechloroethane.
The operator, Acme Disposal, was issued an Order ia late 1973, re-
questing the installation of additional monitoring wells, water qualicy
analysis, and surveying at Ch.e site. A Consent Order was oubsaquer.c Ly
issued by Che Resource Recovery Commission Co cover Che icams chac re-
mained co be completed. Additional studies ara needed Co decermine che
cotal extent of contamination, which is complicated by che araa's complax
hydrogeology.
In late 1981 and early 1982, local residents fiiad cvo suics againsc
the county and Acme Disposal Company. The Mason County Department of
Public Works is postponing additional work at Che sice pending che ra-
sulcs of che Cwo suits.
HRS: 34.18
Population threatened: 1,112
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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122 •?
WMD/RRB/ATT B-48
MCGSAtf-EDISON
Calhoun County, Michigan
The McGrav-Sdison Corporation, Air Comfort Division, located at 704
North Clark Street, City of Albion, Calhoun County, Michigan, manufac-
tured air conditioners, humidifiers, etc., until closing in 1980. From
1970 until 1980, trichloroethylene(TC2)-contaminatad still bottoms (an
oil vaste) were spread on the site's dirt roads to control dust. As a
result, TCZ has been found in tvo on-sice wells and forty-five nearSy
residential wells. 'Three Albion municipal wells have also shown TCZ
contamination. The company is known to have used 10,000 gallons of TCZ
per year from 1970 to 1980.
HRS: 44.63
Population threatened: 139,500
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-49
NORTHE3NAI2Z PLATING
Cadillac, Michigan
Korthernaire Placing is an inactive electroplating facility in
Cadillac, Wexford County, Michigan. The materials on-site (2,000 gallons
of platinz sludse, 2,500 gallons of liquid plating solution in con-
tainers, and drums containing wastes contaminated with chrome and
cyanide) have contaminated the groundwater and soil. A large volume of
wastes was released through an improperly sealed sewer line. The extant
of groundwater contamination is undetermined. Two private wells have
-been contaminated and the Cadillac Well Field is threatened by releases
to the surface and the subsurface from the site.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 57.93
Population threatened: 9,990
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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' * 1*4
WMD/RRB/ATT B-50
NOVACO INDUSTRIES
Temperance, Michigan
Novaco Industries, located at 9411 Summerfield, Temperance,
Michigan, is an active chrome plating facility. In June 1979, a leak
was detected in an in-ground bath tank containing a hard-chrome plating
solution. The company estimated that approximately 100 gallons of
solution leaked out over an unknown period of time. Three area private
wells plus the company well were contaminated with hexavalent chromium.
In July 1979, Che company started purging operations to recover the
chromium. 3y summer's end, 50,000 gallons of contaminated groundwater
had been recovered and treated before operations were suspended due co
freezing weather conditions. Cleanup operations were to resume in April
1980, but no effort by the company was made to do so.
HRS: 38.10
Population threatened: 3,000
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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125 '
WMD/RRB/ATT B-51
ORGASIC CHEMICALS, INCORPORATED
Grandville, Michigan
Organic Chemicals, Incorporated, is located at 3291 Chicago Drive,
S.W., Grandville, Michigan. The facility ia • engaged ia reclamation of
spent solvents and the manufacture of small quantities of various organic
chemicals. From at least September 1974, to June 1980, the facility
discharged process vastewater and boiler blovdown and cooling water to a
seepage lagoon on the site. The facility's unpermitted groundwater
discharge, accompanied by bad housekeeping practices, has resulted in
groundwater contamination.
In April 1976, Organic Chemicals applied for a State Groundwater
Discharge Permit. The permit, which was granted in January 1977, re-
quired monitoring for pH, phenol, oil, and grease. The discharge permit
limits for these parameters were exceeded on several occasions. The
permit required the diversion of process wastes to the Grandville Sani-
tary System. A Notice and Order to Comply was issued ia 1977, when che
company failed Co comply with the permit time schedule.
The most concentrated area of contaminant plume has been identified.
Analyses of samples from beneath Che seepage lagoon identified 3,586
parts per million (ppm) total organic carbon in the groundwacer.
Methylene chloride, toluene, trichloroethylene, 1,l-dichclorethane,
acecone, 2-propanol, ethyl benzene, and 64 other substances wers also
present.
In late 1981, accumulated sludges were removed from the former cool-
ing water pond on the site. The pond was Chen backfilled with clean
material.
MRS: 32.93
Population threatened: 10,764
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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126
WMD/KRB/ATT B-52
OSSIXEXE GRQUNDWATEX CONTAMINATION
Ossineke, Michigan
Several shallow private wells near Ossineke in Alpena County,
Michigan, have been contaminated with benzene, sylene, trichloroethylene,
and chloroform since 1977. A deeper aquifer, about seventy feet below
the land surface, is currently providing an uneontarainated supply of
water. Michigan Department of Natural Resources field staff identified a
laundromat and a gasoline station as two suspected sources of the
contamination.
HRS: 33.78
Population threatened: 1,140
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-53
OTT/STCRY/CCREOVA CHEMICAL COMPANY
Ealton Township, Michigan
The Cordova Chemical Conpany is located in Dalten Township, Muskegcn
County/ Michigan, north of the City of Muskegcn. Various companies/ including
Ott Chemical and Story Chemical, have occupied the site sines 1957. The facility
was abandoned by Story Chemical in 1977.
From 1957 to 1977, wasts handling practices at the sits resulted in
extensive grcundwater contamination, contaminated soils, and unprotected tanks
of phosgene gas. v&stewater was disposed via seepage lagoons. Approximately
1.2 billion gallons of grcundwater contaminated with organic chemicals are
moving into Little Bear Creek and its tributary, causing serious degradation of
1 mile of stream.
Before acquiring the facility in late 1977, Cordova Chemical Company and
the State entered a Stipulation and Consent Crder whereby Cordova agreed to
neutralize and dispose of the phosgene gas and pay 3600,000 to the State for
abateinent of the problem. The State agreed to use 3500,000 to remove approximately
8,700 55—gallcn drums and 8,000 cubic yards of sludges and contaminated soil,
and to use 3100,000 towards planning an alternative water supply system for
affected residents. All drums have been removed from the site.
About 100 residents are new supplied with bottled water for drinking and
cocking.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites,
/
HRS: 53.41
Population threatened: 3,504
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1
Index number on map:
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128
WMD/RRB/ATT B-54 PACKAGING CORPORATION OF AMERICA
Filar City, Michigan
Packaging Corporation of Aaserica (?CA) operates a Kraft paper oil!
for production of corrugated bos aatariai in Filar City, Manistee County,
Michigan. From the 1950s until 1974, ?CA duaped untreated pulp mill
black liquor and other process wastes in a series of unlined lagoons in
Stronach Township, approximately one adle northeast of Filer City.
The Village of Sast Lake, to the northwest of the site, had to
abandon a municipal well in 1976 because of groundwater contamination
caused by the lagoons. PCA placed nine monitoring wells around the sita
in 1978. Sampling of the wells by the U.S. Environmental -Protection
Agency in August 1981 showed high levels of heavy metals and arsenic in
the groundwater. Regional groundwater flow is in the direction of
Manistee Lake, an important recreational resource in this area.
MRS: 52.15
Population threatened: 10,223
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1_
Index number on map:
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120
WMD/RRB/ATT B-55
PSTOSXZT MUNICIPAL WELLS
Petoskey, Michigan
The City of Petoskey, located in Snmit County, Michizan, uses che
nunicipal well field as the sole source of water. The field is located
at the northwest aide of Petoskey, on the shore of Little Traverse Bay
and the delta of the Bear River.
In September 1981, the Michigan Public Health Department notified
the city that samples from the city's water supply contained 20 to 50
parts per billion of trichloroethylene. A suspected source of the
pollutants is an adjacent die casting and plating firm, Petoskey
Manufacturing. The company has commissioned an extensive hydrogeologic
investigation to determine the extent of .its responsibility, if any.
Start-tip of the investigation is pending Michigan Department of Natural
Resources approval of the scope of work.
The City appropriated funds for new water supply wells and has in-
stalled testing wells in their selected new field.
MRS: 35.97
Population threatened: 5,400
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-56
SASMUSSSN'S DCKP
Brighton, Michigan
Rasmussen's Dump is located at 9040 Spicar Road, Brighton, Livinsrton
County, Michigan. The site is a former landfill which accepted an unde-
terained quantity of drums of paint sludge and liquid waste. Liquid
wastes were also dumped-directly into the landfill. Gravel mining opera-
tions have removed the old fill material, 'uncovering numerous barrels.
Soil samples near the drums show high concentrations of polychlorinated
bipheayls, althcueh no -groundwater or surface water contamination has yet
been documented. The dump was unable to meet state 1'icensing
requirements and subsequently closed in 1974.
HRS: 31.80
Population threatened: 2,457
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: '.
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-57 ROSZ TNSHI?DUMP
Oakland County, Michigan
The Rose Township Dump is one of three sites within a 5 mile area in
Oakland, Michigan. About 5,000 drums of liquid industrial wastes (paint
sludges, solvents, oils, polychlorinated biphenyls, and greases) were
illegally disposed at these sites. Barrels were deposited on the
surface, buried, and possibly drained into Che ground or pits so that
some barrels could be recycled. Groundvater, surface water, and soil
contamination has resulted. Most drums were badly rusted or completely
deteriorated, causing the contents Co leak to the ground. There were
also four to five pits with drums lying in stagnant water.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 50.92
Population threatened: 1,000.500
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1_
Index number on map:
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f-1 -J C« -?i
WMD/RRB/ATT B-58
SCA INDEPENDENT LANDFILL
Muskegon Heights, Michigan
SCA Independent Landfill, established in 1965, is located in Muske-
gon Heights, Muskegon County, Michigan. The site is situated on sandy
soils, and depth to the groundwater table is between five and seven feet.
Residences are located within one-quarter mile of the site and gas gener-
ation has been detected on-site. Monitoring wells are located on-site.
A portion of this site was treated with bentonite. However, problems
have been detected with the bentonite liner.
Groundwater and surface water contamination is confirmed. Xylene,
benzidine, dichlorobenaidine, 1,1-dichloroethane, and toluene have been
detected in monitoring wells downstream from the site.
HRS: 36.36
Population threatened: 14,800
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
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133 :
WMD/RR3/ATT B-59
SUlAKASSZi RIVER
Eowell, Michigan
Sines 1969, the Cast Forge Coirpany has cperatad a plant for Che
manufacture of aluainun cast products at 24AQ west Highland Avenue,
Hcwell, Livington County, Michigan. Until 1973, wastawater contaminated
by hydraulic fluids containing polychlorinated biohenyls (PCS) was dis-
charged co Che South Branch of Che Shiawassee River. From 1973 to 1977,
process vastawatar was discharged into a &GO,CCCHrailcn lagoon en the
plant property. Illegal discharges from Chis lagoon, as veil as_periodic
overflows of the lagoon, led to the contamination of nearby wetlands and
subsecuently Che Shiawassee River.
Results of saoaling performed by Che Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (DNS) in late 1978 showed high levels of PCS in soils around
the sits. PC3 was also found in monitoring wells on Che site in June
1979. High levels of ?C3 have been found in Shiawassae River sedirenc
below the plane property. PCS concsncrations above 1 part per million
(ppta) have been found in sediments for 14 ailes downstream of Che plant.
?C3 has also been found in fish as far as 52 ailes downstream of che
plant.
The Scats of Michigan filed suit aeainst Cast rorse on 3 November
1977 for ?C3-cont ami nation of the environment. The case was sect led
through a Consent Judgment on 19 June 1981. Pursuant co chat settlement,
the company removed its wastewater lagoon, cleaned up ?C3- concaininatad
soils and sedinents froa its property, and provided 5750, CCO for che
restoration of the Shiawassee River. In an ongoing pro.-;act, Michigan DNR
began dredging contaminated sadiaents frota che South 3ranch of che
Shiawasses ?J.ver in June 1982.
MRS: 31.01
Population threatened: 5,224
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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*• 134
WMD/RKB/ATT B-60
SOUTHWEST OTTAWA COUNT? LANDFILL
Park Township, Michigan
The Southwest Ottawa County Landfill is located in Park Township,
northwest of the City of Holland, Ottawa County, Michigan. The forty-
acre landfill was constructed and licensed in 1963, and received muni-
cipal refuse, industrial sludges, and wastewater treatment plant sludges.
Groundwater studies performed by the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources have indicated the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy
metals in monitoring wells around the sits. Several private wells were
also found to_be contaminated. Operation of the landfill ceased in 1981
as a result of administrative enforcement action initiated by the State
of Michigan. Pursuant to that action, Ottawa County closed and covered
the landfill, provided hookups to the municipal water system for resi-
»
dents with potentially affected wells, and committed the County to a
five-year post-closure care program. Ottawa County is in the process of
conducting a study Co assess the feasibility of installing a groundwater
treatment system.
HRS: 39.66
Population threatened: 13,004
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: C
Index number on map:
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<3K <
-j t) ••)
WMD/RR3/ATT B-61 X
SPARTA LANDFILL
Sparta Township, Michigan
Spares Landfill is a closed refuse dump located east of Alpine
Avenue in Sparta Township, approximately one mile southeast of the Vil-
lage of Sparta, Kent County, Michigan. Prior to 1965, the landfill was
operated by Sparta Township and a private operator. The site was pur-
chased ia 1970 by the Kent County Department of Public Works. Until
1977, the landfill accepted municipal refuse, foundry sand, and indus-
trial wastes.
In 1979, toluene and several other organic solvents wera found in
samples taken from on-site monitoring wells and off-site domestic wells.
Pursuant to a request by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
Kent County installed deep wells for two nearby affected residences and
provided bottled water for other affected homes.
HRS: 32.00
Population threatened: 8,618
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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***" 1 o f,
WMD/RRB/ATT B-62 L
SPASTAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
Vyoodnz, Michizan
The Spartan Chemical Company is located at 2539-28th Street, S.W.,
Wyoming, Michigan. The company began its operations at the site in 1952.
The company blends and packages chemicals and distributes such liquid
industrial chemicals as solvents and thizmers. At present, the company
does not manufacture or process any chemicals on—site.
Residential wells near the company have become contaminated with
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroform, and other organic com-
pounds. These wells have been abandoned and residences have been
connected to a municipal water supply.
HRS: 41.05
Population threatened: 58,600
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: (
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-63
S?I2GL£3U"RG LANDFILL
Brighton, Michigan
The Spieglaburg Landfill Site is locatad on Spicar Road in Brighton,
Livington County, Michigan. Prior co 1966, chis site was used as an open
dump. Unknown quantities of paint sludges and liquid waste wera dumped
into a pit on the site around 1977. The pit was located in a sand and
gravel excavation area. The pit recently has been covered with gravel,
and paint sludges are no longer disposed of on-site. A sand and gravel
operation is now located on another portion of the property. A limited
hydrogeological study by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to
detect groundwater contamination is nearing completion.
HRS: 53.61
Population threatened: 2,457
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-64 ISO
SPRINGFI2LID TOWNSHIP DUMP
Oakland County, Michigan
The Springfield Township Dump site, located near Davisburg in rural
Oakland County, Michigan, was an illegal disposal sice for liquid
industrial wastes. Barrels of waste were dumped on the ground, buried in
pits, and drained into the ground to reclaim the barrels. Dumping is
known to have occurred between 1966 and 1963, and possibly longer. Drum
contents were identified as paint sludges, solvents, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PC3), oils, and greases. Soils are contaminated with PC3,
metals, and some organic chemicals, Groundwater is also contaminated
with organic chemicals directly below the dumping area. However,
sampling of domestic wells for several months showed QO contamination to
water supplies. Migration of contaminants could cause more serious
impacts.
HRS: 51.97
Population threatened: 1,000,500
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1
Index number on map:
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139
WMD/RRB/ATT B-65
TA3. LAXZ
Mancslona Township, Michigan
Tar Lake is located south of Elder Road in Mancalona Township,
Antrim County, Michigan. This site is a shallow, four-acra pond "hat
served as a disposal lagoon for Che Antrim Iron Company, which operated
in Mancelona from the 1880s until 1944. The company's complex includes a
saw mill, a chemical plant, an iron extraction and smelting plant, and a
steel sill.
As long ago as 1949, groundwater contamination was documented by the
State as far as three niles from the site. Sludge deposits in Tar Lake
have bean found to contain high concentrations of heavy aetals and
phenol. Sampling of arsa residential wells in 1980 revealed the presence
of lead and phenol contamination.
HRS: 48.5
Population threatened: 3,011
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-66
U.S. AVIE2
Cass County, Michigan
U.S. Aviax Company, located in Howard Township, Cass County,
Michigan, specialises in production of auto solvents, including
windshield washing solution, auto starting fluid, and fuel line
antifreeze. In 1972, several' domestic veils southwest of the U.S. Aviax
facility wera contaminated with ether at levels up to 190 parts per
nillion. A leaking ether transmission line on-sita proved to be the
source, and repairs were made. Three of the affectad wells subsequently
were replaced at- company expense.
In November 1978, fire destroyed aost of the facility and resulted
in the release of a number of organic compounds into the soil and
groundwater. Dichloromethane, benzene, toluene, and other chemicals have
been detected in nearby residential wells.
The State of Michigan filed suit azainst Che company in early 1982.
Under Court Order, U.S. Aviex is currently conducting a pump test In
preparation for possible groundwatar purging and treatment.
MRS: 33.66
Population threatened: 46,400
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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141
WMD/RRB/ATT 3-67
VELSICOL PLANT SITE
St. Louis, Michigan
The Velsicol Chemical Company, operatad a plant formerly belonging
to the Michigan Chemical Company, at 500 Backson Street, St. Louis,
Michigan. The plant manufactured a variety of chemicals, including
polybroninated biphenyls and T3.IS. Plant effluent and poor housekeeping
practices resulted in contamination of the Pine River and soils and
groundwatar at the site. The plant closed in 1978, and all buildings
have now been removed.
Velsicol Company recently agreed to a 338.5 million combined
settlement for cleanup of this site and two others in Michigan—the
Gratiot County Landfill and the Gratiot County Golf Course.
HRS: 52.38
Population threatened: 4,101
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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342
WMD/RRB/ATT B-68 VERONA WELL FIELD
Battle Creek, Michigan
The Verona Well Field is the sole source of water for 35,000 resi-
dents of Battle Craek, Michigan. The Well Field also supplies water to
several major food-producing industries, including Kellogg, General Food,
and Ralston Purina. As a result of grcundwater contamination, 16 of the
31 wells in the Field are no longer in production. An imminent hazard is
the contamination of other municipal wells because of the horizontal
spread of groundwater contaminants.
In September 1981, hydrocarbon contamination was discovered in tap
water serving residents of Battle Creek. _Sampling in the Well Field
indicated contamination in one-third of the wells. Sampling near the
Well Field also indicated high levels of contamination in private wells.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 46.86
Population threatened: 37,600
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0_
Index number on map:
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113
WMD/RRB/ATT B-69
WASH KING LAUNDRY
Pleasant Plains Tovnship, Michigan
Wash King Laundry, Located in Pleasant Plains Township, Lake County,
Michigan, is a small privately ovned laundromat which has been in opera-
tion since 1962. During the early 1970s, dry cleaning solvents were dis-
charged with laundry wastes to Che facility's wastewatar lagoons. As a
result, approximately thirty domestic water supplies north of the
laundromat have been contaminated with perchloroethylane (PCS). PC2-
contamination was initially detected in August 1977 in a well sample
from a local commercial establishment. In February 1978, the laundry
waste dump, a suspected source of PCS, was cleaned out by Che Michigan
Department of Public Health. Use of PCS was discontinued in 1978, in
response to enforcement actions initiated by the State of Michigan. How-
ever, no relief was provided to residents with affectad wells who had
been using bottled water. A preliminary hydrogeologic study conducted in
1979 by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources established Wash
King as responsible for the PCS contamination. The lateral and vertical
extent of groundwater contamination has not yet been determined, although
the contaminant plume is known to be migrating in a northeasterly direc-
tion toward the Middle Branch of the Pare Marquette River.
HRS: 46.04
Population threatened: 3,962
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-70
WHITEHALL WELLS
Whitehall/ Michigan
The Whitehall Wells are located in Whitehall, Michigan. Perchlcrcethyier.e
(PCS) ccntaainaticn was detected in production well number 3 in January 1981,
during sampling conducted by the Michigan Department of Public Health. At that
time, Whilehall city officials were attempting to locate an acceptable site for
installation of a new municipal well to replace an existing well on the city's
south side. In February 1981, two observation wells in close proximity to
production well number 3 were found to be contaminated with high levels of
trichlorcethylene and cis-l,2-dicnlorcethylene, in addition to low levels of
PCS and 1,1-dichlorcethane.
Upon discovery of PCS contamination, the City of Whitehall took production
well number 3 off-line and increased pumping rates at the other four municipal
wells.' Well number 3 is currently used only on an emergency basis.
Limited sampling of additional wells in the area has shewn the same
chemicals in residential wells northeast of production well number 3. There
are several suspected sources of contamination, spread over a relatively wide
area, due to uncertainty regarding the direction of groundwater flew. The
United State Environmental Protection Agency has installed five monitor wells
in the area, but grcundwater sample results are not yet available.
HRS: 29.85
Population threatened: 3,017
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 0
Index number on map:
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45 • Minnesota MN
WMD/RRB/ATT B-71 BCBLUGTCN NORTHERN SITS
Brainerd/Baxtsr, Minnesota
Burlington Northern (BN) has initiated an cn-sita grcundwater investigaticn
at the Brainerd tie preservation plant, Grcundwater has been found to be moving
to the east fron the site/ in the Brainerd/Baxter area of Minnesota, with
probable discharge to the Mississippi River. Cn-site grcundwater has been
found to be contaminated by a nunber of carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons. At the request of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA)
staff, BN has agreed to expand the groundwater study to include off-site areas
between the plant site and the Mississippi River. BN is also investigating
methods by which to remove and dispose of or treat sludges and contaminated soils.
The MFCS, has sampled a number of area wells. Most currently used wells
are north or west of the plant site, while groundwater flews to the southeast
from the plant. No drinking water wells appear to be affected by contamination
at this time. Lew levels of contaminants may be entering the Mississippi River
through discharge of contaminated groundwater to the river.
Wastewater and sludges from crecscte preservation of railroad ties have
been discharged to en-site pcnds since the plant's construction in 1907. The
original pcnd was abandoned in the 1930s and covered. The existing pond has
been used since that time. Both pcnds were probably lew spots lacking any sort
of natural or constructed seal. The existing pcnd is approximately 2 acres in
area. There is approximately 3 feet of sludge within the pcnd, and an unknown
quantity cf contaminated soil beneath the sludge. Several exploratory borings
have confimed the existence of sludge and/or contaminated soil in the area cf
the original pcnd.
This site was en the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
-------
WMD/RRB/ATT B-72 *^ CORPORATION
Fridley, Minnesota
The FMC Corporation, formerly Che Northern Pump Company, disposed of
hazardous waste on the company property in Fridley, Minnesota, from the
early 1950s to the early 1970s. The property is located adjacent to the
Mississippi River. Wastes were disposed of at two locations, one con-
sisting of an 11- acre uulined landfill. Wastes consisted of solvents,
paint sludges, and plating wastes. Records indicate that solvents and
sludge were dumped directly into unlined pits and burned or buried.
Three groundwater wells used by FMC for drinking and processing were
found to be contaminated. The cities of Fridley and Brooklyn Center
withdraw driricing water from the contaminated aquifer. Groundwater also
discharges into the Mississippi River, which serves as the water supply
for the city of Minneapolis, 800 feet downstream of FMC property. The
surface driricing water supply is contaminated.
Contaminants found in the srrnundwater include: trichloroethylene;
dichloroethylene; tatrachloroethylene; raethylene chloride; 1,1 and 1,2
dichloroethane; trichloroe thane,- acetone benzene; 1,2 trans-dichloro-
ethylene; and bis-{2-ethyhexyl) phthalate. Trichloroethylene has been
found in the City of Minneapolis surface drinking water supply.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sitas.
MRS: 74.16
Population threatened: 37,800
Aquifers threatened: 3
Surface waters threatened: '.
Index number on map:
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* 1-J7 '
WMD/RRB/ATT B-73 KCPPESS COKZ
St. Paul, Minnesota
The Koppers Company operated a ccking plant at Che Midway Industrial
Fade in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1911 to 1979. The facility converted
coal to ccke and produced such byproducts as coal tars and coal tar dis-
tillates. Sappers Company has dismantled and reaoved all equipment from
the site. Additionally, the company has completed an intensive on—site
soil and groundwater investigation. The investigation revealed that
wastes discharged to th'e ground in unlined earthen pits and disposed of
on the land surface have contaminated the soil and groundwater. The con-
taminants present include polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
thiocyanata, ammonia, sulfates, phenols, oil, and grease. The contamin-
ation does not threaten St. Paul's municipal water supply, which is
obtained frota the Mississippi River just north of Minneapolis.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with the
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), will be investigating the
migration of contaminants frota the Koopers property.
In cooperation with MPCA, the Koppers Company has been working to
remove coal tar wastes and contaminated soil from the property. Thus
far, Xoppers has excavated and shipped 17,500 cubic yards of material Co
secured disposal in Illinois. When the surficial cleanup is completed,
Koppers expects to sell the property to Che St. Paul Port Authority,
which intends to sake the property available to developers of Che
St. Paul Energy Park.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 55.05
Population threatened: 263,400
Aquifers threatened: _ 1
Surface waters threatened: 0
Index number on map:
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LS SILLIER
WMD/RRB/ATT B-74
La Hillier, Minnesota
In October 1981, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA)
discovered groundwatar contaminated with organic chlorinated solvents in
the community of La Hillier, located just west of Mankato, Minnesota.
Since trichloroethylene (TCE), which is a main contaminant, may act as a
carcinogen, a health advisory was issued by the Minnesota Department of
Health to approximately 200 affected residents, suggesting that they
utilize an alternative drinking/cocking water supply. This community
also has high levels of nitrates in its groundwater. The TCS may be from
degreasers used in cleansing of the septic tanks used in the community.
.La Hillier is located in a floodplain of the Blue Earth and Minne-
sota Rivers, and until 1976, when the U.S. Corps of Engineers constructed
a dike around this area, was subject to seasonal flooding. The area of
solvent contamination in Le Hillier/Mankato is characterized by permeable
soils (unconsolidated sands and gravels) that allowed rapid infiltration
of liauids into the surficial groundwater aquifer. This . aquifer is
thought to be approximately 20 to 25 feet below the surface, with bedrock
(sandstone) being found at aoproximately the 60-foot depth.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in coordination with MPCA,
is conducting a hydro geological study of this area to determine the
source(s) of contamination and the extent of the contamination plume.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 42.49
Population threatened: 200
Aquifers threatened: 2
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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149 '
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,50. .
NEW BRIGHTON/ASDEtf HILLS
WMD/RRB/ATT B-76
Ramsey, County, Minnesota
In June 1981, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and the
Minnesota Department of Health (MDR) discovered organic solvent
contamination of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in Ramsey County.
This aquifer is used to supply drinking water to several communities in
this area. MFCA, in coordination with the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), is actively pursuing an initial hydrogeological study of
the area to determine the extent and level of contamination and the
source(s) of the contaminants.
The contamination plume is now believed to bef 6 ailes long, 3 miles
wide, and affect approximately 38,000 residents. Several suspected
sources of the contamination are now being monitored to determine what
had been disposed of at these sites in the past, when record-keeping was
not strictly regulated. The MPCA anti MDH continue to monitor the wells
in the area for worsening or stabilizing of the contamination levels.
The Department of the Army was awarded a contract in February 1982, to
perform an extensive hydrogeological study on Twin Cities Arm7 Ammunition
Plant, located in New Brighton, Minnesota. Both the State of Minnesota
and EPA have met with Array officials to coordinate all phases of the
study.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
MRS: 59.16
Population threatened: 448,100
Aquifers threatened: 3
Surface waters threatened: 5_
Index number on map:
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151
WMD/RHB/ATT B-77 OAKDALZ
Oakdaia, Minnesota
The Oakdale Disposal Sices in Washington County, Minnesota, are a
group of three adjoining properties that were used for the disposal of
industrial wastes during the 1950s. It is estimated that wore than
100,000 drums of waste products have been buried there, in addition to
large quantities of other solid industrial wastes. Groundwater and
surface water contamination has been documented in the area. The sites
are located just west of Interstate 694, at the junction of State Route
212. The sites are named for the property owners at the time when
disposal tock place.
The Albresch Site, the largest, is actually dissected by State Route
212. This was a wetland that was filled with waste. A number of large
trenches were excavated for waste burial.
The Brockman Site, located to the immediate southwest of the Al-
bresch Site, was used for disposal when the Albresch Site experienced
high water.
The Eberel Site, located to-the north of the Albresch Site, was used
for open burning of combustible materials. Solvents were opened, spilled
on the ground, and ignited. Seeoage caused groundwater contamination.
A large amount of work leading toward site cleanup has been done at
the site by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and 3M Corporation,
possibly one of the waste contributors. 3M then sponsored a cleanup of
surface material that could have been dangerous to people walking the
site. Several children's play areas were identified and cleaned up
to increase site safety. 3M then sponsored a test excavation to learn
the condition of the buried waste. The test revealed that the buried
drums were still in relatively good condition.
Current work on the site includes the accurate identification of
burial sites. When this strudy is completed, a cleanup plan will be
prepared.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sitas.
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152
REILLY M '^ CHEMICAL CORPORATION
WMD/RRB/ATT B-78
SC. Louis Park, Minnesota
Between 1917 and 1972, Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation operated
a coal tar distillation and wood preserving plant in St. Louis Park,
Minnesota. The operation was located on an 80-acra tract near Highway 7
and Louisiana Avenue. Wastes from the operation were disposed of on the
site and in a network of ditches that discharged to an adjacent wetland.
The primary area of soil and heavy groundwater contamination is below the
wetland and the southern portion of the former site itself. The wastes
consisted of a mixture of many compounds, including polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which are carcinogenic.
In May 1978, the Minnesota Department of Health was able to commence
very sensitive analysis of water using High Performance " Liquid
Chromatography. An investigation in St. Louis Park identified PAH
in wells 7, 9, 10, and 15. Three other municipal wells have subsequently
been closed, including St. Louis Park wells 4 and 5 and Hopkins well 3.
All of these wells are located in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer,
250 to 500 feet below ground surface.
In 1979, some 28 nail ti -aquifer wells wera abandoned or reconstructed
to prevent the spread of contamination. A plan for a gradient control
well' system was drawn up in 1981. Also in 1981, the Minnesota Pollution
Control Azency (MPCA) was awarded a. 3400,000 grant by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to clean out Wo deep wells on the former
Re illy site, conduct a comoiata well survey, and conduct a water
traatability study on the closed zunicipal wells. In 1982, the MPCA
entered into a Cooperative Agreement with EPA for anproximately S2
million to abandon additional nail ti -aquifer wells, conduct a study on
treating source materials, and aodel any field test portions of a
gradient control system.
The site is Minnesota's top priority site and was on the Interim
Priority List of 160 sites.
A Federal civil acticn in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief
has teen brought by the Department of Justice en behalf of SPA against responsible
carties associated with this site.
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153
WMD/RRB/ATT B-79 SOUTH ANDOVE2. SITE
Andover, Minnesota
There ara five adjacent hazardous waste disposal sites in the City
of Andover, Minnesota, on the south aide of Bunker Lake Boulevard, N.tf.,
and west of Jay Street. Solvents, paints, glues, and greases have been
disposed of or accumulated at these sites between the years 1969 and
1976. The 372 drums of waste remaining there pose a hazard because of
their high flasmability and the deterioriation of the containers. The
wastes that have been disposed of at these sites have contaminated both
shallow groundwatar and, more important, a deeper aquifer.
The shallow groundwatar is contaminated with a number of solvents,
including zethylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene,
toluene, and xylene, as well as arsenic, cadmium, lead, selenium,
cyanide, and phenols. It has been recommended that three shallow resi-
dential wells on the south side of these sites not be used for drinking
water and cocking purposes.
The problem arose when five or more waste generators provided their
wastes to four or more transporters, who in turn delivered the waste to
the five properties, where the wasta was prepared for use as a fuel,
burned on-sita, or spillad. These properties have been owned by aisht
diffarent individuals and corporations.
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency became aware of this problem
in 1973 as a rasult of Ancka County's inspection of the sites.
This sits was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 35.41
Population threatened: 3,940
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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1 54
WMD/RRB/ATT B-80 WASTE DISPOSAL ENGINEERING
Andover, Minnesota
The Waste Disposal Snzineerinz Site is located in Andover City,
Anoka County, Minnesota. A hazardous waste pit, constructed in 1972,
holds approximately 6,600 barrels. The operation of the pit was stooped
in 1974. Since that time, contamination of the groundwater beneath the
landfill was detected in hi?h concentrations. The rest of the landfill
handled sanitary wastes since approximately 1962, and is still operating
to a small degree. The Minnesota Pollution Control Azency has met with
the current owner and is monitoring the groundvater. Due to the organic
pollution of the grounriwater and the potential for contamination of near-
by drinking supplies, it appears that, as a minimum, the drums should be
removed.
This site "was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 50.92
Population threatened: 3,940
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1
Index number on map:
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$* i 55
Ohio _ OH
WMD/RRB/ATT B-81
ALLIED CHEMICAL AND I2.CNTON COKZ
Lawranca County, Ohio
The Allied Chemical and Ironton Coke facility, located on Third
Street in Ironton, Ohio, involves two adjacent industrial facilities.
Both have disposal lagoons containing hazardous wastes on their property.
Hazardous wastes such as liaie sludge from an ammonia distillation unit
and tar sludze located between the two facilities are also suspected
of contaminating groundwater. Studies have detected ammonia, chloride,
cyanides, phenols, and thiocyanates in groundwater. The contaminated
groundwater has the potential for affecting local wells. There is also
potential for contamination of the Ohio River and Ice Creek, which are
used for municipal drinking water supplies.
The present owners of Ironton Coke have stated their intention to
not use the lagoons for any purpose.
HRS: 47.05
Population threatened: 15,000
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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WMD/RRB/ATT B-82
1 58
ARCANUM IRON "AND METAL
Darke County, Ohio
Arcanum Iron and Mecal is a lead battary recycling facility Located
on Pop Rice Lane in Arcanum, Darke County, Ohio, approximately twenty-
five miles northwest of Dayton. The facility is known to have been in
the scrap metal/recycling business since the early 1960s. Currently,
large piles of battery casings, lead, and lead oxides exist on the prop-
erty, as well as standing pools of acid wastes. Acid overflow from this
operation has killed both fish and vegetation in Painter Creek,
downstream of the site. Concern exists for Arcanum's water supply, which
is furnished by wells within one mile of the sice, and for local
individual wells.
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (SPA) and the Ohio Attorney
General's Office have been involved with efforts to clean up this site.
In October 1979, both agencies entered into a Consent Decree with the
owner to clean the site. However, cleanup efforts have not been satis-
factory to either agency. The defendant has subsequently been found in
contempt of the Darke County Court of Common Pleas; however, the site has
not been cleaned up.
MRS: 62.26
Population threatened: 3,500
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
-------
157
WMD/RRB/ATT B-83
BIG D CAMPGROUND
North Kingsvilla, Ohio
Big D Campground, a 10-acrs site in Singsville, Ohio, was originally
a sand and gravel pic. The pic was used as a dump for wasce products
from 1964 to 1976. Hazardous wasce is known Co be on Che site. One of
Che companies responsible for sending wastes to Che facility is currently
conducting a soil erosion control program.
There is evidence Chat leachaCe from che facilicy is contaminating
Conneaut Creek. There is poCencial for concamination of local ground-
water supplies.
HRS: 34.78
Population threatened: 2,458
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
-------
I58
WMD/RRB/ATT B-84
BOWERS LANDFILL
Pickaway County, Ohio
/
Bowers Landfill, also known as Island Road Landfill, is located west
of Island Road, approximately 1 mile north of Circleville, Ohio, within
the western side of the Scioto River floodplain. The site is situated
over a very productive aquifer (capable of yields of 1,000 gallons ner
minute) that is utilized for both industrial and domestic water
supplies.
In 1958, a gravel pit operation was started adiacent to the future
landfill site. Shortly thereafter, a landfilling operation was started
in which soil from the gravel operation was used to cover refuse dumped
on top of the existing surface. Little is known of the initial years of
the landfill operation; however, the site is known to have accepted
•
organic and inorzanic chemicals and general domestic and industrial
refuse from 1963 to 196S. In response to a House Subcommittee inauiry,
two chemical manufacturers in the area stated that in excess of 7,500
tons of chemical wastes (physical state and concentration unknown) had
been disposed of at this site. In July 1980, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency identified toluene and ethylbenzene in water samples
from the landfill. The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency has been
successfully working with the current cwner who has hired a local
engineering firm to evaluate the site. The report has been reviewed by
Ohio, and additional information is being requested prior to selection of
a remedial option.
MRS: 51.80
Population threatened: 45,000
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1_
Index number on map:
-------
159
WMD/RRB/ATT B-85
3UCSSYS RECLAMATION
Belmont County, Ohio
The Buckeye Reclamation landfill, located near St. Clairsville in
Beliaont Count/, Ohio, was licensed as a sanitary landfill. It also
accepted industrial waste, including sludges and liquids, without Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency approval. The site has been strip mined
and undermined, and industrial waste was subsequently landfilled in a
permeable gob (composed of mining rafuse), producing erosion and
leachate. Substantial leachate discharges from the rear of Che sice have
entered a scream adjacent Co a private home. The slopes of Che filled
area are steep, and the gob used for cover is eroding. The facility
creates a surface water pollution problem ac McHahon Creek, which may be
used for recreational purposes. There is potential for contamination of
local groundwater wells.
HRS: 35.10
Population threatened: 82,300
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
-------
160
WMD/RRB/ATT B-86 ~" *
CHEM-DYNE
Hamilton, Ohio
Chan-Dyne Corporation in Hamilton, Chio, began business in 1974, and was
used as a chemical waste transfer and storage facility. While in operation,
Chem-Dyne handled a wide variety of wastes, including pesticides, chlorinated
compounds, polychlcrinated bipherryls, polybroninated biphenyls, THIS, lab packs,
acids, resins, solvent^-, heavy metals, and cyanide wastes. In 1980, Chem-Dyne
failed to meet a court-ordered waste reduction schedule. The company was then
closed and placed in the control of a court-appointed receiver in an effort to
utilize the corporate assets of Chem-Dyne to clean up the site. These efforts,
in addition to voluntary removals by generators of seme of the wastes at the
site, have reduced the waste inventory significantly.
A Federal civil suit in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief has
been brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) against the owners and operators in December 1979.
The case was dismissed when it became clear that they were bankrupt and had no
ability to clean up the site.
In August 1982, a settlement was reached with a number of waste generators
who agreed to contribute $2.4 million toward the $3.4 million allocated by the
EPA and Chio for surface cleanup of the approximately 9,000 drums and 200,000
gallons of bulk waste rsnaining at the site. Additionally, a subsurface
investigation will be performed to determine the extent of soil and grouncwater
contamination at the site.
After completion of the grcundwater study, a cleanup option, if one is
necessary, will be selected, and the responsible parties will again be given
the opportunity to act in lieu of Fund-financed remedial work.
This is the top priority site in Ohio and was on the Interim Priority List
of 160 sites.
-------
161
~WMD/RRB/ATT B-87
CCSHOCTON LANDFILL
Coshocton County, Ohio
The Coshoccon Landfill is located on State Route 83 in Franklin
Townshio, Coshocton County, Ohio, approximately 3 miles south of Che City
of Coshocton. The site consists of fifty acres of strip mined land vhich
was a licensed sanitary landfill from 1969 to 1979. During its opera-
tion, the site accepted industrial wastes.
Surface coal mining resumed after landfill operations were
discontinued at the site and areas containinz solid waste were exposed
during mining. Paints, sewage or septaee, oily wastes, halojrenated
solvents, caustics, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls (?C3s), metals,
melaaine, methanol, acetone, and epoxy resin reportedly were disposed of
at the landfill. Even though there is little known chance that
groundwater is polluted at the site, there are known surface water
pollution problems such as a leachate discharge to a tributary of Che
Muskingum River.
HRS: 39.14
Population threatened: 34,200
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: !_
Index number on map:
-------
WMD/RRB/ATT B-88
E.fl. SCHILLING LANDFILL
Lawrence County, Ohio
E.H. Schilling Landfill is situated in Hamilton Township, 4.5 miles
down-river from Ironcon, Ohio. The sice was a licensed industrial waste
landfill and began receiving waste for disposal in April 1972. The
landfill was closed in July 1980, because it accepted liquid wastes and
failed to cover wastes properly with soil. The operation of the landfill
has permitted surface-water infiltration. After the Solid Waste Disposal
License for the landfill was revoked, the site was covered and closed.
Leachate is still migrating from the landfill, although the owner
attempted to contain the flow.
HRS: 40.37
Population threatened: 59,200
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
-------
i 163
WMD/RS3/ATT B-89 ZJZLDS BROCK
Ashtabula, Ohio
Fields Brook, located in As tabula in the northeastern corner of
Ohio, is a tributary of the Ashtabula River, which flows into Lake Erie.
Fields Brock meanders for approximately four miles, first through a
diversified chemical industrial complex and then through a residential
area in Ashtabula, before emptying into the Ashtabula River. Both point
and non-point sources adjacent to Fields Brook have contaminated its
sediments with a variety of toxic organic chemicals (hexachlorobenzene,
polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobutadiene, trichloroethylene,
methylene chloride) and heavy metals (mercury, chromium, arsenic).
The contaminated sediments can potentially reach drinking water in-
takes of Lake Erie. Analyses of fish flesh indicate the bioaccumulation
of chlorinated organics. This situation poses a secondary threat to
people who consume contaminated fish.
This site was on the Interim Prioritv List of 160 sites.
HRS: 51.62
Population threatened: 23,700
Aquifers threatened: 0
Surface waters threatened: ;
Index number on map:
-------
V 164
WMD/RSB/ATT B-90
FULIZ LANDFILL
Guernsey County, Ohio
The Fultz Landfill, Guernsey County, Ohio, is a currently operating
sanitary landfill, located in Jackson Township near Byesvilla. A variety
of industrial and commercial wastes were disposed of at the facility.
Contaminants (including ethylene glycol and methylene chloride) have been
found in nearby Wills Creek. A trace of tnethylene chloride has also been
found in a sample from the Byesville water supply.
MRS: 39.42
Population threatened: 39,400
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
-------
165
IvIMD/RRB/ATT 3-91
SSASE CHEMICAL
Mahoning County, Ohio
Nease Chemical in Mahoning County, Ohio, started operation in 1961
and was closed in 1973 by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
because of wastewater discharge violations. This facility, located on
Ohio Route 14-A, manufactured chemicals such as pesticides and fire
retardants. Wastes from these processes were put into 55-gallon drums,
which were Chen buried on-site. Also, wastes were placed in unlined
lagoons as part of wastewater treatment. Field inspection determined
that the drums are leaking and the lagoons are leaching. Samples from an
on-site groundwater well and Leachate from a lagoon contain organic and
chlorinated organic substances. Negotiations between Ohio and che owners
of the facility indicate a willingness on the part of che owners co
conduct che necessary remedial activities.
HRS: 47.19
Population threatened: 15,000
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
-------
168
WMD/RRB/ATT 3-92
NEW LYME LANDFILL
Ashtabula County, Ohio
New Lyme Landfill is located near RouCa 11 on -uodgeville Road in
Ashtabula County, Ohio, approximately 20 miles south of Che cicy of
Ashtabula. The site was operated as a sanitary landfill, for which
detailed plans were approved in May 1971. The site was closed in 1978
by the Ashtabula County Board of Health. While in operation, the land-
fill accepted some industrial wastes, including cyanide sludge in drums.
Presently, serious leachate outbreaks on the north and especially the
south sides of the fill area threaten the surface waters downstream.
Concern also exists that groundwater in the araa might be degraded by
leachate from the landfill.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is currently sampling
«
groundwater at this site.
HRS: 36.70
Population threatened: 10,000
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
-------
16? '
WMD/RRB/ATT 3-93
POPLAR OIL CO.
Jefferson, Ohio
Poplar Oil Co, (included in the Interim Priority List as Laskin/Pcplar) is
an abandoned greenhouse and waste oil recovery operation at 717 Poplar Street,
Jefferson Township, Ashtabula County/ Ohio.
Liquids stored in ponds and tanks contain high levels of polychlcrinated
biphenyls (PC3s) and lesser amounts of phenols and other organic solvents. The
tanks and pcnds have the potential to overflow, leak, or collapse because of
poor construction and maintenance. Any contaminants released would enter
Cemetary Creek, which runs adjacent to the site. The creek is a tributary of
the Grand River and the source of drinking water for 24,000 Ashtabula County
residents.
Emergency response funds under section 311 of the Clean Water Act were
used for cleanup and containment activities at the site in late 1980, following
a discharge of contaminants into Cemetary Creek. In early 1981, emergency
funds were obtained to prevent further oil spillage into the creek. In addition
to the $479,000 spent in these activities, 51.2 million was allocated for a
Superfund planned removal acticn to eliminate the threat posed by two open
storage tanks and the two large lagoons containing contaminated oil.
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (CEFA) has been involved with the
f
site since 1976, investigating citizen complaints and conducting sampling
activities.
A Federal civil acticn in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief
has been brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site. This resulted in a suit under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1979. A Consent Decree in 1980
conmitted the company to clean up the site. It did not, and a planned ranrcval
acticn was begun on July 7, 1982.
-------
3 G8 •
WMD/RR3/ATT B-94
PRISTINE, INC.
Reading, Ohio
Pristine, Inc., is located in the city of Reading, Ohio, ac the
intersection of Big Four and Smalley Roads. The site is flanked on two
sides by a drum, reclaimer and a chemical company. On one of the
remaining sides is a railroad track with an adjacent trailer park, while
the other side is adjacent to the Reading watar supply well field.
Operation of the liquid waste incineration facility began in November
1974. In April 1979, an inspection revealed che presence of 8,000 to
10,000 drums and thirteen bulk storage tanks containing a wide variety of
hazardous substances, with the potential for groundwater and surface
water contamination, fire, and explosion. Also, soil was contaminated.
In June 1980, the facility ceased operations and since that time
the wastes have been reduced, through State enforcement actions, to
fifteen drums and some bulk wastes. Threats posed by the wastes at che
facility have been greacly reduced.
HRS: 35.25
Population threatened: 14,617
Aquifers threatened: 2
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
-------
WMD/RRB/ATT B-95 t 69
ROCK GlEEX (JACZ WEBB)
Rock Greek, Ohio
The Rocs Creek (Jack Webb) site is located on Hill Street in Rock
Creek., Ashtabula County, Ohio. About four years ago, the site owner
was involved with a local brine and oil haulin? business in an old srain
elevator complex consisting of three or four buildings and several
silos, he processed peat moss with a polymer and other materials. About
1,400 drums of flammable waste materials accumulated at Che sice. The
owner then filed for bankruntcy.
There is serious concern of possible fire or explosion at the site.
Most of the drums on Che site contain resins, solvents, oils, and
aqueous/acid materials. Polychlorinated biphenyls have been deteccsd.
In addition, the site is close to a school and several houses.
Some cleanup activities are currently being funded by a generator
and a 350,000 Superfund Emergency Removal grant.
HRS: 35.95
Population threatened: 731
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
-------
I 70
WMD/RRB/ATT 3-96
SXINNER LANDFILL
West Chaseer, Ohio
Skinner Landfill, West Chescar, Ohio, was never licensed. It is
located at 3750 Cincinnati-Dayton Road on a ridge, approximately thirty
feet above the East Fork of Mill Creek. The facility contains approxi-
aately 100 drums of a variety of organic, chlorinated organic, and heavy
metal substances. There is also a lagoon once used to dispose of similar
bulk wastes. The owner of the facility has indicated that old demolition
bombs were disposed of on-site as well. The facility was closed in the
early 1970s.
Although there have been no observed releases, the potential for
contamination of private drinking water wells and surface water exists.
HRS: 30.23
Population threatened: 400
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
-------
' 371
WMD/RRB/ATT B-97
SZMMIT NATIONAL
Deerfield, Ohio
Summit National, located near Deerfield in Portage County, Ohio, is
an 11-acrs facility that operated as a liquid waste incinerator from late
1972 to March 1978. During this period, approximately 60 companies sent
a wide variety of hazardous wastes to the facility. At the time the
facility was closed, an estimated 16,000 drums and 300,000 gallons of
bulk wastes remained on site.
Surface runoff from the facility threatens to contaminate the Berlin
Reservior, a backup water supply for the city of Youngstcwn. GroundvaCar
and soils had also been contaminated.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency spent 3130,000 in October
1980, under section 311 of the Clean Water Act, to remove
C-56-contaminated material which threatened the Berlin Reservior.
Between February 1980 and January 1981, the State of Ohio spent 3788,000
to control on-sita pollution and to minimize public health hazards. In
November 1981, a settlement was-reached between the State and a number of
potentially responsible parties to finance a 32.4 million cleanup of the
materials stored on the surface.
This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
HRS: 52.28
Population threatened: 350
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened:
Index number on map:
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•f
$•'-•* I
WMD/RRB/ATT B-98
VAN DALE JUNKYARD
Marietta, Ohio
The Van Dale Junkyard is located 1.5 miles northeast of the city of
Marietta, Ohio, en Route 5, just o£~ County Road 83. The licensed junkyard,
covering atout 10 acres, is on a ridge near Duck Creek, a tributary to the Ohio
River. In addition to ncnhazardcus solid wastes, hundreds of drums containing
waste dyes and organic chemicals were disposed of there. As a result of the
facility's geology and poor management practices, the stream, sediments, and an
adjacent marshy area are contaminated. Additionally, the potential exists for
contamination of local private groundwater wells.
HRS: 28.73
Population threatened: 15,300
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: 1_
Index number on map:
-------
1 73 •
WMD/RRB/ATT B-99
ZANESVILLE WELL FIELD
Zanesville, Ohio
The Zanesville Well Field, located northeast of Zanesville, Ohio, on
Che eastside of the Muskingum River, is tha water source for the City.
In late 1981, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (SPA) found that
three of the thirteen production wells had elevated levels of chemical
contaminants. A groundwater study conducted by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency during the summer of 1981 confirmed the the presence of
trichloroethylane (TCS) as a primary contaminant and lesser concentra-
tions of dichloroethylene and chloroform. The three contaminated wells,
located at the southern end of the well field, have been taken out of
service.
After organics were identified in Zanesville's water supply, the
City began flushing the system to remove contaminants remaining in the
water lines. 3y August 1982, the three wells which contained high
levels of TCS were still not in use, but were being continually pumped in
an effort to reduce the contamination and prevent further migration into
the well field. A nearby production well was also not in use because of
the danger of contamination. At that time, the City had eight wells in
service to supply 5.3 million gallons. All of the wells were used each
day on an alternating basis.
To remedy the situation, the city initiated a regular monitoring
program at the site. A neighboring industry hired a consultant to pin-
point any unknown sources of contamination and evaluate remedial
alternatives.
HRS: 28.90
Population threatened: 36,400
Aquifers threatened: 1
Surface waters threatened: ]
Index number on map:
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74 • »
Attachment A: Toxic Substances Overview
Region V's activities under TSCA fall within two main areas—inspecting
facilities for compliance with regulations developed under the TSCA and
identifying emerging problems which may be multi-media in nature and/or
for which there may be no regulatory authority. Specifically, inspec-
tions are being conducted for the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCS) compli-
ance program, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compliance program, dioxin
compliance program, asbestos in schools program, and premanufacture
notification (PMN) and test marketing exemption (TME) activities. Since
Region V is a heavily industrialized area, numerous facilities which use
equipment containing PCBs, which manufacture chemicals and pesticides,
or which use CFCs are present. In addition, about one fifth of the
total population of the United States reside in Region V. This means
that not only are there many potential sources of toxic substances in
the Region, but there are also many human receptors whose health could
be adversely effected from exposure to toxic substances.
1. PCB Compliance Program
The following table includes the breakdown by State of the number of
inspections conducted since 1978, when the PCB complaince program was
initiated. This number includes inspections completed by EPA contractors
and State inspectors. The number of facilities found to be in compliance
and in noncompliance is also indicated. The table also illustrates the
types of enforcement actions taken for those facilities found to be in
violation of the PCB regulation, as well as the number of compliance
letters issued to those facilities found to be in compliance:
-------
1*5'
TABLE
PCB COMPLIANCE PROGRAM*
Inspection Information
Number of inspections
Number in compliance
Number in noncompl iance
Closeout Actions
Compliance letters issued
Notices of noncompl iance
issued
IL
163
95
59
75
22
IN
71
24
44
18
MI
139
52
74
41
11
MN
36
12
13
8
3
OH
243
85
97
59
13
WI
104
52
51
48
12
TOTAL
757
320
343
249
68
Voluntary compliance
letters issued
Civil administrative
actions (Complaints)
issued
Consent agreements issued
21
13
Q
3
15
25
20
17
9
56
89
52
*Numbers in columns may not add up due to status unknown for cases under develop-
ment (NNCs and CAAs under development) or inspections conducted but report not
complete.
In addition, Pilot PCB Enforcement Cooperative Agreements have been awarded
to the States of Michigan and Ohio. Under these agreements, State inspectors
are conducting inspections to determine compliance with the Federal PCB regu-
lations. These programs have resulted in an increase in the number of facilities
inspected, as well as an increase in follow-up actions. No States in Region V,
other than Michigan and Ohio, have enforcement programs aimed at PCBs.
The number of facilities that still need to be inspected is estimated to
be 8,000. This estimate was made from a computer printout listing
facilities by SIC codes, which are associated with possible PCB usage.
In selecting sites for PCB inspections, the following references are
used:
Monsanto PCB purchaser list
Manufacturers/Industrial Directory Guide
List of Utilities
Referrals from States, other Federal agencies, etc.
Complaints^and spill reports
-------
*
WMD/TMB/ATT A-3 . 1
2. Dloxln Compliance Program
In 1980, regulations were promulgated regarding disposal and storage of
wastes contaminated with tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which
is highly toxic. Under these regulations wastes from manufacturing or
processing trichlorophenol or its derivatives are presumed to be contam-
inated with TCDD unless chemical analysis indicates that TCDD is not
present. Twenty dioxin compliance inspections were conducted in Region
V in FY '82. This was the first year during which dioxin inspections
were conducted. These inspections, which covered about half of the
manufacturers subject to the regulation, were conducted to document the
manufacturers' storage and disposal practices.
The final list for those facilities which may be subject to the Dioxin
Waste and Disposal Regulations under TSCA has not yet been made available
to the Region. The preliminary list that was prepared for the first
group to be inspected was compiled from printout information relating
to manufacturers and processors of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol or its pesticide
derivatives. Inspections have been conducted at all 20 manufacturers or
processors that were identified on the Region V preliminary list.
3. Asbestos in Schools Program
The asbestos in schools program requires that schools be inspected and
if asbestos is found, school staff and parents of students must be so
notified. This regulation does not require that corrective action be
taken. Of the 23,757 schools in the Region, 20,900 were inspected
for friable asbestos-containing materials as of November 1982. These
records also show that of those schools inspected, 2,377 schools required
corrective action. Of that number, 901 schools have taken steps to
eliminate or control exposure to asbetos. EPA estimates that 389,567
children attending those schools are no longer exposed to hazardous
asbestos materials. With the enactment of the Final Asbestos Inspection
Rule on May 27, 1982, all six States within Region V have actively
participated with the Regional Office to achieve a 100% inspection rate
by June 28, 1983.
At one time, Congress passed a law to provide partial funding grants
and/or low-interest loans for inspection and corrective actions. However,
this was never funded. Because of the lack of funding, many schools
have not yet taken corrective action. As indicated, Region V estimates
that more than 954,000 children attended schools in Region V in which
friable asbestos has been identified. Although approximately 390,000
school children have had their level of exposure to asbestos reduced due
to corrective actions by the school, this is only 40% of the students in
the Region.
The following table summarizes the status of the Asbestos in Schools
Program for each of the six States in Region V, as of November 1, 1982:
-------
WMD/TMB/ATT A-4
7 r<
. I C
TABLE
ASBESTOS IN SCHOOLS PROGRAM
A. Public Schools
Total number of public
schools
Public schools inspected
to date
Public schools which need
corrective action
Corrective action taken
to date
Number of children
exposed to asbestos
Number of children not
exposed to asbestos
due to corrective action
IL IN MI MN
(12/1/82)
OH WI TOTALS
4214 2096 3935 1807 4157 2221 18,430
4199 2096 3796 1672 3990 1534 17,287
462 1
59
161 250 400 250 1,692
216 10 97 55
361
15
754
218387 75159 76105 22902 189080 118175 799,808
102103 4730 45852 25996 170645 7091 356,417
B. Non-Public Schools
Total number of non-public
schools
Non-public schools
inspected to date
Schools which need
corrective action
Corrective action
taken to date
Number of children
exposed to asbestos
Number of children not
exposed to asbestos
due to corrective action
1361 496 1022 552 936 960 5,327
1068 496 775 301 481 492 3,613
300 20 60 70
75
75 160
20 12
20
15
685
147
67650 4510 13560 15785 16913 36080 154,468
16913 1128 4510 2706 4510 3383 33,150
*y
4
-------
WMD/TMB/ATT A-5 173
The list of private and public schools was obtained from individual
State Board of Education directories; reference for State school enroll-
ment was the National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of
Public Elementary and Secondary Day Schools, 1977-1978 school year and
Survey of Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1975-1977.
4. CFC Compliance Program
In 1979, the National Academy of Science estimated that CFCs could cause
a 152-18% reduction of the stratospheric ozone layer by late in the next
century. More recently, based on stratospheric ozone models, that figure
has been reduced to 5%-9% (Chemical Week, Nov. 1982). It is predicted
that a reduction in the stratospheric ozone layer will allow higher
levels of biologically damaging ultra violet radiation to reach the
Earth's surface, resulting in increased rates of cancer, especially skin
cancer, chance the climate, and procuce other adverse effects. Chloro-
fluorocarbon release may also affect the climate by increasing infrared
absorption in the atmosphere.
CFCs are used in air-conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, industrial
solvents, the manufacturing of plastic foam products, and as propellents
in aerosol spray products. Approximately 750 million pounds of CFCs were
produced in the United States in 1979. Worldwide production of the two
major types of CFCs, in 1978, was 2 billion pounds. Effective December 15,
1978, the EPA, under TSCA, banned manufacturing CFCs for use as aerosol
propellants, except for specific essential uses. Since that time the use
of CFCs as an aerosol propellant has dropped considerably. However,
Region V has an active CFC inspection program to monitor aerosol propellant
uses of CFCs by known processors. Forty-five facilities have been inspected
for compliance with the CFC exempted use requirements.
-------
t 79
REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT
ATTACHMENT A
Water
Materials used to develop the Water medium portion of this report are
attached. Documents used, which are in Regional and/or Headquarter's
files, are referenced in the following list.
Environmental Assessment and Strategy, Region V (March, 1981)
305(b) Reports (from each State)
State Water Quality Management Reports
Lake Classification Studies (Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin)
STORET Data (1980 & 1981)
GICS - Region V
The Nation's Water Resources, 1975 - 2000 (Volume 3, Appendix V)
Ohio River Basin Study (1969)
Upper Mississippi River Comprehensive Basin Study
-------
180
WATER QUALITY INDEX
The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an aggregation of a standardized set of
80 parameters and associated criteria which provides a means for measuring
and comparing water quality status to Federal water quality goals (fish-
able/swimmable). The WQI compares measured water quality with recommended
fishabl e/swimmabl e Federal water quality goals.
The data used to make the comparisons comes from various Federal , State
and Local agencies and are stored in the STORET data base. An overall WQI
number is calculated for every selected water quality sampling station
with sufficient data. The WQI number for. a station (calculated monthly)
is an aggregation of suhindices for ten pollution categories which are
weighted by the relative severity of criteria exceedances for each group.
The WQI number for a station spans a scale that may run from "0" (no
measured evidence of pollution) to a maximum of "100" (severe pollution
in most criteria/parameter groups at all times). Based on professional
judgement as to the significance of the WQI values and known water quality
status, the entire scale of 0 to 100 is divided into three ranges.
0 to 20 Indicates streams or pollution categories which
have no pollution or are minimally polluted and
are considered to meet the fishabl e/swimmabl e
goal s.
20 to 60 Indicates streams or pollution categories which
are intermittantly and/or moderately polluted
and are considered marginal with respect to the
fishabl e/swimmable goals.
60 to 100 Indicates streams or pollution categories which
are severely polluted and are considered unaccept-
able with respect to the fisable/swimmabl e goals.
The ten categories and their associated parameters are summarized in the
fol 1 owing table.
hQI
POLLUTION
CATEGORY
HOI COMPONENT
PAPA1ETEP GROUP
1. TEMPERATURE
2. OXYGEN
3. PH •
4. BACTERIA
5. TROPHIC
6. AESTHETIC
7. SOUPS
I. RADIATION
9. ORGANIC TOXICm
10. UOFGAI.IC TOXICITY
STP.CAM TEMPERATURE
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
DISSOLVED OXY5EN » SATURATION
PH
fECAL COLIFOPM
TOTAL COLIFORH
CHLOROPHYLL - A
HITPGGIN t TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS
NITRCCCS I ORTF KHCSPHCPOUS
NITFOGEN i DISSOLVED 0°IHO PHOS
TUPBIDITY
OIL >ND GREASE
PHENOL TAINTING
MSSCLVED SOLIDS
CONDUCTIVITY
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
ALPH1 RADIOACTIVITY
SETA RADIOACTIVITY
PESTICIDES
HERBICIDES
PCB'S
HEAVY METALS
CY4NIDE
APVOMA
lOTAt DISSOLVED CAS » SATURATION
-------
131 f H
Figure
Water Quality in Illinois, 1
Chemical Assessment
ILLINOIS
Very Good W.Q.
Meets Stds. _
Satisfactory
W.Q.
Usiially meets
Stds.
Poor W.Q.
Often violates
SOURC^: STORE! data analy^d by t^\Water Qa^vty Index, 1981
-------
Figure
... 182 ( '
Water Quality in Indiana, 1981 Chem1cal Assessment
'0 0 10 SO 30
INDIANA -
LEGEND
~MUHM.
Water Quality
Very Good W.Q.
Meets Stds.
Tnrlov 1 QRT
Satisfactory
W.Q.
Usually meets
Stds. _
Poor W.Q.
Often violates
-------
133?
e
s?
CO
o
c
<9
o
"a"
5
.5; >.
2 J.
Q. u.
«5
O
0.
a
te
•^
•j
N
-------
MICHIGAN
Major Dischargers:
M - Municipal
/ - Industrial
P • Power Plants
F - Federal
184 <
Figure
Water Quality in Michigan, 1981
Chemical Assessment
LZGZND
Water Quality
Very Good W.Q.
Meets Stds.
Satisfactory
W.Q.
Usually meets
Stds.
Poor W.Q.
Often violates
Stds.
-------
1 85
OHIO
Figure
Water Quality in Ohio, 1981
Chemical Assessment
Water Quality
Very Good W.Q.
Meets Stds.
Satisfactory
V.Q.
Usually nests
Stds.
SOURCE: STORE! data analyzed by the Water Quality Index, 1981 ~
Poor W.Q.
Often violates
Stds. __
-------
Figure | 56 •
Water Quality in Minnesota, 1981
Chemical Assessment
MINNESOTA
water Quality
Very Good W.Q.
Meets Stds.
Satisfactory
W.Q.
Usually meets
Stds.
Poor W.Q.
Often violates
Stds.
VT.KUA
SOURCE: STORE! data analyzed by the Water Quality Index, 1981
-------
Figure I8? '
Water Quality in Wisconsin, 1981
Chemical Assessment
'
.-•"" «..•«••
"
LEGEND
Water Quality
Very Good W.Q.
Meets
Satisfactory
W.Q.
Usually meets
Stds. _
Poor ¥.Q.
Often violates
Stds.
rcumrr. c-rnni — r J-,4-, - — ^1,. --- 1 u
n.,-,14*... T — I — inm
-------
S3 i
BIOLOGICAL
V-
!i>i« *
ILLINOIS
Figure 3 USGS Monitoring Nutwortu
CoWD,r/oA;
CONDIT/OM
Major Discha^gars:
M - Municipal
I • Industrial
P - Power Plents
F - Feetora!
A • Agricultural
Monitoring Stations:
*NASQAN Stations USGS
CUSGS Ambiant V/stsjf Duality Monitoring
-------
10 20 30 40 Miles
Major Dischargers:
M - Municipal
I - Industrial
P - Power Plants
f • Federal
GooD CONDITION
POOR
-------
180 1
'5V!5~6'"» f\ *v a
ji\sc$G fA
Sl»tt Me
end Waitr Inukes
or Disehargars:
- Municipal
1 - Inductriat
P - Power Plants
A - Agricultural
Monhoring Stations:
State
B*sic Water Monitoring
-------
Su
a
0-
OHIO
figure 16 State Monitoring Network irxf Wsiar
Goofi
F/?//?
POOR
Major Dischargers:
M - Municipal
I - Industrial
P - Power Plants
F - Federal
Monitoring Stations:
Ohio Environmental Prouctior
Wstor Intakes
-------
MICHIGAN {Lower!
Figure 11: USGS Monitoring Networks-
192
Major Dischargers:
M - Municipal
I - Industrial
P - Power Plants
F - Federal
Monitoring Stations:
J Washtenaw County Planning
Commission USGS
Water Temperature USGS
Monitoring for Village of Clarkston USGS
C.O/(j£iiTlOti
POOR
U-tN.\CTO'
-------
** I 93;
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8-2-5
Q § S
SSI
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r Plan
eral
^M ^ 5»
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£=>co
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-------
i 94,
Water Toxics
The need for evaluation and control of toxicants has received attention
in recent years impart because of the organic chemical contamination of
fish and other aquatic life and resulting mammal contamination. Sport
and commerical fishing bans or advisories resulted from DDT and PCB in
Lake Michigan from mercury in Lake St. Clair and other lakes in Illinois,
Minnesota and Wisconsin, from PCB in the Fox, Wabash, Sheboygan,
Mississippi and other rivers, etc. Mink were made sterile from eating
large diets of Lake Michigan fish, significant levels of dioxins, PCB,
dibenzofurans, etc., has been identified in fish eating birds in Green
Bay and Saginaw Bay areas. Only recently have the States or EPA signi-
ficantly started to analyze fish for organic contaminants other than a
few pesticides. As an example, a recent analyses of 25 carp from the
Ashtabula River found 3.4 ug/g octachlorostyrene and 2.6 ug/g
tetrachloroethane.
Until relatively recently little attention was paid to industrial
discharges to municipal treatment plants. Upon preliminary investigation
Region V States found many POTWs where heavy metals or organic toxicants
passed-through the treatment plant to cause water quality problems or
significantly contaminated the sludge. Over 100 POTWs have been identi-
fied by the States as having known significant sludge contamination.
Sludge contamination is particularly a problem where open distribution
to the public or to food crop farms occurred. Examples of recent or
continuing problems follow:
Facility Cadmium (ppm) Lead (ppm) PCB (ppm)
Aurora, IL 122
Elgin, IL 26-14, 473
Goshen, IN 805 676
Auburn, IN 75 478 49
Vincennes, IN 20 28,200
Baraboo, WI 131-304 486-548
Gillett, WI 356 3,138
Gallion, OH 390-2, 500 120-402
Columbus (JP), OH 65-162 656-1,000
Bryan, OH 110-310 580-1,900
In the last several years the States and EPA have been more active in
identifying, evaluting and, where needed, controlling the discharge of
industrial toxicants to municipal treatment systems that may interfere
with operation of plant, contaminate sludge or cause water quality
violations. The States and EPA have conducted detailed evaluations to
determine which POTW's should develop pretreatment programs. The
evaluations utilized information on known water quality problems, sludge
contamination, interference with treatment plant operation and type of
industry discharging to the POTW. Presently 508 POTWs (IL-92, IN-83,
MI-122, MN-63, OH-132 and WI-24) are developing evaluation and/or control
programs.
-------
195
The control of toxicants, particularly those that are persistent, is
becoming the central focus of the Region and States. While our under-
standing, and in large part control, of conventional and a few toxicants
has reached a desirable level, our understanding of and addressing of the
broad range of toxicants is just beginning. EPA and the States are just
now focusing on the control of toxicants from continuing and previous
discharges. As we improve our analytical capability and our ability to
look more intelligently at those factors which damage human health and
the environment we recognize the need to focus on toxicant pollutants.
Our water media efforts must change to more adequately address toxicants
discharged to municipal treatment systems, toxicants discharged directly
by industry and those toxicants in municipal sludge or in sediment from
previous industrial discharges.
Michigan and Indiana have recently worked to redevelop a fishery in the
St. Joseph River (Lower Michigan) now that major water quality discharge
problems from municipalities and industries have been resolved. Their
work has included construction of fish ladders and planting of game fish
to augment the tourist industry of the area. However, when an old mill
race near South Bend was cleaned, toxicant contaminated sediments and
old toxic waste drums were uncovered. This discovery has temporarily
thwarted efforts to return the St. Joe as a viable asset to the local
economy. High levels of PCBs and other organic and inorganic chemicals
have recently been found in the Kalamazoo and other Rivers, In addition,
toxicants such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other
carcinogens in the Black River (Ohio), Indiana Harbor Canal and other
waterways have accumulated in the sediments as a result of previous coke
plant discharges. Similarly, the fish and wildlife service has found
dioxin in birds from the Fox River (Green Bay). The dioxin may be from
previous discharges of pentachlorophenol. It is becoming apparent that
toxicant contamination of sediments is a pervasive problem. Sampling
indicates that toxic contaminants are present in trace quantities in
sediments of nearly every major river, lake and stream in the Region.
In many areas, these contaminants are found at elevated levels.
The list of waterways known to have sediments containing levels of toxic
contaminants is growing. Most of the existing data is on PCB and pesticide
contamination. However, recent data includes some of the lesser known
toxic contaminants. Continuing efforts will be needed to find, evaluate
and control toxicants in sediments. The question is how extensive are
these contaminated sediments and what efforts should we take to control
or remove them. In some areas they may be below the present zone of
biological activity and, therefore, not be a problem. However, they may
in the future be reintroduced through scour when the stream changes its
channel or when the stream is dredged.
While sediments constitute a continuing potential source of toxicants,
perhaps the largest source of toxicants to the Region's waters (other than
the Great Lake) is from municipal treatment plants. As stated separately,
over 100 POTWs have been identified by the States as having significantly
contaminated sludge and/or effluent toxicants. Between 450-500 POTWs are
-------
believed by the States to have toxicant problems or to have a high
potential for toxicant problems. Prior to the pretreatment program most
cities had conducted little if any work to evaluate what toxicants,
particularly organic toxicants, are being discharged to their system or
the fate of the toxicants.
Recent studies on the Ottawa River at Lima, Ohio, demonstrated that
despite good operation of an advance waste treatment plant, the effluent
was still toxic. Examination of this "high quality" system found that
butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) from a local industry was passing through
the plant and causing toxicity in the receiving water. This is a typical
example of what new work is revealing, though often the concern is with
persistent long-term bioaccumulation or direct human health effect rather
than immediate lethality. While the pretreatment program will address a
number of the more obvious toxicant problems, particularly heavy metals,
it is unrealistic to anticipate that most organic toxicants will be
addressed. The lack of adequate evaluation is due to the reluctance of
many States to look for problems. They seem to be either technically of
politically unable or unwilling to deal with the issues. Fortunately,
there is increasing recognition by the States of the need to realistically
address these issues. However, for many States it will be in the "second
round" of the pretreatment program, 2-5 years from now when increased
public pressure forces the issue.
Just as there is increasing awareness of long-term toxicant problems
from municipal/industrial discharges to the Region's waters, there is
beginning to be an understanding of the problems with toxicants in muni-
cipal sludge. As mentioned previously, over 100 POTWs have been
identified by the States as having significant sludge contamination.
This contamination is from PCB, HCB, curine, and cadmium and other heavy
metals. However, most POTWs have not conducted anen adequate evaluation
of toxicants. In most cases neither EPA nor the States have adequate
staff or skills to assist the POTWs. Similarly, most consultants
assisting the POTWs are from civil engineering firms that lack expertise
in chemical engineering and toxicology to address these issues. Also,
many POTWs cannot address these issues because of pressure from local
industries.
Sludge from many POTWs has been distributed to home gardners and to
commercial agricultural operations with little if any control. This
use of sludge is worthwhile and energy efficient but regulatory agencies
must work with POTWs and industry to assure that adequate protection of
public health is provided. In several areas, studies are needed to see
if remedial measures are needed to control problems from indiscriminate
distribution and use of sludge that was significantly contaminated
(eg: there were POTWs that "reclaimed" inner city land with 100% sludge
that later was found to contain over ten times the acceptable level of
contaminants, but no evaluation has been conducted as to the need for
remedial action). While the 100 known POTW sludge contamination situations
are starting to be addressed, little work has been done by POTWs, States
or EPA to evaluate what additional toxicants, particularly persistent
organic toxicants, may be contaminating sludge. There is a major need
through the pretreatment program for POTWs to develop industrial
-------
97
inventories and evaluate the discharge of organic and other toxicants
into their systems. Technical assistance and overview from EPA and the
States is needed, but it is not likely to occur soon.
Just as EPA and the States have not significantly addressed toxicants in
municipal effluents and in sludge that is used on land, little research
or regulatory action has gone to sludge incineration. Often the only
concern has been to find the least costly disposal method. Incineration
of municipal sludge is a common disposal method. While this has been
successful in many instances, there are several cases where this has
later resulted in environmental/human health problems. These problems
have occurred where sludges contain toxic organic contaminates that are
not broken down during low temperatures incineration, where high levels
of heavy metals occur or where high levels of phosphate or other nutrients
exist. Incineration of these materials results in volitilization rather
than destruction. This volitilization adds to the air toxicant burden
and also the toxic pollutants or nutrients are often precipitated into
the Great Lakes or other water bodies. Little work has been done to
identify POTWs that may cause significant human health/environmental
damage from this source. There is a clear need to establish a specific
Regional/Agency program to fully evaluate potential human health/environ-
mental damage from incineration of municipal sludge and to propose
controls of these toxicants or nutrients where needed.
-------
ILLINOIS
Figure 1: Major River Basins. SMSA
and Water Intakes
Major Dischargers:
M - Municipal
I - Industrial
Monitoring Stations
Slat* Stations
AWaUr InUku
n • ip -jo
-------
HAMMOM,
INDIANA
Figure 2: Major River Basins, SMSA,
and Water Intakes
Major Dischargers:
M - Municipal
I - Industrial
A Water Intakes
ctua
10 0 10 20 30 40 Milai
-------
MICHIGAN (Lower) ,
Figure 3: Major River Basins, SMSA. and Water intakes
Major Dischargers:
M - Municipal
I • Industrial
10 0 10 20 30 40M,I«»
-------
-26-
2
01
MINNESOTA
Figure 4: Major River Basins, SMSA. and Water Intakes
Major Dischargers
M - Municipal
I • Industrial
10 0, '?_.*>' 30_
-------
-32-
t i
,*«,«
5 c:U v <. IO.T »i o
OHIO
Figure 5: Major River Basins, SMSA, and Water Intakes
Dischargers:
- Municipal
Industrial
A Witar Intake*
-------
»-29- i
~ f
WISCONSIN
6: Major River Basins. SMSA. and Water Intakes
Major Dischargers
(Ml. Municipal
I. Industrial
-------
Residuals
1. Description/Definition of Problem/Causes
Environmental inter-media issues indicate that solutions for one media
may contribute to a problem in another media. This is evident in the
POTW sludge management and pretreatment areas. Previously, many
industries connected their discharges to municipal POTWs with little
advance analyses by the POTW on the fate of the waste in or on the POTW.
Often the resultant combined treatment was environmentally sound and
resulted in cost savings for both the POTW and industry. However, some
industrial waste discharged to POTWs caused significant contamination of
the POTWs sludge. PCB and cadmium are two of the more pervasive such
toxicants. Other toxicants such a curine, kepone, mercury, etc., have
caused significant localized contamination. Also,'now additional
industries are connecting to POTWs or illegally utilizing POTW sewers to
avoid the controls of RCRA, thus, introducing additional toxicants to
POTWs.
Similarly, when POTWs institute programs to control the discharge of
toxicants to their systems, often concentrated toxicant industrial
residuals are produced which can cause environmental damage if not pro-
perly recycled or disposed of.
Over 100 POTWs have presently been identified by Region V States as having
significant sludge contamination. This contamination is from PCB, HCB,
curine, and cadmium and other heavy metals. However, most POTWs have not
conducted an adequate evaluation of toxicants.
Sludge from many POTWs has been distributed to home gardners and to
commerical agricultural operations with little if any control. This use
of sludge is worthwhile and energy efficient but regulatory agencies must
work with POTWs and industry to assure that adequate protection of public
health is provided. However, some POTWs have indiscriminately distributed
their sludge only to later find that significant contamination existed.
Some POTWs "reclaimed" inner city land with 100% sludge that later was
found to contain over ten times the acceptable level of contaminants, but
no evaluation has been conducted as to the need for remedial action.
While the 100 known POTW sludge contamination situations are starting to
be addressed, little work has been done by POTWs, States or EPA to evaluate
what additional toxicants, particularly persistent organic toxicants, may
be contaminating sludge. There is a major need through the pretreatment
program for POTWs to develop industrial inventories and evaluate the
discharge of organic and other toxicants into their systems. Technical
assistance and overview from EPA and the States is needed, but it is not
likely to occur soon.
Limited regulatory action has focused on sludge incineration. Often the
only concern has been to find the least costly disposal method. Inciner-
ation of municipal sludge is a common disposal method. While this has
been successful in many instances, there are several cases where this
has later resulted in environmental/human health problems. These problems
have occurred where sludges contain toxic organic contaminates that are
not broken down during low temperatures incineration, where high levels
of heavy metals occur or where high levels of phosphate or other nutrients
exist. Incineration of these materials results in volitilzation rather
-------
205
2
than destruction. This volitilization adds to the air toxicant burden and
also the toxic pollutants or nutrients are often precipitated into the
Great Lakes or other water bodies. Little work has been done to identify
POTWs that may cause significnat human health/environmental damage from
this source.
-------
t* 206 '
INLAND LAKES
ATTACHMENT A
i
| In general the States have not been monitoring beach closings
i caused by water quality problems. Some data exist for Michigan,
i
i which in 1979 reported beach closings for inland lakes as indicated
i
i 1n Table . In 1980 no beach closings were reported for these
i
particular lakes, but a beach closing of 7 to 10 days each was •
' reported for two other lakes, Addison Oaks Lake in Oakland County
. and Dukes Lake in Chippewa County.
' As these data are not based on consistent State-wide monitoring
i
no trends can be drawn from them.
-------
30?
There were 17 bathing beaches closed for a period of time during Water Year
1979. Five of these bathing beaches were closed for the entire season. Table 4
presents specific information on lo ration, length of closing, and cause of each
official bathing beach closing during Water Year 1979.
TABLE ft. NON-SWIMMABLE WATERS DURING WATER YEAR 1979.
Location, length of closing, and cause of officia1 bathing beach closings by either
County, District, or City Health Departments in Michigan during Water Year 1979.
Inland lake with
PUBLIC BATHING BEACH
beach closed because of water qualitv problem
LfN'Vif Or LwO!'NG "
30DY OF WATER COUNTY (Curing Wf 1979)
CAUSE
Shiras Beach
City of lionising
Municipal Beach
Cass Lake Conrumty
Association Beacn
MeadowbrooK Lake
Association Beach
Ay a Ion Beach
Stoney Creek Metropolitan
Park Beaches
Burlington Lake Park I
and Huntoon Village Beaches
Silver Spring
,Lake Beach
Bruin Lake
Beach
Village of Lexington
Beach
Sandy Beach
Bay View Beach
B19 Blue Lake
Beach
Pioneer Highlands
Beach
Jordan Lake
Beach
Sleepy Hollow
State Park
Beach
Lake
Superior
Lake
Superior
Cass
Lake
Meac!owbrook
Lake
Square
Lake
Stoney
Creek
Huntoon
Lake
Silver
Spring Lake
Bruin
Lake
Lake
Huron
Baw Seese
Lake
Lake
Michigan
Big Blue
Lake
Sylvan
Lake
Jordan
Like
Lake
OvtJ
Marqu»tte
Alcer
Oakland
Oakland
Oakli.xi
Macomb
Oakland
Hayne
WashtenaH
Sanilac
Hlllsdale
Emrcett
Huskegon
Oakland
Ionia
Clinton
entire jptson
entire seiiin
entire season
entire season
entire season
July 17 -
August 9
August 1 -
Labor Day
July 20 -
Labor Day
July 15-21
July 20-22
one day in Hid- June
one day in Mid-July
two days at the end
of July
June 13
24 hours following
each rainfall
July 24
June 11
Juno M
July :o
sewaqe contamination
sewage contamination
sewage contamination
sewage contamination, high
turbidity, and soft bottom
soft mucky bottom
Suspected virus of unknown
origin
sewage contamination
probable sewage contamination
sewage contamination
sewage contamination
swm-ier's itch control
treatment
sewage contamination
Swimmer's itch control
treatment
stortwater contamination
sewage contamination
aquatic weed control treatment
rflg»ie control tic.ttwnr.
Milliner's itch control treatnvnt
-------
/I)' 208 s.
Due to the variety of potential lake conditions, the average TSI
value is presented as an estimate of the average summer water quality.
,/"
Additional Lake Classifications ^
Approximately 1200 lakes have monitoring cteta that has been
entered in the SS^ORET computer systemxtfy the MPCA. Of this
number, about 100 lakes were classified in addition to-the Phase I
study lakes (151) for thisrmal/report. These classifications are
included in Appendix D for/all interested parties and in an effort to
further define Minnesota/lake water qu&U^y patterns. The TSI
classifications for these lakes were generated TKOJU data supplied by
many sources. {In some cases, it should be cautionetL classifications
may differ from previously presented TSI values due to the merging of
. \
all available data.)
Current Minnesota Lake Water Quality Conditions
Data from over 500 lakes were summarized and indicated the following:
1. Over 38% of the study lakes had average secchi disc
transparency less than 4 feet in depth, which may present
direct contact recreation safety concerns (diving, skiing,
swimming).
2. Over 48% of the study lakes had average summer chlorophyll.
a concentrations in excess of 20 ug/I. A level of 20
ug/l has been observed to indicate lake conditions that
may be suitable for warm water fisheries and rough
fisheries. Hypolimnetic oxygen depletions may begin in the
early summer, and there is a danger of winterkills of fish
for these lakes, particularly if they are smaller in area or
have lower mean depths.
x -35-
-------
•- 209
3. Approximately 44% of the study lakes also have mean surface
total phosphorus concentrations in excess of 50 ug TP/I,
which is suggested as defining lakes where algal
productivity may be pronounced. Summer occurrences of
algal blooms may be expected-along with possible depletions
of oxygen from the bottom waters. Winterkills of fish may
occur especially in lakes with small surface areas or lower
average depths.
4. Water coloration in excess of 50 PT-CO units, which is
suggestive of significantly colored water, was encountered in
about 7% of the study lakes.
5. Total phosphorus concentrations tended to explain about 55%
of the algal production variance as estimated by statistical
analyses.
6. From preliminary calculations, about 13% of the study lakes
could be nitrogen limited at times instead of phosphorus
limited. Nitrogen limitation may cause the occurrence of
noxious blue-green algae which tend to dominate algal
specication in late summer. The occurrence of toxic algal
blooms in Minnesota was not tabulated in this report.
7. The Carlson Trophic State Index (TSI) was used to classify
lake water quality. The distrubution of mean TSI
-------
occurrence for 543 lakes was:
% Occurrence
69.2
91-100"
In genera! terms, oligotrophic lakes with cold water fisheries
could be associated with at least U.4% of the lakes. Approxi-
mately 70% of the lakes have mean TSI values greater than 50 TSI
units, and these lakes may exhibit characteristics symptomatic of
over-fertility or eutrophication. Continued degradation of these
lakes may be expected to result in periodic alga! blooms and, in
some instances, dense alga! blooms of blue-green algae. These
occurrences will likely have significant, adverse consequences for
recreational and other water uses. Reduction of sediment and
nutrient loading will produce immediate, beneficial results in the
majority of instances. Secondarily, reducing the phosphorus
supply rate may increase the in-lake ratio of total nitrogen to
total phosphorus, which will tend to discourage noxious
blue-green algae from dominating in the late summer.
•37-
-------
FIGURE 3. OEDROFHttl, A DISTRIBOTICNS. Mean sxamer epiliimetic concentrations
for 412 Minnesota lakes.
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
0
C
C
u
R
R
E
N
C
E
35-,
30]
25
20
15
10
° 0-2.6 2.6-6.4 6.4-20 20-30 30-60 60-150 150-300 >300
CHLOROPHYLL .A pg/1
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Division of Water Quality
-------
FIGURE 6. TOTAL PHOSPHORUS DISTRIBUTIONS. Mean sunroer epilimnetic concentrations
for 514 Minnesota lakes.
20-
P
1 IS"
R
C
E
N
T
0
C 10J
C
u
R
R
E
N
? 5-
E
0
8888:
0-10
*x:::x:x::
•X:888:
ttxjtfxx'j
wSx&t
•X*XvX*X
:&x':::x:
X-X'XvX-
88:J88
10-20
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TOTAL PHOSPHORUS vg/1
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Division of Water Quality
1982
-29-
-------
13
>4I%
26-40%
Figure 34. The percentage of oligotrophic lakes in each county
predicted by the TSI-SO model.
o
-------
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| | Too few lakes
in .county
-------
3
-------
16
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217
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-------
221
SUMMARY
1. The Land Resource Programs Division, Michigan
Department of Natural Resources, collected chemical and physi-
cal information for 656 Michigan inland lakes greater than or
equal to 50 surface acres in size with boat launch facilities.
Additionally, watershed information, such as size, local relief,
land use, and soil types were determined and compiled.
2. Lakes and impoundments included in this study ranged
in size from 50 to 20,044 acres (20,2 - 8115 hectares) and in
depth from 3 to 285 feet (0.9 - 87 meters). Lake types varied
from completely "closed systems" with no inlets or outlets to
"open systems" with numerous inlets and outlets.
3. Sixty-three (63) or approximately 10% of the lakes
contained "soft" water having alkalinities less than 20 mg/1.
"Soft" water lakes have the potential of being impacted by acid
precipitation because of their low buffering capabilities or
inability to neutralize the acid waters. The most apparent ef-
fect of acid precipitation is the reduction or elimination of
fish populations. The majority (80%) of the "soft" water lakes
were located in the western portion of the Upper Peninsula; an
area of igneous bedrock outcroppings and carbonate-poor soils.
4. Trophic classification of lakes was determined with
three in-lake measurements (total phosphorus, chlorophyll a,
transparency) and the relative density of macrophytes. Survey
results indicate that 12% of the lakes are oligotrophic, 62%
are mesotrophic, and 26% are eutrophic. The greatest percent-
age of eutrophic lakes are in the southern half of the Lower
Peninsula where Michigan's most fertile soils and large popula-
tion centers are located. The greatest percentage of oligo-
trophic lakes are located in the northern half of the Lower
Peninsula.
^ - -3-
-------
5. Forty-six (46) lakes or 7% of the total lakes surveyed
receive phosphorus inputs from one or more municipal and/or in-
dustrial discharges. Twenty-eight (28) of these lakes are
classified eutrophic which constitutes only 16% of all lakes
classified eutrophic in the study. Therefore, future protec-
tion/rehabilitation projects must look more closely at other
causes, such as "naturally" occurring eutrophic lakes and non-
point nutrient sources.
-------
223
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225
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
The direct water quality impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSO) in the
Region have not been quantified to a great extent. One indirect or
surrogate measure of environmental impacts of CSO's that has been used
in the past is the amount of dollar expenditures for projects to correct
or abate CSO discharges. One such measure is the Agency's bi-annual
Needs Survey. The 1982 survey indicates a potential estimated need of
$11.8 billion for construction of CSO abatement needs in the Region.
This represents 33 percent of the total national CSO needs estimated in
the report. A breakdown of these needs, by State and by levels of control
associated with meeting designated stream use classifications, is shown
in Table 1.
The CSO needs reported in the 1978 and 1980 Needs Survey (Category V
costs) were $12.76 and $10.38 billion respectively in 1980 dollars for
Region V states. Updating these estimates to 1982 dollars the CSO needs
are $15.5 and $12.6 billion.
These previous Needs Surveys however, were based on an assumed recreation
use of each combined sewer overflow area. The 1982 survey approach matches
the degree of needed wastewater treatment with the actual stream use
designated by the State. As such, the 1982 survey represents the best data
available on potential CSO needs in the Region. The 1982 Survey indicates
that there are 513 combined sewer systems in Region V. A breakdown by State
is shown in Table 2.
The Needs Survey also contains information, on an economic basis, of CSO
needs that have already been met. The 1982 Survey shows for Region V
states that $1.96 billion of CSO needs have been met. A State breakdown
is shown in Table 3. ( The figures discussed earlier are net needs
remaining.) These needs would have been met by EPA grant funds, State
grants, non-EPA grants, e.g. HUD, and local funds.
According to the information on the Regional Construction Grants Management
System (RCGMS), the Region has currently provided 1.065 billion in grant
funds for over 50 CSO Step 3 and 4 projects to date. In terms of pending
CSO projects, RCGMS shows that there are 104 projects for $2.04 billion
of Category V costs on the current state project priority lists. These
projects are on both the fundable portion and extended portion of the
priority lists.
In the past, the Region has tracked and reported on various "major" CSO
projects for various purposes. Principally, these include major dischargers
to the Great Lakes basin, for the Great Lakes National Program Office, and
CSO projects over $50 million to EPA Headquarters. The Region has con-
solidated these various lists of major dischargers into a single list of
35 major projects. The overall status, and proposed solutions are shown
for each of these projects in the attachment in Table 4.
-------
226*
Based upon the preceding project-specific analysis, state wide CSO project
management trends have developed to reveal the following results. In
Ohio, CSO projects have generally been assigned low-priority status and
therefore, do not get funded. Most Indiana projects are still in the
Step 1 planning stage with CSO solutions still to be recommended. Wisconsin
projects are currently under construction. Michigan and Minnesota
(Minneapolis/St. Paul) CSO projects have experienced difficulty in being
justifiable based upon water quality related impacts. Finally, two out of
the three Illinois projects had been completed in earlier fiscal years
when such projects were generally assigned higher priority values and grant
funding was more easily obtained. Overall, the general trend across the
Region has shown a decreased emphasis on CSO projects. As a result, the
104 projects discussed earlier on the state project priority lists may
not actually receive construction grant funding as might be expected in
the coming years.
In further addressing the CSO problem in Region V, the discussion in Part I
brings to the forefront that:
1. CSO issues are very project (or site) specific,
2. CSO problems are being treated differently by each of the
six states in the Region.
Region V's experience with past CSO project reviews indicates that there are
various barriers to overcome in dealing with CSO projects. These are discussed
briefly below:
1 - There currently exists no definition of flow regime under
which water quality standards are applicable to wet weather
flows. Low flow relief is defined for flows less than
the 7 Day/10 year flows. While this recognizes that WQS
cannot be expected to operate under unusually low flow
conditions, it is equally logical to establish high flow
conditions that are unusual, (e.g. during a 100 year storm
storm where major river suspended solids include houses,
cars, trees etc. a typical suspended solids standard is
obviously inappropriate).
2 - Due, in part, to the above permits there has been no
comprehensive policy for issuance of NPDES dealing with
CSO discharges. Those permits that have been issued are
generally done on a case-by-case basis frequently emenating
from controversial situations. However, most CSO discharges
are not permitted with limits. Therefore, enforcement
against the local community is often lacking. Motovation
for CSO projects are frequently emenating from pressures
other than pollution abatement (e.g. basement flooding).
-------
3 - PG-61 the only guidance document by EPA which is utilized
as the basis for funding CSO projects, was not established
on WQS or law but primarily on an economic basis. The
knee-of-the-curve maximizes removal of BOD and similar
pollutant indicators per dollar spent without making a
direct analysis on whether that level of treatment is
more or less than necessary for attainment of WQ or benefits.
4 - Definition of "significant water quality" problems tend to
be indirect with regard to many major CSO events, causing
benthic loadings and downstream impacts to impoundments
which may be difficult to asses. Additionally, CSO
impacts are often masked by non-point source impacts.
5 - Since the basis of many CSO activities include other
objectives, they result frequently in multi-purpose
projects. The complexity of the multi-purpose funding
policy used by EPA opens many pitfalls for implementation,
particularly since eligibility cannot be determined
until the end of the planning process.
6 - Finally, since established EPA guidance in this area is
minimal, many decisions concerning CSO projects are made
on a case-by-case basis, and in five States in this
region these decisions are made at the State level through
delegation. Therefore, it is anticipated that the project
solutions, impacts, and cost will tend to vary considerably
from state to state.
The implications for agency management are that until sufficient Water
Quality work is completed to support, i.e. justify, the major expenditures
that CSO projects generally seem to call for, few CSO projects may actually
receive sufficient priority to receive grant funding and proceed to
construction.
-------
228 -<
Table 1
1982 NEEDS SURVEY
CATEGORY V (CSO) NEEDS - REGION
Thousdands of 1982 Dollars
STATE
IL
IN
MI
MN
OH
WI
TOTAL
FISH &
WILDLIFE
2,168
2,468,900
2,061,005
40
339,695
0
4,871,808
RECREATION
1,013,077
446,361
1,944
293,286
2,921,034
369,650
5,045,352
SEWER
SEPARATION
126,729
51,978
86,190
26,269
618,002
0
909,168
V
FACILITIES
PLAN
954,048
0
8,318
1,126
0
0
963,492
TOTAL
2,096,022
2,967,239
2,157,457
320,721
3,878,731
369,650
11,789,820
National Total: 35,739,535
Region V Percent of National Total: 32.98%
Note: The costs for aesthetics and public health designated stream uses are
zero for each state in Region V.
Source: 1982 Needs Survey, Cost Estimates for Construction of Publicly-Owned
Wastewater Treatment Facilities, December 31, 1982.
-------
229
Table 2
1982 NEEDS SURVEY
NUMBER OF COMBINED SEWER
SYSTEMS BY STATE
State
IL 124
IN 137
MI 95
MN 19
OH 124
WI 14
TOTAL 513
SOURCE: 1982 Needs Survey, cost estimates for construction of publicly-
owned wastewater treatment facilities, December 31, 1982.
-------
Table 3
1982 NEEDS SURVEY
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW
TOTAL AND NET NEEDS
Thousands of 1982 Dollars
STATE
IL
IN
MI
MN
OH
WI
TOTALS
TOTAL
NEEDS
3,895,893
3,020,250
2,199,052
325,862
3,898,022
412,448
13,751,527
NEEDS
MET
1,799,871
53,011
41,595
5,141
19,291
42,798
1,961,707
NET NEEDS
REPORTED TO COI
2,096,022
2,967,239
2,157,457
320,721
3,878,731
369,650
11,789,820
SOURCE: 1982 Needs Survey, Cost Estimates for Construction of Publicly-
Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities, December 31, 1982.
-------
331
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035
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A/P-1
Reference Materials and Data Used by the Region V Drinking Water Program
in Preparing Parts 1 and 2.
a. Region V Public Water System Statistics and Compliance Trends
The regional map shows the areas where barium, fluoride, and alpha
radiation contamination are found. They are associated with the
cambro-ordivician sandstone formation that rises from greater than
2,000 feet deep in Indiana; to almost the surface in Wisconsin. It
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The area essentially stops at the Illinois-Wisconsin border due to
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The charts that follow the map are self explanatory breakdowns of
public water system statistics and compliance data for Region V.
This information was developed from the Federal Reporting Data
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T 2
Location of Public Hater Systems Using the Cambro-Ordovician
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b. Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals in Region V Drinking Water
During 1981, U.S. EPA conducted a sampling of 945 public water sup-
plies which use ground water as a source, specifically looking for
the presence of volatile synthetic organic chemicals (VOCs). Samples
were collected from water systems in all States, and the laboratory
analyses specifically looked for the presence of 34 chemicals which
are considered to be a health hazard at low concentrations.
Laboratory equipment capable of reliably detecting VOCs at low con-
centrations has only recently become available, so it has taken State
laboratories some time to up-grade their equipment and staff with
qualified personnel in order to process VOC samples. A few States
had early indications of wide-spread contamination so had begun some
sampling, but in general, most States had little idea of how wide-
spread the problem could be. Nationally, there was contamination
above the laboratory detection limit found during the survey in
about 25% of the randomly selected systems. About this same per-
centage is now being found in Region V States.
During the past year, U.S. EPA and the Region V States have begun
additional sampling for VOCs, within current resource and labora-
tory capability constraints. Following is a summary of data avail-
able to this point on sampling completed and prevalence of VOCs in
Region V drinking water.
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WD/DWGWPB/ATT A
63
c. Herbicides in Region V Drinking Water
During 1981 and 1982, the Water Quality Laboratory at Heidelberg
College in Tiffin, Ohio studied the occurrence and transport of
currently-used pesticides in tributary streams draining agricultural
water sheds. The pesticide measurements were from 12 stream gaging
stations and occasionally from tap water at a 23,000 population pub-
lic water system that uses one of the streams as their source of
drinking water supply. This research c-oocentrated on detailed studies
during storm events following periods of major pesticide application,
and concluded that relatively high concentrations of many currently-
used pesticides are present in rivers draining large agricultural
watersheds. They occur primarily during the run-off events of May
and June. Where municipalities withdraw public water supplies di-
rectly from rivers, finished tap water may contain pesticide con-
centrations similar to those in the raw water, unless special ef-
forts are made to remove soluble organic compounds. For many
currently-used pesticides insufficient data are available to assess
human health hazards. Given the levels of human exposure to these
compounds through drinking water, they should be given priority for
further investigation of potential health effects. The following
table shows the concentrations of herbicides found in the City's
tap water. The State laboratory also confirmed high herbicide con-
centrations in this system's finished drinking water.
Comparison of herbicide concentrations in city tap water with nearby
river samples (all concentrations in ug/1)
Source Date
City Tap 810617
Water 810702
810713
810807
820528
Downstream 810615
River 810622
Location 810629
8205 -
Atrazine Simazine Alachlor Metolachlor
15.87
6.30
9.13
1.48
11.0
12.95
05
93
18.8
Upstream
River
Location
810617
810702
810712
8205 -
19.73
5.85
1.48
48.4
0.85
0.38
0.88
0.30
0.7
0.559
1.581
0.479
2.52
0.91
0.25
0.12
3.6
14.36
1.97
3.30
0.75
11.4
11.89
3.52
1.91
18.19
10.68
1.64
0.27
69.6
16.23
4.37
6.45
1.8
24.2
12.42
4.29
4.00
40.6
13.36
3.25
0.87
90.8
-------
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A
d. Concerns Expressed by Region V State Water Supply Programs
1) Laboratory support
Laboratory equipment and staff is generally not adequate for the
sampling that presently should be done for synthetic organic chem-
icals in drinking water. As additional water systems are identi-
fied with contamination, the follow-up sampling that will be re-
quired creates a considerable additional load. Present resource
restrictions cause a restricted sampling program which results in
only a small percentage of the population being protected. Delays
in processing and analyzing samples due to laboratory back-up has
an adverse effect on adequately following up on identified prob-
lems, and creates some loss of creditability with the public.
There is often lack of consistency of data between laboratories,
causing confusion and lack of public confidence.
Although newer laboratory equipment with increased sensitivity
will surely be introduced as laboratories are up-graded, it
should be kept in mind that the net result will probably be the
discovery of additional new contaminants and lower concentrations.
This will accordingly create even greater demands on laboratory
services because of increased confirmation and follow-up require-
ments.
2) Water system surveillance and technical assistance
Surveillance and technical assistance relative to organic chemical
contamination is generating increased program demands on State
staff at a time when both State and Federal resources are being
generally reduced. The net result is program personnel becoming
overwhelmed by a large number of projects with inadequate time
to provide an acceptable level of service to any of them. The
only apparent solution is to try to reorganize priorities at
State and Federal levels.
Good progress has been made in the noncommunity public water sup-
ply program. Many potential serious construction deficiencies
and microbiological contamination problems are being found and
corrected, with great benefit to the public at nominal cost.
There is fear that dwindling resources and new priority responsi-
bilities could adversely affect this program.
Suggested methods of re-adjusting priorities to allow more staff
time for newly identified problems are to 1) carefully examine
all repetitive monitoring requirements to allow States maximum
flexibility in modifying monitoring where appropriate, 2) re-
examine the maximum contaminant levels to make sure they are
established at meaningful public health related levels, and
3) review specified analytical techniques to eliminate or ad-
just any which are too rigid.
-------
1 "265 *
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A
3) Maximum contaminant leveli
It is perceived by many State program staff, water supply opera-
tors, as well as the public that there is not sufficient evidence
of the health dangers of some of the present MCLs to support the
rather substantial expenditures required of some systems. It is
difficult to obtain compliance if there appears to be any chance
that the MCL may be relaxed in the future. The standards par-
ticularly considered in this category are those for barium, fluo-
ride, radionuclides, arsenic, chromium and selenium.
There is also concern over the difficulty in enforcing the ni-
trate MCL. There is tremendous resistance to expending local
resources for the rather expensive removal of a contaminant that
benefits only a very small portion of the population served. The
cost/benefit ratio appears far too great to water system opera-
tors and the public.
4) Treatment of contaminated water
Concern is expressed that there is general reluctance by water
systems to consider treatment for contaminant removal if other
alternatives are available. Research and development funding
should be enhanced to show that treatment is safe, and how and
when it is viable.
5) Public information
There is a feeling that the public is not/beTng~"a~cFequately in-
formed or educated on the public healthffangers concerning drink-
ing water. Many decisions concerning public water supply changes
and improvements are being made because of emotional and politi-
cal pressures rather than on sound technical judgement.
6) Water treatment devices
The market is being plagued with innacurate claims on point-of-
use water treatment devices, with the result of a false sense of
security by an uninformed public. There is even danger of some
devices causing adverse health effects. It appears that control
over these devices may be necessary.
-------
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A
Part 1 - Documentation Related to Aldicarb Contamination of Ground Water
in Wisconsin which supports Sections IE4b, IIASf, IIA5e(2), and
IIB5d(2)(d)
Information Presented:
1) History of Aldicarb Contamination (excerpted from the Draft Environ-
mental Impact Statement prepared by the State of Wisconsin Department
of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection on "Proposed Rules
Relating to Special Resitrctions on the Use of Pesticides Containing
Aldicarb")
2) Map of the 10 central counties of Wisconsin and the approximate
boundaries of the sand plain (excerpted from a draft report prepared
by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and attributed to
its source).
-------
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A
History of Aldicarb Contamination of Groundwater
In mid-1976, soon after aldicarb was registered for use on potatoes,
Cornell University researchers indicated a concern for potential leaching
ability to the compound in the sand regions and Long LIsland (5, 43). In
1979, samples were analyzed by Union Carbide and In August 1979, the cor-
poration informed the U.S. EPA that aldicarb had been identified in a few
shallow wells located with potato fields (5,48). Additional sampling con-
firmed that contamination of the ground water-existed in many wells lo-
cated around the potato fields in eastern Long Island (5).
A level of 7 ppb was set as an advisory guideline level for aldicarb con-
tamination by the New York State Department of Health. In addition, an
agreement to further test the water was put into place. Between August
1979 and mid-March 1980, approximately 270 New York wells were sampled.
Included in the sampling were 11 irrigation wells, 45 public wells and
214 private wells. Of these samples, 61 wells were over the guideline
level and an additional 35 wells had amounts detected below the guideline
(5). Union Carbide's laboratory has a method sensitivity for the analysis
procedure of 1 ppb in ground water (2).
Union Carbide continued to analyze for aldicarb contamination in Logan
Island wells. In 1980, Union Carbide analyzed 7,650 samples which resulted
in confirmation of contamination of two public water supplies and the
following results of analysis of private wells (46):
73% of samples analyzed No residue detected
13.4% of samples analyzed 1-7 ppb residue detected
7.4% of samples analyzed 8-30 ppb residue detected
4.3% of samples analyzed 31-75 ppb residue detected
2.1% of samples analyzed >75 ppb residue detected
As a result of the contaminant problems, Union Carbide, in February 1980,
voluntarily amended its aldicarb label to exclude uses of the chemical on
Long Island (2, 37). In addition, the State of New York took action
against the registration of the aldicarb product and has continued the
ban of the sale of aldicarb for use of Long Island (37).
Union Carbide was granted an Experimental Use Permit in 1980 to study
timing, dosage rates and alternate placement of aldicarb in an attempt to
assure minimization of ground water contamination. That study was not
continued in 1981 (5). INTERA Environmental Consultants, Inc. was
contracted to do modeling work for EPA and determined that breakdown of
Temik" could take years (5). Union Carbide contracted with INTERA to do
some additonal simultations of varying degradation and source rates of
aldicarb using the modeling developed in the EPA contract work along with
new information developed by Union Carbde that indicates a half life of
aldicarb in ground water to be 3 years (23, 29).
-------
ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
INVENTORY OF SITES
Task 3(a2) & 3(b) of Groundwater Management Strategy for Michigan
Major Funding From Environmental Protection Agency Grant No. P00558801
July 1982
-------
SUMMARY OF SOURCES
. NATURE OF SOURCE
Storage and handling of petroleum products: Total
— Gasoline stations
— Crude bulk storage, refining, pipelines
— Other storage/use (RR yards, co-ops,
industries)
— Transportation spills
— Residential gasoline/fuel oil storage
Heavy industry (mining, casting, chemical
manufacturing, large volumes)
Unknown source (most appear to be gasoline
contaminations)
Surface and subsurface solid waste
(sanitary landfills, illegal dumps,
on-site industrial dumps)
Salt storage/road salting
Light industry (small metal plating, printing,
manufacturing, woodworking, etc.)
Oil and gas exploration/production brines
Agriculture (animal/vegetable processors,
fertilizer/herbicide applicators or
distributors)
Municipal Wastewater
Transportation spills (fertilizer,
chemicals, etc.)
Laundromats
All others, e.g. spill during fire
KNOWN
NUMBER OF % OF
INCIDENTS TOTAL
112 25.5
—47 —10.5
—30 —7
—29 —6.5
—2 —0.5
—4 —1
96 22
59 13.5
57 13
33 7.5
24 5.5
19 4
8 2
7 1.5
5 1
5 1
16 3.5
TOTALS 441 100%
SUSPECT:
WMBER OF
INCIDENTS
27
—5
—3
—12
—5
—2
64
2
215
86
19
8
8
2
1
19
5
456
:D
% OF
TOTAL
6
—1
—1
—2.5
—1
—0.5
14
0.5
47-
19
4
2
2
0.5
0.5
4
1
100%
(1979 TOTALS 268 KNOW
381 SUSPECTED)
-------
CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES
Approximately 50% of the population of Michigan depends upon groundwater
for its drinking water. Consequently, groundwater contamination problems
frequently impact drinking water supply wells. There are over several
thousand sites that pose a significant potential for contaminating the
groundwater (see page 203). Since there are so many such sites, most of
which have never been investigated and are not subject to current regu-
latory programs, many of these problems only surface as a result of
complaints from well owners and health departments about unusual tastes
and odors in the drinking water. A major portion of the new known contam-
ination sites listed in this inventory involve the contamination of water
supply wells. In addition, within the past year, several municipal ground-
water supplies have been found to be contaminated. The distribution of
sites where drinking water wells have been contaminated are shown on the
map on the following page. These sites are also identified in the inventory.
-------
J- fAlKASKA C&AWSOAO, OSCOD*
•„•
-
.: .-.' *. i ....•
(KAMCM ', HlliSOH.1 \EK»*tl ' «ON«O
DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINATED},.*, 1**L •**. J_JLj _s_-
DRINKING WATER WELLS
• Sites where one or
more wells have
been contaminated
Sites where municipal
wells are contaminated
1982
-------
LOCATIONS WHERE GROUNDWATERS ARE KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN POLLUTED
The following is an inventory of locations for which the Department
presently has information on hand to indicate that groundwaters at a
particular site are or have been polluted.
Many more sites have experienced some form of groundwater contamination
than has been possible to include in this ^inventory. Our intent is to
focus attention on sites which seem to have" the greatest environmental
consequences. Sites which have experienced contamination from domestic
septic tank tile field systems are not included. In addition, documentation
in this inventory of contamination at several hundred sites due to the
spill or loss of limited volumes of gasoline or brine was beyond the
scope of this project.
Site investigations, well samplings, as well as literature and file
reviews are examples of on-going activities of the Department which
provide evidence of the presence or absence of groundwater contamination.
Contamination site information is also provided by state and local health
departments as it becomes available. Consequently, an inventory of
this nature is never "complete" as new information necessitates the
continual updating of the list.
Given the above mentioned limitations, this inventory documents 441
locations where groundwaters are known to have been polluted (as of
May,1982.)
-------
>£>
DISTRIBUTION OF SITES WHERE
GROUNDWATERS ARE KNOWN TO
HAVE BEEN POLLUTED*
"This does not Include septic tank-tile field
contamination or some limited volume brine
or gasoline contamination sites."
SOIIR^F ' Knouun
-------
LOCATIONS WHERE GROUNDWATERS ARE SUSPECTED TO HAVE BEEN POLLUTED
The following is an inventory of locations at which the Department has
reason to believe groundwaters may have been polluted but lacks sufficient
data to reach a definite conclusion. This inventory lists sites where
past or current activities or incidents are suspected of having caused
(or continue to cause) contaminants to enter the groundwaters. The
sites on this inventory need additional data before they can be adequately
evaluated as to whether or not the groundwater has been contaminated,
and whether there is an environmental problem of concern. (Domestic
septic tank-tile field incidents are not included,)
Inclusion of a site in this inventory was based on the following criteria:
1. A release of pollutants is believed to have occurred at the site.
This could be such as a release from the confines of a disposal
area, or a loss or spill where an uncontrolled release of pollutants
has occurred to the soils or the subsurface; and
2. At least two of the following are believed to be true:
a) groundwater in the area is highly vulnerable to pollution
based upon permeability of the soils and depth to the groundwater,
b) the pollutants involved are hazardous to human health and
the environment.
c) v the quantities of pollutants released could be sufficient
to limit the use of the groundwater in the affected area.
About 456 sites have been listed as of May, 1982) as being suspected
groundwacer problem sites meeting the above criteria. This inventory is
continually updated as further information about the sites becomes
available to the Department.
-------
275 •
BliilP
— • ^iti_w iTritnc {"-•• = •
GROUNDWATERS ARE SUSPECTED^
TO BE POLLUTED
DISTRIBUTION OF SITES WHERE HF
SOURCE: Suspected Site Inventory as of May 1982
-------
LOCATIONS AT WUICH THERE EXISTS A POTENTIAL FOR
GROUNDWATER TO BECOME CONTAMINATED
l Numerous activities exist that by their very nature could cause ground-
I water to become contaminated. These activities were described with
| listings by category of sites where the activities were occurring in
1 Part II Assessment of Groundwater Contamination in Michigan, December
1979 (currently out of print). It was beyond the scope of this project
to update the potential listings. However, category descriptions and
summary information have been repeated here in predominantly the same
form as in 1979, with some updating and rewording for clarity.
For the majority of potential sites within each category described,
insufficient information exists to assess whether they have caused a
groundwater problem. It is expected that as such reviews are conducted,
many of the sites will be found to be additional groundwater problems
which will need to be addressed.
•mi
-------
Explanation of Chart Showing the Number of Potential
Groundwater Contamination Sites in Michigan
The chart on the following pages illustrates the number of sites with
.the potential for contaminating groundwater in the state. Each category
within a bar on the chart is given a relative rating of concern for
potential groundwater contamination. Generally, those categories of
greater concern are shown on the far left of the chart (see legend on
graph).
Most of the categories that are described in the following text are
shown on the chart. The bar labeled "Miscellaneous" on the chart does
not correspond with a miscellaneous category in the text. The categories
included in the bar under "Miscellaneous" are discussed separately in
the text under their respective headings. The combining of these categories
was done for ease of illustration, and does not indicate that they are
of lesser significance or concern than those categories shown as single
bars.
-------
* a 71,
POTENTIAL
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GASOLINE
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-------
Gasoline Stations
There were an estimated 5,657 gasoline stations operating in 1981 in
the stats . Approximately 2,675 gasoline stations closed between 1972
and 1981 . A number of additional, unidentified closed gasoline stations
most likely exist. The number of gasoline stations per county.in 1972
for those counties with greater than 500 retail establishments is given
in the table of "County Totals for Selected-Site Categories". The
degree of potential hazard that gasoline stations pose to the groundwater
is determined by the methods of transport, handling and storage of
gasoline by the volume of material on site and by the hydrogeology of
the area.
Gasoline stations are regulated by the Michigan Flammable Liquid Regulations
of 1973, under authority of Act 207, P.A. of 1941, as amended by Act
3, P.A. of 1978 (the Michigan Fire Protection Act). This act regulates
the transport, handling and storage of flammable liquid and the abandonment
of gasoline stations. The Fire Marshall's Office of the Michigan Department
of State Police administers and enforces this act.
The number of gasoline stations in operation is based on information
from the Energy Administration, Michigan Department of Commerce and
the Michigan Treasury Department.
The number of gasoline stations that were operating in 1972 was obtained
from the 1972 Consensus of Retail Trade and Area Statistics of Michigan,
U.S. Department of Commerce.
225
-------
'"-».
gBV
1120 business pesticide applicators and 345
state as of November, 1981. The number of
jing to renew their licenses for restricted
Is slightly under 3,500, down from 12,000 in
cause groundwater contamination when transported
groundwater. The degree of potential hazard
ids on the amount and kind of pesticide used
• *3
jtthe area in which the pesticide is used.
|f (Act 171, P.A. 1976) regulates the registration,
'^lon of pesticide users. Regulation 636 (amendment
•^requires the certification of aerial applicators.
229
-------
REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT
ATTACHMENT A
GREAT LAKES
TOXIC CONTAMINATION
A unique characteristic of the Great Lakes Basin ecosystem is the long
retention time of the lakewaters. The Great Lakes constitute an essentially
closed system, entirely unlike riverine systems which discharge their water
and pollutant to oceans in a relatively short time. Due to their closed-
system nature, the lakes accumulate persistent toxic substances. For this
reason, the lakes serve as a laboratory where new pollutants often first
show their effects and where they can be studied and controlled from a
system perspective.
While data was not available to determine the presence of persistent toxic
substances in the Great Lakes in the early 1970's, major monitoring efforts
launched through the Great Lakes International Surveillance Plan, the Pollu-
tion from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG), and the Upper Lakes
Reference Group developed an information base which permitted a basinwide
inventory of contaminants in sediment, water, air, sludges, plankton, fish or
wildlife, as reported in Appendix E to the 1976 and 1978 U.S. Canada Water
Quality Board Reports. It was apparent from these inventories that the
contaminant issue was a basin problem and was not isolated to discrete "hot
spots", all ecosystem compartments demonstrating ubiquitous contamination.
With a history of commercial fishery bans (e.g. banning fishing in Lake
St. Clair because of mercury), fish consumption advisories in effect on all
the lakes, and the continued identfication of new compounds in the Great Lakes,
there is widespread concern for the contamination of the Great Lakes by
persistent toxic substances and the serious environmental problems which can
result from this contamination. Until recently there was no direct evidence
of human health impacts due to toxicants in the Great Lakes. However, a direct
linear correlation between PCB contamination in Lake Michigan fish and levels
of PCBs in the blood of sport fishing families in 18 Michigan counties bordering
Lake Michigan has been reported. (Humphrey 1980).
While toxic substances found in Great Lakes fish pose a clear threat to
human health, their affects elsewhere within the ecosystem are less well
established. It appears that Lake trout reproduction in Lake Michigan is
being prevented by unknown toxics and it has been shown that PCB's can
interfere with growth.
Under the provision of the 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the
Governments of Canada and the United States are required to control and
prevent the input of toxic substances into the Great Lakes, and to rehabil-
itate portions of the Great Lakes already degraded by toxic contamination.
(Toxic substances as used herein refers to persistent toxic substances, as
defined in the 1978 Water Quality Agreement, as well as other toxic chemicals
-------
•**'
of potential concern in the Great Lakes Basin.) These goals are to be
accomplished through the development of programs and activities designed
to virtually eliminate the entry of toxic substances into the Great Lakes
ecosystem.
The requirements of Annex 12 of the Agreement call for programs which
include: inventories of toxic substances ranging from production and use
to release or disposal; close coordination between air, water, and solid
waste control programs; and joint programs to manage hazardous materials.
In addition the Agreement requires monitoring and research programs to
address the increasing threat of toxic substances, and activities in support
of an early warning system to anticipate toxic substances problems.
Restrictions or bans on the use or manufacture of chemicals deemed to
represent environmental hazards are the major remedial efforts in Canada
and the United States. Both countries are developing legislative controls.
As many of the toxics problems encountered to date are the result of
unregulated discharges from the past, which were not discovered until
dangerous levels of the compounds were present in the fish and throughout
the ecosystem, control of human exposure to these materials resulted in
many restrictions on sport fisheries and bans on commercial fisheries.
Most organic contaminants, because of their diffuse atmospheric input and
because of their persistence, have become basinwide problems. Because of
the widespread usage of pesticides, such as DDT and herbicides, and
organochlorines such as PCBs, there is a strong tendency for these
contaminants to cause system-wide problems. For example, in 1978 the
Water Quality Board notified the International Joint Commission of the
presence of dioxin in fish in Saginaw Bay. Follow-up studies examining
dioxin levels in the eggs of herring gulls found dioxin levels between
9-14 nonograms/kg. in Lake Superior, Huron, Erie and Michigan. Elevated
levels were found in eggs from gull colonies in Saginaw Bay and from
colonies throughout Lake Ontario. These elevated levels are considered to
be the result of historic releases in that dioxin levels in Lake Ontario
herring gulls have decreased from more than 700 nonograms/kg. in 1971 to
68 nonograms/kg. in 1980.
General indications of declines of PCB, DDT and DDE have been found in fish
and gull populations throughout the basin, indicative of decreased exposure
of the biological community.
There have also been substantial decreases in the concentration of organ-
ochlorine residues in a variety of species of small fish of Lakes
Ontario and Erie. Declines in PCB concentrations have ranged between 22%
and 89% in Lake Ontario fish samples and between 60% and 89% in Lake Erie
fish samples. The general nature of this decrease in a variety of fish
species implies a decrease in input of organochlorides to the system.
Similarly PCB, DDT and mi rex residues declined in herring gull eggs from
both Lower Lakes during 1979. Declines are also reported for Lake Huron
and Lake Michigan, although declines in Lake Superior were not as significant
as in the other lakes. These declines also represent decreased inputs of
contaminants to the Great Lakes.
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84
Sediments are a natural historic data bank representing past and present
conditions in the Great Lakes. Surficial organic contaminent concentra-
tions, particularly PCBs and DDTs tended to increase up to 1974-76, and
they generally decreased since that time with imposition of manufacturing
bans.
While the decreases in some ambient toxicant levels are encouraging, new
compounds continue to be discovered and the rate of decline in PCB's ap-
pears to have reached a plateau in at least some areas and to be increas-
ing in Lake Superior waters.
In response to.the presence of numerous persistent organic contaminants in
the Great Lakes ecosystem studies have been undertaken to assess the asso-
ciated hazard and risk to human health and the environment. A result is
the development of action levels by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
regarding the commercial sale of fish containing such contaminants as DDT,
PCB, mirex, toxaphene, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Several states have issued fish
consumption advisories, in addition, for the protection of human health.
Further, the 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement contains specific
objectives regarding the maximum contaminant level in fish.
Toxaphene and toxaphene-like substances have been detected in fish caught
in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan between 1977 and 1980 in concentrations
which ranged from 0.4 to 10.9 mg/kg. In response to concern in the U.S.
about the presence and persistence of toxaphene in the Great Lakes, the
U.S. EPA banned most uses of toxaphene in September 1982, to begin reducing
the levels of toxaphene in the environment. Toxaphene, a common pesticide
which was employed in pest control on cotton, wheat, beef cattle, soybeans
and peanuts, is suspected of causing cancer in humans and is found to be
extremely toxic to fish and other wildlife.
Metals of concern in the Great Lakes are primarily those which can bioaccu-
mulate and therefore potentially represent a threat to human health and
the general ecological community. Mercury, tin, cadmium, copper, zinc and
lead are the primary concerns for whole lake problems because of elevated
levels and/or the ability to bioaccumulate. Lead levels in the sediments
of the Great Lakes have increased in all lake basins since the 1930s.
Levels of lead in the Great Lakes are not thought to be a problem at pre-
sent levels, but if loadings continue, a problem could develop particularly
with the potential for lead methylation.
Lake Superior: A contaminant problem unique to Lake Superior is that of
asbestos-1ike fibers in the vicinity of Silver Bay.
Amphibole fiber concentrations in raw Lake Superior water samples collec-
ted from northeastern Minnesota municipal water intakes have decreased
progressively since April 1980, the date when the taconite tailings dis-
charge at Silver Bay, Minnesota, ended. The magnitude of fiber reduction
at western Lake Superior sampling sites decreases in the order of Beaver
Bay-Silver Bay-Two Harbors-Duluth, (where the concentration has decreased
more than 90%). This distribution appears to be related to water depth in
the area of each intake. Beaver Bay and Silver Bay, although very close
to the past taconite tailings discharge site, are adjacent to deep water,
whereas the Duluth area is relatively shallow and subject to the resuspen-
sion of settled sediments. Since tailings cover more than 1000 square
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285
miles of lake bottom, resuspension may produce measurable levels of amphi-
bole fibers in the Duluth area for some time.
Trends and residue levels of PCB and dieldrin in gull eggs collected from
two monitored colonies in Lake Superior have indicated little change since
1974.
But levels of persistent organochlorines such as DDE are declining at rates
similar to those observed in Lake Ontario colonies. Reproductive success of
gulls at one of the monitored colonies was normal while the other was below
normal. The contrast in the apparent ecosystem behavior of the chemically
similar residues DDE and PCB, might reflect the continuing input of PCB
into Lake Superior from the atmosphere. Levels of DDT, PCBs and Mercury
in lake trout collected near Thunder Bay have decreased, but high levels
of toxaphene found in lake trout taken from Lake Siskiwit (Isle Royale)
appear to indicate that contaminant problems in Lake Superior remain a
serious environmental problem. This concern is also reflected in the
contaminant levels in herring gull eggs where levels of PCB and dieldrin
have shown little change between 1974 and 1980 as compared with the Lower
Lakes.
Lake Huron: Declining trends have been demonstrated in all major organ-
ochlorines detected in eggs from the two gull colonies monitored in
Lake Huron. Rapid rates of decline are evident for DDE, DDT, HCB and
mirex. PCBs and dieldrin are declining more slowly. Reproductive success
of both colonies in Lake Huron was normal in 1979. Levels of PCB, DDT,
and dieldrin are below Agreement objectives in lake trout, smelt and walleye.
Since there are few trend data for Lake Huron and Lake Superior, investiga-
tors are prevented from doing a thorough analysis as to the status of these
systems with regard to toxic materials.
Analysis of Saginaw Bay gull eggs show elevated levels of TCDD, approximately
six times higher than the "baseline" levels in other colonies in Lake
Michigan, Lake Superior and other parts of Lake Huron. Preliminary results
from a study by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on levels of TCDDs in
the Great Lakes support the findings of the herring gull study, in that
residues of TCDD were highest in fish from the Tittabawassee River and
Saginaw Bay. Fish from both of these water bodies contained TCDD in excess
of 20 ng/kg, while a composite lake trout sample from Lake Michigan,
contained 5 ng/kg. Fish from Lake Superior and Lake Siskiwit did not
contain TCDD or other PCDDs at measurable concentrations. Fish and Herring
gull samples from Saginaw Bay and Fish samples from Lake Huron were found
to have more complex mixtures of PCDD congeners than the usual 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
The fishery of the Saginaw River System and Saginaw Bay is impacted by PCB,
PBB, and dioxin contamination. Fish consumption bans are in effect for
portions of the area rivers, and a fish comsumption advisory is in effect
for Saginaw Bay. Sediments in the Pine River are contaminated with PBB,
and sediments in the Saginaw River are contaminated with PCB.
Lake Michigan: Persistent organic contaminants remain a major environ-
mental concern in the Lake Michigan Basin, in spite of substantial progress
to reduce inputs to the lake.
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286
Levels of DDT in bloater chubs, coho salmon, lake trout and in herring
gull eggs have declined by as much as 90% between the late 1960's and
1980. These declines demonstrate the rapid response throughout the biolog-
ical system to the ban on the use of DDT, which went into effect during
1970.
In response to controls on the manufacture, use, and disposal of PCBs,
levels in fish are declining, but weaknesses in quality assurance place in
doubt the confirmation of any downward trend. An estimated 80 to 90% of
the PCBs reaching Lake Michigan come by way of the atmosphere. PCBs enter
the atmosphere when materials containing this substance are incinerated
or when they escape from landfills via volatization. In addition, the very
high concentration of PCBs in the sediment of Waukegan Harbor is a source
of contamination to the lake.
Lake Michigan gull colonies continue to exhibit high levels of PCBs and DDE.
At the same time levels at Sister Island in Green Bay indicate a decline
in residues in 1979. Levels of dieldrin continued to be the highest of
all Great Lakes colonies, but reproductive success at both gull colonies
was normal. Levels of heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane and p,p'-DDD have
also remained constant, while p,p'-DDT, DDE, mirex and PCB have declined.
In spite of the ban on the use of dieldrin, levels in fish populations
(coho salmon and lake trout) and herring gull eggs have not decreased, and
concentrations have increased in bloater chubs. These concentrations are
still twice as high as Agreement Objectives. The reasons for this delayed
response to controls suggest the need for further research as to the role
of dieldrin in the Great Lakes ecosystem.
A major concern of the fisheries in Lake Michigan is that very few naturally
produced lake trout have been found for over a decade. It has been suggested
that toxic substances such as DDT and PCB adversely affect the lake trout
reproduction. Recent studies found that cumulative mortality of lake trout
fry exposed to simulated Lake Michigan levels of PCB and DDT for six months
was twice that of unexposed fry. Although several factors probably contri-
buted to the lack of natural reproduction, levels of PCB and DDT in the
mid-1970s were sufficient to reduce survival of any fry produced in the
lake. The added exposure of the fry to other toxic substances known to be
present in the lake could have further reduced survival, illustrating the
interactive nature of water quality and resource management throughout the
ecosystem.
Lake Erie: Lake Erie and St. Clair, combined with the St. Clair and Detroit
Rivers, represent one of the most developed urban areas on the Great Lakes.
Because of the high potential of man's impact on water quality in this
area, annual surveillance programs are maintained to closely monitor and
detect environmental problems resultant of man's activities.
On the Canadian side declines in PCBs in spottail shiners have been observed
at the Thames River, Pike Creek, Point Pelee, and Thunder Bay. Similarly,
declines of all DDTs have continued at the Detroit River, Point Pelee, and
Thunder Bay, Lake Erie. These trends in small planktivorous nearshore
fish are also reflected in main lake populations of coho salmon, smelt,
and walleye, although a longer term data base is required to substantiate
-------
2 8?
these trends. Year-to-year increases or decreases can occur because of
sampling problems, thus changes in contaminant levels need to be considered
over the long term.
Levels of PCB and DDT residues in herring gull eggs collected from within
the Lake Erie basin have illustrated only slight declines between 1974 and
1980. Contaminant levels at the Port Colborne and Middle Island gull
colonies were already low in 1974 (as compared with levels in Lake Ontario
gull colonies) and this explains why the declines in residue levels are
smal1.
Declining logarithmic trends are evident for all other major organochlorine
residues in gull eggs except dieldrin, which showed an extremely long
half-life or no significant trends. Half-lives of most measured residues
are comparatively high for Lake Erie. This might indicate a continuous
input of residues to the foodchain.
Mercury in fish of Lake St. Clair and the western basin of Lake Erie was a
major contaminant problem in the early 1970's. Levels of total mercury in
walleye collected from Lake St. Clair have declined from over 2 ug/g in
1970 to 0.5 ug/g in 1980. This represents a major example of the effect of
point source controls on contaminant levels in the ecosystem. The rapid
response in fish after the stopping of mercury discharge at the chlor-alkali
plant of Dow Chemical is probably a function of the high suspended sediment
load and sediment translocation through the Huron-Erie corridor.
Organic contaminant analysis of sediments from the western basin of Lake
Erie during 1979 indicated that the Detroit River was a major source of PCB
contaminated sediments. Mirex was not detected in May 1979 but was detected
in August of that year, suggesting a source of contamination during the
intervening period. The difference in spatial distribution and variation
between the two 1979 surveys for organic materials such as PCBs, DDT and
mirex and industrial metals such as chromium, zinc and lead suggests that
significant active sediment transportation occurs in very short periods
of time.
Lake Ontario:
Lake Ontario has a long history of contaminant problems. Unique concerns
about the lake have developed because of local industrial inputs of mirex,
endosulfan, and dioxin. In all three circumstances, inputs into the
Niagara River have resulted in lakewide problems because of the geophy-
sical processes which influence the eventual fate of these compounds.
Levels of total DDT residues in lake trout, coho salmon, and smelt have
declined in Lake Ontario, whereas levels of dieldrin remained static between
1977 and 1980. The level of dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) found in herring gull
eggs collected from four colonies in Lake Ontario in 1980 was approximately
60 ng/kg. A minimal increase in PCB levels in these top predators was
observed in 1980, but this increase cannot be confirmed until 1981 samples
are evaluated.
-------
2 8s
In, 1979 mean values of PCBs in top predator species still exceeded the
Agreement objective of 1.0 ug/g.
A Canadian study of the Kingston Basin in Lake Ontario found that both
plankton and benthos are contaminated with an assortment of toxic sub-
stances. The biota showed the highest levels of contamination in the
Spring. Analysis of top and bottom levels of contamination suggest that
land runoff in the form of sediment and snowmelt water seemed to be respon-
sible for the peaks in contaminant levels.
In the nearshore zone, declines of PCB, total DDT, and mirex have generally
been observed in spottail shiner populations of Twelve Mile Creek, Credit
River, and Humber River. Increases in contaminant levels between 1979 and
1980 in spottail shiners at Niagara-on-the-Lake probably represent year-to-
year variations in sampling and do not reflect new inputs of PCB, total
DDT, or mirex. It should be noted that 1980 levels of these contaminants
are still well below earlier values recorded in 1975, that 1979 DDT concen-
trations met Agreement Objectives at all sampling sites, and PCB concentra-
tions met Agreement Objectives at all locations except at Point Pelee.
The observed declines in nearshore fish contaminant residues are likely the
result of reduced contaminant concentrations observed in adult sport and
commercial ffsh. The level of dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) found in herring gull
eggs collected from four colonies in Lake Ontario in 1980 was approximately
60 mg/kg.
This is about five times higher than the "baseline" levels in eggs from
colonies in Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron (except Saginaw Bay), and Erie.
The even distribution of residue levels among the four colonies suggests
that lakewide contamination has occurred in the fish species (mainly
alewives and smelt) which comprise the main aquatic portion of the herring
gull's diet in the Great Lakes. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service
has reported that 2,3,7,8-TCDD is present in brown trout collected near
Roosevelt Beach, New York.
Restrictions on the usage and disposal of organochlorine compounds were
put into place in the Great Lakes Basin in the late 1960's and early
1970's. Levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were determined in herring gull egg samples
taken from Scotch Bonnet Island, Lake Ontario and archived since 1971.
Analyses show that, in 1971, 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels were greater than 700
ng/kg. Comparison of this value with the 1980 levels reported above
indicates a greater than tenfold decrease in 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels during
the last decade. This trend parallel's those for the majority of organo-
chorine residues in Lake Ontario. If the decline of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Lake
Ontario herring gull eggs continues at its present rate, "baseline" levels
of about 10 ng/kg will be reached in 5-7 years. Possible mechanisms for
the clearance of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and other persistent organochlorine compounds
from the Lake Ontario ecosystem include physical transport through the St.
Lawrence River, sedimentation, and loss to the atmosphere.
In response to the presence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in fish, New York has developed
a sport fish consumption guideline of 10 ng/kg, based on consumption of six
ounces of fish per week. Ontario has developed a guideline of 20 ng/kg,
based on consumption of four ounces of fish per week. With regard to the
-------
289
sale of commercially caught fish, the United States Food and Drug Adminis-
tration has developed a guideline of 50 ng/kg, and the Canada Department
of National Health and Welfare has developed a health protection guideline
of 20 ng/kg.
-------
290
NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT
Accelerated cultural eutrophication of the Great Lakes caused by increased
nutrient loadings to the system has had detrimental effects on water
uses such as recreation, water supply, freshwater biota and wildlife.
Recreational uses impaired by eutrophication are bathing, sport fishing
and boating. Water supply, whether for municipal, industrial, private or
agricultural uses, is also very dependent on the eutrophic status of the
main lake or embayments because of potentially impaired utility (due to
clogging of intakes and other equipment), and nuisance problems (due to
disagreeable taste and odor). An increase in the supply of nutrients can
change the population structure of the aquatic biota, the functioning of
an aquatic food chain that supports lake fisheries, or cause extensive
algal growth with the consequent deep water depletion of oxygen which
supports game fish production. The character of populations of shore
birds and animals in turn is greatly dependent upon the population charac-
teristics of the lake fisheries.
While it is sometimes impossible for scientists to identify one to one
relationships between causes and effects in the complex Great Lakes ecosys-
tem, we will summarize briefly in the following the progress in control of
nutrient inputs to the Great Lakes in recent years along with the assoc-
iated responses of the Lake to these control measures. Then we outline
the dimensions of the historic damage to the lakes and the problems which
remain throughout the basin that scientists believe can be conquered by
further nutrient control measures.
Since 1975 there has been a consistent decrease in the annual phosphorus
load to each of the Lower Lakes, as a result of specific, massive programs
to reduce municipal and industrial point source inputs. To date municipal
loads to Lake Ontario have decreased by 36% (780 MT), and those to Lake
Erie have been reduced by a huge 60% (4640 MT). Loads to Lake Michigan
have also been reduced enormously - 59% (1373 MT) (See Figures 1 and 2).
Water quality at the mouth of the Detroit River has generally improved
since the 1960's with the data showing reductions in suspended solids,
chlorides, phenols, iron and ammonia nitrogen. Total phosphorus concentra-
tions in 1980 were only 11% of the concentrations measured in 1967. Phos-
phorus loadings to Saginaw Bay have decreased by 60% (from 1044 tons/annum
in 1974 to 472 t/a in 1980).
The environmental response of the lake to these massive efforts have in
many instances been gratifying and most apparent in the nearshore areas.
Water quality problems at drinking water intakes have noticeably decreased
in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), at the Union Water Filtration Plant on western
Lake Erie, and at the South Chicago Water Intake on Lake Michigan. Recrea-
tional uses (swimming, boating, fishing) have been restored at Thunder Bay
and Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), Marquette, Michigan (Lake Michigan), Monroe
County and the City of Rochester (Lake Ontario), Sterling State Park (Lake
Erie) and Chicago's North Shore beaches on Lake Michigan.
Open lake responses have also been documented: a decrease in phosphorus
concentrations and increased silica concentrations (associated with an in-
creased population of diatoms) in the waters along the shore at the southern
-------
291
tip of Lake Michigan; dramatic trends to reduction of the area without oxygen
in the central basin of Lake Erie (from a high measurement of 65 percent in
1966 to a low of 6 percent in 1975), which trend was also associated with a
progressive decline in open lake phosphorus concentrations, a reduction in
biomass and shift to oligotrophic algal species in both the western and
central basins of the lake.
The concentration of total phosphorus in the open water of Lake Ontario has
declined, and a reduction in biomass in the western portion of this lake
has been maintained since 1975.
In a major milestone for phosphorus control the U.S.-Canada Water Quality
Board reported in 1981 that municipal treatment facilities in the Lower
Lakes Basin have virtually achieved the objective of limiting effluents from
major municipal dischargers to a concentration of 1 mg./l. by December 31,
1982, as called for in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The flow
weighted averages of such U.S. effluents are now at a level below 1 mg/1.
This was made possible by accelerating compliance schedules at key plants,
most notably, Detroit. Numerous smaller majors remain out of compliance,
but the net gain to be achieved through their compliance is less than the
amount of "extra" treatment being provided by plants discharging at less
than 1 mg/1.
Lake Superior:
There is little evidence of long term changes in general water indices
relative to eutrophication in Lake Superior. Major ion chemistry has
not changed much since 1890. The Lake is classified as oligotrophic,
associated with its very large volume, very low temperature and the low
nutrient loadings from the adjacent land mass. The next major
open water intensive survey for Lake Superior is scheduled for 1983.
Lake Huron:
Eutrophication is not considered to be a severe environmental problem
in Lake Huron except in localized nearshore areas and in Saginaw Bay,
which now is classified as moderately eutrophic.
With an overall load reduction of 60% (572 MT) between 1974 and 1980,
point source inputs to Saginaw Bay appear to have stabilized. However,
runoff from agricultural lands in the basin contribute suspended solids,
nutrients, organic matter and pathogenic organisms to the Bay. Siltation
and associated turbidity degrades fish habitat, fills surface drainage
ways and fills the main navigation channel from the bay into the Saginaw
River.
Nutrient and organic matter contributed by agricultural activities
adversely affects the dissolved oxygen level in the Saginaw River.
Loadings from agricultural sources vary from year to year, depending
on the timing and amount of rainfall. Runoff in recent years has been
below normal, accounting for some of the improvements in the bay. To
maintain recent gains and make further improvements in the bay nonpoint
source of phosphorus must be reduced.
-------
To abate taste and odor problems in public water supplies and restore
recreational facilities, point and nonpoint phosphorus inputs must be
controlled in a cost-effective balance to where the bay exhibits meso-
trophic water quality.
Lake Michigan:
The open waters of Lake Michigan have suffered considerable degradation
in trophic condition but are still of high quality with some evidence
of improvement in the last 10 years. Acute problems are localized in
nearshore areas of the lake. Chloride levels in the lake are increas-
ing much more rapidly than in the past, probably as a result of the
application of road salt in winter. Some investigators have expressed
concern that increased levels of these substances may alter the bio-
logical community structure and consequently adversely affect the
fisheries in the lake.
Phosphorus concentrations (the principal nutrient controlling eutro-
phication in Lake Michigan) were dramatically reduced over the hard
winter of 1976-77, apparently due in large extent to enhanced setting
of particulate matter under unusually extensive ice cover. Along
with decreases in turbidity, transparency, nitrite/nitrate concentra-
tions and silica concentrations increased. While these positive
changes were not entirely maintained in subsequent warmer winters
(when ice cover was at a minimum), the more degraded pre-1976 trophic
conditions have not since been documented. Increases in chlorides,
sulfates, blue-green algae and phytoflagellates in the southern basin
of Lake Michigan indicate that the system there suffers from cultural
nutrient enrichment.
Lake Erie:
Accelerated eutrophication of Lake Erie has been a critical water
quality concern since the early 1960's. An analysis of Lake Erie
water quality for the past decade indicates a general improvement,
which in part is due to high water levels, since 1970, that have
provided some dilution of contaminants. There have also been major
reductions in phosphorus loads to the lake - from 23,000 metric tons
in 1970 (all sources) to 13, 000 tones in 1979.
Concentrations of total phosphorus in the western, central and eastern
basins have shown significant declines since 1970. However, the
decline in the basins does not entirely reflect the reductions in
phosphorus loading from point sources. This can partially be explained
by phosphorus release from the sediment through wave resuspension
and anoxic regeneration. (It has been demonstrated that approximately
80% of the phosphorus loading to Lake Erie becomes incorporated in
the bottom sediments.) While there are no significant reductions in
chlorophyll concentrations in either the western or central basins, a
reduction in open lake phytoplankton biomass has been documented, as
well as algal species shifts to more oligotrophic species. Conduc-
tivity, sul-fate and chloride concentrations also reflected a gradual
but steady decline in the central and western basins. The eastern
-------
093
basin showed few changes in nutrient concentrations over the past
decade, except for total phosphorus, as noted above.
While dramatic reductions in the area without oxygen depletion in the
central basin has been reported in the last decade, such reports may
have been more directly connected to climatic or meteorological changes
than to improvements in Lake Erie's hypolimnion. Comparison of 1970
and 1979 surveys of the central basin hypolimnion showed no difference
between primary production rates in the basin, despite the difference
in nutrient loadings and 2-3 fold changes in epilimnion chlorophyll _a_
and epilimnion primary production rates.
Lake Ontario:
Eutrophication of Lake Ontario was a major concern identified in the
1980's by the United States and Canada. As a result of phosphorus
control programs some localized areas, such as the Bay of Quinte and
the Toronto waterfront, have responded immediately with improved water
quality. The open waters of the lake have responded with small reduct-
ions in the total phosphorus concentration and a reduction in total
biomass in the western portion of the lake which has been maintained
since 1975. Phosphorus levels in the nearshore zones of Lake Ontario
appear to have stabilized, having declined from elevated levels observed
in 1967. Further reductions in phosphorus loading are necessary to
reach the level of algal biomass agreed to by the U.S. and Canada.
Lower Lakes Perspective:
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario suffer many of the same problems as the other
lakes, only in greater intensity. Problems are observed on a lakewide
basis rather than being restricted to localized nearshore areas,
although many nearshore problems do exist. The magnitude of the
eutrophication problem in the Lower Lakes is largely a result of the
fact that the Lower Lakes are much smaller in size, do not have the
long water residence times of the upper lakes, and are much more
heavily populated and industrialized than the Upper Lakes. Both
lakes are showing some signs of improvement in response to joint
U.S.-Canada pollution abatement efforts. These efforts under the
1972 and 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreements represent the
greatest effort made by man, anywhere, to reverse a serious case of
environmental degradation. Since the signing of the 1972 Agreement
more than $5.7 billion have been committed to new and improved municipal
wastewater treatment programs, including funds to reduce phosphorus
inputs to the lakes.
-------
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-------
ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION
The atmosphere acts as a mechanism to transport pollutants from a Targe
number of different sources to and within the Great Lakes Basin. These
pollutants are deposited directly into the lakes, or onto the land within
the Basin after which they are carried by storm runoff and snowmelt into
the lakes and tributaries. During the transport process, the atmosphere
carries large quantities of pollutants over great distances. Some of these
pollutants can be transformed into more toxic forms. The International
Joint Commission's Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group
(PLUARG) - in a preliminary effort to model the transport and deposition
of airborne materials-found that the amounts of material deposited from
the atmosphere into the individual Great Lakes were generally proportional
to the lake surface area.
PLUARG found that atmospheric inputs were surprisingly high in some in-
stances. For example, the Reference Group calculated that the atmosphere
contributed about 1600 metric tons of phosphorus in 1976 to both Lakes
Superior and Michigan. The 1976 phosphorus input to Lake Huron was about
1100 metric tons. Even the relatively small surface areas of Lakes Erie
and Ontario received about 800 and 500 metric tons of phosphorus, respec-
tively, during this period. (Thus, phosphorus loadings are heavier on a
per unit area basis for the Lower Lakes.) Modeled estimates for more recent
years are summarized in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Inspection of this calculated data makes it clear that the nutrient budgets
of the Upper Lakes must consider the atmospheric loading term. While the
percentage contribution to the Lower Lakes is smaller, the influence on
biological production may be greater. The availability of the nutrients
from lake surface precipitation to the photic zone of the lake is immediate
and, for the Upper Lakes, at a concentration higher than that of the epi-
limnion waters. Thus, the atmospheric deposition may support the open
lake production in a higher proportion than an equivalent point source
shoreline loading.
Studies undertaken by the Upper Lakes Reference Group as well as PLUARG
indicate that a variety of other contaminants are also contributed in part
by atmospheric sources, including nitrogen, lead, copper, sulfates, PCBs
and other synthetic contaminants. The deposition of metals, most signifi-
cantly lead, contributes a large portion of the loading to all of the
lakes. PLUARG (1978) reported that the nonpoint sources of lead dominate
the loading, the atmosphere being the chief pathway (Table 4). Mercury,
tin, cadmium, copper, zinc and lead are the primary heavy metal concerns
for whole lake problems because of elevated levels and/or the ability to
bioaccumulate. Allen and Halley (1980) found that 11% to 60% of these
metal contaminants were input to the Great Lakes from atmospheric deposi-
tion (Table 5). Inputs of asbestos from vehicular brake linings also
occur in the Great Lakes Basin due to their atmospheric transport and
deposition.
Sievering (1979) compared minimum dry deposition loadings to estimates
of precipitative loading and surface run-off inputs in the southern Lake
Michigan basin. Results of this work show that atmospheric inputs by dry
-------
loading are at least 60% of the total Pb inputs, 30% of the total Zn input,
20% of the total Fe input, and probably well over half the total sulfate
and nitrate input.
The deposition of synthetic contaminants such as PCBs has been shown to be
sufficient to account for the levels contained in the lakes (Strachan et
at, 1978; Hollod, 1979). While urban areas are major sources of PCBs, the
widespread dispersal of this contaminant throughout the sediments of the
Great Lakes, including areas remote from industrial centers, indicates the
importance of atmospheric transport of PCBs throughout the entire Basin
(Table 6).
Soil particles reach the Great Lakes via atmospheric deposition from con-
struction sites, plowed agricultural lands or other cleared land surfaces.
Klappenbach and Goranson found that soil erosion caused by strong winds
can produce heavy particulate concentrations in the Great Lakes area.
These soil particles serve as input to any water area through atmospheric
deposition. At this time no baseline data exists documenting this poten-
tial source of pollution to the lakes.
Acid rain is a dramatic and serious example of industrial emissions being
transported over long distances through the atmosphere, undergoing chemical
transformation in the process, to produce a severe environmental problem.
The Great Lakes region receives precipitation that is from five to 40 times
more acidic than pure pH 5.6 rain. According to a July 1979 report to the
United States-Canada Water Quality Board, the large volume and high buffer-
ing capacity of the lakes themselves protects them from becoming acidified.
Acid rain can lead to the release of heavy metals from soil and sediment;
these metals can then be transported to the Great Lakes. Acid rain may
also result in loss of Great Lakes fish habitat (Beamish and Harvey, 1972),
since some of the soft-water tributary lakes and streams of the Canadian
basin of Lakes Superior and Huron are very poorly buffered and many have
already become acidic. A direct effect on Great Lakes fisheries may be
expected as the acidification affects the tributary and embayment spawning
habitats. For example, episodes of high acidity have been documented
(Kramer, 1977) during the spring snowmelt period, which may be critical to
fish survival.
Thus, the effects of acid rain on the land and tributaries may ultimately
be shown to have a measurable effect on the Great Lakes ecosystem. These
concerns will become more severe in the future as energy demands lead to
an increase in the burning of coal as an alternate energy source both
within and outside the Great Lakes Basin.
Atmospheric pollutants are transported as gases, aerosols and particu-
lates. To some degree, all three phases are scavanged by the precipitation
processes and deposited as contaminated precipation. The gaseous material
is diffused to the surface and absorbed at rates dependent upon the sur-
face characteristics. The particulate material is deposited under gravita-
tional influences between precipitation events. Thus, an accurate measure
of atmospheric deposition must include all three components.
-------
097
Because of methodology problems, there have been no coordinated long term
studies monitoring contaminants in the air of the Great Lakes Basin. The
atmospheric portion of the Great Lakes International Surveillance Plan con-
siders the aspect of contaminant loading rather than ambient conditions.
Despite the obvious correlation of ambient levels and loadings as noted in
Annex 12 - 3(b) of the 1978 Water Quality Agreement, it is not possible to
predict one from the other, each requiring different monitoring strategies.
The following section assesses baseline knowledge of ambient levels and
loadings, present monitoring networks, and future needs of atmospheric sur-
veillance.
Atmospheric fluxes of contaminants to the Great Lakes are a combination of
dry and wet removal processes. When inputs into the air are limited, for
example, the bans on DDT and PCB, atmospheric concentrations are expected to
decline. Bidleman et al. (1977) reported decreases of DDT concentrations
in the air over the North Atlantic, but there is no specific data base rep-
resentative of the Great Lakes. Sufficient information exists to estimate
PCB concentration in the air of the Great Lakes area (Eisenreich et at.,
1980) to be 1 ng/m3, which is double those of marine areas (0.5 ng/ m3).
Andren and Doskey (1979) reported that atmosphric PCB's averaged 7.7 ng/m3
over Madison, Wisconsin, and 3 ng/m3 over Milwaukee. These examples illus-
trate that ambient concentrations of contaminants in air may be unique to
specific locales, and there is a need to quantify such in the Great Lakes
Basin.
By examining precipitation data it is possible to infer relative levels and
changes in concentration of specific contaminants in air and calculated
respective wet and total loadings, as summarized in Table 6. It should be
noted that Eisenreich1 s calculations assume homogenous ambient conditions
throughout the basin. This assumption is supported by the work of Sander-
son and LaValle (1979) who found no significant differences in the spatial
or seasonal loadings of PCB and heavy metals. Confirmation is required,
however, before these values could be accepted as a baseline data set, es-
pecially considering the range of ambient concentration of total PCBs (total
= particulate + vapor) reported for the Lake Superisor areas (1.3 7.1 ng/m3;
Hollod, 1979; Eisenreich and Hollod, 1980) and the Michigan portion of the
basin (1.0 - 7.7 ng/m3; Murphy and Rzeszutko, 1977; Doskey, 1979). Measure-
ment of atmospheric input of PCBs to Lake Michigan have ranged from 2500
kg/yr. (Murphy et al, 1980) to 6900 kg/yr. (Eisenreich et al , April 1980).
More work is required to quantify loadings and seasonal and spatial ambient
concentrations.
Similarly, few data bases exist on the ambient heavy metal concentrations in
the air. Loading estimates were made from a literature review by Allen and
Halley (1980) as summarized in Table 7. Again the work of Sanderson and
LaValle supports such estimates (Table 8). It is particularly noteworthy
that surface loadings of pollutants were correlated with the amount of pre-
cipitation; and as there were few differences among sites where measurement
were made, it was not spatially justifiable to draw isoline maps of surface
loadings in the Great Lakes Basin for these modeled estimates.
Studies measuring the wet and dry deposition as separate components have
shown that the chemical parameters of interest are contained in various
-------
["«*
proportions in dry and wet deposition with phosphorus being about 80 per-
cent contained in the wet component while lead and zinc loadings are pre-
dominantly contained in the dry component (Delumyea and Petal, 1977;
Si evening, 1978).
Atmospheric Monitoring Networks: The Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition
program was initiated T"n 1976 with the objective of measuring "total"
deposition. Since there was evidence that the bulk samplers of this pro-
gram were contaminated by local sources, the Canadian network (CANSAP) was
converted in 1978 to automatic wet-dry samplers, a system which is in
conformity with the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) in the
U.S. The objective of this conversion was to achieve a valid measure of
precipitation deposition and an unevaluated measure of deposition of dry
material. In 1981 the Great Lakes National Program Office added a network
of 35 wet samplers to the 41 bulk collectors maintained by that Office to
improve data quality from the Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition Network
(GLAD). The parameters include nutrients, trace metals and other major
contaminants.
The samplers for the Great Lakes network are located along the shorelines,
on islands or on nearshore structures. The validity of the samples col-
lected is limited by the fact that the nearshore wind regime is quite
different from that of the open waters of the lakes (collections from land
bases reflecting deposition rates which may or may not reflect actual open
lake deposition rates), contamination of samples by local sources, and
inefficient collection of small particles in the bulk collectors. In fact
there are no samplers that can measure accurately the total atmospheric
deposition available today. The plan for the present, then, is to measure
the wet deposition by a network of automatic samplers and to estimate the
dry deposition through application of deposition models. The latter re-
quires additional measurements of atmospheric particulate concentrations
and further research related to deposition models. In order to provide
for a transition from the "bulk" data on which past deposition estimates
have been based, several "bulk" samplers will be continued for a number of
years in conjunction with the automatic wet samplers. This overlap of
records may produce a statistical evaluation of the "bulk" records from
past years, or a random variance may be observed.
A Canadian effort will be made to assess the confidence in the present
estimates of atmospheric deposition contained in Table 4 through an analy-
sis of the two years of data presently available from the wet-dry sampler
network for Canadian stations. While this data may be biased by lack of
appropriate U.S. data, the Canadians plan to complete their summary and
initiate an effort to model the dry deposition.
Conclusion
It is clear from all of the above that atmospheric inputs of materials to
the Great Lakes deserves much more consideration. Virtually any material
discharged into the atmosphere, such as stack emissions and automobile
exhausts, will eventually be returned to the land or water or water surface
in dry fallout or precipitation. Materials may be deposited in the Great
Lakes Basin from sources both within and outside the Basin. Such long
-------
range transport of pollutants is already a problem of global nature, as
exemplified in acid rain problems occurring in numerous regions in Europe
and North America and as highlighted in recent reports of the International
Joint Commission's Great Lakes Science Advisory Board and Water Quality
Board. These concerns will become more severe in the future as energy
demands lead to an increase in the burning of coal as an alternate energy
source both within and outside the Great Lakes Basin.
-------
300
TABLE 1
r_
(1978 TABLE 1.0.1) *
SUMMARY OF 1978 ESTIMATED ATMOSPHERIC, INDUSTRIAL,
MUNICIPAL AND TRIBUTARY PHOSPHORUS LOADING DATA
TO THE GREAT LAKES
(all values are 1n metric tonnes/year)
Atmospheric
(standard error)
Direct Industrial
Discharge
Direct Municipal
Discharge
Tributary:
Monitored
(standard error)
Adjustment for .
Unmonitored Area
(standard error)2
TOTALS
SUPERIOR
3.521
(1,612)
73
123
1,480
(148)
793
(102)
5.990
MICHIGAN
1.6901
46
494
3.540
(154)
475
(30)
6.245
HURON
2,120
(476)
1
169
1.700
(162)
608
(113).
4,598
ERIE
879
(164)
191
4,440
10,037
(899)
2,804
(396)
18,351
ONTARIO
764
(120)
117
1,913
2,297
(202)
674
(91)
5,765
ST.
LAWRENCE
RIVER
-
26
146
26
(2)
185
(10)
383
TOTAL
8,974
454
7,285
19,080
(960)
5,539
(435)
41,332
Totals may not sum due to rounding.
11976 estimate.
^Standard errors calculated from tributary loading estimates used in making
adjustments.
- 152 -
-------
301
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF 1979 ESTIMATED ATMOSPHERIC, INDUSTRIAL, *
MUNICIPAL AND TRIBUTARY PHOSPHORUS LOADING DATA TO THE GREAT=LAKES
(All values are in metric tonnes/year)
Atmospheric
(standard
error)
Direct Industrial
Discharge
Direct Municipal
Discharge
Tributary:
Monitored
(standard
error)
Adjustment for
Unmonitored Area
(standard
error)2
TOTALS'
SUPERIOR
3,997
(564)
45
159
1,479
(112)
939
(127)
6,619
MICHIGAN
2,969
(408)
13
371
3.690
(220)
616
(62)
7,659
HURON
2,331
(349)
6
144
1,363
(44)
380
(23)
4,224
ERIE
»•
1,550
(250)
50
2,840
5,323
(302)
1,098
(49)
10,861
ONTARIO
311
(77)
103
2,316
2.5091
(582)
691
(134)
5,930
ST.
LAWRENCE
RIVER
•
26
179
43_
(ID
303
(71)
551
TOTAL
11,157
(821)
243
6,009
14,406
(702)
4,026
(214)
35,841
Totals may not sum due to rounding.
Includes Buffalo River.
^Standard errors calculated from tributary loading estimates used in making
adjustments.
'The above totals for Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario do not include interlake
transfer through connecting channels. Total estimated loadings to these lakes
are given in Tables 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6
- 138 -
-------
302
TABLE 3 .
SUMMARY OF 1980 ESTIMATED ATMOSPHERIC, INDUSTRIAL, *•
MUNICIPAL AND TRIBUTARY PHOSPHORUS LOADING DATA TO THE GREAT LAKIS
(All values are in metric tonnes/year) , x
Atmospheric
(standard
error)
Direct Industrial
Discharge
Direct Municipal
Discharge
Tributary:
Monitored
(standard
error)
Adjustment for
Unmonitored Area
(standard
error)3
TOTALS-
SUPERIOR
3,997
(564)
42
143
1,109
(241)
1,121
.(212)
6,412
MICHIGAN
2,969
(408)
37
431
2,381
(132)
756
(71)
6,574
HURON
2,331
(349)
2
L 121
1,553
(134)
643
- (50)
4,650
ERIE _•
' 1,550
(250)
82
2,370
8,260
(251)
1,513
<59)
13,775
.ONTARIO
311
(77)
62
2,060
2,3832
(109)
676
(48)
5,492
ST.
LAWRENCE
RIVER
29
189
31
<3>
203
(21)
452
TOTAL
11.1571
(821)
254
5,314
15 ,7 IK
(410)
4,913
(242)
37,356
Totals may not sum due to rounding.
11979_estimate. . ......
2Includes Buffalo River.
'Standard errors calculated from tributary loading estimates used in making
adjustments.
"The above totals for Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario do not include interlake
transfer through connecting channels. Total estimated loadings to these lakes
are given in Tables 6.11, 6.12 and 6.13.
- 145 -
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TABLE 5
TRACE ELEMENT INPUTS BY MAJOR ROUTES*
TRACTTLEMENT
Al
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cu
Pb
Cd
Co
Ca
Mg
TRIBUTARY
(103 kg/yr-1)
17,500
36,000
850
500
230
180
12
15
18,400
8,800
EROSION
75,000
2,300
4,100
1,800
540
240
75
700
280,000
250,000
ATMOSPHERE
4,990
2,770
640
1,100
120
640
11 .
25
79,800
15,500
*From Allen and Halley, 1980.
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- 18 -
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TABLE ' 7
TRACE METAL LOADING TO THE GREAT LAKES. ESTIMATED LOADING AND RANGE;**
<• •*
(kg ha-V'1)
-"
SUPERIOR
MICHIGAN
HURON
ERIE
ONTARIO
Zn
1
t
*
*
0.5
Pb
0.15
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
Cu
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.06
0.05
Cd
0.01
0.01
0.01
O.t>3
0.015
Ni
0.04
0.1
0.015
0.03
0.04
Fe
1.0
1
0.8
1.3
0.8
f - Estimate not possible from reported data.
TABLE 8
WATERSHED-MEAN LOADINGS 1975-1977*
(g/ha/d)
PARAMETER
Sulphate
Nitrogen
Calcium
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Zinc*
Lead2
Copper2
Cadmium2
PCBs
AG 1
163.8
93.9
22.4
28.0
20.8
15.3
15.7
7.5
1.19
.19
.17
.05
.0016
AG 3
172.3
108.0
31.8
17.5
27.7
27.8
11.2
10.1
1.23
.20
.07
.03
.0026
AG 4
186. 61
110.9
21.0
25.3
25.4
23.5
11.7
8.2
3.461
.12
.26
.07
.0021
AG 5
151.8
105.6
24.7
20.3
16.5
18.3
13.1
7.9
.66
.15
.23
.03
.0013
AG 10
162.3
115.1
43.9
22.1
24.7
15.0
36.6
9.9
1.99
.13
.06
.06
.0017
AG 13 -
144.0
91.5
16.0
23.4
19.9
28.3
11.9
12.6
.77
.18
.16
.02
.0023
^Omitting 1 extreme high value.
^Values shown only for metals with at least 3 samples.
*From Sanderson and LaValle (1979).
- 20 -
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REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT
ATTACHMENT A
Great Lakes \tkter Quality Board
GREAT LAKES
Report to the International Joint Commission
1982 Report on Great Lakes Water Quality
November 1982
Windsor, Ontario
-------
908
4- Areas of Concern
INTRODUCTION
In 1981, the Water Quality Board identified and described environmental
degradation in 39 site-specific areas of concern in the Great Lakes Basin.
These areas were divided into two classes:
1. Class "A" - those areas exhibiting significant environmental
degradation and severe impairment of beneficial uses; 18 Class "A"
areas were identified.
2. Class "B" - those areas exhibiting environmental degradation and
possible impairment of beneficial uses; 21 Class "B" areas were
identified.
All available environmental data - fish, sediment, and water - were used to
identify, evaluate, and classify each area of concern from a technical
perspective; the specific procedure followed and the factors considered by the
Board are given in the Appendix.
This year, the Board undertook an evaluation of remedial measures for the
18 Class "A" areas of concern to determine if they would correct the
environmental problems.
To conduct this evaluation, the Water Quality Board requested the
jurisdictions to update information which had been presented in last year's
report: environmental data, causes of the environmental problems, and present
remedial programs. Each jurisdiction also provided the Board with additional,
specific information about present and proposed remedial programs. The Board
evaluated this information, in order to determine whether environmental
problems could be solved and beneficial uses restored. The Board considered:
1. The nature of the environmental problem.
2. The nature of the remedial programs in place or planned.
3. The schedule to initiate or complete these programs.
4. Factors which would preclude timely and satisfactory resolution of
the problem and restoration of uses, including cost, technical
considerations, and further definition of the issue.
5. Expected date by which the problems would be resolved and uses
restored.
Based on its evaluation, the Board reached one of the following
conclusions for each area of concern:
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309
1. Remedial measures currently in operation will resolve the identified
environmental problems and restore beneficial uses over the near term
(5 to 10 years).
2. Remedial measures currently in operation will not resolve the
identified problems and restore uses over the near term:
A.
However, additional programs and measures have been imposed, and
these will be adequate and timely.
B. Additional programs and measures have been imposed, and
environmental problems will eventually be resolved and uses
restored. However, there is a long lag time between completion
and operation of the remedial measures and the response of the
environmental system.
C. Even though all reasonable remedial measures have been or are
being taken, it is doubtful whether the environmental problems
will be completely resolved and uses restored.
D. There are apparently no firm programs additionally planned that
will resolve problems and restore uses.
3. Insufficient information has been received or is available in order
to make a reasonable judgement as to whether control measures are
adequate, or to decide when such measures may be required.
The specific guidelines to evaluate the technical data and to evaluate
remedial measures for each Class "A" area of concern are given in the
Appendix, along with relevant data and information and the sources of these
data and information.
To better understand the Board's findings, knowledge of the types and
sources of pollutants is required. Pollutants can be considered in four broad
categories:
1. "Conventional" pollutants - a term which includes nutrients,
substances which consume oxygen upon decomposition, materials which
produce an oily or a sludge deposit on the bottom, and bacteria.
Conventional pollutants include phosphorus, nitrogen, chemical oxygen
demand, biochemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, volatile solids,
and total and fecal coliform.
2. Metals - including mercury, lead, zinc, iron, and cadmium.
3. "Conventional" toxic substances - including phenol, cyanide, ammonia,
and chlorine.
4. Toxic substances - complex organic chemicals, usually chlorinated,
which can persist and can bioaccumulate.
Many varied problems result from the release of pollutants into the
ecosystem. Nutrient enrichment can stimulate excess aquatic growth, resulting
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310 •
in taste and odor problems in drinking water, altered fish habitat and changes
in species, and restricted recreational use of water and beaches.
Excess aquatic growth and oxygen-consuming pollutants can depress the
dissolved oxygen level in the water, further affecting the fishery.
Waste discharges or silt, which can blanket the sediment, disrupt the
benthic community. Since other aquatic species depend on the benthos as a
food source, the aquatic community is disrupted.
Several metals and some "conventional" toxic substances, e.g. cyanide, are
directly lethal to fish and other aquatic life. Others, e.g. phenol, can
taint fish flesh, and still others, e.g. mercury, can result in harm to man
when he consumes fish which contain them.
Many toxic substances can produce adverse environmental and human health
effects. Such substances can derive from both agricultural and industrial
sources. Familiar chemicals are PCB, DDT, dioxin, and mirex. However, for
many other toxic substances, at the concentration at which they are present in
the Great Lakes ecosystem, the environmental and human health effects are not
sufficiently well understood. A conservative stance is generally considered
appropriate for these substances.
Sources of pollutants fall into six general categories: municipal and
industrial discharges, waste disposal sites, combined sewer overflows, urban
land runoff, agricultural land runoff, and in-place pollutants.
GENERIC CONSIDERATIONS
In conducting the evaluations of remedial measures in specific areas of
concern, the Board identified a number of shortcomings of a general nature
common to most of the remedial efforts. These common factors are discussed
below in relation to the types of pollutants identified with the environmental
problems manifest in each area of concern.
From these common factors, the Board has drawn general conclusions about
the efficacy of remedial programs in general and specific measures in
particular to abate identified pollution and to ensure future protection of
the Great Lakes ecosystem.
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES
Many regulatory initiatives over the past decade were designed to control
the discharge of "conventional" pollutants, metals, and "conventional" toxic
substances. Wastewater treatment facilities are now operational, or will soon
be operational at most municipal and industrial sources in the Great Lakes
Basin. More than 37.25 billion has been spent over the past ten years for
construction of municipal facilities alone. Municipal facilities generally
provide for secondary treatment or equivalent and phosphorus removal if
required. Pretreatment requirements have been developed in many cases so that
municipal facilities can effectively treat industrial wastes.
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311
The Water Quality Board concludes that those facilities presently in
operation, and those which will become operational within the next five years
should, collectively, abate the discharge of "conventional" pollutants,
metals, and "conventional" toxic substances.
The Board notes several exceptions, however, where progress is not
satisfactory: facilities will not become operational within the next five
years, or no remedial measures are planned. Municipal and industrial waste
treatment facilities are generally inadequate for the Grand Calumet
River/Indiana Harbor Canal area, and additional industrial pre-treatment
programs are required for facilities in the BVack River, Ohio; the Buffalo
River, New York; the Niagara River, New York;-and the Cornwall,
Ontario-Massena, New York area of the St. Lawrence River.
The Board notes that many programs and measures have been implemented to
identify and control the release of toxic substances from municipal and
industrial facilities. Notable among these are:
1. Efforts to systematically identify sources of toxic substances, e.g.
Michigan's Critical Materials Register which, based upon
consideration of environmental and human health effects, has
identified substances for which production and use information is
required; Wisconsin's development of a production and use inventory
of toxic substances for the lower Fox River; New York's industrial
chemicals use survey, which helps direct the state's monitoring
program; and Ontario's hazardous contaminants program, which has
identified chemicals requiring further evaluation in terms of
environmental and human health effects and exposure potential.
2. Requirements to test effluents to establish the presence and effects
of toxic substances.
3. Effluent limitations based on best available treatment and/or on best
professional judgement.
4.
Development of industrial pre-treatment programs for toxic substances.
For the most part, efforts to control the release of toxic substances are
conducted on a facility-by-facility or a substance-by-substance basis; a
comprehensive management strategy, although closer than it was five years ago,
as reflected by the above activities, is not yet a reality. The Board
encourages continuation of ongoing studies and data-gathering programs. These
are necessary activities which should lead to such firm program requirements
as standards, regulations, and effluent limitations. The Board is nonetheless
concerned that, without a comprehensive management strategy, toxic substances
in the Great Lakes ecosystem cannot be controlled in a cost-effective manner.
This is especially true for such severely polluted areas as the Grand Calumet
River/Indiana Harbor Canal; the Buffalo River, New York; and the Niagara
River, New York.
The approaches followed by both the United States and Canada allow for
development of control strategies for all pollutants, including toxic
substances, discharged directly from municipal and industrial facilities into
the receiving water. The basis for control in the United States is the NPDES
- 22 -
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312
permit system, developed under the Clean Water Act. The NPDES permit details
pollution control requirements and compliance schedules for each discharger.
Effluent limitations are based upon national technology-based guidelines and,
where necessary, on water quality standards. In Ontario, effluent limitations
are specified as required in Certificates of Approval or Control Orders.
The Board notes a legislative disparity in the United States. Legislation
in some states, e.g. New York and Michigan, allows imposition of effluent
limitations and pre-treatment regulations more strict than those mandated by
the federal government. However, laws in other states, e.g. Wisconsin,
mandate that state requirements must comply with and not exceed federal
requirements; exceptions are permitted where federal requirements have not
been promulgated. However, if requirements more stringent than existing
federal limitations and regulations were required, the state could not
implement them.
Some industries discharge their wastes to municipal sewerage systems.
Requirements have been developed for treatment of these wastes prior to their
discharge, in order to protect municipal facilities and to ensure that the
wastes receive adequate treatment. Pretreatment programs are generally in
place for conventional pollutants, and are in various stages of development
for toxic substances.
In Canada, a model "By-Law to Control Industrial Waste Discharges to
Municipal Sewers" was prepared several years ago by a joint committee of the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and the Ontario Municipal Engineers
Association. The model bylaw suggests permissible concentrations for
constituents of industrial waste, based on known toxicities or potential
adverse effects at the municipal facility. Application of the model bylaw by
municipalities is discretionary, and is tailored to the local problems
identified.
In June 1978, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published "General
Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution." The
regulations provide for national pretreatment standards and include general
discharge prohibitions for certain nondomestic wastes as well as standards
applicable to specific industrial categories.
WASTE DISPOSAL SITES
Toxic substances from hazardous waste disposal sites have, or have the
potential to adversely affect several areas of the Great Lakes ecosystem,
notably the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal; the Black River, the
Cuyahoga River, and the Ashtabula River, Ohio; the Niagara River, New York and
Ontario; and the St. Lawrence River at Massena, New York. These sites have
been addressed on a case-by-case basis. Clean-up, if required, has been
effected through voluntary measures by site owners, court orders and, in the
United States, by funds made available through the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act {"Superfund"). These efforts are
indicative of the implementation of a comprehensive control strategy for
existing waste disposal sites.
In Ontario, hazardous waste disposal sites which have the potential to
adversely affect the ecosystem have been identified by the province. Needed
remedial measures have been undertaken by municipalities and industries or by
- 23 -
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the province. Legislation is also being considered to address the matter of
liability which can arise during the active operating phase of hazardous waste
disposal sites.
Both Canada and the United States are devoting particular attention to the
siting, design, construction, and operation of new waste treatment and
disposal facilities in order to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on
ecosystem quality. These comprehensive programs also emphasize public
understanding of the necessity for secure treatment and disposal facilities.
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS AND URBAN LAND RUNOFF
Combined sewer overflows and urban land runoff contribute nutrients,
bacteria, and untreated waste directly into the receiving water. The problems
associated with these discharges vary greatly from one location to another
and, in some cases, use impairment may not exist. Measures to partially
correct problems arising from these sources have been or are being implemented
at several municipalities in the Great Lakes Basin. The Board notes that
construction programs are underway on the Milwaukee Estuary, Wisconsin and on
the Detroit River (Canadian side and the Ecorse River basin in Michigan). A
construction program will begin for the Buffalo River, when funds become
available in 1984. However, these measures are expensive; planning and
construction schedules for complete resolution of the problems stretch over
many years, and are dependent on the level of funding available.
The Board also notes the studies and planning under way on the St. Marys
River at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario; the St. Clair River at Sarnia, Ontario;
the Rouge River, Michigan; the Maumee River, Ohio; Hamilton Harbour, Ontario;
and the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, Ontario. These efforts will consider
the extent of the problems resulting from combined sewer overflows, the
benefits to be derived from controls, the control options which are available,
and the costs involved. The Board trusts that these studies and planning will
lead to appropriate control programs.
The City of Detroit has concluded from a recently completed study that,
although pollutant loads to the Detroit River from combined sewer overflows
could be reduced, no significant improvement in water quality would result.
Any load reductions and improvements would be masked by direct surface runoff
from the City of Detroit and by combined sewer overflows in the Rouge River
Basin.
Municipalities along the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal have
completed combined sewer overflow studies and are forwarding reports to the
State of Indiana for review and recommendations for action.
The December 14, 1981 amendments to the U.S. Clean Water Act address
funding for combined sewer overflow programs. Section 2 of the act defines
categories which are eligible for funding under the Construction Grants
Program; combined sewer overflows are not listed. However, Section 5 allows
the governor of a state to specifically request the Administrator of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to fund a combined sewer overflow project,
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provided that the state certifies that correction of a combined sewer overflow
problem is a major priority for that state. The above changes are effective
October 1, 1984.
Beginning October 1, 1982, the Administrator will have available an
additional 2200 million per fiscal year specifically for marine bays and
estuaries, including those in the Great Lakes Basin, which are subject to
lower water quality because of combined sewer overflows. These monies are to
be considered like a construction grant appropriation. Grants will be used as
deemed appropriate by the Administrator, upon demonstration of water quality
benefits by the governor of a state.
The 1982 Canada-Ontario Agreement provides resources, until March 1985,
for the construction of municipal waste collection and treatment facilities in
the Great Lakes Basin. Funding is shared among the municipal, provincial, and
federal governments. The correction of problems related to combined sewer
overflows is addressed by this Agreement, insofar as the funding relates to
construction of sanitary sewers.
AGRICULTURAL LAND RUNOFF
Agricultural land runoff contributes to environmental problems in many
tributaries to the Great Lakes, including two of the eighteen Class "A" areas
of concern: the Saginaw River Basin/Saginaw Bay, Michigan and the Maumee
River Basin, Ohio. The Water Quality Board notes the number and diversity of
programs in the Maumee River Basin to demonstrate the effectiveness of no-till
and associated soil conservation techniques to control this source of
pollution. The Board strongly urges the continuation of these programs, both
to improve the water quality in the river basin as well as in the western
basin of Lake Erie.
The Water Quality Board also notes the major demonstration program
underway in the Saginaw River Basin/Saginaw Bay area. The Board believes that
adequate protection of Saginaw Bay can only be achieved through the
implementation of nonpoint source control measures.
IN-PLACE POLLUTANTS
The Water Quality Board, in its review and evaluation of Class "A" areas
of concern, has concluded that, in general, remedial programs presently in
place or proposed will significantly improve ecosystem quality in the Great
Lakes Basin. However, even with the completion and satisfactory operation of
remedial works, environmental problems will remain, because of the presence of
in-place pollutants. For several areas of concern, natural processes will
eventually restore the area ecosystem. This is especially true for the
connecting channels, where contaminanted sediment will eventually be
transported downstream, deposited, buried with clean sediment, and effectively
isolated from the remainder of the ecosystem.
However, for harbors, embayments, and estuaries, these processes will
occur only slowly, if at all. Remedial measures, such as dredging, will have
only limited beneficial effect. It is, therefore, doubtful whether certain of
the areas of concern will be fully restored to the quality levels called for
- 25 -
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in the Agreement and to support all beneficial uses, even with implementation
of all reasonable remedial measures.
The principal reasons are modification of land use patterns in the
drainage basin, especially through industrial and urban development, and
modification of the geometry of the water body through construction of
bulkheads and loading docks and through deep-channel dredging. These
hydrological changes have imposed additional constraints on the assimilative
capacity of these waters.
The Class "A" areas particularly affected are the Grand Calumet River/
Indiana Harbor Canal area; the Rouge River and the Raisin River, Michigan; the
Maumee River, the Cuyahoga River, and the Ashtabula River, Ohio; the Buffalo
River, New York; and Hamilton Harbour, Ontario.
The Board urges further study to determine to what extent the
environmental quality of these areas can be restored and whether the remainder
of the Great Lakes can be adequately protected. Evaluations for each of the
abovementioned areas of concern should also consider alternative measures to
deal with in-place pollutants, technological and fiscal limitations, social
and economic implications, and public opinion. The goals of these studies and
evaluations are to establish whether the requirements and obligations of the
Agreement can be met and adequate protection of the Great Lakes achieved.
EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL PROGRAMS
Table 1 on page 5 summarizes the Board's evaluation of the adequacy of
remedial programs to correct environmental problems for the 18 Class "A" areas
of concern. More detailed statements of the Board's evaluation and of the
environmental issues are presented in the pages following. Details regarding
the environmental data and the remedial programs, as submitted by the
jurisdictions, are given in the Appendix.
EOX RIVER AND SOUTHERN GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN
ISSUE
Southern Green Bay has historic eutrophication problems. Although
municipal and industrial facilities generally meet the 1.0 mg/L phosphorus
effluent limitation, the additional stress on the system as a result of these
discharges have not been determined with any certainty. The phosphorus budget
and dynamics of Green Bay is being studied, including the relation of
phosphorus to phytoplankton growth and the effects of phytoplankton and
oxygen-consuming organic substances on dissolved oxygen levels.
Dissolved oxygen levels in the lower Fox River have improved considerably
since 1972, as a result of installation of wastewater treatment facilities.
The potential for ammonia toxicity problems is thought to exist near the
mouth of the river and for some distance out into the bay. No problems,
however, have been documented to date.
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Sediments in the Fox River and near the river mouth in Green Bay are
heavily polluted with conventional contaminants and heavy metals, including:
volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, phosphorus,
ammonia, oil and grease, lead, zinc, and mercury. PCB and DDT are also
present.
The area fishery continues to improve in amount and diversity but is still
impaired. Concentrations of PCB in fish flesh routinely exceed the U.S. FDA
action level. Low or trace levels of industrial chemicals, pesticides, and
their breakdown products, including pentachlorobenzene, a-lindane, DDT,
hexachlorobenzene, nonachlor, pyridine carboxamide, and tri-, tetra-, and
pentachlorophenol are also present.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial works now in
operation are not adequate to fully resolve the identified environmental
problems resulting from municipal and industrial discharges (Evaluation =
2B). However, the Board recognizes that major improvements in the water
quality of the lower Fox River have been achieved over the past 10 years as a
result of Wisconsin's pollution control programs.
For control of conventional pollutant parameters, facilities are now in
place on the lower Fox River between Lake ffinnebago and the DePere Dam, and
are planned for the sector between the DePere Dam and the mouth at Green Bay.
All controls should be fully installed and in operation on or before January
1, 1985. Municipalities and industries have responded to the discharge
requirements with no significant delinquencies in meeting construction
schedules and discharge permit requirements. The works will consist of
wastewater treatment for industrial and municipal dischargers sufficient to
implement the waste load allocation requirements and to meet water quality
standards even during periods of low flow and high temperature. Operation of
the facilities will also solve the BOD-related dissolved oxygen and ammonia
problems of the lower Fox River and Green Bay.
The Board also concludes that there are no firm program requirements
apparent for the control of many of the toxic pollutant parameters. However,
the Board recognizes that there are insufficient data currently available with
which to design such requirements. The Board also notes Wisconsin's efforts
to develop the necessary information bases for assessment and control
(Evaluation = 2D).
Based on the information available, it is expected that problems
associated with pollutants in the sediment will be resolved over the longer
term (Evaluation = 2BJ.
MILWAUKEE ESTUARY, WISCONSIN
ISSUE
The Milwaukee Estuary, including Milwaukee Harbor and inflowing
tributaries (Milwaukee River, Menomonee River, and Kinnickinnic River),
contain heavily polluted sediments, contaminated fish, and degraded water.
- 27 -
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317
Current water quality problems are primarily related to combined sewer
overflows and in-place pollutants.
Sediments contain high levels of conventional pollutants and heavy metals,
including oil and grease, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen,
total phosphorus, lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper. PCB, DDT, and chlordane
are also present in some sediments.
Most fish samples contain PCB in excess of the U.S. FDA action level of
5.0 mg/kg (maximum 88 mg/kg). DDT levels in some fish (maximum 2.98 mg/kg)
exceed the Agreement objective of 1.0 mg/kg. ~Also present at low or trace
levels are hexachlorobenzene, a- and y-lindane, cis- and trans-chlordane,
dieldrin, trans-nonachlor, and mercury.
Water samples from Milwaukee Harbor exceed the Agreement objectives for
conductivity, ammonia, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lead, and copper. PCB,
dieldrin, and DDT have been detected in some area discharges.
Bacterial counts increase as a result of combined sewer overflows after
heavy rainfall, and area beaches are subject to closure.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial works currently in
operation will not resolve identified environmental problems in the Milwaukee
Estuary; however, Wisconsin and the courts have imposed a schedule and
additional measures which will resolve the municipal and combined sewer
overflew related problems (Evaluation = 2B). These additional works will
consist of those facilities set forth in the approval of the Master Facilities
Plan issued in June 1981. These include additional treatment capabilities at
existing facilities and combined sewer overflow detention and treatment. The
court-ordered schedule for installing and placing these controls into
operation is given in the Appendix. A pretreatment program is also under
development to reduce the industrial impact on sludge and on treatment plant
effluent quality.
A firm implementation schedule, which will result in meeting water quality
standards in the Milwaukee Estuary, and which could include removal of
in-place pollutants, currently exists in the Dane County court order. An
intensive study to determine the appropriate means to achieve the water
quality standards is currently underway (Evaluation - 2B).
WAUKEGAN HARBOR, ILLINOIS
ISSUE
The sediments in Waukegan Harbor and in the North Ditch are grossly
contaminated with PCB (maximum concentration 500,000 mg/kg). PCB is also
present in water (concentrations up to several pg/L) and in fish (maximum
average concentration 77.4 mg/kg); the U.S. FDA action level for PCB in fish
is 5.0 mg/kg. Signs have been posted warning the public not to eat fish
caught in the harbor.
- 28 -
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$18
Because of restrictions on the dredging and disposal of contaminated
sediments, restrictions have been imposed on navigation.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial works c-irrently in
operation are not adequate and any proposed measures are subject to the
outcome of litigation. Hence, the Board cannot evaluate the effectiveness of
such measures at this time (Evaluation = 2D).
GRAND CALUMET RIVER AND INDIANA HARBOR. CANAL INDIANA
ISSUE
All sediments in the lower portion of the Grand Calumet River and Indiana
Harbor Canal are heavily polluted for all conventional pollutants and for
heavy metals; the concentrations are among the highest in the Great Lakes
System. Sediments also have high levels of organic chemicals associated with
heavy industry. Consequently, restrictions on the dredging and disposal of
contaminated sediments have resulted in restrictions on dredging for
navigation.
Fish are not generally found in the River or Canal: the area fishery is
virtually nonexistent. When found, the fish are small and in poor physical
condition. The fish are contaminated with PCB, a-lindane, hexachlorobenzene,
pentachloranoisole, cis-nonachlor, cis- and trans-chlordane, oxychlordane,
ODD, DDE, and dieldrin.
Very few macroinvertebrates are present, since their habitat - the bottom
sediments in the River and Canal - are oily silt and sludge.
Water samples exceed Agreement objectives for copper, lead, selenium,
iron, zinc, ammonia, mercury, phenol, and conductivity; and exceed Indiana
standards for ammonia, cyanide, phenol, phosphorus, chloride, fluoride,
mercury, and oil and grease. PCB was also measurable in the water column.
Outflow from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal also has an
adverse environmental impact on the adjacent nearshore of Lake Michigan.
Elevated concentrations or violations have been reported for cadmium, phenol,
and ammonia; and phosphorus, chloride, and sulphate concentrations appear to
be increasing.
Elevated bacteriological levels occur after rainfall as a result of
combined sewer overflows to the Grand Calumet River. East Chicago may also
contribute by the discharge of inadequately treated sewage. Consequently,
recreational use of the water is restricted: Hammond Lake Front Park is
permanently closed, and Jerose Park, in East Chicago, was closed during 1981.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial measures currently in
place will not resolve the identified environmental problems in the Grand
Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal. Additional measures are in the
process of being implemented at several of the municipal and industrial
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,**,
facilities in the area; although these measures will reduce pollutant loads,
they will not be adequate to resolve the environmental problems. At one
sewage treatment plant, there has been only limited progress to upgrade
wastewater treatment facilities and to provide pretreatment; enforcement
action is pending and agreement is being sought on an abatement compliance
schedule.
Action is being taken against industrial waste landfills as information
becomes available.
*
There are no plans to address in-place pollutants.
Since the drainage basin is heavily developed, and since there is little
natural flow, it is doubtful whether the environmental problems will ever be
completely resolved. The State of Indiana has proposed to designate these
waters as suitable for only certain, restricted uses (Evaluation = 2C).
In addition, insufficient information is available to conclude whether
present and proposed water quality standards and effluent limitations will
ensure protection of the adjacent waters of Lake Michigan and the achievement
of the Agreement objectives in these waters (Evaluation = 3J.
ST, MARYS RIVER, MICHIGAN AND ONTARIO
ISSUE
Sediments along the Ontario shoreline of the St. Marys River, downstream
of the industrialized section of Sault Ste. Marie, contain high levels of
iron, zinc, phenol, cyanide, and oil; the benthic fauna are impaired. Ontario
has placed restrictions on the disposal of dredged materials.
Phenol concentrations in excess of the Agreement objective extend across
the international boundary. Ammonia levels exceed the Agreement objective,
and cyanide levels exceed the Ontario objective.
Bacteriological contamination from sewer system overflows along the Sault
Ste. Marie, Ontario waterfront and from the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario sewage
treatment plant has restricted recreational use in some areas.
Mercury contamination in larger sizes of certain fish species has resulted
in consumption advisories; the former contamination sources were, however,
upstream in Lake Superior.
WATER QUALITY EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial measures currently in
place along the Ontario side of the St. Marys River are not adequate to
resolve current environmental problems. Additional measures being imposed by
Ontario are expected to correct the transboundary phenolics problem by 1987.
Further measures for the control of local bacteria and other identified
problems are to be put in place and in operation by 1988. Through these
programs and through natural physical and biochemical processes, improvement
in benthic fauna is expected over the longer term (Evaluation = 2B).
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The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial measures currently in
place along the Michigan side of th- St. Marys River are adequate to ensure
protection of the river ecosystem (Evaluation = 1).
SAGINAW RIVER SYSTEM AND SAGINAW BAY, MICHIGAN
ISSUE
Historically, eutrophication has been a pronounced water quality problem in
Saginaw Bay. In fact, due to its hydrology, eutrophication may always be
characteristic of the bay. The total phosphorus load to Saginaw Bay from the
Saginaw River decreased from 1044 t/a in 1974'to 409 t/a in 1979. This decrease
is due to phosphorus removal efforts by municipal treatment plants, the
detergent phosphorus ban in Michigan, and reduced tributary flow rates. The
municipal phosphorus loads in 1979, 1980, and 1981 were 211, 220, and 232 t/a,
respectively. This slight increase is due in part to an increase in the number
of facilities reported, an increase in the total flow treated, and to poor
performance by one or more of the municipal facilities; nonetheless, the point
source phosphorus load to Saginaw Bay appears to have stabilized. This overall
load reduction and the attendant improvements in water quality in Saginaw Bay
since the early 1970's have resulted is a marked decrease in the number of taste
and odor complaints from communities getting drinking water from the bay.
The total phosphorus load to Saginaw Bay from the Saginaw River increased,
however, in 1980 from the load reported for 1979. This increase is primarily
due to higher tributary flow and nonpoint land runoff. The impact of this
increase on water quality in Saginaw Bay is not known.
Runoff from agricultural land in the basin contributes suspended solids,
nutrients, organic matter, and pathogenic organisms to Saginaw Bay. Siltation
and associated turbidity degrades fish habitat, fills surface drainage ways,
and fills the main navigation channel from the bay into the Saginaw River.
The nutrient and organic matter contributed by agricultural activities
adversely affects the dissolved oxygen level in the Saginaw River. Loadings
from agricultural sources vary substantially from year to year, depending on
the amount of rainfall and whether major rainfall events occur before crops
have grown sufficiently to protect the soil.
Sediments in the Saginaw River contain elevated levels of PCB, in excess
of U.S. EPA's dredge disposal guidelines. Sediments in the Pine River are
contaminated with PBB.
Fish from Saginaw Bay, the Saginaw River, and its tributaries contain PCB
and chlorinated dioxins in excess of the U.S. FDA guidelines. Fish from the
Pine River contain PBB. Fish consumption bans are in effect for portions of
the area rivers, and a fish consumption advisory is in effect for Saginaw Bay.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that programs to control phosphorus
from municipal discharges are adequate (Evaluation = 1), and notes that there
is a nonpoint source control demonstration project in operation; however,
there are no firm requirements in place or planned to continue control of
excessive nonpoint phosphorus loadings from tributaries (Evaluation = 2D).
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The Board further concludes that remedial works currently in operation are
inadequate to resolve toxic contamination problems principally associated with
industrial discharges. Additional studies have been instituted to confirm the
adequacy of control measures for chlorinated hydrocarbons and to establish the
impacts, if any, on Saginaw Bay of contamination problems in tributaries to
the bay (Evaluation = 3).
Dredging has been carried out at some locations to remove contaminated
sediments. Studies are underway to determine the feasibility and benefits of
removing contaminated sediments at other locations (Evaluation = 3).
ST, CLAIR RIVER, ONTARIO AND MICHIGAN
ISSUE
Sediment at several locations along the Ontario shoreline of the St. Clair
River remains contaminated with PCB, mercury, lead, chromium, copper, and zinc
at levels in excess of the Ontario guidelines for open-water disposal,
necessitating confined disposal of dredged materials from maintenance
navigation projects. Mercury levels are, however, considerably reduced from
levels recorded in the early 1970's.
A marked improvement in the biological community of the river sediment has
occurred over the past decade. Residual sediment contamination does, however,
slow the recovery of the benthic fauna, adjacent to and downstream of the
petroleum and petrochemical complex in Sarnia and Moore Township.
Although mercury levels have also declined markedly in fish, consumption
advisories issued by Michigan and Ontario remain in effect, primarily for
larger fish. Advisories are also in effect for some fish species because of
elevated PCB levels. Fish tainting is still occasionally reported in areas
close to industrial sources.
The Agreement objective for phenol in water is exceeded along the Canadian
shore, and fecal coliform levels exceed the provincial objective. Bacterial
contamination from combined sewer overflows limits local recreational use.
WATER QUALITY EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial measures currently in
place on the Michigan side of the St. Clair River are adequate to ensure
protection of the river system (Evaluation = 1).
The Board concludes that remedial measures currently in place on the
Ontario side of the St. Clair River are not adequate at this time. The Board
notes that, with regard to mercury contamination, remedial measures were taken
in the early 1970's. Levels of mercury in fish have declined markedly, and a
continued but more gradual decrease is expected through natural processes.
The Board notes that Ontario is requiring further remedial measures of Polysar
Corporation to address phenolic compounds. The province expects improvements
in river water quality as a result. Further, to alleviate the bacterial
contamination problem at Sarnia, the province is actively seeking an effective
remedial measure under the municipal sewer separation program (Evaluation =
2BJ.
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DETROIT RIVER, MICHIGAN AND ONTARIO
ISSUE
PCB and mercury levels in sediment from the Detroit River exceed Ontario
guidelines for open water disposal of dredged material; confined disposal
would be required. The majority of the exceedences are along the U.S. shore
in the vicinity of the Detroit sewage treatment plant, Great Lakes Steel, and
the Rouge River mouth. Studies have been initiated to ascertain the presence
and distribution of organic pollutants in the sediments.
Improvements in the distribution and numbers of the pollution-sensitive
mayfly have occurred along both sides of the Detroit River since 1968.
However, the benthic population along the U.S. shoreline in the vicinity of
and downstream of the Rouge River mouth remains highly disrupted, consisting
of high densities of sludgeworms.
Mercury levels in fish have decreased considerably as a result of control
measures applied to upstream point source dischargers and because of natural
purging of the river system. However, both mercury and PCB levels are still
elevated, and the fish consumption advisories issued by Michigan and Ontario
remain in effect.
Bacterial levels are elevated on the U.S. side of the river as a result of
combined sewer overflows and direct urban land runoff into the river.
Bacterial levels are also elevated along the Canadian side as a result of
municipal discharges; recreational swimming, bathing, and other activities
have been occasionally restricted.
The Agreement objectives for phenol, iron, and total dissolved solids are
exceeded in some water samples from the Detroit River.
Reductions in phosphorus loads, as a result of measures applied to
municipal and industrial point-source discharges on both the Canadian and the
U.S. sides of the Detroit River over the past decade, have resulted in
improved water quality, from an enrichment point of view, in both the Detroit
River and the western basin of Lake Erie.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Board concludes that remedial measures currently in operation on the
Ontario side of the Detroit River are not adequate. The Board notes, however,
that specific measures are in the process of implementation to address the
bacterial contamination from municipal dischargers which should alleviate
these problems (Evaluation = 2A).
The Water Quality Board concludes that, except for combined sewer
overflows, remedial measures currently in place on the Michigan side of the
Detroit River are adequate to resolve pollution problems resulting from
industrial and municipal direct discharges (Evaluation = 1).
Combined sewer overflows into the Rouge River (discussed below) and from
the City of Detroit, and direct land runoff from the City of Detroit
contribute a sizeable loading of phosphorus and other pollutants, and control
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of these sources could afford a greater measure of protection and improvement
to the water quality of the Detroit River and the western basin of Lake Erie.
The City of Detroit has concluded that, although pollutant loads to the
Detroit River from combined sewer overflows could be reduced, no significant
improvement in water quality would result. Any load reductions and
improvements would be masked by direct surface runoff from the City of Detroit
and by combined sewer overflows in the Rouge River Basin. There are no
additional programs planned at the present time to address these sources
(Evaluation = 2D).
Sediments in the Detroit River may continue to be a source of
contamination; however, it is not clear whether broad-scale dredging is a
viable remedial option. Natural physical and biochemical processes are
expected to reduce the contaminant levels and lead to re-establishment of a
healthy benthic fauna community (Evaluation = 2C).
ROUGE RIVER, MICHIGAN
ISSUE
The .Rouge River, a tributary to the Detroit River, drains a heavily
developed industrial area. Historical data show severe degradation of the
sediment. Significant control measures have been implemented; however, the
river remains seriously impacted by combined sewer overflows and contaminated
sediments. Fecal coliform, phenol, iron, and total dissolved solids
concentrations in water exceed the Agreement objectives.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that control measures currently in
place are not adequate to resolve environmental problems in the Rouge River
Basin. The major problems are the result of combined sewer overflows. A
major study on combined sewer overflows has been completed and other studies
are still in progress. Based on the information available, and considering
the benefits to be derived and the costs involved, the court has concluded
that measures to correct combined sewer overflows in the Rouge River Basin are
not warranted at this time (Evaluation = 2D).
RAISIN RIVER, MICHIGAN
ISSUE
The Raisin River drains a heavily industrialized area south of Detroit.
Existing water quality problems result to a great extent from contaminated
sediments, which are heavily polluted with volatile solids, oil and grease,
and metals; chemical oxygen demand is high.
Fish are contaminated with PCB and other persistent organic compounds.
The Agreement objectives were violated for dissolved oxygen, conductivity,
fecal coliform, and several heavy metals in water. The Michigan standard for
pH was also violated.
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WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that there are no programs planned to
resolve problems associated with contaminated sediment. Further evaluation is
necessary to determine whether dredging is a feasible alternative for the
removal of in-place pollutants (Evaluation = 3).
MAUMEE RIVER, OHIO
ISSUE
The Maumee River carries a heavy load of -soil and nutrients, resulting
from agricultural land runoff, to the western basin of Lake Erie. Sediments
in the lower Maumee River and in Toledo Harbor are heavily polluted with such
conventional pollutants as volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand, and
with metals, as a result of past municipal and industrial discharges.
Contamination has, however, been decreasing with time as a result of pollution
control efforts. Sediments in the outer harbor are less heavily polluted.
The area fishery is impaired. PCS levels in fish exceed the U.S. FDA
action level. Several industrial chemicals and pesticides are also present in
fish tissue.
The Agreement objectives for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, fecal
coliforms, and several heavy metals are also exceeded for water samples from
the mouth of the Maumee River.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial measures currently in
operation to control municipal sources of pollution are adequate (Evaluation =
1).
Programs to control nonpoint sources of pollution within the Basin, which
are more significant than point sources, are not adequate. While there are
major and intensive nonpoint source control demonstration projects on going,
the Board notes that these efforts rely on voluntary participation, and the
long term acceptance of these programs is unknown (Evaluation = 2B).
Problems related to combined sewer overflows are under study and
evaluation. No date is projected for combined sewer overflow controls due to
insufficient data on programs and lack of funding (Evaluation = 2D).
Program requirements to control toxic contaminants from industrial sources
are being developed. Expected implementation is 1985/86 (Evaluation = 2D).
With the implementation of remedial programs to decrease pollutant loads
from both point and nonpoint sources, the natural processes of attrition
should remove contaminants from the sediments and fish over the next five to
ten years (Evaluation - 2B). However, because of the natural chemistry of the
water in the drainage basin and because of existing land use patterns, the
water quality in the estuary may never meet all Agreement objectives.
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BLACK RIVER, OHIO
ISSUE
Sediments in the lower Black River are heavily polluted with such
conventional contaminants as volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, and oil
and grease; nutrients; and metals.
The area fishery is impaired. PCB levels in fish exceed the U.S. FDA
action guideline. Several chemicals of industrial origin are also present in
fish tissue.
Concentrations in water samples violated Agreement objectives or Ohio EPA
water quality standards for nutrients, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliforms,
conductivity, cyanide, and several heavy metals.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial programs in operation
are not now adequate; however, the remedial programs under way for municipal
and industrial facilities in the area should result in adequate controls of
the discharges of wastewater into the river by mid-1986. Because of in-place
pollutants, an additional 5 to 10 years will be required for natural processes
to correct the environmental problems (Evaluation = 2BJ. However, the natural
chemistry of the drainage area for the Black River and current land use
patterns may preclude the river water from attaining all the Agreement
objectives. Surveys have been conducted to assess what water uses can be
achieved for the area.
CUYAHOGA RIVER (CLEVELAND), OHIO
ISSUE
Few fish are able to survive in the lower Cuyahoga River and in Cleveland
Harbor because of depressed dissolved oxygen levels, elevated levels of
dissolved solids and ammonia, and polluted bottom sediments.
Sediments are heavily contaminated with such conventional pollutants as
volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and oil and
grease; with heavy metals; and with PCB. Although sediment quality has
improved with time, dredged materials must be disposed of in confined areas.
Concentrations in water samples exceeded Agreement objectives and/or Ohio
standards for dissolved oxygen, ammonia, conductivity, phenol, fecal coliform,
and several heavy metals.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that current remedial measures are not
adequate. However, major programs to control municipal and industrial
discharges, combined sewer overflows, and urban land runoff are underway and
should all be in place by 1990. These measures will significantly improve
ecosystem quality in the area. They include major construction at municipal
treatment plants in Akron and Cleveland. Two large interceptor programs are
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326
under construction or planned. Wastewater treatment systems have been
installed at major industries in the area, for the control of conventional and
toxic pollutants; the facilities are being reviewed to identify whether
additional controls are required for toxic substances. Several hazardous
waste disposal sites have been identified, closed, and/or cleaned up.
However, there is inadequate information available to determine what water
quality the current remedial programs will permit. In light of the natural
chemistry of the drainage basin, the current intensive land use, and the
greatly modified geometry of the navigation section of the river, it is
unlikely that the water quality in the river will ever meet the Agreement
objectives (Evaluation = 2C).
ASHTABULA RIVER, OHIO
ISSUE
Fish from the lower Ashtabula River, the harbor area, and inflowing
tributaries are contaminated with complex organic substances of industrial
origin. For several of the compounds, the human health effects are not
known. A U.S. FDA action level exists only for PCS; concentrations in fish
exceeded this level.
Heavy sediment contamination with conventional pollutants (volatile
solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and oil and grease),
heavy metals, and chlorinated organics necessitates confined disposal for
dredged materials. Restrictions on dredging have also resulted in
restrictions on navigation.
Water samples collected at the mouth of the harbor exceeded the Agreement
objectives for conductivity, fecal coliforms, and several heavy metals.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial works now in
operation have significantly improved the ecosystem quality of the Ashtabula
River. However, these measures are not adequate to completely resolve the
environmental problems related to industrial discharges, hazardous waste
sites, and in-place pollutants (sediment}. The Board notes that there are
investigations underway to address some of these issues. Although firm
program requirements have not yet been developed, such measures, when
implemented would restore ecosystem quality, although natural attrition will
take some time (Evaluation = 2B).
The Board also notes that Field's Brook, a tributary to the Ashtabula
River, is a priority site of the 'Superfund* program. This is the only site
at which 'Superfund' monies have been considered for the removal of
contaminated sediments from a stream. The Board will closely follow the
progress of this activity.
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32?
BUFFALO RIVER, NEW YORK
ISSUE
The lower Buffalo River, which drains a heavily populated and highly
industrialized basin, and the Buffalo waterfront are very severely polluted.
Almost all sediments are heavily contaminated with conventional pollutants
(including nutrients, volatile solids, and oil and grease) and with heavy
metals. Many sediments are also contaminated with high concentrations of
organic substances primarily of industrial origin. Nine potential or positive
carcinogens and eight organic substances having a potential for chronic
aquatic toxicity were identified. Each was present at at least one sampling
location and at a concentration of at least 5 mg/kg; the concentrations of
some substances exceeded 50 mg/kg. PCB and pesticides are also present.
Because of the multiplicity and the concentrations of carcinogens, toxins,
heavy metals, and conventional pollutants present, the macroinvertebrate
population is severely impaired.
In water samples, the Agreement objectives were exceeded for dissolved
oxygen, conductivity, fecal coliform, and several heavy metals.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial measures currently in
place will not resolve identified problems in the Buffalo River. However,
additional programs are being implemented, notably at the Buffalo and the
Lackawanna municipal treatment facilities. These additional measures should
be operational by 1985. Significant improvement in ecosystem quality in the
area is expected by 1990 (Evaluation = 2B).
There are currently no firm remedial programs to address in-place
pollutants. Funds to address combined sewer overflows are expected to be
approved in 1984 (Evaluation = 2DJ.
NIAGARA RIVER, NEW YORK AND ONTARIO
ISSUE
Water, sediment, and fish from the Tonawanda Channel of the Upper Niagara
River are severely contaminated. The lower Niagara River also exhibits
extensive contamination.
Almost all sediments from the Tonawanda Channel are heavily contaminated
with conventional pollutants, heavy metals, and PCB in excess of acceptable
concentrations for open-water disposal of dredged materials. Many sediments
are also contaminated with high concentrations of other organic substances
primarily from industrial sources. Nine potential or positive carcinogens and
eight organic substances having a potential for chronic aquatic toxicity were
identified. Each was present at at least one sampling location and at a
concentration of at least 5 mg/kg; the concentrations of some substances
exceeded 50 mg/kg.
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3*8
Sediments from the lower Niagara River generally exceeded acceptable
levels for heavy metals.
A number of organic compounds have also been identified in sediment and
water samples taken from the river near industrial landfills.
Numerous organic chemicals of industrial or agricultural origin have been
identified in fish. For those substances for which U.S. Food and Drug
Administration action levels or Canadian federal consumption guidelines have
been established, concentrations are such that most fish are suitable for
unrestricted consumption. Advisories are in place for larger specimens of
American eel and coho salmon, because of elevated levels of PCB and mi rex;
although found in the lower Niagara River, these species are generally
resident in Lake Ontario.
Agreement or Ontario objectives were exceeded in some water samples for
PCB, aldrin/dieldrin, DDT, endrin, phenolics, heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide,
endosulfan, fecal and total coliform, and several heavy metals. Most of the
observed exceedences were in the Tonawanda Channel and in the lower Niagara
River.
The benthic fauna is disrupted in the Tonawanda Channel and in the lower
Niagara River. Toxicity was a limiting factor along the shoreline of the
upper Niagara River and was also a problem in the lower Niagara River.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial programs currently in
operation for the U.S, side of the Niagara River are not adequate to resolve
environmental problems identified in the river. The Board notes, however,
that remedial actions taken primarily by the U.S. EPA and the New York
Department ~f Environmental Conservation have increased over the past few
years. Specifically the Board recognizes the U.S. Niagara River Agenda
(clean-up plan) and the binational Canada-U.S. Niagara River Toxics Committee
work, which is currently taking place. Specific efforts of the Canadian
agencies in monitoring the ambient environmental conditions of the river are
also noted. While the Board is of the opinion that jurisdictions responsible
have placed high priority in cleaning up the environmental degradation of the
Niagara River, it recognizes that recovery of the Niagara River ecosystem will
take a sustained effort. The Board will continue to track the progress of the
responsible jurisdictions in implementing the acquired remedial measures to
alleviate these problems (Evaluation - 2B).
The Board concludes that remedial measures currently in operation on the
Canadian side of the Niagara River are adequate (Evaluation = 1).
HAMILTON HARBOUR, ONTARIO
ISSUE
Contaminants in sediments from several portions of Hamilton Harbour exceed
the provincial guideline for open water disposal of dredged materials for
nutrients, several heavy metals, and PCB. The greatest contamination is in
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329
the area adjacent to municipal and industrial discharge sites and in the deep
water central basin. Organochlorine pesticides have also been detected in
sediments. Dredged material is disposed of in confined areas.
Agreement or provincial water quality objectives are exceeded for total
dissolved solids, zinc, ammonia, phosphorus, iron, cyanide, and phenol.
Localized impairment from phenols and cyanide is especially apparent in the
area adjacent to the steel mills on the south shore.
Oxygen demand from municipal and industrial discharges, sediments, and
algal decay depress hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen levels, especially in the
summer, thereby limiting the suitability of the major part of the harbor as a
fish habitat.
Aesthetic quality is diminished by poor water clarity and color, as a
result of high levels of suspended solids, chlorophyll, and dissolved
organics, thereby deterring broader recreational use of the harbor.
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial measures currently in
operation are not adequate to resolve the environmental problems in Hamilton
Harbour. The Board notes that the province has imposed further remedial
measures on major industrial dischargers with regard to phenols, cyanide, and
suspended solids (Evaluation - 28)} a further strategy is under development by
the Ontario Ministry of the Environment for in-place pollutants (Evaluation =
2CJ.
ST, LAWRENCE RIVER (CORNWALL ONTARIO - MASSENA, NEW YORK)
ISSUE
Elevated mercury and PCB levels in larger sizes of some fish species
continue to necessitate advisories or restrictions on the consumption and
commercial sale of these fish. However, the prospects are for declining
levels as the impact of controls which are in place or planned is felt. The
mercury problem is residual in nature. Some reduction of PCB levels in forage
fish has occurred over the last three years, in response to initial controls
on Massena-area industrial sources.
Elevated fecal and total coliform levels have resulted in recreational use
restrictions at some beaches downstream of Cornwall. There are also localized
violations on both sides of the river for some Agreement or jurisdictional
objectives including phosphorus, total phenolics, certain heavy metals, PCB,
and two organochlorine pesticides.
Contaminants in sediments collected from the mouth of the Grasse River, at
Massena, and along the Cornwall, Ontario waterfront exceed jurisdictional
guidelines for open water disposal of dredged materials for nutrients, heavy
metals, oil and grease, and/or PCB. This contamination is primarily residual.
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330
WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION
The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial works currently in place
are not adequate to resolve the principal problem of KB contamination in fish
and sediments. While the Board notes that both the U.S. and Canada have
programs underway or planned for control of municipal and industrial
discharges by 1985, it also notes that the effects on fish and sediments from
previous PCS discharges will probably continue for some time beyond that date
(Evaluation = 2B).
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