United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 5
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
May, 1983
Environmental
Management
Report
              Attachment X
VakJas V. Adamkus, Regional Administrator

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         REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT
                      ATTACHMENT  A
             REFERENCE AND SUPPORT MATERIALS
                    TABLE OF CONTENTS
MEDIUM                                  PAGE





Air                                       1



Land                                     38



Water                                   179



Great Lakes                             282

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                                        1
                REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT

                               ATTACHMENT A

                                   AIR

AIR QUALITY OVERVIEW

Figures A-l to A-7 (see Part 1) present maps that give an overview of the
Region's major air quality problems.  These are discussed on a pollutant-
by-pollutant basis below.

Ozone (0-Q

The ozone problems which are shown in Figure A-l (see Part 1) are the most
serious air quality problems in Region V.

The most severe ozone problems in the Region continue to occur in the Chicago/
NW Indiana/SE Wisconsin, Detroit, and Milwaukee areas.  These areas are
required to attain the standard by 1987.  However, nonattainment problems
also continue in Portage and Summit Counties in Ohto (Akron area); and
control implementation problems occur in St. Joseph and Elkhart Counties
(South Bend area) in Indiana.

In 1978, 155 of the 524 Region V counties were designated primary nonat-
tainment for ozone.  Strategies to reduce ozone concentrations in these
areas impacted over 75% of the Region's population.  By 1980, of the 84
counties still monitored, 33 contained at least one site over the primary
standard.  In 1981, of the 89 counties with monitors, 22 contained at
least one site over the primary standard.  Regionally, by 1980 just
over 21% of the total population resided in primary nonattainment areas.

Region V ozone trends from 1978-1980 are summarized as follows:

- Number of sites with increasing concentrations    6  (5.9%)
- Number of sites with decreasing concentrations   39 (38.6%)
- Number of sites with no change                   56 (55.5%)

This summary illustrates a short-term decrease which appears to be due
to a combination of factors: reduction in precursor emissions, less con-
ducive meteorological conditions for ozone formation, and ozone monitor
calibration changes (causing up to a 15% drop in observed concentrations).
Detroit, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Louisville have
all shown significant downward ozone trends.  It should also be noted
that RACT regulations covering many point sources did not become effective
until the end of 1982.

While substantial improvement in ozone levels has occurred in Region V
since 1977-1978, at least two areas, Portage and Summit Counties in Ohio
and St. Joseph and Elkhart Counties in Indiana, are projected not to
meet the standard by the 1982 statutory deadline.  A substantial  portion
of the attainment demonstration in these areas is dependent on reduced
emissions achieved through FMVCP.  The major factors responsible for
failure of the in-use vehicle control  program to provide its share of
emission reductions are the lower than expected turn-over of the used
car fleet, emission control system deterioration, improper maintenance,

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Description of Figure A-l;  Region V Problem Areas for Ozone
Illinois:
  1.  All of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will  Counties
  2.  All of Madison, Monroe, and St. Clair Counties
Indiana:
  1.  All of Lake and Porter Counties
  2.  All of Elkhart and St. Joseph Counties
  3.  All of Clark and Floyd Counties
Michigan:
  1.  All of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne Counties
Minnesota:
  No Areas
Ohio:
  1.  All of Portaqe and Summit Counties
Wisconsin:
  1.  All of Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, and Waukesha Counties
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR
81.356 and subsequent Federal Register notices up to February 1, 1983.

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                                       •»
                                       JJ
component failure, and tampering and fuel switching.

The Chicago/NW Indiana/SE Wisconsin, Milwaukee, and Detroit areas are
required to meet the standard by the final statutory deadline of 1987.
The Clean Air Act currently requires that these areas implement I/M by
no later than January 1, 1983.  None of these areas have yet met this
requirement.

Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)                      _                   _

The TSP problems in Region V, shown in Figure A-2 (see Part 1), are among
the most serious of the air quality problems.  The potential health impact
from TSP is indicated by the 16 areas still  showing violations of the primary
standard.

The most severe TSP problems in the Region occur in the Chicago/N.W. Indiana,
Detroit, and Cleveland urban areas.  In addition, the following counties,
or parts thereof, were not in attainment by  their statutory deadline of
December 31, 1982:  Macon, St. Clair, and Madison Counties in Illinois;
Clark County in Indiana, Hennepin County in  Minnesota; and, Columbiana,
Jefferson, Mahoning, Rich!and, and Sandusky  Counties in Ohio.

In many of these areas, violations are associated with the steel industry
and power generation.  While TSP emissions have decreased from 1970 to the
present, due mostly to the control of traditional industrial stack and pro-
cess fugitive emissions and fuel conversion  (from coal to oil and natural
gas), ambient levels have not decreased as much in recent years because
low level fugitive emissions from industry and wind blown dust have not
decreased.

In 1975, 24% of the 947 TSP monitoring sites exceeded the annual primary
standard and 7% of these sites exceeded the  24-hour primary standard.
By 1981, the number of monitors exceeding the annual primary standard
was reduced to 8% of 955 total sites.  Similarly, the percentage of mon-
itors exceeding the 24-hour primary standard was reduced to 3% of the
955 sites.  The populations exposed to primary standard violations
stood at just under 17% in 1980, compared to over 20% in 1975.

These recent decreases in primary standard exposure are significant when
we consider that:

- many urban areas had already achieved their largest decreases in TSP
levels between 1970 and 1975;

- improvement in the monitoring network after 1978, resulted in reloca-
tion of monitors to peak concentration areas (or "hot spot" special-pur-
pose monitoring), and thus, reducing the number of TSP sites in clean
air areas; and,

- industrial fugitive dust regulations have  only just become effective
at the end of 1982.

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Prescription of Figure A-2:  Region V Problem Areas for Total Suspended
Parti oil ates

PRIMARY PROBLEM AREAS:

Illinois:

  1.  Cook County:  most of the City of Chicago and communities south and
      southwest of the City
  2.  Macon County:  City of Decatur
  3.  Madison County:  Townships of Chouteau and Godfrey
  4.  St. Clair County:  western portion of the County

Indiana:

  1.  Clark County:  southern portion of the County
  2.  Lake County:  northern portion of the County
  3.  Porter County:  area approximated by the Community of Burns Harbor
  4.  Marion County:  most of the County

Michigan:

  1.  Wayne County:  most of the City of Detroit and Communities south of
      the City

Minnesota:

  1.  All of Hennepin County

Ohio:

  1.  Columbiana County:  eastern portion of the County
  2.  Jefferson County:  eastern portion of the County
  3.  Cuyahoga County:  most of the City of Cleveland and several of the sur-
      rounding communities
  4.  Mahoning County:  east-central portion of the County
  5.  All of Richland County
  6.  All of Sandusky County

Wisconsin:

  No Areas

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                                 te-
(Description of Figure A-2 cont'd)


SECONDARY PROBLEM AREAS:
Illinois:

  Adams County:
  Bureau County:
  Cook County:
  Kane County:
  Kankakee County:
  Will County:
  OuPage County:
  Kendall County:
  Lake County:
  DeKalb County:
  Jefferson County:
  Jo Daviess County:
  Woodford County:
  Knox County:
  Peoria County:
  Tazewell County:
  LaSalle County:
  McClean County:
  Macon County:
  Madison County:
  Monroe County:
  St. Clair County:
  Massac County:
  Menard County:
  Putnam County:
  Rock Island County:

  Whiteside County:
  Williamson County:
  Winnebago County:

Indiana:

  Dearborn County:
  DuBois County:
  St. Joseph County:
  Vanderburgh County:
  Vigo County:

Michigan:

  Bay County:
  Calhoun County:
  Delta County:
  Emmet County:
  Genesse County:
  Ingham County:
  Kent County:
  Lapeer County:
  Macomb County:
west-central portion of the County
most of the County
almost all of the County, aside from the Primary Area
northeastern portion of the County
most of the County
most of the County
entire County
entire County
entire County
most of the County
north and central portion or the county
most of the County
most of the County
entire County
entire County
entire County
west-central portion of the County
central portion of the County
portion of the County north of the Primary Area
most of the County, aside from the Primary Area
northeastern portion of the county
most of the County, aside from the Primary Area
central portion of the County
central portion of the County
central portion of the County
along most of the State border, in the area of the
City of Moline
most of the eastern portion of the County
central portion of the County
most of the County
Township of Lawrenceburg
Township of Bainbridge
northeast portion of the County
central portion of the County
a small portion of the City of Terre Haute
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
most of the City of Flint
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
area approximated by the City
of Bay
of Albion
of Escanaba
of Petoskey

of Lansing
of Grand Rapids
of Imlay
of New Haven

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                                        $
(Description of Figure A-2 cont1d)
  Manistee County:
  Mason County:
  Midland County:
  Monroe County:
  Muskegon County:
  St. Clair County:
  Saginaw County:
  Wayne County:

Minnesota:
                     area approximated by
                     area approximated by
                     area approximated by
                     northeastern portion
                     area approximated by
                     area approximated by
                     area approximated by
                     northeastern portion
the City of Manistee
the Township of Golden
the City of Midland
of the County
the City of Muskegon
the City of Port Huror*
the City of Saginaw
of the County
  Goodhue County:     City of Red Wing
  Koochiching County: City of International Falls
  St. Louis County:   most of the City of Duluth
                      portions of three townships in the Iron Range
                      City of St. Paul
St. Louis County:
Ramsey County:
Ohio:

  Belmont County:
  Jefferson County:
  Columbiana County:
  Monroe County:
  Tuscarawas County:
  Butler County:
  Montgomery County:
  Preble County:
  Clark County:
  Miami County:
  Logan County:
  Cuyahoga County:
  Franklin County:
  Hamilton County:
  Lake County:
  Summit County:

  Medina County:
  Lawrence County:
  Lorain County:
  Lucas County:
  Seneca County:
  Allen County:
  Wyandot County:
  Mahoning County:
  Trumbull County:
  Muskingum County:
  Scioto County:
  Gallia County:
  Jackson County:
  Stark County:
  Washington County:
                    eastern portion of the County
                    eastern portion of the County, aside from the Primary Area
                    eastern portion of the County, aside from the Primary Area
                    northeastern portion of the County
                    entire County
                    eastern portion of the County
                    much of the southern portion of the County
                    southwestern portion of the County
                    eastern portion of the County
                    northern portion of the County
                    entire County
                    most of the County, aside from the Primary Area
                    central portion of the County
                    south-central portion of the County
                    north-central portion of the County
                    most of the County, except for the northern and southern
                    portions
                    entire County
                    southern portion of the County
                    north-central portion of the County
                    north-central portion of the County
                    entire County
                    entire County
                    entire County
                    northeastern portion of the County
                    southern portion of the County
                    entire County
                    southern and eastern portion of the County
                    entire County
                    entire County
                    central portion of the County
                    entire County

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                              ,***••

(Description of Figure A-2 cont'd)
Wisconsin:

  Brown County:       most of
  Columbia County:    most of
  Dane County:        most of
  Douglas County:     most of
  Kenosha County:     most of
  Manitowoc County:   most of
  Marathon County:    City of
  Milwaukee County:   most of
  Racine County:      portion
  Rock County:        portion
  Waukesha County:    portion
  Winnebago County:   portions
  Wood County:        portion
the City of Green Bay
the Township of Pacific
the City of Madison
the City of Superior
the City of Kenosha
the City of Manitowoc
Brokaw
the City of Milwaukee
of the City of Racine
of the City of Beloit
of the City of Waukesha
 of the Cities of Neenah and Oshkosh
of the City of Marshfield
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR
81.356 and subsequent Federal Register notices up to February 1, 1983.

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There exists uncertainties over how the eventual  promulgation of the
inhalable particulate standard will affect the overall  TSP problem.
However in order for control strategies to be developed for the in-
halable particulate standard, there is a need for inhalable particulate
monitoring in order to assess the nature and extent of the problem;
determination of source contributions, i.e., emission factors; evalua-
tion of control technology effectiveness; and, establishment of sche-
dules for compliance.

The resolution of the TSP problem is complicated  by the following factors:

0 TSP sources are suffering extreme economic hardship because of the
area's dependence on industrial production; as a  result, public and
private sources are less likely to voluntarily install  costly controls.
In fact, several sources have been unwilling to cooperate in meeting
their statutory requirements.

0  At the same time steel production, which is a  major factor in creating
TSP emissions, is at an extremely low ebb with many sources physically
shutdown.  A revival of economic activity could result in a significant
increase in emissions and consequent rise in unhealthful  air quality
levels and increased population exposure.

0  Parts of the SIP that regulate iron and steel  mill  sources have not
yet been finally approved; therefore, industry is reluctant to comply
with still-uncertain requirements.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Though the CO problem areas in Region V are not as widespread as other
air quality problems, they still represent a major health concern  to the
exposed populations.  The areas of excessive CO levels of most concern
in the Region occur in Chicago, Illinois; Detroit, Michigan; Indianapolis,
Indiana; and, St. Paul, Duluth, and St. Cloud, Minnesota.  Also experiencing
high CO levels based on 1981 monitoring data are  Minneapolis and Rochester,
Minnesota; East Chicago, Indiana; and Akron, Ohio.  With the exception
of Chicago, these CO nonattainment problems are concentrated along
heavily traveled corridors or near major intersections.  In Chicago,
the nonattainment problem appears to be more uniform in the downtown
area as well as being concentrated along heavily  traveled corridors  in
the adjoining areas.

The major source of CO contamination is the incomplete combustion  of fossil
fuels.  This primarily occurs from the approximately 30 million vehicles
operating in the Region.  Additional CO emissions occur when cold weather
inhibits the complete combustion of fuels even further, especially during
cold starts.  This is significant in Region V, which has a large population
with many vehicles in the northern portion of the Region.  Progress  has
been made in dealing with the CO problem through  the implementation  of
FMVCP.  Furthermore, progress has also been made  through the increased
use of smaller cars which offer better gasoline mileage.

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Description of. Figure A-3 in Part 1:   Region V Problem Areas for Carbon Monoxide
Illinois:
  1. Cook County downtown ("Loop Area" portion of the City of Chicago)
Indiana:
  1. Lake County:  City of East Chicago
  2. Marion County: downtown portion of the City of Indianapolis
Michigan:
  1.  Wayne County:  northeast portion of the City of Detroit
Minnesota:
  1.  Ramsey County:  City of St. Paul
  2.  St. Louis County:  City of Duluth
  3.  Stearns County:  City of St. Cloud
Ohio:
  No Areas
Wisconsin:
  No areas
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR
81.356 and subsequent Federal Register notices up to February 1,  1983.

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                                     10.
The number of total exceedances of the eight-hour standard decreased
sharply from 831 in 1975 to just 99 in 1981 while the exceedances  of
the one-hour standard also decreased from nine to one in the same  time
period.  However, the percentage of monitors exceeding either standard
increased from 38% (28/73) in- 1975 to 40% (31/78) in 1981.  Further
examination of the data reveals that while counties  with monitors  exper-
iencing exceedances in 1975 showed fewer exceedances in 1981, many coun-
ties that were monitored in 1975 with no exceedances are now showing
exceedances in 1981.  One possible cause of this phenomenon is the popula-
tion movement from major urban centers to suburban locations, spreading
the CO problem over a larger area.  However in many  downtown areass 1982
concentrations exceeded 1980/1981 concentrations throughout the Region
probably due to adverse meteorology.

Sulfur Dioxide
Poor sulfur dioxide (S02) air quality is generally  not  considered  a  major
problem in Region V; that is, most of the high population  areas  are  not
routinely exposed to levels of SOg greater than the ambient  health stan-
dards.  Figure A-4 (see Part 1) displays the areas  that continue to  have
nonattainment problems for S02-

The present S02 air quality problems are, for the most  part, confined to
limited areas near certain major fossil  fuel  burning facilities  (i.e.,
power plants, refineries, pulp and paper mills, and industrial boilers).
The known SOg problem areas in the Region are noted below t
0 Five areas have had monitored violations  of the S02  NAAQS  during  the
  1980's: Dakota Co. (Pine Bend area)  in  Minnesota;  Brown  (Green  Bay),
  Marathon, and Oneida (Rhinelander) Co.  in Wisconsin;  and Lake Co.  in
  Indiana.  Lake County has had running violations and  a history  of  high
  ambient concentrations.

0 Eight S02 nonattainment problem areas do  not have  fully  approved  control
  strategies that assured attainment of the standards  by the statutory dead-
  line of December 31, 1982." These areas are: Brown and Milwaukee  Counties
  in Wisconsin; Lake, LaPorte, Marion  and Wayne Counties in  Indiana; and,
  Peoria and Tazewell Counties in Illinois.

The most important of these problems is in  Green Bay.   In  this area, moni-
tored levels continue to be above the  primary (health  related) standards
and are occurring in high population areas.  The three  other areas  with
monitored problems are in relatively isolated areas  and are  caused  by
one or two major sources.  In most of  the problem areas, the States/EPA
are in an advanced stage of regulation development which should remedy
the potential problems (with the exceptions of Wayne County, Indiana for
which there has been no recent action  by  the State;  and Oneida County,
Wisconsin which is a newly discovered  problem area).  There  are 28  offi-
cially designated S02 nonattainment counties in the  Region that already
have fully approved control strategies which are either presently attain-
ing the standards (and could be redesignated) or should attain the  stan-
dards upon final compliance by the affected sources  with their control
strategy.

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                                    II
There has been a marked improvement in the Region's S02 air quality
levels; for example:

0 Areas with monitors recording standard violations have been reduced
  from 39 (during the 1970's) to 5 presently.

0 Counties with designated nonattainment areas have been reduced from
  44 in 1978 to 28 in 1982 (including projected redesignations mentioned
  above).

Also, a close look at past monitoring data shows great improvement in
urbanwide S02 levels in Chicago and Cleveland since the early 1970's.
For example, S02 violations (some as high as twice the S02 primary
standards) observed at 16 different monitors in Chicago have been elim-
inated.  The past S02 problems in Chicago and Cleveland can be attributed
to the general consumption of high sulfur content fuels by residential
and commercial users for space heating and by industries for steam and
power requirements.  The Region's improvement in S02 air quality levels
has, as expected, been accompanied by a decrease in total  Regional S02
emissions (declining since the late 1960's) and in Regional utility S02
emissions (declining since the mid 1970's).  The decline in utility S02
emissions is also caused by the New Source Performance Standards which
requires that newer cleaner units displace older less effective units,
and by alternative energy sources (e.g., nuclear power).

Control strategies for sources within Region V have, for the most part,
consisted of one or more of the following elements:

0 Fuel conversions (from higher to lower sulfur content coal or oil, from
  oil to natural gas)

0 Taller stacks (and/or combination of stacks for a higher effective stack
  height), especially for utilities.  Higher release heights lessen the
  local air quality impact.

0 Load restrictions (i.e., legal  constraints on equipment  operation
  levels).

0 Control equipment (i.e., coal-washing which provides sulfur removal
  prior to coal  combustion; flue  gas desulfurization which removes S02
  from flue gases).  With the exception of refineries (flue gas scrubbing)
  and a few utilities (coal washing), the retrofit of control  equipment
  has not been widely used by sources in the Region to lessen their S02
  impact in deference to fuel  switching and taller stacks.

Future regulatory efforts for S02 will  focus on finalizing the control
strategies for the remaining problem areas (and any newly  identified areas)
in the Region.  In each instance, sophisticated air quality modeling analyses
have or are being performed in order to determine specific emission
limitations for each major source.   In  this manner, the potential  for
S02 standard violations will  be remedied for these areas.   Our reliance
on modeling to assess ambient impacts from major stationary sources is
necessary to overcome the limitations (spatial  and temporal) in monitoring

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             f Figure A-4 in Part 1:   Region V Problem Areas for Sulfur Dioxide
PRIMARY PROBLEM AREAS:
Illinois:
  1.  Peoria County:    southwestern portion of the County
  2.  Tazewell County:  west-central portion of the County
Indiana:
  1.  Lake County:      northern portion of the County
  2.  La Porte County:  northwestern portion of the County
  3.  Marion County:    entire County
  4.  Vigo County:      entire County
  5.  Wayne County:     eastern portion of the County
Michigan:
  No Areas
Minnesota:
  1.  Dakota County:    entire County
Ohio:
  1.  Coshocton County: south-central portion of the County
Wisconsin:
  1.  Brown County:     portion of the City of Green Bay
  2.  Milwaukee County: portion of the City of Milwaukee

SECONDARY PROBLEM AREAS:
Illinois:
  Tazewell County:      west-central portion of the County, aside from the
                        Primary Area
Indiana:
  No Areas
Michigan:
  Ingham County:        area approximated by the City of Lansing

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                                    13


data alone.  The principal obstacle in resolving the Region's S02 problem
are the enormous costs associated with reducing S02 emissions at utilities
and other major sources.  An important factor which assists S02 control
efforts is the present national and international concern over long-range
pollutant transport and acid deposition.  The absence of a legislative
remedy for these concerns has focused much attention on the S02 control
efforts in Region V and elsewhere.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)

The NOX problem in Region V is potentially of major significance because
of its association with hydrocarbons as a precursor to ozone formation.
The most severe NOX problem in Region V occurs in the Chicago area.   In
addition, there are moderate problems in Indianapolis, Indiana, and  Youngs-
town and Steubenville, Ohio.

From 1975 to 1977 only 4-5 sites in the Region exceeded the primary  annual
standard; however, 11 sites in 1978, and 18 sites in 1979, all  in the Chicago
area, exceeded the standard.  Then, in 1980 only three sites, all in Cook
County, exceeded the standard. In 1981 no sites exceeded the standard.  In
1982 1-2 sites appear to have exceeded the standard.  The phenomenon of
an increasing trend in the period 1977-1979 for NOX is not limited to Chicago
but to the Region as a whole (including Cleveland, Akron, and Canton,
Ohio and Indianapolis, Indiana).  Although other cities showed an increas-
ing trend during this time, the standard was not exceeded.

Due to the lack of NOX emissions trend data, it is difficult to explain
the exact causes of the observed NOx concentration trends.  However  it
appears that NOX emissions are increasing regionally because of increases
in the fuel consumed by power plants and growth in vehicle miles traveled.
While this increasing trend is cause for concern, it is important to note
that only 3% of NOX measurements at 933 sites, with data that meets  samp-
ling criteria, exceeded the health related standard.  The 1977 emission
inventory indicates that in urban areas, such as Chicago, Cincinnati and
Indianapolis, both point and mobile sources are significant emitters of
NOX, with point sources contributing approximately 40-50 percent of  the
total NOX emissions.  In these urban areas, the two biggest sources  of
NOx are motor vehicles and combustion of bituminous coal  at electric
generation facilities.

NOX emissions from light duty motor vehicles was expected to decrease with
time due to the impact of FMVCP.  This emission reduction should occur
throughout Region V.  However, there is little emissions trends data avail-
able for stationary sources.  Most emissions trend data in Region V  has
assumed that stationary source emissions from NOx would remain  relatively
constant from 1977 to 1987.  However, this assumption may not be correct
because of a possible coal consumption increase due to the switch from
oil to coal.  Illinois'  1982 SIP indicates a 5% drop in NOX emissions
from point sources due to increased reliance on nuclear plants.  This
increase in emissions may be sufficient to counteract the emissions
decrease from the implementation of FMVCP.

Moreover, the proposed modification of the statutory automobile emission
standard to a less stringent NOX standard for 1985 and later trucks
may cause a number of areas to approach the standard in the 1990's.

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(Description of Figure A-4 cont'd)
                                        14
Minnesota:

  Anoka County:
  Carver County:
  Hennepin County:
  Ramsey County:
  Scott County:
  Washington County:
  Olmstead County:

Ohio:

  Clermont County:
  Columbiana County:

  Cuyahoga County:
  Gallia County:
  Jefferson County:
  Lake County:
  lorain County:
  Lucas County:
  Morgan County:
  Summit County:
  Washington County:

Wisconsin:

  Dane County:
  Marathon County:
entire County
entire County
entire County
entire County
entire County
entire County
City of Rochester
Township of Pierce
Township of Unity and the Cities of East Palestine
and East Liverpool
eastern portion of the County
northeastern portion of the County
east-central portion of the County
northwestern portion of the County
north-central  portion of the County
eastern portion of the County
eastern portion of the County
northeastern and central portion of the County
northwestern and southwestern portions of the County
portion of the City of Madison
City of Brokaw
For a more detailed analysis, please see 40 CFR 81.301 through 40 CFR 81.356
and subsequent Federal  Register notices up to February 1, 1983.

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                                    15
Lead (Pb)

Since 1972, Region V has been monitoring the ambient level of lead in
areas generally centered around secondary lead smelters and areas of
high vehicular traffic.  There has been a downward trend of ambient lead
concentration based on a maximum quarterly average in all  six Region V
States since 1973.  The trend indicates that several areas that were
originally in violation of the lead standard are now showing compliance
with the standard.  The major reason for the reduced level of lead may
be due to the implementation of FMVCP which includes the phase down of
the use of lead in gasoline.  However, there are smaller areas that show
continuing violations of the standard.  These problem areas (Figure A-6,
Part 1) have been identified and are located in Granite City, Illinois
and St. Paul, Minnesota.  Another potential problem area is in Northwest
Indiana in the cities of Hammond and East Chicago.  The two actual  problem
areas, plus the potential  Northwest Indiana problem area are discussed
below.

0 Granite City, Illinois

Readings from monitors around the Tara Corp plant in Granite City showed
violations of the lead'standard.  The maximum reading recorded, averaged
over a quarter period, was 7.27 ug/m3 in the 4th quarter of 1981, more
than 4 times the standard.  Investigation of the problem pointed to the
nearby Tara Corp plant, a secondary lead smelter and a large pile of
scrap batteries and lead-bearing waste material located adjacent to the
Tara Corp facility.  The State is very concerned about the problem and
has initiated a multi-faceted study of the sources that impact on health
and the environment.  Region V is providing contractor assistance to
conduct laboratory studies of samples.  Illinois plans to  have all  data
evaluated by March 1983 and to submit a lead SIP for the area shortly
thereafter.

0 St. Paul, Minnesota

The monitor in the vicinity of Gould, Inc.  Study area has shown a  serious
violation of the ambient lead standard for the 1st quarter of 1982.   The
reading recorded by the monitor, averaged over a quarter period, was
7.97 ug/m3 more than 5 times the standard.  Possible sources of the
violation at Gould are currently being investigated.  A re-evaluation of
the study area and a revision of the operating permit for  Gould addressing
this problem are now being performed by the State.  The lead SIP and the
proposed operating permit  for Gould are scheduled for submission in
April 1983.

0 Northwest Indiana

In 1982 a new monitoring site in the Hammond area at Kennedy Avenue
and Borman  Expressway indicated a violation of the Pb standard (1.72
ug/m3).  There are no point sources located within 5 miles of this
monitor.  This morning site is more moible sources oriented because it
is located  on a major expressway/roadway.  In addition the monitoring
site in East Chicago indicated a violation of the Standard (1.67ug./m3)

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                                      16
in 1979.  This violation is associated with emissions from the steel
industry.  However, the more recent deceases in  the  ambient lead  level
monitored in this area maybe due to the decline  in iron  and steel
production.  Indiana plans to submit a draft SIP by  May  1983 and  a
final SIP by September 1983.

The principal barrier to lead problem control  in Region  V is that several
States have not submitted a plan to implement the lead standard.,   The Ohio
and Michigan SIPS have been approved by EPA.  The SIP for Illinois  has
been approved for all areas except Granite City. Indiana, Minnesotas
Wisconsin, and Illinois (Granite City) are still in  the  process of  develop-
ing their implementation plans.   Until the recent threat of sanctions
against States lacking lead SIPs was proposed, completion of these  SIPs
was a low priority.  Also, there was a perception that lead is generally
a problem being resolved by the  Federal  Motor Vehicle Control  Program.
Presently Region V is rendering  technical  assistance to  the States  toward
the submission of their lead SIPs.

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.Description of Figure A-5 in Part 1:    Region  V Problem Areas  for Nitrogen  Oxides
 Illinois:
   1.   Cook County:   area  approximated  by  the City  of  Chicago
 Indiana:
   No  Areas
 Michigan:
   No  Areas
 Minnesota:
   No  Areas
 Ohio:
   No  Areas
 Wisconsin:
   No  Areas
 For a  more detailed  analysis,  please  see  40  CFR  81.301 through  40 CFR  81.356
 and subsequent  Federal  Register notices up to  February 1,  1983.

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                                  <•-   a 3
Jescription  of Figure  A-6  In  Part 1:  Region  V  Problem Areas  for  Lead
 Illinois:
   1.  Madison County:   lead smelting  and  battery industrial  areas  of  Granite
                       City.
 Indiana:
   No  Areas
 Michigan:
   No  Areas
 Minnesota:
   1.   Ramsey County:   lead smelting  and  battery industrial  area of the City of
                       St.  Paul
 Ohio:
   No  Areas
 Wisconsin:
   No  Areas

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                                     19
   Radiation

A. Radiological Emergency Response Plans

   EPA evaluates the capability of State and County governments to adequately
   protect the population and the environment in the 10 mile emergency plan-
   ning zone (EPZ) around a nuclear station (Fig. A-7,  Part 1).  All  of the
   Region V States have demonstrated a capability to make the required assess-
   ment and provide protection for the population at risk for one or  more nu-
   clear stations in the State.  The assessment involves calculating  and pro-
   jecting the direction, size, and radiation content of the radioactive
   plume.  Based upon the calculated plume size and direction, actions such
   as relocation of people are recommended to the local  county government.
   A verification assessment in the plume area is made  by radiological  teams
   dispatched with equipment to measure the actual  airborne and deposited
   radioactivity.  Extensive effort has been made to assist Region V  States
   to develop accident assessment capability through EPA training courses.
   A listing of County RERPs not approved by the Regional Assistance  Committee
   is given in Part 2 under the Priority 1  ranking.
                                             v^\
B. Industrial Radiation Sftes

   Region V has increasingly become involved with industrial  radiation sites.
   Many of these sites are inactive.  Some were once registered or licensed
   by either the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or the States.  Some
   operated before enactment of either the Atomic Energy Act or Federal  or
   State regulations.

   To illustrate the scope of the problem Region V is dealing with and the
   difficulties which have been encountered, site-specific discussions
   follow.  An attached map, Figure A-8, identifies the locations of  the
   sites.

   1. Kerr-McGee Facility—West Chicago, Illinois

      Starting in 1931 this site extracted thorium from monazite ore  for gas
      mantle manufacture.  The site was licensed in the 1950's by the Atomic
      Energy Commission (later the NRC).  In 1973 when  the site closed,  sub-
      stantial  contamination problems were identified onsite and in numerous
      offsite areas of the City of West Chicago.   The company prepared  a plan
      for permanent onsite burial  of facility wastes which led to NRC issuance
      of a draft Environmental  Impact Statement (EIS) in May, 1982 advocating
      temporary onsite burial.   The NRC disclaims jurisdiction over numerous
      sites and substantial  volumes of wastes in  the community because  it be-
      lieves they were deposited before the Atomic  Energy Act.  EPA reviewed
      the NRC's draft EIS and rated it unacceptable because of the omission
      of offsite wastes in the decommissioning plan. The problem is  further
      complicated by apparent overlapping jurisdictions  between the EPA and
      the NRC, especially with regard to mixed media contamination by chemicals
      and radioactive materials.  EPA is considering action under Section 106
      of CERCLA with regard to offsite wastes for which  NRC disclaims juris-
      diction.

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                                  *    20


2c Skiljan Residence/Dial Services Manufactuing Company - Cleveland, Ohio
   Luminous Processes - Ottawa, Illinois

   Both Dial Services and Luminous Processes were radium dial  painting
   operations.  The Skiljan residence was contaminated with radium wastes
   from Dial Services.  All of these sites are being handled through
   CERCLA: In the former case through emergency provisions for planned
   removal and in the latter case through prioritization under remedial
   action provisions.  All  sites are clearly contaminated with radium
   and require remedial action.  Radiation sites, even small  ones, are
   extremely expensive to clean up because of high transportation  and
   disposal costs for wastes.  Because of the large volumes of low-level
   radioactive material involved only one of the three available commerical
   low-level radioactive waste disposal  sites, Richland, Washington,
   will even consider taking these wastes.

3. Lindsay Light Company Building - Chicago, Illinois
   Keleket X-ray Corporation Building - Cincinnati, Ohio

   Lindsay Light manufactured gas light mantles from thorium compounds
   between 1910 and 1936, before radiation was regulated or health effects
   were well understood.  The building was surveyed in 1980-81  by  Region  V
   and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and was
   found to be contaminated, although fully occupied.  The matter  was
   referred to the Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety which has stronger
   regulations but they have elected not to proceed further.   It is the
   assessment of Region V that further decontamination is clearly  required.

   Keleket manufactured radiation instruments in the 1950's.   A radium
   source they were using ruptured, contaminating parts of the building.
   The building was decontaminated adequately for the 1950's  but was re-
   surveyed by Region V in 1981 and found to be unfit for unrestricted
   use.  The building sits empty and no decomtamination has proceeded.

   Both sites have remained unresolved because there are not  direct legal
   means to secure decontamination.  Moreover, decontamination criteria
   have not yet been specifically developed by EPA.  Actual  cleanup of
   both sites will be expensive because of transportation and  disposol
   costs for large volumes of low-level  radioactive wastes.   Where to
   affix responsibility for cleanup and cleanup costs is not  clear under
   existing statutes, particularly since present owners were  not the
   parties responsible for the contamination.

4. Historical Sites of Radioactive Materials Usage

   Before enactment of the Atomic Energy Act and institution  of Federal
   and State regulation, the usage of radioactive materials,  principally
   radium, was often casual and marked by unawareness of possible  health
   effects.  Region V has instituted a seek and find effort to locate
   old radium and thorium gas mantle sites in order to survey  them and
   determine whether they remain contaminated by past operations.   This
   effort is hindered by the lack of clear cut contamination  criteria by
   which to perform surveys, by the lack of direct authority  to institute
   cleanup, and by a shortage of funds and disposal sites required for

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   cleanup.  This effort has just begun  and manpower will  be  determined
   by the number of sites discovered.

5. Active Industrial Operations

   Some industries use ores that contain radioactive materials  as  a  con-
   taminant, often at levels below that  defining  them as  source material.
   However, there is information available that processing actions and
   waste disposal may, nevertheless,  create a potential  radioactive
   materials hazard.  Region V has instituted an  exploratory  effort  to
   look at selected industrial  sites  and assess whether  potential  problems
   might exist.  Specifically targeted will  be the  titanium extraction
   industry, refractory industries using zircon sands, and feldspar
   mines.  EPA authority derives from RCRA so long  as none of the  materials
   can be classed as source or by-product material.

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                                       o
^Description of Figure A-7:   Region V Areas Requiring Radiological Emergency
 Response Plans for Nuclear  Sites  ™~                  ~™~
 RERP PLANS UNDER REVIEW:
 Illinois:
   1.  De Witt County
   2.  Lake County
   30  Ogle County
   4.  Rock Island and Whiteside Counties
 Indiana:
   1.  Jefferson County
 Michigan:
   1.  Bay, Midland, and Saginaw Counties
   2.  Monroe and Wayne Counties
 Minnesota:
   1.  Dakota and Goodhue  Counties
   2.  Houston County
   3.  Sherburne and Wright  Counties
 Ohio:
   1.  Clermont County
   2.  Columbiana County
   3.  Lake County
 Wisconsin:
   1.  Dunn and Pierce Counties
   2.  Kenosha County
   3.  Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties
   4«  La Crosse and Vernon  Counties
 SUBMITTED TO HEADQUARTERS FOR APPROVAL:
 Illinois:
   No Areas
 Indiana:
   No Areas

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                                        3   -*
(Description of Figure A-7 cont'd)

Michigan:
  Emmet and Charlevoix Counties
  Allegan, Berrien, and Van Buren Counties
Minnesota:
  No Areas
Ohio:
  Lucas and Ottawa Counties
Wisconsin:
  No Areas

FEDERALLY APPROVED PLANS
Illinois:
  Grundy, Kendall, La Salle, and Will Counties
  The State of Illinois RERP plan has been approved at the Federal level
Indiana:
  No Areas
Michigan:
  No Areas
Minnsota:
  No Areas
Ohio:
  No Areas
Wisconsin:
  No Areas

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                                '     24


Acid Rain:

Acid rain is the common catch-phase used to denote the broader phenomenon
of the wet and dry deposition of atmospheric acid materials.   It is  a  prob-
lem that transcends state and national  borders and was first  recognized
as an environmental threat in Scandinavia in the 1960's.   The long-range
transport of acid precursor emissions from the industrialized areas  of
England and Europe are blamed for  making fish!ess thousands of lakes in
Sweden as well as possibly damaging forests,, soils, and farmland,,

Acid rain originates principally from the release of sulfur oxides (SO)
and nitrogen oxides (NOX).  These  pollutants are transformed  through a
series of complicated reactions into surfuric acid and nitric acid that
are then scavenged from the atmosphere.   In the Northeast  U.S. almost
two-thirds of the acidity level is due to sulfuric acid; thus, indicating
the importance of S02 emissions.  While natural  S02 emissions are signifi-
cant on a global scale, they account for only 4-10% of the emissions in
eastern North America.  A map showing the distribution and relative  mag-
nitude of SOg emissions in eastern North America is presented in Figure E-l.
In 1980 over 80%  (22.4 million tons) of all North American man-made S02
emissions were released east of the Mississippi  River. Region V States
accounted for 7.3 million tons, roughly one-third of the total  emissions.
Individually, the States of Ohio,  Indiana, and Illinois rank  as number
one, two, and six, respectively, of these 38 states and provinces.

The majority of S02 emissions are  released from coal-fired power plants.
Approximately three-fourths of Region V's S02 emissions are from such
plants.  Four of Region V*s plants are ranked in the top six  of utility
sources in the country, including  Ohio Power Gavin, the largest utility
S02 emitter.  The ranking of utility S02 sources and a map showing the
location of the top 30 Region V power plants are presented in Figure
E-2.  A few examples demonstrate the wide discrepancy in state-wide  S02
emissions in Region V.  Ohio Power (OP)  Gavin emitted more S02 than
the entire State of Minnesota in 1980.   Also in 1980, OP Gavin and
Public Service Indiana (PSI) Gibson emitted more than the  State of Wisconsin
and OP Gavin, PSI Gibson, and Columbus and Southern Ohio Electric (CSOE)
Conesville emitted more than the State of Michigan.

As can be seen in Figures E-> and  E-2,  there is an especially high den-
sity of S02 emissions in the Ohio  River Valley area.   Over 40% of the
power plants in this area are located in Region V.  Most of these plants,
as well as many others in Region V, have tall  stacks.  Emissions from
tall stacks are subject to long-range transport since elevated release
heights increase pollutant residence times in the atmosphere, which  in
turn increase the distance pollutants can be carried.  It  is  because of
the large numbers, the high density, and the upwind location  of the  tall
stack power plants, that Region V  has been accused of contributing to
acidity levels in the Northeast U.S. and eastern Canadian  water systems.

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                        Figure A-S;  INDUSTRIAL RADIATION SITES
                                           Keleket X-Ray Cor
— Luminous Processes
   Kerr-McGee Facility
   Lindsay Light Compan,
   Historical Radium Site
                         Flourspar Industry
Zirconium Industries
Skiljan Residence
Dial Service Manufacturing"
Titanium Indsutries,

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Numerous sources in Region V have been the subject of lawsuits filed by
several Northeastern states.  These suits charge,  among other things,
that the cumulative impact of S02 emissions from specific Midwestern
sources are adversely affecting air quality in the Northeast.  These
alleged adverse impacts include acid deposition.  As a result of law-
suits filed by New York and Pennsylvania, EPA held a Section 126 hearing
in Washington, D.Co, on June 18-19, 1981.  EPA is  still  evaluating the
information presented at that hearing and has not  yet issued a find-
ing.  Region V has also been consistently challenged by many North-
eastern states and Canada on relaxations of S02 emission limitations
for certain sources.

Much of the concern on the part of the Northeastern States and Canada
stems from a growing body of scientific research that suggests that acid
rain may have the potential for or has already caused substantial  environ-
mental damage.  Such effects include acidification of lakes, rivers, and
ground waters, with resultant damage to fish and other inhabitants of the
water system; acidification and demoralization of soils; reduction of
forest productivity; damage to crops; deterioration of man-made materials;
and degradation of drinking water systems.  These  effects may result from
cumulative exposure of short-term peak acidity episodes such as the shock
loadings experienced in the spring.  Acids accumulated over the winter
are released quickly in concentrated amounts (the  first 10% of snow melt
water contains 90% of the soluble ions) when the fry, the most vulnerable
stage for fish, have just hatched.

The effects may be especially pronounced in eastern North America  because
this area is being impacted by the highest precipitation acidity levels
(see Figure E-3) and much of the region is underlaid by carbonate-poor
granite bedrock.  Thus, it is poorly buffered and  vulnerable to acid de-
position (see Figure E-4).  Just as most environmental  hazards have their
own biologicial monitors, fishless lakes may be the monitor for acid rain.
The fishless condition of several streams in Nova  Scotia and over  100 lakes
in both the Adirondacks and Ontario is being blamed on acid rain;  or more
precisely, to the presence of toxic metals (e.g.,  mercury, aluminum, man-
ganese) which are mobilized in soil after acid rainfall.  Leaching and run-
off subsequently transfer these metals to streams  and lakes.  It should
be recognized, however, that harmful  effects occur long before all  fish
have disappeared from a lake.

The economics of acid rain damage can also be substantial.  A recent Nat-
ional Academy of Sciences (NAS) report estimated that acid rain caused
damage costing $5 billion to materials, forests, agriculture, aquatic
ecosystems, health, and drinking water systems in  the eastern third of
the U.S. in 1978 alone.  The New England River Basins Commission pegged
economic loses in the NE/Adirondack region of New  York from acid rain at
$250-500 million per year, exclusive of health effects.  Millions  of
dollars in fishing revenue are jeopardized in the  Northeast and Canada.
High acidity also threatens Canada's forests, an $11.5 bill ion/year
industry which employs more than 10% of the Canadian labor force.

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The potential for acid rain damage is not limited to the Northeast and
Canada.  The northern portions of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin are
also very sensitive areas.  According to a recent Office of Technology
Assessment (OTA) report, up to 80% of the lakes and streams in the upper
Midwest are at risk.  This has generated a considerable amount of concern
in these three Region V States.

The State of Wisconsin is actively involved in a joint one-year acid de-
position research project with the Public Service Commission, a group of
Wisconsin utilities, and the Wisconsin Paper Council.  Together these
four parties have banded together to form a Joint Acid Deposition Technical
Review Committee.  The current project will attempt to assess the degree,
extent, and effects of acid deposition in Wisconsin; identify the sources
of acid deposition; and identify and review the effectiveness of emission
control options.

In response to the state-adopted Acid Precipitation Act of 1980, Minnesota
performed a one-year investigation of acid precipitation as it relates to
Minnesota. The final report from this review identified many lakes located
primarily in the northeast part of the State as being sensitive or poten-
tially sensitive to acid deposition. The report stated, however, that no
evidence of direct fish kills resulting from lake or stream acidification
presently exists for Minnesota waters.  In March 1982, the State passed
a stronger acid rain act (Minnesota Acid Deposition Control Act of 1982)
requiring: the publication of a list of sensitive areas by January 1983;
the adoption of acid deposition standards in the sensitive areas by
January 1, 1985; the adoption of a control plan considering both in-state
and out-of-state sources to meet these standards by January 1986; and the
compliance by in-state sources with the control plan by January 1990.
The act also requires interim progress reports to the State legislature.
Minnesota's statutory efforts are unprecedented nationally.

On a national scale, much of EPA's efforts to date have focused on re-
search.  EPA's official position has been to recommend only that research
be accelerated.  Under the current Clean Air Act, there is no direct
mandate to reduce S02 emissions based solely on acid rain impacts.  As
for the various bills requiring large reductions in S02 emissions being
considered by Congress in their review of the Act, the Administration
does not support them in view of the many uncertainties surrounding acid
rain (see "Principal Barriers" on Acid Rain, Part 2).

EPA is actively involved in several acid rain research projects.  EPA is
one of the lead agencies in the Interagency Task Force established by
Congress in the Federal Acid Precipitation Act of 1980 to develop and
implement a ten-year research program to investigate acid rain.  EPA is
also participating in the technical workgroups established by the Memo-
randum of Intent between the U.S. and Canada concerning transboundary air
pollution signed August 5, 1980.  Other research efforts include support-
ing many monitoring networks such as The Natural Atmospheric Deposition
Program (NADP), the Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution
Study and the Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition Network (GLAD).  In addi-
tion, there are also numerous other research projects being performed by
or through EPA laboratories or offices.  EPA's funding for this research

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has progressed from $4 million in FY 1978 to $9 million in FY 1982„
Total government expenditure on acid rain research in FY 1982 was over
$18 million, with more than $22 million committed for FY 1983.

As mentioned earlier, the need for Federal regulatory action on acid rain
is currently being considered by Congress in its review of the Clean Air
Act.  Several acid rain bills have been proposed ranging from those re-
quiring a reduction of S02 emissions by 10 million tons per year to those
only stressing further research.

The projected annual costs of a 10-million ton emission reduction by 1990
range from $3-7 billion and the cumulative capital costs ranging from $13=
26 billion.  Seventy percent of these costs would be incurred by ten States,
five of which are in Region V.

Several Region V utility companies have estimated tremendous increases in
utility bills: Americari Electric Power (63%), Ohio Edison (40%), Public
Service Indiana (50%), and Central Illinois Public Service (18%).

Furthermore, a 10 million ton reduction has been estimated to produce a
severe loss of coal-mining jobs (9,000-38,000 by 1990) in Illinois, Ohio,
western Kentucky, and northern West Virginia. This is because it is ex-
pected that utilities would shift coal supplies rather than install  scrub-
bers. It has been suggested, however, that these coal  shifts (and subse-
quent job losses) could be mitigated by delaying the reduction deadline
date until after 1995 when new technologies, such as fluidized bed combus-
tors and dry scrubbers, may be available for utility size operation.

Since there is a lack of complete scientific understanding of the trans-
port, transformation, and removal process, Region V's position reflects
one of the major themes of the Administration; sound science provides
the most suitable basis for effective regulations.

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                                         89
                                         2   o
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                               I  I  I  I    I
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RANKING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS - AIR
In developing this ranking, the Region  used the  following  criteria:
   0 air quality levels and trends
   0 population exposed
The most significant air quality problems  in  Region  V  are  prioritized  below:

PRIORITY 1:
a. 0^ primary nonattainment or maintenance target  areas:
      Chicago
      SE Wisconsin
      NW Indiana
      Detroit
      Milwaukee
      E. St. Louis
      Louisville
      Akron
Cook, Lake, Will, DuPage, Kane, McHenry Counties, Illinois
Racine and Kenosha Counties, Wisconsin
Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana
Oakland, Macomb and Wayne Counties, Michigan
Milwaukee, Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin
Madison, St. Clair and Monroe Counties, Illinois
Clark and Floyd Countiess Indiana
Portage and Summit Counties, Ohio
b. TSP primary nonattainment or maintenance  target  areas:
      Chicago
      NW Indiana
      Detroit
      Cleveland
      Steubenville
      Granite City
      Louisville
Industrial  area of Cook, Will  and DuPage Counties, Illinois
Industrial  area of Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana
Industrial  area of Wayne County,  Michigan
Industrial  area of Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Industrial  area of Jefferson and  Columbiana Counties, Ohio
Industrial  area of Madison County, Illinois
Industrial  area of Part of Clark  County, Indiana
c. CO primary nonattainment or maintenance target  areas:
      Chicago       - Urban areas
      NW Indiana    - Urban areas
      Detroit       - Urban areas
      Indianapolis  - Urban areas
      St. Paul       - Urban areas
      St. Cloud     - Urban areas
      Duluth        - Urban areas
            of Cook County, Illinois
            of Lake County, Indiana
            of Wayne County, Michigan
            of Marion County, Indiana
            of Dakota County, Minnesota
            of Stearns County, Minnesota
            of St. Louis County, Minnesota
d. SO? primary nonattainment areas:

      Illinois:
         Peoria County:
         Tazwell County:

      Indiana:

         Lake County:
         LaPorte County:
      southwestern portion of the City of Peoria
      west-central portion of the County
      entire County
      northwestern portion of the County

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•r-

                 U

                I

                o"1
                «/»
                »»


                i
                »

                s
                                                                                                                                                                  >

                                                                                                                                                                i

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    Figure E-3s
/•
Animal A««ra%«  pa of Precipitation in North Aiwrica
Uurinq 1979 Uased On Observation* By Canadian AMI
•mi CA9SAP M«t«orks and American HAP3S *nj lUVD?  Mt-
worfca. (Kot«t An isolin*  la dashed wtwr* ancart«inti«*
in it* position aro frcat du« to lack of data.}
                                                        \

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     Figure E-4  .
Regions in North America with lakes which way be
sensitive to acid precipitation, using bedrock
geology as an indicator.^5

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      Minnesota:
         Dakota County:     entire County
      Ohio:
         Coshocton County:  south-central portion of the County
      Wisconsin:
         Brown County:      City of Green Bay
         Milwaukee County:  portion of the City of Milwaukee
e, NOjc primary nonattainment area:
         Cook County:       Portions of the County
f. Lead primary nonattainment or maintenance target areas:
      Minnesota:
         Ramsey County:     Portion of City of St. Paul
      Illinois:
         Madison County:    Portion of Granite City

g. Radiation Industrial Radiation Site and Counties without approved Radiological
   Emergency Response Plans are:
      Kerr McGee Industrial Radiation Site
   Counties with Radiological Emergency Response Plans Not  Approved by Regional
   Assistance Committee:
      Illinois Counties:   De Witt, Lake, Whitesides Rock Island, Ogle
      Indiana County:      Jefferson
      Ohio Counties:       Clermont, Columbiana, Lake
      Michigan Counties:   Wayne, Monroe, Midland, Bay,  Saginaw
      Wisconsin Counties:  Manitowoc, Kewaunee, La Crosse,  Vernon, Kenosha, Pierce,
                           Dunn
      Minnesota Counties:  Sherburne, Wright, Houston, Goodhue, Dakota
h. Acid Rain
i. Ai r Toxi cs

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                                    35


PRIORITY 2:

All other primary nonattainment areas  for all  pollutants and  industrial
radiation sites not listed under priority 1:

a. ^l Primary Nonattainment areas:

      Illinois Counties:  Kankakee, Kendall,  La  Salle,  Peoria, Sangamon,
                          Tazewell, Williamson,  DeKalb, Grundy, Boone, Adams

      Indiana Counties:   Marion, St.  Joseph,  Elkhart

      Michigan Counties:  Allegan,  Barry, Bay, Bern en, Branch, Calhoun,
                          Clinton Easton, Genesse, Gratiot, Hillsdale,
                          Huron, Ingham,  Ionia,  Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent,
                          Lapeer, Lenawee, Marquette Midland, Monroe, Montcalm,
                          Muskegon, Ottawa, Saginaw, St. Joseph, Sanilac,
                          Shiawassee,  Tuscola, Van Buren, Cass, Washtenaw,
                          Livingston,  St. Clair

      Ohio Counties:      Allen, Ashland, Ashtabula, Belmont, Brown, Carroll,
                          Champaign, Clark, Clinton, Columbiana, Darke, Delaware,
                          Erie, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Fulton, Geauga,
                          Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Henry, Highland, Hocking,
                          Holmes, Huron,  Jefferson, Knox, Lawrence, Licking,
                          Logan, Lucas, Madison, Mahoning, Marion, Montgomery,
                          Morrow, Ottawa, Perry, Pickaway, Preble, Rich!and,
                          Ross, Scioto, Seneca,  Shelby, Summit, Trumbull,
                          Tuscarawas,  Union, Wayne, Wood

      Wisconsin Counties:  Brown, Columbia, Dane, Sheboygan, Vilas

b. TSP Primary Nonattainment areas:

      Illinois Counties:  Du Page,  La  Salle, Monroe, Peoria, Rock Island, Tazewell,
                          Will, Jo  Daviess, Knox, Macon, Madison, St. Clair

      Indiana Counties:   Dearborn, Dubois, Vigo, Marion

      Michigan Counties:  Calhoun,  Genesee, Marquette, Monroe, Saginaw

      Minnesota Counties:   Anoka, Carver,  Dakota, Ramsey, Scott, St. Louis,
                           Washington,  Hennepin

      Ohio Counties:       Belmont, Butler, Franklin, Hamilton, Lake, Lawrence,
                           Lorain,  Lucas,  Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Scioto, Stark,
                           Summit,  Trumbull, Mahoning, Richland, Sandusky,

      Wisconsin Counties:   Columbia, Milwaukee, Rock, Waukesha

c. C£ Primary Nonattainment areas:

      Illinois Counties:   Peoria,  Rock Island

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                                         36
      Minnesota Counties:  Anoka, Benton, Carver, Dakotas Hennepin, Olmsteds
                           Scott, Washington

      Ohio Counties:       Franklin, Montgomery

d. SO? Primary Nonattainment areas:

      Michigan County:     Ingham

      Minnesota Counties:  Anoka, Carver, Hennepin,  Olmsted,  Ramsey, Scott,
                           St.  Louis, Washington

      Ohio Counties:       Clermont, Columbiana, Cuyahoga, Jefferson, Lake, Lorain,
                           Lucas

      Wisconsin Counties:  Dane, Marathon

e. NOX

      No Additional  areas
          •>.
f. Lead

      No Additional  areas

g. Industrial  Radiation Sites Not Listed Under Priority  1;

   Illinois:

      1. Luminous Processes
      2. Lindsay Light Company
      3. Historical  Radium Sites
      4. Flourspar Industry

   Ohio:

      1. Keleket X-Ray Corporation
      2. Zirconium Industries
      3. Skiljan Residence
      4. Dial  Service Manufacturing
      5. Titanium Industries

PRIORITY 3:

a. All secondary nonattainment  areas for TSP and S0£.

b. All regionally approved counties  requiring RERPs  which are not federally
   approved:

   Michigan:

     Allegan County
     Berrien County
     Charlevoix County

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  Emmet County
  Van Buren County
Ohio:
  Lucas County
  Ottawa County

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                                       38

                     REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT

                                   ATTACHMENT A


                                       LAND
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Nine facilities have withdrawn their Part A applications  in  lieu  of  filing  Part  B
(4 each, storage-only; 3 each,  treatment;  1 each, incinerator; and  1  each,  land
disposal).  Also, while several  permits have been drafted, and  the public hearing
process has begun,  no permits  have  been formally issued or denied.  The first
Region V public hearing on  a proposed  RCRA permit was held in Ohio on November 17,
1982.

Part B applications  will  continue to  be called  on  a periodic  basis  throughout
the year  --  a total  of 54  land disposal facility Part  B applications is  to be
called in during the  last  half  of FY 1983, at  the  rate  of  6 to 10 applications
per month.
                                   ^

Under the cooperative arrangement mechansim, State staff  will be  assisting  in the
reviews of Part B applications.   Program output  targets,  which  the States commit-
ted to in their FY 1983 grant proposals, include assistance  to  Region  V staff in
the review of 178 Part B's  for storage and  treatment  facilities,  28  incinerators,
and 18 land disposal facilities.

The interim status standards (ISS) include  operational9 facility  design, monitor-
ing, reporting and process  requirements.  All TSDF's  undergo routine ISS inspec-
tions and compliance monitoring  while in interim status.  During  FY  1981, inspec-
tions uncovered numerous violations  of the  ISS.  Most  of these violations  were
of the procedural,  reporting,  or administrative variety.   To  a lesser extent,
violations also were  of the actual waste management  standards, such as:  "inade-
quate aisle space",  and "leaking drums."  In FY 1982,  inspections  revealed improv-
ing compliance with  the procedural and administrative requirements.   Also,  during
FY 1982, additional  requirements  came into play, such as groundwater  monitoring
and reporting,  and  financial   responsibility  requirements; compliance  efforts
focussed on these, as well.

In FY 1983, compliance emphasis will  contine to  be on the groundwater  and  finan-
cial responsibility  requirements, as  well  as   on  insuring that  the requested
permit applications  (Part  B), are  submitted  on  time,  and are complete. Approxi-
mately, 1000 compliance inspections at Treatment, Storage, and Disposal  Facilities
and 1100  compliance  inspections at  Generators/Transporters   are  projected  to be
completed in FY'83 within  Region V.

As in the assistance review of Part B  applications, State staff will  be conducting
these inspections.   The  mechanism  will again  be the  Cooperative  Arrangement,
whereby these inspections  will  be conducted for the  U.S. EPA by State staff, or
will be  conducted  under the  State's  own  jurisdiction, if the State has  been
granted interim authorization to conduct the program  in lieu of the  U.S. EPA.  In
either instance, the investment  of State staff time  is meeting  output commitments
is extensive.

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                                      39


Additional  information is just beginning to  be  generated  as  a  result  of analysis
of data from the  financial  responsibility  requirements contained in the  ISS  and
data from the  groundwater  monitoring  and  reporting  requirements.   This  latter
requirement may be the starting point  for  a  system  to  provide  surrogate measures
of ambient  impact.  Right now,  groundwater data is  being  used, to prioritize  the
call-in of  land disposal  facility Part B applications  noted  above.   This data is
not yet fully usable in any other way.

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4 0   vf    '.
                                                                 " "  .
•_P_art B RCRA  Permit  applications
xalled-in, and received  (in  parenthe
 by county,as  of January  4,  1983.
                          Priority geographic.area
                          selected for emphasis by
                          the Air program are out!
                          in red

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MICHIGAN

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43

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W'-'D/V.r-2/ATT-A'R5
                                       44
H

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               WMD/WMB7ATT A-P:1
\   46
_Part B RCRA Permit applications
called-ia, and received (in parenthe
by county,as of January 4, 1983.
                           Priority geographic.areas
                           selected for emphasis by
                           the Air program are outli
                           in red

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WMD/WMB/ATT-"A  P2
                                                                  t* w
47

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WMD/WMB/ATT-A.P3
                                    48

-------
,.  WMD/UHB/.ATT-A  P4

-------
WMD/WMB/ATT-A-R5
                                      50

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WMD/WHB/ATT-A'P6
                                     51

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                                                '52
             WHO/PS/ATT A-l
                                                              *
                                                              •D
                                                              *
                                                             •i
                       AGfflCULTURAL ACREAGE TREATED WITH PESTICIDES
                                       REGION V
          United States
Environmental Protection Agency
             Region V
        KEY:
*••*.•!
h*.«« J
              (thousands of acres)
                  0-50
                  51-125
                  126-250
                  251-400
                  over 400

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          WMD/PS/ATT A-2
                   ILLINOIS
             53
PESTICIDE USE INVESTIGATIONS
   VIOLATIVE   RATES
                                                    70
                   MICHIGAN (FY 81 and 82)
30
                                                     50 i
                                                     40
                                                     30
                                                     20
                                                     10
                                                      50
                                                      40
                                                      30
                                                      20
                                                      10
                                                                      INDIANA (FY 81&82)
                                                                         75
                                     MINNESOTA  (FY 82)
                                         50
                                                                        WISCONSIN",..
                                                                          CFY 821 m
                                                          22
                                                                  2
                                          2
                                                                                   2

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             I'ID/PS/ATT  A-3                 *"    g4    •    '
                         •AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS'- FISCAL YEAR 1982
                                                             ILLINOIS
   AGRICULTURAL ACREAGE
TREATED WITH A PEST/tlDE
            (thousands)

            sO-50
            S51-125
             8126-250

             251-400

             OVER 400

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WHD/PS/ATT A-4  '               55
           NPNAGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS -  FISCAL YEAR  1932
                                         ILUNOIS

-------
     WKD/PS/ATT -5
                    56        --.              INDIANA
.AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS - FISCAL YEARS 1981  and .1982
        KEY:
 • Incidents-iO
          ^-Violations
 {AGRICULTURAL ACREAGE
TREATED WITH A PESTICIDE
 j       (in Thousands)

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WMD/PS/ATT-6
                   57    v
NONAGRICULURAL INCIDENTS  - FISCAL  YEAR  81&S2 INDIANA
         Violations

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                                          58.
            WMD/PS/ATT A-7/ .
                                                                 MICHIGAN
                               'AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS .
                               FISCAL YEARS 1981 AND 1982
 ag groyn
t
 acres.treated with pesticides
           "(000)
        s 0-50
             •
        = 51-125
        * 126-250    •
        = 251-400
        9 over 400

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WMD/PS/ATT A-8
                              59
                                                  MICHIGAN
                    NONAGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS
                     FISCAL YEARS 1981  - 1982  .
KEY :
                                                  Structural-
                                                            /•other

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WMD/PS/ATT. A-9
                               60
               AGRICULTURAL  INCIDENTS'- FISCAL YEAR 1982

                                         RfflWRJESOTA
                                                       KEY:
                                                             Aon cultural
                                                             Aerial
                                                           AGRICULTURAL ACREA
                                                       TREATED WITH A PESTICI
                                                           (thousands)
                                             Agricultural
                                                Ground

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WMD^PS/ATT A-10              .
  	      NONAGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS - FISCAL YEAR 1982
                                    MINNESOTA

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WMD/PS/ATT A-
                  AGRICULTURAL  INCIDENTS -  FISCAL YEAR 1982
                                                              -   AGRICULTURAL ACREA
                                                            TREATED WITH A PESTICID

                                                                        (thousands)
                                                                         126-250
                                                                         251-400
                                                                         over 400

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WMD/PS/ATT A-12
                                                             OHIO
               STRUCTURAL PEST CONTROL INCIDENTS



                      FISCAL YEAR 1982

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              v-. •.
64
WMD/.PS/ATT A-13
             AGRICULTURAL INCIDENTS -  I;ISCAL  YEAR'1982
                                          WISCONSIN
                                               KEY:
                                         ACRES  TREATED WimT-ESTICIDES
                                                        0-50
                                                        51-125
                                                        126-250

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                 	      ,65
HMD/ PS/ATT A-14 '~~~~
             NONA6RICULTURAL INCIDENTS  -  FISCAL YEAR 19G2
                                                        KEY:
                                               STRUCTURAL-
                                                            O.IHER NONAPR.

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                         REMEDIAL RESPONSE  (SUPERFUND)
The NPL sites in Region V are distributed as  follows:

                                      NPL Sites
       Illinois
       Indiana
       Michigan
       Mi nnesota
       Ohio
       Wisconsin
13
46
10
19
 0
                  Total
99
Threatened
Population

   203,273
   698,780
 4,912,592
   868,975
   934,828
      0
 7,618,448
The HRS analysis looks at hazardous threats  via  three pathways:
groundwater, surface water,  and  air.   In Region  V, the predominate  abandoned
hazardous waste site threats are to groundwater followed by threats to  surface
water and air repectively.

Groundwater

In Region V, all hut two NPL sites in Illinois  and  two in Ohio  (four total)  are
known to pose possible threats to  groundwater.  This  is significant due to  the
fact that  over  half  of the  people  living in  the  Region V  States obtain  their
drinking water from groundwater sources  (private and  municipal  wells).

Surface Water

Slightly more than half of the Region V NPL sites  are known to pose a possible
threat to surface waters (51 out  of 99):   The  distribution  is:

Illinois
InHi ana
Michigan
Minnesota
Ohio
Number of NPL Sites
Posing a Possible
Threat to Surface
Water
5
8
14
8
16
| % of the Total f
Sites in the State
45%
62%
30%
80%
84%
JPL | Population
Threatened

112,192
465,886
2,524,334
824,231
868,111
Clearly, potential  surface  water  threats  are  the most  serious  in  Ohio  and
Minnesota and to a lesser degree in Indiana.   This is  attributable  to  the large
number of  people  who rely  on  these surface  waters  for their drinking  water.

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                                   6?
WMD/RRB/P2-4


Air

Abandoned hazardous waste sites in Region V which are known to present a
potential volatile release which could be a significant threat to people
constitute approximately 9% of the NPL sites in each of the five "NPL"
states.  There are only one each of these sites in Illinois, Indiana,  and
Minnesota, two in Ohio and four in Michigan (nine total).   One of these
sites (in Illinois) scored high enough to be placed on the NPL solely  be-
cause of its potential air pathway threat.  Five of these sites are alsa
known to pose significant threats to both surface water and groundwater,
while the remaining three also pose potential  threats to either ground water
(2) or surface water (1).  The total Region V population threatened by air
pathway sites is 449,4-32.

FY '83 Superfund Program                                       .;----
During FY '83, Region V expects to initiate Federally financed remedial
response action at 17 NPL sites (5 in Illinois, 2 in Indiana,  5 in Michigan,
2 in Minnesota, and 3 in Ohio).  Sixteen of these sites are known  to pose
a significant groundwater threat, 12 a surface water threat, and one arr air
pathway threat.  The projected FY '83 Federal  funds obligations total  $2T.9
million.  The total population threatened by these 17 sites is over 1.6
million people.  Obviously the major thrust of Region V efforts will  be to
protect drinking water supplies both surface and ground water.  Associated
with protection of drinking water is the inherent benefit of protecting
the environment in general through removal  and appropriate disposal  of
improperly dumped hazardous materials.  The goal at each individual  site
will be to address the threats or actual insults to public health  and/or
the environment by focusing on the appropriate pathways and taking neces-
sary cost effective actions.                                      .  _ -  .

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                                      68

WMD/RRB/P2-5



Region V NPL sites prioritized by their individual  hazardous ranking score:

           MRS            Site Name                       State

           74.16          FMC                             MN
           66.74          Berlin & Farro                  MI
           63.28          Liquid Disposal  Inc.            MI
           62.26          Arcanum Iron & Metal            OH
           60.43          Midco I                         IN
           59.16*         New Brighton                    MN
           59.16*         Oakdale                         MN
           59.16*         Reilly Tar                      MN
           58.41          Burlington Northern             MN
           58.15          Seymour                         IN
           57.93          Northernaire Plating            MI
           55.49          A&F Materials                   IL
           55.05          Koppers Coke                    MN
           53.61          Spiegel burg LF                  MI
           53.60          Gratiot Co. LF                  MI
           53.42          Wauconda Sand & Gravel          IL
           53.41          Ott/Story/Cordova    '           MI
           52.38          Velsicol MI                     MI
           52.28          Summit National                  OH
           52.15          Packaging Corp of Amer,         MI
           52.05          Fisher Calo                     IN
           51.97          Springfield Twp Dump            MI
           51.80          Bowers LF                       OH
           51.62          Fields Brook                    OH
           50.92*         Rose Twp Dump                   MI
           50.92*         Waste Disposal Eng              MN
           50.72          South Andover Site              MN
           50.30          Butterworth #2 LF               MI
           49.09          G&H LF                          MI
           48.78          Velsicol IL                     IL
           48.50          Tar Lake                        MI
           47.78          Chem Dyne                       OH
           47.19          Nease Chemical                  OH
           47.05          Allied Chemical                  OH
           46.86          Verona Well Field               MI
           46.44          Envirochem                      IN
           46.04          Wash King Laundry               MI
           44.63          McGraw Edison                   MI
           42.93          Neal's LF                       IN
           42.82          OMC                             IL
           42.55          National Lead Taracorp.         MN
           42.49*         Main St. Well Field             IN
           42.49*         Lehillier                       MN


*Sites with identical scores

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                                1    69


WMD/RRB/P2-6



           MRS            Site Name                        State

           42.33          Wayne Waste Oil                   IN
           42.06          LaSalle Elec. Ut.                IL
           42.04          Cross Bros/Pembroke              IL
           41.05          Spartan Chem. Co.                MI
           40.86          Grand Traverse OSC               MI
           40.37          E.H. Schilling LF                OH
           40.32          Ninth Ave. Dump                  IN
           40.21          Gratiot Co Golf Course           MI
           39.66          S.W. Ottawa LF                   MI
           39.42          Fultz LF                         OH
           39.14          Cochocton City LF                OH
           38.82          Johns-Manville                   IL
           38.64          Forest Waste Products            MI
           38.31          Lake Sandy Jo                    IN
           38.20          Chem Central                     MI
           38.16          Novaco Inds.                     MI
           38.02          Ionia City LF                    MI
           36.70          New Lyme LF                      OH
           36.36          SCA Indp. LF                     MI
           35.97          Petosky Man. Co.                 MI
           35.95*         Rock Creek/Jack Webb             OH
           35.95*         Laskins/Poplar Oil               OH
           35.43          Kentwood LF                      MI
           35.39          K & L Ave LF                     MI
           35.25*         Marion (Bragg) Dump              IN
           35.25*         Pristine                         OH
           35.10          Buckeye Reclamation              OH
           34.78*         Galesburg/Koppers                IL
           34.78*         Big D Campgrounds                OH
           34.66*         Duell & Gardiner LF              MI
           34.66*         Cliff/Dow Dump                   MI
           34.18          Mason Co. LF                     MI
           34.16          Cemetary Dump Site               MI
           33.93          Byron                            IL
           33.78          Ossineke                         MI
           33.66          U.S. Aviex                       MI
           32.93          Organic Chemicals                MI
           32.36          Clare Water Supply               MI
           32.09          Littlefield Twp Dump             MI
           32.07          Auto Ion                         MI
           32.00          Sparta LF                        MI
           31.98          Morristown/Acme Solvents         IL
           31.95          Charlevoix                       MI
           31.80          Rasmussen's Dump                 MI
           31.70          Hedblum Industries               MI

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                                   70
WMD/RRB/P2-7
                          Site Name                     State

           31o27          Wedzeb Inc                    IN
           31.02          Anderson Dev.                 MI
           31.01          Shiawassee River              MI
           30.23          Skinner LF                    OH
           29.85          Whitehall Mun.  Wells          MI
           29.77          Electrovoice                  MI
           29.31          Lemon Lane LF                 IN
           28.90          Zanesville Well Field         OH
           28.73          Van  Dale Junkyard             OH
           28.62          Belvidere                     IL
           28.58          Parrot Road                   IN

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                                *   71

WMD/RRB/P2-8



Region V NPL sites listed in alphabetical order:

             Site Name                                    HRS

         IL  A & F Materials/Greenup                      55.49
             Acme Solvent Reclaiming, Inc.                31.98
             Belvidere Municipal Landfill #1               28.62
             Byron Salvage Yard                           33.93
             Cross Brothers  Pail Recycling Site           42.04
             Galesburg/Koppers                            34.78
             Johns-Manville Corporation                   38.31
             LaSalle Electrical Utilities                 42.06
             Outboard Marine Corporation                  42.82-
             Velsicol Chemical Corporation                48.78
             Wauconda Sand and Gravel                     53.42
         IN  Envirochem Corporation                       46.44
             Fisher-Calo                                  52.05
             Lake Sandy Jo (M&M Landfill)                 38.21
             Lemon Lane Landfill                          29.31
             Main Street Well  Field                       42.49
             Marion (Bragg) Dump                          32.25
             Midco I                                      60.43
             Neal's Landfill                               42.93
             Ninth Avenue Dump                            40.32
             Parrot Road Dump                              28.58
             Seymour Recycling Corporation                58.15
             Wayne Waste Oil                               42.33
             Wedzeb Enterprises, Inc.                      31.27
         MI  Anderson Development Company                 31.02
             Auto Ion                                     32.07
             Berlin & Farro - Liquid Incineration         66.74
             Butterworth Number 2 Landfill                 50.3
             Cemetery Dump Site                           34.16
             Charlevoix Municipal Well  Field              31.95
             Chem Central                                  38.2
             Clare Water Supply                           32.36
             Cliff/Dow Dump                               34.66
             Duel!  and Gardner Landfill                    34.66
             Electrovoice                                 29.77
             Forest Waste Products                        38.64
             G & H Land Fill                               49.09
             Grand Traverse Overall  Supply  Co.             40.86
             Gratiot County Golf Course                   40.21
             Gratiot County Landfill                       53.6
             Hedblum Industries                           31.70
             Ionia City Landfill                           38.02
             K&L Avenue Landfill                           38.10

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                                 '     72

WMD/RRB/P2-9



             Site Name                                   HRS

         MI  Kentwood Landfill                            35.39
             Liquid Disposal, Inc.                        63.28
             Littlefield Township Dump                   32,09
             Mason County Landfill                        34.18
             Mc6raw-Edison                               44,63
             Northernaire Plating                        57.93
             Novaco Industries                            38,10
             Organic Chemicals, Incorporated             32.93
             Ossineke Groundwater Contamination          33,78
             Ott/Story/Cordova  Chemical  Company          53.41
             Packaging Corporation  of America            52.15
             Petoskey Municipal Wells                    35.97
             Rasmussen's Dump                            31.80
             Rose Township Dump                          50.92
             SCA Independent Landfill                    36.36
             Shiawassee River                            31.01
             Southwest Ottawa County Landfill            39.66
             Sparta Landfill                             32.00
             Spartan Chemical Company                    41.05
             Spiegleburg Landfill                        53.61
             Springfield Township Dump                   51.97
             Tar Lake                                    48.5
             U.S. Aviex                                  33.66
             Velsicol Plant Site                         52.38
             Verona Well Field                            46.86
             Wash King Laundry                            46.04
             Whitehall Wells                             29.85
         MN  Burlington Northern Site                    58.41
             FMC Corporation                             74.16
             Koppers Coke                                55.05
             LeHillier                                   42.49
             National Lead-Taracorp Site                 42.55
             New Brighton/Arden Hills                    59.16
             Oakdale Dump Sites                          59.16
             Reilly Tar and Chemical  Corporation         59.16
             South Andover Site                          35.41
             Waste Disposal Engineering                  50.92
         OH  Allied Chemical and Ironton Coke            47.05
             Arcanum Iron and Metal                       62.26
             Big D Campground                            34.78
             Bowers Landfill                             51.80
             Buckeye Reclamation                         35.10
             Chem-Dyne                                   47.78
             Coshocton Landfill                          39.14
             E.H. Schilling Landfill                      40.37

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WMD/RRB/P2-10
             Site Name                     HRS

         OH  Fields Brook                  51.62
             Fultz Landfill                39.42
             Nease Chemical                47.19
             New Lyme Landfill             36.70
             Poplar Oil Co.                35.95
             Pristine, Inc.                35.25
             Rock Creek (Jack Webb)        35.95
             Skinner Landfill              30.23
             Summit National                52.28
             Van Dale Junkyard             28.73
             Zanesville Well  Field         28.90

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                                 74     Illinois                            |L
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-l
                            A & F
                               Greenup, Illinois
     The A&P Materials/Greenup site is located on 3.8 acres of  land on  West
Cumberland'Street in Greenup, Illinois.  The site contains four lagoons which
hold a mixture of waste oils, sludges, spent caustics, spent acids, contaminated
water, and other waste products containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCSs).
Similar products containing PGBs are stored in 13 steel tanks on-site, sane of
which have failed on several occasions, leaking their contents.   The site
presently contains about 1.4 million gallons of contaminated water, 16,000
gallons of contaminated oil, and 800,000 gallons of contaminated  sludge and
soil.  The City of Newton periodically withdraws drinking water frcm the  Embarras
River downstream of the 'site.

     Operations at the site, which began during 1977, were originally intended
to reprocess waste oils and sludges from various generators.  The storage
lagoons became filled by March 1978 and began to overflow, contaminating  the
environmental pathways leading to the Bnbarras River 1300 feet away.  The site
has been inactive since June 1980.

     Samples have been collected at the site on' at least 10 occasions by  the
State of Illinois and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) between
May 1978, and October 1981.  PCBs have been found in the lagoons, tanks,  ditch,
Embarras River, site soils, and groundwater beneath the site.  Significant
concentrations of other organic compounds and metals have also been detected.
In mid-1980, under section 311 of the Clean Water Act, the level  of the waste
in the lagoons was lowered, in addition to diking, trenching, and removal of
wastes.  Emergency funds from Superfund were needed in May 1982 to again  lower
the waste level in the lagoons and to reinforce the containment dikes.

     Future activities include removal of all liquids from the tanks and  lagoons,
further site investigations to determine the full extent of contamination,  and
a feasibility study to define a cost-effective remedy for dealing with the
soils, sludges, and groundwater.  EPA approved funds to undertake these activities
in August 1982.

     This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.

     A Federal civil action in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief
has been brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site.

               HRS:     55.49
               Population  threatened:     3,024

               Aquifers threatened:      1

               Surface waters threatened:  	}

               Index number, on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT  A-1 through 5
 ILL
                                     ft**




                                     fi*- 75    -,



                            (SAMPLE MOCK UP) NPL Sites
See Part 2 for index Listing of sites (Crosshatching wi L-L not appear on



final maps)




(There will be one map per page for 5 pages - - not Wisconsin)

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                                       78

 WMD/RRB/ATT B-2
                  ACME  SOLVENT RECLAIMING,  INCORPORATED
                          Morristown,  Illinois

     Acme  Solvents  Reclaiming,  Inc., is a  20 acre inactive  site  located
on Lindenwood Road In a rural area  of Winnebago County,  approximately one
and 1.5 miles southeast of Morristown,  Illinois.   The  site  is adjacent to
sand and gravel  operations  and  an asphalt-lined landfill.  Acne  Solvents
reclaimed vaste  solvent through  distillation.  Still bottom  material and
waste drums,-both full and empty, were  disposed of  into  numerous  shallow,
unlined pits.   The surficial geologic  material  at the  site  is a  coarse
textured glacial outwash deposit.-
     Private veils in the vicinity  of  Acme Solvents have been  sampled by
the  Illinois Environmental  Protection Agency  and the  Winnebago  County
Department of  Public  Health since  April  1981.   Analysis  of  the  shallow
groundwater samples indicated low  levels  of organic compounds, including
trichloroethylene,  methylene chloride,  and  tetrachloroethylene.    Four
residential wells  in  the  area have  been  closed,  and residents dependent
on  those  wells  are  using  bottled water.    The  shallow aquifers  are
hydrologically  connected  to the   deeper,   highly productive  sandstone
aquifers  which  provide  the  water  supply  for   large industrial  and
municipal wells in the Rockford vicinity.
     Acme  Solvents  commenced operations at  the site  in 1960.   In  late
1972, the  Illinois Pollution Control  Board  initiated an  administrative
action  requiring Acme  Solvents  to  cease  its  disposal operations.    In
1973, the waste  ponds were  covered  over,  although partially  buried  drums
are still visible.
     The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued notice letters  under
the  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Comoensation  and Liability Act
to  the  owners of Acme  Solvents  on  13  August 1982, requesting that  the
company undertake a hydrogeologic investigation at  the  site.
     This site was on the Interim Priority List of  160  sites.

              MRS:   31.98
              Population threatened:      699
              Aquifers threatened:      2
              Surface waters threatened:
              TnrlPY  mimhpr nn man-

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                                      7?
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-3
                        BELVHEPE MUNICIPAL LANDFILL II
                              Belvidere,  Illinois
     The 11.3-acre'Belvidere Municipal Landfill  is  located at RR#1 and Appletcn
Road in Belvidere, Scene County, Illinois.  The  site was  active fron 1939 until
September 1973.  When it closed, it was inadequately covered with sandy soil
excavated from a borrow pit and soil left over fron highway construction just
south of the facility.  'The site is incompletely fenced and isjnostly overgrown
with natural grasses.  Contamination "by various  organic compounds, including
polychlorinated biphenyls, has been detected in  downgradient monitoring wells
installed by the Illinois Environmental Protection  Agency.   Puddles of water
along the west base of the landfill were contaminated with a variety of organics,
including relatively high concentrations of ethylbenzene  and toluene.
               HRS:     28.62
               Population threatened:    14,061
               Aquifers threatened:      1	
               Surface waters threatened:  	]
               Index number on map:  	

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                                      78

WMD/RRB/ATT B-4               g^N SALVAGE YARD
                               Byron,  Illinois

      The Byron Salvage Yard,  in Che  2,200-acre drainage basin of Woodland
 Creek,  -is  located .south  of  the  South  Branch  of  Woodland  Creek  and
 Razorsville  Road,  just  east  of Byron,  Illinois.   It  has been  inactive
 since  1973.
      The  streams  draining  the  salvage yard  join Woodland Creek  at  about
 the  middle, of its length.   Woodland Creek  is  an intermittent  stream,
 except  at  its  lower reach, about one-half mile from its  confluence  vith
 Rock River.   The  stream  flow in the lower reach is principally  provided
 by groundwater discharge (base  flow).  Woodland Creek,  in the  middle and
 upper  reaches, and its  tributaries, flow in  response  to precipitation.
 This means that any  leachate  from  this  site will drain into  Woodland
 Creek  and contaminate the aquifer.
      . In 1974,  the  Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  filed  a
 complaint with the Illinois Pollution Control  Board against the owners  of
 the  Byron Salvage  Yard,  concerning the wacer  pollution  resulting  from its
 operations.   This  complaint  was based upon  Illinois  EPA's  inspections,
 photographs,  interviews, and collection  and  analyses  of waste,  surface
 water,  and groundwater samples.   Illinois  EPA continued to monitor in and
 around  the yard until the end of 1981.   This  investigative work  revealed
 that cyanide-containing  placing wasce was sprayed  onto che roads  in and
 around  the salvage yard,  and  that plating  wastes  and other wastes with  or
 without containers were  dumped and  buried  in the area  of  che  salvage
 yard.   These  activities  resulted in high concentrations of  cyanide  and
 toxic metals in soils, surface  water, and  groundwater,  creating a serious
 threat  to public health  and the environment.

             HRS:   33.93
             Population  threatened:     1,749
             Aquifers  threatened:      2
             Surface waters threatened: 	
             Index number on map:  	

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                                  .  79
WMD/RRB/ATT  B-5
                    CROSS BROTHERS PAIL RECYCLING SITE
                            Pembrok e,  Illinois
      Since 1961 chere has been a drum and  pail  recycling operation on 20
 acres  in   rural  Pembroke   Township,  15  miles  southeast  of  Kankakee,
 Illinois.   The main business was to reclaim 5-gallon paint cans.  As part
 of normal operations, pails were  lined  up on the  ground,  sprinkled with
 waste solvents classified as   hazardous, and set  on fire.   Over  a Ion?
 period of  time,  this  "burn  out" procedure contaminated  the soil  and
 groundwater.     The  contamination  has  migrated   off-site.     Illinois
 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  monitoring of nearby drinking water
 wells  resulted  in  the  issuance  of warning letters  to four  families,
 notifying them of the dangers of drinking their well water.   Chemicals in
 the    groundwater     included     alkylbenzene,      toluene,     xylene,
 methyleyelohexanone, pentachlorophenol,  and others.
      The  sandy soils present in the area contribute to  the  rapid  spread-
 ing of the rone  of  contamination.   The  threat  to  human health nosed  by
 the organic contaminants found  in well water  is  documented by a  hydro-
 geological study of the site  conducted by  the Illinois  EPA in  August
 1981.
      The  operations at  the  site were discovered  by  Illinois  EPA  aerial
 surveillance   and a subsequent  court-authorized   search  of  the  site.
 Investigation revealed  about  10,000  pails  on-site,  about  10 acres  of
 highly contaminated  soil,  10  trenches  of  unknown  buried  waste,   and  a
 plume of  contaminated groundwater  leaving the site.
      At the request of  Illinois EPA,  the Attorney  General's office ini-
 tiated action  against  the   site  owners.    Initially,   the  owners  were
 ordered to stop operations.   This  was followed by  orders  to  clean  up  the
 site  and  provide  deeper  wells for  the  affected neighbors.  The  owners  did
 not have  any  money  to start  remedial actions.

               HRS:     42.04
              Population threatened:      402
              Aquifers threatened:      1
               Surface, waters threatened:
               Index number on map:  	

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.WMD/RRB/ATT B-6                GALES BURG/XOPPSilS
                              Galesburg, Illinois

        The Xoppers Company  of Galesburg,  Knox County,  Illinois,  has  been
   operating a railroad  cie  treating plant for  about  75 years.   The  site,
   approximately 400 acres in area,  is  relatively flat, with surface  drain-
   age being provided by several drainage  ditches  that  flow  into  a  nearby
   intermittent  stream.    The stream flows  southward  into Lake  Bracken.
   There are three lagoons on-site plus an irrigation field.
        A shallow aquifer in the area and Che nearby stream are contaminated
   with oily materials.    The  Illinois Environmental  Protection Agency  is
   concerned that  the deeper  aquifer,  along  with  private drinking  water
   wells  serving  some   300  area  residents,   is  in  danger  of  becoming
   contaminated.
              HRS:   34.78
              Population threatened:   . 33,800
              Aquifers threatened:      2
              Surface waters threatened:  	
              Index number on map:  	

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                                     81

WMD/RRB/ATT .B-7
                         JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION
                             Waukegan, Illinois

     .  The  Johns-Manville  Sice  is  located  on  the  shoreline   of   Lake
  Michigan,  north of Waukegan,  Illinois.   The problem  area is a 600-acre-
— foot (a measure of  volume,  usually used  for  vater,  that  is  one  acre by
  one foot  in depth)  waste pile  into  which  are placed  asbestos  wastes.
  Significant levels of  asbestos  have been  found  in downwind air  samples.
  The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency  has noced  violations of the
  Illinois Environmental Protection Act  regarding operation of  the waste
  pile.
       Further sampling  is required  to  determine  the  full extent  of air
  releases of asbestos.
              HRS:     38.31
              Population threatened:    64,400
              Aquifers threatened:      0	
              Surface waters threatened:  	(
              Index number on map:  	

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-s'      LASALLE  ELECTRICAL UTILITIES
                            LaSalle,  Illinois

     The LaSalle Electrical Utilities  site  is  a closed factory located on
St.  Vincent Road, -just  north of  LaSalle,   Illinois,  in LaSalle  County.
The facility used polychlorinatad  biphenyls (PCBs) to  manufacture capaci-
tors from  the  late 1940s until  late  1973.    The company reportedly used
waste oils  for dust control in the parkins?  lot until 1969.   Residual PCBs
remain in the soil throughout  the  site  at levels greater than 1,000 parts
per million.   Warning signs  and  a gate have  been  installed around  the
site.
     The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency installed and  sampled four
monitoring wells at the facility during August 1982.
              HRS:    42.06
              Population threatened:     9,800
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened: 	
              Index number on map:  	

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                                      83


 WMD/EIRE/ATT B-9
                          OUIBCARD MARINE CORPORATION
                               Waukegan, Illinois
     In 1976, the Jchnscn Motors Division of Outboard Marine Corporation (CMC)
in Waukegah, Illinois, was found to be discharging polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) into the Waukegan Harbor and the North  Ditch.   Both feed into Lake
Michigan.  This finding was of great concern as a number of Lake Michigan fish
species, both then and now, contain PCBs in -quantities exceeding Food and Drug
Administration guidelines.  Administrative orders were issued by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (SPA) and the  Illinois EPA requiring that the
company take certain steps to eliminate discharges of PCBs.  Although those
steps were taken, and discharges were significantly reduced, a great deal of
damage had already been 'done.

     Fran at least 1959 to 1971, the company purchased approximately 9 million
pounds of PCBs for use in the hydraulic equipment of its aluminum die cast
machines, and a substantial amount was discharged into the Harbor and Ditch.
Sane PCBs were carried into the Lake.  The rest contaminate the sediments and
biota of the Ditch and Harbor and also can be  transported into Lake Michigan.

     Studies were begun by U.S. EPA in 1976 to determine the nature of the PCBs
problem and associated environmental impact.   They show that PCBs are distributed
throughout Waukegan Harbor.  About 11,000 cubic yards are contaminated at a
level beyond 500 parts per million (ppm), about 50,000 cubic yards beyond 50
ppm, and substantially more yardage beyond the 10 ppm level.  The PCBs becone
suspended or dissolved and enter Lake Michigan.   Additionally, fish that frequent
the Harbor accumulate high levels of PCBs as a result of exposure to ccntamianted
sediment and water.

     Following a breakdown of negotiations between the State of Illinois and
OMC, a Federal civil action in U.S. District Court was filed by the Department
of Justice on behalf of EPA against responsible parties,

     This is the top priority site in Illinois and was on the Interim Priority
List of 160 sites.
               MRS:     42.82
               Population threatened:    64,400

               Aquifers threatened:      0	

               Surface waters  threatened:  	1_

               Index number on map:  	

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                                 *   84

WMD/RRB/ATT B-10       VELSIC°L CHEMICAL CORPORATION
                           Marshall, niinois

     Velsicol  Chemcial  Corporation's Marshall  manufacturing facility  is
located aoproximately 1 nils north of the City  of Marshall,  Clark  County,
Illinois,  on  Highway Route  #1.    It was  constructed  in the  1930s as  a
specialty  chemical  manufacturing plant producing  resins.   In 1946,  the
plant started  to  manufacture chlordane.  In 1950,  the company shut  down
its two resin units.  The facility continues to produce  chlordane.
     In the early years of operation, the process effluent was  discharged
from the plant untreated.  In  1965,  a well  was installed for disposal  of
both process effluent and stormwater runoff.  A second well  was installed
in 1973.   These wells,  under permit  from the Illinois Environmental  Pro-
tection Agency, continue in operation today.
     Part  of the  disposal  system consisted  of  surface impoundments,  com-
monly known  as ponds  5/6,  on  the plant site.   Also  of concern  is  an
inactive  landfill  immediately  adjacent   to  ponds  5/6.    The   surface
impoundments have overflowed during periods of heavy  rain,  and contami-
nants have been detected in a drainage  ditch and two observation wells.
     Analyses  of  water  samples- taken from wells located adjacent  to  the
impoundments   on  the   plant   property   strongly   suggest   that   shallow
groundwater beneath  the plant  area is  being polluted.   Chlordane-related
compounds  have also  been found  in Mill Creek, its  tributaries,  and  the
Wabash River.
              MRS:   48.78
              Population threatened:     3,468
              Aquifers threatened:      1
              Surface waters threatened:  	
               Index number on map:  	

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                                      85
WMD/RRB/ATT B-ll         WAUCONDA  SAND AND GRAVEL
                           Wauconda,  Illinois

     Wauconda  Sand  and  Gravel  is   located  in  Lake  County,  Illinois,
approximately 2 ai-les  north of the Village of  Wauconda and 3  miles  east
of the Villaze of  Island Lake.  The  80  acre  site,  originally  a  sand and
gravel pit,  was  operated  as a, landfill  from 1950 to  1978 and  then was
closed and covered.  The northern  two-thirds  of  the  site was  filled prior
to the State of Illinois landfill  regulations and was never permitted.  A
9 acre  portion  in  the.southern one-third  of  the site  was permitted to
accept general refuse.
     The leachate  emanating from  the  landfill  has  contaminated  both the
grounriwater and surface water  in  the  vicinity.   Analyses of both  the  mon-
itoring and residential well samples  revealed low levels of contaminants,
including  ammonia,  boron,   chloride,  iron,   phenols,   polychlorinated
biphenyls  (PCBs),  and  2,4 dimethylphenol.  Leachate  contaminated  by low
levels  of  PCBs has also  been detected  entering Mutton Creek  directly
north of the landfill.
     This site was  on  the  Interim" Priority  List  of 160  sites.
               HRS:      53.42
               Population  threatened:.     7,500
               Aquifers  threatened:      1
               Surface waters threatened:  	]
               Index number'on map:  	

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                                 Indiana   86                .   _J?t.  .
                         ENVIROCHEM CORPORATION
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-12
                           Zionsville,  Indiana

     Envirochem  Corporation  owns  and  operates a  waste  storage  and  re-
cycling  business in  Boone County,  at 865  South U.S.  421,  Zionsville,
Indiana.  This  facility,  in operation  sines  August  1977, is adjacent  to
the Northside Landfill.
     Operations  at  this facility  involve  the  recovery  of  solvents  and
oils from industrial sources.  On-site  storage practices  have .resulted  in
an inventory beyond that needed to maintain recycling operations.   On  one
occasion,   this  excessive   inventory  resulted   in  an   overflow-   of
contaminated rainwater  from a holding pond into an  unnamed ditch which
flows to Findley Creek, causing an oil  sheen on Findley and  Eagle Creeks.
Storing drums in the open and without  an impermeable base has caused sone
to   deteriorate.       Three    organic   solvents   (1,1-dichloroethane,
trichloroethene,  and  1,1,1-trichloroethane)  were  found  in groundwater
samples taken from on-site wells during July 1981.
     Operations at Envirochem have ceased under a Court Order obtained  by
the Indiana Environmental  Management  Board on 5 May  1982.   The facility
is presently under  receivership.   Over 20,000 drums  and  400,000 gallons
of waste remain on-site as of June 1982.
     Indiana and  the  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency-Region  V will
continue  to monitor  compliance by  Envirochem  with  the court  imoosed
schedule and cleanuo actions for this  facility.


              MRS:  46.44
              Population threatened:      1,875
              Aquifers  threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	
              Index number on map: 	

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                                    S7   *

 WMD/RRB/ATT B-13                    	
                                  FISHER-CALO


                                LaPorte,  Indiana



     Fisher-Calo Chemicals and Solvents Corporation (Fisher-Calo) operated a


solvents reclamation facility near Lapcrte,  Indiana,  from late 1972 through mid-


1978.


     In July 1980, a Federal civil suit in U.S.  District Court seeking injunctive


relief was brought by the Department of Justice  en behalf of the u.S. Environmental


Protection Agency against the owner and operator for  disposal of drunned waste.


The drums were excavated prior to the  suit,  and  the company has agreed to


determine when contaminants, including 1,1-dichlcrcethene, trichlorcethene, and


tetrachlorcethene, have dissipated.
                HRS:     52.05
                Population threatened:    20.300


                Aquifers threatened:      1	


                Surface waters threatened:  	


                Index number on map:  	

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                                      88
WMD/RRB/ATT B-14        ^33 SAOT? JO (M&M LANDFILL)
                               Gary, Indiana

     'Lake Sandy Jo  (M&M  Landfill) is  located  in a  southwest  section  of
 Gary,  Lake County, Indiana,  on a 55-acra tract in the araa bounded by  the
 Tri-3cate Highway (1-90/80)  on the south; Wright Street on the west; West
 25th Avenue on  the north; and  Jennings Street  on the east.    It  was a
 large  borrow pit from which fill  material  had  been obtained to build  the
 Tri- State Highway.  For several years it was filled with water and known
 as Lake Sandy Jo.   According to  the present  owner/operator, filling  has
 been going on for 12 years,  4 of them under his ownership.  The water  has
 been pumped out, and only a  snail area of the original borrow pit (less
 than 1 acre) regains unfilled.
     The site was  used for  the  disposal  of  demolition wastes,  with  no
 record of hazardous  waste disposal.  'However, the  present  owner states
 that  "midnight  dumping"  occurred  frequently,  and  the   site has  been
 plagued by  above- and  below-ground  fires.    Investigators  of  the  0. S.
 Environmental   Protection   Ag_ency '  detected   benzene,    toluene    and
 tetrachloroethylene  in  groundwater  and  surface  water.     Groundwater
 contamination is the primary  concern  since the area is  surrounded on  all
 sides  by houses, a number of which use private wells to_ suoply all water.
 The total population  served by  groundwater  within  3  miles of  the  site
 exceeds 5,000, with over 1,400 wells recorded in the area.

             HRS:    38.21
             Population threatened:    152,900
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	(
             Index number on map:  	

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                              ,    83
WMD/RRB/ATT B-15              ^
                            3loomir.gron, Indiana

       Lamou Lane Landfill  is  a  7-acre disposal sita  owned  by the City of
  Bloomington, Indiana.   The  sice,  which has  no  liner or runoff  controls,
  contains unstabiliaed  wastes  and piles  of capacitors  containing poly-
  chlorinated  bipheayls  (PC3a).    The  soils  are   thin   and  irregular.
  Residents in  the  immediate vicinity  use  groundwater  from an underlying
  aquifer.
       The site is  located  in  the  northeast quarter  of  section  31  of
  Bloomingcon Township,  on  the western  edge of  the  city,  'off  Lemon Lane
  Road.  From 1950 to 1964, the  City disposed of  both municipal and  indus-
  trial wastes.   Allegedly, wastes  were incinerated  on-sice.   Mo records
  were kept of the types or quantities of wastes disposed.
       Of primary concern are piles  of  exposed capacitors on the south and
  west  sides  of  the  landfill.   Many  are   leaking  and  have  contaminated
  underlying soils.   Levels of PC3s in the soils range from  1,500 to 57,000
  parts per million.
       The Indiana State Board of Health and the U.S. Environmental Protec-
  tion Agency  (SPA)  have sampled several  times in  Che  past 2 years.   To
  data, no ?C3s  have  been detected  in  nearby residential wells,  nor have
  any surface discharges bean observed.  However,  given  Che  geology of Che
  area, it is possible chat groundwater contamination may occur.
       No containment or cleanup actions have  been  cakan at  the sice.  The
  landfill is  an open area and  children play  on  Che sica.   The  Cicy  of
  Bloomington is  working wich EPA  to eract  a security fence around  the
  site.

              MRS:     29.31
              Population threatened:    49,700
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	;
              Index number on map:  	

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                                   90
WMD/RRB/ATT B-16
                           MAIN ST3EET WELL FIELD
                              Slkfaarc, Indiana

       The Main Street Well Field  is  che  largest of three municipal  fields
  which supply potable water for Che  City  of  Elkhart,  Indiana.  Of 21  pro-
  duction wells in the three,  the Main Street Well Field has 15, represent-
  ing approximately 70 percent of Slkhart's potable water supply.
       The Main Street Well Field functions as a recharge pond system.  The
  Christiana Creek  flow  is diverted  to  numerous ponds  which  recharge the
  shallow water table aquifer.  Water cable  levels,  varying throughout the
  year from 8  to  15 feet, are close  to  the  surface.   The  unsaturated and
  saturated zones  consist of coarse sand with some  gravel and little clay;
  Che Cop 8 Co 10  feet is fill material with  a chick clay layer at approxi-
  mately  53  feet.   All  production  wells are  completed  above  this  clay
  layer.    Infiltration from  Che ponds is  rapid, resulting  in 800 gallons
  per minute capacity per well.   Though the  St. Joseph River  is  che  main
  discharge point  for Che area, most  of  che  groundwacer  in  che well field
  discharges to Christiana Creek.
       Trichloroethene (TCE) has  been detected  in  5 of  che 15 produce ion
  wells.    Four  show concencrations ranging  from 50 Co  880  aicrograms per
  liter.    The  contamination  was  discovered  in April  1981,   with   sample
  analyses ongoing through 1982.
       The City of  Elkhart  has  iaplemenced several  measures Co reduce TCE
  Levels in che immediate vicinicy o£  che  well  field.   Recharge ponds  have
  been cleaned  and  capacity  increased, and various  flow control  measures,
  including shutdown of  specific production wells mosc  adversely affecced,
  have been caken.   Two  barrier wells have  been installed  to prevent Che
  movement or TCS  into chis well field.
              MRS:   42.49
              Population threatened:     44,200
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	'.
              Index number on map:  	

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                                '    91
                           MARION (BRAGG)  DUMP
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-17             t.  _.
                             Marion,  Indiana

     The Marion (3ragjr) Dump was  covered and  closed in 1975.   The 40-acre
site, located near Central Avenue on the southeast  edge  of Marion,  Grant
County,  Indiana,  lies in a  relatively flat  araa,  with  the  Mississinewa
River within 200 yards.
     The landfill was  once an  old jrravel pit which was  subsequently used
for  the  disposal of  various wastes.   State reports  indicate  that  the
landfill received approximately 1,400 drums  per month of various  wastes
for  at  least  a two  year period.   At  least  30,000 drums,   containing  a
variety  of hazardous materials  such  as  acetone,  thinners,  solvents,
plasticizers, lead, and cadmium, nay  be buried.
     Some  leachate  areas have  been  observed on  the south  side of  the
fill.   The primary concern  is  the  threat  of groundwater contamination.
Approximately 3,000 people live within  a  one mile  radius of  the  fill  and
draw their water from  a groundwater aquifer  20 to  25 feet below the  site.
As  yet,  there  are  no  reports  of  contaminated  wells in  the  iamediata
area.
              HRS:     32.25
              Population threatened:    40,300
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters  threatened:  	]
              Index number  on map:  	

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                                      92

 WMD/RKB/ATT B-18'
                                   MIDCO I
                                Gary, Indiana

       The Midwest Solvent Recovery  Company,  cotnmonly referred Co as MIDCO
  I, was located at 7400 West 15th Avenue, Gary, Indiana.  Operations began
  at the site in April  1975.   In addition to  storing and reclaiming thou-
  sands of drums of hazardous wastes, the company apparently dumped  sludges
  and other wastes  into a pit on  the site.    On 21  December  1976,  a fire
  destroyed more  than  14,000  drums  on  the  site,   essentially  halting  the
  operation.   Subsequently,  operations  were  renewed  at  the site  in late
  1977.
       Several  thousand drums  containing materials such as  paint  sludge,
  solvents, acids, caustics,  and cyanides were left stored on-site,  many of
  them leaking  and deteriorated.   The drums  which  were  burned  in the 1976
  fire also remained on-site.
       MIDCO I is located in a lowland area,  with wetlands to the north  and
  east.  Studies of the area have shown contamination of  the surface water,
  groundwater, and soils.
       Using funds available under Section 311  of  the Clean Water Act,  the
  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency  (EPA)  erected  security   fencing
  around the site in June 1981.  In February,  1982, EPA undertook a  Planned
  Removal Action  to  remove  the wastes  and  approximately one foot  of soil
  from the site, and place a temporary  clay cap on the site, therehv alle-
  viating the threats of  fire,  explosion,  and human  contact.   The  removal
  action  took  over  four  months  to  complete  and  cost  nearly  3900,000.
  Before specific remedial actions can be determined, additional investiga-
  tory work will  be  required to 1) ascertain  if wastes  are  buried  on  the
  site,  and  2)  determine  the  full  extent  of  contamination of  the soil,
  groundwater,  and the wetlands.

     A Federal civil action in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief
has teen brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site.

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                                   93

WHD/RRB/ATT B-19                    *  USDF1LL
                           Bloooington,  Indiana

     Seal's  Landfill  is  locatad  directly  north  or   State  Highway  43,
approximately  4.5 miles  west of Bloomington,  Indiana.   The  site was used
as  an  industrial and municipal waste  landfill  from  1950 to  1972.   It
covers abou£  40  acres, with the main fill area approximately  300  by 150
yards.
     The  landfill is  situated over fractured Icarst  limestone.   There are
a  nuaber of springs  which surface near  the site  and  flow 0.8  ailes  to
Rich-Land  Creek,  a  tributary of the White River.    Recently,  the landfill
has been  used  as pasture land  for  beef  cattle.
     During parts of  1966 and 1967,  capacitors and arresters  filled with
polychlorinated  biphenyls (PC3a),  as well as  PCBs-contaminated capacitor
insulation  material,  rags,  and filter  clay, were  disposed of  at  deal's
Landfill.   Presently,  capacitors and  other  contaminated materials  are
visible on the surface.
     Available data show high  concentrations of PC3s in the  surface soils
in  the northeast portion of the- landfill.   PCBs  has been found  in water
samples  from  the  springs  near  the  site and  in  sediments  of  Richland
Creek.  Analysis of a  fat sample  from  a calf that had  grazed on  the site
indicated 65 parts per million of  PCBs.
     This site was on  the Interim  Priority List of  160  sites.            _
              HRS:     42.93
              Population threatened:     49,700
              Aquifers  threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	1
              Index number on map: 	

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                                     94

 WMD/RRB/ATT B-20
                                    AVENUZ DCM?
                                Gary ,  Indiana

       The Ninth Avenue Dump is an abandoned twenty-acre waste site  located
  one-quarter mile east of  Cliae Avenue, on  9th Avenue  in  Gary, Indiana.
  The  site is a relatively flat, partially filled  area with marsh lands  to
  the  east and south.   Operations at the dump  began  in 1973, and continued
  through  September,  1980.
       In  1975, the Indiana  State Board of  Health inspected  the site and
  discovered 10,000 empty 55-gallon drums.   As much as  500,000  gallons  of
  industrial waste may have  percolated  into the groundwater.   At present,
  250  drums are badly  deteriorated and leaking.  Furthermore, there are six
  abandoned tank trucks on-site, as well as a  suspected dump area contain-
  ing  liquid wastes and approximately 1,000 buried drums.   The exact quan-
  tity and character  of these wastes are unknown.  Investigators have iden-
  tified  aJJcylated benzenes,  including  toluene  and  p-xylene,  polynuclear
                                          s
  aromatic hydrocarbons,  phthalate esters,  and heavy  metals.
       Surface runoff  from  the  site has been  contaminating  marshland sur-
  rounding the site, and entering a drainage ditch on the north side of the
  site.     The  predominantly  sandy  soils   in  the  area  indicate  a  high
  potential for groundwater contamination.
       In  an effort to alleviate potentially hazardous  conditions, the U.S.
  Environmental Protection  Agency  negotiated  a  plan  in which  the  site
  operator agreed to  begin  removing surface containers and  specific areas
  of contaminated soil.

     A Federal civil action in U.S. District Ccurt seeking injunctive  relief
has teen brought by the Department of Justice  on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site.
               MRS:    40.32
               Population threatened:    152,900
               Aquifers threatened:      1	
               Surface waters threatened:  	1_
               Index  number on map:  	

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                                      95
 WMD/RRB/ATT  B-21
                                 PARROT FDAD DGMP
                                New Haven,  Indiana
     The 70-acre Parrot Pcad  Dump  lies  in- a primarily rural area, en Parrot and
Hartzell Roads, New Haven, Allen County,  Indiana.   It was covered and closed in
1976.  A ditch surrounding the  site  drains into the Maumee River, less than 0.5
miles from the site.  A highway runs through the landfill, which is unfencsd
and easily accessible to  the  public.
     The site was an open burning  dump  of considerable size at cne time.  It is
believed that various wastes  were  buried  en-site.   The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has evidence that leachate from the site contains
various organic chemicals, including tetrachlorcethylene; trichlorcethylene;
1,1,1-trichlorcethane; benzene; fluorene; and hexachlcrobenzene.  Leachate has
been observed flowing into the  drainage ditch,  and soils en-site are discolored.
     The primary concern  is the threat  of grcundwater contamination.  The
aquifer, located approximately  20  feet  below the 'site, provides drinking water
to nearby residents.  A well  SO feet east of the site is contaminated.
     Approximately 1,100  people live within 3 miles of the site and draw their
drinking water- from this  aquifer.
               HRS:     28.58
               Population threatened:     5,728
               Aquifers threatened:      1
               Surface waters threatened:  	]
               Index  number on map:  	

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                                      96

 WMD/RRB/ATT B-22
                         SE2J1CUR RECYCLING CORPORATION
                                Seymour, Indiana
     Seymour Recycling Corporation is an approximately 14 acre site  located  in
Freeman Field Industrial Park, about 2 miles from the center of Seymour,  Indiana.
The facility is an abandoned industrial waste reclamation operation.  Approximately
60,000 drums and 98 bulk storage tanks containing wastes such as solvents,
phenols, cyanides, acids, and C-56, were left en-site.  Hundreds of  small
containers of hazardous materials, primarily from laboratory operations,  were
also found en-site.  Seme of them, such as ethers, are highly explosive.
Studies performed off-site indicated contamination of the soil and groundwater.

     Operations began at the site in 1969, when the Seymour Manufacturing
Company moved its Chemical Divisions to land it leased at Freeman Field.   In
June, 1976, the Chemical Division was incorporated into Seymour Recycling
Corporation under the ownership of the owners of Seymour Manufacturing Company.
In 1978, the site was sold to Environmental Processing Corporation.  Because of
numerous permit violations, the site was shut down by the State in February
1980.

     The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) undertook emergency actions
at the site beginning in March 1980, using section 311 of the Clean  Water Act.
These actions included:  installation of a dike around the site; installation
of a carbon filter unit to treat surface water on-site; sampling and testing of
drums, tanks, soil, and water; restaging of approximately 45,000 drums to more
secure areas; installation of security fencing; cleanup of a spill of 3,000
gallons of chronic acid; and removal of liquids from the bulk storage tanks.
During this time, two waste generators removed wastes from the site.

     A Federal civil action in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief
has been brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-
sible parties associated with this site.  In October 1982, EPA negotiated $7.7
million agreement with 24 generators to undertake a complete surface cleanup
at the site.

     This  is the top priority site in Indiana and was en the Interim Priority
List of 160 sites.
               HRS:    58.15
               Population threatened:     13,600

               Aquifers  threatened:       2	

               Surface waters threatened:  	]

               Index number on map:  	

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                                  9?
WMD/RRB/ATT B-23
                             WAYNE WASTE OIL
                         Columbia City, Indiana

     Wayne Waste  Oil, a  Division of  Wayne   Reclamation and  Recycling,
Inc., owns an 11-acre site  in  central  Whitley County, Indiana.   The  site
is located  on Daniel  Drive in  Columbia  City,  population  5,000.    From
370,000 to  1.4  million gallons  of  wastes  have  been disposed  of on  the
property by open dumping on  surface  soils,  into  unlined pits,  and into  a
trench.   The site  is  bordered  by  residences and  a lumber  yard on  the
north and west sides, and a  bend  of  the Blue  River on the east and  south
sides.  Three municipal  wells are located  within one-eighth mile north-
east of the site.
     The  primary concern  is  the threat  of   groundwater contamination,
given  the waste  amounts,  disposal  practice, and  the proximity of  the
drinking water wells.   There are open, leaking  drums on-site, and waste
areas which have been covered  with  sands,  as  evidenced by disturbed  sur-
face soils.  Laboratory analyses indicate  high levels of cyanides,  lead,
chromium,  and cadmium.
              MRS:     42.33
              Population threatened:     4,911
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	;
              Index  number on map:  	

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                                    98
WMD/RRB/ATT B-24
                         WEDZEB ENTERPRISES,  INC.
                             Lebanon,  Indiana

      Wedzab  Enterprises, Inc. owns  two  warehouse facilities  in Lebanon,
 Indiana,  which  were  used  to  store  capacitors,  many  containing  poly-
 chlorinated  biphenyls (PCBs)  insulating  oils,  for subsequent distribution
 and resale.
      On 2 May 1981 a  fire occurred  at  the warehouse located  at 415  West
 Pearl  Street.     The _ blaze  destroyed  the  warehouse,   which  contained
 approximately 50,000 capacitors, and  caused the  release of PCBs  and low
 levels of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)  and  tetrachlorodibenzofuran
 (TCDF) into  the  immediate  environment.    The PCB-contaminated  warehouse
 debris was left on-site  and  remains  on-site  at the present  tine.
      State and  Federal  investigators sampled  the warehouse  premises  on
 several occasions, beginning on 3 May 1981.   The  majority  of  the samples
 obtained from the warehouse  rubble  contain PCBs  in excess of  500  parts
 per million  (ppm), with a  level of 24,500  ppm recorded.    TCDD and  TCDF
 were detected, but in low concentrations  (30 to   500 parts  per  trillion)
 that preclude adverse human  health effects.
      Investigators found evidence of low concentrations  of  PCBs  in Praire
  Creek at U.S. 52 Lebanon-and discovered  that PCBs  may  have contaminated
 sludge from  the  Lebanon sewage treatment plant  via a basement drain  in
 the warehouse.  The drain has since been sealed.
      On 19 June 1981 the Indiana State Board of Health requested that the
 principal owner of Wedzeb Enterprises, Inc.  submit a proposal for-cleanup
 and  disposal.    The  situation  was  referred to  the  Indiana  Attorney
 General's office for appropriate action  on 29 October 1981.  To  date, the
 site has not  been cleaned up,  nor have  the PCBs  materials  been properly
 disposed  of.    The  site is  neither  secured  nor posted.    There is  no
 protection from wind and weather infiltration.
      The primary concern is  the  threat  of groundwater  contamination  with
 PCBs.  The site  stands  on silt  loam soil  with a  sand and  gravel aquifer
 approximately 100 feet beneath the surface.

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                                       99
                                   Michigan                        MJ
  WMD/RR3/ATT 3-25

                             Adrian,  Michigan
      Anderson Development Conpany  (ADC),  locatad in  Adrian,  Michigan  is
 the sourca  of widespread  environmental,  residential,  and occupational
 contamination with the carcinogenic compound 4,4'-3ethylene bis(2-chloro-
 aniline),  referrad to as-MSCCA...  This  chesical ciring agent was ssanufac-
 Curad by A3C under the trade nane Curane 442 from 1971 to March, 1979.
      In 1973, anilines wera found in tha last  Side  Drain,  whara ATC dis-
 charged wastavatars to the South Branch of  tha Raisin River.   Latar that
 jear,  ATC  began discharging to tha Adrian  mnicipal vastawatar traatssnt
 plant and  causad a decrease in  the  plant's efficiency.  M30CA, was found
 to  be present in sewage sludge and in  sadinents  froa a traatnent  lagoon.
 Studies conducted throughout 1979 also found M3CCL  to be widely distrib-
 uted in soils vithin  a r^o  mile radius of the  plant,  and in the urine of
 AJX vorkars  and preschool'children  living near AJXT.
      The aanufacture  of M50CA ceased in Adrian in 1979.  Hesedial actions
 at  Che  site  included increasing -strait  sweeping activitie's to  a veekly
 schedule,  paving of the Sunnyside Subdivision  adjacsnt to  tha  AUC indus-
 trial zone,  and cleaning of  252  households.   Tha  ADC plant has  covered
 their driveway with  car and stone as  part of  the  cleanup.   Additional
"unpavad driveways and parking lots in  the  industrial  araa  near  ADC were
 also covered.  Contaminated  soils in  Che industrial  and residential areas
 were ranoved or tilled and  covered.

                HRS:   31.02
                Population  threatened:     20,600
                Aquifers threatened:      1	
                Surface waters threatened:  	
                Index number on map:

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                                   f 00
WMD/RRB/ATT B-26                   ^
                             Kalamazoo,  Michigan.

      Auto  Ion Chemicals,  Inc., located  on Mill  Street  in  the  City  of
 Kalamazoo,  is a  former  plating waste  treatment  facility.   The facility
 was  in operation between  1963 and  1973.    During  this  period,  Michigan
 Department  of Natural Resources staff documented numerous  pollutant dis-
 charges  to  the  grounds,  sewers,  and  the Xalamazoo  River.    Hexavalent
 chromium and cyanide  have  been detected in spillage on  the ground and  in
 water  samples taken  'from  the river.   Groundwater contamination  is sus-
 pected, but  has  not yet  been verified.   At present,  approximately 122,000
 gallons  of  liquid  plating  wastes and  sludges  remain  on-sita  in  three
 basement arsas and an outside concrete-lined lagoon.
      The City of Xalamazoo, concerned with a  public safety hazard,  filed
 for  condemnation of  the facility  in 1981.   The  facility owner  filed  for
 an  injunction,  but  the  entire  case  was dropped due  to reversion of  the
 property to'State ownership for nonpayment of  taxes.
      Though  fencing  has been constructed around  che  site,   vandals  have
 repeatedly  destroyed  sections of  che  barrier.   There is  additional con-
 cern chat  two city wells,  located  within one and one-quarter  miles of  che
 site,  may  be  threatened by suspected  groundwater  contamination.   These
 wells  are   part  of the  Kalamazoo municipal  system which services  over
 100,000 cicy residents.
              MRS:     32.07
              Population threatened:    76,200
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	(
              Index number on map:  	

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-27
                  BERLIN &  FAHRO -  LIQUID  INCINERATION
                         Swartz Creek,  iiichigan
     Berlin  &  Farro,  located  at  3322  S.  Morrish  Road,  Swartz  Creek,
Michigan, incinerated  liauid  industrial wastas from  1971 until  1980 with
no emission controls.  Open  lagoons were used for storage  of  liquids.   A
landfill  on  the  property was  used  for disposal  of  crushed and  empty
druas,  and  a  large  quantity of  liquid waste-    The landfill  currently
contains an estimated  20,000  barrels.   Four  tanks  containing C-56 liquids
(a pesticide  by-product)  and sludges hare also  been found buried  on the
site.   Slocum Drain and  Swartz  Creek have  been contaminated with  C-56.
Air emissions  of  C-56  have been and  continue to present a  public  health
threat.  '
     Since  1974,  the Scate has pursued  administrative and  legal actions
to force  cleanup, yielding no  significant  results.    In  May, 1980,  the
Governor declared a  toxic substance emergency at  the site and the  State
has since devoted $850,000 to site cleanup   The  funds were used  for re-
noval and disposal of  15,300  cubic  yards of  sludges.
     The U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency recently undertook  an  emer-
gency removal  action,  using 3^10,000  of  Superfund  monies.   Security  fenc-
ing of  the  sits was completed  In early July.   The  remainder of the re-
moval operation will involve  additional  cleanup  near  the  incinerator area
of the  site and the  removal of contaminated  soil.
     Prior  to  State-funded cleanup, the site had been  in Genessee  County
Circuit Court  since  1978,  with a  court -appointed  receiver  for  the site.
     This site was on  the  Interim Priority List  of  160 sites.

                HRS:    66.74
                Population threatened:     4,928
                Aquifers threatened:      1	
                Surface waters  threatened:  	
                Index number on map:  	

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                                102    1                   \
WMD/RRB/ATT B-28
                        3UTTERWORIH NUMBER 2 LANDFILL
                           Grand Rapids, Michigan

       The Bucterworth Number 2 Landfill, located ac 1500  Buttervorth  Road,
  S.W., vas owned  and  operated by the  City  of Grand  Rapids  until  ordered
  closed by Che State of Michigan  in  1971.  for improper operations.   Prior
  to closure,  the  landfill  accepted  industrial wastes,  including  plating
  wastes, cyanides  and  organic solvents.   The site  is iaproperly  covered
  and has an occasional leachate problem.  The site is located adjacent  to
  the  Grand  River which  is  threatened by  leachate  and  runoff  from  the
  site.
             MRS:     50.3
             Population  threatened:     180,500
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	0_
             Index number  on map:  	

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                              . t €3    «
WMD/RRB/ATT B-29
                             CEMETERY DUMP SITE
                          Oakland County, Michigan

      Tie Cemetery Dump Site is locatad ia rural Oakland County,  near  Rose
 Cancer, Michigan.   Barrels or  industrial  wastes  were  dumped  in  an  old
 gravel  pit  near a ceaecary  in the  late 1960s.   It  ia  esciatacad that  300
 to  600  barrels were dumped,  and  buried.   Sampling  of  the three domestic
 wells next  to  the site has shown no contamination to date,  excavation of
 a trench uncovered evenc7 Co chirty barrels.   Analysis  of chair concents
 revealed paint  sludges,  solvents,  polychlorinatad biphenyls, and oils.
              HRS:   34.16
              Population threatened:   1,000,500
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters  threatened:   	1_
              Index number  on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-30        CHARLSVOLT MUNICIPAL WELL FI2LD
                            Charlevolx,  Michigan

      The  5,000  residents of the City  of  CharlevoLx,  Michigan,  are served
 by  one municipal well.   In September   1981,  Che Michigan  Department of
 Public Health  discovered  the  presence  of  trichloroethylene  (TCZ)  ac
 37  parts  per  billion  (ppb)  in  Chat  well.     The  City  of  Charlevoix
 installed  four monitoring  wells around  the municipal  well  in  Novenber
 1981.   Sampling of  these wells also indicated  the presence of TCS.
      The  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency  conducted a study  in June
 and July  1982,  to  determine the source of contamination.   Although Chrae
 possible  sources  of contamination have been identified,  Che actual source
 is  yet to be defined.
             HRS:     31.95
             Population  threatened:      3,519
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	(
             Index number  on map:  	

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                                   105   *f
WMD/RRB/ATT B-31
                               C3EM CENTRAL
                           Kane County, Michigan

      The Cham Central Sice is located in Kant County, Michigan.   In July
 1977, a  ditch located at  Che U.S.  131  and  28th  Street  intersection  ia
 Wyoming  Township  was  found by  Michigan Department  of  Natural Resources
 (MDNS) staff to contain oily, multi-colored sediments.  Analysis  of those
 sediments showed high concentrations  of polychlorinated biphenyls, heavy
 metals,   phthalates,  oils,  and  organic  compounds.   The ditch  has been
 dewatared repeatedly  since  November  1977, but  contaminants  continue  to
 leach into  the ditch.   Hydrogeologic  investigations conducted  by MDNR
 have  traced  the contamination  to Cheai  Central,   Grand  Rapids (formerly
 Wolverine Solvents),  a  chemical  distribution  facility.    Thera  ara   no
 domestic wells  in  Che area,  but  contaminants  continue to  seep  into the
 dicch, discharging Co Cla  Drain,  a  tributary of  Plaster  Creek.   Fencing
 has been constructed  around Che  ditch  area  and warning  signs have been
 posted.
      In April  1980,  Che State of Michigan filed suit in Kent County Cir-
 cuit  Court   seeking  a  permanent  injunction  to  hale  Chem  Central's
 discharges  Co  the  ground and dry wells  and  Co correct  Che  groundwatar
 contamination problem.
              HRS:   38.2
              Population threatened:    432.700
              Aquifers  threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	C
              Index number on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-32
                             CLASS WATZR SUPPLY
                               Clare, Michigan

       Two of cfaa three municipal wells in the City of Clare, Clara  County,
  Michigan,  are contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents,  includ-
  ing dichloroethylene  (DCS)  and trichloroethylene (TCZ).   The contamina-
  tion was discovered by  the  Michigan Department  of  Public Health  as  part
  of a statewide  effort to sample public wster  supplies for contaminants.
  Levels   of  TCZ  contamination  as high  as  fifty-seven  parts  per  billion
  (ppb) have been found in the municipal wells.  The City has taken  certain
  steps to decrease  the amount  of  hydrocarbons  in the  water distribution
  system.   These  measures  include increasing  the  production of the city's
  uncontaminated well and use of  an  aeration system to volatilize the  con-
  taminants.   The'Michigan Department of Natural  Resources has identified
  eight potential sources of groundwater contamination.  The U.S.  Environ-
  mental   Protection  Agency installed monitoring  wells  in  the Charlevoix
  area this  August  to  identify  the  source  of  groundwater contamination.
  Results  of well sampling will -help  identify the concaaination source.
             HRS:     32.36
             Population threatened:     2,639
             Aquifers threatened:     __1	
             Surface waters  threatened:  	(
             Index number on map:  	

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                                   107   4
WMD/RRB/ATT B-33
                               CLIIr/DOW DUMP
                             Marquecca, Michigan

      The  Cliff/Dow Dump is located  on  County  Road 550 ia Marquecca, Mar-
  quette  County,  Michigan.   Wood  tars, a by-product  of Che manufacture  of
  charcoal  briquets, were disposed of  at Che  sice from 1954 until Che late
  1960s.  It  is estimated Chat approxiaacaly  20,000 cubic yards of Che  Car
  exists  at  Che  sice.    Groundwater  has been  shown  Co  contain benzene,
  phenol  xylene,  chloroform, and other constituents.
              HRS:   34.66
              Population  threatened:     24,300
                                   «
              Aquifers  threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	(
              Index number on map:  	

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                                   108
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-34       DUELL AND  GAUDNZS. LANDFILL
                        Muskeson  County,  Michigan
     Duall and  Gardner Landfill, located  at  1235 East  Bard  Road,  Dalton
Township, Mtiskezon County,  Michigan,  was in operation  from approximately
1969 to 1975.
     The site is poorly  covered and there is evidence  of  open dumping of
leaking, unsealed containers.   Wastes such as polychlorinated biphenyls,
     f
ethyleniaine,  and  other  unknown  chemicals  were  detected  in  a  soil
analysis.  General refuse  and  garbage have been  seen scattered  about the
site.  Groundwater contanination  is suspected.
                MRS:     34.66
                Population threatened:    157,900
                Aquifers threatened:      1	
                Surface waters threatened:  	0_
                Index  number on map:  	

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                                   "-0 9    i
WMD/RRB/ATT B-35 ,

                               SLZCTSOVOICZ
                             Buchanan,  Michigan

      Electro  7oica,   located   in Buchanan,   Michigan,   is  an  existing
 electroplating plant  that  used  two seepage lagoons on-site for discharge
 of wastes  in the 1960s.   The  company abandoned  the  lagoons in  the late
 1960s and removed ouch of  the material  in them.
      la 1979,  an  industrial sewer line broke, resulting  in the discharge
 or  an unknown  amount  of   plating wastes  into   Che  abandoned  treatment
 ponds.  The company immediately had  the  effluent  treated  and removed,  re-
 paired the line,  and  installed a  holding tank to prevent  such incidents
 from occurring again.
      The  company installed four  monitoring  wells  around  the  lagoons.
 Samples taken in January   1980, indicated toluene and  xylene wera present
 in  two  of  the wells  and   trichloroethylene  was  present  in  one of  the
 lagoons.
              HRS:   29.77
              Population threatened:     4,645
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	
              Index number  on map:  	

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                                 ,10
WMD/RRB/ATT B-36                   1
                           FOREST WASTE PRODUCTS
                         Genesee County, Michigan

      Forest Wasta  Produces  is  located  at 3359  Ease  Farrand  Road,  Otis-
 villa, G«nesee  County, Michigan.   The  site was  licensed  co operate  a
 landfill and  receive liquid  industrial  wastes  from  1972  to  1978.   The
 site is also known to have illegally received toxic materials  such as ?SB
 and  C66   due  to   improper   screening   of   incoming   wastes.     Oils,
 polychloriaated. biphenyls (?C3), and plating wastes wera  buried in drums,
 as well  as  being dumped  into surface  impoundments.    PC3s,   copper,  and
 zinc have been found in the groundwater.
             HRS:     38.64
             Population threatened:     442,000
             Aquifers  threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	0_
             Index number on map: 	

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-37
                              G i  H LAOT JILL
                              Utica,  Michigan

     From Che late  1950s  Co  1966,  millions  of gallons of industrial waste
liquids, including  oils,  solvents, and process sludzes, were  disposed of
at the presently closed G &  H Land Fill located  at Ryan and 23 Mile Roads
in fftica, Macomfa County,  Michigan.   Liauid  wastes  were dumped in pita and
lagoons on  the  40-acre  site.  Pursuant to  a law  suit filed by  the State
of Michigan, a  Consent  flrder was  entered  in 1967, requiring  the company
to cease disposal of all  liquid wastes.  The settlement,  however, did aot
require the  company to  clean  up  the wastes  already  dumped at  the site.
The site was operated as  a refuse landfill  from  1967 until it  closed in
1974.  The  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  approved  Superfund
action  on  23   July 1982 to  erect  a  fence  around  a  polychlorinated
biphenyl-contaoinated  area.     EPA  and  the  State  of   Michigan  have
documented  contamination  of  soil, surface  watar,  and groundwater  in  the
vicinity of the site.
     This site was on the--Interim  Priority  List of 160 sites.
                HRS:   49.09
                Population threatened:     3,504
                Aquifers threatened:      1	
                Surface waters threatened:   	
                Index number  on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-38
                    G3AND  T2AVSSSZ OVERALL SUPPLY COMPANY
                           Grailickville,  Michigan

      Grand  Traverse Overall Supply Company  is  located  ia Grsilickville,
 Laelanau County,  Michigan,  approximately one and one-half miles  north of
 Che  city limits  of Traverse City, just  west  of Highway M-22,  and  on the
 north  side  of Cherry  Bend  Road.    The  area  is  relatively  flat,  but
 one-half mile to  the  west  the  relief  rises  sharply.   Perchloroethylene
 (PCS)  and   crichloroethylene  (TCE) have been  identified  in  residential
 wells  and  a school well of less  than fifty  feet in depth.  PCS  has also
 been found  in soils of  the company seepage  lagoon,  a water sample from
 one  of  the  lagoons,  drycleaning  waste sludges,  and  soil samples from boch
 inside  and  outside the  company dry well.  The  cooling  water  discharge to
 Cedar  Lake  Outlet also  contained  TCZ  ia 1977.   All  process and  cooling
 waters  are now  discharged  to sanitary  sewers.   The  wet  well has  been
 excavated.
             HRS:     40.86
             Population  threatened:      900
             Aquifers threatened:      1
             Surface waters threatened:
             Index number  on map:  	

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-39
                            GRATTCT CCONK GOLF CCCJESE
                               St,  Lcuis, Michigan

     The Qratiot County Golf Course is Li St. Lcuis, Michigan.  Fran 1936 until
August 1970, the Michigan  Chemical Corporation (later purchased by Velsicol
Chemical Corporation) used this  3-acre site as an industrial waste burning and
disposal ground.  Hazardous wastes then seeped and ran off into the Pine River.
     In 1982, Velsicol completed cleanup of the site under supervision of the
Michigan Department of Natural Kesources.
     Velsicol recently agreed to a S38.S million combined settlement, part of
which will be used to offset the cost of cleanup for this site.  The rest will
be used for cleanup of two other sites in Michigan — The Gratiot County Landfill
and the Velsicol plant in  St.  Louis.
               MRS:     40.21
               Population threatened:     4,101
               Aquifers threatened:      1	
               Surface waters threatened:  	(
               Index number on map:  	

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  WMD/RRB/ATT B-40              '      | 14 '    '

                            GRATIOT COUNTY LANDFILL
                            Gratiot County, Michigan

     The Gratiot County Landfill  covers 40 acres about  0.5  miles  southeast of
St. Louis, Michigan.  Prior to 1977, the Michigan Chemical  Corporation (later
purchased by Velsicol Chemical Corporation) disposed of various plant  wastes,
including PBBs, at the landfill.
     The State of Michigan has performed a site investigation  and feasibility
study and has designed remedial actions to abate threats  to public health and
the environment posed by this site.
     Velsicol recently agreed to a $38.5 million combined settlement  for cleanup
of this site and two others in Michigan « The Gratiot  County  Golf Course and
the Velsicol plant in St. Louis,  Michigan.
     This fs the top priority site in Michigan and was  on the  Interim  Priority
List of 160 sites.
                 HRS:     53.6
                 Population threatened:    38,200
                 Aquifers  threatened:      1	
                 Surface waters threatened:  	1_
                 Index number on map:  	

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                                T 1 S *
WMD/RRB/ATT B-41                 I *

                             HEDBLOM INDUSTSIZS
                              Oscoda, Michigan

      Eedblua Industries  was a. manufacturing plane located at 100 Au Sable
 Road,  Oscoda,  losco Count/,  Michigan.   It produced  stamped  aecal parts
 for  the automotive  industry.   The  parts  were degreased  with trichloro-
 ethylene (TCE).   From 1963 until 1972, Hedblum dumped an estimated 4,000
 gallons  of TC2  directly  onto the  ground.   Thirteen  residential wells
 nearby  have since become contaminated with TCZ.   A municipal water supply
 has been extended to the affected  area.
              HRS:    31.70
              Population threatened:     2,170
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	
              Index number on map:  	

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                                   1  16
WMD/RRB/ATT B-42                    L

                             IONIA CITY LANDFILL
                               Ionia, Michigan

       The Ionia City Landfill is  located  three-quarters  of a aile east of
  the City of Ionia,  Ionia County, Michigan.   This abandoned ten-acre land-
  fill was used by the city as a refuse dump  during the 1950s and 1960s and
  was closed ia 1968.
       A citizen's complaint  in  February   1981   led to the discovery of a
  number of druas at the  site, both  buried and  on the surface.   About 100
  drums were excavated in June   1981,  under  the direction  of the Michigan
  Department of Natural  Resources (DNR).   Many of these  contained indus-
  trial  liquids  and  some  were  leaking.   The  City of  Ionia  placed  snow
  fences around the  excavated drums to prevent personal contact  with the
  wastes.   Sampling  results showed  the drams  to contain  organic solvents
  and heavy metals.   In  July  1981, Michigan  DNR placed  monitoring wells
  around the site and  found organic and  heavy  netal contamination  of the
  groundwater.
       To date, no  drums have been  removed  from  the site.   A  number  of
  drums lie within the floodplain  of the  nearby Grand  River. Deteriorating
  drums present an ongoing  threat of personal  contact, especially  since a
  portion of the  site is  now a  recreational  area.    The  City  of  Ionia's
  municipal well field lies about one mile northwest of the site.
             HRS:     38.02
             Population threatened:     6,361
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	(
             Index number on map:  	

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                                    , 17    -
WMD/RRB/ATT B-43

                             SSL AVENUE  LANDFILL
                             Xalamasoo,  Michigan

       The SSL Avenue. Landfill,   located  ia Oshtemo  Township,  Kalamazoo,
-  Michigan, was  owned  and operated  by Kalaoasoo  County beginning  in  1963,
  The landfill  accepted municipal refuse  and  industrial wastes.   Residen-
  tial wells  near the  landfill became  contaminated with  volatile hydro-
  carbons, including chloroform,  trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene.
  Leachate from the landfill has enterad nearby surface  waters.
       A  suit  brought  against  the  county in  1979 by  homeowners near  Che
  site  resulted  in  the  county providing  the  homeowners  an  alternative
  potable water supply  and  the placement of a cap  over  the landfill.    The
  cap is not adequate and a leachate problem still  exists.
              HRS:    38.10
              Population threatened:    76.200
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	
              Index number on map:  	

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-44             KENWOOD LANDFILL
                            Kantvocd,  Michigan

     The Kantwood  Landfill, located at 4900 Walma Road,  Kent-wood,  Xant
County, Michigan, was  used as  an open  duno up  Co 1972.   From 1972 until
1975,  the  Kant County Departaent  of Public Works operated  the 55-acre
site as a amicipal landfill.
     The landfill reportedly has received unidentified  hazardous wastes.
A leachate collection  system was installed by Che county, but oaintenance
problems with the system have  lad to leachate  contamination  of nearby
Plaster Creak.  Leachate  analyses have shown the  presence of cyanide and
heavy metals.
               MRS:     35.39
               Population  threatened:    28.400
               Aquifers threatened:      1	
               Surface waters  threatened:  	0_
               Index number on map:  	

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                                    I19
 WMD/RRB/ATT -B-45
                          LIQUID DISPOSAL,  ETC.
                             tftica, Michigan
     Liquid Disposal,  lac.  (LDI) is an  abandoned liquid waste .incinera-
tion facility  located  at 3901 Eaxalia  Road,  tftica,  Macomb County,  Michi-
gan.    The  6-acre  site  contains  an  inoperative   incinerator,   various
industrial  liquid wastes  and sludges  contained in two  waste  lagoons,
numerous  above and below  ground tarks,  over 1,000  drums,  and  numerous
small containers.   Following  an  incident in which toxic hydroeen sulfide
gas was produced and  two  workers  were killed,  the citizens  of  Shelby
Township  filed suit on  22  January 1982  to permanently  enjoin LDI  from
operating.  On 27 April  1982, LDI was forced  into involuntary bankruptcy.
The firm was  permanently  closed  on   17  May  1982  by  the  Macomb  County
Circuit  Court.   U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency (EPA)  and  State
investigations have revealed  contamination of air,  soil,  surface  water,
and groundwater in  the vicinity  of  LDI.   On  20 May  1982,  EPA approved  a
Superfund action  to clean up  a  polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminatad  oil
spill at  the  site.   On  23  July  1982, EPA  approved  additional Superfunri
action  to remove  liquid wastes  from  a - lagoon  that  was  in-  danger of
overflowing and  to  remove contaminated  water from-  the area surrounding
the abandoned  incinerator.
                                                             4
     This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160  sites.
                HRS:    63.28
                Population threatened:     3,504
                Aquifers threatened:      1	
                Surface waters threatened:  	
                Index number on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-46
                          LITTL£?rELD TOWNSHIP DUMP
                           Emmet  County,  Michigan

      The  Littlefield Tovnshi? Landfill  Site is located near  Odea,  Emmet
 "County,  Michigan.   The  publicly owned  landfill  had  received  domestic
 refuse  and  light  industrial  and commercial  vase2  for approximately  ten
 years until November  1980.   Improper operation of  the disposal area, in
 . association  with  natural hydrogeological  conditions  at   the site,  has
 resulted  in groundwater  degradation.
      Leachate  from the  landfill  has contaminated  a  private  well  in  the
 area  with  trichloroethylene,   perchloroethylene,  and  ocher  chlorinated
 hydrocarbons.    The contamination  plume  is  moving  in  a  southwesterly
 direction  toward Oden and  Crooked Lake.   Wells have  been installed at
 several different locations  to monitor  the  plume  and its  contents.   The
 Littlefield Township Board  is  pursuing  funding to  finance  Che  closing  and
 sealing of  the landfill.  A  solid waste transfer  facility is  being  in-
 stalled  in  the  area  and  will  eventually  eliminate  landfills  in  the
 county.
              HRS:     32.09
              Population threatened:    21.300
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	0_
              Index  number on map:  	

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                                   121
WMD/RRB/ATT 3-47
                            MASON COUNTY LANDFILL
                     Pera Marquetta Township,  Michigan

      The  Mason  County  Landfill  is  in  Pars Marquette  Township,  Mason
 County, Michigan,  approximately 3  miles  south of Ludington  and  one mile
 east of Lake  Michigan.
      The  landfill  began operation in late 1971, and  was  operated for the
 Mason  County  Department  of  Public  Works  by  Acae  Disposal Company  of
 Ludington uncil  the site was  closed in August  1978.   While in operation,
 the  landfill  received   residential,  commercial,   and industrial  refuse,
 liquid,  and sludges.    A  two-foot  thick  clay cover  was  put in  place  in
 1979.
      Since  closure,  Che  landfill  sice  and  adjacent properties have been
 impacted  by erosion.   The landfill is  suspected of  polluting groundwatar
 aquifers  and  nearby   Iris   Creek.     Groundwatar  contaminants   include
 pentachlorophenol,   trichloroethylane,   I,2-trans-dichloroethyLene,   and
 1,1-dechloroethane.
      The  operator, Acme Disposal,  was  issued  an  Order ia  late 1973,  re-
 questing  the  installation of additional  monitoring wells, water  qualicy
 analysis, and surveying at Ch.e  site.   A Consent  Order was  oubsaquer.c Ly
 issued by  Che Resource  Recovery  Commission  Co cover  Che icams  chac  re-
 mained co be  completed.   Additional  studies  ara  needed Co decermine  che
 cotal extent  of  contamination, which  is complicated by che  araa's  complax
 hydrogeology.
      In late  1981  and early 1982,  local residents  fiiad cvo  suics  againsc
 the  county  and Acme Disposal Company.   The  Mason  County Department of
 Public Works  is  postponing additional  work  at Che  sice  pending   che  ra-
 sulcs of che  Cwo suits.

             HRS:    34.18
             Population threatened:     1,112
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	
             Index number on map:  	

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                                  122    •?
WMD/RRB/ATT B-48
                                MCGSAtf-EDISON
                          Calhoun County,  Michigan

      The McGrav-Sdison Corporation,  Air Comfort Division,  located at 704
 North  Clark Street, City  of Albion, Calhoun  County, Michigan,  manufac-
 tured  air  conditioners, humidifiers, etc.,  until  closing  in  1980.   From
 1970  until  1980,  trichloroethylene(TC2)-contaminatad  still  bottoms (an
 oil vaste)  were spread  on  the site's dirt roads  to control dust.   As  a
 result, TCZ has been  found in  tvo  on-sice wells  and  forty-five nearSy
 residential  wells.  'Three  Albion municipal  wells have  also shown TCZ
 contamination.   The company is known to have  used  10,000  gallons of TCZ
 per year from 1970  to  1980.
              HRS:     44.63
              Population threatened:    139,500
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	0_
              Index number on map:  	

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-49
                           NORTHE3NAI2Z PLATING
                            Cadillac,  Michigan
     Korthernaire  Placing  is  an  inactive  electroplating  facility   in
Cadillac, Wexford  County, Michigan.   The materials on-site (2,000 gallons
of  platinz  sludse,   2,500  gallons  of  liquid  plating  solution  in con-
tainers,  and   drums   containing  wastes  contaminated  with  chrome  and
cyanide)  have  contaminated  the groundwater  and soil.  A  large  volume  of
wastes was  released  through an improperly sealed  sewer  line.   The  extant
of  groundwater contamination  is undetermined.    Two  private wells have
-been contaminated  and the  Cadillac  Well Field is  threatened  by releases
to  the surface  and the subsurface from the site.
     This site  was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
              HRS:     57.93
              Population threatened:     9,990
              Aquifers threatened:       1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	
              Index number on map:  	

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                             '   *  1*4
WMD/RRB/ATT B-50
                             NOVACO INDUSTRIES
                            Temperance, Michigan

      Novaco   Industries,   located   at   9411  Summerfield,   Temperance,
 Michigan,  is an active  chrome  plating facility.    In June   1979,  a leak
 was  detected in an in-ground  bath tank containing  a hard-chrome plating
 solution.    The  company  estimated  that  approximately   100  gallons  of
 solution  leaked out over an unknown  period  of time.  Three  area private
 wells  plus the  company  well were contaminated with hexavalent chromium.
      In July 1979, Che company started purging operations to recover the
 chromium.   3y  summer's  end,  50,000  gallons  of contaminated  groundwater
 had  been  recovered and  treated before  operations were suspended  due  co
 freezing weather  conditions.   Cleanup operations  were to  resume in April
 1980,  but  no effort by  the company was made  to do  so.
              HRS:     38.10
             Population threatened:     3,000
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters  threatened:   	(
             Index number on map:  	

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                                    125  '
WMD/RRB/ATT B-51

                      ORGASIC CHEMICALS, INCORPORATED
                           Grandville, Michigan

      Organic Chemicals,  Incorporated,  is  located at  3291  Chicago Drive,
 S.W., Grandville,  Michigan.   The  facility ia • engaged  ia  reclamation  of
 spent solvents and the manufacture of small quantities of various organic
 chemicals.  From  at  least September   1974,  to June   1980,  the  facility
 discharged process vastewater and  boiler  blovdown and cooling water to  a
 seepage  lagoon on  the  site.    The  facility's   unpermitted  groundwater
 discharge,  accompanied by bad  housekeeping  practices,  has  resulted   in
 groundwater contamination.
      In April   1976,  Organic Chemicals applied  for  a  State Groundwater
 Discharge Permit.  The permit,  which  was granted  in January  1977, re-
 quired monitoring for  pH, phenol,  oil,  and grease.   The discharge permit
 limits  for  these  parameters  were  exceeded  on  several  occasions.   The
 permit required the  diversion  of process  wastes  to the  Grandville Sani-
 tary System.   A Notice and Order to Comply was issued ia  1977,  when che
 company failed Co comply with the permit  time schedule.
      The most concentrated area of contaminant plume has been identified.
 Analyses  of  samples   from beneath  Che seepage  lagoon  identified  3,586
 parts  per  million  (ppm)  total  organic  carbon  in  the  groundwacer.
 Methylene   chloride,   toluene,    trichloroethylene,  1,l-dichclorethane,
 acecone,  2-propanol,  ethyl  benzene,  and  64  other  substances wers  also
 present.
      In late 1981, accumulated sludges were removed from the former cool-
 ing water  pond on the site.    The pond  was  Chen  backfilled  with  clean
 material.

            MRS:    32.93
            Population  threatened:     10,764
            Aquifers  threatened:      1	
            Surface waters threatened:  	
            Index number on map: 	

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                                     126
WMD/KRB/ATT B-52
                     OSSIXEXE GRQUNDWATEX CONTAMINATION
                             Ossineke,  Michigan

       Several  shallow  private  wells  near  Ossineke  in  Alpena  County,
 Michigan, have  been contaminated with benzene,  sylene, trichloroethylene,
 and  chloroform since  1977.   A deeper  aquifer,  about seventy  feet below
 the  land surface,  is  currently providing  an  uneontarainated  supply of
 water.   Michigan  Department of Natural Resources field staff identified a
 laundromat  and  a  gasoline  station  as  two  suspected  sources  of  the
 contamination.
              HRS:     33.78
              Population threatened:   1,140
              Aquifers threatened:      1
              Surface waters  threatened:  	0_
              Index number on map:  	

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  WMD/RRB/ATT B-53

                       OTT/STCRY/CCREOVA CHEMICAL COMPANY

                           Ealton Township,  Michigan
     The Cordova Chemical Conpany  is  located  in Dalten Township, Muskegcn


County/ Michigan, north of the City of  Muskegcn.   Various companies/ including


Ott Chemical and Story Chemical, have occupied  the site sines 1957.  The facility


was abandoned by Story Chemical in 1977.


     From 1957 to 1977, wasts handling  practices  at the sits resulted in


extensive grcundwater contamination,  contaminated soils,  and unprotected tanks


of phosgene gas.  v&stewater was disposed  via seepage  lagoons.   Approximately


1.2 billion gallons of grcundwater contaminated with organic chemicals are


moving into Little Bear Creek and  its tributary,  causing  serious degradation of


1 mile of stream.


     Before acquiring the facility in late 1977,  Cordova  Chemical Company and


the State entered a Stipulation and Consent Crder whereby Cordova agreed to


neutralize and dispose of the phosgene  gas and  pay 3600,000  to  the State for


abateinent of the problem.  The State  agreed to  use 3500,000  to  remove approximately


8,700 55—gallcn drums and 8,000 cubic yards of  sludges and contaminated soil,


and to use 3100,000 towards planning  an alternative water supply system for


affected residents.  All drums have been removed  from  the site.


     About 100 residents are new supplied  with  bottled water for drinking and


cocking.


     This site was on the Interim  Priority List of 160 sites,
                                           /

               HRS:    53.41


               Population threatened:     3,504


               Aquifers threatened:       1	


               Surface waters threatened:       1


               Index  number on map:  	

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                                   128
WMD/RRB/ATT B-54     PACKAGING  CORPORATION OF AMERICA
                          Filar City, Michigan

     Packaging  Corporation  of  Aaserica (?CA)  operates  a Kraft  paper  oil!
for production  of corrugated bos aatariai in Filar City,  Manistee County,
Michigan.   From  the  1950s until  1974,   ?CA duaped untreated pulp  mill
black liquor and  other process wastes in  a  series of unlined  lagoons  in
Stronach Township, approximately one adle northeast of  Filer City.
     The  Village  of  Sast Lake,  to the  northwest  of  the  site, had  to
abandon  a  municipal well in  1976  because  of  groundwater  contamination
caused by the lagoons.   PCA placed nine  monitoring wells around  the  sita
in  1978.   Sampling  of  the  wells  by  the U.S.  Environmental -Protection
Agency in August  1981  showed high levels  of heavy metals and  arsenic  in
the  groundwater.    Regional  groundwater  flow  is  in  the  direction  of
Manistee Lake,  an important recreational  resource  in this area.
              MRS:     52.15
              Population  threatened:     10,223
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened: 	1_
              Index number on map:  	

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                                 120
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-55
                        PSTOSXZT MUNICIPAL WELLS
                           Petoskey, Michigan

     The  City  of Petoskey,  located  in Snmit  County,  Michizan, uses  che
nunicipal well field  as  the  sole source of water.   The field  is  located
at the northwest aide of Petoskey,  on the shore  of  Little Traverse  Bay
and the delta of the  Bear River.
     In September  1981,  the  Michigan  Public  Health  Department notified
the city  that  samples from  the city's water  supply  contained  20 to  50
parts  per  billion  of  trichloroethylene.   A suspected  source  of  the
pollutants  is  an  adjacent  die  casting  and  plating   firm,  Petoskey
Manufacturing.    The  company  has commissioned  an  extensive hydrogeologic
investigation  to determine  the extent  of .its  responsibility,  if  any.
Start-tip  of  the  investigation is pending Michigan Department  of  Natural
Resources approval of the scope of work.
     The  City appropriated funds  for new water supply  wells  and  has  in-
stalled testing wells in their selected new field.
              MRS:    35.97
              Population threatened:     5,400
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	
              Index number on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-56
                             SASMUSSSN'S DCKP
                            Brighton,  Michigan

     Rasmussen's Dump  is  located at  9040 Spicar Road, Brighton, Livinsrton
County, Michigan.   The site is a former landfill which accepted an unde-
terained  quantity  of  drums of  paint sludge  and liquid  waste.   Liquid
wastes were also dumped-directly into the  landfill.   Gravel mining opera-
tions  have removed the old fill material, 'uncovering  numerous barrels.
Soil samples  near  the drums  show high concentrations  of  polychlorinated
bipheayls, althcueh no -groundwater or surface water  contamination has yet
been   documented.     The   dump   was   unable  to  meet   state  1'icensing
requirements  and subsequently closed  in 1974.
              HRS:     31.80
              Population threatened:     2,457
              Aquifers threatened:       1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	'.
              Index number on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-57             ROSZ  TNSHI?DUMP
                        Oakland  County,  Michigan

     The Rose Township Dump  is one  of  three sites within a 5 mile area in
Oakland, Michigan.   About 5,000 drums of liquid  industrial wastes (paint
sludges,  solvents,   oils,  polychlorinated  biphenyls,  and greases)  were
illegally  disposed  at  these  sites.     Barrels  were  deposited  on  the
surface,  buried,  and possibly  drained into  Che ground  or pits  so  that
some barrels  could  be  recycled.   Groundvater,  surface water,  and  soil
contamination has  resulted.   Most  drums  were badly  rusted or completely
deteriorated, causing the contents  Co leak  to the  ground.    There  were
also four to five pits with  drums lying  in  stagnant water.
     This site was on the  Interim Priority  List of 160 sites.
             HRS:    50.92
             Population threatened:   1,000.500
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters  threatened:  	1_
             Index number on map:  	

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                                 f-1 -J C«    -?i
WMD/RRB/ATT B-58
                          SCA INDEPENDENT LANDFILL
                         Muskegon Heights,  Michigan

       SCA Independent Landfill, established in 1965, is  located  in Muske-
  gon Heights, Muskegon  County,  Michigan.   The site  is  situated  on sandy
  soils, and depth to the groundwater  table is  between five  and seven feet.
  Residences are located within one-quarter mile of  the site and gas gener-
  ation has been  detected on-site.  Monitoring wells are located  on-site.
  A portion of this site  was  treated  with bentonite.   However,  problems
  have been detected with the bentonite liner.
       Groundwater and surface  water contamination  is confirmed.   Xylene,
  benzidine, dichlorobenaidine,  1,1-dichloroethane,   and  toluene have  been
  detected in monitoring wells downstream from  the site.
            HRS:     36.36
            Population threatened:    14,800
            Aquifers threatened:      1	
            Surface waters  threatened:  	]
            Index number on map:  	

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                                 133    :

WMD/RR3/ATT B-59
                            SUlAKASSZi  RIVER
                            Eowell, Michigan

     Sines  1969,  the Cast  Forge Coirpany  has  cperatad a  plant for  Che
manufacture  of  aluainun  cast  products at   24AQ  west  Highland  Avenue,
Hcwell, Livington County, Michigan.   Until 1973, wastawater  contaminated
by hydraulic fluids  containing polychlorinated  biohenyls  (PCS) was  dis-
charged co Che South Branch of  Che  Shiawassee River.   From 1973 to 1977,
process vastawatar  was  discharged  into a  &GO,CCCHrailcn  lagoon   en  the
plant property.   Illegal discharges from Chis  lagoon,  as veil as_periodic
overflows of the lagoon, led  to the contamination of  nearby  wetlands  and
subsecuently Che Shiawassee River.
     Results of saoaling performed  by Che  Michigan Department  of  Natural
Resources  (DNS) in  late 1978  showed  high  levels of PCS  in  soils  around
the sits.   PC3  was  also  found in  monitoring wells on  Che  site in June
1979.   High  levels  of ?C3 have been  found in  Shiawassae  River sedirenc
below the  plane property.   PCS concsncrations above  1 part  per  million
(ppta) have been found in sediments  for  14  ailes downstream of  Che  plant.
?C3 has  also been found  in  fish as  far as  52 ailes  downstream   of  che
plant.
     The Scats of Michigan  filed suit  aeainst Cast rorse  on 3 November
1977  for  ?C3-cont ami nation of  the environment.    The case  was  sect led
through a Consent  Judgment on  19 June 1981.  Pursuant  co chat  settlement,
the company  removed  its wastewater lagoon, cleaned  up ?C3-  concaininatad
soils  and  sedinents  froa  its  property,  and  provided 5750, CCO  for  che
restoration of the Shiawassee  River.  In an ongoing pro.-;act,  Michigan  DNR
began  dredging  contaminated  sadiaents  frota  che  South  3ranch  of   che
Shiawasses ?J.ver in June 1982.

             MRS:    31.01
              Population threatened:     5,224
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:   	
              Index number on map:  	

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                                *•  134
WMD/RKB/ATT B-60
                      SOUTHWEST OTTAWA COUNT? LANDFILL
                           Park Township,  Michigan

       The Southwest Ottawa  County Landfill  is  located in  Park Township,
  northwest  of the City  of Holland,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan.   The forty-
  acre landfill was  constructed and licensed  in 1963, and  received muni-
  cipal refuse, industrial sludges, and wastewater treatment plant sludges.
  Groundwater  studies  performed  by  the  Michigan  Department  of  Natural
  Resources  have indicated the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy
  metals  in  monitoring wells around  the sits.  Several private  wells  were
  also found to_be contaminated.  Operation of  the landfill  ceased in 1981
  as  a result  of  administrative enforcement  action initiated by the State
  of  Michigan.   Pursuant  to  that  action,  Ottawa County closed  and covered
  the landfill, provided  hookups  to the  municipal  water system  for resi-
                                      »
  dents with  potentially  affected  wells, and  committed  the  County  to  a
  five-year  post-closure  care program.   Ottawa County  is in  the  process of
  conducting a study Co assess  the feasibility  of  installing a  groundwater
  treatment  system.
           HRS:     39.66
           Population threatened:    13,004
           Aquifers  threatened:      1	
           Surface waters threatened:  	C
           Index number on map:  	

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                                    <3K     <
                                   -j t) ••)
WMD/RR3/ATT B-61                    X
                               SPARTA LANDFILL
                          Sparta Township, Michigan

       Spares Landfill  is  a closed  refuse  dump located  east  of Alpine
  Avenue in Sparta Township,  approximately one mile  southeast  of the Vil-
  lage of Sparta, Kent County, Michigan.   Prior  to  1965,  the landfill was
  operated by Sparta Township  and a private  operator.   The  site was pur-
  chased ia  1970 by the  Kent County  Department  of  Public Works.   Until
  1977,  the  landfill  accepted municipal  refuse,  foundry sand,  and indus-
  trial  wastes.
       In 1979,  toluene  and several other  organic  solvents  wera found  in
  samples taken from on-site monitoring wells  and off-site  domestic wells.
  Pursuant  to a  request  by  the  Michigan  Department  of  Natural Resources,
  Kent County installed deep  wells for two nearby affected residences and
  provided  bottled  water  for other affected homes.
             HRS:     32.00
             Population threatened:     8,618
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	
             Index number on map:  	

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                              ***" 1 o f,
WMD/RRB/ATT B-62                  L
                         SPASTAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
                            Vyoodnz,  Michizan

     The  Spartan  Chemical Company  is  located at 2539-28th  Street,  S.W.,
Wyoming, Michigan.  The  company began its  operations at the site in 1952.
The  company  blends and  packages  chemicals  and  distributes such  liquid
industrial chemicals  as  solvents and  thizmers.   At present,  the company
does not manufacture  or  process any chemicals on—site.
     Residential  wells  near  the  company  have  become  contaminated  with
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,  chloroform, and  other  organic  com-
pounds.    These  wells  have  been  abandoned  and  residences  have  been
connected to a municipal water  supply.
             HRS:     41.05
             Population threatened:    58,600
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	(
             Index number on map:	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-63
                            S?I2GL£3U"RG LANDFILL
                             Brighton, Michigan

       The Spieglaburg Landfill Site is locatad on Spicar Road  in  Brighton,
  Livington County,  Michigan.  Prior co 1966, chis site was used as  an  open
  dump.  Unknown quantities  of paint sludges and  liquid  waste wera  dumped
  into a pit on  the  site around 1977.   The pit was  located  in a sand  and
  gravel excavation area.   The pit recently has  been covered with  gravel,
  and paint sludges are  no  longer  disposed of on-site.   A  sand and  gravel
  operation is  now located on  another portion of  the property.   A  limited
  hydrogeological study by the Michigan  Department of Natural Resources  to
  detect groundwater contamination is nearing completion.
             HRS:    53.61
             Population threatened:     2,457
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	
             Index  number on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-64                     ISO
                          SPRINGFI2LID TOWNSHIP DUMP
                          Oakland County, Michigan

       The Springfield Township Dump site,  located  near Davisburg in  rural
  Oakland  County,  Michigan,   was   an  illegal  disposal  sice   for   liquid
  industrial  wastes.   Barrels of waste were dumped on the ground, buried  in
  pits, and drained  into the  ground  to  reclaim  the  barrels.   Dumping  is
  known to have occurred between 1966 and  1963,  and possibly longer.  Drum
  contents were  identified  as  paint  sludges,   solvents,  polychlorinated
  biphenyls (PC3), oils,  and  greases.   Soils  are  contaminated  with PC3,
  metals,  and  some  organic  chemicals,   Groundwater  is  also contaminated
  with  organic chemicals  directly below  the   dumping  area.    However,
  sampling of domestic wells for several months  showed  QO contamination  to
  water supplies.    Migration  of  contaminants  could  cause more  serious
  impacts.
            HRS:     51.97
            Population threatened:   1,000,500
            Aquifers threatened:      1	
            Surface waters threatened:      1
            Index number on map:  	

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                                    139
WMD/RRB/ATT B-65
                                  TA3. LAXZ
                        Mancslona Township, Michigan

       Tar Lake  is  located  south  of  Elder  Road  in  Mancalona  Township,
  Antrim County, Michigan.    This  site is  a  shallow,  four-acra pond  "hat
  served as a  disposal  lagoon for Che  Antrim  Iron  Company, which  operated
  in Mancelona from the 1880s until 1944.  The company's  complex includes  a
  saw mill, a chemical plant, an  iron  extraction and smelting plant,  and  a
  steel sill.
       As long ago as 1949, groundwater contamination was documented  by the
  State as far as three niles from the site.   Sludge  deposits in Tar  Lake
  have  bean   found  to  contain high  concentrations  of  heavy  aetals  and
  phenol.  Sampling of arsa residential wells in 1980 revealed the  presence
  of lead and phenol contamination.
             HRS:    48.5
             Population threatened:     3,011
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	
             Index  number on map:  	

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-66
                                U.S.  AVIE2
                          Cass  County, Michigan

     U.S.  Aviax  Company,   located   in   Howard   Township,   Cass  County,
Michigan,   specialises  in   production   of   auto   solvents,   including
windshield  washing  solution,   auto  starting   fluid,   and   fuel   line
antifreeze.   In  1972,  several' domestic veils southwest  of  the  U.S.  Aviax
facility  wera contaminated  with ether  at  levels  up  to  190  parts  per
nillion.   A  leaking  ether  transmission  line on-sita  proved  to be  the
source, and repairs were  made.   Three of the affectad wells subsequently
were replaced at- company expense.
     In November 1978, fire destroyed aost  of the facility  and  resulted
in  the release  of  a number  of  organic  compounds  into   the  soil  and
groundwater.  Dichloromethane, benzene, toluene,  and  other  chemicals have
been detected in nearby residential  wells.
     The State of Michigan  filed suit azainst Che company  in early  1982.
Under  Court  Order, U.S.  Aviex  is  currently  conducting a  pump  test  In
preparation for  possible groundwatar purging and  treatment.
             MRS:     33.66
            Population threatened:     46,400
            Aquifers threatened:      1	
            Surface waters  threatened:   	0_
            Index number on map:  	

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                                  141
WMD/RRB/ATT 3-67
                           VELSICOL PLANT SITE
                           St.  Louis, Michigan
     The Velsicol  Chemical Company, operatad  a plant  formerly  belonging
to  the Michigan  Chemical  Company, at  500  Backson  Street,  St.  Louis,
Michigan.    The  plant  manufactured a variety of  chemicals,  including
polybroninated biphenyls  and  T3.IS.   Plant effluent  and  poor  housekeeping
practices  resulted in  contamination  of   the  Pine  River and  soils  and
groundwatar  at  the site.   The plant  closed  in  1978,  and all  buildings
have now been removed.
     Velsicol  Company  recently  agreed   to   a  338.5  million   combined
settlement  for cleanup  of  this  site  and two others  in Michigan—the
Gratiot County Landfill and the Gratiot County Golf  Course.
             HRS:    52.38
             Population threatened:     4,101
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	
             Index number  on map:  	

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                                    342
WMD/RRB/ATT B-68             VERONA  WELL  FIELD
                         Battle Creek, Michigan

     The Verona Well  Field is the  sole  source  of water for  35,000 resi-
dents of Battle Craek,  Michigan.    The Well  Field also supplies  water to
several major food-producing  industries,  including Kellogg,  General Food,
and Ralston Purina.   As  a  result  of grcundwater  contamination,  16 of the
31 wells in the Field are  no  longer in production.   An imminent hazard is
the  contamination of  other  municipal  wells because  of  the  horizontal
spread of groundwater contaminants.
     In September 1981,  hydrocarbon contamination  was discovered  in tap
water serving residents of  Battle  Creek.  _Sampling in  the Well  Field
indicated  contamination in one-third  of the wells.   Sampling  near the
Well Field also indicated  high levels of  contamination in  private wells.
     This site was on the  Interim Priority List of  160 sites.
            HRS:     46.86
            Population threatened:     37,600
            Aquifers threatened:      1	
            Surface waters threatened:  	0_
            Index  number on map:  	

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                                 113
WMD/RRB/ATT B-69
                              WASH KING LAUNDRY
                    Pleasant  Plains  Tovnship,  Michigan

      Wash King Laundry,  Located  in  Pleasant Plains Township,  Lake County,
 Michigan, is  a  small  privately ovned laundromat which has  been in opera-
 tion since  1962.  During  the early  1970s,  dry cleaning  solvents were dis-
 charged with  laundry  wastes  to  Che  facility's wastewatar lagoons.   As  a
 result,  approximately   thirty  domestic   water  supplies  north  of  the
 laundromat  have been  contaminated  with  perchloroethylane  (PCS).   PC2-
 contamination was  initially  detected  in  August   1977   in a well  sample
 from  a local commercial  establishment.    In  February  1978, the laundry
 waste  dump,  a suspected  source  of  PCS,  was  cleaned  out  by  Che  Michigan
 Department  of Public Health.   Use  of PCS was discontinued  in  1978,  in
 response to enforcement  actions  initiated  by  the  State of Michigan.   How-
 ever,  no  relief was  provided to residents  with  affectad  wells who  had
 been using  bottled water.  A preliminary hydrogeologic study  conducted in
 1979  by the  Michigan  Department of Natural   Resources  established  Wash
 King as responsible  for  the PCS  contamination.  The  lateral  and  vertical
 extent of groundwater contamination  has not yet been  determined,  although
 the contaminant  plume is known to be migrating in a  northeasterly  direc-
 tion toward the Middle Branch of the Pare  Marquette River.
             HRS:    46.04
             Population threatened:     3,962
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	
             Index number on map:  	

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-70
                                WHITEHALL WELLS
                              Whitehall/  Michigan
     The Whitehall Wells are located  in Whitehall,  Michigan.   Perchlcrcethyier.e
(PCS) ccntaainaticn was detected  in production well number 3  in January 1981,
during sampling conducted by the Michigan  Department of Public Health.  At that
time, Whilehall city officials were attempting to locate an acceptable site for
installation of a new municipal well  to replace an  existing well on the city's
south side.  In February 1981, two observation wells in close proximity to
production well number 3 were found to be  contaminated with high levels of
trichlorcethylene and cis-l,2-dicnlorcethylene, in  addition to low levels of
PCS and 1,1-dichlorcethane.
     Upon discovery of PCS contamination,  the City  of Whitehall took production
well number 3 off-line and increased  pumping rates  at the other four municipal
wells.'  Well number 3 is currently used only on an  emergency  basis.
     Limited sampling of additional wells  in the  area has shewn the same
chemicals in residential wells northeast of production well number 3.  There
are several suspected sources of contamination, spread over a relatively wide
area, due to uncertainty regarding the direction  of groundwater flew.  The
United State Environmental Protection Agency has  installed five monitor wells
in the area, but grcundwater sample results are not yet available.
             HRS:     29.85
             Population threatened:     3,017
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:     0
             Index number  on map:  	

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                                  45 •   Minnesota                     MN
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-71            BCBLUGTCN NORTHERN SITS
                           Brainerd/Baxtsr, Minnesota
     Burlington Northern (BN) has initiated an cn-sita grcundwater investigaticn
at the Brainerd tie preservation plant,  Grcundwater has been found to be moving
to the east fron the site/ in the Brainerd/Baxter area of Minnesota, with
probable discharge to the Mississippi River.  Cn-site grcundwater  has been
found to be contaminated by a nunber of carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons.  At the request of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency  (MPCA)
staff, BN has agreed to expand the groundwater study to include off-site areas
between the plant site and the Mississippi River.  BN is also investigating
methods by which to remove and dispose of or treat sludges and contaminated soils.
     The MFCS, has sampled a number of area wells.  Most currently  used wells
are north or west of the plant site, while groundwater flews to the southeast
from the plant.  No drinking water wells appear to be affected by  contamination
at this time.  Lew levels of contaminants may be entering the Mississippi River
through discharge of contaminated groundwater to the river.
     Wastewater and sludges from crecscte preservation of railroad ties  have
been discharged to en-site pcnds since the plant's construction in 1907.  The
original pcnd was abandoned in the 1930s and covered.  The existing pond has
been used since that time.  Both pcnds were probably lew spots lacking any sort
of natural or constructed seal.  The existing pcnd is approximately 2 acres in
area.  There is approximately 3 feet of sludge within the pcnd, and an unknown
quantity cf contaminated soil beneath the sludge.  Several exploratory borings
have confimed the existence of sludge and/or contaminated soil in  the area cf
the original pcnd.
     This site was en the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.

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 WMD/RRB/ATT B-72               *^ CORPORATION
                           Fridley, Minnesota
     The FMC Corporation, formerly  Che Northern  Pump  Company,  disposed of
hazardous waste  on the company property  in Fridley,  Minnesota,  from the
early 1950s to the early  1970s.   The property is located  adjacent  to the
Mississippi River.   Wastes  were  disposed of at  two  locations,  one  con-
sisting of an  11- acre uulined landfill.   Wastes consisted of  solvents,
paint sludges,  and plating wastes.   Records indicate  that solvents  and
sludge were dumped directly into unlined  pits and burned  or buried.
     Three groundwater wells used by  FMC  for drinking and processing were
found to  be contaminated.   The  cities   of  Fridley  and  Brooklyn  Center
withdraw driricing water  from  the  contaminated aquifer.    Groundwater  also
discharges into  the  Mississippi River, which serves  as the water  supply
for  the city  of Minneapolis,  800 feet  downstream of FMC property.   The
surface driricing water supply is contaminated.
     Contaminants  found  in  the srrnundwater  include:    trichloroethylene;
dichloroethylene;  tatrachloroethylene;  raethylene chloride;  1,1  and  1,2
dichloroethane;  trichloroe thane,-  acetone  benzene;   1,2   trans-dichloro-
ethylene;  and  bis-{2-ethyhexyl)  phthalate.   Trichloroethylene  has  been
found in the City of Minneapolis surface  drinking water supply.
     This site was on  the Interim Priority List  of  160  sitas.
              MRS:      74.16
              Population threatened:    37,800
              Aquifers threatened:      3	
              Surface waters threatened:  	'.
              Index number on map:  	

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                                *  1-J7     '
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-73               KCPPESS COKZ
                            St.  Paul, Minnesota
     The Koppers Company  operated  a  ccking plant  at Che Midway Industrial
Fade in St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  from 1911  to 1979.    The  facility converted
coal to ccke and produced such byproducts as coal  tars  and  coal tar dis-
tillates.  Sappers Company has dismantled and reaoved  all  equipment from
the site.   Additionally,  the  company  has completed an  intensive  on—site
soil  and groundwater  investigation.    The  investigation  revealed  that
wastes discharged  to  th'e  ground in  unlined  earthen pits and  disposed of
on the land surface have  contaminated  the soil and  groundwater.  The con-
taminants  present include   polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons   (PAH),
thiocyanata, ammonia,  sulfates,  phenols, oil,  and grease.   The contamin-
ation  does  not  threaten  St.  Paul's  municipal  water  supply,  which  is
obtained frota the  Mississippi  River  just north of Minneapolis.
     The U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency,   in  cooperation with  the
Minnesota Pollution Control  Agency  (MPCA), will  be  investigating  the
migration of contaminants  frota the Koopers property.
     In cooperation with MPCA,  the  Koppers Company has been  working  to
remove coal  tar wastes and  contaminated  soil  from the  property.   Thus
far, Xoppers has excavated and shipped  17,500 cubic yards of  material  Co
secured disposal in Illinois.   When  the surficial cleanup  is  completed,
Koppers expects  to sell  the  property  to Che  St.   Paul  Port  Authority,
which intends to sake  the  property available to developers of  Che
St. Paul Energy Park.
     This site was on  the  Interim Priority List of  160  sites.
                HRS:    55.05
                Population threatened:     263,400
                Aquifers threatened:     _ 1	
                Surface waters threatened:       0
                Index  number on map:

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                                LS  SILLIER
WMD/RRB/ATT B-74
                          La Hillier, Minnesota
     In  October  1981,   the  Minnesota  Pollution  Control  Agency  (MPCA)
discovered groundwatar  contaminated  with organic chlorinated  solvents  in
the  community of La  Hillier,  located  just west  of Mankato,  Minnesota.
Since trichloroethylene  (TCE), which is a main contaminant, may  act  as  a
carcinogen, a  health  advisory  was issued  by  the Minnesota Department  of
Health  to approximately 200  affected   residents,  suggesting  that  they
utilize  an alternative  drinking/cocking water  supply.   This  community
also has high levels of  nitrates in  its  groundwater.   The  TCS  may be  from
degreasers used in cleansing of the  septic  tanks used  in  the  community.
     .La Hillier is located  in  a floodplain of  the  Blue Earth  and  Minne-
sota Rivers, and until  1976, when the U.S.  Corps of  Engineers  constructed
a dike around  this area, was  subject to seasonal  flooding.   The area  of
solvent contamination in Le Hillier/Mankato is characterized  by permeable
soils (unconsolidated sands and gravels) that allowed  rapid  infiltration
of  liauids into  the surficial  groundwater  aquifer.    This . aquifer  is
thought to be approximately 20 to 25 feet below  the  surface, with bedrock
(sandstone) being found  at aoproximately the  60-foot depth.
     The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in coordination with MPCA,
is  conducting a  hydro geological  study of  this  area to  determine   the
source(s) of contamination and the extent of  the contamination plume.
     This site was on the Interim Priority  List  of  160  sites.
              HRS:     42.49
              Population threatened:      200
              Aquifers threatened:      2
               Surface waters  threatened:
               Index number on map:  	

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                               149  '  
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                                   ,50.   .

                         NEW  BRIGHTON/ASDEtf HILLS
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-76
                         Ramsey,  County, Minnesota

     In June  1981,  the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency  (MPCA)  and the
Minnesota   Department   of   Health  (MDR)  discovered  organic   solvent
contamination  of  the Prairie  du Chien-Jordan aquifer in Ramsey  County.
This aquifer is used to supply  drinking  water to several  communities  in
this area.  MFCA,  in coordination with the U.S.  Environmental  Protection
Agency  (EPA),  is  actively pursuing an initial  hydrogeological study  of
the  area  to  determine  the  extent  and  level  of contamination  and  the
source(s) of the contaminants.
     The contamination plume is  now believed  to bef 6  ailes  long,  3  miles
wide,  and  affect  approximately 38,000  residents.     Several   suspected
sources of  the contamination  are  now  being  monitored to determine  what
had been disposed of  at  these  sites in the past, when record-keeping was
not strictly regulated.   The MPCA anti MDH continue  to monitor  the  wells
in  the  area for worsening or  stabilizing of  the  contamination  levels.
The Department of  the Army was  awarded  a contract  in February 1982,  to
perform an extensive  hydrogeological study on Twin Cities Arm7  Ammunition
Plant, located in  New Brighton,  Minnesota.   Both the State of  Minnesota
and EPA  have  met  with  Array  officials to  coordinate all  phases  of  the
study.
     This site was on the Interim Priority List  of 160 sites.
              MRS:      59.16
              Population threatened:    448,100
              Aquifers  threatened:      3	
              Surface waters threatened:  	5_
              Index number on map:  	

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                                  151
 WMD/RHB/ATT B-77           OAKDALZ
                           Oakdaia, Minnesota

     The Oakdale  Disposal Sices in  Washington County, Minnesota,  are  a
group of three  adjoining properties  that  were used  for  the disposal  of
industrial wastes during  the  1950s.   It  is estimated  that  wore  than
100,000 drums of  waste products have  been buried  there,  in addition  to
large quantities  of  other  solid  industrial  wastes.    Groundwater and
surface water contamination  has  been documented in  the area.   The  sites
are located just  west  of  Interstate  694,  at  the junction of State  Route
212.   The sites  are  named  for the property  owners at  the  time when
disposal tock place.
     The Albresch Site, the largest, is actually dissected by State  Route
212.  This was  a  wetland  that  was  filled with waste.  A  number of  large
trenches were excavated for waste burial.
     The Brockman Site,  located to  the immediate  southwest of  the Al-
bresch  Site,  was  used  for disposal  when  the Albresch  Site experienced
high water.
     The Eberel Site, located to-the north of the Albresch Site, was used
for open burning of combustible materials.   Solvents were opened, spilled
on the ground, and ignited.  Seeoage caused groundwater contamination.
     A large amount of work  leading  toward  site  cleanup  has  been done at
the site by  the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency  and  3M  Corporation,
possibly one of the  waste  contributors.   3M  then sponsored  a cleanup of
surface material  that could have  been dangerous  to people  walking the
site.   Several children's play areas were identified and cleaned up
to increase site  safety.   3M then sponsored  a test  excavation  to  learn
the condition of  the buried waste.   The  test  revealed  that  the  buried
drums  were still in relatively good condition.
     Current work  on the  site  includes the  accurate identification  of
burial  sites.   When this strudy  is  completed,  a  cleanup  plan will  be
prepared.
     This  site was on the Interim Priority  List of 160 sitas.

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                                   152

                   REILLY M '^ CHEMICAL CORPORATION
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-78
                        SC. Louis Park, Minnesota

     Between  1917 and  1972,  Reilly  Tar and Chemical Corporation  operated
a  coal  tar distillation  and wood  preserving plant  in  St.  Louis  Park,
Minnesota.  The operation was  located  on  an 80-acra tract near Highway 7
and Louisiana Avenue.  Wastes  from  the operation were disposed of  on  the
site and in a network  of  ditches  that  discharged to an adjacent  wetland.
The primary area of soil and heavy groundwater contamination  is below  the
wetland and the southern  portion  of the former  site  itself.   The  wastes
consisted of  a mixture of  many compounds,  including polynuclear  aromatic
hydrocarbons  (PAH), some of which are  carcinogenic.
     In May 1978,  the Minnesota Department of Health was  able  to  commence
very  sensitive   analysis  of  water   using  High   Performance "  Liquid
Chromatography.   An   investigation  in  St.  Louis  Park   identified  PAH
in wells 7, 9, 10, and 15.  Three other municipal wells have  subsequently
been closed,  including St. Louis  Park  wells 4 and 5  and  Hopkins well  3.
All of  these  wells  are located in  the Prairie  du Chien-Jordan  aquifer,
250 to 500 feet below ground surface.
     In 1979,  some 28 nail ti -aquifer wells wera abandoned  or reconstructed
to prevent  the  spread  of contamination.   A plan  for  a gradient control
well' system was drawn  up in  1981.   Also in 1981, the Minnesota Pollution
Control  Azency   (MPCA)  was   awarded   a.   3400,000  grant  by  the  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to clean out Wo deep wells on the  former
Re illy  site,   conduct  a  comoiata   well   survey,  and  conduct   a  water
traatability  study  on the  closed zunicipal  wells.    In   1982,  the MPCA
entered  into   a   Cooperative  Agreement  with  EPA for  anproximately   S2
million to  abandon additional  nail ti -aquifer wells,  conduct  a  study   on
treating  source  materials,  and  aodel  any  field  test   portions   of  a
gradient control system.
     The  site is  Minnesota's  top  priority site  and  was   on  the Interim
Priority List of  160 sites.

     A Federal civil acticn in U.S.  District Court seeking injunctive  relief
has teen brought by the Department of Justice en behalf of SPA against  responsible
carties associated with this site.

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                                       153
         WMD/RRB/ATT B-79    SOUTH ANDOVE2.  SITE
                           Andover, Minnesota

     There ara  five adjacent hazardous waste  disposal sites in  the  City
of Andover, Minnesota, on  the  south aide of Bunker Lake  Boulevard,  N.tf.,
and west of Jay Street.   Solvents, paints,  glues,  and greases have  been
disposed of  or  accumulated  at these  sites between  the years  1969  and
1976.   The 372 drums of waste  remaining there pose  a hazard because  of
their  high flasmability and the  deterioriation of  the  containers.   The
wastes  that have been disposed of  at  these sites  have contaminated  both
shallow  groundwatar and, more important,  a  deeper aquifer.
     The shallow groundwatar is contaminated with  a  number of solvents,
including  zethylene  chloride,  1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene,
toluene,  and  xylene,  as  well  as  arsenic,   cadmium,   lead,  selenium,
cyanide, and phenols.   It  has been recommended that three shallow  resi-
dential  wells  on the  south side of these  sites  not be used for  drinking
water  and  cocking purposes.
     The problem arose when  five  or more waste generators  provided  their
wastes  to  four  or more  transporters,  who  in turn  delivered the waste  to
the  five properties, where  the wasta  was prepared  for  use as  a  fuel,
burned  on-sita,  or spillad.    These  properties have  been owned  by  aisht
diffarent  individuals and corporations.
     The Minnesota  Pollution Control  Agency became  aware of this  problem
in 1973  as a rasult of Ancka County's inspection of the sites.
     This  sits was on the Interim Priority  List of  160 sites.
                      HRS:     35.41
                      Population threatened:     3,940
                      Aquifers threatened:      1	
                      Surface waters threatened:  	
                      Index  number on map:  	

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                                 1 54
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-80       WASTE DISPOSAL  ENGINEERING
                           Andover, Minnesota

     The  Waste Disposal  Snzineerinz  Site  is  located  in  Andover  City,
Anoka  County,  Minnesota.   A hazardous  waste pit,  constructed  in  1972,
holds approximately  6,600  barrels.   The operation of  the pit  was stooped
in 1974.   Since that time, contamination  of  the groundwater  beneath the
landfill was detected  in hi?h concentrations.   The rest of  the  landfill
handled sanitary wastes  since  approximately 1962, and is still  operating
to a small degree.   The Minnesota Pollution  Control Azency has  met  with
the current owner and  is monitoring  the groundvater.  Due  to  the organic
pollution of the grounriwater and the potential for  contamination  of  near-
by drinking supplies,  it appears  that,  as  a minimum,  the drums  should be
removed.
     This site "was on  the  Interim Priority  List  of  160 sites.
             HRS:     50.92
             Population  threatened:     3,940
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters  threatened:  	1
             Index number  on map:  	

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                                 $* i 55
                                    Ohio   _                      OH
WMD/RRB/ATT  B-81
                      ALLIED CHEMICAL AND  I2.CNTON COKZ
                            Lawranca County, Ohio

       The Allied Chemical and Ironton Coke facility, located on  Third
  Street in Ironton, Ohio, involves two adjacent industrial facilities.
  Both have disposal lagoons containing hazardous wastes on their property.
  Hazardous wastes  such as liaie  sludge  from  an  ammonia distillation unit
  and  tar  sludze  located between  the  two  facilities   are  also  suspected
  of contaminating  groundwater.   Studies  have  detected ammonia,  chloride,
  cyanides,  phenols,  and  thiocyanates  in  groundwater.   The  contaminated
  groundwater has  the  potential  for affecting  local wells.   There is also
  potential for  contamination  of the Ohio  River and Ice  Creek,  which are
  used for municipal drinking water supplies.
       The  present  owners of  Ironton  Coke have stated their  intention  to
  not use the lagoons for any purpose.
            HRS:    47.05
            Population  threatened:    15,000
            Aquifers  threatened:      1	
            Surface waters threatened:  	
            Index number on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT  B-82
1 58
                          ARCANUM IRON "AND METAL
                            Darke County, Ohio

      Arcanum Iron  and  Mecal  is  a lead battary recycling  facility  Located
 on Pop  Rice Lane  in  Arcanum,  Darke County,  Ohio,  approximately  twenty-
 five miles  northwest  of Dayton.  The  facility is known  to  have been  in
 the  scrap  metal/recycling business  since the  early  1960s.   Currently,
 large piles of battery  casings,  lead,  and  lead oxides exist on  the  prop-
 erty, as well as standing  pools  of  acid  wastes.   Acid overflow  from this
 operation   has  killed   both   fish   and   vegetation  in  Painter  Creek,
 downstream  of the  site.  Concern exists  for Arcanum's water  supply,  which
 is  furnished  by   wells within  one  mile  of  the   sice, and   for   local
 individual  wells.
      The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency  (SPA)  and the  Ohio Attorney
 General's Office have  been involved with efforts to clean up this  site.
 In October   1979,  both agencies entered  into a  Consent  Decree  with  the
 owner to clean  the site.   However,  cleanup efforts  have  not been satis-
 factory to  either  agency.   The defendant has  subsequently been found  in
 contempt of the Darke County Court of Common Pleas;  however, the site  has
 not been cleaned up.
             MRS:     62.26
             Population threatened:     3,500
             Aquifers threatened:       1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	]
             Index number on map:  	

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                                     157
WMD/RRB/ATT  B-83
                              BIG D CAMPGROUND
                           North Kingsvilla,  Ohio

       Big D Campground,  a 10-acrs site in Singsville, Ohio,  was originally
  a  sand and gravel  pic.   The  pic  was used  as  a  dump for  wasce  products
  from 1964  to 1976.  Hazardous  wasce  is  known Co  be on Che site.   One of
  Che  companies  responsible for sending wastes to Che facility is currently
  conducting a soil  erosion control program.
       There is evidence  Chat  leachaCe from che facilicy  is contaminating
  Conneaut  Creek.    There  is poCencial  for  concamination of  local  ground-
  water supplies.
             HRS:    34.78
             Population threatened:     2,458
             Aquifers threatened:       1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	
             Index number on map:  	

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                                    I58
WMD/RRB/ATT  B-84
                               BOWERS LANDFILL
                            Pickaway County,  Ohio
                              /
       Bowers Landfill,  also known as Island  Road Landfill,  is located west
  of Island Road, approximately  1  mile north of  Circleville,  Ohio,  within
  the western side of  the  Scioto River floodplain.   The site  is  situated
  over a very productive  aquifer (capable of yields  of 1,000  gallons  ner
  minute)  that   is  utilized  for  both   industrial   and   domestic   water
  supplies.
       In 1958,  a gravel pit  operation was started adiacent  to  the  future
  landfill site.   Shortly  thereafter,  a landfilling operation  was  started
  in which soil from the gravel  operation  was used to  cover  refuse  dumped
  on top of  the  existing surface.  Little  is known of  the  initial  years of
  the  landfill  operation;  however,  the  site is  known  to have  accepted
                                    •
  organic and  inorzanic  chemicals  and general  domestic  and  industrial
  refuse from 1963 to 196S.   In  response to  a House  Subcommittee  inauiry,
  two chemical manufacturers  in  the area  stated that  in  excess of  7,500
  tons of chemical wastes  (physical state and  concentration unknown)  had
  been disposed  of  at  this  site.    In July   1980,  the U.S.  Environmental
  Protection Agency  identified  toluene and  ethylbenzene  in water  samples
  from the  landfill.    The  Ohio  Environmental Protection  Agency has  been
  successfully working  with  the  current cwner who   has  hired  a  local
  engineering firm to evaluate the  site.   The report has been  reviewed by
  Ohio, and  additional information is being requested prior to selection of
  a remedial option.
             MRS:      51.80
             Population threatened:     45,000
             Aquifers threatened:       1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	1_
             Index  number on map:  	

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                                    159
WMD/RRB/ATT  B-85
                             3UCSSYS RECLAMATION
                            Belmont County, Ohio

       The Buckeye  Reclamation landfill,  located  near St.  Clairsville in
  Beliaont Count/,  Ohio, was  licensed  as  a  sanitary  landfill.    It   also
  accepted industrial  waste,  including  sludges  and  liquids,  without   Ohio
  Environmental Protection Agency  approval.   The  site has been strip mined
  and undermined,  and  industrial  waste  was  subsequently landfilled  in a
  permeable   gob  (composed  of  mining  rafuse),   producing  erosion   and
  leachate.   Substantial leachate discharges from the rear of Che sice  have
  entered a scream  adjacent  Co a private  home.   The slopes of  Che filled
  area are  steep,  and   the  gob used  for cover is  eroding.    The  facility
  creates a  surface water pollution problem  ac McHahon  Creek,  which may be
  used for recreational purposes.   There is  potential for contamination of
  local groundwater wells.
             HRS:    35.10
             Population threatened:     82,300
             Aquifers threatened:       1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	
             Index number on map:  	

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                                     160
 WMD/RRB/ATT B-86              ~"     *
                                   CHEM-DYNE
                                 Hamilton, Ohio
     Chan-Dyne Corporation in Hamilton, Chio, began business in 1974, and was


used as a chemical waste transfer and storage facility.  While in operation,


Chem-Dyne handled a wide variety of wastes, including pesticides, chlorinated


compounds, polychlcrinated bipherryls, polybroninated biphenyls, THIS, lab packs,


acids, resins, solvent^-, heavy metals, and cyanide wastes.  In 1980, Chem-Dyne


failed to meet a court-ordered waste reduction schedule.  The company was then


closed and placed in the control of a court-appointed receiver in an effort  to


utilize the corporate assets of Chem-Dyne to clean up the site.  These efforts,


in addition to voluntary removals by generators of seme of the wastes at the


site, have reduced the waste inventory significantly.


     A Federal civil suit in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive relief has


been brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of the U.S. Environmental


Protection Agency (EPA) against the owners and operators in December 1979.


The case was dismissed when it became clear that they were bankrupt and had  no


ability to clean up the site.


     In August 1982, a settlement was reached with a number of waste generators


who agreed to contribute $2.4 million toward the $3.4 million allocated by the


EPA and Chio for surface cleanup of the approximately 9,000 drums and 200,000


gallons of bulk waste rsnaining at the site.  Additionally, a subsurface


investigation will be performed to determine the extent of soil and grouncwater


contamination at the site.


     After completion of the grcundwater study, a cleanup option, if one is


necessary, will be selected, and the responsible parties will again be given


the opportunity to act in lieu of Fund-financed remedial work.


     This is the top priority site in Ohio and was on the Interim Priority List


of 160 sites.

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                                    161
~WMD/RRB/ATT B-87
                              CCSHOCTON LANDFILL
                            Coshocton County, Ohio

        The Coshoccon  Landfill  is  located  on  State  Route  83  in Franklin
   Townshio,  Coshocton County, Ohio, approximately 3 miles south of Che City
   of Coshocton.  The site consists of fifty acres of strip mined  land vhich
   was a licensed  sanitary  landfill from 1969  to  1979.   During its  opera-
   tion,  the  site accepted industrial wastes.
        Surface  coal   mining  resumed   after   landfill  operations   were
   discontinued at  the  site and areas  containinz solid waste  were exposed
   during  mining.    Paints,   sewage  or  septaee,   oily wastes,  halojrenated
   solvents,  caustics,  phenols, polychlorinated  biphenyls  (?C3s),  metals,
   melaaine,  methanol, acetone, and epoxy resin reportedly were disposed of
   at  the  landfill.     Even   though  there  is  little  known  chance  that
   groundwater   is   polluted  at  the site,  there  are  known  surface  water
   pollution  problems such  as a leachate  discharge  to  a  tributary  of  Che
   Muskingum  River.
               HRS:     39.14
               Population threatened:     34,200
               Aquifers threatened:       1	
               Surface waters threatened:  	!_
               Index  number on map:	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-88

                          E.fl. SCHILLING LANDFILL
                           Lawrence County, Ohio

      E.H. Schilling Landfill  is  situated  in Hamilton Township, 4.5  miles
 down-river from Ironcon, Ohio.   The  sice  was a licensed  industrial  waste
 landfill and  began receiving  waste   for  disposal  in  April   1972.    The
 landfill was closed in  July   1980, because it accepted liquid wastes  and
 failed to cover wastes  properly with  soil.  The operation of  the  landfill
 has permitted surface-water infiltration.   After  the Solid  Waste  Disposal
 License  for  the  landfill was revoked,  the site  was  covered and  closed.
 Leachate  is  still migrating  from   the   landfill,   although  the  owner
 attempted to contain the flow.
             HRS:     40.37
             Population threatened:    59,200
             Aquifers  threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	]
             Index number  on map:  	

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                                  i    163

WMD/RS3/ATT  B-89                  ZJZLDS  BROCK
                               Ashtabula, Ohio

       Fields  Brook,  located  in As tabula  in  the  northeastern  corner  of
  Ohio, is  a tributary  of  the  Ashtabula River,  which flows into  Lake  Erie.
  Fields  Brock meanders  for  approximately  four  miles,  first  through  a
  diversified  chemical  industrial complex  and  then  through  a  residential
  area in Ashtabula, before  emptying  into the Ashtabula River.   Both  point
  and  non-point sources  adjacent to  Fields Brook  have  contaminated  its
  sediments with  a variety of toxic  organic chemicals  (hexachlorobenzene,
  polychlorinated   biphenyls,    hexachlorobutadiene,    trichloroethylene,
  methylene chloride) and heavy  metals  (mercury, chromium,  arsenic).
       The  contaminated  sediments  can potentially  reach drinking water  in-
  takes of  Lake Erie.   Analyses  of  fish flesh indicate  the bioaccumulation
  of  chlorinated   organics.   This  situation poses  a  secondary  threat  to
  people who consume contaminated fish.
       This site was on the  Interim Prioritv  List of  160 sites.
             HRS:     51.62
             Population threatened:    23,700
             Aquifers  threatened:      0	
             Surface waters threatened:  	;
             Index number on map:  	

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                                 V  164
WMD/RSB/ATT  B-90

                              FULIZ LANDFILL
                           Guernsey County, Ohio

      The Fultz Landfill,  Guernsey  County,  Ohio,  is a currently  operating
 sanitary landfill, located in Jackson Township near Byesvilla.   A variety
 of  industrial  and commercial  wastes were  disposed  of  at  the  facility.
 Contaminants (including ethylene glycol and methylene chloride)  have  been
 found in nearby Wills Creek.  A trace of tnethylene chloride has  also  been
 found in a sample from the Byesville water supply.
             MRS:     39.42
             Population threatened:    39,400
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters  threatened:  	]
             Index number on map:  	

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                                    165
IvIMD/RRB/ATT  3-91
                               SSASE CHEMICAL
                            Mahoning County,  Ohio

       Nease Chemical in Mahoning  County,  Ohio,  started operation  in 1961
  and   was  closed  in  1973  by  the  Ohio  Environmental  Protection  Agency
  because of wastewater  discharge  violations.   This facility,  located  on
  Ohio  Route  14-A,  manufactured   chemicals  such  as pesticides  and  fire
  retardants.   Wastes  from  these  processes were put  into  55-gallon drums,
  which were  Chen  buried on-site.   Also,  wastes  were  placed  in  unlined
  lagoons as  part  of wastewater  treatment.    Field  inspection  determined
  that  the drums  are  leaking and the lagoons  are  leaching.   Samples  from an
  on-site groundwater well  and  Leachate from a  lagoon contain organic and
  chlorinated  organic substances.   Negotiations between  Ohio and che owners
  of the  facility  indicate  a  willingness  on the  part  of  che owners  co
  conduct che  necessary remedial activities.
              HRS:     47.19
              Population threatened:    15,000
              Aquifers threatened:      1	
              Surface waters threatened:  	]
              Index number on map:       	

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                                   168
WMD/RRB/ATT 3-92
                              NEW LYME LANDFILL
                           Ashtabula County,  Ohio

       New Lyme Landfill  is  located  near  RouCa 11  on -uodgeville  Road  in
  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio, approximately  20  miles  south  of  Che  cicy  of
  Ashtabula.    The site  was  operated  as  a  sanitary  landfill,   for  which
  detailed plans were approved in May   1971.   The  site was  closed  in 1978
  by the Ashtabula County Board  of  Health.   While in  operation,  the land-
  fill  accepted some industrial wastes, including  cyanide  sludge  in drums.
  Presently,  serious  leachate  outbreaks on  the north  and  especially  the
  south sides  of  the  fill area  threaten the  surface waters  downstream.
  Concern also  exists  that  groundwater in  the araa  might be degraded  by
  leachate from the  landfill.
       The U.S.   Environmental  Protection  Agency  is  currently  sampling
                                   «
  groundwater  at this site.
             HRS:     36.70
             Population threatened:    10,000
             Aquifers threatened:      1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	]
             Index number on map:

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                                    16? '
 WMD/RRB/ATT 3-93
                                 POPLAR OIL CO.
                                Jefferson, Ohio
     Poplar Oil Co, (included in the Interim Priority  List as  Laskin/Pcplar)  is

an abandoned greenhouse and waste oil recovery operation  at  717  Poplar Street,

Jefferson Township, Ashtabula County/ Ohio.

     Liquids stored in ponds and tanks contain high  levels of  polychlcrinated

biphenyls (PC3s) and lesser amounts of phenols and other  organic solvents.  The

tanks and pcnds have the potential to overflow, leak,  or  collapse because  of

poor construction and maintenance.  Any contaminants released  would  enter

Cemetary Creek, which runs adjacent to the site.  The  creek  is a tributary of

the Grand River and the source of drinking water  for 24,000  Ashtabula  County

residents.

     Emergency response funds under section 311 of the Clean Water Act were

used for cleanup and containment activities at the site in late  1980,  following

a discharge of contaminants into Cemetary Creek.  In early 1981,  emergency

funds were obtained to prevent further oil spillage  into  the creek.  In addition

to the $479,000 spent in these activities, 51.2 million was  allocated  for  a

Superfund planned removal acticn to eliminate the threat  posed by two  open

storage tanks and the two large lagoons containing contaminated  oil.

     The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (CEFA) has  been  involved with the
   f
site since 1976, investigating citizen complaints and  conducting sampling

activities.

     A Federal civil acticn in U.S. District Court seeking injunctive  relief

has been brought by the Department of Justice on behalf of EPA against respon-

sible parties associated with this site.  This resulted in a suit under the

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1979.  A Consent Decree in 1980

conmitted the company to clean up the site.  It did not,  and a planned ranrcval

acticn was begun on July 7, 1982.

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                                   3 G8  •
WMD/RR3/ATT B-94

                               PRISTINE, INC.
                               Reading,  Ohio

       Pristine,  Inc.,  is  located in  the  city  of Reading,  Ohio,  ac  the
  intersection of Big Four and Smalley  Roads.   The site is  flanked  on two
  sides by  a  drum,  reclaimer  and  a chemical  company.    On  one  of  the
  remaining  sides is a railroad track with  an adjacent  trailer park, while
  the  other  side  is adjacent  to the  Reading  watar  supply well  field.
  Operation  of the  liquid  waste  incineration  facility  began  in  November
  1974.  In  April  1979, an  inspection  revealed che  presence of  8,000  to
  10,000 drums and  thirteen bulk storage tanks  containing a wide variety of
  hazardous   substances,  with  the potential  for  groundwater and  surface
  water contamination,  fire,  and explosion.   Also,  soil  was contaminated.
       In  June   1980,  the  facility ceased  operations and since  that  time
  the  wastes  have  been reduced,  through  State   enforcement actions,  to
  fifteen  drums and some bulk wastes.   Threats  posed  by the  wastes  at  che
  facility have been greacly reduced.
             HRS:     35.25
             Population threatened:    14,617
             Aquifers threatened:      2	
             Surface waters  threatened:  	]
             Index number on map:  	

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WMD/RRB/ATT B-95                   t 69
                            ROCK  GlEEX (JACZ WEBB)
                              Rock  Greek,  Ohio

       The  Rocs  Creek  (Jack Webb)  site  is located  on  Hill Street  in  Rock
  Creek.,  Ashtabula County,  Ohio.   About  four  years  ago,  the site  owner
  was involved with a  local brine  and oil haulin? business  in  an  old  srain
  elevator  complex  consisting  of  three   or  four  buildings  and  several
  silos, he processed  peat  moss  with  a polymer and  other  materials.   About
  1,400 drums  of flammable waste  materials accumulated at  Che sice.   The
  owner then filed for bankruntcy.
       There is  serious  concern  of  possible fire or explosion  at  the  site.
  Most  of  the  drums  on  Che site  contain  resins,  solvents,  oils,   and
  aqueous/acid  materials.    Polychlorinated biphenyls  have been  deteccsd.
  In addition, the site  is  close to a school and several houses.
       Some cleanup  activities are currently  being funded  by  a  generator
  and a 350,000  Superfund Emergency Removal grant.
              HRS:     35.95
              Population threatened:      731
              Aquifers threatened:       1
              Surface waters threatened:
              Index number on map:  	

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                                 I 70
WMD/RRB/ATT  3-96

                              SXINNER LANDFILL
                             West Chaseer,  Ohio

       Skinner  Landfill, West  Chescar,  Ohio,  was  never  licensed.    It  is
  located  at 3750 Cincinnati-Dayton  Road  on a ridge,  approximately thirty
  feet  above the East Fork of Mill  Creek.   The  facility  contains  approxi-
  aately  100 drums  of a variety of organic,  chlorinated  organic,  and heavy
  metal substances.   There  is also  a  lagoon once  used to  dispose of similar
  bulk  wastes.   The  owner of  the facility  has indicated that old demolition
  bombs were disposed of on-site as well.    The facility was  closed  in the
  early 1970s.
       Although  there have  been no  observed  releases,  the  potential  for
  contamination  of private  drinking  water  wells and surface water exists.
              HRS:     30.23
              Population threatened:     400
              Aquifers threatened:      1
               Surface waters threatened:
               Index number on map:  	

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                                   '   371
WMD/RRB/ATT  B-97
                              SZMMIT NATIONAL
                              Deerfield, Ohio

      Summit National, located near Deerfield  in  Portage County, Ohio, is
 an 11-acrs  facility that operated as a liquid waste incinerator from  late
 1972 to March 1978.  During  this  period,  approximately 60 companies  sent
 a wide variety  of hazardous  wastes to  the facility.   At  the  time the
 facility was  closed,  an  estimated  16,000  drums  and  300,000  gallons of
 bulk wastes remained on site.
      Surface runoff from the facility threatens to contaminate  the Berlin
 Reservior,  a backup water supply for the city of Youngstcwn.  GroundvaCar
 and soils had also been contaminated.
      The U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency spent  3130,000  in October
 1980,  under   section   311  of   the   Clean  Water   Act,   to   remove
 C-56-contaminated  material   which   threatened  the   Berlin  Reservior.
 Between February 1980 and January 1981,  the State  of Ohio spent 3788,000
 to control  on-sita pollution  and  to minimize public  health hazards.   In
 November 1981, a settlement was-reached between the State and a number of
 potentially responsible parties to finance  a  32.4  million cleanup of the
 materials stored on the surface.
      This site was on the Interim Priority List of 160 sites.
            HRS:      52.28
            Population  threatened:      350
            Aquifers  threatened:  	1 	
            Surface  waters threatened:
            Index  number on map:  	

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                                    •f
                                 $•'-•* I

 WMD/RRB/ATT B-98
                               VAN DALE JUNKYARD

                                 Marietta, Ohio
     The Van Dale Junkyard  is located  1.5 miles  northeast of the city of



Marietta, Ohio, en Route 5, just o£~ County  Road 83.   The licensed junkyard,



covering atout 10 acres, is on a ridge near  Duck Creek,  a tributary to the Ohio



River.  In addition to ncnhazardcus solid wastes,  hundreds of drums containing



waste dyes and organic chemicals were disposed of  there.   As a result of the



facility's geology and poor management practices,  the stream, sediments, and an



adjacent marshy area are contaminated.  Additionally,  the potential exists for



contamination of local private groundwater wells.
             HRS:     28.73
             Population threatened:    15,300



             Aquifers threatened:      1	



             Surface waters  threatened:  	1_



             Index number on map:

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                                   1  73 •
WMD/RRB/ATT B-99
                            ZANESVILLE WELL FIELD
                              Zanesville, Ohio

       The Zanesville Well Field, located northeast of Zanesville, Ohio, on
  Che eastside of  the  Muskingum River, is  tha  water source  for  the City.
  In late 1981,  the  Ohio Environmental Protection  Agency  (SPA)  found  that
  three of  the thirteen production  wells  had elevated  levels  of chemical
  contaminants.  A groundwater  study  conducted  by the  U.S.  Environmental
  Protection Agency during the summer of 1981 confirmed the the presence of
  trichloroethylane  (TCS)  as  a  primary  contaminant and  lesser  concentra-
  tions of dichloroethylene and  chloroform.   The three  contaminated wells,
  located at  the  southern end  of  the well  field,  have  been taken  out of
  service.
       After  organics  were identified  in  Zanesville's  water supply,  the
  City began  flushing  the system  to remove contaminants  remaining  in the
  water  lines.   3y  August   1982,  the  three  wells  which contained  high
  levels of TCS were still not in use, but were being continually pumped in
  an effort to reduce  the  contamination  and prevent further migration into
  the well field.   A nearby production well was  also  not  in use  because of
  the danger of contamination.   At  that  time,  the  City had  eight  wells in
  service to supply 5.3 million  gallons.   All  of the wells were  used each
  day on an alternating basis.
       To remedy  the situation,  the city  initiated  a  regular  monitoring
  program at the site.   A  neighboring industry hired a  consultant  to pin-
  point  any  unknown  sources   of   contamination   and   evaluate   remedial
  alternatives.

             HRS:     28.90
             Population threatened:     36,400
             Aquifers threatened:       1	
             Surface waters threatened:  	]
             Index  number on map:  	

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                                 74  •   »
Attachment A:  Toxic Substances Overview

Region V's activities under TSCA fall  within two  main  areas—inspecting
facilities for compliance with regulations  developed under  the  TSCA  and
identifying emerging problems which may be  multi-media in  nature  and/or
for which there may be no regulatory authority.   Specifically,  inspec-
tions are being conducted for the polychlorinated biphenyl  (PCS)  compli-
ance program, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)  compliance program,  dioxin
compliance program, asbestos in schools program,  and premanufacture
notification (PMN)  and test marketing  exemption  (TME)  activities.  Since
Region V is a heavily industrialized area,  numerous facilities  which use
equipment containing PCBs, which manufacture chemicals and  pesticides,
or which use CFCs are present.  In addition, about one fifth  of the
total population of the United States  reside in Region V.   This means
that not only are there many potential  sources of toxic substances in
the Region, but there are also many human receptors whose health  could
be adversely effected from exposure to toxic substances.

1.  PCB Compliance Program

The following table includes the breakdown  by State of the  number of
inspections conducted since 1978, when the  PCB complaince  program was
initiated. This number includes inspections completed  by EPA  contractors
and State inspectors.  The number of facilities found  to be in  compliance
and in noncompliance is also indicated.  The table also illustrates  the
types of enforcement actions taken for those facilities found to  be  in
violation of the PCB regulation, as well as the number of compliance
letters issued to those facilities found to be in compliance:

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                                    1*5'
                                     TABLE

                             PCB COMPLIANCE PROGRAM*
Inspection Information
Number of inspections
Number in compliance
Number in noncompl iance
Closeout Actions
Compliance letters issued
Notices of noncompl iance
issued
IL
163
95
59
75
22
IN
71
24
44
18
MI
139
52
74
41
11
MN
36
12
13
8
3
OH
243
85
97
59
13
WI
104
52
51
48
12
TOTAL
757
320
343
249
68
  Voluntary compliance
    letters issued

  Civil administrative
    actions (Complaints)
    issued

  Consent agreements issued
21

13
Q


3
15



25

20
17

 9
56



89

52
*Numbers in columns may not add up due to status unknown for cases  under  develop-
 ment (NNCs and CAAs under development) or inspections conducted but  report  not
 complete.

In addition, Pilot PCB Enforcement Cooperative Agreements have been awarded
to the States of Michigan and Ohio.   Under these agreements, State  inspectors
are conducting inspections to determine compliance with the Federal  PCB regu-
lations.  These programs have resulted in an increase in the number of facilities
inspected,  as well as an increase in follow-up actions.   No States  in Region V,
other than Michigan and Ohio, have enforcement programs aimed at PCBs.

The number of facilities that still  need to be inspected is estimated to
be 8,000.  This estimate was made from a computer printout  listing
facilities  by SIC codes, which are associated with possible PCB  usage.

In selecting sites for PCB inspections, the following references are
used:

Monsanto PCB purchaser list
Manufacturers/Industrial Directory Guide
List of Utilities
Referrals from States,  other Federal  agencies,  etc.
Complaints^and spill reports

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                                    *
WMD/TMB/ATT A-3     .              1
2.  Dloxln Compliance Program

In 1980, regulations were promulgated regarding disposal  and storage of
wastes contaminated with tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which
is highly toxic.  Under these regulations wastes from manufacturing or
processing trichlorophenol or its derivatives are presumed to be contam-
inated with TCDD unless chemical  analysis indicates that  TCDD is not
present.  Twenty dioxin compliance inspections were conducted in Region
V in FY '82.  This was the first  year during which dioxin inspections
were conducted.  These inspections, which covered about half of the
manufacturers subject to the regulation,  were conducted to document the
manufacturers' storage and disposal practices.

The final  list for those facilities which may be subject  to the Dioxin
Waste and Disposal Regulations under TSCA has not yet been made available
to the Region.  The preliminary list that was prepared for the first
group to be inspected was compiled from printout information relating
to manufacturers and processors of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol  or its pesticide
derivatives.  Inspections have been conducted at all  20 manufacturers or
processors that were identified on the Region V preliminary list.

3.  Asbestos in Schools Program

The asbestos in schools program requires  that schools be  inspected and
if asbestos is found, school  staff and parents of students must be so
notified.   This regulation does not require  that corrective action be
taken.  Of the 23,757 schools in  the Region, 20,900 were  inspected
for friable asbestos-containing materials as of November  1982.  These
records also show that of those schools inspected, 2,377  schools required
corrective action.  Of that number, 901  schools have  taken steps to
eliminate or control exposure to  asbetos.  EPA estimates  that 389,567
children attending those schools  are no longer exposed to hazardous
asbestos materials.  With the enactment of the Final  Asbestos Inspection
Rule on May 27, 1982, all six States within  Region V  have actively
participated with the Regional Office to  achieve a 100% inspection rate
by June 28, 1983.

At one time, Congress passed a law to provide partial funding grants
and/or low-interest loans for inspection  and corrective actions.  However,
this was never funded.  Because of the lack  of funding,  many schools
have not yet taken corrective action.  As indicated,  Region V estimates
that more than 954,000 children attended  schools in Region V in which
friable asbestos has been identified.  Although approximately 390,000
school children have had their level of exposure to asbestos reduced due
to corrective actions by the school, this is only 40% of  the students in
the Region.

The following table summarizes the status of the Asbestos in Schools
Program for each of the six States in Region V, as of November 1,  1982:

-------
WMD/TMB/ATT A-4
                                     7 r<
                                     . I C
                                     TABLE

                          ASBESTOS IN SCHOOLS PROGRAM
A.  Public Schools
Total number of public
  schools

Public schools inspected
  to date

Public schools which need
  corrective action

Corrective action taken
  to date

Number of children
  exposed to asbestos

Number of children not
  exposed to asbestos
  due to corrective action
                                 IL     IN     MI      MN
                                          (12/1/82)
                                OH     WI    TOTALS
  4214   2096   3935  1807    4157    2221    18,430
  4199   2096   3796  1672    3990    1534    17,287
462    1
        59
                 161    250     400      250     1,692
216     10     97    55
                               361
                                     15
        754
218387  75159  76105 22902  189080   118175   799,808
102103   4730  45852 25996  170645     7091   356,417
B.  Non-Public Schools

Total  number of non-public
  schools

Non-public schools
  inspected to date

Schools which need
  corrective action

Corrective action
  taken to date

Number of children
  exposed to asbestos

Number of children not
  exposed to asbestos
  due  to corrective action
  1361     496   1022   552     936      960     5,327
  1068    496    775   301      481      492     3,613
   300     20     60    70
    75
                             75      160
               20    12
                             20
15
                                             685
147
 67650   4510  13560 15785   16913    36080   154,468
 16913    1128    4510   2706     4510     3383    33,150
           *y
           4

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WMD/TMB/ATT A-5                    173
The list of private and public schools was  obtained from individual
State Board of Education directories;  reference for State school  enroll-
ment was the National  Center for Education  Statistics,  Statistics of
Public Elementary and  Secondary Day Schools,  1977-1978  school  year and
Survey of Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary  Schools,  1975-1977.

4.  CFC Compliance Program

In 1979, the National  Academy of Science estimated that CFCs  could cause
a 152-18% reduction of the stratospheric ozone layer by late  in the next
century.  More recently, based on stratospheric ozone models,  that figure
has been reduced to 5%-9% (Chemical  Week,  Nov. 1982).   It is  predicted
that a reduction in the stratospheric  ozone layer  will  allow  higher
levels of biologically damaging ultra  violet  radiation  to reach the
Earth's surface, resulting in increased rates of cancer,  especially  skin
cancer, chance the climate,  and procuce other adverse effects.   Chloro-
fluorocarbon release may also affect the climate by increasing infrared
absorption in the atmosphere.

CFCs are used in air-conditioners, refrigerators,  freezers,  industrial
solvents, the manufacturing  of plastic foam products, and as  propellents
in aerosol spray products.  Approximately  750 million pounds  of CFCs were
produced in the United States in 1979.  Worldwide  production  of the  two
major types of CFCs, in 1978, was 2  billion pounds.   Effective December 15,
1978, the EPA, under TSCA, banned manufacturing CFCs for use  as aerosol
propellants, except for specific essential  uses.   Since that  time the use
of CFCs as an aerosol  propellant has dropped  considerably.  However,
Region V has an active CFC inspection  program to monitor aerosol  propellant
uses of CFCs by known  processors.  Forty-five facilities have  been inspected
for compliance with the CFC  exempted use requirements.

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                              t  79
                 REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL  MANAGEMENT  REPORT


                              ATTACHMENT  A

                                  Water
Materials used to  develop  the Water  medium  portion of  this  report are
attached. Documents  used,  which  are  in  Regional  and/or  Headquarter's
files, are referenced in  the  following list.

   Environmental  Assessment and  Strategy,  Region  V (March,  1981)

   305(b) Reports (from each  State)

   State Water Quality Management  Reports

   Lake Classification Studies (Michigan,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin)

   STORET Data (1980 & 1981)

   GICS - Region  V

   The Nation's Water Resources,  1975  - 2000  (Volume  3, Appendix V)

   Ohio River Basin Study (1969)

   Upper Mississippi  River  Comprehensive Basin  Study

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                                   180

                             WATER QUALITY  INDEX
The Water  Quality  Index (WQI) is an  aggregation of  a  standardized  set of
80 parameters and associated criteria which  provides a means  for measuring
and comparing water  quality status  to Federal  water quality  goals (fish-
able/swimmable). The WQI  compares measured  water quality  with recommended
fishabl e/swimmabl e Federal  water quality  goals.

The data  used to make the  comparisons comes from various Federal , State
and Local  agencies and  are  stored in  the  STORET data base. An overall WQI
number  is  calculated for every  selected water quality  sampling  station
with sufficient   data.  The  WQI  number  for. a station (calculated monthly)
is an  aggregation  of  suhindices  for ten pollution categories  which are
weighted  by the   relative  severity of criteria  exceedances  for each group.

The WQI  number  for  a  station  spans  a scale  that  may run   from  "0" (no
measured  evidence  of pollution)  to  a  maximum  of  "100" (severe pollution
in most  criteria/parameter  groups  at all  times).  Based   on  professional
judgement  as to  the significance of the WQI  values and  known  water quality
status, the  entire  scale  of  0 to  100  is  divided  into  three  ranges.

    0 to  20    Indicates  streams or  pollution  categories  which
                have  no  pollution or  are minimally polluted and
                are considered to meet  the fishabl e/swimmabl e
                goal s.

   20 to  60    Indicates  streams or  pollution  categories  which
                are intermittantly and/or  moderately polluted
                and are  considered marginal  with respect to the
                fishabl e/swimmable goals.

   60 to  100   Indicates  streams or  pollution  categories  which
                are severely polluted  and  are considered unaccept-
                able  with  respect to  the  fisable/swimmabl e goals.

The ten categories  and  their associated  parameters  are summarized in the
fol 1 owing  table.
                  hQI
                POLLUTION
                CATEGORY
   HOI COMPONENT
   PAPA1ETEP GROUP
             1.  TEMPERATURE

             2.  OXYGEN


             3.  PH •

             4.  BACTERIA


             5.  TROPHIC
             6.  AESTHETIC



             7.  SOUPS



             I.  RADIATION


             9.  ORGANIC TOXICm



             10.  UOFGAI.IC TOXICITY
STP.CAM TEMPERATURE

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
DISSOLVED OXY5EN » SATURATION

PH

fECAL COLIFOPM
TOTAL COLIFORH

CHLOROPHYLL - A
HITPGGIN t TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS
NITRCCCS I ORTF KHCSPHCPOUS
NITFOGEN i DISSOLVED 0°IHO PHOS

TUPBIDITY
OIL >ND GREASE
PHENOL TAINTING

MSSCLVED SOLIDS
CONDUCTIVITY
SUSPENDED SOLIDS

ALPH1 RADIOACTIVITY
SETA RADIOACTIVITY

PESTICIDES
HERBICIDES
PCB'S

HEAVY METALS
CY4NIDE
APVOMA
lOTAt DISSOLVED CAS » SATURATION

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                                                131  f  H
Figure
Water Quality in Illinois, 1
Chemical  Assessment
    ILLINOIS
    Very Good W.Q.
    Meets Stds.  _
    Satisfactory
    W.Q.
    Usiially meets
    Stds.	
    Poor W.Q.
    Often violates
SOURC^:   STORE! data  analy^d by t^\Water Qa^vty Index, 1981

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Figure
                                        ...  182 (   '
                                Water Quality in Indiana, 1981   Chem1cal  Assessment
'0   0   10   SO  30
                                                           INDIANA -

                                                               LEGEND
                                                                  ~MUHM.

                                                                  Water  Quality

                                                                  Very Good W.Q.
                                                                  Meets  Stds.
                                                       Tnrlov  1 QRT
                                                    Satisfactory
                                                    W.Q.
                                                    Usually meets
                                                    Stds. _
                                                    Poor W.Q.
                                                    Often violates

-------
                                                                           133?
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MICHIGAN


Major Dischargers:
 M - Municipal
 / - Industrial
 P • Power Plants
 F - Federal
                                    184  <
Figure
Water Quality in Michigan,  1981
Chemical  Assessment
                   LZGZND
                      Water Quality

                      Very Good W.Q.
                      Meets Stds.
                      Satisfactory
                      W.Q.
                      Usually meets
                      Stds.	
                      Poor W.Q.
                      Often violates
                      Stds.

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                                         1 85
 OHIO
               Figure
               Water Quality  in Ohio, 1981
Chemical  Assessment
                                                                   Water Quality

                                                                   Very Good W.Q.
                                                                   Meets Stds.
                                                                   Satisfactory
                                                                   V.Q.
                                                                   Usually nests
                                                                    Stds.
SOURCE:   STORE! data analyzed by the  Water Quality  Index,  1981       ~
                                                                    Poor W.Q.
                                                                    Often violates
                                                                    Stds.       __

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       Figure                     | 56 •
       Water Quality in Minnesota, 1981

       Chemical Assessment
                      MINNESOTA
                                                          water  Quality
                                                          Very Good W.Q.
                                                          Meets Stds.
                                                          Satisfactory
                                                          W.Q.
                                                          Usually meets
                                                          Stds.
                                                          Poor W.Q.
                                                          Often violates
                                                          Stds.
	  VT.KUA
SOURCE:   STORE!  data analyzed by the Water  Quality Index, 1981

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Figure                     I8?  '
Water Quality in Wisconsin, 1981
                                                       Chemical  Assessment
                                    '
                     .-•""  «..•«••
                              "
LEGEND
   Water Quality

   Very Good W.Q.
   Meets
   Satisfactory
   W.Q.
   Usually meets
   Stds.   _
   Poor ¥.Q.
   Often violates
   Stds.
                             rcumrr.  c-rnni — r J-,4-, - — ^1,. --- 1 u
                                                                        n.,-,14*... T — I —  inm

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                                                           S3  i
BIOLOGICAL
V-
!i>i« *
          ILLINOIS
           Figure 3 USGS Monitoring Nutwortu
          CoWD,r/oA;
           CONDIT/OM
           Major Discha^gars:
            M - Municipal
            I • Industrial
            P - Power Plents
            F - Feetora!
            A • Agricultural
           Monitoring Stations:
           *NASQAN Stations USGS
           CUSGS Ambiant V/stsjf Duality Monitoring

-------
10    20    30   40 Miles
                                                           Major Dischargers:
                                                            M - Municipal
                                                            I - Industrial
                                                            P - Power Plants
                                                            f • Federal
                                                      GooD CONDITION
                                                     POOR

-------
       180  1
'5V!5~6'"» f\ *v a
ji\sc$G fA
  Sl»tt Me
                                            end Waitr Inukes
                                      or Disehargars:
                                      - Municipal
                                    1 - Inductriat
                                    P - Power Plants
                                    A - Agricultural
                                  Monhoring Stations:
                                    State
                                    B*sic Water Monitoring

-------

                                               	Su
a
0-
OHIO
figure 16 State Monitoring Network irxf Wsiar
                                                         Goofi
                                                          F/?//?
                                                          POOR
                                                                                                    Major Dischargers:
                                                                                                      M - Municipal
                                                                                                      I - Industrial
                                                                                                      P - Power Plants
                                                                                                      F - Federal

                                                                                                    Monitoring Stations:
                                                                                                      Ohio Environmental Prouctior

                                                                                                      Wstor Intakes

-------
MICHIGAN  {Lower!
Figure 11: USGS Monitoring Networks-
                                           192
Major Dischargers:
  M - Municipal
  I - Industrial
  P - Power Plants
  F - Federal
 Monitoring Stations:
J  Washtenaw County Planning
     Commission USGS
   Water Temperature USGS
   Monitoring for Village of Clarkston USGS
                                                                              C.O/(j£iiTlOti
                                                                         POOR
 U-tN.\CTO'

-------
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-------
                                  i 94,

                               Water Toxics
The need for evaluation and control  of toxicants  has  received  attention
in recent years impart because of the organic chemical  contamination of
fish and other aquatic life and resulting mammal  contamination.   Sport
and commerical fishing bans or advisories resulted from DDT and  PCB in
Lake Michigan from mercury in Lake St. Clair and  other  lakes in  Illinois,
Minnesota and Wisconsin, from PCB in the Fox, Wabash, Sheboygan,
Mississippi and other rivers, etc.  Mink were made sterile  from  eating
large diets of Lake Michigan fish, significant levels of dioxins, PCB,
dibenzofurans, etc., has been identified in fish  eating birds  in Green
Bay and Saginaw Bay areas.  Only recently have the States or EPA signi-
ficantly started to analyze fish for organic contaminants other  than a
few pesticides.  As an example, a recent analyses of  25 carp from the
Ashtabula River found 3.4 ug/g octachlorostyrene  and  2.6 ug/g
tetrachloroethane.

Until relatively recently little attention was paid to  industrial
discharges to municipal treatment plants.  Upon preliminary investigation
Region V States found many POTWs where heavy metals or  organic toxicants
passed-through the treatment plant to cause water quality problems or
significantly contaminated the sludge.  Over 100  POTWs  have been identi-
fied by the States as having known significant sludge contamination.
Sludge contamination is particularly a problem where  open distribution
to the public or to food crop farms  occurred.  Examples of  recent or
continuing problems follow:

Facility                 Cadmium (ppm)         Lead  (ppm)         PCB (ppm)

Aurora, IL                    122
Elgin, IL                  26-14, 473
Goshen, IN                    805                  676
Auburn, IN                     75                  478              49
Vincennes, IN                  20                28,200
Baraboo, WI                 131-304              486-548
Gillett, WI                   356                 3,138
Gallion, OH                390-2, 500            120-402
Columbus (JP), OH             65-162           656-1,000
Bryan, OH                    110-310           580-1,900

In the last several years the States and EPA have been  more active in
identifying, evaluting and, where needed, controlling the discharge of
industrial toxicants to municipal treatment systems that may interfere
with operation of plant, contaminate sludge or cause  water  quality
violations.  The States and EPA have conducted detailed evaluations to
determine which POTW's should develop pretreatment programs.   The
evaluations utilized information on known water quality problems, sludge
contamination, interference with treatment plant  operation  and type of
industry discharging to the POTW.  Presently 508  POTWs  (IL-92, IN-83,
MI-122, MN-63, OH-132 and WI-24) are developing evaluation  and/or control
programs.

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                                     195
The control of toxicants, particularly those that are persistent, is
becoming the central focus of the Region and States.  While our under-
standing, and in large part control, of conventional and a few toxicants
has reached a desirable level, our understanding of and addressing of the
broad range of toxicants is just beginning.  EPA and the States are just
now focusing on the control  of toxicants from continuing and previous
discharges.  As we improve our analytical capability and our ability to
look more intelligently at those factors which damage human health and
the environment we recognize the need to focus on toxicant pollutants.
Our water media efforts must change to more adequately address toxicants
discharged to municipal treatment systems, toxicants discharged directly
by industry and those toxicants in municipal sludge or in sediment from
previous industrial discharges.

Michigan and Indiana have recently worked to redevelop a fishery in the
St. Joseph River (Lower Michigan) now that major water quality discharge
problems from municipalities and industries have been resolved.  Their
work has included construction of fish ladders and planting of game fish
to augment the tourist industry of the area.  However, when an old mill
race near South Bend was cleaned, toxicant contaminated sediments and
old toxic waste drums were uncovered.  This discovery has temporarily
thwarted efforts to return the St. Joe as a viable asset to the local
economy.  High levels of PCBs and other organic and inorganic chemicals
have recently been found in the Kalamazoo and other Rivers,  In addition,
toxicants such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other
carcinogens in the Black River (Ohio), Indiana Harbor Canal and other
waterways have accumulated in the sediments as a result of previous coke
plant discharges.  Similarly, the fish and wildlife service has found
dioxin in birds from the Fox River (Green Bay).  The dioxin may be from
previous discharges of pentachlorophenol.  It is becoming apparent that
toxicant contamination of sediments is a pervasive problem.  Sampling
indicates that toxic contaminants are present in trace quantities in
sediments of nearly every major river, lake and stream in the Region.
In many areas, these contaminants are found at elevated levels.

The list of waterways known to have sediments containing levels of toxic
contaminants is growing.  Most of the existing data is on PCB and pesticide
contamination.  However, recent data includes some of the lesser known
toxic contaminants.  Continuing efforts will be needed to find, evaluate
and control toxicants in sediments.  The question is how extensive are
these contaminated sediments and what efforts should we take to control
or remove them.  In some areas they may be below the present zone of
biological  activity and, therefore, not be a problem.   However, they may
in the future be reintroduced through scour when the stream changes its
channel  or when the stream is dredged.

While sediments constitute a continuing potential source of toxicants,
perhaps the largest source of toxicants to the Region's waters (other than
the Great Lake) is from municipal treatment plants.  As stated separately,
over 100 POTWs have been identified by the States as having significantly
contaminated sludge and/or effluent toxicants.  Between 450-500 POTWs are

-------
believed by the States to have toxicant problems or to have a high
potential for toxicant problems.  Prior to the pretreatment program most
cities had conducted little if any work to evaluate what toxicants,
particularly organic toxicants, are being discharged to their system or
the fate of the toxicants.

Recent studies on the Ottawa River at Lima, Ohio, demonstrated that
despite good operation of an advance waste treatment plant, the effluent
was still toxic.  Examination of this "high quality" system found that
butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) from a local  industry was passing through
the plant and causing toxicity in the receiving water.  This is a typical
example of what new work is revealing, though often the concern is with
persistent long-term bioaccumulation or direct human health effect rather
than immediate lethality.  While the pretreatment program will  address a
number of the more obvious toxicant problems, particularly heavy metals,
it is  unrealistic to anticipate that most organic toxicants will  be
addressed.  The lack of adequate evaluation is due to the reluctance of
many States to look for problems.  They seem to be either technically of
politically unable or unwilling to deal with the issues.  Fortunately,
there  is increasing recognition by the States of the need to realistically
address these issues.  However, for many States it will be in the "second
round" of the pretreatment program, 2-5 years from now when increased
public pressure forces the issue.

Just as there is increasing awareness of long-term toxicant problems
from municipal/industrial discharges to the Region's waters, there is
beginning to be an understanding of the problems with toxicants in muni-
cipal  sludge.  As mentioned previously, over 100 POTWs have been
identified by the States as having significant sludge contamination.
This contamination is from PCB, HCB, curine,  and cadmium and other heavy
metals.  However, most POTWs have not conducted anen adequate evaluation
of toxicants.  In most cases neither EPA nor the States have adequate
staff or skills to assist the POTWs.  Similarly, most consultants
assisting the POTWs are from civil  engineering firms that lack  expertise
in chemical engineering and toxicology to address these issues.  Also,
many POTWs cannot address these issues because of pressure from local
industries.

Sludge from many POTWs has been distributed to home gardners and to
commercial agricultural operations with little if any control.   This
use of sludge is worthwhile and energy efficient but regulatory agencies
must work with POTWs and industry to assure that adequate protection of
public health is provided.  In several areas, studies are needed to see
if remedial measures are needed to control problems from indiscriminate
distribution and use of sludge that was significantly contaminated
(eg:  there were POTWs that "reclaimed" inner city land with 100% sludge
that later was found to contain over ten times the acceptable level of
contaminants, but no evaluation has been conducted as to the need for
remedial action).  While the 100 known POTW sludge contamination situations
are starting to be addressed, little work has been done by POTWs, States
or EPA to evaluate what additional toxicants, particularly persistent
organic toxicants, may be contaminating sludge.  There is a major need
through the pretreatment program for POTWs to develop industrial

-------
                                     97
inventories and evaluate the discharge of organic and other toxicants
into their systems.  Technical  assistance and overview from EPA and the
States is needed, but it is not likely to occur soon.

Just as EPA and the States have not significantly addressed toxicants in
municipal effluents and in sludge that is used on land, little research
or regulatory action has gone to sludge incineration.  Often the only
concern has been to find the least costly disposal method.   Incineration
of municipal sludge is a common disposal  method.   While this has been
successful in many instances, there are several cases where this has
later resulted in environmental/human health problems.  These problems
have occurred where sludges contain toxic organic contaminates that are
not broken down during low temperatures incineration, where high levels
of heavy metals occur or where high levels of phosphate or other nutrients
exist.  Incineration of these materials results in volitilization rather
than destruction.  This volitilization adds to the air toxicant burden
and also the toxic pollutants or nutrients are often precipitated into
the Great Lakes or other water bodies.  Little work has been done to
identify POTWs that may cause significant human health/environmental
damage from this source.  There is a clear need to establish a specific
Regional/Agency program to fully evaluate potential  human health/environ-
mental damage from incineration of municipal sludge and to propose
controls of these toxicants or nutrients  where needed.

-------
ILLINOIS
Figure 1: Major River Basins. SMSA
         and Water Intakes
  Major Dischargers:
   M - Municipal
   I - Industrial
  Monitoring Stations
   Slat* Stations

 AWaUr InUku
        n	•   ip  -jo

-------
     HAMMOM,
                                                                   INDIANA
                                                                   Figure 2: Major River Basins, SMSA,
                                                                         and Water Intakes

                                                                   Major Dischargers:
                                                                    M - Municipal
                                                                    I - Industrial


                                                                   A Water Intakes
  ctua
10    0   10   20   30   40 Milai

-------
 MICHIGAN  (Lower)   ,
 Figure 3:  Major River Basins, SMSA. and Water intakes

 Major Dischargers:
   M - Municipal
   I • Industrial
10   0  10  20  30  40M,I«»

-------
       -26-
           2
             01
MINNESOTA
Figure 4: Major River Basins, SMSA. and Water Intakes
                                     Major Dischargers
                                      M - Municipal
                                      I • Industrial
                                          10	0, '?_.*>' 30_
-------
                                             -32-
                                         t              i
                                                                 ,*«,«
                                                                      5 c:U v <. IO.T »i o
OHIO
Figure 5: Major River Basins, SMSA, and Water Intakes
                                                                                Dischargers:
                                                                              - Municipal
                                                                              Industrial
                                                                          A Witar Intake*

-------
                                      »-29-       i
                                                 ~     f
                                           WISCONSIN
                                                 6: Major River Basins. SMSA. and Water Intakes
Major Dischargers

  (Ml. Municipal

  I. Industrial

-------
Residuals
1.  Description/Definition of Problem/Causes

Environmental inter-media issues indicate that solutions  for one media
may contribute to a problem in another media.   This is evident in the
POTW sludge management and pretreatment areas.  Previously,  many
industries connected their discharges to municipal  POTWs  with little
advance analyses by the POTW on the fate of the waste in  or  on the POTW.
Often the resultant combined treatment was environmentally sound and
resulted in cost savings for both the POTW and industry.   However, some
industrial waste discharged to POTWs caused significant contamination of
the POTWs sludge.  PCB and cadmium are two of  the more pervasive such
toxicants.  Other toxicants such a curine, kepone,  mercury,  etc., have
caused significant localized contamination. Also,'now additional
industries are connecting to POTWs or illegally utilizing POTW sewers to
avoid the controls of RCRA, thus, introducing  additional  toxicants to
POTWs.

Similarly, when POTWs institute programs to control the discharge of
toxicants to their systems, often concentrated toxicant industrial
residuals are produced which can cause environmental  damage  if not pro-
perly recycled or disposed of.

Over 100 POTWs have presently been identified  by Region V States as having
significant sludge contamination.  This contamination is  from PCB, HCB,
curine, and cadmium and other heavy metals. However, most POTWs have not
conducted an adequate evaluation of toxicants.

Sludge from many POTWs has been distributed to home gardners and to
commerical agricultural  operations with little if any control.   This use
of sludge is worthwhile and energy efficient but regulatory  agencies must
work with POTWs and industry to assure that adequate  protection of public
health is provided.  However, some POTWs have  indiscriminately distributed
their sludge only to later find that significant contamination  existed.
Some POTWs "reclaimed" inner city land with 100% sludge that later was
found to contain over ten times the acceptable level  of contaminants, but
no evaluation has been conducted as to the need for remedial action.
While the 100 known POTW sludge contamination  situations  are starting to
be addressed, little work has been done by POTWs, States  or  EPA to evaluate
what additional toxicants, particularly persistent  organic toxicants, may
be contaminating sludge.  There is a major need through the  pretreatment
program for POTWs to develop industrial inventories and evaluate the
discharge of organic and other toxicants into  their systems.  Technical
assistance and overview from EPA and the States is  needed, but it is not
likely to occur soon.

Limited regulatory action has focused on sludge incineration.  Often the
only concern has been to find the least costly disposal  method.  Inciner-
ation of municipal sludge is a common disposal method.  While this has
been successful in many instances, there are several  cases where this
has later resulted in environmental/human health problems.  These problems
have occurred where sludges contain toxic organic contaminates that are
not broken down during low temperatures incineration, where  high levels
of heavy metals occur or where high levels of  phosphate or other nutrients
exist.  Incineration of these materials results in  volitilzation rather

-------
                                  205
                                    2

than destruction.   This volitilization adds  to  the  air toxicant burden and
also the toxic pollutants or nutrients are often  precipitated  into the
Great Lakes or other water bodies.   Little work has  been done  to  identify
POTWs that may cause significnat human health/environmental damage from
this source.

-------
                                          t*  206 '

                                          INLAND LAKES



             ATTACHMENT A

i

|                  In general the States have  not been monitoring  beach  closings

i             caused by water quality problems.   Some data  exist for Michigan,
i

i             which in 1979 reported beach closings for  inland lakes as  indicated
i
i             1n Table	.  In 1980 no beach  closings were reported for these
i
             particular lakes, but a beach closing of 7 to 10 days  each was •

'             reported for two other lakes, Addison Oaks Lake in Oakland County

.             and Dukes Lake in Chippewa County.

'                  As these data are not based on consistent State-wide  monitoring
i
             no trends can be drawn from them.

-------
                                              30?
     There were 17 bathing beaches closed for a period of time during Water Year
1979.  Five  of  these  bathing beaches  were closed for the entire season.  Table 4
presents specific information on lo ration,  length  of closing,  and cause  of each
official bathing beach closing during Water Year 1979.
TABLE ft. NON-SWIMMABLE WATERS DURING WATER YEAR 1979.
Location, length of closing, and cause of officia1  bathing beach closings by either
County, District, or City Health Departments in Michigan during Water Year 1979.
Inland lake with
  PUBLIC BATHING BEACH
                     beach closed  because of water qualitv problem
                                         LfN'Vif Or LwO!'NG        "
30DY OF WATER   COUNTY     (Curing Wf 1979)
                                                             CAUSE
Shiras Beach
City of lionising
Municipal Beach
Cass Lake Conrumty
Association Beacn
MeadowbrooK Lake
Association Beach
Ay a Ion Beach
Stoney Creek Metropolitan
Park Beaches
Burlington Lake Park I
and Huntoon Village Beaches
Silver Spring
,Lake Beach
Bruin Lake
Beach
Village of Lexington
Beach
Sandy Beach
Bay View Beach
B19 Blue Lake
Beach
Pioneer Highlands
Beach
Jordan Lake
Beach
Sleepy Hollow
State Park
Beach
Lake
Superior
Lake
Superior
Cass
Lake
Meac!owbrook
Lake
Square
Lake
Stoney
Creek
Huntoon
Lake
Silver
Spring Lake
Bruin
Lake
Lake
Huron
Baw Seese
Lake
Lake
Michigan
Big Blue
Lake
Sylvan
Lake
Jordan
Like
Lake
OvtJ
Marqu»tte
Alcer
Oakland
Oakland
Oakli.xi
Macomb
Oakland
Hayne
WashtenaH
Sanilac
Hlllsdale
Emrcett
Huskegon
Oakland
Ionia
Clinton
entire jptson
entire seiiin
entire season
entire season
entire season
July 17 -
August 9
August 1 -
Labor Day
July 20 -
Labor Day
July 15-21
July 20-22
one day in Hid- June
one day in Mid-July
two days at the end
of July
June 13
24 hours following
each rainfall
July 24
June 11
Juno M
July :o
sewaqe contamination
sewage contamination
sewage contamination
sewage contamination, high
turbidity, and soft bottom
soft mucky bottom
Suspected virus of unknown
origin
sewage contamination
probable sewage contamination
sewage contamination
sewage contamination
swm-ier's itch control
treatment
sewage contamination
Swimmer's itch control
treatment
stortwater contamination
sewage contamination
aquatic weed control treatment
rflg»ie control tic.ttwnr.
Milliner's itch control treatnvnt

-------
                                    /I)'  208 s.
     Due to the variety of potential lake conditions, the average TSI
value is presented as an estimate of the average summer water quality.
                                                       ,/"
Additional Lake  Classifications                       ^
     Approximately 1200 lakes have monitoring cteta that has been
entered in  the  SS^ORET computer systemxtfy the MPCA.  Of this
number,  about  100  lakes were classified in  addition to-the  Phase I
study lakes (151)  for thisrmal/report.  These classifications are
included  in Appendix D for/all interested parties and in an effort to
further define Minnesota/lake water qu&U^y patterns.  The TSI
classifications for these lakes were generated TKOJU data supplied by
many sources.   {In some cases,  it should be cautionetL  classifications
may  differ  from previously presented TSI values due to  the merging of
                                       	.      \
all available data.)       		
Current Minnesota Lake Water Quality Conditions
Data from over 500 lakes were summarized and  indicated the following:
     1.  Over 38% of the  study lakes had  average secchi  disc
         transparency less than 4  feet in  depth,  which may present
         direct contact recreation safety concerns (diving, skiing,
         swimming).
     2.  Over 48% of the  study lakes had  average summer chlorophyll.
         a concentrations in excess of  20 ug/I.  A  level of 20
         ug/l  has been observed to indicate lake conditions that
         may be suitable  for warm water fisheries and rough
         fisheries.   Hypolimnetic oxygen depletions may begin  in the
         early  summer, and there  is a  danger of winterkills of  fish
          for these lakes,  particularly if they are smaller  in area or
          have lower mean depths.

                               x  -35-

-------
                   •-     209
3.   Approximately 44% of the study lakes  also have mean surface



     total phosphorus concentrations in excess of 50 ug TP/I,



     which is suggested as defining  lakes where  algal



     productivity may be pronounced.   Summer occurrences of



     algal blooms may be expected-along with possible depletions



     of oxygen from  the bottom waters.  Winterkills of fish may



     occur especially in lakes with small surface  areas or lower



     average depths.



4.   Water coloration in excess of 50 PT-CO  units, which is



     suggestive of  significantly colored water, was encountered in



     about 7% of the  study lakes.



5.   Total  phosphorus  concentrations tended to explain about  55%



     of the algal production variance as estimated by statistical



     analyses.



6.   From  preliminary calculations,  about 13% of  the study  lakes



     could  be nitrogen limited at  times  instead of phosphorus



     limited.   Nitrogen limitation  may cause the occurrence of



     noxious  blue-green algae which tend to dominate  algal



     specication in  late summer.  The  occurrence of toxic algal



     blooms in  Minnesota was not tabulated in this report.



7.   The Carlson Trophic State Index  (TSI)  was used to classify



     lake water quality.  The distrubution of mean TSI

-------
     occurrence for 543  lakes was:
                                  % Occurrence
                                      69.2
                91-100"
     In genera!  terms,  oligotrophic lakes with cold water fisheries
could be associated with at least U.4% of the lakes.     Approxi-
mately 70% of the  lakes have mean TSI values greater than 50 TSI
units,  and these lakes  may exhibit characteristics symptomatic of
over-fertility  or eutrophication.   Continued degradation of these
lakes may be  expected  to result in periodic alga! blooms and,  in
some instances,  dense alga! blooms of blue-green algae.  These
occurrences will likely  have  significant, adverse consequences for
recreational and other water uses.  Reduction of sediment  and
nutrient loading will produce immediate,  beneficial  results in the
majority of instances.   Secondarily, reducing the phosphorus
supply  rate may increase the in-lake  ratio of total nitrogen to
total phosphorus,  which will tend  to discourage noxious
blue-green algae from dominating  in the late summer.

                             •37-

-------
FIGURE 3.  OEDROFHttl, A DISTRIBOTICNS.  Mean sxamer epiliimetic concentrations
           for 412 Minnesota lakes.
   P
   E
   R
   C
   E
   N
   T

   0
   C
   C
   u
   R
   R
   E
   N
   C
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       35-,
       30]
25
20
15
       10
        °  0-2.6    2.6-6.4  6.4-20    20-30    30-60   60-150   150-300   >300
                             CHLOROPHYLL .A pg/1
                                              Minnesota Pollution Control  Agency
                                              Division of Water Quality

-------
FIGURE 6.  TOTAL PHOSPHORUS DISTRIBUTIONS.  Mean  sunroer epilimnetic concentrations
           for 514 Minnesota lakes.
20-
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1982
                                        -29-

-------
13
      >4I%

      26-40%
Figure 34.   The  percentage of oligotrophic lakes in each county
            predicted  by  the TSI-SO model.
                                          o

-------
,"14
 |   | Too few lakes
     in .county

-------
3

-------
                    16
                    26-40%

                    I I  -25%
                1  I  Too few lakes
                    in county
..:  (
                              JLw*^
                                   ^

-------
                   217
                  .1 26-40%
                       -25%
                     Too few lakes
                     in county
3S-

-------
  218
|  1  Too few lakes
    in county

-------
             I  I  Too few lakes
                 in county
TU
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-------
                             20  ,
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-------
                             221
                          SUMMARY
     1.  The Land Resource Programs Division,  Michigan
Department of Natural Resources,  collected chemical and physi-
cal information for 656 Michigan inland lakes greater than or
equal to 50 surface acres in size with boat launch facilities.
Additionally, watershed information, such as size, local relief,
land use, and soil types were determined and compiled.

     2.  Lakes and impoundments included in this study ranged
in size from 50 to 20,044 acres (20,2 - 8115 hectares) and in
depth from 3 to 285 feet (0.9 - 87 meters).  Lake types varied
from completely "closed systems" with no inlets or outlets to
"open systems" with numerous inlets and outlets.

     3.  Sixty-three (63) or approximately 10% of the lakes
contained "soft" water having alkalinities less than 20 mg/1.
"Soft" water lakes have the potential of being impacted by acid
precipitation because of their low buffering capabilities or
inability to neutralize the acid waters.  The most apparent ef-
fect of acid precipitation is the reduction or elimination of
fish populations.  The majority (80%) of the "soft" water lakes
were located in the western portion of the Upper Peninsula; an
area of igneous bedrock outcroppings and carbonate-poor soils.

     4.  Trophic classification of  lakes was determined with
three  in-lake measurements (total phosphorus, chlorophyll a,
transparency) and  the relative density of macrophytes.  Survey
results indicate that 12% of the lakes are oligotrophic, 62%
are mesotrophic, and 26% are eutrophic.  The greatest percent-
age of eutrophic lakes are in the southern half of the Lower
Peninsula where Michigan's most fertile soils and  large popula-
tion centers are located.  The greatest percentage of oligo-
trophic lakes are  located in the northern half of  the Lower
Peninsula.
                    ^ -     -3-

-------
     5.   Forty-six (46)  lakes  or 7% of the total lakes surveyed
receive phosphorus inputs from one or more municipal and/or in-
dustrial discharges.   Twenty-eight (28) of these lakes are
classified eutrophic which constitutes only 16% of all lakes
classified eutrophic in  the study.  Therefore,  future protec-
tion/rehabilitation projects must look more closely at other
causes,  such as "naturally" occurring eutrophic lakes and non-
point nutrient sources.

-------
223
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                                 225
                          COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

The direct water quality impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSO) in the
Region have not been quantified to a great extent.  One indirect or
surrogate measure of environmental impacts of CSO's that has been used
in the past is the amount of dollar expenditures for projects to correct
or abate CSO discharges.  One such measure is the Agency's bi-annual
Needs Survey.  The 1982 survey indicates a potential estimated need of
$11.8 billion for construction of CSO abatement needs in the Region.
This represents 33 percent of the total  national CSO needs estimated  in
the report.  A breakdown of these needs, by State and by levels of control
associated with meeting designated stream use classifications, is shown
in Table 1.

The CSO needs reported in the 1978 and 1980 Needs Survey (Category V
costs) were $12.76 and $10.38 billion respectively in 1980 dollars for
Region V states.  Updating these estimates to 1982 dollars the CSO needs
are $15.5 and $12.6 billion.

These previous Needs Surveys however, were based on an assumed recreation
use of each combined sewer overflow area.  The 1982 survey approach matches
the degree of needed wastewater treatment with the actual  stream use
designated by the State.  As such, the 1982 survey represents the best data
available on potential CSO needs in the Region.  The 1982 Survey indicates
that there are 513 combined sewer systems in Region V.  A breakdown by State
is shown in Table 2.

The Needs Survey also contains information, on an economic basis, of  CSO
needs that have already been met.  The 1982 Survey shows for Region V
states that $1.96 billion of CSO needs have been met.  A State breakdown
is shown in Table 3.  ( The figures discussed earlier are net needs
remaining.)  These needs would have been met by EPA grant funds, State
grants, non-EPA grants, e.g. HUD, and local funds.

According to the information on the Regional Construction Grants Management
System (RCGMS), the Region has currently provided 1.065 billion in grant
funds for over 50 CSO Step 3 and 4 projects to date.  In terms of pending
CSO projects, RCGMS shows that there are 104 projects for $2.04 billion
of Category V costs on the current state project priority lists.  These
projects are on both the fundable portion and extended portion of the
priority lists.

In the past, the Region has tracked and reported on various "major" CSO
projects for various purposes.  Principally, these include major dischargers
to the Great Lakes basin, for the Great Lakes National Program Office, and
CSO projects over $50 million to EPA Headquarters.  The Region has con-
solidated these various lists of major dischargers into a single list of
35 major projects.  The overall status, and proposed solutions are shown
for each of these projects in the attachment in Table 4.

-------
                                  226*

Based upon the preceding project-specific analysis,  state wide CSO project
management trends have developed to reveal  the following results.  In
Ohio, CSO projects have generally been assigned low-priority status and
therefore, do not get funded.  Most Indiana projects are still in the
Step 1 planning stage with CSO solutions  still  to be recommended.  Wisconsin
projects are currently under construction.   Michigan and Minnesota
(Minneapolis/St. Paul) CSO projects have  experienced difficulty in being
justifiable based upon water quality related impacts.  Finally, two out of
the three Illinois projects had been completed in earlier fiscal  years
when such projects were generally assigned  higher priority values and grant
funding was more easily obtained.  Overall, the general  trend across the
Region has shown a decreased emphasis on  CSO projects.   As a result, the
104 projects discussed earlier on the state project  priority lists may
not actually receive construction grant funding as might be expected in
the coming years.

In further addressing the CSO problem in  Region V, the  discussion in Part I
brings to the forefront that:

     1.   CSO issues are very project (or site) specific,

     2.   CSO problems are being treated  differently by each of the
          six states in the Region.

Region V's experience with past CSO project reviews  indicates that there are
various barriers to overcome in dealing with CSO projects.  These are discussed
briefly below:

     1 -  There currently exists no definition of flow  regime under
          which water quality standards are applicable  to wet weather
          flows.  Low flow relief is defined for flows  less than
          the 7 Day/10 year flows.  While this recognizes that WQS
          cannot be expected to operate under unusually low flow
          conditions, it is equally logical to establish high flow
          conditions that are unusual, (e.g. during  a 100 year storm
          storm where major river suspended solids include houses,
          cars, trees etc. a typical suspended solids standard is
          obviously inappropriate).

     2 -  Due, in part, to the above permits there has  been no
          comprehensive policy for issuance of NPDES dealing with
          CSO discharges.  Those permits  that have been issued are
          generally done on a case-by-case basis frequently emenating
          from controversial situations.   However, most CSO discharges
          are not permitted with limits.   Therefore, enforcement
          against the local community is  often lacking.  Motovation
          for CSO projects are frequently emenating from pressures
          other than pollution abatement  (e.g. basement flooding).

-------
     3 -  PG-61  the only guidance document by EPA which is utilized
          as the basis for funding CSO projects, was not established
          on WQS or law but primarily on an economic basis.  The
          knee-of-the-curve maximizes removal of BOD and similar
          pollutant indicators per dollar spent without making a
          direct analysis on whether that level of treatment is
          more or less than necessary for attainment of WQ or benefits.

     4 -  Definition of "significant water quality" problems tend to
          be indirect with regard to many major CSO events, causing
          benthic loadings and downstream impacts to impoundments
          which may be difficult to asses.  Additionally, CSO
          impacts are often masked by non-point source impacts.

     5 -  Since the basis of many CSO activities include other
          objectives, they result frequently in multi-purpose
          projects.  The complexity of the multi-purpose funding
          policy used by EPA opens many pitfalls for implementation,
          particularly since eligibility cannot be determined
          until  the end of the planning process.

     6 -  Finally, since established EPA guidance in this area is
          minimal, many decisions concerning CSO projects are made
          on a case-by-case basis, and in five States in this
          region these decisions are made at the State level through
          delegation.  Therefore, it is anticipated that the project
          solutions, impacts, and cost will tend to vary considerably
          from state to state.

The implications for agency management are that until sufficient Water
Quality work is completed to support, i.e. justify, the major expenditures
that CSO projects generally seem to call for, few CSO projects may actually
receive sufficient priority to receive grant funding and proceed to
construction.

-------
228 -<
Table 1
1982 NEEDS SURVEY
CATEGORY V (CSO) NEEDS - REGION
Thousdands of 1982 Dollars

STATE
IL
IN
MI
MN
OH
WI
TOTAL
FISH &
WILDLIFE
2,168
2,468,900
2,061,005
40
339,695
0
4,871,808

RECREATION
1,013,077
446,361
1,944
293,286
2,921,034
369,650
5,045,352
SEWER
SEPARATION
126,729
51,978
86,190
26,269
618,002
0
909,168
V
FACILITIES
PLAN
954,048
0
8,318
1,126
0
0
963,492


TOTAL
2,096,022
2,967,239
2,157,457
320,721
3,878,731
369,650
11,789,820
                                                      National  Total:   35,739,535
                                  Region  V Percent  of National  Total:   32.98%

Note:  The costs for aesthetics and public health designated stream uses are
       zero for each state in  Region V.

Source:  1982 Needs Survey, Cost Estimates for Construction  of  Publicly-Owned
       Wastewater Treatment Facilities,  December 31,  1982.

-------
                                  229
                                    Table  2

                               1982 NEEDS  SURVEY
                            NUMBER  OF  COMBINED  SEWER
                               SYSTEMS BY  STATE
State

IL                 124

IN                 137

MI                  95

MN                  19

OH                 124

WI                  14


TOTAL              513
SOURCE:  1982 Needs Survey,  cost  estimates  for  construction of publicly-
         owned wastewater treatment  facilities,  December 31,  1982.

-------
                                    Table  3

                               1982  NEEDS  SURVEY
                            COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW
                              TOTAL  AND  NET  NEEDS
                           Thousands of  1982 Dollars
STATE
IL
IN
MI
MN
OH
WI
TOTALS
TOTAL
NEEDS
3,895,893
3,020,250
2,199,052
325,862
3,898,022
412,448
13,751,527
NEEDS
MET
1,799,871
53,011
41,595
5,141
19,291
42,798
1,961,707
NET NEEDS
REPORTED TO COI
2,096,022
2,967,239
2,157,457
320,721
3,878,731
369,650
11,789,820
SOURCE:  1982 Needs Survey,  Cost  Estimates  for  Construction  of Publicly-
         Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities, December 31, 1982.

-------
331


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                                 »*...
                                       035
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A/P-1
Reference Materials and Data Used by the Region V Drinking  Water Program
in Preparing Parts 1 and 2.

a.  Region V Public Water System Statistics  and Compliance  Trends

    The regional  map shows the areas where barium, fluoride,  and alpha
    radiation contamination are found.   They are associated with the
    cambro-ordivician sandstone formation that rises from greater than
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    This information was developed from the  Federal  Reporting Data
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-------
                            T  2
Location of Public Hater Systems Using the Cambro-Ordovician
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WO/DWGWPB/ATT A


b.  Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals  in  Region  V  Drinking  Water

    During 1981, U.S. EPA conducted a sampling of 945 public water sup-
    plies which use ground water as a source,  specifically  looking for
    the presence of volatile synthetic organic chemicals  (VOCs).  Samples
    were collected from water systems in  all States,  and  the laboratory
    analyses specifically looked for the  presence of  34 chemicals which
    are considered to be a health hazard  at  low concentrations.

    Laboratory equipment capable of reliably detecting VOCs at low con-
    centrations has only recently become  available, so it has  taken  State
    laboratories some time to up-grade their equipment and  staff with
    qualified personnel in order to process  VOC samples.  A few States
    had early indications of wide-spread  contamination so had  begun  some
    sampling, but in general, most States had  little  idea of how wide-
    spread the problem could be.  Nationally,  there was contamination
    above the laboratory detection limit  found during the survey  in
    about 25% of the randomly selected systems.  About this same per-
    centage is now being found in Region  V States.

    During the past year, U.S. EPA and the Region V States  have begun
    additional sampling for VOCs, within  current resource and  labora-
    tory capability constraints.  Following  is a summary  of data avail-
    able to this point on sampling completed and prevalence of VOCs  in
    Region V drinking water.

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-------
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A
                                             63
c.  Herbicides in Region V Drinking Water

    During 1981 and 1982, the Water Quality Laboratory at Heidelberg
    College in Tiffin, Ohio studied the occurrence and transport  of
    currently-used pesticides in tributary streams draining agricultural
    water sheds.  The pesticide measurements were from 12 stream  gaging
    stations and occasionally from tap water at a 23,000 population  pub-
    lic water system that uses one of the streams as their source of
    drinking water supply.  This research c-oocentrated on detailed studies
    during storm events following periods of major pesticide application,
    and concluded that relatively high concentrations of many currently-
    used pesticides are present in rivers draining large agricultural
    watersheds.  They occur primarily during the run-off events of May
    and June.  Where municipalities withdraw public water supplies di-
    rectly from rivers, finished tap water may contain pesticide  con-
    centrations similar to those in the raw water, unless special ef-
    forts are made to remove soluble organic compounds.  For many
    currently-used pesticides insufficient data are available to  assess
    human health hazards.  Given the levels of human exposure to  these
    compounds through drinking water, they should be given priority  for
    further investigation of potential health effects.  The following
    table shows the concentrations of herbicides found in the City's
    tap water.  The State laboratory also confirmed high herbicide con-
    centrations in this system's finished drinking water.

    Comparison of herbicide concentrations in city tap water with nearby
    river samples (all concentrations in ug/1)
    Source       Date

    City Tap    810617
     Water      810702
                810713
                810807
                820528

    Downstream  810615
     River      810622
     Location   810629
                8205 -
Atrazine    Simazine    Alachlor    Metolachlor
 15.87
  6.30
  9.13
  1.48
 11.0

 12.95
    05
    93
 18.8
Upstream
River
Location

810617
810702
810712
8205 -
19.73
5.85
1.48
48.4
0.85
0.38
0.88
0.30
0.7
0.559
1.581
0.479
2.52
0.91
0.25
0.12
3.6
14.36
1.97
3.30
0.75
11.4
11.89
3.52
1.91
18.19
10.68
1.64
0.27
69.6
16.23
 4.37
 6.45
 1.8
24.2

12.42
 4.29
 4.00
40.6

13.36
 3.25
 0.87
90.8

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WD/DWGWPB/ATT A


d.  Concerns Expressed by Region V State Water Supply Programs

    1)  Laboratory support

        Laboratory equipment and staff is generally not adequate for the
        sampling that presently should be done for synthetic organic chem-
        icals in drinking water.  As additional  water systems are identi-
        fied with contamination, the follow-up sampling that will  be re-
        quired creates a considerable additional  load.  Present resource
        restrictions cause a restricted sampling program which  results  in
        only a small percentage of the population being protected.   Delays
        in processing and analyzing samples due to laboratory back-up has
        an adverse effect on adequately following up on identified  prob-
        lems, and creates some loss of creditability with the public.

        There is often lack of consistency of data between laboratories,
        causing confusion and lack of public confidence.

        Although newer laboratory equipment with increased sensitivity
        will surely be introduced as laboratories are up-graded, it
        should be kept in mind that the net result will probably be the
        discovery of additional new contaminants and lower concentrations.
        This will accordingly create even greater demands on laboratory
        services because of increased confirmation and follow-up require-
        ments.

    2)  Water system surveillance and technical  assistance

        Surveillance and technical assistance relative to organic chemical
        contamination is generating increased program demands on State
        staff at a time when both State and Federal resources are being
        generally reduced.  The net result is program personnel becoming
        overwhelmed by a large number of projects with inadequate time
        to provide an acceptable level of service to any of them.  The
        only apparent solution is to try to reorganize priorities at
        State and Federal levels.

        Good progress has been made in the noncommunity public water sup-
        ply program.  Many potential serious construction deficiencies
        and microbiological contamination problems are being found and
        corrected, with great benefit to the public at nominal  cost.
        There is fear that dwindling resources and new priority responsi-
        bilities could adversely affect this program.

        Suggested methods of re-adjusting priorities to allow more staff
        time for newly identified problems are to 1) carefully examine
        all repetitive monitoring requirements to allow States maximum
        flexibility in modifying monitoring where appropriate, 2) re-
        examine the maximum contaminant levels to make sure they are
        established at meaningful public health related levels, and
        3) review specified analytical techniques to eliminate or ad-
        just any which are too rigid.

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                                    1   "265    *
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A


    3)  Maximum contaminant leveli

        It is perceived by many State program staff, water supply opera-
        tors, as well as the public that  there is not sufficient evidence
        of the health dangers of some of  the present MCLs to support the
        rather substantial expenditures required of some systems.  It is
        difficult to obtain compliance if there appears to be any chance
        that the MCL may be relaxed in the future.  The standards par-
        ticularly considered in this category are those for barium,  fluo-
        ride, radionuclides, arsenic, chromium and selenium.

        There is also concern over the difficulty in enforcing the ni-
        trate MCL.  There is tremendous resistance to expending local
        resources for the rather expensive removal of a contaminant  that
        benefits only a very small portion of the population served.  The
        cost/benefit ratio appears far too great to water system opera-
        tors and the public.

    4)  Treatment of contaminated water

        Concern is expressed that there is general reluctance by water
        systems to consider treatment for contaminant removal if other
        alternatives are available.  Research and development funding
        should be enhanced to show that treatment is safe, and how and
        when it is viable.

    5)  Public information

        There is a feeling that the public is not/beTng~"a~cFequately in-
        formed or educated on the public  healthffangers concerning drink-
        ing water.  Many decisions concerning public water supply changes
        and improvements are being made because of emotional and politi-
        cal pressures rather than on sound technical judgement.

    6)  Water treatment devices

        The market is being plagued with  innacurate claims on point-of-
        use water treatment devices, with the result of a false sense of
        security by an uninformed public.  There is even danger of some
        devices causing adverse health effects.  It appears that control
        over these devices may be necessary.

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WD/DWGWPB/ATT A
Part 1 - Documentation Related to Aldicarb Contamination  of  Ground  Water
         in Wisconsin which supports Sections IE4b,  IIASf,  IIA5e(2),  and
         IIB5d(2)(d)

Information Presented:

1)  History of Aldicarb Contamination (excerpted from the Draft  Environ-
    mental Impact Statement prepared by the State of Wisconsin Department
    of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection on "Proposed Rules
    Relating to Special Resitrctions on the Use of Pesticides Containing
    Aldicarb")

2)  Map of the 10 central counties of Wisconsin and  the approximate
    boundaries of the sand plain (excerpted from a draft  report  prepared
    by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and  attributed to
    its source).

-------
WD/DWGWPB/ATT A


History of Aldicarb Contamination of Groundwater

In mid-1976, soon after aldicarb was registered for use on potatoes,
Cornell University researchers indicated a concern for potential  leaching
ability to the compound in the sand regions and Long LIsland (5,  43).   In
1979, samples were analyzed by Union Carbide and In August 1979,  the  cor-
poration informed the U.S. EPA that aldicarb had been identified  in a  few
shallow wells located with potato fields (5,48).  Additional sampling  con-
firmed that contamination of the ground water-existed in many wells lo-
cated around the potato fields in eastern Long Island (5).

A level of 7 ppb was set as an advisory guideline level for aldicarb  con-
tamination by the New York State Department of Health.  In addition,  an
agreement to further test the water was put into place.  Between  August
1979 and mid-March 1980, approximately 270 New York wells were sampled.
Included in the sampling were 11 irrigation wells, 45 public wells and
214 private wells.  Of these samples, 61 wells were over the guideline
level and an additional 35 wells had amounts detected below the guideline
(5).  Union Carbide's laboratory has a method sensitivity for the analysis
procedure of 1 ppb in ground water (2).

Union Carbide continued to analyze for aldicarb contamination in  Logan
Island wells.  In 1980, Union Carbide analyzed 7,650 samples which resulted
in confirmation of contamination of two public water supplies and the
following results of analysis of private wells (46):

        73% of samples analyzed  No residue detected
      13.4% of samples analyzed  1-7 ppb residue detected
       7.4% of samples analyzed  8-30 ppb residue detected
       4.3% of samples analyzed  31-75 ppb residue detected
       2.1% of samples analyzed  >75 ppb residue detected

As a result of the contaminant problems, Union Carbide, in February 1980,
voluntarily amended its aldicarb label to exclude uses of the chemical on
Long Island (2, 37).  In addition, the State of New York took action
against the registration of the aldicarb product and has continued the
ban of the sale of aldicarb for use of Long Island (37).

Union Carbide was granted an Experimental Use Permit in 1980 to study
timing, dosage rates and alternate placement of aldicarb in an attempt to
assure minimization of ground water contamination.  That study was not
continued in 1981 (5).  INTERA Environmental Consultants, Inc. was
contracted to do modeling work for EPA and determined that breakdown  of
Temik" could take years (5).  Union Carbide contracted with INTERA to  do
some additonal simultations of varying degradation and source rates of
aldicarb using the modeling developed in the EPA contract work along  with
new information developed by Union Carbde that indicates a half life  of
aldicarb in ground water to be 3 years (23, 29).

-------
               ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

                          INVENTORY OF SITES
  Task 3(a2) & 3(b) of Groundwater Management Strategy for Michigan
Major Funding From Environmental Protection Agency Grant No.  P00558801

                              July 1982

-------
SUMMARY OF SOURCES
. NATURE OF SOURCE
Storage and handling of petroleum products: Total
— Gasoline stations
— Crude bulk storage, refining, pipelines
— Other storage/use (RR yards, co-ops,
industries)
— Transportation spills
— Residential gasoline/fuel oil storage
Heavy industry (mining, casting, chemical
manufacturing, large volumes)
Unknown source (most appear to be gasoline
contaminations)
Surface and subsurface solid waste
(sanitary landfills, illegal dumps,
on-site industrial dumps)
Salt storage/road salting
Light industry (small metal plating, printing,
manufacturing, woodworking, etc.)
Oil and gas exploration/production brines
Agriculture (animal/vegetable processors,
fertilizer/herbicide applicators or
distributors)
Municipal Wastewater
Transportation spills (fertilizer,
chemicals, etc.)
Laundromats
All others, e.g. spill during fire
KNOWN
NUMBER OF % OF
INCIDENTS TOTAL
112 25.5
—47 —10.5
—30 —7
—29 —6.5
—2 —0.5
—4 —1
96 22
59 13.5
57 13
33 7.5
24 5.5
19 4
8 2
7 1.5
5 1
5 1
16 3.5
TOTALS 441 100%
SUSPECT:
WMBER OF
INCIDENTS
27
—5
—3
—12
—5
—2
64
2
215
86
19
8
8
2
1
19
5
456
:D
% OF
TOTAL
6
—1
—1
—2.5
—1
—0.5
14
0.5
47-
19
4
2
2
0.5
0.5
4
1
100%
       (1979 TOTALS  268 KNOW
381 SUSPECTED)

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              CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES
Approximately 50% of the population of Michigan depends upon groundwater
for its drinking water.  Consequently, groundwater contamination problems
frequently impact drinking water supply wells.  There are over several
thousand sites that pose a significant potential for contaminating the
groundwater (see page 203).  Since there are so many such sites, most of
which have never been investigated and are not subject to current regu-
latory programs, many of these problems only surface as a result of
complaints from well owners and health departments about unusual tastes
and odors in the drinking water.  A major portion of the new known contam-
ination sites listed in this inventory involve the contamination of water
supply wells.   In addition, within the past year, several municipal ground-
water supplies have been found to be contaminated.  The distribution of
sites where drinking water wells have been contaminated are shown on the
map on the following page.  These sites are also identified in the inventory.

-------
                                             J- fAlKASKA C&AWSOAO, OSCOD*
                                             •„•
                                                -
                                       .:   .-.'  *.  i   ....•
                                              (KAMCM ', HlliSOH.1 \EK»*tl '  «ON«O
DISTRIBUTION  OF  CONTAMINATED},.*, 1**L •**. J_JLj	_s_-
    DRINKING  WATER WELLS
        • Sites where one  or
          more wells have
          been contaminated
          Sites where  municipal
          wells are contaminated
                                                                    1982

-------
       LOCATIONS WHERE GROUNDWATERS ARE KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN POLLUTED
The following is an inventory of locations for which the Department
presently has information on hand to indicate that groundwaters at a
particular site are or have been polluted.

Many more sites have experienced some form of groundwater contamination
than has been possible to include in this ^inventory.  Our intent  is to
focus attention on sites which seem to have" the greatest environmental
consequences.  Sites which have experienced contamination from domestic
septic tank tile field systems are not included.   In addition, documentation
in this inventory of contamination at several hundred sites due to the
spill or loss of limited volumes of gasoline or brine was beyond  the
scope of this project.

Site investigations, well samplings, as well as literature and file
reviews are examples of on-going activities of the Department which
provide evidence of the presence or absence of groundwater contamination.
Contamination site information is also provided by state and local health
departments as it becomes available.  Consequently, an  inventory  of
this nature is never "complete" as new information necessitates the
continual updating of  the list.

Given the above mentioned limitations, this inventory documents 441
locations where groundwaters are known to have been polluted (as  of
May,1982.)

-------
                                                             >£>
DISTRIBUTION  OF  SITES WHERE
GROUNDWATERS  ARE  KNOWN  TO
    HAVE  BEEN  POLLUTED*
"This does not Include septic tank-tile field
contamination or some limited volume brine
    or gasoline contamination sites."
                 SOIIR^F '  Knouun

-------

     LOCATIONS  WHERE GROUNDWATERS  ARE SUSPECTED TO HAVE BEEN POLLUTED
The following is an inventory of locations at which the Department has
reason to believe groundwaters may have been polluted but lacks sufficient
data to reach a definite conclusion.  This inventory lists sites where
past or current activities or incidents are suspected of having caused
(or continue to cause) contaminants to enter the groundwaters.  The
sites on this inventory need additional data before they can be adequately
evaluated as to whether or not the groundwater has been contaminated,
and whether there is an environmental problem of concern.  (Domestic
septic tank-tile field incidents are not included,)

Inclusion of a site in this inventory was based on the following criteria:

1.   A release of pollutants is believed to have occurred at the site.
     This could be such as a release from the confines of a disposal
     area, or a loss or spill where an uncontrolled release of pollutants
     has occurred to the soils or the subsurface; and

2.   At least two of the following are believed to be true:

     a)   groundwater in the area is highly vulnerable to pollution
          based upon permeability of the soils and depth to the groundwater,
     b)   the pollutants involved are hazardous to human health and
          the environment.
     c) v the quantities of pollutants released could be sufficient
          to limit the use of the groundwater in the affected area.

About  456  sites have been listed as of May,  1982) as being suspected
groundwacer problem sites meeting the above criteria.  This inventory is
continually updated as further information about the sites becomes
available to the Department.

-------
                           275 •
                   BliilP
         	  — •  ^iti_w  iTritnc {"-•• = •
GROUNDWATERS  ARE SUSPECTED^
      TO BE POLLUTED
DISTRIBUTION OF  SITES  WHERE HF
           SOURCE: Suspected Site Inventory as of  May  1982

-------
                      LOCATIONS AT WUICH THERE EXISTS A POTENTIAL FOR
                             GROUNDWATER TO BECOME CONTAMINATED
l         Numerous activities exist  that by  their very nature  could cause  ground-
I         water  to become  contaminated.  These  activities were described with
|         listings by  category  of  sites where  the activities were  occurring  in
1         Part II Assessment of  Groundwater  Contamination in Michigan, December
         1979 (currently  out of print).   It was beyond  the scope  of  this  project
         to update  the  potential  listings.  However, category descriptions  and
         summary information have been repeated here in predominantly the same
         form as in 1979, with  some updating  and rewording for  clarity.

         For the majority of potential sites  within  each category described,
         insufficient information exists  to assess whether they have caused a
         groundwater  problem.   It is expected  that as such reviews are  conducted,
         many of the  sites will be  found  to be additional groundwater problems
         which  will need  to be addressed.
                                               •mi

-------
           Explanation  of  Chart  Showing  the  Number  of  Potential
                Groundwater Contamination Sites in Michigan


 The chart on the following pages illustrates the number of sites with
.the potential for contaminating groundwater in the state.  Each category
 within a bar on the chart is given a relative rating of concern for
 potential groundwater contamination.  Generally, those categories of
 greater concern are shown on the far left of the chart (see legend on
 graph).

 Most of the  categories that are described in the following text are
 shown on the chart.  The bar labeled "Miscellaneous" on the chart does
 not correspond with a miscellaneous category in the text.  The categories
 included in  the bar under "Miscellaneous" are discussed separately in
 the text under their respective headings.  The combining of these categories
 was done for ease of illustration, and does not indicate that they are
 of lesser significance or concern than those categories shown as single
 bars.

-------
               * a 71,
           POTENTIAL
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-------
                           >20,000
                                        >w.ooo
                                                    >1.000000
GASOLINE
STATIONS
 MISCEL-
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 ABANDONED
 WELLS AND
EXPLORATORY
  BORINGS
PRODUCIBLE
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RESIDENTIAL
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 TILE  FIELD
  SYSTEMS
                                                             1-15,000
                                                              •10,000
                                                              5,000

-------
                            Gasoline Stations
There were an estimated 5,657 gasoline stations  operating  in  1981  in
the stats .   Approximately 2,675 gasoline stations  closed  between  1972
and 1981 .  A number of additional,  unidentified closed  gasoline stations
most likely exist.  The number of gasoline stations per  county.in  1972
for those counties with greater than 500 retail  establishments  is given
in the table of "County Totals for Selected-Site Categories".  The
degree of potential hazard that gasoline stations pose  to  the groundwater
is determined by the methods of transport, handling and  storage of
gasoline by the volume of material on site and by the hydrogeology of
the area.

Gasoline stations are regulated by the Michigan Flammable  Liquid Regulations
of 1973, under authority of Act 207, P.A. of 1941,  as amended by Act
3, P.A. of 1978 (the Michigan Fire Protection Act).  This  act regulates
the transport, handling and storage of flammable liquid  and the abandonment
of gasoline stations.  The Fire Marshall's Office of the Michigan  Department
of State Police administers and enforces this act.
  The number of  gasoline  stations  in operation  is based on information
 from the Energy Administration, Michigan Department of Commerce and
 the Michigan Treasury  Department.

  The number of  gasoline  stations  that  were  operating in 1972 was obtained
 from the 1972 Consensus  of Retail Trade and Area Statistics of Michigan,
 U.S. Department of Commerce.
                                    225

-------
            '"-».
                 gBV
  1120 business  pesticide  applicators  and  345
  state as of November,  1981.  The number  of
 jing to renew their licenses for restricted
 Is slightly under 3,500, down from 12,000  in
  cause groundwater contamination when transported
   groundwater.   The degree of potential hazard
 ids  on the amount and kind of pesticide used
• *3
jtthe area  in  which the pesticide  is used.

|f (Act  171,  P.A.  1976)  regulates  the  registration,
'^lon  of pesticide users.  Regulation 636 (amendment
•^requires  the certification  of aerial  applicators.
       229

-------
                  REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT  REPORT

                                ATTACHMENT A

                                GREAT LAKES
TOXIC CONTAMINATION

A unique  characteristic  of the   Great  Lakes  Basin  ecosystem  is  the   long
retention time of  the  lakewaters.   The Great Lakes  constitute an  essentially
closed system, entirely  unlike  riverine  systems  which  discharge  their water
and pollutant  to  oceans  in a  relatively  short  time.   Due to  their  closed-
system nature, the  lakes  accumulate  persistent  toxic   substances.   For   this
reason, the  lakes  serve  as a  laboratory where  new  pollutants  often first
show their  effects  and  where  they  can   be  studied  and  controlled  from a
system perspective.

While data  was not available  to  determine  the presence  of persistent toxic
substances in  the  Great Lakes  in  the early 1970's,  major monitoring  efforts
launched through  the Great Lakes  International  Surveillance  Plan, the Pollu-
tion from  Land Use  Activities  Reference  Group  (PLUARG),  and  the  Upper Lakes
Reference Group developed  an  information  base which  permitted  a  basinwide
inventory of  contaminants  in sediment,  water, air,  sludges, plankton,  fish or
wildlife, as  reported  in Appendix  E  to the 1976 and 1978  U.S.  Canada Water
Quality Board  Reports.   It was   apparent  from  these  inventories  that   the
contaminant issue  was  a basin  problem  and  was  not  isolated to  discrete   "hot
spots", all  ecosystem   compartments   demonstrating   ubiquitous   contamination.

With a  history of  commercial   fishery bans  (e.g.  banning  fishing   in   Lake
St.  Clair  because  of  mercury),  fish  consumption advisories  in  effect on  all
the lakes, and the  continued identfication  of new  compounds in  the  Great Lakes,
there is  widespread  concern  for  the  contamination  of  the  Great  Lakes by
persistent toxic  substances  and  the   serious environmental  problems which   can
result from this contamination.  Until  recently there was no direct  evidence
of human health impacts due to  toxicants in the  Great  Lakes.  However,  a direct
linear correlation  between PCB contamination in Lake Michigan fish and levels
of PCBs in the blood of  sport fishing  families  in 18  Michigan counties  bordering
Lake Michigan has  been  reported.   (Humphrey 1980).

While toxic  substances  found  in  Great Lakes  fish  pose   a  clear  threat to
human health,  their  affects  elsewhere within  the  ecosystem  are  less   well
established.  It  appears  that  Lake   trout  reproduction   in Lake  Michigan is
being prevented by  unknown  toxics  and  it  has  been  shown  that  PCB's   can
interfere with growth.

Under the  provision  of  the 1978  Great  Lakes  Water  Quality Agreement,   the
Governments of Canada   and the  United States  are  required  to  control   and
prevent the  input  of  toxic  substances  into  the  Great Lakes,  and to  rehabil-
itate portions of  the  Great Lakes  already  degraded by toxic  contamination.
(Toxic substances  as  used  herein  refers   to  persistent  toxic  substances, as
defined in the 1978 Water  Quality  Agreement,  as well as other toxic  chemicals

-------
                                          •**'
of potential  concern  in the  Great Lakes  Basin.)   These  goals  are to  be
accomplished through the  development  of  programs  and activities  designed
to virtually eliminate the  entry  of toxic substances into the Great  Lakes
ecosystem.

The requirements  of Annex  12 of  the Agreement  call for programs  which
include:  inventories of  toxic  substances ranging from  production  and  use
to release  or  disposal;  close coordination  between  air, water, and  solid
waste control programs;  and joint programs to manage hazardous  materials.
In addition  the Agreement  requires  monitoring  and  research  programs  to
address the increasing  threat  of toxic substances, and activities  in support
of an  early  warning  system  to   anticipate  toxic   substances   problems.

Restrictions or  bans  on  the  use  or manufacture  of chemicals  deemed  to
represent environmental  hazards are the  major remedial  efforts  in Canada
and the United States.   Both countries are developing legislative controls.
As many  of  the  toxics  problems  encountered  to  date are the  result  of
unregulated discharges   from  the  past,  which were   not  discovered  until
dangerous levels of the  compounds  were  present in the fish and  throughout
the ecosystem,  control  of  human  exposure to  these  materials resulted  in
many restrictions  on  sport  fisheries and  bans   on   commercial  fisheries.

Most organic contaminants,  because  of their diffuse  atmospheric  input  and
because of their  persistence, have  become basinwide  problems.  Because  of
the widespread  usage  of  pesticides, such   as  DDT  and  herbicides,   and
organochlorines such  as  PCBs,  there  is  a  strong tendency  for  these
contaminants to  cause   system-wide  problems.   For  example,   in  1978  the
Water Quality  Board notified the   International   Joint   Commission  of  the
presence of  dioxin  in  fish in  Saginaw Bay.   Follow-up  studies  examining
dioxin levels  in  the eggs  of herring  gulls  found  dioxin levels  between
9-14 nonograms/kg.  in  Lake Superior, Huron,  Erie  and Michigan.   Elevated
levels were  found   in  eggs from  gull colonies  in  Saginaw Bay  and   from
colonies throughout Lake Ontario.  These  elevated levels are  considered to
be the  result  of historic  releases in that  dioxin  levels  in Lake  Ontario
herring gulls have  decreased  from  more than  700  nonograms/kg. in  1971  to
68 nonograms/kg. in 1980.

General indications of  declines  of PCB,  DDT and DDE  have  been  found  in  fish
and gull populations throughout  the basin, indicative of  decreased  exposure
of the biological  community.

There have also been substantial  decreases in the concentration of organ-
ochlorine residues in  a variety  of species of small  fish  of Lakes
Ontario and Erie.   Declines in  PCB  concentrations have  ranged between  22%
and 89% in Lake Ontario  fish  samples  and  between  60% and  89%  in Lake  Erie
fish samples.  The  general  nature of this  decrease   in  a  variety of  fish
species implies  a  decrease  in  input  of  organochlorides  to  the  system.

Similarly PCB, DDT  and  mi rex  residues declined in  herring gull  eggs  from
both Lower  Lakes  during  1979.  Declines  are  also  reported for  Lake  Huron
and Lake Michigan,  although declines in Lake Superior were not as significant
as in the other  lakes.   These declines  also represent decreased inputs  of
contaminants to the Great Lakes.

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                                     84
Sediments are a  natural  historic data bank  representing past and  present
conditions in the  Great Lakes.   Surficial  organic contaminent  concentra-
tions, particularly PCBs  and  DDTs tended  to  increase up  to 1974-76,  and
they generally decreased  since  that  time with imposition  of  manufacturing
bans.

While the decreases in  some ambient toxicant levels  are encouraging,  new
compounds continue to be  discovered  and  the  rate  of decline in PCB's  ap-
pears to have reached a plateau  in  at  least  some areas and to be  increas-
ing in Lake Superior waters.

In response to.the presence of numerous persistent organic contaminants  in
the Great Lakes  ecosystem studies have been undertaken to  assess the  asso-
ciated hazard and  risk  to human health  and the  environment.   A result  is
the development  of action  levels  by  the  U.S.  Food and Drug Administration
regarding the commercial sale of  fish  containing  such  contaminants  as DDT,
PCB, mirex, toxaphene, and  2,3,7,8-TCDD.    Several  states have issued fish
consumption advisories,  in  addition,  for the protection  of  human  health.
Further, the 1978  Great Lakes  Water Quality Agreement  contains  specific
objectives regarding the maximum contaminant level  in  fish.

Toxaphene and toxaphene-like substances  have  been  detected in fish caught
in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan between 1977 and 1980 in concentrations
which ranged from  0.4 to  10.9  mg/kg.  In  response to  concern in the U.S.
about the presence  and  persistence of toxaphene  in  the  Great  Lakes,  the
U.S. EPA banned  most uses  of toxaphene  in September 1982, to begin  reducing
the levels of toxaphene in the environment.  Toxaphene, a  common pesticide
which was employed in  pest control on cotton, wheat, beef  cattle,  soybeans
and peanuts, is  suspected  of  causing cancer  in  humans and is found to  be
extremely toxic  to fish  and other wildlife.

Metals of concern in the Great  Lakes  are  primarily  those  which can  bioaccu-
mulate and  therefore  potentially represent a threat to  human  health  and
the general ecological community.  Mercury, tin,  cadmium,  copper,  zinc  and
lead are the primary  concerns  for whole  lake  problems because of  elevated
levels and/or the ability to bioaccumulate.   Lead  levels in the sediments
of the  Great  Lakes have  increased  in  all lake  basins  since  the 1930s.
Levels of lead in  the Great Lakes are  not thought to be a problem  at pre-
sent levels, but if loadings continue,  a  problem  could  develop particularly
with the potential  for lead methylation.

Lake Superior:  A contaminant  problem unique  to  Lake Superior  is  that  of
asbestos-1ike fibers in  the vicinity  of Silver Bay.

Amphibole fiber concentrations  in  raw  Lake Superior water samples  collec-
ted from  northeastern  Minnesota  municipal water intakes  have decreased
progressively since April  1980,  the date  when  the taconite  tailings dis-
charge at Silver Bay, Minnesota, ended.   The  magnitude of fiber reduction
at western  Lake  Superior  sampling sites  decreases in  the  order of Beaver
Bay-Silver Bay-Two Harbors-Duluth,  (where  the concentration  has decreased
more than 90%).  This distribution appears to be  related to  water  depth in
the area of  each  intake.   Beaver Bay and  Silver  Bay,  although  very  close
to the past taconite  tailings  discharge  site, are adjacent to deep water,
whereas the Duluth area is  relatively  shallow and  subject  to  the resuspen-
sion of  settled  sediments.   Since tailings  cover more  than 1000 square

-------
                                    285
miles of lake bottom, resuspension may  produce  measurable  levels  of amphi-
bole fibers in the Duluth area for some time.

Trends and residue levels  of  PCB  and dieldrin in gull eggs  collected  from
two monitored colonies in  Lake  Superior have  indicated little  change  since
1974.

But levels of persistent  organochlorines such  as DDE are  declining at  rates
similar to those observed in  Lake  Ontario colonies.  Reproductive success of
gulls at one of the monitored colonies was  normal  while the other  was  below
normal.  The contrast in the  apparent ecosystem behavior of  the chemically
similar residues DDE  and PCB,  might  reflect  the continuing input of  PCB
into Lake  Superior  from  the   atmosphere.   Levels  of DDT, PCBs and  Mercury
in lake trout  collected  near Thunder  Bay  have  decreased,  but high  levels
of toxaphene  found  in lake trout taken from Lake  Siskiwit  (Isle  Royale)
appear to  indicate  that  contaminant  problems  in  Lake   Superior  remain  a
serious environmental   problem.    This  concern  is  also  reflected  in  the
contaminant levels in herring gull  eggs where  levels of  PCB  and  dieldrin
have shown little change between  1974 and  1980  as  compared  with  the  Lower
Lakes.

Lake Huron:  Declining trends  have  been demonstrated in  all major organ-
ochlorines detected  in   eggs   from  the  two  gull  colonies  monitored  in
Lake Huron.   Rapid  rates  of  decline  are  evident  for  DDE,  DDT,  HCB  and
mirex.  PCBs and dieldrin are declining more  slowly.  Reproductive  success
of both colonies  in  Lake  Huron was  normal in  1979.   Levels of  PCB,  DDT,
and dieldrin are below Agreement objectives  in  lake trout, smelt and walleye.
Since there are few trend data for Lake Huron  and  Lake Superior, investiga-
tors are prevented from  doing a thorough analysis  as to the status  of  these
systems with regard to toxic  materials.

Analysis of Saginaw Bay gull eggs show elevated levels of TCDD, approximately
six times  higher  than the "baseline"  levels  in  other  colonies  in  Lake
Michigan, Lake Superior  and other  parts of  Lake  Huron. Preliminary  results
from a  study  by the  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on  levels of TCDDs  in
the Great  Lakes  support  the  findings  of  the herring gull  study,  in  that
residues of TCDD  were highest  in fish  from  the Tittabawassee  River  and
Saginaw Bay.  Fish from  both  of these water bodies contained  TCDD  in excess
of 20  ng/kg,  while  a  composite  lake  trout  sample  from  Lake  Michigan,
contained 5  ng/kg.   Fish  from Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Siskiwit  did  not
contain TCDD or other PCDDs at measurable concentrations.   Fish and  Herring
gull samples from Saginaw  Bay and Fish samples  from  Lake Huron were  found
to have more  complex mixtures  of PCDD congeners than  the usual 2,3,7,8-TCDD.

The fishery of the Saginaw River System and Saginaw  Bay is  impacted  by  PCB,
PBB, and dioxin  contamination.   Fish  consumption  bans  are  in effect  for
portions of the area  rivers,  and  a  fish comsumption advisory is  in effect
for Saginaw Bay.   Sediments  in the  Pine River  are  contaminated  with  PBB,
and sediments in the  Saginaw  River are contaminated  with  PCB.

Lake Michigan:  Persistent  organic  contaminants  remain  a  major   environ-
mental concern in the Lake  Michigan Basin,  in  spite  of substantial  progress
to reduce inputs to the  lake.

-------
                                   286
Levels of DDT  in bloater  chubs,  coho  salmon,  lake trout  and in  herring
gull eggs have  declined  by  as much  as  90%  between the  late 1960's  and
1980.  These declines demonstrate  the  rapid  response  throughout the  biolog-
ical system to the  ban  on the  use  of DDT, which  went  into effect  during
1970.

In response to  controls  on  the manufacture,  use, and disposal  of  PCBs,
levels in fish are declining,  but weaknesses  in  quality assurance place in
doubt the confirmation of  any downward trend.  An estimated  80 to  90%  of
the PCBs reaching Lake Michigan come by way  of the atmosphere.  PCBs  enter
the atmosphere when  materials  containing  this  substance  are  incinerated
or when they escape from  landfills via  volatization.   In addition, the very
high concentration of PCBs in  the  sediment  of Waukegan  Harbor is a  source
of contamination to the  lake.

Lake Michigan  gull  colonies continue to exhibit high levels of  PCBs and DDE.
At the same time levels  at  Sister  Island in  Green Bay  indicate a  decline
in residues in  1979.  Levels  of  dieldrin  continued to be  the highest  of
all Great Lakes  colonies,  but reproductive  success  at  both gull colonies
was normal.  Levels  of heptachlor  epoxide,  oxychlordane and p,p'-DDD have
also remained  constant, while  p,p'-DDT, DDE,  mirex and  PCB have declined.

In spite of  the ban  on  the  use  of dieldrin, levels in  fish  populations
(coho salmon and lake trout) and herring gull eggs have not decreased,  and
concentrations have increased  in  bloater  chubs.   These  concentrations  are
still twice as high  as Agreement Objectives.  The  reasons for  this  delayed
response to controls suggest  the  need  for  further  research  as to the  role
of dieldrin in the Great  Lakes ecosystem.

A major concern of  the fisheries in Lake Michigan  is that very  few naturally
produced lake  trout have been found for  over a decade.  It has been suggested
that toxic  substances such as  DDT  and  PCB adversely affect the  lake  trout
reproduction.   Recent studies found  that cumulative mortality  of lake  trout
fry exposed to simulated  Lake Michigan  levels  of  PCB  and DDT for  six months
was twice that of unexposed fry.  Although  several  factors probably  contri-
buted to the  lack  of natural  reproduction,  levels of PCB  and DDT  in  the
mid-1970s were sufficient  to reduce survival of  any fry  produced  in  the
lake.  The  added exposure  of the fry to other toxic  substances  known  to be
present in  the lake  could  have further reduced survival,  illustrating  the
interactive nature of water  quality and resource management throughout  the
ecosystem.

Lake Erie:  Lake Erie and  St.  Clair,  combined  with the  St. Clair and  Detroit
Rivers, represent one of  the most  developed  urban areas  on the  Great Lakes.
Because of  the  high  potential  of  man's impact  on water  quality   in  this
area, annual   surveillance  programs  are maintained to closely monitor  and
detect environmental  problems resultant of man's  activities.

On the Canadian  side  declines in PCBs in spottail  shiners have  been observed
at the Thames  River, Pike Creek, Point Pelee, and Thunder Bay.   Similarly,
declines of all  DDTs have continued at the Detroit River, Point Pelee,  and
Thunder Bay,  Lake  Erie.    These  trends in   small  planktivorous nearshore
fish are also  reflected  in  main  lake  populations of coho  salmon,   smelt,
and walleye, although a longer term data  base is  required  to  substantiate

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                                    2 8?
these trends.   Year-to-year  increases  or  decreases  can  occur because  of
sampling problems, thus changes in contaminant levels need to be considered
over the long term.

Levels of PCB  and  DDT residues in herring gull eggs collected  from  within
the Lake Erie  basin have  illustrated only  slight  declines between  1974 and
1980.  Contaminant  levels at  the  Port  Colborne  and  Middle  Island  gull
colonies were  already low in 1974  (as  compared  with  levels  in  Lake  Ontario
gull colonies)  and  this explains  why  the declines  in  residue levels  are
smal1.

Declining logarithmic trends are evident  for all  other  major organochlorine
residues in  gull  eggs  except   dieldrin,  which  showed  an  extremely  long
half-life or no significant  trends.  Half-lives of most  measured  residues
are comparatively high  for  Lake  Erie.  This might  indicate a  continuous
input of residues  to the foodchain.

Mercury in fish of Lake St.  Clair  and  the  western  basin  of Lake Erie was a
major contaminant  problem in the early 1970's.  Levels of total mercury  in
walleye collected  from  Lake  St. Clair have  declined from  over  2  ug/g  in
1970 to 0.5 ug/g in 1980.  This represents a major example of the effect  of
point source controls  on  contaminant  levels  in  the  ecosystem.  The  rapid
response in fish after the stopping of mercury discharge at the chlor-alkali
plant of Dow Chemical  is probably a function of the high  suspended  sediment
load and sediment  translocation through the Huron-Erie  corridor.

Organic contaminant analysis of sediments from the  western basin  of Lake
Erie during 1979 indicated that the Detroit River was a major source  of PCB
contaminated sediments.  Mirex  was  not  detected in May 1979 but was  detected
in August of  that year,  suggesting a  source  of  contamination during  the
intervening period.   The  difference  in spatial  distribution and variation
between the two 1979  surveys for  organic  materials  such as PCBs, DDT  and
mirex and industrial metals  such  as chromium, zinc and  lead  suggests  that
significant active  sediment  transportation  occurs  in very short  periods
of time.

Lake Ontario:
Lake Ontario has a  long  history  of contaminant problems.  Unique  concerns
about the lake have developed because of local industrial  inputs  of  mirex,
endosulfan, and  dioxin.    In  all  three  circumstances,  inputs  into  the
Niagara River  have  resulted  in  lakewide  problems  because of  the geophy-
sical processes  which  influence  the  eventual  fate  of  these compounds.

Levels of  total  DDT residues  in  lake trout, coho  salmon,  and smelt  have
declined in Lake Ontario, whereas levels of dieldrin remained  static between
1977 and 1980.   The  level  of dioxin  (2,3,7,8-TCDD)  found  in herring  gull
eggs collected from four  colonies in  Lake  Ontario  in  1980 was approximately
60 ng/kg.   A  minimal  increase  in  PCB  levels  in  these top  predators  was
observed in 1980, but this increase cannot be confirmed until  1981 samples
are evaluated.

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                                  2  8s
In, 1979 mean  values  of  PCBs  in  top predator  species  still  exceeded  the
Agreement objective of 1.0 ug/g.

A Canadian  study  of  the  Kingston Basin  in  Lake Ontario  found that  both
plankton and  benthos  are  contaminated  with  an assortment of  toxic  sub-
stances.  The  biota   showed  the  highest  levels of  contamination  in  the
Spring.  Analysis of  top  and bottom levels  of contamination  suggest  that
land runoff in the form of sediment  and  snowmelt water  seemed  to be  respon-
sible for the peaks in contaminant levels.

In the nearshore zone, declines of PCB,  total  DDT, and  mirex have generally
been observed in  spottail  shiner  populations of Twelve Mile Creek,  Credit
River, and Humber River.  Increases in  contaminant levels  between 1979  and
1980 in spottail shiners at Niagara-on-the-Lake probably  represent year-to-
year variations in  sampling  and  do  not reflect new  inputs  of  PCB,  total
DDT, or mirex.  It  should  be noted  that 1980  levels of these contaminants
are still well below earlier  values  recorded  in 1975, that  1979  DDT  concen-
trations met Agreement Objectives  at  all sampling sites, and PCB concentra-
tions met  Agreement  Objectives at  all   locations  except  at  Point  Pelee.

The observed declines in nearshore fish  contaminant  residues are likely  the
result of  reduced  contaminant  concentrations  observed in  adult sport  and
commercial  ffsh.  The level   of dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) found in herring  gull
eggs collected from four colonies  in  Lake Ontario in  1980 was  approximately
60 mg/kg.

This is  about  five  times higher  than  the "baseline" levels  in eggs  from
colonies in Lakes Michigan,  Superior, Huron  (except  Saginaw Bay), and Erie.
The even distribution of  residue  levels among  the  four  colonies suggests
that lakewide  contamination   has  occurred   in  the   fish   species   (mainly
alewives and smelt) which comprise the  main  aquatic portion of  the  herring
gull's diet in the Great Lakes.  The  United States Fish and Wildlife  Service
has reported that  2,3,7,8-TCDD  is present  in  brown trout collected  near
Roosevelt Beach, New York.

Restrictions on the  usage and disposal  of  organochlorine  compounds  were
put into  place in  the  Great  Lakes  Basin  in  the  late  1960's  and  early
1970's.  Levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were  determined in herring  gull  egg  samples
taken from  Scotch Bonnet  Island,  Lake  Ontario and archived  since  1971.
Analyses show  that,  in  1971,  2,3,7,8-TCDD  levels  were  greater than  700
ng/kg.  Comparison  of  this  value  with  the  1980  levels  reported  above
indicates a  greater  than tenfold  decrease   in  2,3,7,8-TCDD  levels  during
the last decade.  This  trend parallel's those for  the majority  of  organo-
chorine residues  in Lake  Ontario.   If  the  decline  of 2,3,7,8-TCDD  in  Lake
Ontario herring gull  eggs continues at  its present  rate,  "baseline"  levels
of about 10  ng/kg will  be  reached  in  5-7 years.  Possible mechanisms  for
the clearance of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and  other  persistent organochlorine compounds
from the Lake  Ontario ecosystem include physical transport through the  St.
Lawrence River, sedimentation, and loss  to the atmosphere.

In response to the presence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD  in fish,  New  York  has developed
a sport fish consumption guideline of 10 ng/kg, based  on  consumption  of six
ounces of  fish  per  week.   Ontario has  developed a  guideline  of 20  ng/kg,
based on consumption  of  four ounces  of fish per week.  With  regard to the

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                                   289
sale of commercially caught fish, the United States Food and Drug Adminis-
tration has developed a  guideline  of 50  ng/kg,  and  the Canada Department
of National Health and Welfare has developed a health protection guideline
of 20 ng/kg.

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                                     290
NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT

Accelerated cultural  eutrophication of the Great Lakes caused  by  increased
nutrient loadings  to the  system  has  had detrimental  effects  on  water
uses such  as  recreation,  water  supply,   freshwater  biota  and  wildlife.
Recreational uses  impaired  by  eutrophication  are  bathing,  sport  fishing
and boating.  Water  supply,  whether for municipal, industrial, private  or
agricultural uses, is also  very dependent on  the  eutrophic  status  of  the
main lake  or  embayments because  of potentially  impaired  utility  (due  to
clogging of intakes  and other  equipment),  and  nuisance  problems  (due  to
disagreeable taste and  odor).  An  increase  in  the supply of nutrients  can
change the population structure  of the aquatic  biota,  the functioning  of
an aquatic  food  chain  that  supports lake  fisheries,  or  cause  extensive
algal growth  with the  consequent  deep  water  depletion  of  oxygen  which
supports game   fish  production.   The  character  of  populations  of  shore
birds and animals  in turn is  greatly  dependent upon the population  charac-
teristics of the lake fisheries.

While it  is  sometimes  impossible  for scientists  to  identify  one  to  one
relationships  between causes  and  effects  in  the complex Great  Lakes  ecosys-
tem, we will summarize  briefly in the following the progress in control  of
nutrient inputs to the  Great  Lakes in  recent  years along with the  assoc-
iated responses of the  Lake to  these control  measures.   Then we  outline
the dimensions of the historic damage  to  the  lakes and the problems  which
remain throughout the basin  that  scientists  believe  can  be  conquered  by
further nutrient control measures.

Since 1975 there  has  been  a consistent decrease  in the annual phosphorus
load to each of the  Lower Lakes, as a result of  specific,  massive programs
to reduce municipal  and  industrial  point  source  inputs.   To date  municipal
loads to  Lake  Ontario have decreased  by  36%  (780  MT),  and those  to  Lake
Erie have been  reduced  by a  huge  60% (4640 MT).   Loads  to Lake  Michigan
have also been  reduced  enormously  - 59%  (1373 MT)  (See  Figures  1  and  2).
Water quality  at  the mouth  of the  Detroit  River  has  generally  improved
since the  1960's  with  the  data  showing  reductions in  suspended  solids,
chlorides, phenols, iron and  ammonia nitrogen.  Total phosphorus concentra-
tions in 1980  were only  11% of the  concentrations  measured  in  1967.   Phos-
phorus loadings to Saginaw Bay have decreased by  60% (from  1044 tons/annum
in 1974 to 472 t/a in 1980).

The environmental   response  of  the  lake  to these  massive  efforts have  in
many instances been  gratifying  and most  apparent  in  the nearshore  areas.
Water quality  problems  at drinking  water  intakes have  noticeably  decreased
in Saginaw Bay (Lake  Huron),  at  the Union  Water Filtration  Plant on  western
Lake Erie, and at the South  Chicago Water  Intake  on Lake Michigan.  Recrea-
tional uses (swimming, boating, fishing) have been  restored at  Thunder  Bay
and Saginaw Bay  (Lake Huron),  Marquette,  Michigan  (Lake  Michigan),  Monroe
County and the City  of  Rochester (Lake Ontario),  Sterling  State Park (Lake
Erie) and Chicago's North Shore  beaches  on Lake Michigan.

Open lake  responses  have also been  documented:   a decrease  in phosphorus
concentrations and increased silica concentrations  (associated  with  an  in-
creased population of diatoms) in the waters along the shore at the southern

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                                      291
tip of Lake Michigan; dramatic trends to reduction  of the  area  without  oxygen
in the central basin  of  Lake  Erie (from a high measurement of 65 percent  in
1966 to a low of  6  percent  in 1975),  which trend  was also associated  with  a
progressive decline  in  open lake phosphorus  concentrations,  a reduction  in
biomass and  shift  to  oligotrophic  algal  species  in  both the  western and
central basins of the lake.

The concentration of total  phosphorus  in  the  open  water of Lake Ontario has
declined, and a  reduction  in  biomass in  the  western portion  of  this  lake
has been maintained since 1975.

In a major  milestone for phosphorus  control  the  U.S.-Canada  Water Quality
Board reported  in  1981  that   municipal  treatment  facilities  in  the   Lower
Lakes Basin have virtually  achieved the objective  of limiting  effluents  from
major municipal  dischargers to  a  concentration of 1  mg./l.  by December 31,
1982, as called  for in  the Great Lakes Water  Quality  Agreement.   The  flow
weighted averages of  such U.S. effluents  are now at  a  level  below 1   mg/1.
This was made possible  by  accelerating  compliance  schedules  at key plants,
most notably, Detroit.   Numerous  smaller  majors  remain   out  of compliance,
but the net  gain to  be  achieved  through  their compliance is less than the
amount of  "extra"  treatment  being  provided  by plants discharging  at  less
than 1  mg/1.

Lake Superior:

     There is little evidence  of  long term changes in general  water indices
     relative to eutrophication in  Lake Superior.   Major ion  chemistry has
     not changed much  since 1890.  The Lake  is classified as oligotrophic,
     associated  with its  very  large  volume, very low temperature and the low
     nutrient loadings from  the adjacent land  mass.   The next major
     open water   intensive  survey  for  Lake Superior  is  scheduled  for   1983.

Lake Huron:

     Eutrophication is not  considered to  be  a  severe environmental problem
     in Lake Huron  except  in  localized nearshore  areas and  in Saginaw Bay,
     which now is classified as moderately  eutrophic.

     With an overall  load  reduction  of  60%  (572  MT) between 1974 and  1980,
     point source inputs to  Saginaw Bay  appear to  have stabilized.  However,
     runoff from agricultural  lands  in the  basin contribute suspended solids,
     nutrients,  organic matter and pathogenic organisms to  the Bay.  Siltation
     and associated turbidity  degrades  fish habitat, fills surface drainage
     ways and fills the main navigation channel  from  the bay  into the Saginaw
     River.

     Nutrient and  organic  matter contributed  by   agricultural  activities
     adversely affects the  dissolved  oxygen   level  in  the  Saginaw   River.
     Loadings from  agricultural  sources vary  from year  to  year,  depending
     on the timing and amount  of  rainfall. Runoff in  recent years has been
     below normal, accounting  for some of the  improvements  in the bay.  To
     maintain recent gains and make further improvements in the bay nonpoint
     source of phosphorus must be  reduced.

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     To abate taste and odor problems in public water supplies and  restore
     recreational  facilities,  point  and nonpoint phosphorus inputs must be
     controlled in a cost-effective  balance  to  where  the bay exhibits meso-
     trophic water quality.

Lake Michigan:

     The open waters of Lake Michigan have suffered considerable degradation
     in trophic condition but  are still of high quality with  some  evidence
     of improvement in the last 10 years.  Acute problems are localized in
     nearshore  areas of the  lake.  Chloride  levels in the  lake are  increas-
     ing much more  rapidly  than  in  the past, probably as a  result of the
     application of road  salt  in  winter.   Some  investigators have expressed
     concern that  increased  levels  of  these  substances  may alter the bio-
     logical community  structure  and  consequently  adversely affect  the
     fisheries  in  the  lake.

     Phosphorus concentrations  (the  principal  nutrient  controlling eutro-
     phication  in  Lake Michigan)  were  dramatically  reduced  over the hard
     winter of  1976-77,  apparently due  in large extent to enhanced  setting
     of particulate matter  under  unusually extensive  ice  cover.  Along
     with decreases in turbidity, transparency, nitrite/nitrate concentra-
     tions and   silica  concentrations   increased.    While  these   positive
     changes were   not entirely maintained  in  subsequent warmer  winters
     (when ice  cover was at a  minimum),  the  more degraded pre-1976 trophic
     conditions have not  since been documented.   Increases  in  chlorides,
     sulfates,  blue-green algae and phytoflagellates in the southern basin
     of Lake Michigan indicate that  the system there suffers  from  cultural
     nutrient enrichment.

Lake Erie:
     Accelerated eutrophication  of  Lake  Erie  has  been  a  critical  water
     quality concern since  the  early  1960's.   An  analysis of  Lake  Erie
     water quality  for  the  past decade  indicates  a  general  improvement,
     which in part  is  due  to  high  water  levels,  since  1970,  that  have
     provided some dilution of  contaminants.   There have  also  been major
     reductions  in phosphorus  loads to the  lake  - from 23,000 metric  tons
     in 1970 (all  sources)  to  13, 000 tones  in  1979.

     Concentrations  of total phosphorus  in the  western, central and eastern
     basins have  shown  significant  declines  since  1970.  However,  the
     decline in  the  basins does  not  entirely  reflect the  reductions  in
     phosphorus  loading from point sources.  This can partially be explained
     by phosphorus  release  from the   sediment  through  wave  resuspension
     and anoxic  regeneration.   (It  has  been  demonstrated that approximately
     80% of the  phosphorus  loading to  Lake Erie  becomes  incorporated  in
     the bottom  sediments.)   While there  are  no significant reductions  in
     chlorophyll concentrations  in  either  the  western  or central basins,  a
     reduction in open  lake phytoplankton biomass has been documented,  as
     well as algal  species  shifts  to more  oligotrophic  species.  Conduc-
     tivity, sul-fate and chloride  concentrations  also reflected a gradual
     but steady  decline  in  the  central  and western  basins.   The eastern

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                                    093
     basin showed few changes in  nutrient  concentrations  over the  past
     decade, except for total phosphorus,  as  noted  above.

     While dramatic reductions in the area without  oxygen  depletion  in  the
     central basin has been reported  in  the last  decade,  such reports may
     have been more directly connected to  climatic  or  meteorological changes
     than to improvements in Lake Erie's hypolimnion.  Comparison  of 1970
     and 1979 surveys of the central  basin hypolimnion showed no difference
     between primary production rates in the  basin,  despite  the difference
     in nutrient loadings and 2-3 fold changes  in epilimnion chlorophyll _a_
     and epilimnion primary production rates.

Lake Ontario:

    Eutrophication of Lake Ontario was a major  concern identified  in the
    1980's by the United States and Canada.  As a result  of  phosphorus
    control  programs some localized areas, such as  the Bay of Quinte and
    the Toronto waterfront, have  responded immediately with  improved water
    quality.  The open waters of  the  lake  have  responded with small  reduct-
    ions in  the total  phosphorus  concentration  and  a reduction in  total
    biomass  in the western portion of the  lake  which has been maintained
    since 1975.  Phosphorus levels in the  nearshore  zones  of Lake  Ontario
    appear to have stabilized, having declined  from  elevated levels  observed
    in 1967.  Further reductions  in phosphorus  loading are necessary to
    reach the level  of algal  biomass  agreed to  by the  U.S. and Canada.

Lower Lakes  Perspective:

     Lake Erie and Lake Ontario suffer many of  the  same problems as  the other
     lakes,  only in greater intensity.  Problems  are observed on a lakewide
     basis rather than being restricted  to localized nearshore areas,
     although many nearshore problems do exist.  The magnitude of  the
     eutrophication problem in the Lower Lakes  is largely  a  result of the
     fact that the Lower Lakes are much  smaller in  size, do not have the
     long water residence times of the upper  lakes,  and are much more
     heavily populated and industrialized  than  the Upper Lakes.  Both
     lakes are showing some signs of  improvement  in  response to joint
     U.S.-Canada pollution abatement  efforts.   These efforts under the
     1972 and 1978 Great Lakes Water  Quality Agreements represent  the
     greatest effort made by man, anywhere, to  reverse a serious case of
     environmental  degradation.   Since the signing of the  1972 Agreement
     more than $5.7 billion have  been committed to new and improved  municipal
     wastewater treatment programs, including funds  to reduce phosphorus
     inputs  to the lakes.

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ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION

The atmosphere acts  as a  mechanism  to transport  pollutants  from a  Targe
number of  different  sources to  and  within the  Great  Lakes Basin.   These
pollutants are deposited directly  into  the lakes,  or onto the  land  within
the Basin  after  which  they are  carried by storm runoff and snowmelt  into
the lakes  and  tributaries.  During  the  transport  process, the  atmosphere
carries large quantities of pollutants over great distances.  Some of these
pollutants can be  transformed  into  more  toxic  forms.   The International
Joint Commission's  Pollution   from  Land   Use  Activities  Reference   Group
(PLUARG) - in  a  preliminary effort  to  model  the transport and  deposition
of airborne  materials-found that  the  amounts of  material  deposited  from
the atmosphere into the individual Great  Lakes were  generally  proportional
to the lake surface area.

PLUARG found that  atmospheric  inputs  were surprisingly high  in some  in-
stances.  For example,  the  Reference Group calculated that the  atmosphere
contributed about  1600 metric  tons  of phosphorus  in  1976 to  both  Lakes
Superior and Michigan.  The 1976 phosphorus  input  to Lake Huron  was  about
1100 metric tons.   Even the relatively small  surface  areas of  Lakes  Erie
and Ontario received about  800  and 500 metric tons of phosphorus,  respec-
tively, during this  period.  (Thus,  phosphorus  loadings are heavier on  a
per unit area basis for the Lower Lakes.)  Modeled estimates  for  more  recent
years are summarized in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

Inspection of this calculated  data makes it clear that the  nutrient  budgets
of the Upper Lakes  must consider the atmospheric loading term.   While  the
percentage contribution to  the  Lower  Lakes  is  smaller, the  influence  on
biological production  may  be  greater.  The  availability of the  nutrients
from lake surface precipitation to the photic zone  of the lake  is  immediate
and, for the Upper  Lakes,  at  a concentration higher than that of the  epi-
limnion waters.  Thus, the atmospheric  deposition  may  support  the  open
lake production  in  a  higher  proportion  than  an  equivalent  point  source
shoreline loading.

Studies undertaken  by  the  Upper  Lakes  Reference Group  as  well   as  PLUARG
indicate that a variety of  other  contaminants  are  also contributed  in  part
by atmospheric sources, including nitrogen,  lead,  copper,  sulfates,  PCBs
and other  synthetic contaminants.  The deposition of metals, most signifi-
cantly lead,  contributes  a large portion  of the  loading  to   all  of  the
lakes.  PLUARG (1978)  reported that  the  nonpoint sources of lead dominate
the loading,  the atmosphere being the  chief pathway (Table 4).  Mercury,
tin, cadmium, copper,  zinc and lead  are  the primary heavy metal concerns
for whole  lake problems because  of  elevated  levels  and/or  the ability  to
bioaccumulate.  Allen  and  Halley  (1980)  found  that 11% to 60%  of  these
metal contaminants  were input  to the Great Lakes from atmospheric deposi-
tion (Table  5).   Inputs  of asbestos  from  vehicular  brake  linings  also
occur in  the  Great  Lakes  Basin  due to  their  atmospheric  transport  and
deposition.

Sievering (1979)  compared   minimum  dry deposition  loadings to   estimates
of precipitative  loading and  surface run-off  inputs  in  the southern  Lake
Michigan basin.  Results of this  work  show that  atmospheric inputs by  dry

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loading are at least 60% of the total  Pb  inputs,  30%  of  the  total  Zn  input,
20% of the total Fe  input, and probably well  over  half the total  sulfate
and nitrate input.

The deposition of synthetic contaminants such  as PCBs has been  shown to  be
sufficient to account  for  the levels contained  in  the  lakes (Strachan  et
at, 1978; Hollod, 1979).  While urban areas are major sources of  PCBs, the
widespread dispersal  of  this  contaminant throughout  the  sediments  of the
Great Lakes,  including areas  remote  from industrial  centers,  indicates the
importance of atmospheric  transport   of  PCBs  throughout the  entire  Basin
(Table 6).

Soil particles reach the Great Lakes via atmospheric deposition  from con-
struction sites, plowed agricultural  lands  or other  cleared land  surfaces.
Klappenbach and   Goranson  found that  soil  erosion  caused  by  strong  winds
can produce  heavy  particulate  concentrations  in  the  Great  Lakes   area.
These soil particles serve as  input  to  any  water area  through  atmospheric
deposition.  At  this time  no  baseline data  exists  documenting  this  poten-
tial source of pollution to the lakes.

Acid rain is a  dramatic  and  serious  example of industrial  emissions being
transported over long distances through  the  atmosphere,  undergoing chemical
transformation in the process, to  produce  a severe  environmental  problem.
The Great Lakes  region  receives precipitation  that  is from  five  to 40 times
more acidic than pure pH 5.6 rain.  According to a July 1979  report  to the
United States-Canada Water  Quality Board, the  large  volume  and high buffer-
ing capacity of  the  lakes themselves  protects  them  from  becoming acidified.

Acid rain can lead to the  release  of heavy  metals  from soil and  sediment;
these metals can then  be  transported  to the Great  Lakes.   Acid   rain may
also result in loss  of Great  Lakes fish  habitat  (Beamish and Harvey,  1972),
since some of the  soft-water tributary lakes and  streams  of the  Canadian
basin of  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron are  very  poorly  buffered and  many have
already become  acidic.   A  direct  effect on  Great  Lakes  fisheries  may  be
expected as the  acidification  affects the tributary  and embayment  spawning
habitats.  For  example,  episodes  of  high   acidity  have  been  documented
(Kramer, 1977) during the spring snowmelt period, which may be  critical  to
fish survival.

Thus, the effects of acid  rain on the land and tributaries may ultimately
be shown  to  have a  measurable effect on the Great Lakes  ecosystem.   These
concerns will become  more  severe  in  the  future  as energy  demands lead  to
an increase  in  the   burning  of  coal  as  an  alternate  energy   source both
within and outside  the Great  Lakes Basin.

Atmospheric pollutants  are transported  as   gases,   aerosols  and  particu-
lates.  To some  degree, all three phases  are  scavanged by  the  precipitation
processes and deposited  as contaminated  precipation.  The  gaseous material
is diffused to  the  surface and absorbed at  rates  dependent upon  the  sur-
face characteristics.  The particulate material  is  deposited under gravita-
tional influences between precipitation events.  Thus,  an  accurate measure
of atmospheric deposition must include all  three  components.

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                                    097
Because of methodology  problems,  there have  been no  coordinated long  term
studies monitoring contaminants  in  the air  of the  Great  Lakes Basin.   The
atmospheric portion of  the  Great Lakes International Surveillance Plan  con-
siders the aspect  of  contaminant  loading  rather than  ambient  conditions.
Despite the obvious  correlation  of ambient  levels and  loadings as noted  in
Annex 12 - 3(b)  of the 1978 Water  Quality  Agreement,  it is not  possible  to
predict one from the  other,  each requiring different monitoring  strategies.
The following  section  assesses  baseline  knowledge   of  ambient  levels  and
loadings, present monitoring networks, and  future  needs  of atmospheric  sur-
veillance.

Atmospheric fluxes of  contaminants  to the Great  Lakes are  a  combination  of
dry and  wet  removal  processes.   When  inputs into the air  are limited,  for
example, the  bans on DDT  and PCB,  atmospheric  concentrations are  expected  to
decline.  Bidleman et  al.  (1977)  reported  decreases  of DDT  concentrations
in the air over the  North Atlantic, but  there  is no specific data base  rep-
resentative of the  Great  Lakes.  Sufficient  information exists to estimate
PCB concentration  in  the air  of the  Great  Lakes area  (Eisenreich  et  at.,
1980) to be  1  ng/m3,  which  is double those of marine  areas  (0.5 ng/  m3).
Andren and Doskey  (1979)  reported that atmosphric PCB's averaged 7.7  ng/m3
over Madison, Wisconsin,  and 3 ng/m3  over Milwaukee.  These examples  illus-
trate that ambient  concentrations  of  contaminants in  air may  be unique  to
specific locales, and  there  is a  need to quantify  such in  the  Great  Lakes
Basin.

By examining  precipitation data  it  is  possible  to infer  relative  levels  and
changes in concentration  of   specific  contaminants   in  air and   calculated
respective wet and total  loadings,  as  summarized in  Table 6.   It should  be
noted that Eisenreich1 s  calculations  assume homogenous  ambient   conditions
throughout the basin.   This  assumption is supported  by  the  work  of Sander-
son and LaValle  (1979)  who  found no  significant differences  in the spatial
or seasonal  loadings  of  PCB  and heavy  metals.   Confirmation  is required,
however, before these  values could  be accepted  as a baseline  data set,  es-
pecially considering the range  of ambient concentration  of total  PCBs  (total
= particulate +  vapor)  reported  for the  Lake Superisor areas (1.3 7.1  ng/m3;
Hollod, 1979; Eisenreich  and Hollod,  1980)   and  the  Michigan  portion   of  the
basin (1.0 -  7.7 ng/m3;  Murphy and  Rzeszutko,  1977;  Doskey, 1979).  Measure-
ment of  atmospheric  input of  PCBs  to Lake  Michigan have ranged  from  2500
kg/yr.  (Murphy et al, 1980) to 6900  kg/yr.   (Eisenreich et al , April  1980).
More work is  required  to  quantify  loadings  and seasonal  and spatial ambient
concentrations.

Similarly, few data bases exist on  the ambient heavy metal concentrations  in
the air.  Loading estimates were  made  from  a literature  review by Allen  and
Halley (1980) as  summarized  in  Table  7.  Again  the work of  Sanderson  and
LaValle supports  such  estimates  (Table  8).   It  is  particularly   noteworthy
that surface  loadings of  pollutants were  correlated  with the  amount of  pre-
cipitation; and as there  were  few differences  among  sites where  measurement
were made, it was  not  spatially  justifiable  to draw  isoline  maps  of surface
loadings in the Great Lakes  Basin  for  these  modeled estimates.

Studies measuring the  wet and dry deposition  as separate  components  have
shown that the  chemical  parameters  of  interest  are  contained  in  various

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                                      ["«*
proportions in dry and  wet  deposition  with phosphorus being about  80  per-
cent contained in the wet  component  while lead and zinc  loadings  are  pre-
dominantly contained   in  the dry  component  (Delumyea  and  Petal, 1977;
Si evening, 1978).

Atmospheric Monitoring Networks:   The  Great  Lakes  Atmospheric  Deposition
program was  initiated  T"n  1976  with  the  objective  of  measuring  "total"
deposition.  Since there was  evidence  that the  bulk samplers of this  pro-
gram were contaminated  by local sources,  the Canadian  network  (CANSAP)  was
converted in  1978 to automatic  wet-dry  samplers,  a  system which  is  in
conformity with the  National  Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)  in  the
U.S.  The objective  of  this  conversion  was  to  achieve a valid  measure  of
precipitation deposition and  an  unevaluated measure  of  deposition  of  dry
material.  In 1981 the Great  Lakes National Program Office  added a  network
of 35 wet samplers to the 41 bulk collectors maintained  by that  Office to
improve data  quality  from the Great  Lakes Atmospheric Deposition  Network
(GLAD).  The  parameters  include  nutrients,  trace  metals  and  other major
contaminants.

The samplers  for the Great  Lakes network  are located  along  the  shorelines,
on islands or on nearshore  structures.   The validity  of the samples  col-
lected is  limited by the  fact that  the  nearshore  wind regime  is quite
different from that of the  open waters  of the lakes (collections  from  land
bases reflecting deposition rates  which may or may  not reflect actual  open
lake deposition  rates),  contamination  of samples  by local  sources,   and
inefficient collection of small particles  in the  bulk  collectors.   In  fact
there are no  samplers that  can  measure  accurately the  total   atmospheric
deposition available  today.   The plan  for  the present, then, is  to  measure
the wet deposition by a  network  of automatic samplers and  to  estimate  the
dry deposition through  application  of  deposition  models.   The latter  re-
quires additional  measurements  of atmospheric  particulate  concentrations
and further  research  related to deposition  models.   In  order to  provide
for a transition  from the  "bulk"  data  on which  past deposition  estimates
have been based, several "bulk" samplers  will be  continued  for a number  of
years in  conjunction  with  the  automatic  wet  samplers.   This  overlap  of
records may  produce  a   statistical evaluation  of the  "bulk" records  from
past years, or a random variance  may  be observed.

A Canadian effort  will   be  made  to  assess the confidence  in  the  present
estimates of  atmospheric deposition contained in  Table 4 through an  analy-
sis of the two years  of data presently available from the  wet-dry  sampler
network for Canadian  stations.   While  this data  may  be  biased by  lack  of
appropriate U.S.  data,  the Canadians  plan to   complete  their  summary  and
initiate an effort to model the dry deposition.

Conclusion

It is clear  from  all  of the  above that atmospheric inputs  of  materials to
the Great Lakes  deserves  much more consideration.  Virtually any  material
discharged into  the  atmosphere,   such  as  stack  emissions  and  automobile
exhausts, will eventually be  returned to the land  or water or water surface
in dry fallout or precipitation.   Materials  may be deposited in the Great
Lakes Basin  from sources  both  within  and outside the  Basin.   Such  long

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range transport of  pollutants  is already  a  problem of  global  nature,  as
exemplified in acid rain  problems  occurring  in numerous regions  in  Europe
and North America  and  as highlighted in  recent  reports  of the  International
Joint Commission's  Great  Lakes  Science  Advisory  Board  and  Water  Quality
Board.  These  concerns  will become more  severe  in the  future as  energy
demands lead to an  increase  in the  burning of  coal  as an  alternate  energy
source both within and outside  the  Great  Lakes  Basin.

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                                    300
TABLE 1
r_
(1978 TABLE 1.0.1) *
SUMMARY OF 1978 ESTIMATED ATMOSPHERIC, INDUSTRIAL,
MUNICIPAL AND TRIBUTARY PHOSPHORUS LOADING DATA
TO THE GREAT LAKES
(all values are 1n metric tonnes/year)

Atmospheric
(standard error)
Direct Industrial
Discharge
Direct Municipal
Discharge
Tributary:
Monitored
(standard error)
Adjustment for .
Unmonitored Area
(standard error)2
TOTALS
SUPERIOR
3.521
(1,612)
73
123
1,480
(148)
793
(102)
5.990
MICHIGAN
1.6901
46
494
3.540
(154)
475
(30)
6.245
HURON
2,120
(476)
1
169
1.700
(162)
608
(113).
4,598
ERIE
879
(164)
191
4,440
10,037
(899)
2,804
(396)
18,351
ONTARIO
764
(120)
117
1,913
2,297
(202)
674
(91)
5,765
ST.
LAWRENCE
RIVER
-
26
146
26
(2)
185
(10)
383
TOTAL
8,974
454
7,285
19,080
(960)
5,539
(435)
41,332
Totals may not sum due to  rounding.

11976 estimate.

^Standard errors calculated from  tributary loading estimates used in making
 adjustments.
                                - 152 -

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                                     301
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF 1979 ESTIMATED ATMOSPHERIC, INDUSTRIAL, *
MUNICIPAL AND TRIBUTARY PHOSPHORUS LOADING DATA TO THE GREAT=LAKES
(All values are in metric tonnes/year)

Atmospheric
(standard
error)
Direct Industrial
Discharge
Direct Municipal
Discharge
Tributary:
Monitored
(standard
error)
Adjustment for
Unmonitored Area
(standard
error)2
TOTALS'
SUPERIOR
3,997
(564)
45
159
1,479
(112)
939
(127)
6,619
MICHIGAN
2,969
(408)
13
371
3.690
(220)
616
(62)
7,659
HURON
2,331
(349)
6
144
1,363
(44)
380
(23)
4,224
ERIE
»•
1,550
(250)
50
2,840
5,323
(302)
1,098
(49)
10,861
ONTARIO
311
(77)
103
2,316
2.5091
(582)
691
(134)
5,930
ST.
LAWRENCE
RIVER
•
26
179
43_
(ID
303
(71)
551
TOTAL
11,157
(821)
243
6,009
14,406
(702)
4,026
(214)
35,841
 Totals may not sum due to rounding.

Includes Buffalo River.

^Standard errors calculated from tributary loading estimates  used  in making
 adjustments.

'The above totals for Lakes Huron, Erie,  and Ontario do  not include interlake
 transfer through connecting channels.  Total estimated  loadings to these  lakes
 are given in Tables 6.4,  6.5 and 6.6
                               -  138 -

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                                       302
TABLE 3 .
SUMMARY OF 1980 ESTIMATED ATMOSPHERIC, INDUSTRIAL, *•
MUNICIPAL AND TRIBUTARY PHOSPHORUS LOADING DATA TO THE GREAT LAKIS
(All values are in metric tonnes/year) , x

Atmospheric
(standard
error)
Direct Industrial
Discharge
Direct Municipal
Discharge
Tributary:
Monitored
(standard
error)
Adjustment for
Unmonitored Area
(standard
error)3
TOTALS-
SUPERIOR
3,997
(564)
42
143
1,109
(241)
1,121
.(212)
6,412
MICHIGAN
2,969
(408)
37
431
2,381
(132)
756
(71)
6,574
HURON
2,331
(349)
2
L 121
1,553
(134)
643
- (50)
4,650
ERIE _•
' 1,550
(250)
82
2,370
8,260
(251)
1,513
<59)
13,775
.ONTARIO
311
(77)
62
2,060
2,3832
(109)
676
(48)
5,492
ST.
LAWRENCE
RIVER

29
189
31
<3>
203
(21)
452
TOTAL
11.1571
(821)
254
5,314
15 ,7 IK
(410)
4,913
(242)
37,356
 Totals may not sum due to  rounding.

11979_estimate.	    .   	        ......

2Includes Buffalo  River.

'Standard errors calculated from  tributary loading  estimates  used  in making
 adjustments.

"The above totals  for Lakes Huron, Erie,  and  Ontario  do not include interlake
 transfer through  connecting channels.  Total  estimated loadings to these  lakes
 are given in Tables 6.11,  6.12 and 6.13.
                               - 145 -

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                            TABLE   5



               TRACE ELEMENT INPUTS BY MAJOR ROUTES*
	 	 TRACTTLEMENT
Al
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cu
Pb
Cd
Co
Ca
Mg
TRIBUTARY
(103 kg/yr-1)
17,500
36,000
850
500
230
180
12
15
18,400
8,800
EROSION
75,000
2,300
4,100
1,800
540
240
75
700
280,000
250,000
ATMOSPHERE
4,990
2,770
640
1,100
120
640
11 .
25
79,800
15,500
*From Allen and Halley,  1980.

-------
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                                             -  18  -

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TABLE ' 7
TRACE METAL LOADING TO THE GREAT LAKES. ESTIMATED LOADING AND RANGE;**
<• •*
(kg ha-V'1)
-"
SUPERIOR
MICHIGAN
HURON
ERIE
ONTARIO
Zn
1
t
*
*
0.5
Pb
0.15
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
Cu
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.06
0.05
Cd
0.01
0.01
0.01
O.t>3
0.015
Ni
0.04
0.1
0.015
0.03
0.04
Fe
1.0
1
0.8
1.3
0.8
 f - Estimate not possible from reported data.
TABLE 8
WATERSHED-MEAN LOADINGS 1975-1977*
(g/ha/d)
PARAMETER
Sulphate
Nitrogen
Calcium
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Zinc*
Lead2
Copper2
Cadmium2
PCBs
AG 1
163.8
93.9
22.4
28.0
20.8
15.3
15.7
7.5
1.19
.19
.17
.05
.0016
AG 3
172.3
108.0
31.8
17.5
27.7
27.8
11.2
10.1
1.23
.20
.07
.03
.0026
AG 4
186. 61
110.9
21.0
25.3
25.4
23.5
11.7
8.2
3.461
.12
.26
.07
.0021
AG 5
151.8
105.6
24.7
20.3
16.5
18.3
13.1
7.9
.66
.15
.23
.03
.0013
AG 10
162.3
115.1
43.9
22.1
24.7
15.0
36.6
9.9
1.99
.13
.06
.06
.0017
AG 13 -
144.0
91.5
16.0
23.4
19.9
28.3
11.9
12.6
.77
.18
.16
.02
.0023
^Omitting 1 extreme high value.
^Values shown only for metals with at least 3 samples.

*From Sanderson and LaValle (1979).
                                  - 20 -

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                         REGION V ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REPORT


                                      ATTACHMENT A
Great Lakes \tkter Quality Board
                                      GREAT LAKES
Report to the International Joint Commission
                            1982 Report on Great Lakes Water Quality
                            November 1982

                            Windsor, Ontario

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                                   908


                         4-  Areas of Concern
INTRODUCTION

    In 1981, the Water Quality  Board  identified and described environmental
degradation in 39 site-specific areas  of concern in the Great Lakes Basin.
These areas were divided into two classes:

    1.   Class "A"  - those areas exhibiting significant environmental
         degradation and severe impairment of beneficial uses; 18 Class "A"
         areas were identified.

    2.   Class "B"  - those areas exhibiting environmental degradation and
         possible impairment of beneficial uses; 21 Class "B" areas were
         identified.

All available environmental  data -  fish, sediment, and water - were used to
identify, evaluate, and classify each  area of concern from a technical
perspective; the specific procedure followed and the factors considered by the
Board are given in  the Appendix.

    This year, the  Board undertook  an  evaluation of remedial measures for  the
18 Class "A" areas  of concern to determine if they would correct the
environmental problems.

    To conduct this evaluation, the Water Quality Board requested the
jurisdictions to update information which had been presented in last year's
report:  environmental data, causes of the environmental problems, and present
remedial programs.   Each jurisdiction  also provided the Board with additional,
specific information about present  and proposed remedial programs.  The Board
evaluated this information,  in  order  to determine whether environmental
problems could be solved and beneficial uses restored.  The Board considered:

    1.   The nature of the environmental problem.

    2.   The nature of the remedial programs in place or planned.

    3.   The schedule to initiate or  complete these programs.

    4.   Factors which would preclude  timely and satisfactory resolution  of
         the problem and restoration  of uses, including cost, technical
         considerations, and further  definition of the  issue.

    5.   Expected date by which the problems would be resolved and uses
         restored.

    Based on its evaluation, the Board reached one of the following
conclusions for each area of concern:
                                    -  19 -

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                                    309
1.   Remedial measures currently in operation will  resolve the  identified
     environmental problems and restore beneficial  uses over the near term
     (5 to 10 years).

2.   Remedial measures currently in operation will  not resolve  the
     identified problems and restore uses over the  near term:
     A.
              However, additional  programs and measures have been imposed,  and
              these will be adequate and timely.

         B.   Additional programs  and measures have been imposed, and
              environmental problems will eventually be resolved and uses
              restored.  However,  there is a long lag time between completion
              and operation of the remedial  measures and the response of the
              environmental system.

         C.   Even though all reasonable remedial measures have been or are
              being taken, it is doubtful whether the environmental  problems
              will be completely resolved and uses restored.

         D.   There are apparently no firm programs additionally planned that
              will resolve problems and restore uses.

    3.   Insufficient information  has been received or is available in order
         to make a reasonable judgement as to whether control measures are
         adequate, or to decide when such measures may be required.

    The specific guidelines to evaluate the technical data and to evaluate
remedial measures for each Class "A" area of concern are given in the
Appendix, along with relevant data and information and the sources of these
data and information.

    To better understand the Board's findings, knowledge of the types and
sources of pollutants is required.  Pollutants can be considered in four broad
categories:

    1.   "Conventional" pollutants - a term which includes nutrients,
         substances which consume  oxygen upon decomposition, materials which
         produce an oily or a sludge deposit on the bottom, and bacteria.
         Conventional pollutants include phosphorus, nitrogen, chemical oxygen
         demand, biochemical oxygen demand,  oil and grease, volatile solids,
         and total and fecal coliform.

    2.   Metals - including mercury, lead, zinc,  iron, and cadmium.

    3.   "Conventional" toxic substances - including phenol, cyanide, ammonia,
         and chlorine.

    4.   Toxic substances - complex organic chemicals, usually chlorinated,
         which can persist and can bioaccumulate.

    Many varied problems result from the release of pollutants into the
ecosystem.  Nutrient enrichment can stimulate excess aquatic growth, resulting
                                  -  20 -

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                                   310     •


in taste and odor problems in  drinking water, altered fish habitat and changes
in species, and restricted recreational  use  of water and beaches.

    Excess aquatic growth and  oxygen-consuming pollutants can depress the
dissolved oxygen level  in the  water,  further affecting the fishery.

    Waste discharges or silt,  which can  blanket the sediment, disrupt the
benthic community.  Since other aquatic  species depend on the benthos as a
food source, the aquatic community is disrupted.

    Several metals and  some "conventional" toxic  substances, e.g. cyanide, are
directly lethal to fish and other aquatic life.   Others, e.g. phenol, can
taint fish flesh, and still  others, e.g. mercury, can result in harm to man
when he consumes fish which contain them.

    Many toxic substances can  produce adverse environmental and human health
effects.  Such substances can  derive  from both agricultural and industrial
sources.  Familiar chemicals are PCB, DDT, dioxin, and mirex.  However, for
many other toxic substances, at the concentration at which they are present in
the Great Lakes ecosystem, the environmental and  human health effects are not
sufficiently well understood.   A conservative stance is generally considered
appropriate for these substances.

    Sources of pollutants fall into six  general categories:  municipal and
industrial discharges,  waste disposal sites, combined sewer overflows, urban
land runoff, agricultural land runoff,  and  in-place pollutants.

GENERIC  CONSIDERATIONS

    In conducting the evaluations of  remedial measures in specific areas of
concern, the Board identified  a number  of shortcomings of a general nature
common to most of the remedial efforts.  These common factors are discussed
below in relation to the types of pollutants identified with the environmental
problems manifest in each area of concern.

    From these common factors, the Board has drawn general conclusions about
the efficacy of remedial programs in  general and  specific measures  in
particular to abate identified pollution and to ensure future protection of
the Great Lakes ecosystem.

MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL  DISCHARGES

    Many regulatory initiatives over  the past  decade were  designed  to  control
the discharge of "conventional" pollutants,  metals, and "conventional" toxic
substances.  Wastewater treatment facilities are  now operational,  or will  soon
be operational at most  municipal and  industrial sources in  the  Great Lakes
Basin.  More than 37.25 billion has been spent  over the past ten years for
construction of municipal facilities  alone.  Municipal facilities  generally
provide for secondary treatment or  equivalent  and phosphorus removal  if
required.  Pretreatment requirements  have been  developed  in many cases so  that
municipal facilities can effectively  treat  industrial wastes.
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                                   311
    The Water Quality Board concludes that those facilities presently in
operation, and those which will become operational within the next five years
should, collectively, abate the discharge of "conventional" pollutants,
metals, and "conventional" toxic substances.

    The Board notes several exceptions, however, where progress is not
satisfactory:  facilities will not become operational within the next five
years, or no remedial measures are planned.  Municipal and industrial waste
treatment facilities are generally inadequate for the Grand Calumet
River/Indiana Harbor Canal area, and additional  industrial pre-treatment
programs are required for facilities in the BVack River, Ohio; the Buffalo
River, New York; the Niagara River, New York;-and the Cornwall,
Ontario-Massena, New York area of the St. Lawrence River.

    The Board notes that many programs and measures have been implemented to
identify and control the release of toxic substances from municipal and
industrial facilities.  Notable among these are:

    1.   Efforts to systematically identify sources of toxic substances, e.g.
         Michigan's Critical Materials Register which, based upon
         consideration of environmental and human health effects, has
         identified substances for which production and use information is
         required; Wisconsin's development of a production and use inventory
         of toxic substances for the lower Fox River; New York's industrial
         chemicals use survey, which helps direct the state's monitoring
         program; and Ontario's hazardous contaminants program, which has
         identified chemicals requiring further evaluation in terms of
         environmental and human health effects and exposure potential.

    2.   Requirements to test effluents to establish the presence and effects
         of toxic substances.

    3.   Effluent limitations based on best available treatment and/or on best
         professional judgement.
    4.
         Development of industrial pre-treatment programs for toxic substances.

For the most part, efforts to control  the release of toxic substances are
conducted on a facility-by-facility or a substance-by-substance basis; a
comprehensive management strategy, although closer than it was five years ago,
as reflected by the above activities,  is not yet a reality.  The Board
encourages continuation of ongoing studies and data-gathering programs.  These
are necessary activities which should lead to such firm program requirements
as standards, regulations, and effluent limitations.  The Board is nonetheless
concerned that, without a comprehensive management strategy, toxic substances
in the Great Lakes ecosystem cannot be controlled in a cost-effective manner.
This is especially true for such severely polluted areas as the Grand Calumet
River/Indiana Harbor Canal; the Buffalo River, New York; and the Niagara
River, New York.

    The approaches followed by both the United States and Canada allow for
development of control strategies for all pollutants, including toxic
substances, discharged directly from municipal and industrial facilities into
the receiving water.  The basis for control in the United States is the NPDES
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                                       312


permit system, developed under the Clean Water Act.  The  NPDES permit details
pollution control requirements and compliance  schedules for each  discharger.
Effluent limitations are based upon national  technology-based guidelines and,
where necessary, on water quality standards.   In Ontario,  effluent  limitations
are specified as required in Certificates of  Approval  or  Control  Orders.

    The Board notes a legislative disparity in the United States.   Legislation
in some states, e.g. New York and Michigan, allows imposition of  effluent
limitations and pre-treatment regulations more strict  than those  mandated  by
the federal government.  However, laws in other states, e.g. Wisconsin,
mandate that state requirements must comply with and not  exceed federal
requirements; exceptions are permitted where  federal requirements have  not
been promulgated.  However, if requirements more stringent than existing
federal limitations and regulations were required, the state could  not
implement them.

    Some industries discharge their wastes to municipal sewerage  systems.
Requirements have been developed for treatment of these wastes prior to their
discharge, in order to protect municipal facilities  and to ensure that  the
wastes receive adequate treatment.  Pretreatment programs are generally in
place for conventional pollutants, and are in various  stages of development
for toxic substances.

    In Canada, a model "By-Law to Control Industrial Waste Discharges to
Municipal Sewers" was prepared several years  ago by  a  joint committee of the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and the Ontario  Municipal Engineers
Association.  The model bylaw suggests permissible concentrations for
constituents of industrial waste, based on known toxicities or potential
adverse effects at the municipal facility. Application of the model bylaw by
municipalities is discretionary, and is tailored to  the local problems
identified.

    In June 1978, the U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency published "General
Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources  of  Pollution."  The
regulations provide for national pretreatment standards and include general
discharge prohibitions for certain nondomestic wastes  as  well as  standards
applicable to specific industrial categories.

WASTE DISPOSAL SITES

    Toxic substances from hazardous waste disposal sites  have, or have  the
potential to adversely affect several areas of the Great  Lakes ecosystem,
notably the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal;  the Black River,  the
Cuyahoga River, and the Ashtabula River, Ohio; the Niagara River, New  York and
Ontario; and the St. Lawrence River at Massena, New  York.  These  sites  have
been addressed on a case-by-case basis.  Clean-up, if  required,  has been
effected through voluntary measures by site owners,  court orders  and,  in  the
United States, by funds made available through the Comprehensive  Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act {"Superfund").   These efforts  are
indicative of the implementation of a comprehensive  control strategy  for
existing waste disposal sites.

    In Ontario, hazardous waste disposal sites which have the  potential to
adversely affect the ecosystem have been identified  by the province.   Needed
remedial measures have been undertaken by municipalities  and  industries or by

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the province.  Legislation is also being considered  to  address the matter of
liability which can arise during the active  operating phase of hazardous waste
disposal  sites.

    Both Canada and the United States are devoting particular attention to the
siting, design, construction, and operation  of  new waste  treatment and
disposal  facilities in order to ensure that  there are no  adverse impacts on
ecosystem quality.   These comprehensive programs also emphasize public
understanding of the necessity for secure treatment  and disposal facilities.

COMBINED  SEWER OVERFLOWS AND  URBAN LAND  RUNOFF

    Combined sewer  overflows and urban land  runoff contribute nutrients,
bacteria, and untreated waste directly into  the  receiving water.  The problems
associated with these discharges vary greatly from one  location to another
and, in some cases, use impairment may not exist.  Measures to partially
correct problems arising from these sources  have been or  are being implemented
at several  municipalities in the Great Lakes Basin.  The  Board notes that
construction programs are underway on the Milwaukee  Estuary, Wisconsin and on
the Detroit River (Canadian side and the Ecorse  River basin in Michigan).  A
construction program will begin for the Buffalo  River,  when funds become
available in 1984.   However, these measures  are  expensive; planning and
construction schedules for complete resolution  of the problems stretch over
many years, and are dependent on the level of funding available.

    The Board also  notes the studies and planning under way on the St. Marys
River at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario; the St.  Clair River at Sarnia, Ontario;
the Rouge River, Michigan; the Maumee River, Ohio; Hamilton Harbour, Ontario;
and the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, Ontario.  These efforts will consider
the extent of the problems resulting from combined sewer  overflows, the
benefits to be derived from controls, the control options which are available,
and the costs involved.  The Board trusts that  these studies and planning will
lead to appropriate control programs.

    The City of Detroit has concluded from a recently completed study that,
although pollutant  loads to the Detroit River from combined sewer overflows
could be reduced, no significant improvement in  water quality would result.
Any load reductions and improvements would be masked by direct surface runoff
from the City of Detroit and by combined sewer  overflows  in the Rouge River
Basin.

    Municipalities  along the Grand Calumet River/Indiana  Harbor Canal have
completed combined  sewer overflow studies and are forwarding reports to  the
State of Indiana for review and recommendations for  action.

    The December 14, 1981 amendments to the  U.S. Clean  Water Act address
funding for combined sewer overflow programs.   Section  2  of the act defines
categories which are eligible for funding under the  Construction Grants
Program; combined sewer overflows are not listed.  However, Section 5 allows
the governor of a state to specifically request the  Administrator of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to fund a combined sewer  overflow project,
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provided that the state certifies that correction of a  combined  sewer  overflow
problem is a major priority for that state.  The above  changes are  effective
October 1, 1984.

    Beginning October 1, 1982, the Administrator will have available an
additional 2200 million per fiscal year specifically for marine  bays and
estuaries, including those in the Great Lakes Basin, which are subject to
lower water quality because of combined sewer overflows.  These  monies are  to
be considered like a construction grant appropriation.   Grants will  be used as
deemed appropriate by the Administrator, upon demonstration of water quality
benefits by the governor of a state.

    The 1982 Canada-Ontario Agreement provides resources, until  March  1985,
for the construction of municipal waste collection and  treatment facilities in
the Great Lakes Basin.  Funding is shared among the municipal, provincial,  and
federal governments.  The correction of problems related to combined sewer
overflows is addressed by this Agreement, insofar as the funding relates to
construction of sanitary sewers.

AGRICULTURAL  LAND RUNOFF

    Agricultural land runoff contributes to environmental problems  in  many
tributaries to  the Great Lakes, including two of the eighteen Class "A" areas
of concern:  the Saginaw River Basin/Saginaw Bay, Michigan and the  Maumee
River Basin, Ohio.  The Water Quality Board notes the number and diversity  of
programs in the Maumee River Basin to demonstrate the effectiveness of no-till
and associated  soil conservation techniques to control  this source  of
pollution.  The Board strongly urges the continuation of these programs, both
to improve the water quality in the river basin as well as in the western
basin of Lake Erie.

    The Water Quality Board also notes the major demonstration program
underway in the Saginaw River Basin/Saginaw Bay area.  The Board believes that
adequate protection of Saginaw Bay can only be achieved through  the
implementation of nonpoint source control measures.

IN-PLACE POLLUTANTS

    The Water Quality Board, in its review and evaluation of Class  "A" areas
of concern, has concluded that, in general, remedial programs presently in
place or proposed will significantly improve ecosystem quality in the  Great
Lakes Basin.  However, even with the completion and satisfactory operation  of
remedial works, environmental problems will remain, because of the presence  of
in-place pollutants.  For several areas of concern, natural processes  will
eventually restore the area ecosystem.  This is especially true for the
connecting channels, where contaminanted sediment will  eventually be
transported downstream, deposited, buried with clean sediment, and effectively
isolated from the remainder of the ecosystem.

    However, for harbors, embayments, and estuaries, these processes will
occur only slowly, if at all.  Remedial measures, such  as dredging, will have
only limited beneficial effect.   It is, therefore,  doubtful whether certain  of
the areas of concern will be fully restored to the  quality levels called for
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in the Agreement and to support all  beneficial  uses,  even  with  implementation
of all reasonable remedial measures.

    The principal reasons are modification of land  use  patterns in  the
drainage basin, especially through industrial and urban development, and
modification of the geometry of the water body through  construction of
bulkheads and loading docks and through deep-channel  dredging.   These
hydrological changes have imposed additional  constraints on  the assimilative
capacity of these waters.

    The Class "A" areas particularly affected are the Grand  Calumet River/
Indiana Harbor Canal area; the Rouge River and the  Raisin  River, Michigan; the
Maumee River, the Cuyahoga River, and the Ashtabula River, Ohio; the Buffalo
River, New York; and Hamilton Harbour,  Ontario.

    The Board urges further study to determine to what  extent the
environmental quality of these areas can be restored and whether the remainder
of the Great Lakes can be adequately protected.   Evaluations for each of  the
abovementioned areas of concern should also consider alternative measures to
deal with in-place pollutants, technological  and fiscal limitations, social
and economic implications, and public opinion.   The goals  of these  studies and
evaluations are to establish whether the requirements and  obligations of  the
Agreement can be met and adequate protection of the Great  Lakes achieved.

EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL  PROGRAMS

    Table 1 on page 5 summarizes the Board's evaluation of the  adequacy of
remedial programs to correct environmental problems for the  18  Class "A"  areas
of concern.  More detailed statements of the Board's evaluation and of the
environmental issues are presented in the pages following.  Details regarding
the environmental data and the remedial programs, as submitted  by the
jurisdictions, are given in the Appendix.

EOX  RIVER AND  SOUTHERN  GREEN BAY,  WISCONSIN

ISSUE

    Southern Green Bay has historic eutrophication  problems. Although
municipal and industrial facilities generally meet  the  1.0 mg/L phosphorus
effluent limitation, the additional stress on the system as  a result of these
discharges have not been determined with any certainty.  The phosphorus budget
and dynamics of Green Bay is being studied, including the  relation  of
phosphorus to phytoplankton growth and the effects  of phytoplankton and
oxygen-consuming organic substances on dissolved oxygen levels.

    Dissolved oxygen levels in the lower Fox River  have improved considerably
since 1972, as a result of installation of wastewater treatment facilities.

    The potential for ammonia toxicity problems is  thought to exist near  the
mouth of the river and for some distance out into the bay.  No  problems,
however, have been documented to date.
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    Sediments in the Fox River and near the river mouth  in Green  Bay  are
heavily polluted with conventional contaminants and heavy metals,  including:
volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, total  Kjeldahl  nitrogen,  phosphorus,
ammonia, oil and grease, lead, zinc, and mercury.  PCB and DDT are also
present.

    The area fishery continues to improve in amount and diversity but is  still
impaired.  Concentrations of PCB in fish flesh  routinely exceed the U.S.  FDA
action level.  Low or trace levels of industrial chemicals, pesticides, and
their breakdown products, including pentachlorobenzene,  a-lindane, DDT,
hexachlorobenzene, nonachlor, pyridine carboxamide, and tri-,  tetra-, and
pentachlorophenol are also present.

WATER QUALITY  BOARD  EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial works now in
operation are not adequate to fully resolve the identified environmental
problems resulting from municipal and industrial discharges (Evaluation =
2B).  However, the Board recognizes that major improvements in the water
quality of the lower Fox River have been achieved over the past 10 years  as a
result of Wisconsin's pollution control programs.

    For control of conventional pollutant parameters, facilities are  now  in
place on the lower Fox River between Lake ffinnebago and the DePere Dam, and
are planned for the sector between the DePere Dam and the mouth at Green  Bay.
All controls should be fully installed and in operation on or before  January
1, 1985.  Municipalities and industries have responded to the discharge
requirements with no significant delinquencies in meeting construction
schedules and discharge permit requirements.  The works will consist  of
wastewater treatment for industrial and municipal dischargers sufficient  to
implement the waste load allocation requirements and to meet water quality
standards even during periods of low flow and high temperature.  Operation of
the facilities will also solve the BOD-related dissolved oxygen and ammonia
problems of the lower Fox River and Green Bay.

    The Board also concludes that there are no firm program requirements
apparent for the control of many of the toxic pollutant parameters.  However,
the Board recognizes that there are insufficient data currently available with
which to design such requirements.  The Board also notes Wisconsin's efforts
to develop the necessary information bases for assessment and control
(Evaluation = 2D).

    Based on the information available, it is expected that problems
associated with pollutants in the sediment will be resolved over  the longer
term  (Evaluation = 2BJ.

MILWAUKEE ESTUARY,  WISCONSIN

ISSUE

    The Milwaukee Estuary, including Milwaukee Harbor and  inflowing
tributaries  (Milwaukee River, Menomonee River, and Kinnickinnic River),
contain heavily  polluted sediments, contaminated  fish, and degraded  water.
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                                     317
Current water quality problems are primarily related to  combined  sewer
overflows and in-place pollutants.

    Sediments contain high levels of conventional  pollutants  and  heavy metals,
including oil and grease, chemical oxygen demand,  total  Kjeldahl  nitrogen,
total phosphorus, lead,  zinc,  cadmium,  and copper.   PCB,  DDT,  and chlordane
are also present in some sediments.

    Most fish samples contain  PCB in excess of the U.S.  FDA action  level of
5.0 mg/kg (maximum 88 mg/kg).   DDT levels in some  fish (maximum 2.98 mg/kg)
exceed the Agreement objective of 1.0 mg/kg. ~Also present at low or trace
levels are hexachlorobenzene,  a- and y-lindane,  cis- and trans-chlordane,
dieldrin, trans-nonachlor, and mercury.

    Water samples from Milwaukee Harbor  exceed the Agreement  objectives  for
conductivity, ammonia, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lead, and copper.  PCB,
dieldrin, and DDT have been detected in  some area  discharges.

    Bacterial counts increase  as a result of combined sewer overflows after
heavy rainfall,  and area beaches are subject to closure.

WATER QUALITY  BOARD  EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial works currently in
operation will not resolve identified environmental problems  in the Milwaukee
Estuary; however, Wisconsin and the courts have imposed  a schedule  and
additional measures which will resolve the municipal and combined sewer
overflew related problems (Evaluation =  2B).  These additional works will
consist of those facilities set forth in the approval of the  Master Facilities
Plan issued in June 1981.  These include additional treatment capabilities at
existing facilities and combined sewer overflow detention and treatment.  The
court-ordered schedule for installing and placing  these  controls  into
operation is given in the Appendix.  A pretreatment program is also under
development to reduce the industrial impact on sludge and on  treatment plant
effluent quality.

    A firm implementation schedule, which will result in meeting  water quality
standards in the Milwaukee Estuary, and  which could include removal of
in-place pollutants, currently exists in the Dane  County court order.  An
intensive study to determine the appropriate means to achieve the water
quality standards is currently underway  (Evaluation - 2B).

WAUKEGAN HARBOR,  ILLINOIS

ISSUE

    The sediments in Waukegan  Harbor and in the North Ditch are grossly
contaminated with PCB (maximum concentration 500,000 mg/kg).   PCB is  also
present in water (concentrations up to several pg/L) and in fish  (maximum
average concentration 77.4 mg/kg); the U.S. FDA action level  for  PCB  in  fish
is 5.0 mg/kg.  Signs have been posted warning the  public not  to eat fish
caught in the harbor.
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                                   $18


     Because of  restrictions on the dredging and disposal  of contaminated
 sediments, restrictions have been imposed on navigation.

WATER QUALITY  BOARD  EVALUATION

     The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial works c-irrently in
 operation are not  adequate and any proposed measures are subject to the
 outcome of litigation.  Hence, the Board cannot evaluate the effectiveness of
 such measures at this time (Evaluation = 2D).

GRAND  CALUMET RIVER  AND  INDIANA HARBOR. CANAL  INDIANA

 ISSUE

     All  sediments  in the lower portion of the Grand Calumet River and Indiana
 Harbor Canal are heavily polluted for all conventional  pollutants and for
 heavy metals; the  concentrations are among the highest  in the Great Lakes
 System.   Sediments also have high levels of organic chemicals associated  with
 heavy industry.  Consequently, restrictions on the dredging and disposal  of
 contaminated sediments  have resulted in restrictions on dredging for
 navigation.

     Fish are not generally found in the River or Canal:  the area fishery is
 virtually nonexistent.  When found, the fish are small  and in poor physical
 condition.  The fish are contaminated with PCB, a-lindane, hexachlorobenzene,
 pentachloranoisole, cis-nonachlor, cis- and trans-chlordane, oxychlordane,
 ODD, DDE, and dieldrin.

     Very few macroinvertebrates are present, since their habitat - the bottom
 sediments in the River  and Canal - are oily silt and sludge.

     Water samples  exceed Agreement objectives  for copper, lead, selenium,
 iron, zinc, ammonia, mercury, phenol, and conductivity; and exceed Indiana
 standards for ammonia,  cyanide, phenol, phosphorus, chloride, fluoride,
 mercury, and oil and grease.  PCB was also measurable in the water column.

     Outflow from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal also has an
 adverse environmental impact on the adjacent nearshore of Lake Michigan.
 Elevated concentrations or violations have been reported for cadmium, phenol,
 and ammonia; and phosphorus, chloride, and sulphate concentrations appear to
 be increasing.

     Elevated bacteriological levels occur after rainfall as a result of
 combined sewer  overflows to the Grand Calumet  River.  East Chicago may also
 contribute by the  discharge of inadequately treated sewage.  Consequently,
 recreational use of the water is restricted:   Hammond Lake Front Park is
 permanently closed, and Jerose Park, in East Chicago, was closed during  1981.

WATER  QUALITY BOARD  EVALUATION

     The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial measures currently in
 place will not  resolve  the identified environmental problems in  the Grand
 Calumet River and  Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.   Additional measures are in the
 process of being implemented at several of the municipal and industrial
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                              ,**,
 facilities in  the  area;  although  these measures will reduce pollutant loads,
 they will  not  be adequate  to resolve the environmental problems.  At one
 sewage  treatment plant,  there has been only limited progress to upgrade
 wastewater treatment facilities and to provide pretreatment; enforcement
 action  is  pending  and  agreement is being sought on an abatement compliance
 schedule.

     Action is  being taken  against industrial waste landfills as information
 becomes available.
                    *
     There  are  no plans to  address in-place pollutants.

     Since  the  drainage basin is heavily developed, and since there is little
 natural flow,  it is doubtful whether the environmental problems will ever be
 completely resolved.   The  State of Indiana has proposed to designate these
 waters  as  suitable for only certain, restricted uses (Evaluation = 2C).

     In  addition, insufficient information is available to conclude whether
 present and proposed water quality standards and effluent limitations will
 ensure  protection  of the adjacent waters of Lake Michigan and the achievement
 of the  Agreement objectives in these waters (Evaluation = 3J.

ST,  MARYS RIVER, MICHIGAN  AND  ONTARIO

ISSUE

     Sediments  along the  Ontario shoreline of the St. Marys River, downstream
 of the  industrialized  section of  Sault Ste. Marie, contain high levels of
 iron, zinc, phenol, cyanide, and  oil; the benthic fauna are impaired.  Ontario
 has placed restrictions  on the disposal of dredged materials.

     Phenol  concentrations  in excess of the Agreement objective extend across
 the international  boundary.  Ammonia levels exceed the Agreement objective,
 and cyanide levels exceed  the Ontario objective.

     Bacteriological contamination from sewer system overflows along the Sault
 Ste.  Marie, Ontario waterfront and from the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario sewage
 treatment  plant has restricted recreational use in some areas.

     Mercury contamination  in larger sizes of certain fish species has resulted
 in consumption advisories; the former contamination sources were, however,
 upstream in Lake Superior.

WATER QUALITY EVALUATION

     The Water  Quality  Board concludes that the remedial measures currently  in
 place along the Ontario  side of the St. Marys River are not adequate to
 resolve current environmental problems.  Additional measures being imposed  by
 Ontario are expected to  correct the transboundary phenolics problem by 1987.
 Further measures for the control  of local bacteria and other identified
 problems are to be put in  place and in operation by 1988.  Through these
 programs and through natural physical and biochemical processes, improvement
 in benthic fauna is expected over the longer term (Evaluation = 2B).
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     The  Water Quality Board concludes that remedial measures currently  in
 place along the Michigan side of th- St. Marys River are adequate to ensure
 protection  of the river ecosystem (Evaluation = 1).

 SAGINAW RIVER SYSTEM AND SAGINAW  BAY, MICHIGAN

 ISSUE

     Historically, eutrophication has been a pronounced water quality problem  in
 Saginaw  Bay.  In fact, due to its hydrology, eutrophication may always  be
 characteristic of the bay.  The total phosphorus load to Saginaw Bay from  the
 Saginaw  River decreased from 1044 t/a in 1974'to 409 t/a in 1979.  This decrease
 is  due to phosphorus removal efforts by municipal treatment plants,  the
 detergent phosphorus ban in Michigan, and reduced tributary flow rates. The
 municipal phosphorus loads in 1979, 1980, and 1981 were 211, 220, and 232  t/a,
 respectively.  This slight increase is due in part to an increase in the number
 of  facilities reported, an increase in the total flow treated,  and to poor
 performance by one or more of the municipal facilities; nonetheless, the point
 source phosphorus load to Saginaw Bay appears to have stabilized.  This overall
 load reduction and the attendant improvements in water quality  in Saginaw  Bay
 since the early 1970's have resulted is a marked decrease in the number of taste
 and odor complaints from communities getting drinking water from the bay.

     The  total phosphorus load to Saginaw Bay from the Saginaw River increased,
 however, in 1980 from the load reported for 1979.  This increase is primarily
 due to higher tributary flow and nonpoint land runoff.  The impact of this
 increase on water quality in Saginaw Bay is not known.

     Runoff  from agricultural land in the basin contributes suspended solids,
 nutrients,  organic matter, and pathogenic organisms to Saginaw  Bay.  Siltation
 and associated turbidity degrades fish habitat, fills surface drainage  ways,
 and fills the main navigation channel from the bay into the Saginaw River.
 The nutrient and organic matter contributed by agricultural activities
 adversely affects the dissolved oxygen level in the Saginaw River.  Loadings
 from agricultural sources vary substantially from year to year, depending  on
 the amount  of rainfall and whether major rainfall events occur  before crops
 have grown  sufficiently to protect the soil.

     Sediments in the Saginaw River contain elevated levels of PCB, in excess
 of  U.S.  EPA's dredge disposal guidelines.  Sediments in the Pine River  are
 contaminated with PBB.

     Fish from Saginaw Bay, the Saginaw River, and its tributaries contain  PCB
 and chlorinated dioxins in excess of the U.S. FDA guidelines.  Fish from the
 Pine River  contain PBB.  Fish consumption bans are in effect for portions  of
 the area rivers, and a fish consumption advisory is in effect for Saginaw  Bay.

WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION

     The  Water Quality Board concludes that programs to control  phosphorus
 from municipal discharges are adequate (Evaluation = 1), and notes that there
 is  a nonpoint source control demonstration project in operation; however,
 there are no firm requirements in place or planned to continue  control  of
 excessive nonpoint phosphorus loadings from tributaries (Evaluation = 2D).
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     The Board further  concludes  that remedial works currently in operation are
 inadequate to resolve  toxic contamination problems principally associated with
 industrial discharges.   Additional studies have been instituted to confirm the
 adequacy of control measures for chlorinated hydrocarbons and to establish the
 impacts, if any,  on Saginaw Bay  of contamination problems in tributaries to
 the bay (Evaluation =  3).

     Dredging has  been  carried out at some locations to remove contaminated
 sediments.  Studies are  underway to determine the feasibility and benefits of
 removing contaminated  sediments  at other locations (Evaluation = 3).

ST,  CLAIR RIVER,  ONTARIO AND MICHIGAN

ISSUE

     Sediment at several  locations along the Ontario shoreline of the St. Clair
 River remains contaminated  with  PCB, mercury, lead, chromium, copper, and zinc
 at levels in excess of the  Ontario guidelines for open-water disposal,
 necessitating confined disposal  of dredged materials from maintenance
 navigation projects.   Mercury levels are, however, considerably reduced from
 levels recorded in the early 1970's.

     A marked improvement in the  biological community of the river sediment has
 occurred over the past decade.   Residual sediment contamination does, however,
 slow the recovery of the benthic fauna, adjacent to and downstream of the
 petroleum and petrochemical  complex in Sarnia and Moore Township.

     Although mercury levels have also declined markedly in fish, consumption
 advisories issued by Michigan and Ontario remain in effect, primarily for
 larger fish.  Advisories are also in effect for some fish species because of
 elevated PCB levels.   Fish  tainting is still occasionally reported in areas
 close to industrial sources.

     The Agreement objective for  phenol in water is exceeded along the Canadian
 shore, and fecal  coliform levels exceed the provincial objective.  Bacterial
 contamination from combined sewer overflows limits local recreational use.

 WATER QUALITY  EVALUATION

     The Water Quality  Board concludes that remedial measures currently  in
 place on the Michigan  side  of the St. Clair River are adequate  to ensure
 protection of the river  system (Evaluation = 1).

     The Board concludes  that remedial measures currently in place on the
 Ontario side of the St.  Clair River are not adequate at this time.   The Board
 notes that, with  regard  to  mercury contamination, remedial measures  were taken
 in the early 1970's.   Levels of  mercury in fish have declined markedly, and a
 continued but more gradual  decrease is expected through natural processes.
 The Board notes that Ontario is  requiring further remedial measures  of  Polysar
 Corporation to address phenolic  compounds.  The province expects improvements
 in river water quality as a result.  Further, to alleviate the  bacterial
 contamination problem  at Sarnia, the province is actively seeking an effective
 remedial measure  under the  municipal sewer separation program (Evaluation =
 2BJ.


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DETROIT  RIVER, MICHIGAN  AND  ONTARIO

ISSUE

     PCB and mercury levels in sediment from the Detroit River exceed Ontario
guidelines for open water disposal of dredged material; confined disposal
would  be  required.  The majority of the exceedences are along the U.S.  shore
in  the vicinity  of the Detroit sewage treatment plant, Great Lakes Steel,  and
the  Rouge River  mouth.  Studies have been initiated to ascertain the presence
and  distribution of organic pollutants in the sediments.

     Improvements in the distribution and numbers of the pollution-sensitive
mayfly have occurred along both sides of the Detroit River since 1968.
However,  the  benthic population along the U.S. shoreline in the vicinity of
and  downstream of the Rouge River mouth remains highly disrupted, consisting
of  high densities of sludgeworms.

     Mercury levels in fish have decreased considerably as a result of control
measures  applied to upstream point source dischargers and because of natural
purging of the river system.  However, both mercury and PCB levels are still
elevated, and the fish consumption advisories issued by Michigan and Ontario
remain in effect.

     Bacterial levels are elevated on the U.S. side of the river as a result of
combined  sewer overflows and direct urban land runoff into the river.
Bacterial levels are also elevated along the Canadian side as a result of
municipal discharges; recreational swimming, bathing, and other activities
have been occasionally restricted.

     The Agreement objectives for  phenol, iron, and total dissolved solids are
exceeded  in some water samples from the Detroit River.

     Reductions in phosphorus loads, as a result of measures applied to
municipal and industrial point-source discharges on both the Canadian and the
U.S. sides of the Detroit River over the past decade, have resulted in
improved  water quality, from an enrichment point of view, in both the Detroit
River  and the western basin of Lake Erie.

WATER  QUALITY  BOARD  EVALUATION

     The Board concludes that remedial measures currently in operation on the
Ontario side  of  the Detroit River are not adequate.  The Board notes, however,
that specific measures are in the process of implementation to address the
bacterial contamination from municipal dischargers which should alleviate
these  problems (Evaluation = 2A).

     The Water Quality Board concludes that, except for combined sewer
overflows, remedial measures currently in place on the Michigan side of the
Detroit River are adequate to resolve pollution problems resulting from
industrial and municipal direct discharges  (Evaluation = 1).

     Combined  sewer overflows into the Rouge River  (discussed below) and from
 the City  of Detroit,  and direct land runoff from the City of Detroit
contribute a  sizeable loading of  phosphorus and other pollutants, and control


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of these sources could afford a greater measure  of protection and improvement
to the water quality of the Detroit  River and  the  western basin of Lake Erie.
The City of Detroit has concluded that, although pollutant loads to the
Detroit River from combined sewer overflows could  be reduced, no significant
improvement in water quality would result.   Any  load reductions and
improvements would be masked by direct surface runoff from the City of Detroit
and by combined sewer overflows in the Rouge River Basin.  There are no
additional programs planned at the present time  to address these sources
(Evaluation = 2D).

    Sediments in the Detroit River may continue  to be a source of
contamination; however, it is not clear whether  broad-scale  dredging is a
viable remedial option.  Natural physical and  biochemical processes are
expected to reduce the contaminant levels and  lead to re-establishment of a
healthy benthic fauna community (Evaluation =  2C).

ROUGE RIVER,  MICHIGAN

ISSUE

    The .Rouge River, a tributary to  the Detroit  River, drains a heavily
developed industrial area.  Historical  data show severe degradation of the
sediment.  Significant control measures have been  implemented; however, the
river remains seriously impacted by  combined sewer overflows and contaminated
sediments.  Fecal coliform, phenol,  iron, and  total dissolved solids
concentrations in water exceed the Agreement objectives.

WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that control measures  currently in
place are not adequate to resolve environmental  problems  in  the Rouge River
Basin.  The major problems are the result of combined  sewer  overflows.  A
major study on combined sewer overflows has been completed and other studies
are still in progress.  Based on the information available,  and considering
the benefits to be derived and the costs involved, the court has concluded
that measures to correct combined sewer overflows in the  Rouge River Basin are
not warranted at this time (Evaluation = 2D).

RAISIN  RIVER,  MICHIGAN

ISSUE

    The Raisin River drains a heavily industrialized area south of  Detroit.
Existing water quality problems result to a great extent  from contaminated
sediments, which are heavily polluted with volatile  solids,  oil and grease,
and metals; chemical oxygen demand is high.

    Fish are contaminated with PCB and other persistent organic compounds.

    The Agreement objectives were violated for dissolved  oxygen, conductivity,
fecal coliform, and several heavy metals in water. The Michigan  standard  for
pH was also violated.
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WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that there are no programs planned to
resolve problems associated with contaminated sediment.  Further evaluation is
necessary  to determine whether dredging is a feasible alternative for the
removal of in-place pollutants (Evaluation = 3).

MAUMEE RIVER,  OHIO

ISSUE

    The Maumee River carries a heavy load of -soil  and nutrients, resulting
from  agricultural land runoff, to the western basin of Lake Erie.  Sediments
in  the lower Maumee River and in Toledo Harbor are heavily polluted with such
conventional pollutants as volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand, and
with  metals, as a result of past municipal and industrial discharges.
Contamination has, however, been decreasing with time as a result of pollution
control efforts.  Sediments in the outer harbor are less heavily polluted.

    The area fishery is impaired.  PCS levels in fish exceed the U.S. FDA
action level.  Several industrial chemicals and pesticides are also present in
fish  tissue.

    The Agreement objectives for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, fecal
coliforms, and  several heavy metals are also exceeded for water samples from
the mouth  of the Maumee River.

WATER QUALITY BOARD  EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial measures currently in
operation  to control municipal sources of pollution are adequate (Evaluation =
1).

    Programs to control nonpoint sources of pollution within the Basin, which
are more significant than point sources, are not adequate.  While there are
major and  intensive nonpoint source control demonstration projects on going,
the Board  notes that these efforts rely on voluntary participation, and the
long  term  acceptance of these programs is unknown (Evaluation =  2B).

    Problems related to combined sewer overflows are under study and
evaluation.  No date is projected for combined sewer overflow controls due to
insufficient data on programs and lack of funding (Evaluation =  2D).

    Program requirements to control toxic contaminants from industrial sources
are being  developed.  Expected implementation is 1985/86 (Evaluation = 2D).

    With the implementation of remedial programs to decrease pollutant loads
from  both  point and nonpoint sources, the natural processes of  attrition
should remove contaminants from the sediments and fish over the next five  to
 ten years  (Evaluation  - 2B).  However, because of the natural chemistry of the
water in the drainage  basin and because of existing land use patterns, the
water quality in  the estuary may never meet all Agreement  objectives.
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BLACK RIVER, OHIO

ISSUE

     Sediments  in the lower Black River are heavily polluted with  such
conventional contaminants as volatile solids, chemical  oxygen  demand,  and oil
and  grease;  nutrients; and metals.

     The area fishery is impaired.  PCB levels in fish exceed the  U.S.  FDA
action guideline.  Several chemicals of industrial origin are  also  present  in
fish tissue.

     Concentrations in water samples violated Agreement objectives or Ohio EPA
water quality  standards for nutrients, dissolved oxygen,  fecal  coliforms,
conductivity,  cyanide, and several heavy metals.

WATER QUALITY BOARD  EVALUATION

     The Water  Quality Board concludes that the remedial programs  in operation
are  not now  adequate; however, the remedial programs under way for  municipal
and  industrial facilities in the area should result in adequate controls of
the  discharges of wastewater into the river by mid-1986.  Because of in-place
pollutants,  an additional 5 to 10 years will be required for natural processes
to correct the environmental problems (Evaluation = 2BJ.  However,  the natural
chemistry of the drainage area for the Black River and current land use
patterns may preclude the river water from attaining all the Agreement
objectives.  Surveys have been conducted to assess what water  uses  can be
achieved for the area.

 CUYAHOGA RIVER  (CLEVELAND),  OHIO

 ISSUE

     Few fish are able to survive in the lower Cuyahoga River and  in Cleveland
Harbor because of depressed dissolved oxygen levels, elevated  levels of
dissolved solids and ammonia, and polluted bottom sediments.

     Sediments  are heavily contaminated with such conventional  pollutants as
volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and  oil  and
grease; with heavy metals; and with PCB.  Although sediment quality has
improved with  time, dredged materials must be disposed of in confined  areas.

     Concentrations in water samples exceeded Agreement objectives and/or Ohio
standards for  dissolved oxygen, ammonia, conductivity, phenol, fecal coliform,
and  several  heavy metals.

WATER  QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION

     The Water  Quality Board concludes that current remedial measures are not
adequate.  However, major programs to control municipal and industrial
discharges,  combined sewer overflows, and urban land runoff are underway and
should all be  in place by 1990.  These measures will significantly improve
ecosystem quality in the area.  They include major construction at municipal
 treatment plants in Akron and Cleveland.  Two large interceptor programs are


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                                    326
under construction or planned.  Wastewater treatment systems have been
installed at major industries in the area, for the control of conventional and
toxic pollutants; the facilities are being reviewed to identify whether
additional controls are required for toxic substances.  Several hazardous
waste disposal sites have been identified, closed, and/or cleaned up.

    However, there is inadequate information available to determine what water
quality the current remedial programs will permit.  In light of the natural
chemistry of the drainage basin, the current intensive land use, and the
greatly modified geometry of the navigation section of the river, it is
unlikely that the water quality in the river will ever meet the Agreement
objectives (Evaluation = 2C).

ASHTABULA  RIVER,  OHIO

ISSUE

    Fish from the lower Ashtabula River, the harbor area, and inflowing
tributaries are contaminated with complex organic substances of industrial
origin.  For several of the compounds, the human health effects are not
known.  A U.S. FDA action level exists only for PCS;  concentrations in fish
exceeded this level.

    Heavy sediment contamination with conventional pollutants (volatile
solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and oil and grease),
heavy metals, and chlorinated organics necessitates confined disposal  for
dredged materials.  Restrictions on dredging have also resulted in
restrictions on navigation.

    Water samples collected at the mouth of the harbor exceeded the Agreement
objectives for conductivity, fecal coliforms, and several heavy metals.

WATER  QUALITY BOARD  EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial works now in
operation have significantly improved the ecosystem quality of  the Ashtabula
River.  However, these measures are not adequate to completely resolve the
environmental problems related to industrial discharges, hazardous waste
sites, and in-place pollutants (sediment}.  The Board notes that there are
investigations underway  to address some of these issues.  Although firm
program requirements have not yet been developed, such measures, when
implemented would restore ecosystem quality, although natural attrition will
take some time (Evaluation = 2B).

    The Board also notes that Field's Brook, a tributary to the Ashtabula
River, is a priority site of the 'Superfund* program.  This is  the only site
at which  'Superfund' monies have been considered for  the removal of
contaminated sediments from a stream.  The Board will closely follow  the
progress  of this activity.
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                                      32?
BUFFALO  RIVER,  NEW YORK

ISSUE

     The  lower  Buffalo  River, which drains a heavily populated and highly
 industrialized basin,  and  the Buffalo waterfront are very severely polluted.

     Almost all  sediments are heavily contaminated with conventional  pollutants
 (including nutrients,  volatile  solids, and oil and grease) and with heavy
 metals.   Many  sediments are also contaminated with high concentrations of
 organic  substances  primarily of industrial origin.  Nine potential or positive
 carcinogens and eight  organic substances having a potential for chronic
 aquatic  toxicity were  identified.  Each was present at at least one sampling
 location  and at a concentration of at least 5 mg/kg; the concentrations of
 some substances exceeded 50 mg/kg.  PCB and pesticides are also present.

     Because of the  multiplicity and the concentrations of carcinogens, toxins,
 heavy metals,  and conventional  pollutants present, the macroinvertebrate
 population is  severely impaired.

     In water samples,  the  Agreement objectives were exceeded for dissolved
 oxygen,  conductivity,  fecal coliform, and several heavy metals.

WATER QUALITY BOARD EVALUATION

     The  Water  Quality  Board concludes that remedial measures currently in
 place will not resolve identified problems in the Buffalo River.  However,
 additional programs are being implemented, notably at the Buffalo and the
 Lackawanna municipal treatment  facilities.  These additional measures should
 be operational by 1985.  Significant improvement in ecosystem quality in the
 area is  expected by 1990 (Evaluation = 2B).

     There are  currently no firm remedial programs to address in-place
 pollutants. Funds  to  address combined sewer overflows are expected to be
 approved in 1984 (Evaluation =  2DJ.

 NIAGARA  RIVER, NEW YORK AND  ONTARIO

 ISSUE

     Water, sediment, and fish from the Tonawanda Channel of the Upper Niagara
 River are severely  contaminated.  The lower Niagara River also exhibits
 extensive contamination.

     Almost all  sediments from the Tonawanda Channel are heavily contaminated
 with conventional pollutants, heavy metals, and PCB in excess of acceptable
concentrations for  open-water disposal of dredged materials.  Many sediments
 are also  contaminated  with high concentrations of other organic substances
 primarily from industrial  sources.  Nine potential or positive carcinogens and
 eight organic  substances having a potential for chronic aquatic toxicity were
 identified. Each was  present at at least one sampling location and at a
 concentration  of at least  5 mg/kg; the concentrations of some substances
 exceeded  50 mg/kg.
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                                 3*8
    Sediments from the lower Niagara River generally exceeded acceptable
levels for heavy metals.

    A number of organic compounds have also been  identified  in sediment and
water samples taken from the river near industrial  landfills.

    Numerous organic chemicals of industrial  or agricultural origin have been
identified in fish.  For those substances for which U.S. Food and Drug
Administration action levels or Canadian federal  consumption guidelines have
been established, concentrations are such that most fish are suitable for
unrestricted consumption.  Advisories are in place  for larger specimens of
American eel and coho salmon, because of elevated levels of  PCB  and mi rex;
although found in the lower Niagara River, these  species are generally
resident in Lake Ontario.

    Agreement or Ontario objectives were exceeded in  some  water  samples for
PCB, aldrin/dieldrin, DDT, endrin, phenolics, heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide,
endosulfan, fecal and total coliform, and several heavy metals.  Most of the
observed exceedences were in the Tonawanda Channel  and in  the lower Niagara
River.

    The benthic fauna is disrupted in the Tonawanda Channel  and  in the  lower
Niagara River.  Toxicity was a limiting factor along  the shoreline of the
upper Niagara River and was also a problem in the lower Niagara  River.

WATER QUALITY  BOARD  EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that the remedial programs currently  in
operation for the U.S, side of the Niagara River are  not adequate  to  resolve
environmental problems identified in the river.  The  Board notes,  however,
that remedial actions taken primarily by the U.S. EPA and  the New  York
Department ~f Environmental Conservation have increased over the past few
years.  Specifically the Board recognizes the U.S.  Niagara River Agenda
(clean-up plan) and the binational Canada-U.S. Niagara River Toxics Committee
work, which is currently taking place.  Specific efforts of the Canadian
agencies in monitoring the ambient environmental conditions of the river  are
also noted.  While the Board is of the opinion that jurisdictions  responsible
have placed high priority in cleaning up the environmental degradation  of the
Niagara River, it recognizes that recovery of the Niagara  River ecosystem will
take a sustained effort.  The Board will continue to  track the progress of the
responsible jurisdictions in implementing the acquired remedial measures to
alleviate  these problems (Evaluation - 2B).

    The Board concludes that remedial measures currently in operation on the
Canadian side of the Niagara River are adequate  (Evaluation = 1).


HAMILTON  HARBOUR, ONTARIO

ISSUE

    Contaminants in  sediments from  several portions of Hamilton Harbour exceed
the provincial guideline for open water disposal of dredged materials for
nutrients,  several  heavy metals,  and PCB.  The greatest contamination is in
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                                 329
 the area adjacent to municipal and industrial  discharge sites  and  in  the deep
 water central basin.  Organochlorine pesticides have also been detected in
 sediments.  Dredged material is disposed of in confined areas.

    Agreement or provincial water quality objectives are exceeded  for total
 dissolved solids, zinc, ammonia, phosphorus, iron,  cyanide,  and phenol.
 Localized impairment from phenols and cyanide is especially  apparent  in the
 area adjacent to the steel mills on the south shore.

    Oxygen demand from municipal and industrial discharges,  sediments, and
 algal decay depress hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen levels, especially  in the
 summer, thereby limiting the suitability of the major part of  the  harbor as  a
 fish habitat.

    Aesthetic quality is diminished by poor water clarity and  color,  as a
 result of high levels of suspended solids, chlorophyll, and  dissolved
 organics, thereby deterring broader recreational use of the  harbor.

WATER  QUALITY BOARD  EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that remedial measures currently in
 operation are not adequate to resolve the environmental problems in Hamilton
 Harbour.  The Board notes that the province has imposed further remedial
 measures on major industrial dischargers with regard to phenols, cyanide,  and
 suspended solids (Evaluation - 28)} a further strategy is under development  by
 the Ontario Ministry of the Environment for in-place pollutants (Evaluation  =
 2CJ.

ST, LAWRENCE RIVER  (CORNWALL ONTARIO -  MASSENA, NEW YORK)

ISSUE

    Elevated mercury and PCB levels in larger sizes of some fish species
 continue to necessitate advisories or restrictions on the consumption and
 commercial sale of these fish.  However, the prospects are for declining
 levels as the impact of controls which are in place or planned is felt.  The
 mercury problem is residual in nature.  Some reduction of PCB  levels in  forage
 fish has occurred over the last three years, in response to initial  controls
 on Massena-area industrial sources.

    Elevated fecal and total coliform levels have resulted in recreational  use
 restrictions at some beaches downstream of Cornwall.  There are also localized
 violations on both sides of the river for some Agreement or jurisdictional
 objectives including phosphorus, total phenolics, certain heavy metals,  PCB,
 and two organochlorine pesticides.

    Contaminants in sediments collected from the mouth of the Grasse River,  at
 Massena, and along the Cornwall, Ontario waterfront exceed jurisdictional
 guidelines for open water disposal of dredged materials  for nutrients, heavy
 metals, oil and grease, and/or PCB.  This contamination  is primarily residual.
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                                 330
WATER QUALITY BOARD  EVALUATION

    The Water Quality Board concludes that  remedial works currently in place
are not adequate to resolve the principal problem of KB contamination in fish
and sediments.  While the Board notes that  both  the U.S. and Canada have
programs underway or planned for control of municipal and industrial
discharges by 1985, it also notes that the  effects on fish and sediments from
previous PCS discharges will probably continue for some time beyond that date
(Evaluation = 2B).
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