-------
APPENDIX D
CONTAMINATED MATERIAL DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES
Removal and treatment of contaminated bottom materials from lakes,
streams, rivers, coastal waters, and estuaries can generate the following
wastes that require ultimate disposal:
• Contaminated or treated sediments (Appendices B and C)
• Effluents from liquid waste treatment (Appendix C)
• Residues (solids and sludges) from aqueous waste treatment and
incineration (Appendix C).
These wastes may be disposed of by various methods, but the selection
of a disposal method must consider whether the waste is a hazardous waste
under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) or a regulated
PCB-containing material under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).
In general, the-above three waste streams must be disposed of by strict
standards if:
1. They are ignitable, corrosive, reactive, and/or are toxic
according to a prescribed leaching test (see EP Toxicity in
Appendix G, Glossary) under RCRA (40 CFR, Parts 261-20 to
261.24), and/or
2. They contain any concentration of a RCRA-listed substance, and/or
3. They contain PCBs in excess of 50 ppm.
Of the criteria in Item 1, only EP toxicity is likely to apply to
contaminated sediments or to the effluents and residues generated by their
treatment or incineration. Environmental physical and chemical
conditions at the bottoms of water bodies would generally preclude sediments
from exhibiting any ignilable, corrosive, or reactive properties that con-
taminants may have exhibited prior to entering the water body. The contam-
inants most likely to cause EP toxicity in contaminated sediments are the
heavy metals: cadimum, chromium, lead, and mercury.
As suggested by Item 2 above, contaminated bottom materials or the ef-
fluents and residuals generated by their treatment could also fall under
the definition of a RCRA hazardous waste if they are known to result from a
cleanup of a spill of one or more of the materials listed under 40 CFR,
D-l
-------
Part 261.30 to 261.33. It is important to note that any concentrations of
"listed" substances in the cleanup materials results in their classification
as RCRA hazardous wastes.
PCS concentrations in sediments, treatment effluents, or residuals
are regulated under TSCA. TSCA regulations require that substances
containing PCBs in concentrations exceeding 50 ppm be disposed at special
PCB disposal facilities approved by EPA. Under TSCA, intentional dilution
cannot be used to reduce to PCB concentrations below the threshold concen-
tration of 50 ppm.
This appendix describes disposal options in separate sections for
sediments, liquids, and residuals. Options are discussed primarily in
terms of an overview of regulatory requirements and standards stipulated
under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Clean Water
Act (CWA), the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA),
and other Federal regulations. These regulations affect and, in most
cases,' dictate the available methods of disposal for such materials.
D.I SEDIMENTS
Sediments that are removed in the course of a cleanup project can vary
in composition and level of contamination. There are basically three
methods of disposal: landfilling, land treatment, and open water disposal.
However, open water disposal is not a legal option for hazardous or PCB-
contaminated sediments. Moreover, PCB-contaminated sediments may not be
placed in land treatment-facilities; they can be placed only in EPA-approved
landfills. Landfilling may be used for any type of non-PCB containing
sediment disposal, but sediments containing hazardous wastes must be disposed
of in specially permitted landfills or land treatment facilities, which are
constructed and operated according to more rigid permit conditions than
those facilities limited to acceptance of only nonhazardous sediments.
Landfilling and land treatment of hazardous and nonhazardous sediments and
open water disposal of nonhazardous sediments are discussed in the following
sections.
D.I.I Landfilling
D.I. 1.1 Description
A landfill is a waste disposal facility where waste materials are
placed in or on a controlled land area and are covered in the manner that
isolates them from the environment. A RCRA hazardous waste landfill must
be designed and operated according to the RCRA Landfill Facility Standards
under 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265 or according to the state hazardous waste
regulations in those states with authority to administer this part of the
D-2
-------
RCRA regulations. Nonhazardous waste landfills must be designed and
operated according to the regulations in the relevant state and/or local
government. These state and local regulations are generally based on
guidelines and criteria for solid waste management, issued under sections
1008(a) and 4004 of RCRA and under 40 CFR, Parts 241 and 257. Disposal
regulations (particularly in California) for both nonhazardous and hazardous
wastes are more stringent in certain states than Federal disposal regulations.
Therefore, state regulations should be considered carefully when identifying
and evaluating disposal alternatives.
The RCRA Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984 require new
hazardous waste landfills to have a double liner system, a leachate collection
system, and a leachate removal system. The double liner system may consist
of two synthetic liners and at least 5 feet of clay, or one synthetic liner
and a clay layer that will not be penetrated by waste leachate for at least
30 years, even if the synthetic liner fails (USEPA 1984). Requirements
for nonhazardous waste landfills are less stringent, but vary considerably
between states. Generally, these requirements allow for consideration of
geologic features (such as a natural clay layer) in the design of leachate
control and groundwater protection systems.
Wastes can be transported to an existing permitted landfill, or a new,
dedicated landfill can be constructed. Construction of a dedicated landfill
should be considered in terms of the duration of the project, the costs of
alternate disposal options, the degree of natural waste containment offered
by the potential landfill site, local public awareness and sentiment, and
the duration and complexity of the state permitting process. These are
only a few of the factors that will affect the decision on costs and time
involved in providing a dedicated nonhazardous landfill.
D.I.1.2 Applications
Hazardous waste landfills can receive both nonhazardous waste and
hazardous wastes as defined under RCRA (see Section D.I.1.1 for definitions)
Nonhazardous waste landfills can receive only nonhazardous wastes.
Revisions to the RCRA regulations, under the authority of the Hazardous and
Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, are currently being implemented. The
revisions will prohibit landfilling of bulk liquid wastes by late 1985,
and gradually prohibit landfilling of certain types of hazardous wastes
over the next decade.
D.I.1.3 Limitations
There are almost no limitations for disposing of nonhazardous sediments
in existing nonhazardous landfills. Some facilities may be restricted to
municipal or industrial wastes. Other nonhazardous landfill facilities
may have maximum daily disposal volumes or may limit the percentage of
D-3
-------
liquids allowed in bulk wastes. The most severe limitation to the disposal
of nonhazardous sediments in existing landfills is the transportation
distances involved. Long transport distances may result in extremely high
ultimate disposal costs.
Limitations concerning hazardous waste landfills include those
listed above for nonhazardous waste landfills and several additional
limitations. By mid-1986, hazardous waste landfills will not be allowed to
receive materials containing free liquid (liquid that can separate by
gravity or compression from the bulk of the material). Individual landfills
may have more stringent waste-acceptance restrictions. PCB-contaminated
materials exceeding 50 ppm cannot be accepted at hazardous waste landfills
that do not have EPA approval for PCBs.
It should also be noted that the option of constructing a dedicated
landfill for disposal of contaminated sediments should be considered only
under the most extreme circumstances, such as when hundreds of thousands of
tons of wastes are involved. For example, the construction of one four-acre
hazardous waste landfill would cost a minimum of $10 million, not including
post-closure maintenance and permitting costs. The minimum time to obtain
a permit for a hazardous waste landfill is about 2 1/2 years.
D.I.1.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
Special requirements and considerations differ significantly between
different states and depend on whether wastes are being landfilled at a new
landfill or at an existing landfill. For a new hazardous waste landfill, a
RCRA permit is required and the facility must also be designed to meet
requirements which are stricter than those applied to existing landfills
(see previous section).
RCRA requires all owners and operators of hazardous waste land disposal
facilities to establish a groundwater monitoring program. The groundwater
monitoring program must be capable of determining the facility's impact on
the quality of groundwater in the uppermost aquifer underlying the facility.
Many states now require similar monitoring at nonhazardous waste disposal
sites.
After 1985, sludges and slurries meeting the definition of a hazardous
waste must be treated (see Section C.2) to remove any free liquid before
landfilling. EPA is currently (mid-1985) refining its definition of free
liquids and is providing guidance methods that may be used to remove free
liquids from waste streams. Other pretreatment requirements, such as
neutralization and precipitation of metals, will depend on landfill permit
requirements and state regulations.
D-4
-------
All hazardous wastes that are being transported for off-site disposal
must be properly manifested in accordance with 40 CFR Parts 262 and 263.
These same regulations also describe the requirements for labelling,
placarding, and packaging wastes according to Department of Transportation
(DOT) regulations.
D.I.2 Open Water Disposal
D.I.2.1 Description
Open water disposal involves placement of materials into ocean,
estuary, river, or lake waters or wetlands, where the materials settle to
the bottom of the water body. Materials are normally dumped or pumped from
barges, scows, or hoppers into the water column. This type of disposal is
regulated by under the Marine Protection Research and Sancuaries Act and
under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
D.I.2.2 Applications
The applicability of open water disposal for a particular dredged
material must be determined on a case-by-case basis. In general, ocean
disposal and disposal in inland waters is suitable only for noncontaminated
sediments, and for sediments with only trace levels of contaminants that
can be demonstrated to cause no harm to the receiving water body.
D.I.2.3 Limitations
Open water disposal of dredged materials is not applicable to contami-
nated sediments that will adversely impact the chemical, physical, or
biological integrity of the receiving water body. Because of the stringency
of testing requirements, the permitting process is costly and time-consuming,
particularly for a permit for ocean disposal or disposal in a wetland area.
Further, the presence of hazardous contaminants in dredged sediments could
cause regulatory authorities to deny an openwater disposal permit.
D.I.2.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
Ocean disposal of dredged material is regulated by the Marine
Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972. This act requires
that a permit can be issued only after consideration of the environmental
effects of the proposed operation, the need for ocean dumping, alternatives
to ocean dumping, and the effect of the proposed action on aesthetic,
D-5
-------
recreational, and economic values. Furthermore, bioassays and bioaccumula-
tion studies must be conducted to determine whether contaminants will
adversly affect biota. A detailed environmental assessment is also required
(Peddicord 1980).
Disposal of dredged material in estuaries and inland waterways is
regulated mainly by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. The criteria are
similar to those for ocean dumping in that issuance of a permit requires
prior demonstration that dumping will not adversely impact water quality
and biota. Testing requirements may typically include chemical comparison
of the dredged material with the disposal site sediments and possibly
benthic bioassay and bioaccumulation studies (Peddicord 1980).
D.I.3 Land Treatment/Disposal
D.I.3.1 Description
Land treatment of wastes and solids is generally a biological treatment
technique used on both RCRA hazardous and nonhazardous organic wastes.
Land treatment reduces the waste volume through evaporation and transforms
contaminants into a less complex organic and inorganic mixture suitable for
soil cultivation.
Land treatment may be used to dispose of dredged sediments or effluent
from treatment facilities. The wastes are spread or sprayed over land in a
controlled manner such that no runoff occurs, and all of the free liquids
in the wastes either infiltrate the ground surface or evaporate. Land
treatment is facilitated by microorganisms that are naturally occurring in
the soil and degrade wastes. The land application area is diked to prevent
erosion and runoff and to help keep the soil moist. Liquid or sludge is
applied by spraying or spreading on the land surface or injection below the
surface. Under proper conditions of aeration, moisture, and nutrient concen-
trations, and with correct application rates, bacteria degrade the wastes
to carbon dioxide and water. The soil also has a limited capacity to
immobilize organics by various chemical means (Morrison 1983). When only
nonhazardous liquids are involved, this technique is sometimes called
"spray irrigation".
Land treatment of hazardous wastes is stringently controlled by Federal
requirements and by equally (or more) stringent state regulations in those
states authorized to administer RCRA land disposal regulations. Land
treatment of nonhazardour wastes is regulated by the individual states;
Federal laws do not apply.
D-6
-------
D.I.3.2 Applications
Land treatment of relatively contaminant-free waste is best used in
arid climates to afford maximum evaporation. Biodegradable contaminants
can be present in the waste since treatment is accomplished by bacteria
within the soil.
Land treatment is best suited for wastes types that are amenable to
biodegradation. Waste oil and grease and certain pesticides and solvents
can be treated by land application. RCRA regulations (40 CFR Part 264)
allow application of any hazardous wastes that can effectively be degraded,
transformed, or immobilized. However, there are stringent requirements to
assure complete degradation of specific constituents and protection of the
underlying groundwater. There is no list of acceptable or unacceptable
wastes and suitability must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis (Morrison
1983).
D.I.3.3 Limitations
Land treatment of hazardous wastes will probably not be permitted in
areas with a high water table since the regulations require a minimum
separation of three feet between the bottom of the treatment zone and the
seasonal high water table. Land treatment is also not well suited to
soils with high moisture content since this may impede oxygen transfer to
soil microorganisms (Morrison 1983). Land treatment cannot be accomplished
on frozen or snow-covered land and is, therefore, seasonally not appropriate
in some climates. In addition to the above limitations, land treatment of
hazardous and nonhazardous waste is subject to most of the same limitations
discussed for landfills under Section D.I.I. However, it is generally more
difficult to obtain a RCRA permit for a hazardous waste land treatment
facility than for a landfill.
D.I.3.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
Land treatment of wastes from a hazardous waste spill cleanup must
comply with the intent of RCRA regulations (40 CFR Part 264). The regula-
tions require that the wastes be degraded, immobilized, or transformed in
the "treatment zone." Groundwater in the unsaturated zone beneath the
treatment zone must be monitored to ensure effectiveness of the method.
The regulations also require a "treatment demonstration" prior to operation
of a facility. The treatment demonstration will determine what wastes are
allowable and under what conditions. These conditions are specified in a
facility permit required prior to implementation.
D-7
-------
D.2 LIQUIDS
Wastewater that is removed in the course of a cleanup project can vary
in the presence and concentration of contaminants. Further, contaminated
wastewater may or may not have been treated prior to disposal (see Section
C.3). Three methods of wastewater disposal (direct discharge, land treat-
ment, and deep well injection) are described in the following sections.
D.2.1 Direct Discharge
D.2.1.1 Description
Direct discharge is the discharge of any material into "waters of the
United States," defined in 40 CFR, 122.3 as navigable waters, tributaries
to navigable waters, lakes, rivers, and streams that are used for recreation,
commercial fishing, and other interstate commerce.
The EPA regulates direct discharges through the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Some states have been given the
authority to administer the NPDES program and may have more stringent
requirements than the Federal program. In general, any party responsible
for discharging from a point source must obtain a permit that specifies
discharge limitations in terms of quantity of flow, concentrations of
contaminants, and mass of contaminants. The contaminants chosen for each
applicant vary according to general industry and site-specific criteria.
D.2.1.2 Applications
Direct discharge of liquid is generally applicable to effluents from
treatment facilities and other waste streams that contain relatively low
concentrations of contaminants. Larger, high-flow water bodies generally
are able to receive higher discharge flows and contaminant concentrations
because of dilution.
D.2.1.3 Limitations
NPDES permit requirements may necessitate wastewater treatment to lower
contaminant concentrations prior to discharge. The NPDES permitting process
is generally lengthy and may be extended by the uncertainty of the discharge
compositions from hazardous materials cleanup projects.
D-8
-------
D.2.1.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
A request for a permit must generally be submitted a minimum of 180
days prior to the anticipated date of discharge. The permit regulations
require that extensive data be submitted as part of the application including
information on flow rates, quantitative waste characterization, location of
discharge, etc.
At the present time (mid-1985), EPA is determining the most appropriate
limitations for direct discharge from Superfund sites; therefore, permit
applications may meet with considerable delay.
Furthermore, the applicant should expect monitoring to be a requirement
under the permit, regardless of the concentrations of contaminants in the
proposed discharge. The permit will also specify monitoring methods and
frequencies and procedures for installing and maintaining monitoring equip-
ment.
D.2.2 Deep Well Injection
D.2.2.1 Description
Deep well injection involves the subsurface placement of fluid through
a well that has been permitted by a state or EPA permit-issuing authority.
The well must be cased and cemented to prevent the movement of fluids into
or between underground sources of drinking water. Furthermore, the well
must be located so that the point of injection is at least one quarter of a
mile above or beneath the lower-most formation containing groundwater.
Other design criteria and standards that apply to deep well injection are
described in 40 CFR Parts 144 through 146.
D.2.2.2 Applications
The permit conditions for each deep well injection facility specify
the types of wastes that may be injected. Wastes accepted for deep well
injection are usually inorganic with low organic content. The wastes must
meet a relatively stringent suspended and settleable solids specification
to prevent clogging of the injection zone (Wuslich 1982).
Pending revisions (mid-1985) to RCRA regulations may result in a
ban on certain waste types from deep well injection.
D-9
-------
D.2.2,3 Limitations
The off-site disposal of hazardous liquid wastes at an existing deep
well site would not present major limitations other than the need to manifest
each shipment. Disposal of nonhazardous liquids by off-site deep well
injection would probably not be cost-effective. On-site disposal of wastes
by deep well injection will almost invariably be cost-prohibitive because
of the extensive testing required to design and locate a well that can be
demonstrated to have no adverse impact on drinking water and public health.
D.2.2.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
Monitoring programs are required with deep injection wells in order to
detect migration of contaminants into drinking water aquifers. Injection
wells must be equipped with continuous recording devices for monitoring
injection pressure, flow rate, and volume. Waste streams to be injected
must be pretreated using granular media filtration and possibly ultrafiltration
to remove suspended solids greater than 1 micron in size. Persons intending
to dispose of wastes by deep well injection must apply for and obtain a
permit that complies with all applicable standards and criteria specified
in 40 CFR Parts 144-146.
D.3 SLUDGE AND'SOLID TREATMENT RESIDUALS
Treatment residuals, as defined in this appendix, are sludges and solid
byproducts of treatment processes. Treatment residuals include but are
not limited to spent sorbents, precipitation/coagulation sludges, filter
media, scrubber sludges, and oil and grease. Three disposal methods (land-
filling, incineration, and land treatment) are described in the following
sections.
D.3.1 Landfilling
D.3.1.1 Description
The description of landfilling of sediments under Section D.I.1.1 also
applies to treatment residuals.
D-10
-------
D.3.1.2 Applications
The applications of landfilling for sediment disposal under Section
D.I.1.2 also apply to treatment residuals. Treatment residuals that are
most appropriate for landfilling are spent sorbents, filter media, "fixed"
and solidified sludges, and other solid materials.
D.3.1.3 Limitations
The limitations of landfilling for sediment disposal under Section
D.I.1.3 also apply to treatment residuals.
D.3.1.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
The special requirements and considerations of landfilling for sediment
disposal under Section D.I.1.4 also apply to treatment residuals.
D.3.2 Incineration
D.3.2.-1 Description
Incineration is the process of reducing the volume and/or toxicity of
organic wastes by exposing them to high temperatures under controlled
conditions. The main products of incineration include carbon dioxide,
water, ash, and certain acids and oxides. The most commonly used inciner-
ators for solid and liquid wastes are rotary kiln, multiple-hearth, fluidized
bed, and high temperature fluid wall. Some incinerators are commercially
available in mobile systems that can be transported to a cleanup project
for on-site incineration of waste materials. Otherwise, off-site facilities
must be used.
D.3.2.2 Applications
The BTU content of the waste is an important factor in determining
suitability of a waste stream for incineration, and treatment residuals are
likely to have low BTU contents. In the hazardous waste incineration
industry, it is common to blend wastes with fuels to achieve an overall
heating value of 8,000 BTU/lb or more (Oppelt 1981). A commercial hazardous
waste facility may not accept a waste that has a BTU value unsuitable for
blending or direct use.
D-ll
-------
-------
Depending upon the type of incinerator, state and Federal regulations for
incinerator facilities, and the facility's permit conditions, different
maximum air emissions concentrations may be set for chlorine, sulfur, metals,
and ash content. In addition, the facility must be able to achieve 99.99
percent destruction and removal efficiency for each principal organic
hazardous constituent (POHC) in the permit. Each facility permit will
specify POHCs to be used in monitoring the emission levels. More stringent
destruction efficiencies are required to burn PCBs. In general, rotary
kiln and high-temperature fluid wall incinerators are able to accept
compounds with a higher heat of combustion than multiple hearth and fluidized
bed incinerators (Stoddard 1981).
D.3.2.3 Limitations
Incineration is not applicable for destruction of inorganic wastes.
Highly chlorinated waste, such as PCBs and dioxins, are not permitted at most
facilities. Incineration is also not applicable for any waste type that
will cause an existing facility to violate permit conditions.
D.3.2.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
Air pollution control equipment is generally required to remove
particulates and certain gases from the exhaust gas stream. Wet scrubbers
are generally used for this purpose, although electrostatic precipitators
may be used for removal of particulates, and afterburners may be used for
combustion of certain gases.
Incinerators generally require use of water to cool certain portions
of the system. Auxiliary fuel may also be required particularly for low-BTU
wastes.
Federal regulations require that an operator obtain a permit to
incinerate hazardous wastes. The Federal regulations specify incinerator
requirements, including test burns for new facilities, under 40 CFR Part 264.
State regulations may be more stringent than the Federal regulations.
D.3.3 Land Treatment/Disposal
D.3.3.1 Description
The description of land treatment and disposal of wastewater and other
liquid effluents under Section D.I.1.1 also applies to treatment residuals.
D-12
-------
D.3.3.2 Applications
The applications of land treatment and disposal of liquid and solid
wastes under Section D.I.1.2 also applies to treatment residuals.
D.3.3.3 Limitations
The limitations of land treatment and disposal of liquid and solid
wastes under Section D.I.1.3 also apply to treatment residuals.
D.3.3.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
The special requirements and considerations of land treatment and dis-
posal of liquid and solid wastes under Section D.I.1.4 also apply to treatment
residuals.
D.4 SUMMARY
Disposal methods and information pertinent to their evaluation and
selection are summarized in Table D-l.
D-13
-------
C/D
«— ^
tan?
o*
M
2
X
r^
U
H
kJ
•^J
CO
O
CM
CO
M
Q
I-J
BO
33
1 C
•* O
b •«•*
W 3
> O
• H T3
U eg
4) ig
b 03
C C
co o
o c
oo
c
• H
•Hi
— «
•H
T3
C
CO
J
.
c
0
^
eo
e
1
c
o
u
41
CO
5
C
3
O
oo
T3
e
co
•O b •
4) 4) 4> 09
.43 4-1 .O pH
a E —
4J 4) 3 — '
o u e >4-i
c -a u TJ
C 4i eg -H e
eg u •-( eo
• - v eg 41 co ^4
C b E
TJ *H eg ao TJ
• •*•* € 4*
CO 3 • S 00 CO >
^ 0-TJ 4J « 0
eg .H 41 c eg ss b
b CL U b C Q.
41 4> 41 1 41 O CO
4J 41 U CO 4J
eg M u u co u u-i
E t» eg a. E "> O
•
09
41
00
TJ
3
_M
CO
o
4-1
|y
3
TJ
C
0
U
4)
00
eg
00
c
• H
09
3
eg
u
b
O
<4-t
—
eg
• H
u
e
41
^
O
a.
BO
e
*H
. i
•H CO
e -H
— O eg
eg — o >
•« CM ' °
0 TJ E 0-
e -H a
C co u eg
O — i
•H TJ B£
u TJ C C
O 41 CO -rt
3 4J 4J
b eo X 4J
co -H u E
C TJ SO C
O 41 O 41
CJT3O Du
4-1
C
eg
c
1
4J
c
o
u
J
o
J=
4^
'5
CO
4-1
e
4)
E
T>
41
CO
b
41
^j
CO
9
e
4>
a
o
§
.pd
•o
41
00
e
a
41
b
a.
CO
b
o
8 .
j3 v
O "
b £>
a o
b
— a.
CO
4J ^^
C eg
§^J
• l»f
0 C
b -H
'> 41
e x
4) 4J
1
0
u
41
_e
^i
09
•^4
00 •
co eo
41 e
y .H
1 1
a. co
•
to
e
a
CO
b
jj
C
41
O
e
o
u
^
CO
00
o
a.
0)
O
eg
*
c
0
4J
eg
e
1
e
o
u
b
V
4J
eg
j
—
co
tfi
4^
C
41
o
a,
41
CO
E
00
41
•^
3
CO
09
3
O
b
eg
09
4J
C
41
E
T3
41
00
o
09
41
,-4
O
>
V
ao
b
03
^
•
CD
^
C
a
c
• •4
i
c
o
u
U-l
O
C
o
Cfi
e
41
a
00
3
09
0)
b
^
y
• •4
41
b
a.
o
u •
CO
TJ 4J
4) y
T3 CO
a) a.
4> E
e .5
t^J
O
e
o
CO
c
1
4^
c
o
y
CO
.-4
4J
C
0)
4^
o
a.
>^
^^
BO
• «i4
O
41
J3
a
y
•M
a
eg
4-1
o
09
41
b
41
CO
'-4
U-l
•
CO
c
• 1*4
T)
V
00
n
4)
CO
c
.-4
e
o
u
o
£
9 y
41 TJ
u e
eg co .
j: e
U b O
eg 4) —
41 4J 4J
— BO
9 C
OOT3 -H
C C E
•H 3 a
CD O 4-1
3 b C
eg eo o
y y
b C b
O CO 41
CM u
C eg
CO -H
•H 4J 4)
u eg y
C b 01
ft) U U-i
U C b
O 41 3
Ou 00 CO
TJ
f- ,_«
00 O
-C *H y
OCX
.c - c
CO CO
C eg
b CO
T3 03 eg
ft) 3j
4J 4) b
4J — 0)
•H J3
E eo -
b u -*
41 CO
CL u u-i
4> C
O W 03
Z 9 b
CO
41 •
BO 41
~* eg 09
CO TJ C
eg o
TJ b — 4
e oo 4J
CO 4) 03
TJ b
. O 4J
CO --4 C
T3 .O 4)
•H y
3 b c
cr o 0
•H — . y
C u
- eg c
09 03
4-1 3 c
c o -H
E 03
TJ 4-* C
ft) .-4 O
CO > U
c
4>
^J
eg
41 —
b eg
H co
o
T3 Q-
C CO
CO >H
" 0
TJ
41
3
C
• -4
4J
C
0
y
•
CO
4>
4J
03
E
y
D-14
-------
^_1^
^^
•a
D
3
•H
U
C
o
U
XwS
•
••H
a
j
B5
2
u
CO
O
u
Ol
>
• rd
*d
CO
ai
cc
CO
u
u
CO
a
e
1-1
>-,
b
CO
"O
e
o
y
OJ
C/3
a
e
o
.•*
id
CO
4d
• *J
_6
°.J
00
c
o
• •d
U
a
y
• •d
^d
a
a.
<
01
3
tr
• id
E
.C
y
01
H
>
3
'
w
e
•H
i
4d
e
o
y
00
B
•H
09
3
CO
y
Id
O
Ud
w-
CO
jd
c
Ol
id
Q
OL,
Id
o
vu u
y
0) • —
> 01 1-
"t E id
CD -H CD
B <->
01 u
id Ud 0)
CO- • - 0)
•-J e
01 =
T3 -O id
BO CO
CO —H 3
•-"I h E
«J B
v a -a
JD >*d
00 3
c e tr
CO O —
0— ,J
»
o
jC
id
• fd
J
CO
id
e
4J
3
*•*
Ud
Ud
0>
•c
01
id
a
o>
it
H
ij
B
V
E ^
id -o
a o>
01 — 3
I- CO c
H « —I id
O u y
•o a. B o>
E 09 O Id
eo •-< o --
-j o ^ o
.•d
•«
01
CO
•o
c
a
fcd
01
Jd
CO
3
01
a
CO
Ud
^
3
ce
O
E
O
.H
JJ
u
O
Ud
00
4J
B
0)
i
b
•
• »d
4J
CO
U
U
CO
01
4J
CO
w
»
_0
Ud
01
no
Id
ft)
d=
y
CO
• **
O
Ud
O
C
o
• »4
4J
CO
E
• *d
§
ia
B
O
y
_4
CO
• Ad
CO B
u 01
E u
OJ O
E 0-
1
E
O
y
Ud
O
09
E
O
••d
4J •
CO CO
U 4J
U E
C CO
01 E
y ••*
E E
0 8
y u
•
>,
•o
o
dO
Id
0)
JJ
CO
3
eo
E
• H
>
• *d
OJ
y
OJ
u
•
ce
OJ
u
01
J=
a
• *4
Ud
E
CO
y
OB
CO
01
3
Id
0.
00
B
• *d
JJ
JJ
.*d
01
0.
,
00
c
•l-(
1
OB
B
O
y
1
0)
J
4J
U
dO
dC
eo
>^d
X
1
•o
B
3
O
u
00
00
E
lfd
00
3
CO
y
k4
O
Ud
*d
co
jj
B
01
u
o
e-
>,
CO
E
CO
4J
00
o
y
B
O
.*4
U
CO
4J
U
g.
OB
E
a
H
09
•a
•^
3
tr
,,d
^d
T3
OJ
4d
CO
C
i
4d
E
O
U
>,
jC
00
• r*
X
t-d
f«l
Ol
3
a.
OJ
u
0
•
c
o
.^
4J
CO
c
•*•«
E
CO
jd
B
o
w
k4
OJ
Jd
CO
3
CO
3
0 -0
T> 01
^ T>
CO OJ B
H jD 01
CO a
J= >, 00
CO 3
ki E co
O
Ud U Id
6 0
01 • 01 Ud
E oo E
oi — u -a
t. co a eu •
u -H oi u m
X Id U •-. T)
OJ 01 u 3 -fd
AJ o) tr-d
OJ CO u. 11 O
ja E ex k> co
Ud
o
a
c
o
• H
Id
<0
k. •
4d 03
E T3
D -^
y -d
c o
O a
y
T!
> OJ
o -o
« E
OJ
.c a
4d 00
•rt 3
» 0)
C
O
• •d
JJ
y
OJ
"i
c
hd
i
• *4
."a
£
u
• *d
CO
00
E
«fd
09
3
CO
y
id
O
Ud
,H|
CO
u
e
", *J 6
6 « •*
CO -H -C g
oo -d 01 3
U **d 4J id
O y u E
E co — O
— i fc. E y
•o
Ol
CO
E
• *d
i
jj
E
O
y
•C
E
0!
CO
cu
4J
09 •
CO CO
J JJ
c
Ol O>
00 E
-o -5
3 TJ
_ oi
co en
I "n
OJ 01
E u
OJ —d CO
4J id . CU
•** X U
00 0> — 1 "
1 dO u
B 00 Ol
O >< O J3
CO y
id E "
O T! CO
Ud c 6 3 •
O CO E T3
00 "d D
E u 00 00 09
••d 03 E — O
u id -H co a.
W 01 E 3 CB
— 6 3 TJ -rt
E —^ co ••< -o
1- O C 09
OJ B O 0) Id
p* ••* y ad o
D-15
-------
APPENDIX E
IN SITU CONTAMINANT TREATMENT AND ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
In responding to a spill or a discharge of a sinking hazardous sub-
stance, it is sometimes physically or economically impractical to consider
removing all of the contaminated material from its location in the water-
course. Response techniques that allow the.spilled substance or the con-
taminated sediments to remain in place (or "in situ") may be applicable in
such situations.
E.1 TREATMENT
In situ treatment methods involve the addition and mixing of chemical
or biological reagents with contaminated bottom materials in place. The
treatment promotes a physical, chemical, or biological reaction with the
contaminants to form products that pose a reduced hazard. Treatment methods
include sorption and chemical and biological processes. Each of these
treatment methods is discussed in the following sections.
E.1.1 Sorption
E.I.1.1 Description
Sorption is the general term that refers to two processes: adsorption
and absorption. In both processes, a sorbant material removes contaminants
from a substance of concern (such as sediments) and incorporates the contam-
inants into its own structure. In adsorption, contaminants are drawn into
small pore openings on the surface of the adsorbant material by physical
and chemical attractive forces. In absorption, contaminants are "soaked
up" by the absorbant, sometimes causing the absorbant to swell as the
process takes place.
There are various types of sorbents and gels that can be added to
contaminated sediments to induce the sorption process: activated carbon,
polymer foams and fibers, resins, and gelling agents.
E-l
-------
Activated Carbon—
Activated carbon is a highly porous carbon. It is so porous that a
large percentage of the carbon atoms are surface atoms and are capable of
adsorbing other materials. Activated carbon is made by controlled heating
of a variety of materials, including wood, coal, and coconut shells. Three
methods of applying activated carbon to contaminated bottom materials are
carbon "pillows", direct carbon application, and permeable treatment barri-
ers.
Carbon pillows are permeable filter bags filled with granules of
activated carbon. Liquids can flow through the bag material, contact the
carbon, and flow back through the bag material into the water column.
Flotation units can be attached to the bags such that the bags are in a
vertical position on the bottom of the water body and the contaminants are
removed over an interval of depth (Pilie et al. 1975).
Granules of activated carbon can also be applied directly to contami-
nated bottom materials. Activated carbon is more capable than sediments of
"holding" contaminants over time and, to the extent that contaminants are
transferred from sediments to activated carbon, the contaminants are made
less available to leaching into the water column or otherwise re-entering
the environment. A three-phased equilibrium is established with the higher
contaminant concentrations adsorbed to carbon, a lower concentration on the
sediment, and the lowest concentration in water (Mackenthur et al. 1979).
Laboratory studies have demonstrated the use of activated carbon in reducing
levels of organtcs in the water column, but the feasibility of this has not
been demonstrated on a large-scale application.
Permeable treatment barriers consist of two parallel wire mesh fences
that are firmly anchored to the bottom. The spacing between the fences is
filled with activated carbon in the form of carbon fibers, which resemble
loosely packed steel wool. The fibers are weighted to sorb sinking spills.
Carbon fibers developed for testing purposes have shown excellent adsorption
potential in laboratory experiments (Pilie et al. 1975), but full-scale
applications have not been demonstrated.
Polymer Foams and Fibers—
A wide range of polymeric foams and fibers has been developed in
conjunction with hazardous oil spill recovery work. These products have
been manufactured in a number of forms, including pillows, sheets, strips,
booms, and pads. They are manufactured using various materials, including
polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyurethane. Polymer foams and fibers
can be used in the treatment or sinking spills by weighting the sorbents so
that they sink to the bottom and contact the spill.
Resins—
Resins are synthetic sorbents with a porous structure that is similar
to the molecular porosity of activated carbon (Bauer et al. 1976) and can
E-2
-------
be applied to in situ treatment of bottom materials in the manner described
for activated carbon, above.
Ceiling-
Gelling agents may be used for in situ coagulation of contaminated
sediments. One commercially available product is imbiber beads, which are
made of polybutyl styrene. These beads have the capacity to absorb organic
substances up to 27 times their volume. Water can initially pass through
pads or pillows of the beads, which provide approximately 30 percent void
space. Upon contact with an organic fluid, the beads expand and fill the
void space, preventing further flow. Water is not absorbed and organic
contaminants are permanently locked into the imbiber bead matrix. Gelling
agents are available in blankets or packets, which are weighted so they can
be deployed to the desired depth (EMCO undated).
E.I.1.2 Applications
Sorbents can be used only in relatively quiescent waters because of
the logistics of placement and the risk of resuspending contaminants.
Activated carbon can effectively adsorb a broad range of organic and
inorganic constituents. The adsorption efficiency depends on the type of
carbon, the properties of the constituents (i.e., molecular size, polarity,
solubility, and-solution pH), and the contact time with the carbon.
Resins are less versatile than activated carbon. However, if sulfo-
nated, resins sorb dissolved ionic contaminants more readily and are,
therefore, better suited to sorption of metals and ionic organics than
activated carbon. Resins also tend to sorb soluble species, whereas acti-
vated carbon favors sorption of nonsoluble compounds.
E.I.1.3 Limitations
In situ treatment techniques are generally not widely proven and
accepted for treatment of contaminated bottom materials. Consultation with
researchers and technical representatives may be needed to successfully
implement the techniques.
The primary limitation of any sorption technique is that sorptive
materials do not destroy or remove the contaminants and desorption (release
of contaminants) over the long-term may occur. In addition, there are some
limitations to the location in which some of the sorption methods can be
applied. For example, carbon pillows are not effective in calm waters, as
some nominal flow is needed to continuously bring contaminants into contact
with the carbon. Permeable treatment barriers cannot be used in deep and
E-3
-------
fast-flowing waters. High flow rates tend to wash away the wire mesh
fence, whereas low flow rates limit the contact between the carbon and the
contaminants.
E.I.1.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
Deployment and placement of sorbents can require support vessels with
booms or cranes. Diver assistance may be necessary in deep-water applications,
Manual labor and light equipment will be needed in shallow-water applications.
Costs of in situ sorption treatment can vary widely, ranging from low
to high relative to other in situ techniques, depending on the contaminants,
the setting, and the sorbent used.
E.I.2 Chemical and Biological Treatment
E.I.2.1 Description
Various chemical and biological treatment techniques can be used to
treat in situ contaminated sediments and sinking spills or discharges.
These techniques include precipitation, neutralization, oxidation, chemical
dechlorination, -and biological treatment. These techniques are most common-
ly used to reduce the concentrations of hazardous substances in industrial
sludges and liquids. Chemical and biological treatment techniques involve
mixing a treatment reagent with the contaminated sediments, allowing a re-
action to take place that will modify the waste and render it less hazardous.
Most chemical and biological treatment methods require other stream diver-
sion or containment of the contaminated sediments in order to allow for
proper mixing of the treatment reagent with the sediments and to ensure
adequate time for the treatment reagent to be in contact with the sediments.
Precipitation—
Precipitation controls contaminants by converting high-solubility
substances into low-solubility substances, thereby limiting their ability
to contaminate the water column. The process involves stream diversion or
containment of a spill, followed by spreading and mixing precipitating
agents with the sediments. The result is a low-solubility solid substance
(a "precipitate") that is a less hazardous substances. This process is
amenable to inorganic contaminants. Sulfide precipitation reagents are the
most promising because metal sulfide precipitates are the least soluble
metal compounds that are likely to form over a broad pH range. Calcium
sulfate, iron sulfate, or gypsum may also be used as precipitation agents.
Solutions and slurries of precipitation agents can also be applied directly
to sediments in calm waters using pumps and hoses.
E-4
-------
Neutralization—
Neutralization involves stream diversion or containment of a spill,
followed by spreading and mixing neutralizing agents with the sediments.
This process is amenable to treating highly acidic and basic contaminants.
The treatment reagents are weak acids and bases that react to form water
and, in general, less hazardous substances. For example, calcium carbonate
or sodium bicarbonate (bases) are used to neutralize acidic substances.
Neutralizing agents can be applied to in situ sediments as slurries by
using sand spreaders or a diffuser head, or by open pipe discharge. They
can be applied as solids either by broadcast spreading or by use of hand
shovels within the contained area.
Oxidation—
Oxidation involves the application of treatment reagents t'o oxidize
spilled substances, thereby converting them to less hazardous substances.
Containment of spills or contaminated sediments may be necessary prior to
oxidation in order to prevent loss of oxidant and oxidation of non-target
compounds outside the contaminated area. Contaminants amenable to oxidation
include a wide range of organics. Highly chlorinated compounds and nitro-
aromatics are not well suited to oxidation. Treatment reagents used for
oxidation are oxygen and/or ozone, and hydrogen peroxide.
Chemical Dechlorination—
Chemical dechlorination entails the mixing of chemicals that react
with chlorinated compounds, converting the chlorine component to chlorine
salts and other nonhazardous compounds. The process requires stream
diversion and sediment dewatering prior to mixing dechlorination agents
with the sediments. Treatment agents used in this process are polythylene
glycol or potassium hydroxide. Dechlorination is amenable to highly chlor-
inated organic contaminants, such as PCBs and dioxin.
Biological Treatment—
Biological treatment involves containment of contaminated materials
followed by the addition of microorganisms to the materials. These micro-
organisms metabolize the contaminants, rendering them less hazardous. An
oxygen source (for aerobic degradation) and nutrients must also be added to
support the microorganisms. Biological treatment is used to degrade organic
contaminants.
E.I.2.2 Applications
In general, in situ chemical and biological treatment methods may be
most applicable to water bodies with low-velocity flows and currents.
E-5
-------
Precipitation is applicable to inorganic contaminants that are in the
ionic (dissolved) form, particularly metals.
Neutralization is applicable to highly acidic and basic contaminants.
However, unless the spilled substance is otherwise hazardous or if the
volume of the spill is large in relation to the size of the water body,
natural dispersion and dilution can often rapidly return the pH of the
water body to background.
Oxidation is applicable to most organic compounds, except highly
chlorinated organics and nitro-aromatic compounds.
Chemical dechlorination is applicable to highly chlorinated organic
compounds, such as PCBs and dioxin.
Biological treatment is applicable to organic contaminants, provided
that, for aerobic treatment, sufficiently high concentrations of oxygen are
naturally or artificially available to the active bacteria.
E.I.2.3 Limitations
In situ treatment techniques are generally not widely proven and
accepted for treatment of contaminated bottom materials. Consultation with
researchers and technical representatives may be needed to successfully
implement the techniques.
Sulfide precipitation of inorganic contaminants (such as metals) is
effective only under reducing conditions. In addition, sulfide precipitation
has the potential to release toxic hydrogen sulfide gas.
The use of ferric sulfate as a neutralization agent under aerobic
conditions may result in the formation of hydrous iron oxides. These oxides
can scavange heavy metals from the water column and may coat the gills of
bottom-feeding organisms.
Oxidation may be difficult to induce in compounds that are sorbed to
sediments. Further, when oxidation does occur, it can result in degration
products that are more mobile than the original contaminants.
Chemical dechlorination treatment systems have a limited tolerance to
water. Therefore, this method cannot be used where in situ dewatering
cannot be accomplished prior to treatment.
Partial degradation products of biological treatment processes may be
more soluble or more toxic than the original contaminants. In addition,
some microorganisms used for treatment may be pathogenic. Degradation by
biological treatment may also proceed so slowly, especially at low tempera-
tures, that .its use alone may not be practical as a rapid spill response.
E-6
-------
E.I.2.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
All in situ chemical and biological methods have the potential for
secondary environmental impacts either as a result of the use of toxic
treatment reagents or as a result of toxic products from reaction or degrada-
tion. Consequently, in situ treatment is generally limited to situations
where the contaminated area can be contained during treatment or where
stream flow can be diverted for the duration of treatment (see Appendix B).
For all in situ treatment methods, the treatment reagents should be
well mixed with the contaminated material. Mixing can be accomplished in
shallow waters with low-flow velocity by diverting the stream flow, spread-
ing the reagents, and mixing the reagents using rubber-tired or crawler
type rotor or trenching mixing equipment.
When stream diversion is not possible, in situ chemical injection and
mixing methods may be used in cases of sinking liquids or slurries, and
covering/capping methods may be used in cases of solids or sediments. The
application methods must be conducted under carefully controlled conditions
to minimize contamination of the water column. Because of the potential
for secondary contamination and the difficulty of ensuring complete mixing
of the reagent with the spill or contaminated sediments, chemical and
biological treatment without stream diversion has limited application.
Costs of in.situ chemical and biological treatment can vary widely,
ranging from low to high relative to other in situ techniques, depending on
the contaminants, the setting, and the chemical agent or biological organism
used.
E.2 ISOLATION
Contaminated bottom materials can be physically isolated from the water
column by a variety of methods that essentially confine the contaminants in
place. The confinement can be short-term or long-term, depending on the
needs of the situation. Available isolation methods include covering and
capping and chemical fixation methods. These methods are discussed in the
following sections.
E.2.1 Covering and Capping
E.2.1.1 Description
Covering is the application of a noncontaminated material over the
surface of deposited contaminated materials. Covering is intended to
E-7
-------
physically protect the contaminated material from erosion and transport and
to limit interaction of the materials with the water column.
Capping is a special case of covering in which low-permeability materi-
als are placed over contaminated materials so that the materials are essenti-
ally "sealed", preventing physical transport and contaminant migration by
dissolution into the water column.
There are three basic types of cover and capping materials: inert
materials, such as sand, silt, and clay; active materials, such as greensand,
gypsum, and limestone; and synthetic liner materials.
Inert materials are placed over contaminated materials in granular
form and are not intended to chemically alter the contaminants. Inert
capping materials can be further divided into three classes: coarse-grained
materials, fine-grained materials, and noncontaminated dredge spoils.
Active cover materials can be applied alone or with an inert material.
The purpose of an active cover is to react with the contaminated materials
to neutralize or otherwise detoxify the material, as well as to function as
a cover. Potentially applicable active cover materials include:
• Limestone - neutralize acids
• Greensand - neutralize acids
• Oyster shells - neutralize acids
• Gypsum - precipitate metals
• Ferric sulfate - precipitate metals, neutralize bases
• Alum - neutralize bases
• Alumina - remove fluoride.
Activated carbon and ion exchange resins are also active cover materials
in the sense that they adsorb contaminants. The use of these materials is
discussed in Section E.1.1, Sorption.
The correct emplacement of active cover materials is critical. If
placed outside the spill or contaminated area, active cover materials can
be harmful to benthic organisms. Because of the potential hazard of these
materials, they should be employed using a diffuser head or other system
that generates little suspension.
Synthetic liners are low-permeability, flexible sheets that are custom-
arily used to seal lagoons for seepage control or to cap waste disposal
sites for infiltration control. Liners are made from a variety of materials,
including polyethylene, polyvinyl-chloride, and hypalon. In applications
involving contaminated bottom materials, a continuous liner can be placed
E-8
-------
over the entire area of contamination. Large applications require splicing
.and sealing of sections, which cannot be accomplished under water.
There are basically three methods for placing granular (inert or
active) cover materials:
• Point dumping
• Pump-down methods
• Submerged diffuser systems.
The amount of suspension and dispersion generated during capping and
covering is largely a function of the method and equipment used for emplac-
ing the material. Levels of suspension and dispersion are greatest with
point dump methods and lowest with diffuser head applications. In point
dump applications, cover material is dumped from the water surface, so the
initial impact is largely determined by the range of particle sizes and the
cohesiveness of the material (Hand et al. 1978).
In comparison with point dumping methods, pump—down methods are advan-
tageous because they create substantially less suspension and resuspension
of contaminated sediments. Pump-down is accomplished by means of pumping
the cover material through a discharge pipe with an outlet located close to
the desired area on the bottom of the water body.
The submerged diffuser system is one of the most effective methods for
controlling the placement of cover material. The primary purpose of the
diffuser head is to reduce the velocity and the turbulence associated with
the discharged cover material. This is accomplished by routing the flow
through a vertically oriented axial diffuser. The submerged diffuser
provides increased control over the location of cover, decreased scouring
of the bottom area, and less turbidity in the area of operation.
A variation on the diffuser system is the application of shotcrete
(pneumatically applied concrete sprayed by hoses and nozzles). Close
control of the nozzle can be maintained to place an effective cap or cover
over submerged or exposed sediments.
The ability of bottom organisms to colonize a capped area without
significant bioaccumulation of contaminants depends on the type of cover
material, the similarity to natural surrounding sediments, the thickness
of the cover, and the potential for leaching. The cap must be sufficiently
thick to prevent burrowing. The majority of organisms will be found in the
upper 0.3 to 0.5 feet of the strata with certain species expected to burrow
to depths of one to two feet. Therefore, a cap thickness of two feet is
considered adequate (Bokuniewicz 1981). Clay or silt caps are more sus-
ceptible to burrowing than sand caps, and this also should be considered
when determining the thickness of the cap.
E-9
-------
E.2.1.2 Applications
Covering and capping methods are best suited for use in waters where
bottom currents and flow velocity are relatively low. Coarse-grained cover
materials are best suited for applications where fine-grained materials
would be transported or eroded by currents.
Covering and capping methods may be applied as a temporary remedial
response or as a primary and long-term response action. They can also be
used as a final step in the remedial process to isolate any residual con-
taminated material following the recovery and removal of contaminated
material. Covering and capping methods can also be used in conjunction
with other methods, such as containment dikes or trenches, to isolate and
treat contaminated materials.
E.2.1.3 Limitations
Placement and long-term effectiveness of caps and covers may not be
achievable in water bodies with high velocities or currents. Placement of
covering and capping materials may cause suspension of the materials in the
water column and resuspension of bottom materials by the turbulence of cap
or cover placement.
Synthetic liner materials have been considered at a number of sites
for containing contaminated sediments. Splicing of sections of conventional
synthetic liners cannot be achieved under water, generally limiting the use
of synthetic caps to relatively small surface areas. Also, many problems
with the placement of the membrane on top of the sediment, the durability
of the liner, and the compatability of the liner with the contaminated
sediments prohibit this method from being of value as a long-term isolation
technique.
E.2.1.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
Placement of cover and cap materials requires special equipment,
including some combination of barges, scows, pumps, piping, and diffusers.
Synthetic liners require specially fabricated equipment that is not readily
available. In all but shallow water applications, diver assistance or.
closed-circuit television observation of the covering and capping progress
may be needed to ensure that proper depth and continuity are achieved.
Costs of covering and capping techniques can vary widely, ranging from
low to high relative to other in situ techniques, depending on the
contaminants, the setting, and the cover or capping materials used.
E-10
-------
E.2.2 Fixation
E.2.2.1 Description
Fixation involves the mixing of a substance (fixation agent) with
contaminated material in order to embed the contaminated material in a
stable, solid form. The process is most commonly used in solidifying
industrial sludges in order to make contaminants less mobile in the
environment. A number of materials are used as fixation agents, including
cement, fly ash, quicklime, silicates, and bentonite.
There are basically two methods for applying fixation agents to
contaminated bottom materials: in situ chemical injection and stream diver-
sion followed by mixing.
In situ chemical injection methods involve the stabilization of con-
taminated sediments through the injection of grouting materials into the
sediments. A method for grouting with clay-cement is the Deep Cement
Mixing Method, which was developed in Japan. The system consists of a
number of injection pipes mounted on a barge. The injection pipes are
connected to mixing pipes that enter the sediments. Similar equipment is
available for deep mixing with quicklime. The process is completed by
lowering the operating mixing apparatus (mixing blades are located within
the individual shafts) to the required depth and injecting a cement- or
lime-based slurry into the sediments. The mixing blades are then reversed
and the shafts are removed and relocated (Takenaka Doboku, Co., Inc. un-
dated). Another barge-mounted injection and mixing apparatus continuously
mixes the slurry with bottom materials and eliminates the need to continu-
ously raise, relocate, and lower the mixing apparatus (Natori 1984).
Dewatered, exposed sediments can also be "fixed" by mixing cement,
quicklime, or a grout with the contaminated sediments in order to promote
stabilization. The stabilizing agent is applied to the surface and mixed
with the contaminated sediments using rotor or trencher mixing equipment.
Following completion of the sealing or stabilizing operation, the sediment
bottom is restored to its natural grade and sediment composition in an
effort to restore the habitat for bottom organisms.
E.2.2.2 Applications
Fixation can be applied in water bodies with relatively low-flow
velocity and currents. Fixation may be applied in high-velocity streams by
diverting stream flow around the area of concern. The applicability of
fixation to the contaminant of concern is a matter of selecting the appro-
priate fixation agent.
E-ll
-------
E.2.2.3 Limitations
Permeability and chemical compatibility restrict the potential
applications of many types of grouts. For example, clay-cement grout may
not achieve a sufficiently low permeability to be acceptable in all cases.
Quicklime is suitable only for the containment of inorganics. Neither clay
nor cement are compatible with acids and bases. Compatibility and durability
of bentonite must be determined on a case-by-case basis. The long-term
permeability and durability of silica gel grouts is not well known.
E.2.2.4 Special Requirements/Considerations
Fixation of contaminated bottom materials can require the use of
specialized equipment, such as mixing and injection equipment and support
vessels. Diver support or closed-circuit television cameras may be needed
to monitor the progress and continuity of the process.
Where stream diversion is used to expose bottom materials, cofferdams,
diversion channels, and pumps may be needed to maintain stream flow.
Tillers and bulldozers may also be needed for spreading and mixing fixation
agents with the bottom materials.
Costs of in situ fixation can vary widely, ranging from low to high
relative to other in situ techniques, depending on the contaminants, the
setting, the accessibility of the bottom materials (e.g., shallow depth or
stream diversion), and the fixation agent used.
E. 3 SUMMARY
The in situ treatment and isolation techniques that are described in
this appendix include sorption, chemical and biological treatment, cover
and capping methods, and fixation. A summary of the characteristics and
applications of each of these techniques is provided in Table E-l.
E-12
-------
CO
>ZD
Cf
z
3C
U
Ex2
^^
z
o
M
H
3
o
CO
HH
Q
i?
H
Z
W
22
^H
u
04
H
=3
H
M
CO
g
p^
o
s
S3
s
co
*
»™H
|
w
u
CQ
2j
r^
9)
JJ 00
fl O
0)
J3
03
jj
to
91
bi
H
9)
U
e
»
03
3
M
^W
0
1
H
03
JJ
U
(0
a
B
^
bi
to
e
o
u
0)
03
e
o
to
jj
•H
J
03
C
O
•H
JJ
10
u
1-4
ex
a.
3
•H •
B U 00
O 0 U
•A v v
bl UJ JJ
10 HJ=bi9)^ JJOIJJ JJOO'H U5 — '
rtJJOOJJJ 319 31*-! 106
•H-H CO) 91 3 ^ toWO 109) 3X
ObiQOO) OJ^H^J 9)^491 OJJ
J21)9)t-lE Bbi-J EbiOC -H-H
UJJJJJ^O blbltO blUE bl^H
U3bitojj a. J3 ;« cujab >xi
E-13
-------
»•
^™N
•^
•1
c
•H
l_i
c
o
u
-
*
~H
1
w
3
flp
0
§ a
tr
•H X
c ^
u TJ
H 3
r™ *
u
c
i
1) 4J
Ui (Q
U C
•••4
g B
U u
u C
1 0
BO U
C
.as
u x:
ce e
•o 01 E
0 u 3
.c to — i
u C O
0) -*H CJ
E e
tO b
ecu
D O a
B OS
•
u tn
O *H OJ C
U<4 (Q J (fl
•^ V ^ -C '
T3l4JT)b JJU. XtJ CO
oioito) co**Hco era 4j
u u u a-ic oao c
o.uaa 3^0 •»< -H a
OICCE J3 -^ u co x -i c
u QI *^ cn a ^ co w o a •**
CJ B B E aua T3 % O. T-4 CO
(Q *o ^^ k^
01 OJ CO CSOJ-^t OlfH — 4 4J
• l-i <-) (Q^JbO j_» O M O >
CO 4J « t- .(QC*O 03 O O > -^
C 3 -^ • nj U U n] • QJ ^
QJ « E 05 0) U -U CO C > OJ £
8 -H fl3 U — ( ^H -OO4) ^4 SCOTO
•H COJJC<-H e — * ns -^ -u 3 3 c cu
T3 C (U *H CUCOOCCO OJ O —\ O 1-
CO ^UiMCO O-HJ3G03 =3**^?jJO)
R3 U
U C
•3,8
O 4-1
-j a
o u
— i U
OQ H
o
£
3 BO
3 X
c
CO
V T3
i— 1 -H
JO p-<
•H O
4J 00
On "H
§ 8
y CO
XTJ
p-i a
a
U CO
•H T3
& o
U co
V
c ^ *
b a c
> J-> 3
O 00 O -H
u i-i e o
01 -H B
4J 4*1 C 4J
u a o a
JJ C w
O 01 TJ C
c > oi eu
0 4-1 g
Sb Qa Lf
a oi a
ty U 0>
IH X CJ b
c "-H a AJ
CJ TJ T3 b
oi •* e o
t^ ? W ^
E ,
CU iH E
u E 0
i a b
00 4-1 U-l
O O w
C
b UH Q)
O O E .
X c TJ O
a -*•* x ^
U u E
CL *H U QJ
B 0 u b
c
a BO co
C T)
b -rt O
ii a £
o a u
u u r
•o
e
a
4)
TJ
b
BO
i-<4
a
4J
a
TJ
01
a
c
*4 •
B CO
a u
l_j *•
o i
w ES
TJ
u-i 01
O CO
r*
>
£
V
b
C
CL
01
ce
a
c
ii.
c
o
JJ
•H
CO
O
B
O
AJ
JJ
B
TJ
01
TJ
11
CO
TJ
AJ
a
c
E
AJ
C
U
o
•
"^
01
b
11
*•*
01
b
a
cu
o
01
AJ
U
•^
u
a
O
•H
O
»
c
11
s
4J
CO
i
CO
<0
1H
AJ
§
B
•
CQ
C
CO
c
S
4_l
C
o
u
CQ
3
••H
CO
u
CJ
•*H
JZ
U
C
JS
w
0
<**
4j
a
^
s
01
a
^4
a
c
c
i
01
i
X b
0 0
AJ
CO TJ
01 01 .
O (0
CO U >
•H CO
CO b b
e 3
"e "° b
BO CO 01
b 3 JS
i
O ^ 4J
4J C C
a o
-C CJ
BO £
3 *J 0)
O iH £
C 3 AJ •
CJ co
C to 0) to
O 01 b C
*0
C C
O 01 O
•^ TJ -*
o e > «
C 0) O -H
3 E b 0 .
C -H VJ 4J
oao c
C be
C O « U -H
•H CJ TJ AJ B
o I a
cy AJ AJ c c
CO -H 1) O O
=> 3 e — o
^*
TJ
01
3
C
C
O
u
E-14
-------
,
T3
4)
3
TJ
C
O
0
s-*'
9
^,
u
H
01
4J CO
Ol
ae
0)
•H
to
4J
a
01
b
H
01
u
c
09
.0
3
C/3
U-l
O
Ol
^
X
H
00
4J
U
10
a
M
X
b
a
•a
c
o
u
01
03-
00
o
•H
4-1
10
•H
•H
.J
09
E
O
•H
4-1
a
u
•p4
fH
a.
a.
Ol
3
tr
•H
C
^
u
01
t-l
01
J2
X
8
U 09
•H 0)
•u E
0) to
j: b
^j o
E 8
X Ol
CO B
01
b TJ
01 C
£ 10
3
09
09 U
b E
01 Ol
4-1 b
10 b
3 3
U
C
•H 8
TJ 4J
CU 4-J
CO O
S A
TJ
C
10 BO
C
b fH
oi a.
> a
O 10
CJ CJ
o
b 4J
O
01
fH Xt
3 fH
U 00
-H 00
u O
fH 8
TJ fH
CO
10
0) O
b to
CO
3
X O
4J fH
•H
O X
O fH
<-l 01
01 >
> fH
4J
3 a)
O ^H
fH 01
y-i b
9)
TJ
4J
01
r
01
u
a
a
.
fcrf
01
o
u
Ol
AJ
01
o
Ol
o
0
o
J£
3 BO
fH X
CO
b
O
U
10 10
U-t
E •
X O 09
4J fH
fH 01 M
fH 4J JD
JB to
•H 3 O
a 10 u
a > -H
§0) U
Q)
u oi a
.a co
01 1
4J 4J Ol
CO 00 4-1
to 3 fH
3 8 co
c
o
TJ 4J
C fH
10 CO
O X
oi a. J3
TJ B
0) 0 -0
b U 01
BO b
l_l flj
— 1 C 4J
05 01 fH
b B OJ
3 -H
4J TJ 4)
10 01 b
Z 00 10
^3
E
to
4J E
O U b
E > 0
O U-l
01 b
3 0.-0
tr oi
E -H a.
r" fll ftl
o TJ o
01 fH O
H 3 10
.
U-i CO
O -J
c
tj- QJ
E 8
01 fH
B TJ
4J 0)
tO 09
01
b TJ
4J 01
4-1
En
c
Ol fH
4-1 B
1 10
BO 4J
E C
o o
fj U
E
O
••H
U
(0
X
*v4
U.
•
c
o
to
X
fH
UH
O
4J
i
4J
to
01
b
4*1
u
E
g
4-1
to
Ol
b
•"
3
T5
£
u
fH
JS
44
C
Jl
b
O
fH
4J
to
4J
fH
,£
10
TJ
Ol
4-1 •
01 09
E 4-1
11
E TJ
O 01
U 09
01
N 1
fH TJ
fH 01
fH 09
ja
§TJ
Ol
6 4J
fH 10
C
O -H
4J B
10
TJ 4J
01 E
CO O
3
•fH fH
00 J3 b
8 3
-01 U 00
fH 01
= 3 b
CO 8 fH
BO 01
b 4J Si
O M 4J
q\
4-1 .2
e
01 E
8 10
fH O
01 01
09 fH
.a
U-l 03
O U
CL Q*
X Q.
H 10
4J
C C
01 O
Ol 4J b
b O OJ
O. CO 4J
b 10
TJ 01 3
E "
CO E 01
fH f
CO 4J
4J b
E -H JC
II?
1
oo
o
u
09
fH
*
X
J3
TJ
01
4J
•H
a
•H
•
P
3
O
U
U
•H
C
to
BO •
kl E
0 -H
10
01 4J
B b
O 01
09 CJ
C
u-i 3
O
CO
XfH
4J
•H CO
U 4J
•H 3
X O
O b
H BO
Ol C
fH O
U fH
-H 4-1 OJ X
4-1 10 4-1 4J •
b X CO -H CO
CO fH CO fH C
O.UH 3 fH O
•fi fH
TJ U- CO CO 4J
co< r u to
as u o 10 4J
01 E fH O. fH
x N oi b a s
4-1 U fH
,
CO
1 -i E
4J b - o
3 01 0) -H
O CL S 4-1 C
b 1 fH U fH
BO 3 TJ 01
O U f-l TJ .
4J fH CO E U X
C -H CO b
oi j: x 3 oi
E U U -H U
01 -H -rt CO CO 10
O 3 fH O TJ S
1 -H fH O
X TJ .0 8 JC S
fH CO OJ .C CU «3
U 3 8 U 8 U
3
O
-H 3
a o
J= fH
CO U-l
E
0 C 3
•H fH O
CO fH
kl TJ
CU OJ -C
> CO 4J
3 = 3 X
CO 4-1
CO O ki CJ
oi j: oi o
4-1 CU 10 CU
w E 3 >
E-15
-------
APPENDIX F
DATA ON CHEMICALS THAT SINK
Most commercial and waste substances are a mixture of a variety of
chemical compounds. A variety of physical, chemical, and toxilogical data
are available for the individual chemicals, but not for the composite
substances. Therefore, the properties of the individual chemicals are
generally used to predict the behavior of a spilled substance.
The tendency of a substance to sink in water can be predicted from the
substance's specific gravity, a measure of density relative to the density
of water, and from its water solubility. The water solubility of a substance
is the maximum mass of the substance that dissolves per unit mass of water,
which can be expressed as parts per million (ppm). The solubility thus
represents the concentration of the substance at saturation in water.
In addition to the specific gravity and the water solubility of a
spilled substance, other physical, chemical, and toxicologic properties
determine how it spreads in the environment, its ultimate fate, and the
threat to humans and to the environment. The most important properties for
predicting environmental transport, fate, and impact include the following:
• Specific gravity
• Water solubility
• Physical state
• Reactivity
• Toxicity
• Bioaccumulation
• Aquatic persistence.
The physical state of a chemical and its reactivity with water help to
determine its potential threat to the sediments. Liquids tend to flow more
readily and to dissolve more rapidly than solids. Chemicals that react
exothermically will dissolve and disperse rapidly, creating a water body
contamination problem, while averting contamination of sediments.
F-l
-------
If the spilled chemical remains at the bottom of a water body, it can
permeate the sediments and enter the food chain through ingestion by benthic
organisms, decompose slowly to form water soluble products, or slowly
dissolve or become suspended in the water body, producing toxic effects in
aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. More seriously, the chemicals may
produce toxic effects in humans who drink the water, eat the plants or
animals, or come in contact with the water. Whether these events occur at
all, and the extent to which they occur, is determined by the toxicity,
bioaccumulation, and aquatic persistence of the spilled chemical. Therefore,
the urgency of remediation in the event of a chemical spill to surface
water is determined by the properties of the spilled chemical. Knowledge
of these properties will also help in deciding what remedial actions are
necessary and most likely to be effective.
To assist the on-scene coordinator in responding to spills of sinker
chemicals, a database was developed using chemicals from the Chemical Hazard
Response Information System (CHRIS) and chemicals regulated under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of
1980 (CERCLA), or "Superfund". The chemical data are presented in Table F-4.
The following sections describe the development of the database, including
how the sinkers were identified and characterized.
F.I BACKGROUND OF THE SINKERS LIST
The current list of 1,117 CHRIS chemicals and 90 additional chemicals
denser than water not on the CHRIS List, but on the list of chemicals
regulated under CERCLA, were combined to form an initial file of chemicals.
A new file of 697 chemicals was drawn from the initial file that contained
only those CHRIS and CERCLA chemicals with specific gravity greater than
one ("Heavies"). The water solubilities of the chemicals in the Heavies
file were then entered into the file, supplementing the CHRIS data from
standard reference texts. Quantitative solubility data were entered whenever
possible; otherwise, relative terms, such as slightly soluble, very soluble,
etc., were used. Another new file, "Sinkers," was then extracted from the
Heavies file, based on water solubility. Only Heavies with water solubility
less than 100,000 parts per million in water (10 percent), or less than
"very soluble" if the solubility information was qualitative, were entered
into the Sinkers data file.
The Sinkers file was purged of nonhazardous chemicals (such as corn
syrup); chemicals that can be transported under pressure as dense liquids,
but are gases at ambient temperatures above 32°F (such as dichlorodifluoro-
methane); and chemicals that react exothermically with water to yield
nonsinking chemicals, since they would dissipate before .cleanup could take
place. The resulting list of Sinkers, which includes 468 chemicals, is
presented in Table F-4.
F-2
-------
F.2 CONTENT OF THE SINKERS LIST
The following information was gathered on each of 468 sinking chemicals,
within the limitation of the availability of data, and is presented on the
Sinkers List in Table F-4:
• Chemical name
• CHRIS code
• Physical state
• Specific gravity
• Water solubility
• Toxicity
• Ignitability
• Reactivity
• Bioaccumulation
• Aquatic persistence
• Recovery and handling hazards
• Recommended response.
A significant number of data gaps exist in the information presented
in the list because quantitative data are not readily available.
Explanations of the abbreviations and symbols used on the list are provided
in Table F-l. Criteria used for the ratings are provided in Tables F-2 and
F-3. The information categories are explained in the following sections.
F.2.1 Chemical Name and CHRIS Code
The chemical names used on the Sinkers List are those used in the CHRIS
or CERCLA Lists, except that Roman numerals are used to distinguish between
oxidation states of transition metal compounds, such as cobalt acetate, as
in current chemical nomenclature: cobalt (II) acetate, or cobalt (III)
acetate. The CHRIS Code is provided for sinkers that were on the CHRIS
List. It is a unique three-letter code for a particular compound.
F-3
-------
TABLE F-l. KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Physical State . Water Solubility
L - Liquid S - Soluble
S - Solid M - Moderately soluble
SS - Slightly soluble
I - Insoluble
R - Reactive
D - Decomposes
Numerical values are in parts
per million (ppm)
TABLE F-2. HAZARD RATING CRITERIA
Ra'ting Toxicity (LD5Q ) Ignitability Reactivity with Water
N >15 g/kg Not ignitable No reaction
L 5 to 15 g/kg Flash point > Mild reaction; unlikely
140°F (60°C) to be hazardous
M 0.5 to 5 g/kg Flash point = Moderate reaction
100 to 140°F
(38 to 60°C)
H 50 to 500 mg/kg Flash point < More vigorous reaction;
100°F (38°C) and may be hazardous
boiling point
* Lethal dose; see Glossary, Appendix G.
-------
TABLE F-3. BIOACCUMULATION RATING CRITERIA
Rating
L
(Low)
M
(Moderate)
H
(High)
E
(Extreme)
Octanol/Water
Partition
Coefficient*
(Kow)
< 3
_> 3, < 5
>_ 5
™
Bioconcen-
tration
Factor*
(BCF)
< 100
:> 100
_> 1000
™
Tendency to
Adsorb to
Sediment
and Soil
Adsorbs
weakly
Adsorbs
moderately
Adsorbs
strongly
"™
Aquatic
Persistence*
95% degradation in
6 months or less
95% degradation in
2 years or less
95% degradation in
10 years or less
< 95% degradation
in 10 years or more
* See Glossary, Appendix G.
Source: Information adapted from Hand et al. 1978.
-------
F.2.2 Physical State
The physical state is indicated as "S" for solids and "L" liquids.
However, some sinkers can exist as either liquids or solids, depending on
their temperature and purity. Phenol is such a material; its physical
state is indicated as "S/L." Liquids flow more readily than solids and
tend to pool in low points on the bottom of a water body. The rate at
which a chemical will dissolve in water is affected by its physical state,
but additional information about the chemical should be gathered at the
spill site. For chemicals of similar solubility, one that is a liquid or a
fine powder will dissolve more rapidly than one that has the form of large
crystals, pellets, or chuncks. Physical state must be considered together
with the water solubility to predict whether a sinker can be removed before
it dissolves.
F.2.3 Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of a sinker is greater than the specific gravity
of water, causing it to sink in water. However, not all sinkers will sink
in every situation. Sinkers with specific gravities only slightly greater
than one will tend to disperse more readily than sinkers that are more
dense. Of course, factors not related to the chemical, but to the environ-
mental conditions, have a substantial effect. For instance, a rapidly
moving river will suspend and disperse liquids or finely divided solids,
even if they are denser than water.
F.2.4 Water Solubility
The solubility of a chemical is one of the most critical parameters
predicting its behavior in the environment. As with the specific gravity,
but to an even greater degree, the solubility of a sinker is dependent upon
environmental factors. Warm bodies of water will dissolve much more of a
chemical than cold ones. Salt water will not dissolve organic chemicals
as completely as fresh water. Turbulent water bodies will cause a sinker
to realize its solubility faster than quiescent water bodies. If the
turbulence is caused by a river, then even slightly soluble sinkers can
become completely dissolved and dissipated in a short time. If the
turbulence is tidal, then the sinker will tend to reach saturation rapidly,
but not be dissipated unless the spill size is small.
F.2.5 Toxicity
The threat posed by a spilled chemical to the nearby population and
to the environment is critically dependent on its toxicity. The factors
F-6
-------
already discussed earlier, physical state and solubility, affect the
chemical's environmental transport to potential receptors, and its bio-
accumulation and aquatic persistence, discussed below, also determine if
and how the chemical will exert its toxicity on human and environmental
receptors. However, a spilled chemical's toxicity can also be realized
through absorption by workers attempting to remove the chemical.
F.2.6 Ignitability and Reactivity
The ignitability and reactivity of a sinker are mainly a threat to the
workers performing removal operations. If the substance can ignite and
burn once removed from the water, or if it reacts with water or equipment
to generate pressure or toxic products, it must be handled more carefully.
F. 2.7 Bioaccumulation and Aquatic Persistence
The characteristics of bioaccumulation and aquatic persistence govern
the environmental transport and toxic effects of spilled chemicals. If a
chemical bioaccumulates, that is, tends to remain in organisms rather than
being excreted, it is more likely to cause a toxic effect in the organism.
Even if a bioaccumulative chemical does not reach toxic levels in a lower
organism that absorbs it, it may accumulate to higher concentrations in
animals higher in the food chain, such as people. Then it can produce
adverse health effects. The aquatic persistence is a measure of the chemi-
cal stability of a chemical in a wet environment. Aquatic persistence
indicates whether the chemical will last long enough to be transported in
the surface water to reach an environmental receptor, bioaccumulate, and/or
produce toxic effects. Since the toxicity of a chemical is concentration-
dependent, low aquatic persistence has the same effect on toxicity as does
dilution or dispersion—it reduces the probability of a toxic effect.
Bioaccumulation has the opposite effect of dilution—it increases the
probability of a toxic effect on some environmental receptor.
F.2.8 Recovery and Handling Hazards
Personal protective equipment, appropriate to the hazard and necessary
for safe handling of sinkers during removal, is recommended in this column.
This column also contains additional toxicity information and warnings of
any other handling hazards. The absence of an entry in this column does
not mean that the chemical poses no hazards; all chemicals on the list are
hazardous and appropriate protective clothing should be worn by response
personnel handling these chemicals.
F-7
-------
F.2.9 Recommended Response
The most appropriate general remedial response to a spill of a sub-
stance to surface water is recommended in this column, based on all of the
other factors intrinsic to the chemical. However, the most appropriate
response to a given spill is subject to the specifics, of the spill event
and the environmental conditions.
F-8
-------
c
m
4-1
CO
H
CO
CO
u
e
B
•*
^
j
•B
9
B
•c -w
b*
*• •
M
s5
u
U 1
•H* • V
• *• E
9 ». • —
o - « c
M i *
>HtT C «
*" * 2> 2
W 0 « •
« I «• -H
,. C ** o.
V W & 01
•v « u
£il *• U
X 0 «
• u
1!
u
•1 M
f *
u ^
*
o 5
hj w
ftl >••— M i ..at. —
^ ^1 • S BbaXB9 • t —
• e — 5 5 3 • v — — e x a.
k. — •" 0 u S O - * * " * K • •'
— .«•-« — o — » e ~ j^-o x
r"5- gpTiKi -si5! ;
X • X V O •*••**** B*M w
•••Ix »- ^ x * o — * * * — b. ^a
£ri^ £S£S>JJ «?«J: 22
X J
•n • • •
* J X J
* * *
0
x e
o o «* o
a a s a
j j j _'
j • j •
S3 33
g
|
&
V
g 2
S i T
*. V <
— -5 J!
« t t 5
U W U 9
V
a
• *
Tl
• *
W l»
i!
•8 g
i 1J -8 . ~
*JS • "S-S8 B J
•MXOV • BMMX* • •
W * * — *3 3TH*-- ^XB
.•rttMfc*** *l • ha Wj< b i*
M ~* « 0 « — X • h* X
O V tl B • • *a4Mh>
"5 o« ^ ».t.efjB — 2 °
JK .>*• ~ owl- a ^ e
*•• ^ • ««^«taaa u •
hi • O Jl ** B.^ 9 O X ^ «
M«B>«O »t ^••UQW MMM
Be « « — • ««ix — o e
— • I u X •. k. J • « • h- —
E
*
at B c x
•
J J B! B!
B E
0
i M =
_ _ _ -
•9 .1.1 J
O 10 K "•
d I 3 "
*
u
1 i
: . £
e 3 s
S 8 s.
£ £ £
•Si _.
4! *" — JT
< « < <
F-9
-------
/-^s
T3
«rf
U
«
«
• »*
M *
e ~
-'^
•^
u
H
>«
to ^*
• •*•
M d
5^
U
«* »»
•M **
U >
* •
* T
M U
* *
• M
12
fe «a
s .
SI
u u
0
•
i
—
•
u
i
u
K
w *
*« ^p
U «
•^ to
0 *
-- ;
UN to >
q «. -
:•; i
•8 •
i ! r
• to •
^ ^
•• » * u
S •« °
o . S 8'SJJ-i J!
•• — o^ m ~ < 3 • >
M a « • 9 o 3 "i 2 •-
;-o — - 8 - ». -3 J • ^ jg .
is- »g^ :»a*"
•»•:- ^-s 4j«:.-sj?g
5* S :j- S38-.2,S§- -
.-.«. --»--.••« 8. .
•2 1^ sis ss:3i!*i 2
?s ^s 4f^l jrrs^i^s i
OS & ck< - a •- fc ••uua«»2S
M
* « « a s • «
• J j _i j • j
.r * te x
•8 «5"*| S SS
£ . rt N ""
*•» O *
M f? rf%
-S SKgSg S S*
f**m e«*r«o«n t/\ »p«.
^2 a s ^ i s s
« V
• .5 S
S S 2 2
•- . o i : s
S3 82-2 i =2
£to ^ • K • • 3 •
OQ MWb^" M • to
M3 U U 3 « d to U
- E -225 i i^
2 I I i J J J S i .»
*•••• o )-• o a a B as
H i H H J I 3
•^
1.
3
C
..4
LJ
c
V 0
^ u
^ '"^
1
^
• V
u »
13
H "
3
-I "5 ?«!
Isls^ISs
:°-:g a-8!
Is r J|8..
?« " 2 • •
•- • • tfs-s-sl
JJIi "5:s
422i •S*18(
X
d
• •
J ^
a
X o • e
s i ,
« ^"
4^
O *0 r*. «*«
o ^ — o
M * •! >J
« 01 -J
1 < 5
I
a
•
•
. . 8
M W —
1 • »
3 3 — •
3 3 i i
F-10
-------
,-,
CkIoB« M«0^« •••to
Ma *«••• O ^ M • • b»««to
Mto M W JJ > J » • g ^ — W^S^*.'*'*3*
*to-q ^ « 2 "^ 3 « a a" • « --•Oto— «AOO» —
to« — Z»*^o3o-;l •• « • to • ^ J *^ si • .a to •«» to 9 • a M •*« M •
-
s
S M M m * *
-i • • • * a
X « *
m " O
-------
X" \ "
-a
— '
>3"
Fn
S •
S"
»
I
U 1
••* m «
M ••• U
« • e
3 to V
a* « M
•* ••
•
3 B
u O
u ••*
• M
a £
M 3
•H
M
>
U
•
m
m IH
M M
j?2
M
u
M
H
>k
to •*
5" J
"*
U
IM «rf
U >
s.:
M U
• «
• M
»* «
.B M
ft* O9
M
H «
31
u u
•
•
•
z
(
u
!
,e
u
,
*
>
3
•«
e
*
*
M
*
O
•
M
^|
•» • —
«* V
M ^
S» to *
« •
^2is
M * ••
*- a ** «M
w • * —
• MO*
M -^ to to IM
Sw M O
to *4 w
t* M •
, .-.5- .
•*• ** • O< M **
O • • • M<«
» s o • e a
•+ •* a » • •
•
•
•
§
o_
!"•"
S
«n
OB
5
<
* to
• O
>
S 2
u to
* -
• •
A •
'. 2!
S IS
M • to
to • *
:^.^i -2 i
s^s.^ s .s - . E
^•••weo e 9«« ^
-» ^ « i. o d^e»>S • •
>t*O«O* Mjli -««•
- • U «• OVMO. »•
-««—•- — — M • _ „
(*•«••%•• W9O:X9 U9
• M9U»9 S — »• •£ S
-!••-• • ^ -• • M U
• (••••M > • ^ • a
5 — • » a — •»• 2 —
u 3 j§^ — u • S • a •
• * u * M * u • .a-« -2 »>b
•w -o u •• • •»»• —3
•^•^ I«MM> MMttV^I ^B
o -».•—« o aS5Z* MTI
>o«*9»«* »a^«u — o
«••••«» «. M? 1 -a mm
m u
j
* * m •
• . -> » «
B H
«^ » » e
o
o o e 9
<*i m S o O —
"*. "! "! *• * "
n MM .« «• m
» MM • • •
H 3 S a
I
IM
•« ««
9 tf.
• X J
t ^ S
H k. 1
* • •
u o • e o
•* •* to -^ .£ •
a • ii Mas
v » >*- • a •-
• J» 0 to — to
to * O ••* M *
< < (3 -4 4 •
w
• •
«• •
4 IM « •
9 M M A
-* •
I ;::2
•» • « • 9
- • «J
W *•** •
W 9 >
• • — •
• 1 • ^
•-•*—•
9 ** to >
— •— « • 0
— U to » u 1
•« e • * • i
* — ^ i. 1 to
a
4
u
»> . .
» •s-
a • 5 "* •
I 1 • SI
2 1 -5»!
• •*••**« a
-- •«* o i • •• o
•5 » x
« «. - . -«d! t
o — •• • 5 -
- « 51J!»
- • •• s • i •:
2 fi 53=gjf
a
m • -i
• * •
•
e o — _
«"< O «
o e
f."
§ S S S
i^ w *» M
•df m ^ —
« CQ en oa
S ||
e
•
• u
- • •
• • •O to
gu — .=
• M u
A to O 6
S 5 S
(•) 31 Bb -^
! j f :
to to to a
s s a £
F-12
-------
•a
'«
u
«
I
• to
•«! ••!
a —
to
u
M
£
to
to —
22
u
«M *t
U »
* «
(ft U
• M
to *
ft. «
M
ii
u u
j
-
w
A
i -r .
§ »; §
* n * s
•* u j ^
• a • to to • «
W ••* to * 3 U >
. J' ?8 ^i
j Sss: 5!
a
to
•** i -a
M • ^ 5
*« — •* f -^
1*3 . :
* «• j j» .••_->
M tf M M M • «
•
-> ' •
J «
Z m
1 2 "
» 5 S r*
-j j • .j
1 1 i
,
i
3 ^
to « • .*
O -fl 0 to
i I ^
; s S'
SB a ••
£ S £t
ll
• 0
u a. *
— ^
0 «• to
-vi ;
* > * ^
M a • •
• i to -
to I * a.
•5 ta «5
iJIo S
^ _»
v ?
1 S5
852
S r ^ 8
• • * •
I IS 2
1 51.1
-
,1
j
x x
• - 1 5 1
S S ^ S S S
^ ca ca ca
S 3
to
—
O J3
• ^
a w
i x i
o* a *
• o — ». ^
e <2 a », —
£••••• U
k. a ^ • — •«
S 8 S 2 o '3
Js a a e a
« j, . . .
f .
H]
15-
•V *>v
a _•
• — •
• • • to
U O to •
Irll
•» ^ • ^
5 » !Z «
i . -1
-« • • u o ••
•• :i -«»
six * - . -
•*•*•«• ^ > •
1.72 s-:
•.2.^ ^.5
• « I u »>- <• —
•?s-5 ti.-
u 1! ^ S • ••
81:2=: 12S
422S1 XSi-
-
_,
XV >J
-
J J
§•* "" • S
io ^
~
e j • 2 -
°. °. *! *7 *"!
J • 0 J J
M rM r*J
• a =
2 2
h* W
• • • o e
~ o « -• •-
— 9 O J9 A
y a a u o
1 Irs?
M M M M M
e a a o e
V « « « V
• • • • •
atinued)
o
u
•
«•
^
II
ta
^
•
^
O *
to **
-1
i :
F-13
-------
/^
•o
^
sr
PH
(U
iH
J3
a
H
«
•
c
o
a.
«
•
|
1
u
•
•
9
3"
*
«• •
M
*> •
to •
y ~
>
O
U
*
W 1
M •*• u
m m c
3 to «
VMM
* a.
t
•
3 e
u o
« M
0 JJ
• 3
X
.^*
>
M
U
•
•
M
• X
•* ••
• ••*
M i0
X
M
W
M
S
X
^ |
to •"
« •-
M jj
z =
u
u »
S.2
* «
JS •«
A. M
« ^
SI
u u
«
•
•
•
•
je
u
i
i
to
1 .
> .0
! !
A m
• *
2 u
i '•
£ S
9
•«* *4
» IM ^
.3 .
•125.- i:
-«* w *M a ^. a M*M
3 «• « — — u M
2 ifiM*** • «
• •««••*• 3 to *rf *«O
s -^ ^ B .s :-: 2"
* » • s „- . - 1 • * -?
u •*»**•••* • •
• ' »« * • to •• ** B •• • ^ • M *
M • ^ »s * ^. « 3 ~ a * •• • M^
MW « O M 0 M • 6 • « *••'
• — «»s«to«I««> 0**to
M »t««M»^|B M • to • O tf*^
= : ^i s"-.s^ tsi si ss!-
ia-^iiis^rs^s- ^ t :
_i
j -i -j
• J ^ J X «l •
J _1 _) _1 -1 J »
XX 1
§••01 • — X ~
n •
°. °
o
f*
S ; § S S 2 |
o -» — r< -. e 5
- -I - - - -1 n
•4 *J Mil «J >4 aJ Bl
i i g ^ 3 1 2
• 3
i J 1
a £ i
to a. 5
» o -- •
— 0 ^ ** *- >t ^
O ^ — O K i «*
£ *<4 to to to M M
S S 5 5 51°
— u .e ^ i -2 •
^ • U U a to • 3
M *fl '•*
>•>« >t X X»*w**
*«M M N M M O X
eo a a o o -- u
£ £ £ £ £ JI5 rS
•
to
8
*
•
O
*
P«
^1 =
r.f-
-..53
* •«
- ?:-
s-i
M to
• * ^
855 -
•. ••: £
•« 4< M •
o • a • 4
» 3 e s a
< •» u a —
•
•
M
—
g
-
M
5
U
*
M
g"
»H
w
i
^
*
>
ta
•
A
^
I
^
U
H
£
*
m
«i
• ^
a
M -
M
j» '
U
9
J5
M
u
• .
M &
e
to
ft.
X
• •
V -J
•
§M O
0
•*
«
*»
<^ o ^
S 2 S
J i*.* J
u <
2 K
*
e
M
£
M
i
M
2 '
3 :
Y 3
M S
~ ^
M '•
• X
J •
U
*•• X
2 |
— -
i 1
•V
i
•«4
.4
1 |
^
a
3
O
&
•
O
u
to
*
« 2
0
M
<»
<0
p*
•I
•
Tl
*•
e
to
Jft
to
H
S
2
F-14
-------
/— s
T3
0)
•H
4J
O
U
V— 1
•
«a-
fa
QJ
iH
.a
tt
H
•>
•
e
o
&
•
•
•i
2
1
u
•
•
9
-«
S
• •
v •»
ta
«• «
M
»» «
:*
o
u
•
W I
~* • •
3? g
HJ
j
w
j;
3
i
ific Hater Toilcity Ignite- leecti
ity Solubility bility
u >
S.3
to o
• •
• M
SS
ChcBical NMC CMIS rl
Code Si
•o
s -^ • i
•5 ?-° -5
* • jr- ? c
3 • », „ j O
-a .° - ^
•s S "" ! °
SI s3-
: t « - »'
55 «- 2:
i * — » a a
11 ss^2
S-2 ^ H .. -
.:»•-' • • -
_; • « - - • — u — g
Zfl.^g uuB^ao * •
S3--* 2 S 2 a I S • "Sd
'.s 2 5 .- ' i--25si: J U
•i : : s -:HS?»:} : h 55
y*«^^«*-^-t *MM**«9«l **•• « «
:| }ij i tor>Hi~ |ii t3
- •" - 2 1 u 2 ! - o -o - i a 2i>. i ^
!--|2 s - r:il'=g = 1 =;i --:
2SS!^i-=rt-^ ^»u — — s-Jai — 5 • js — —
C 2 8 52 " °"c * «• s « •" *•• o S « •• « • 1
SiioSTS-1*;:; i«-s-s»»J5 JI_ •? u !
-Si24SS'£Sg »o»»».n».e)« *•< aau
M
91 • VIVBXX ••
m * ie -> -i .1 -i > z
M X X •
a | aa-|-««--o«.g
m -•
« •*
o 2 2 2 2 S "'2S2S5220
JE " 22W* — «'*>WI*«*O>A***
m — *»«•*-* ooo->*^^^
f- K 51 ^ tsJSoQBQiO 03 Ckj <
S S S=3Slg£^'SSS
L I
3 • " '
3 s i A r •: 5 2
to 3 *-0.09«
5 =•«--. SI4I5
5 2 ! : i i s 5 = i 5
2 iS'SiSS*"9333
2 S 8gSS22??^^|i
j| • ZZZZZiiAZZZZ
F-15
-------
v
c
a
o.
|
e
41
!
u
I)
6
e
M
to x
e
u
-2 • *
W ••* U
s: s
^ At
•
u a
U ••*
o _•
•a -
C
•H S
•U •
C "
OL 1 ».
U - -
^s — 2
1 "3
ta "»
o
S.J
• «
• M
.a «4
A. M
a)
M 4)
SI
U U
V
1
4
u
u
e
0
o
5
-8
i t
:. j
'i s
*•* O i >
j: i
« • • i
_ B
• • a-^ *^ aou •*••* 3
• ji « • v a ? o -»
* 1, 3 -2 S "JS" " Z **
• •••• ^OM>« o^ e-^-H
• U •* • ^W »»~ 9V h«e««QB^H
«
X X
X X
M
§ •£
o « o
IN W-t «
r« «• m
«
• z «»
S S 3
« 41 2
A C O
: i ^
U U fc
J .2 2
U U U
« u 3
•9 •»
7; i.
wo**
* to to •
M* ^g to
?" t
K U • ^ •«
to 3 •* •»
• • 3 *• »
> V * *
8 * — to -^ *to
5
*S "** J? a
|| f s I-3 r
• •• ^ * ^ • •)
• • • 9
^ ^ * • * m& O
,1 i"5-r«
S «••**• -Sfc •} to 9 *
9 ~ • » B ^ ^
^to( •-
•>j< * • w •• & a «
•>* J< B O •» • to j«
51 •— voevo —
i — • o u o u > «
X X
*
X X •• X X
• • j a j
-
e ° 2 - g a - o a
. •
Sea eeeoeo
if^O MO"*^"^1*
« ««n ««««••«
e>*O a.J>,uZb
9I< U
-------
y— V
T3
01
3
C
•H
4-1
C
o"
o
•
-*
1
fa
»
W 4at
'o —
J?2
»>
U
M
S
IS
-w
W ••»
« —
** A
SI
&
a
•«•> »S
U >
is
M U
• *
• M
JS w
a. to
J!
Avoid contact «/ aolid or
•olutioa* Abaorbad via
all loutaa
X
•nJ
•
a
m
kml
e
n
M
-
M
>•
ea
'J
•m)
>H
U
•
^
U
•
U
cauaaa blurrad viaion.
haadacb*, atovachaclia,
vovitlnt.
^ 2
"* 2
1 1
"•.
• *U • w
0 > « >
11 i!
e
-» • « • '
• u u a u
ii - ? i8. 5
M a • •• "* M a
^ 2i^ . 2 8-- *
".-5-0 a, -••*
S-S .-» ! w • 2g2
.i^Ss °" "•!•-
S * Z r g« -•-
O m* mV • *J 0*> M
...... «i S **- * • 9 * ***
r:!= 52 »!i -
• » 2 u « a • " 9 •
!-.«* 31 Hi 2
X •
j -a
• » »
j a »
z
I i i
a
$ s s
o *** *^
- - -
« -> -»
a &
u u
a
2
«
T9 •
1*i
•^ 9
o ;
u a
>• e
O 0
J •"
«• M
,3 5
A aaver* kaxard. lolid or
concentrated aolution
deatroya tiaaua on
contact .
Cor coiive to aluminum,
xinc. and tin.
*
•
M
1 3.
« *
•*T am*.
I -
•A rf>
"* "^
nJ .J
cn
en
u
e
o
«*
3
e
«•
«
^
^
u ^
M to
• O
a —
S 5
•
* —
? J 2
! , * i-
»> « ^ a
3 « S^ f
Jf i it! -S
^ -> K J
1 a -^ $*
•I *i *•*
* • i ; -•• •
1 u 0 $ « 4,, «4
-^ • O «n «rf U •
5S S "-2833
««• a. ^ a u • u
H
X .1
• * X
J -1 -1
• as
* a » » • e
f^
§0 — 0 o e
trt O ^ M (^
•A « M m ^ -«
^ ^ •« ^ — • .™
-i o • ta -i M
z u. a •< u
§ 553 3
i
e -o
3 .' .
1* O fl '
0 -- 0 — fl
3 -a a *
— — • u
*• 9 •* S
-- •* a. •* o
X O O •«
H r • ~
a • a u =
• n T • «
•0 —00 0
M t, W U "
o o o o o
£ i ^ £ fi S
u u u u u u
*o
u
3
C
"*
C
0
u
"
F-17
-------
at
3
C
•H
U
C
Or
O
-4-
Pb
0)
M
H
*
^
a
«
••
|
]
U
1
f _
t«CQv*ry 4
Malar
U 1
•*••*.
u O
u ••«
O •
u
*
m
t
•e* f*
si
IK
U
M
g
^J
*
U
>M
u
JS
ft. eg
ta
si
u u
s
•;
«
u
e
^
L
* •
w >
1!
s 1 1
SS- 1 2,1 -
-** s • - s " "•
22" • ^slsl „
hi k* ^ •*• O *• «« «*
a> • a • u u t» .: s-:is ••
js=-:: j^ ss^-ss
a a
j pj
,
.
x • *
X X
s §
•* °.
•
e e — o
J: _> -J -1
3 i s
i
v a
~ JS
y *i
\ i I
S« JS >•
9 '^ 2
o 222
e o a o
"2 a a £
u u u u
• •
ta •
O u
.§
a
»» o
U 9
11
!i
pa
91
M
§
o"
S
_1
g
u
1
u
a
w
0
o
5
•o
X
C
VJ
C
o
u
•X
JX'o « --• o
5""* **5o« •
*"*«{:•? ** W^*M ••«
J8§3-- !.' S".
»Bii « • b ^ • u
-.'2s ii- ji" i
— »••- 1"1'*J *•
S27"5 5 ». 5 ». • • 1
" • . •, h • • «
nu*«.«p« 90 ••»•, ••
i?^2.!i »
pj B -1
r .x
•si. ' '
" -
1
1 5s! S S
^ « . j j -i
y z _j <
X ft* O- C/3
u u u u
1
1
o
*9
1 V U —
S^ u
t <
MO. U
Q — jj
1 o" J. 11
i S 5 8-2
... J3 -- u 3
§ f ? 8- S
bn U b* M M
9 O 0 00
" 555 i i
F-18
-------
^"•S,
•o
<•
1
b
cu
i-H
.a
«
H
•1
«
I
«l
H
•s
•s
u
•
—
f
Jm
•fl
u
•* «
M
** 9
S*
o
.
u t
•* • •
^ — t U
« • a
3 u V
a> * M
4 fc
S.
V O
• -
O •
•M •*
M 3
>*
**
>
u
«
•l
«
1
4 *»
M M
•« *^
a —
«•*•
M ^
>»
w
M
o
H
U
•
i
u
IM
u
• 4
>t
,e
At
to
I
u u
i
*
•
u
•^
•
V
A
u
.2 • • a
« . S - "S - "
• S • « " 3 1
a a "^ ** •* V M
0 5 > » • 1 S •
ll\ u 2 S s • "
•s^l ss ^ • S »!
a • -— » • Uu
"•5.5 *S «2 4! "S .
j:s •:•: -i 2 2^
• •3 xjBak bu
• SI 5 J •• - o »« •
— w U-«4^ U^«M
ah.'Q «^« ^«
20 0 S "• * "-O >> ••*
23 • 2 S SJ £ S5
X
.- . .
V
• M X M n
----«• a § . g g - - . g o „ , _
• • • * •
2 S S g
s i s s s 5 I S = 5 5 s S ! 1 § ill
3 s § s s g § 5 e s a g S 1
«
*i
••* V
8V M
*4 «
w • « • a
• •ov * Z « " «
ill • M*^M|IV wa*^A£
i o a. 41 „ •>-.-o-0..;0it
. . . S t -S •Js1i--ss!S*
••Si 5 u -S fc £ 2 J, 1 i i ^r4
Sgg2 Z a * * * m 5 2 * •" •* fc «
--l".° i HHrccc- - = = =
222-S5 ^.crcrrcc s crc
2 £ 2 'i "• 1 ^^-W-ULWU u U U U
1 1 i i i i 1 l | i i M * * i i * t
gg«««« ^$32333353 3 333
"O
V
3
C
u
C
O
u
•
>
u
2 :
rl
• M
S3
* •
•v *-
241
U
m M
*-\
(H
I ;
•B •
^ S
•-J u
•
•
g
c i
u a>
« •
a. •
f S
u u
F-19
-------
•8
1
Han
dt
a • e
a » v
0- V X
T3
-------
•I
•
e
o
Ob
a*
«t
M
T
«
B
jj
•
?
L
- S
9+ •
hi H
•
J
U 1
••• • •
«* •«• u
« • fi
3 U 41
»•«**-
< h
I
; =
u a
a -
x-, 35
•o 3-
0) * 3
3 *•
C •-
•H >
4J '2
C S
0 •
a M
•— ' 1
• X
••• •«•
• s=
^3- M A
1 »
p* 5
u
OJ «*
_J *
«H o
rt H
tiJ
RJ >.
H .2
22
*i
U
•*• »«
IM M
U >
I0=
0 W
• «
* M
>t •
^ M
•V M
•
ii
u u
s
£
9
U
i
,c
u
i
u
*
A
^
3
•
U
H
&
A -1
XXX
Sprt M MIA
«
« P. S 5 •> « o
22=SS S SS
aa • ^ M «t "J J J
Z < 0
M ft. «
a a a
v
^
M
e
«
C« 1 t
M 10
0 •
M *4 • •
e • « •
v u — a a
2 — • • • S
0 2 * MM
u ^ M o a
5 _ " S ^ .2
i • a — oo
O M O >* ^ k* U
I 2 .2 S S- 52
s2 - » • 3 i JS
1 • • ^ A A U u
a o a a a a a a
F-21
-------
^-™s
"O
0)
3
C
•H
C
O
0
1
fa
0)
CO
H
V
e
o
S
•s
•3
i
w
9
f.
M
to 3B
O
u
U 1
••• • *
II-
5 B
u e
u ««
o •
•* — *
*
*J
••4
u
V
m
9 »»
•2 --
• ••*
U
M
o
H
*5
« ^
*i
u
u >
* •
& to
O) ^
a. ca
CO
M *
SI
U CJ
i
4
*
«
'•
™
I *
21 »•
2 a
u ° —
* •" *
<9 ••* • •
Isli
• . .8
. a » u
u •» •*
— u
• a
M • » •<
•* * • * >• »f^ • • ^
3j .2-1 . '.ns
at • • -v k o ^ u • - •
2-8 - 2^:5. .s : 2~s :•:
«. -s?s:^-? '"-.sss
*»o« ••OMb t>^ia«ita
i • .* a -2 a a " - uM?jia
• « • -^JM*^* *^u •*«••••
— 5 • . - • • » E « JJ — 0 ^
• a SZ SSS-Z'iZ-Z oa"3-23-5
Z J z
Z «J J
.
» -» • » • J
-" • Z 31 •
« » z • z z
s § i § II
<••" o" »" 2
: ! 1 ? ? ? : 3
« M -i -1 J J J
a. -i 5
g a a
i
w i
« i "I :
10— -.
•• •
* ** P\
« * - £ «
5 I S S S
• i • • x a. &
« k< a u «
^ j> ^ « i
o o a a a
a a a a a
a a n a "e
u u u u u
a o a a a a
j
• •
* V
u >
I!
!• •
• • • •
.a • a «
.a >» w • u
a — • a u
S •• .»•_••
** w A u ••< a a
'••3 <• » • •
b • to a •« ** U
2.-S " "•. "
• » a " o • ~*
ii*: .. :^
t, • 27^sf.-
• a • • u — 5 > o
> a — • ^ «• i • to
• a a- M H^toaa.
z ->
z ••
* »
J J
Z ai
i i
v
o «•*
s a
cu <
1
*» *
N
e
e
^
0 1
—
Is
u
o
OD
0
e
to
•J^
o
•^
o
9
^
u
a
F-22
H-16
-------
^^
•a
0)
3
e
•H
4-1
C
o
o
tu
QJ
,__j
CO
H
«
•
e
0
*
•4
«
B
y
OB
M
O
i.
31 -0
to
«* *
tl
to as
V
j
U 1
vs i
J-S2
;
u o
u -^
9 *
• 3
>.
^J
>
'*
U
tt
«
1
** M
U
K
9
H
S
to -"
11
U
U >
tt •
a. to
co (j
* «
»» V
en
X O
u u
*
*
u
•
g
tt
.a
2
3
* V
u >
• i
•2 2
+
to •
« V
Ma.
• M 9 e
> •*••«
9 U *rf •
*• o o
• 9 9
j»: •
• •** > 3
• • 9 9*
to. *• *M to
X
-1
aJ
o
s
s
^
_
•»
_!_
_*
£
1
o
a.
o
to
9
"J
U
a
tt
^
I
• V
u >
11
!•* to
,4
to •
ss£
r - s|
?to • +*
3*9
9 U w *M
— u 9 U
• 99
^ •
J* >• > •
U « <« — ^
« i - •
JB • u to
• — > ^ 3
• • 9 9 O*
-» to -• W «
feb M •> a. to
K
-1
.
.
r
o
e
~"
lf\
•M
.M
J
o.
1
-
II
a
?
to
O.
9
to
9
"
u
a
-a
|
V*
B *
J -°
^ ^
3 1
•s^ -s
• tt *
« > "
li «
•• a
.' J1
• b X > •
W ^ "* O •
9 j> • 0 •
a* 3 • a «a • .^
• •« c a a ** m *
» . -3 --01.00
• ^ «*taoa>«*
?u *. • ^ «* T ^
3 0 - « • 0 1 •
ow.* a h*ub ~
^u u ^*-«ao *
• ° . J • ••« - i
^ »»^ > • • a • o J
is""s: •?.KsC'"-2
ji _ « •. 0 Ja
"^ o» '2"J'Ca'""'«
— » — - • ou^ua ^ J
* a
J -J
x s
as x
X
09 M
CO
s §
•• fi
•to «•
J -1
X.
a.
a
i i
•* aM*
-
i i
a> a>
o 9
to to
a. a.
9 9
to to
9 9
~ 0
a a
1
to
v
*a
, -fl
I
.
u
s
u «."2 —
• *^ •» s
• M • U — «
S? 2 ""S S «
• •• • • « *-
— 9 -to 9 9 O to
*» to 9 i** ••• ^
• M «4 » * 3 ' «•
— *
>««ritoM« 34 U ^ •
-^ X
CO W
^ (rt O ^
•• in i?* »•
c* «c P* O
M /r — —• -to
_, u « J
K — <
S a a
w
e
i f
«• 2
. a. J
e e « a
« • a. a s
§• * 2 '•
* b « a
a. a, M •••
o o o e o
u b b ••* a
o o o *- •
U u U • V
a Q a a a
T3
3
C
u
C
0
u
"^
F-23
-------
X-N
•a
OJ
3
C
•H
4-1
C
o
a
\_x
<•
1
Pn
0)
«J
^^
,0
CO
H
c
1
H
i
*
j
i
i*
<.
4
i
C
I
9
J
a
o
d
2
S.
•
;
3
t
t
'•
•
t
U
S
I
u
•
1
:
!
8
•
•
*
^
b
•
H
•
31
1
• W
-M *
' £
i .£
I S
'I
j
• >>
« ^
; >
> 4
b ^
> U
• W
» *ri
K •
E -t
. M
3
• 4)
E "O
! 0
t U
I
;
i
i
|
• •s '
"* . • •
a p -"• • "3
o . C a M «
o-o o o -- •
8'M .« .*ri g V
- 1 S- "S
o • •• o • •** •
u •• 9 • — a •
• ja a u «
— B ^ «« •— ^
e •* — • - • —
• U * M -4 O M
« « • » • • — O
•« M " ° J> » o
" - • - o * *- 5
M »••«** u • ^ 3
- 1 * ». : •: s s ts
41-251 £ Si22
* -»
^ -i
-i i
-
o ~
fN ^«
^ ""
-i -a
s
a*
2
•
«rf
* •
M ^
^ J
M «4
^ 3
Ob •
>H >«
^ £
0 0
a
_i
*
5 .
« —
U
«
•jj
0
O
U
>«
« -*
e u
• «
w S
« «
>* M
£ &
V V
a a
'
•
o
•
—4
U
5'
ft
»t
** •
« •
W •
• M
•a 3
2 2
z »
-
J ->
X
X • • ""
in
in r»*n ^.ff^inf*.
• s
5
2 2"
'o O
•« 21
0 i2
"- Is
9 JS 3
•" i * Z
^ • •* ^ »•
• 3 9 ».
u o 9 * T. -
a £ fc* •*• •• >* «
• T? JI M w a. *ri
u-«* »^ • «;;
«MO>«"-95
jS-k.^03^9
2 2 1^ i S S ?
• t: i :z :" ! •
a a a a a a a
»> -^ •
ji ^ • ^
u • V
• U M •— • >
?• — s •
9 M
'-1 " 5
• B
o .a — •
t -Si- ~
w • .c
1 S5-
s ~.-.
tt *• k*
to • a ^
M ^ ^
a O to 3
— Ok.
32
-i
U
X
0
•.
M
g
u
LL<
VI
a
«
•
9
CO
>.
s
a
M ^ O
£ «• S
£ £ —
F-24
-------
•s
>
.
a • -5 o
•-•»<• o u
a • a • - S
a s l!2 * ** *
O 9 •* u — • M
.,..;;
• • a • • u a X
- «"2 -i ." a
.J.'P 3.?5r
• ^ * • >- • •« u u
-— **•»!*— U.* *— M j ^ 4 0
• • <4
••* *
•S 3
to
21,
- :
8.
£!.•
to U
-S
>«**
.6 •
Oft V
— X
• • C
•
1 X
O
Tl
J«
4 1
•»
w I
•
» "
— A
k
O C
M <
X i
hi
3 C
•- •* i
.21
to
O
„
|
M
I •
• *
» M
,.2
i
1 •
' O
> O
1 "*
1 •
:3i s
5.2 -S 5
« • • s — • - •.
„ 2 1" X 2 u j .
— o to a • • «
M«*«M '•••JS'Ji
2 J"" 'Si" . « —
C
o
o
b
0)
r-l
XI
§ 3 § o
U CJ
a a
>» ». O
£ ^ to
i 1 I
O O Q
C —
V O
M •
sea
F-25
-------
§ ».
-«
• E ^ o •« •
• a i»— >
a ••* — *^ K -^
• JS • tk O —
O h«
• — • O 0 •
• ••••e*
30 — J» — 3
• ••«•
uva «u
^aoe
a u • — M a
• 9 »»j« e •
o I u « - u
* >•
- « — • o
« KJI a •
u i u • — u
4
,
.
«
I ;
* ^
• •
; ?-• 3
• o «
* *at O -- M
* 3 to — «
0 •. 4 •
J hi • ...
- « • 9
« a • M >»
» o ** • * -v
'-S!^ 5
i a -« 3 a ••* •
- «* • * O 4*
» "9 «— » to «
1 ^ •* O.-« »* «
zsssfii:
1 S.
-** • >
> • to
• a* •
u * a. a
•* 3 •»
W « -^ —
O W *
..I ^ to
a a M
IH « • a
- 0 «
• • • 1!
to * v ^ C
• M M *• **
^ 3 O •
5 o a *• >•
X to • 0 •
5r
iox
ove
carbon
«tor,
0)
3
C
O
u
fc
01
a u ii
»• c -
S c
u e
CO
H
g
V
f« o
•" S
S U
s e
a a
j S
a,
'a
F-26
-------
^~N
•o
0)
3
C
•H
4-1-
C
O
a
s— '
•
«3~
i
0)
rH
_Q
cd
H
«
*
a
a
a.
•
•
m
•z
^
e
u
V
m -
a
•3
s
x -o
h.
M
* «
**
s
u
•
•
U 1
M •«• U
• • e
3 W W
W W -
4 ft.
.
3 a
U 0
u •—
o «
• 3
X
>
u
•
41
jg
1
• X
M
« *
& M
0) U
• 41
• M
.C *«
ft. co
u
ii
u u
;
x
•
u
I
U
IM
• s e
— • 9 a o
• xu o —
W • — •
Q *. M •
-.-«*.
• V fl • ^ trt
-— «4 •- V 3 &
>••*=•»
>. S 2 S '
w ^ O A • >•
— 0 - » A
V Z WO) '
- - • • •« -9
M C U « W
O • • • > M
M W *rf p W O •
« .- 5 « - w
* 3 k« U 3 — M
q o k« 3 « o a
x.3 k. •- i u *• «*
•
-1
z
z
«
(N
_l
a.
3
O
U
X
G
w
a
4)
X
a.
0
ta
Oi
a
i 1
• •
s ». •
M — —
O — A
** • •
u a
*rf -- O •
ilsl
1:^1
O w ^ w
«• • O ta
M
* U
• "
|
C •«•
Jt
i"""*
u »•
M ^
1!
—
a
s :
IM •—
• >
* a M
• -* W-t U •
a ^ - — *
-•*•<•*«**
* O 3
— "* • K ^
3 • s : a
i *- 8 *
0 O 9 *• *
i-34 1!*
• U • U ta
* • fc"* •
W • M M
• U ••• U *
A •« • >
O w
•o •* • a, •
— x
| S .2 S 2
«'=S .
MA •
• • 3 w a •
U > — A O —
— w a o.-
M 5 • X • —
o o 4} • a.
H • >« • u •
w
. rl
— o ^
• W « X
o — 3 •- a
M •? Oi9
K O O • ••• O
MM U W Jt M
— — * - • O
M • X X— —
o *-—-»-
w « ^ « x *
W • ••* — M
j| w i h» m — «
••^ U * b M
•-• Q 41 M • h*
• • -Q • 0.—
a
ji
•
•
M
a
3
•
w
X
«
Z X 0
e o
<-» «A
o o
2 ! 2
S I
- • «
• •
-. — •
• 9 a
US «
ucawfr*
s
o
a
bt »t «
H u j:
41 ?
^ i
F-27
-------
9
i
* •
u §
e — —
< j= x
— • m •
3« V •
S3 fl • a
--* u * M • a a
« 9
*» O
• w
O *
* o
a « 4 • a -c d ^
- -1: ? . I -
i . "s^-^ 31
• ••••« • A
V a • U O *^ M
— " 5 » V B • O
• 3UOMM44*
•o
(U
3
C-
o
a
ed
H
a
o
o
u
o
u
—
u
F-
fl «
0 -
J5 -
M U
U J
">, 'T.
u u
28
u
O
O
a
j
o
^
—
f
3
O
X
e
.*z
o
"•
u
Q
w
O
u
i
u
5
9
Ou
•"
£
W
O
O
3
0
•
^
X
chlor ide
g.
*
OB
i
•
*>.
2
e
9
0
A
—
M
B
i
o
u
e
u
e
w
2
-------
T3
IV
C
c
o
u
CO
H
• • c
3 k. V
O- » ^
•< a.
a e
u O
U .M
« *rf
e «
s.:
8
u
ul
u >
s2
• to .
i:°
:vs-
i •«• •« u
•* M a •
•52,
• ••
£t
a *
; 3
** M
u a
• M
a .-4 «<
• •
U 0 !
3
O
i:
ft!
i
u
V
e
u
1
•
i
M
0
b
-
a
o
u
a
5
0
JS
e
0 >*
a *
to to
• e
a —
a >• to
to
O
—
*
M
Jl
JB
*
U
V
o
•M
to
.
M
•4
V
H
M
O
•
e
•••
o
„'
to
1
to
a
a
^
•
e
0
^ »«
•
£ 0
u •
V . * - • 3 »
?M S • • M
SO • • —
-
M W « M
a « • e
** 9 * • -• 3 «rf
»>.•«••• O ^9 —
•MwUflMMU — W
J — JB O — 3 •— •-«
* t. C -< • k. I « M
« e
^ 3
S §
2 S
F-29
-------
0)
3
C
•H
er
o
a
^
i
fa
.a
CO
H
V
1
V
3K
"S
e
i
u
41
Recovery 4 Handling
Hazard*
•- • « '
M ••« U
« • a
8-« "
.
3 S
u 0
u -•*
O •
• 3
;
"2
u
•1
at »
• X
-«• ••«
e —
u
H
O
.1
•1* !d
£ 3
1
U
11
• U
• -t
>* •
-C —
a. vi
w
M 41
11
11
tj
TK.
U
•
41
.£
U
Hoderately tomic via oral
route .
Highly irritant to akin,
eyea, aucoua «e«bran«a
and via inhalation route.
X XX
X X
«<•< « X at
CN «•
—
§« m 0 0
£ 2 £ C
2 35 S
j. U, U.
•9 -
• — U
f) «^
«M V U
«— C U —
M « •— «*•
• a a — —
o S ** 'S 2
S 1 1 1 I
... ££...=•.
•a c
OJ >. 0
o -- «
E — *
U J3 Q.
3 u
'x J >.
o o a
t-.CS
.2 • » • • • —
M>. >o ••• «weh«
• u 2 .J.O-0-
••«JiM «««-*• *rf •
• > • «•-«••_ . * • J "S
«« • «. -s- J's: S|j?«: »•: t-
.2-5-=° SS2 -S-'s* -5 '45 °3 2°
•-•:•=•£ H^l i-i£- ';'::| K Is
U9IK33 •- ^ J 1. a u*J!-i —Z —S
— a. • J> • •« j • — •5_'_s ^^ ^~
• o • »>•• 9 * a M BS5?B i"Z ^ •
O ».-«•• u — « • J»(o« °8*^^ ^S ^B
-« o»- 3 • >> • u a • - "3 . 'S S - i
», .- o — i. - o «.•« a — ^i _2J22 t . - .
•k^.^UVU b • • ••&• V*aMV9 •• •*
- j - 3 i • S - * .2 a a. • _ _ « „ ,j b « L. «
^ • -o • * — u c= Ji • a a ^ • - •" a I" » -
M x S S — B • -S-S"! 3c»a. «• -g S S • "SS "55
253 XSS S it I -512: S-22J:.. 42 52
X
-
3E X -J •*! XX
X -IX J J J
X XX * XX
II 1 *
- « •
"" » ~
a s s s s s
j ga j -1 us -a
< r < ^33
? !? £ 'J
i
O
"3 u
u < * "u «
< — T ^ 2
U • "
u - " S - Z
I II III
s
b«
*•
F-30
-------
M ** M G
•V M • • 3 *
- 9 W 3 — «
MB • « •
W «
4 • M -
8 ^ — •*
• to O to C
9 • M •
* 3 0 O
« « — —
^
•* «
• 9
O O
w
* ft*
» •
w «
88
- a
at ht
•*
f
& i
•«
•
•
>
w
M
O
>«
X
to
•I
:
*rf
t ">
• x
« —
U
— •
:-
•
3
S
w
i i
!-:
•** «>
•«
•
a ja
^i
• «•
•s-
to W
9 — •
r* «
1
•
•
••
«
? •;
•V
>> *
« -
•
M
: >
•
•
. a i
- ?•
;--s
^ M
K to •"
• to V
* «
1 M B
S 2*
•
3
.
•
to
O
u
M
9
•u
^
X
?s
S •
w >
* O
S -•
« «
M^
to B
• M
. S
^ -••
•
•
u
•o
«
•V
9 *
» •
« ••*
« ••«
d M
- a
i4i
• w
••• u
• e
0)
3
C
0
O
m
H
"588
o
a
•o
o"
o e o o
o * ^e •*
— > o o »rt
— V
SI
u u
a
^
•O
F-31
-------
• • e
3 I- V
» V u
< a-
3 I
01
3
C
o
u
\
01
rH
«
ti .^
M ^
• a
a. en
M
M V
U U
I
u
— • u -
•o • > — s
••* > o • *
o o ** n »
• I — A •
• 9 w
I"5
e E
e •«
•o e
I
o •
J15 II
n h. • •- m
11
3 If M —
M O • h* M
5 2 .21 3-S
•8- i
> O 3
5 ! I1!
l -,«-a
• •• - e • u
22
a
•» O O
— 5 i
i
CO ^ M
oa as aa M
5 S
JS
F-32
-! j
-------
W 9
Si
* * • u m
o e h* « hj
- 3 O — «l
S« U > -
• —• mm,
** i» *rf w » « •<
te M3M33S "^
-- « ?2 £ 3 2 I
-s .
— o
o -
*«JJt.tf O 3Mjf >
O -^ • • — ^ — • •
M a o a
o • *M o
a •- *%••• • <*• ^ M u *^
«M*tJC — > O « MM
• M 18 • A >»*••
b«w3 « U « • h* — « £ M •
£h*b> •« • a M « * a o h« •-
Wht« O • O A ••* 0 k* ^
E ».
;i 7
!—»*-*
^ O u
I • O
U • O
.— 3 «M •
• • a
o u w o
d
hi
-• 3
• ^
ht
o e
!J-I
• 3 -O u — M
— O a *• Ji -^
X • • — • «
325.2
" 3 a ta •
: i
c
c
o
o
-3"
I
43
CO
H
! I
-. S
^
x
u
•
9
11
F-33
-------
* v M
~ - S
•» 0 •"
•4-O
a* ^
x
M
3
S 3. • -
2 2" J 1
i i i i
a M
i i
u u
m o
s s
„..
F-34
-------
•a
0)
3
M 41
31
li
•sll
« *- 9 >
MOO*
st
M
• o
_• ^
: s-s „-
— »>
* -:: s .s .
• • o — o e
b « a> - o
v 'MB- • • o -<
« M - i •- «>
MM o • M ta
Iti^lsl
Saw • a a «
« •- u O —
— — • O O C J|
^ M t* w »*••• *
22
u ^
O —•
.§
2;-:,
fiss
••• M 9 •<*
Sol S
u a u &
- s
w «o i
. II .-
s I. 4
£ J3 S
" ?3 2
IP o - b.
B JS ^ »*
Ji a
£ I
o
C
9
I
•Q e.
S S
O 0
F-35
-------
T3
01
3
C
a
a
i
0)
CO
H
«•<•
- j=
5^
U >
& •*
ca o
r~ 9t
SI
u u
i!
*r2s!
,H±i2 . I**.*
it ?3 SS S-Si-gl1
i w 41 " • u • I . ' 3
> "* !••» • u o — O
j'-'jif--} I sit 8
«-•?•; g-s* :- -s--° «
— _• — o i • • u - • e
MOO rt'a ! • • a • ? • i ~
-f 'll
SI .2 , ^
S S JS
u U M —
U U fc*
High
Higb
inha
3-2
a
J c
a o
i'^
i - O
?S f
»
» e
S
°. *
OB •«
."* °
i 1
F-36
-------
•
e
0
•
^
1
!
u
V
- s
1.
m "V
•4 «
N
»H •
ta X
•1
Q
m
v i
— • 0
•ri ••• W
• • e
3 to «
< ft-
U O
u -^
• M
0 •
£ 1'
« *
a. u
a. «o
ca
M 41
M -9
X 3
X
U
•*
V
JS
u
*
^
-o
1
u >
•; i
e «
H u
.s • — • « —
m * so a -9 •
30 — • «... |
• «* M • J« M ta
U — 9 • u I • 0 «
A b ^— S • 3 g X u 5
•o ? • • .a'-S b u *" * o '• a
« > • — • «.— • > a. o o
^ •• W^Hl *^9 MO,*
h»wo>««* ^aaoo • 90
o — u 3 • • o - • eu >>e
• a*«o o-* ^«.M «»Q.M
^« MKM W0M »sj« a* M ^ « M
• • •• • O — —U »O • M —
JS"° -2 SI J«i-?S— >. ». '"-a.
••Bai^ ttS f«O • -C •£ MOO
ai.« O'V^B* l^u»»«« M « -M u
• ^ —a x. o a «i v. • — — — •<«•
M • UZ^U «l — O • X »i B •—••Jon
•i «J ^
> Z X
.is -i
c X s
o a o o
$ § si
* tfC «^ i^
*
I i i i
.J _1 M
i 1 s
1
e
Su -•
V O
M U 0
C £ * «
.a •• a>
0 0 O
.- . - .-
X X XX
22 a
- -S .
• • • • ^
to ••* •*• •*••••!
o > .• > * 41 5
• W « O * U ••* 3
— «• M -^ • •« M«0
> M 0 M * M O
000-3 6
U «rfUM3M UV
O — * — — 0
M •!•••*• *j a
"!"•" 5
»• •••••• • «
••« « to^ ub b 2°
M3 3 ^« «•» •» ••*
52 5 2 i S 2 » 2 -S S "S
• » »
j j j j j j
91 S X Z X
So • o e o — —
o o> n -» o
O 4
"°SS= » ~ S S
S 5 1C - 1 — 00 — 5
«
£ H a <
z O 0 x
M
111 • V
i i g o a. — "9 ^
1 3 £
V « II u • «
— —sea ^ u
ooovv « •• —
6C333 ouf
»«!- — — 3. • 1
J= ^ 0 0 0 kl-u
a.a,«u« u X3
S003S 1 — _ «.
S.tltSt-.S utj*-ll
Ba'z'zx =3 = 0.
F-37
-------
I
U !
— • V
;: g
8-S2
«».
TJ
CU
C
c
o
o-
sr
I
V
r-t
m
H
u >
« «
a. w
n o
• v
• ^
>« •
aT (A
M
H •)
« ^
X 3
U 'J
— a o e •
JfO«««-»
• — ^ a. ji
•"'
»> - « 3
bBOMV
• « o e .
> 0 u — «
• a
» *
- S
o—e
* - JI -
* S u O «
— • • - • M
5 i S«i2»; 51
2 :
^
2- .r-=5 s s-sssc - » s. .
O & •
« -s Ssii^s-: ^:|s
575'
?i Jl sJ^sJiisas -jgi
|
1
F-38
-------
x-s
•a
0)
3
C
•H
U
c-
o
y
^-s
•
-a-
I
Pu
0)
^-1
n
C8
H
•
&
•
•8
1
i
s
•
r
i»
^
^ •
M
>» •
to ai
•
|
U 1
•« • •
*« -•* u
• • e
15 -"
3 a
U 0
li
• 9
»%
»
M
U
•
•
M
1
• ^
M M
"• *«
-?2
»H
«ri
U
•^
O
H
»s
to • •
* -•
5^
u
— »«
te M
U »
ts
« u
• •
• w
.C M
a. «
m
ii
u u
]
•
U
•*
j
u
:
i
to
U
•
o
H
.u! i jj. ! i
MMQ « a^i^* •
• •* » • . *"*>• •
• a«« ^ *«»w«u »
• •*" 1 to U I • • ••
i A * • •• to to - to
— T i —to • —•-••« u
• • >••« »^« «*^
• • •- • • ••• • — ••
m a M • * w •« -. ^ < — jo
^Mto««a •^••1 j«w-^^ «M
9«<«to •••• • • • •- u
5 • S i e a « ««*• ».
y •« u ' «•«•• «a~4« >>-«
i M - o • C - • u • ji
->««•• K«to« •»•<••— I M
• •HTM* •••• { to»^«MfiM —
M t * S -Z * * • — to • to d • « • u«
M to • to • •' • to • M^ 94 •
J • • ^ V-S — • to 5 B • — « 0 - • 0
• «to«*« • — • o i a • — i. •. a ^
•
.)
a -1 -J •
_
J J J
a MM
| g » " " -
i
S3 SXS 2 o §
f* O •* — G> (*; i^
•M^ ^ M*^ Mf>lfl«
a
J «S -i » m m
ZZ -*S Q «. • M
uz aa S >. ik a.
i. i. 0. •. &.».•.•.
^
^,
2
3
: =
2 ^
: s ,
8«« •
a •
h
• • •
• 333
• -2 O O O
— w to A £ A
S> • ^ & & &
to • • • •
1 1 1 i J i
h ».»•«. «.*,••
F-39
• M to
— • • 5
•• » «.Z " •
I*. .2 - 1 I 5
I S ••* 999
I, : »-2_ s -
•• 9 o •» Jl •
«*- C— -» * to * «
V M M • *•* • •«*
•>•• • 1 • a .•
•: t s i t « i *~
IJ* s." ..a.:
• » ji » • • • «.j
i *• • •* v •«• •
2s .±2j!ta.-i
i = < 1-82:^3^
»&I:JS!L:^
-------
* • e
9 to •
V « «*
S.
u o
o j;
• a
C
a
a
fe
3
•s
I
15
.
^ • u
0 • — 0
•e ^ o «
r »
• "•*•?-«
we -^ • i w M
so • • ^ « • q __ —
'« » •• .•• «M 3 •«••••&
« •* • o 3 -• 3 • u^««a
* me —-us
- - o £ .
8— •
••
e •« f •
M U O • •
... 28-:i^4n
?w »~.
9 MM
iK3O«uu»6« vgMu»
^s»j^i:j£ iis:-
.
.=•82
o •; i •: :: 5
— • k • 9
« X • M 4
— 2 T! 2 !
•« o 6 o o
• w X w w
3
j -5 ?
3
• •
• 3
• «* • ft^
illi.t
4
i
s
i i
F-40
-------
T3
(U
3
C
O
U
fc
CO
H
• • e
S M «
» * -
^ ••
3B
o •
• "a
si
u u
jf
S .
i2S
& « U
**1 1;
, . «• -+ 4 M
~2 j!
^ W ** •
• a • i
O O K 9 •
-
-93
a o
> h
0 2
, 8 S *
MM ••« U
M *
1-T
*S a
iM
e •* Q to **
&S!j |J*
IIi! Jk
s . a
u ••* •
5 • »
^-'S i
a M
1S^ I
W V ^
I i!
s.:
O 3 •«
a H
; s s
U
M
O
£ S S
F-41
-------
to •*
o a
S2
s .
x S a S '
- S .2 - .2
S !* J S
— * u • «
:; *
• ««to
** •" 4
|i£l
* u -. I
i
3 b w
.• a. a
Si S
• u »» **
* u a M •
• I • to
• m *• — *
M 1 *• • fc
2>* w o • *
** •
to -^ • • * to
- .2.2.2: .
-*i
? i
j
Oy»
«••
• M U
i — • * — .fi
I «-W • •• **
I JS 9 9 Ml O
i e o * a —
: g
» • -
"S
g
9 a
u o
8-
a •
C
O
u
i
tfl
H
!• ••
« wa
u u
S «, S §
^5**
s i
-------
1
CD
3
C
•H
4J
C
o
0
1
0)
•HJ
•^
CO
H
V
*
0
2*
0
*
1
S
9
| m
9 "to
4 •
H
IK •
S»
o
u
U I
— • #
M ••« U
K
u O
u *•*
• -M
O J
M 3
^
•£
w
*
M
M **
S ««
u
M
O
H
£
* '.«
S-2
U
A O
• V
X •*
ft* M
2 .
SI
u u
1
—
u
•
•
M
<*M
s °
i :
08
- :
» k. •
> •* •
—• ••
• • 3
0 X M
h. M •
to •«*
2:1
j
,
u
n
I
H
M
a.
i
?
*
2
o
I
3
^ •*
\i I
« » —i
1! s!
. o
s . s, J ^ 3 .
- S.T2 .|«. " J ~s:
*^ " * 8 u" S. • -^ i S
•• • jj • •• u*"5'« - * *»i'S
jj-:s* .i£s2 : ! i8 - 5s.
M ••**»• •> O O J •• • W f • • O
2^aJ55 • 2--:*S - ' S^SS
«• » a aw i — • x o •• •* •
»••••— g • • b • »> u U «<«0. -
:•;*:':• ":«52 & iss-s*
slsjlr ^:2s ? S sl^ll
*
a -J » •
j • -> *
» M K ,
" I
S 8 = S §
^ M "« * <«
"
e B s 1
.
8
x •; s
f JS i
2 » !
o a u
^ 1 S
to to to
V V «
H H H H
3
C
^j
B
O
u
•L|
! • " "i
^in
- a • •
lili
m
*
S i 2
e * •>
«
«. = ^^«»__
S
^
« N^
M • *
3323
| S : 8
( u u • •
| 3333-S
o ??;;;••
5 i i i i i 2 a
F-43
-------
^^^
•o
0)
3
C
•H
W
C
o
u
_•*
^J
1
fa
ID
t— 1
ja
CO
H
•
•
Ch>
•
•
It
1
I
S
J
j-;
* s
»* «
S"
j
." . e
« •— u
• • a
9 x e
f U "
4 »•
i.
9 •
U 9
U •«
0 *
• 3
M
•£
•
«
M
1
• +*
• —
••••*
*-T^
K
«•>
U
•
H
*»
to •*
l\
u
»*• M
w »
u
• •
• ej*
>* •
d M
A. «•
»
M W
SI
u u
j
•
•
u
!
M
U
• •
I Z
1 ••
1 J
'.i '.i
~:j ^|
9 I 0 •
H » H k
•; •:
• XX*
' 9 *M X O •••
« « — o- • O Jl •
Sv • ^ * e. o ««
^ ». £»•* ~< J 5 <~ •
"" 2 — • u » — • — i 8T »
w>^x 9"*^ ••^•9 u «OiO e
— X w « a • -> w .a • «• •*< «S - • ^
• — 1 • -• «aae M • » S • o
e* e>» «XMX 9 o ••••
**e«M9 «* '•'MiMee
**i^*e ^* a
x • x « -* 5» x««e xe ol« ew
eie o • — 5 o a. » • ««i a • o • 1 •
^XM xax^ e eou ^9 w^e»Vov
3 * - w«ee + • - • 09 •9Me.xS
X -o • • • • — 3 «••> Xx «. * e »^ « —
X X
J
• J X
-1-1 -IB
XX « XXX
«t — -. m o — «.
s i
t =
5 ? S 1 i s s
V •• • • • oil «4
2-0* M
2 Q x u
r* ^H (^ (•*
• 1
erf •— ^ 1
« • *•
g <\ _;
U •— «•
°
• •
J " |
M* e a
• la x
• • « o
Z 1 e j: — —
?e • a A
X 3 • u
2 is S e '*. 2
7
V
to
•
JS
••
•••
•
U
S
H
e, 1
In ?T
leocti (tovly •/ i
forcing kydrockloi
•cid. leipiretor i
protective clotkil
required. Corrodcl
eeuipaeat .
X
-i
X
I
-»
•C
-*
ft
f+
-
•
A
V
O
Id
o
s
u
u
H
fj
.a
^1
I
^•s
u >
Si
H X
*s
•S S-o
r*s -
lecoordUetio* t 1
judf oBeat occur el
•spoeiirce of 500-1
ppoi. Di !•!•••• .
droveineee, lo*e c
•
•a
•
—
x
X
§
e
•A
*
*1
_1
£
•
•
to
3
•
i
•
*
to
£
!•
>*«
ji
F-44
-------
X"S
•o
01
§
•H
4J
O
o
s^
o
S
U 1
— • 0
•* i* U
; : i
or • «4
| B
U 0
o ••*
o j«
• 9
•M
»
*t
2
j
t
« IK
••* •"•*
a «••
*****
m ,4
».
u
M
^
»*
M
M .*
*rf .O
U
U >
* *
& to
• M
>• *
A M
». ta
M
•• 4)
« -9
S O
U U
!
X
«
U
•
tl
.a
v
*
o
o —
w ^
S
*-
3 to
^ 51
** •
• •
***
•* •
1]^
si 2
s
"2 " •
» -« ••
S« •
A to
• • •"
• •* • »
« — #•
S -2 "* • *
to »»* •
•«• •*« • M
U • M
^1 *^ ^ & O
X M to ••
•
•1
M
M
r*
%
^
s
*
->
£
•
A
I
3
*•
9
to
£
ja
-2
H
•
•
JB
^
1
••
• •
u >
H X
•; ^
s s
.2 :- ;
".-£5
JJ'8^ *
8« M • «
--23^
d o M ^ O
ta • M !d
IPII
X to •««. W "V
X
X
A
M
x
|
-T
V
i s
*•» ^
• «
X
••
H
X
I
0
,' 1
-• a.
S £
2 5
u -a
."
H
o
; ?
a «
jj. «j
> u
w -^ •
e — M
a • •
Mm • •
s « H
• -a
s - »
f<4
S s ± q
• _i j -i
5 S S S
H H H «-
Tl
U M
^ —
U V
*l
«
u
•
»»
H « •
I J : ]
£ .- « 3
& 1 • • —
o u-t o oo
to - to • O
— ** — mm
M<* A O w
— .- .M *- —
H H H O H
T3
41
3
C
.»ri
U
C
o
u
•*
K * M M
7 s: •
** • M • •
<9 • * ji — a •
Is I1- ^U| ;
?— MM- •
* • o • • 5
*;; 5s :it.:
•^ •* »^ MS • • • •
• '* • • -2 S 2 -i
«• «U U • .M u • «•
je « S | » ° | j"--
•
mix x
z — e f *
-*««o ^**t*
J U « J • • • J
CJUOCU ^>MH
LJ U. U. o 9. - »
— j: o ~
a M u ••
u • >> "
J? 2 3 • • • t
£•5 M ^ ^ *^
- * * • * **
S - 5 5 53?*
^ 2 •: T. j i ^ •
e, o * a. 3
5^5 2 7. 7. x S
HHHH =J33>
F-45
-------
TD
a;
3
C
•H
C
O
u
-
1
OJ
CO
v
e
o
j
u
K
r
e
• *
M
s£
o
w
41
U 1
III
11
9 •
'
1
• to*
«• —
M J}
•*
»»
* —
*5
w
w »
£.:
« u
ft. W
ii
u u
B
u
8
g
-
7! •=•
l! |i *.
»~ '*:
Ij rS
» • •
"^ * •«• ^1
J] Is I !
m
• • B « « K
* M
H M
• V hi
* ' 1 " ' *
M
2 2 o e e oeeeee o e
)^ *^M£ "" — O « i-» O * irvv^
3 iS v H d 2 S I g £
g;ii> SMMMR ^4
*
3
ve e
•B • •-
S 7 S 2
• — e "9 m *
M«Cb • • -* fc. ^i
«WO M » M -J^ 0 J
? 2 ? s : ^ 2 *•; £ r
i J^* »«»S
-------
APPENDIX G
GLOSSARY
Absorption: The soaking up of one substance by another, particularly a
liquid by a solid.
Adsorbate: A solid, liquid, or gas that is adsorbed as molecules, atoms,
or ions to the surface of a solid.
Adsorption: The attraction of molecules, atoms, or ions or compounds to
the surface of a solid.
Aerobic: Having molecular oxygen as part of the environment or growing
in the presence of molecular oxygen.
Alternative: A collection of techniques that are used to accomplish all
objectives of a response.
Anion: A negatively charged atom or group of atoms.
Aquatic persistance: Chemical stability of a substance over time in a
water body.
Aromatics: A class of organic compounds characterized by one or more cyclic
rings that contain double bonds. Benzene is a prominent compound of
this class.
Backwash: An upward flow of water through a filter bed that cleans the
filter after it is exhausted.
Benthic organisms: Plant and animal life whose habitat is the bottom of
a sea, lake, or river.
Bentonite: A highly plastic clay, consisting of the minerals montmorillonite
and beidellite, that swells extensively when wetted.
Berm: A narrow shelf or flat area that breaks the continuity of a slope.
Bioaccumulation: The result of chemical intake by an organism when the rate
of intake is greater than the rate of excretion, resulting in and
increase in tissue concentration relative to the exposure concentration.
G-l
-------
Bioaccumulation factor: The ratio of the concentration of a substance
in the tissue of an organism to the concentration of the substance
in the environment surrounding the organism.
Biomagnification: The increase in chemical concentration in tissues of
organisms through the food chain; a progressive increase in bioaccumu-
lation through the food chain."
Biota: Animal and plant life, especially of a particular region.
BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand): A measure of the amount of oxygen required
by bacteria while stabilizing decomposable organic matter under aerobic
conditions.
Bottom materials: Any materials that are on the bottom of a water body,
including sediments, vegetation, and contaminating substances.
_2
Carbonate: A compound that contains the carbonate ((COo) ) ion.
Cation: A positively charged atom or group of atoms.
CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (Superfund), Federal law under which uncontrolled hazardous waste
sites and spills of hazardous materials are remediated.
CFR: Code of Federal Regulations; publication of regulations promulgated
under Federal .laws.
Chemical equilibrium: A condition in which a chemical reaction is occuring
at equal rates in its forward and reverse directions, so that
concentrations of the reacting substances do not change with time.
CHRIS: Chemical Hazards Response Information System; a U.S. Coast Guard
information system pertaining to water transport of hazardous chemicals
that consists of the following components: the Condensed Guide to
Chemical Hazards (handbook), the Hazardous Chemical Data Manual, the
Hazard—Assessment Handbook, the Response Methods Handbook, Data Bases
for Regional Contingency Plans, and the Hazard—Assessment Computer
System (HACS).
Coarse-grained material: Granular material (such as soil or sediments) in
which sands and gravels predominate; in general, material larger than
74 microns (200 mesh).
COD (Chemical oxygen demand): A measure of the amount of oxygen required
to convert organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water by a strong
oxidizing agent.
Cohesive soil: A soil that has considerable compressive strength when it
is unconfined and air-dried and exhibits significant cohesion (clumping)
when it is wetted; opposite of free-flowing material.
G-2
-------
Colloidal particles: Particles that are so small (1 to 100 millimicrons)
that surface charges produce an appreciable influence on the behavior
of the particles.
Contaminated: Having been exposed to, and retained all or a portion of,
a harmful substance.
CWA: Clean Water Act; Federal law for restoring and maintaining the quality
of surface waters.
Dewatering: Removal of water from a substance or an area by means of
gravity, pumps, drains, or filters.
DOT: U.S. Department of Transportation.
Dredge bucket: That part of a mechanical dredge that dislodges and
collects sediments.
Dredge head: That part of a hydraulic or pneumatic dredge that dislodges
and collects sediments.
Embankment: A man-made deposit of soil, rock, or other material used to
form an impoundment.
Endangered species: Biota that are in danger of extinction, especially
those species that are officially so declared by the U.S. Department
of Interior and/or state agencies.
Environmental setting: The total natural background of a location,
including hydrology, geology, climatology, and biology.
EP Toxicity: Extraction Procedure (EP) test used by EPA as a determination
of toxicity; the degree of leaching of contaminants from a substance
is measured under conditions that simulate a waste landfill.
Estuary: Part of a flowing water body where its current is met and
influenced by tides.
Exothermic: Releasing heat as a by-product of a chemical reaction.
Exposure: The subjecting of a receptor to a contaminating substance.
Fauna: Animal life, especially of a particular region.
FDA: Food and Drug Administration of U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services.
Filter cake: A concentrated solid or semisolid material that is
separated from a. liquid by filtration.
G-3
-------
Fine-grained material: Granular material (such as soil or sediments) in
which silts and clays predominate; in general, material smaller than
74 microns (200 mesh).
Flocculant: A reagent added to a dispersion of solids in a liquid to
bring together fine particles to form aggregates, or floes.
Flocculate: To aggregate or clump small particles into larger masses.
Flora: Plant life, especially of a particular region.
Free-flowing material: Generally granular material (such as soil or
sediments) that can be poured or dumped with minimal clumping;
opposite of cohesive material.
Grain size: The effective diameter of a particle measured by sedimentation,
sieving, micrometry, or a combination of these methods.
HAGS: Hazard Assessment Computer System; a system for obtaining rapid
hazard evaluations from U.S. Coast Guard headquarters; part of CHRIS.
Habitat: The area in which a biological population normally lives or
occurs.
Halogen: Any element of the halogen family of chemical elements
(e.g. chlorine, bromine, fluorine).
HSWA: Hazardous, and Solid Waste Amendments to RCRA.
Hydrostatic pressure: The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest caused by
the weight of the fluid above the point.
Hydroxide: Compound containing the OH~ group; the hydroxides of metals are
bases and those of non-metals are usually acids.
IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health
Organization.
Immediate response: An action or multiple actions that are implemented
with minimal planning and consideration of alternatives to control a
rapidly worsening situation or to minimize the impacts of a severe
situation.
Impact: The effect or result of a receptor being exposed to a contaminating
substance.
In situ; In its original place, as opposed to being moved or relocated.
Ions: Atoms, groups of atoms, or compounds, that are electrically charged
as a result of an imbalance between protons and electrons.
G-4
-------
Leach: The transfer of liquid, solid, or dissolved compounds from a solid
matrix to a liquid as a result of passing of the liquid through the
interconnected pores of a pile or cell of the solid matrix.
Leachate: The liquid that is produced as a result of leaching; generally
considered to be contaminated.
LD5Q (or lethal dose): The concentration of substance that is fatal to
50 percent of the population that is exposed.
Micron: One-millionth of a meter; 25,400 microns equal one _inch.
Mesh: A size of screen or particles passed through a screen in terms of
the number of openings occuring per linear inch; 200 mesh is equivalent
to 200 microns.
MPRSA: Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act; Federal law under
which dumping of materials into ocean waters is regulated.
NAS: National Academy of Sciences.
NCP: National Contingency Plan; Federal plan for implementing CERCLA.
NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services.
NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the U,S. Department
of Commerce.
NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System; a program for
controlling point discharges to surface waters; administered by USEPA
under the Clean Water Act.
Objectives (or response objectives): Goals that are established for
minimizing, eliminating, or reversing the impacts of a release of a
contaminating substance.
Octanol-water partition coefficient: A measure of the affinity of a
substance for octanol (a liquid that behaves chemically similar to
animal fat tissue) relative to water.
On-site: On the same or contiguous geographical area.
Organic matter: Substances comprised mainly of carbon and originating
in animal or plant life or in laboratory synthesis.
OSC (On-scene coordinator): Person that is responsible for responses to
spills of hazardous substances.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department
of Labor.
G-5
-------
Oxidation: A chemical reaction in which a compound or radical loses
electrons.
Packed bed: A fixed layer of granular material arranged in a vessel to
promote intimate contact between gases, vapors, liquids,, solids,
or various combinations.
Partition: The tendency of a substance to exhibit an affinity for one
material over another (such as sediments over water).
PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls): A toxic and highly persistent class of
compounds that were originally used as insulating fluids in electrical
equipment.
Persistence: Chemical stability of a substance over time.
pH: A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance, which
controls the direction, speed, and extent of chemical and biochemical
reactions.
Publicly owned treatment works (or POTW): In general, a central system for
collecting and treating municipal wastewater.
Quiescent waters: Areas of a water body that have relatively little1wave
action, current, and flow velocity.
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; Federal law under which
solid and hazardous wastes are regulated.
Receptors: Persons, plants, animals, or objects that are subjected to a
contaminating substance.
Release: A substance that has entered the environment through a leak,
discharge, or other failure of a containment or confinement system.
Remote sensing: A class of techniques for monitoring a situation that
does not involve physically entering the substances being monitored;
examples are sonar and x-ray fluorescence.
Residual (or byproduct): A material that is produced without intent
during the processing or treatment of other materials.
Response (or response action): An action or multiple actions that are
taken to minimize the impacts of a release of contaminating materials
to the environment.
Resuspension: The causing of bottom materials to become suspended in the
water column, usually by agititation.
G-6
-------
Scour: The clearing and digging action of flowing water, especially the
downward erosion caused by stream water in sweeping away mud and silt
from the outside bank of a channel.
Scrubber: A device for removal of entrained liquid droplets, dust, or an
undesired gas component from a gas stream.
SDWA: Safe Drinking Water Act; Federal law under which standards and
criteria are established to protect drinking water.
Sediments: Material that has settled to the bottom of a water body, consist-
ing primarily of eroded and transported soil and organic matter.
Sediment-water partition coefficient: A measure of the affinity of a
substance for sediments relative to water.
Sensitive species (or indicator species): Biota that exhibit an usually
rapid or extreme reaction to a changed environmental condition; such
reactions can provide a qualitative measure of contamination patterns.
Sinker: A chemical substance that is heavier than water and has low
solubility in water.
Slurry: A mixture of solids and liquid, generally of a consistency that
can be pumped.
Soil permeability:.. The quality of a soil horizon that enables water or
air to move through it. The permeability of a soil may be limited
by the presence of one low-permeability horizon, even though others
are highly permeable.
Solute: The substance dissolved in a solvent.
Sorbent: A substance that can take up and hold a contaminating substance;
includes absorbents and adsorbents.
Specific gravity: The ratio of the density of a material to the density
of water at a specific temperature.
Spill: Release of a substance from a container, generally of short duration.
Standards and criteria: Regulatory or advisory numerical limits for
concentrations of contaminating substances; generally apply to drinking
water and discharges of waste streams to surface water.
Suspended solids: A mixture of fine, nonsettling particles in a liquid.
Technique: A process, method, or technology that is used to accomplish
a response.
G-7
-------
Toxicity: The characteristic of being poisonous or harmful to plant or
animal life; the relative degree of severity of this characteristic.
Transformation rate: The rate at which the properties of a chemical change
to pose a lesser or greater hazard.
TSCA: .Toxic Substances Control Act; Federal law under which selected
chemicals are regulated (including PCBs).
Turbidity: Cloudiness of a liquid caused by suspension of solid particles;
a measure of the suspended solids in a liquid.
Underdrain: A subsurface drain pipe or gravel drainage layer into which
water flows.
USCG: United States Coast Guard of the U.S. Department of Transportation
USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
USGS: United States Geologic Survey of the U.S. Department of Interior.
Water column: That part of a water body that is water, as opposed to the
bottom, banks, vegetation, etc.
G-8
-------
APPENDIX H
REFERENCES
1. Banzoli, V., V. Ditella, L. Dossi, and P. Gaua. 1976. New Concept of
Underwater Remote Controlled Tracked Vehicle for Deep Water Trenching
Operations. In: Eighth Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
TX. May 3-6, 1976. p. 647.
2. Barnard, W. 1978. Prediction and Control of Dredged Material
Dispersion Around Dredging and Open-Water Pipeline Disposal
Operations. T.R. DS-78-13, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station, Vicksburg, MS. 114 pp.
3. Bauer, W.H., D.N. Borton, and J.J. Bulloff. 1975. Agents, Methods,
and Devices for Amelioration of Discharges of Hazardous Chemicals on
Water. CG-D-38-76. United States Coast Guard, Office of Research and
Development, Washington, D.C.
4. Bernstein, C.S. 1985. Hammering Out a New RCRA. Civil Engineering.
Vol 55, No. 4. pp. 57-60.
5. Bokuniewicz, H., ' 1981. Burial of Dredged Sediment Under the Sea
Floor: Can You Do It? In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Dredging
Seminar. TAMU-SG-83-103 Texas A&M University. November 12-13.
6. Brunotts, V.A., L.R., Emerson, E.N. Rebis, A.J. Roy. 1983. Cost
effective treatment of priority pollutants compounds with granular
activated carbon. In: Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Wastes,
Washington, D.C. Oct. 31 - Nov. 2. pp. 209-216.
7. Byroade, J.D., A.M. Twedell, and J.P. LeBoff. 1981. Handbook for Oil
Spill Protection Cleanup Priorities. EPA 600/8-81-002. Versar, Inc.
Prepared for: USEPA, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH.
8. Casarett, L.J. and J. Doull (eds.). 1975. Toxicology: The Basic
Science of Poisons, McMillan Publishing Corp., Toronto. 768 pp.
9. Callahan, M.A. et al. 1979. Water - Related Data of 129 Priority
Pollutants. EPA - 440/479-029a. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. Two Volumes.
H-l
-------
10. Church, H. 1981. Excavation Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, NY. 1,024 pp.
11. Clark, D.E., P. Colombo, and R.M. Neilson, Jr. 1982. Solidification
of Oils and Organic Liquids. BNL-5162, prepared for: Brookhaven
National Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy, 25 pp.
12. Clark, G. 1983. Survey of Portable Hydraulic Dredges. T.R. HL-83-4.
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Ill pp.
13. Conway, R.A. , and R.D. Ross. 1980. Handbook of Industrial Waste
Disposal. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY.
14. Cope, F., G. Karpinksi, J. Pacey, and L. Steiner. 1984. Use of Liners
for Containment of Hazardous Waste Landfills. Pollution Engineering.
Vol. 16, No. 3.
15. d'Angremond, K., J. Brakel, and A. Hoekstra. 1978. Assessment of
Certain European Dredging Practices and Dredged Material Containment
and Reclamation Methods. T.R. D-78-58, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 228 pp.
16. Dawson, G.W., B.W. Mercer, and R.G. Parkhurst, 1976. Comparative
Evaluation of In-Situ Aproaches to the Treatment of Flowing Streams.
In: Proceedings of 1976 National Conference on Control of Hazardous
Materials Spills, New Orleans, LA. April 25-28.
17. DeRenzo, D.J., ed. 1978. Unit Operations for Treatment of Hazardous
Industrial Wastes. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ. 920 pp.
18. Dorr-Oliver, undated. The Dorr Clone Hydrocyclone. Bulletin DC-2,
Atlanta, GA.
19. Eagle Iron Works. July 1981. Scalping-Classifying Tanks. General
Catalog Section B.
20. Eagle Iron Works. 1982. Fine and Coarse Material Washers. General
Catalog, Section C. Des Moines, Iowa.
21. EMCO. Undated. Imbiber Beads. Product Literature. Little Rock, AR.
22. Environstone Gypsum Cement. 1982. A Major Breakthrough in Radwaste
Binder Technology. TAC-225/USG/6-82, United States Gypsuir Company,
Chicago, Illinois.
23. Erickson, P.R. and J. Hurst. 1983. Mechanical Dewatering of Dredge
Slurries. In: Ninth Meeting, U.S.-Japan Conference on Management of
Bottom Sediments Containing Toxic Substances, Jacksonville, Florida.
October 17-18, 1983. 24 pp.
H-2
-------
24. Essoglou, M. et al. A Transportable Open Ocean Breakwater. In:
Ocean: 75 Conference, Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Inc., San Diego, California, 1975.
25. Ghassemi, M.K. Yu, and S. Quinlivan. 1981. Feasibility of
Commercialized Water Treatment Techniques for Concentrated Waste
Spills. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Municipal Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 115 pp.
26. Granlund, R.W., and J.F. Hayes, undated. Solidification of Low-Level
Radioactive Liquid Waste Using a Cement-Silicate Process. Delaware
Custom Material Inc., State College, Pennsylvania. 4 pp.
27. Green, P. 1981. Dewatering coal and refuse. Coal Age. May.
p. 145-157.
28. Haliburton, T.A. 1978. Guidelines for Dewatering/Densifying
Confined Dredged Material. Dredged Material Research Program,
Technical Report DS-78-11, prepared for: Office, Chief of Engineers,
U.S. Army, Washington, D.C. 119 pp.
29. Hand, T.D. , A.W. Ford, P.G. Malone, D.W. Thompson, and R.B. Mercer.
1978. A Feasibility Study of Response Techniques for Discharges
of Hazardous Chemicals That Sink. CG-D-56-78, U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station. Prepared for: U.S. Coast Guard,
Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
30. IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the
World Health Organization.
31. JBF Scientific Corporation 1978. An Analysis of the Functional
Capabilities and Performance of Silt Curtains. T.R. D-78-39. Office,
Chief of Engineers, United States Army, Washington, DC. 182 pp.
32. Jones, D. et al. 1979. A Transportable Breakwater for Near-Shore
Applications. In: Proceedings of the Specialty Conference, Civil
Engineering in the Oceans, IV, San Francisco, California. American
Society of Civil Engineers. 433 pp.
33. Jones, R.H., R.R. Williams, and T.K. Moore. 1978. Development and
Application of Design and Operation Procedures for Coagulation of
Dredged Material Slurry and Containment Area Effluent. Dredged
Material Research Program, Technical Report D-78-54, Prepared for:
Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, Washington, D.C. 95 pp.
34. JRB Associates. 1982. Handbook: Remedial Action at Waste Disposal
Sites. EPA-625/6-82-006. Prepared for: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH. 495 pp.
35. Kaing, Y. and A.R. Metry. 1982. Hazardous Waste Processing Technology.
Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. 549 pp.
H-3
-------
36. Kent, J.A. (ed). 1974. Riegels Handbook of Industrial Chemistry,
7th Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
37. Kirk-Othmer. 1982. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third
Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 24 Volumes.
38. Krizek, R.J., J.A. Fitzpatrick and O.K. Atmatzidis. 1976.
Investigation of Effluent Filtering Systems for Dredged Material
Containment Facilities. Dredged Material Research Program Report
D-76-8, prepared for: Office of Engineers, U.S. Army. 168 pp.
39. Lewis, R.J. and R.L. Tatken (eds.). 1980 Edition. Registry of
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. NIOSH publication # 81-116.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
40. Long, B.W. and D.H. Grana. 1978. Feasibility Study of Vacuum
Filtration Systems for Dewatering Dredged Material. Dredged
Material Research Program, Technical Report D-78-5, prepared for:
Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, Washington, D.C. 123 pp.
41. Lubowitz, H.R. and C.C. Wiles. 1981. Management of Hazardous
Waste by a Unique Encapsulation Process. In: Land Disposal
Hazardous Waste: Proceeding of the Seventh Annual Research
Symposium. EPA-600/9-81-002b, Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. pp. 91-102.
42. Lyman, J.L.., .W.F. Reehl, and D.H. Rosenblatt. 1982. Handbook of
Chemical Property Estimation Methods. McGraw Hill Book Company
- New York. 960 pp.
43. Mabey et al. 1981. Aquatic Fate Process Data for Organic Priority
Pollutants. EPA Report # 440/4-81-014. USEPA Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C. 434 pp.
44. Mackenthur, K.M., M.W. Brossman, J.A. Kohler, and C.R. Terrell.
Approaches for Mitigating Kepone Contamination in the Hopewell/James
River Area of Virginia. In: 4th United States/Japan Experts Meeting
on Management of Bottom Sediments Containing Toxic Substances.
45. Mallory, C.W. and M.A. Nawrocki. 1974. Containment Area Facility
Concepts for Dredged Material Separation. Dredged Material Research
Program. Report D-74-6, prepared for: Environmental Effects
Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineering Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MI. 236 pp.
46. Malone, P.G., N.R. Francinques, and J.A. Boa, 1982. Use of Grout
Chemistry and Technology in the Containment of Hazardous Wastes.
In: Proceedings of Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites,
Washington, D.C., Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute,
Silver Spring, MD.
H-4
-------
47. McLellan, S. 1982. Evaluation of the Use of Divers and/or Remotely
Operated Vehicles in Chemically Contaminated Waters. JRB Associates,
prepared for: EPA, Edison, NJ. 80 pp.
48. Meritt, F. 1976. Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, NY. 1,305 pp.
49. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. 1979. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment,
Disposal, Reuse. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. 920 pp.
50. Morrison, A. 1983. Land Treatment of Hazardous Waste. Civil
Engineering. Vol 53, No. 5. pp 33-38.
51. Nalco Chemical Co. 1979. Nalco Water Handbook, McGraw-Hill Co.,
New York, NY. p. 12-1.
52. National Academy of Sciences. 1977. Drinking Water and Health.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 939 pp.
53. Natori, M. Undated. Japan Bottom Sediments Management Association,
Tokyo, Japan. Written communication to Kathleen Wagner, JRB Associates.
14 pp.
54. NIOSH. Criteria Documents. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare. Numerous Documents.
55. NUS Corporation. 1983. Feasibility Study - Hudson River PCBs Site.
USEPA Contract No. 68-01-6699.
56. Oppelt, E. T. 1981. Thermal Destruction Options for Controlling
Hazardous Wastes. Civil Engineering. Vol 51, No. 9. pp 72-75.
57. Patty, F.A. et al. 1963. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 2nd
Edition Revised. Interscience (A division of John Wiley & Sons),
New York. Three volumes.
58. Peddicord, R. K. 1980. Technical Aspects of the US Regulations
Governing Disposal of Dredged Material. In: Proceedings of Ninth
World Dredging Conference - Dredging Progress in Equipment and Methods,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Oct 29-31. 1980. pp 447-456.
59. Pilie, R.J., R.E. Baier, R.C. Zieglar, R.P. Leonard, J.G. Michalovic,
S.L. Peck, and D.H. Boch. 1975. Methods to Treat, Control, and
Monitor Spilled Hazardous Materials. EPA-670/2-75-042, United States
Environmental Protection Agency.
60. Pradt, L.A. Developments in wet air oxidation. Reprinted from
Chemical Engineering Progress. Volume 68, No. 12, 1972. Updated
1976. pp. 72-77.
H-5
-------
61. Raymond, G. 1983. Techniques to Reduce the Sediment Resuspension
Caused by Dredging. In: Proceedings of the 16th Texas A&M Dredging
Seminar (In Preparation), College Station, TX. 1983.
62. Repa, E. et al. 1985 (In Press). Leachate Plume Management. EPA
Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio.
63. Reynolds, J., J. Seamans, and A. Van der Steen 1977. Trenching in
Granular Soils. In: Second International Symposium on Dredging
Technology, BHRA Fluid Engineering and Texas A&M University,
November 2-4, 1977. pp. E2-13, E2-20.
64. Richardson, T. et al. 1982. Pumping Performance and Turbidity
Generation of Model 600/100 Pneuma Pump. T.R. HL-82-8, U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 660 pp.
65. Sax, N.I., et al. 1979. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials
5th Edition. Von Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 1118 pp.
66. Seymour, R. 1977. Tethered Float Breakwater: A Temporary Wave
Protection System for Open Ocean Construction. In: Eighth Annual
Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, p. 253.
67. Sims, R. et al. 1984 (In Press). Review of In-Place Treatment
Techniques for Contaminated Surface Soils. EPA 540/2-84-003a, Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, and Office of Research and
Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
68". Skinner, J.H. 1984. Memorandum. Draft Technical Guidance for
Implementation of the Double Liner System Requirements of the RCRA
Amendments. USEPA, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC.
December 20, 1984.
69. Stoddard, S.K., G.A. Davis, H.M. Freeman, and P.M. Deibler. 1981.
Alternatives to Land Disposal of Hazardous Wastes: An Assessment
for California. Toxic Waste Assessment Group, Governer's Office of
Appropriate Technology, State of California. 288 pp.
70. Takenaka Doboku Co. Ltd., Takenaka Komuten Co., Ltd., and Toyo
Construction Co., Ltd. Undated. Deep Chemical Mixing Method -
product literature. Japan.
71. Tao Harbor Works. Undated. Tao Leaflet 78N-610.
72. Toyo Construction Co., Ltd. Undated. Technical bulletin. Tokyo,
Japan.
73. U.S. Coast Guard. 1978. CHRIS A Condensed Guide to Chemical Hazards.
Commandant Instruction M16465.ll. U.S. Department of Transportation.
H-6
-------
74. U.S. Coast Guard. 1978. CHRIS Hazardous Chemicals Data Manual.
Commandant Instruction M16465.12. U.S. Department of Transportation.
75. U.S. Coast Guard. 1973. CHRIS Hazard Assessment Handbook. Commandant
Instruction M16465.13. U.S. Department of Transportation.
76. U.S. Coast Guard. 1978. CHRIS Response Methods Handbook. Commandant
Instruction M16465.14. U.S. Department of Transportation.
77. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979. Process Design Manual:
Sludge Treatment and Disposal. EPA 625/1-79-011, Municipal
Environmental Research Lab, Cincinnati, Ohio.
78. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. Environmental Emergency
Response Unit Capability. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Edison, New Jersey. 26 pp.
79. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Process Design Manual
for Dewatering Municipal Wastewater Sludges. EPA-625/1-82-014
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
80. U.S. Environmental Protection. 1982. Guide to the Disposal of
Chemically Stabilized and Solidified Waste SW-872. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. 114 pp.
81. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Minimum Technology
Guidance on Double Liner Systems for Landfills and Surface
Impoundments—Design, Construction and Operation. Draft. Office
of Solid Waste, Land Disposal Division, Washington, D.C.
82. Verschueren, K. 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals, Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
1310 pp.
83. Wetzel, R., K. Boyer, W. Ellis, A. Wickline, P. Spooner, K. Wagner,
C. Furman, J. Meade, and A. Lapins. 1985. Removal and Mitigation
of Contaminated Sediments. Science Applications International
Corporation. Prepared for: USEPA, Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory, Edison, NJ, and U.S. Coast Guard, Office of
Research and Development, Washington, DC.
84. Windholz, M. et al. (ed.). 1976. Merck Index. Merck and Co.,
Rahway, New Jersey. 1313 pp.
85. Wuslich, M.G. 1982. Criteria for Commercial Disposal of Hazardous
Waste. In: Proceedings of National Conference on Management of
Uncontrolled Hazardous Wastes. Hazardous Materials Control Research
Institute, Silver Spring, MD. pp. 224-227.
H-7
-------
APPENDIX I
BLANK WORKSHEETS FOR DOCUMENTATION
AND DECISIONMAKING
Blank copies of the following worksheets that are presented in the
body of this handbook are provided in this appendix:
Discharge Summary Worksheet
Spilled Substance Data Worksheet
Water Body Data Collection Worksheet
Environmental Setting Worksheet
Exposure and Impact Data Worksheet
Worksheet and Screening Response Categories
Worksheet and Screening Response Techniques
Worksheet and Development of Response Alternatives
Alternatives Evaluation Worksheet.
It is recommended that additional, separate copies be made for use in field
response situations.
1-1
-------
DISCHARGE SUMMARY WORKSHEET
Site
Time of Observation Date_
Type of Water Body "
CIRCUMSTANCES OF DISCHARGE
Location
Source
Cause.
Status (Circle One): Discrete Intermittent Continuous
Time Elapsed Since Discharge Began
Quantity of Material Released Rate of Release
Duration of Release (if intermittent)
Substances Released . Quantity
Form of Release (Circle One):
Powder Crystal/Pellets Chunks Semi-Solid Liquid J
EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION
Sediments Water Body
OBSERVATIONS
1 of 1
-------
SPILLED SUBSTANCE DATA WORKSHEET
Information
Factor
Substance A Information Substance B Information
Source Source
1. Specific Gravity
2. Physical State
3. Particle Size
4. Water Solubility
5. Water Reactivity
6. Chemical Reactivity
7. Ignitability
8. Surface Tension
(continued)
1 of 2
-------
SPILLED SUBSTANCE DATA WORKSHEET (continued)
Information Substance A Information Substance B Information
Factor Source Source
9. Octanol-water
partition coeffi-
cient
10. Sediment-water
partition coeffi-
cient
11. Bioaccumulation
12. Aquatic persistence
13. Transformation
rate constants
o Hydrolysis
o Oxidation
o Biotrans-
formation
14. Toxicity
o Aquatic species
o Mammals
o Human
o Food chain
2 of 2
-------
WATER BODY DATA COLLECTION WORKSHEET
Information Site-Specific Information/
Requirements Data Source
WATER BODY;
Depth of Water Body
Minimum
Maximum
Average
Width of Water Body
Minimum
Maximum
Average
Water Current Direction
Surface
Subsurface
Water Current Velocity
Surface
Subsurface . ..
Tidal Cycle
Time of high tide
Time of low tide
Velocity of tide
Amplitude of tide
Wave Height
(continued)
1 of 2
-------
WATER BODY DATA COLLECTION WORKSHEET (continued)
Information Site-Specific Information
Requirements Data Source
SEDIMENTS :
Depth to Contaminated
Sediments
Sediment Type
Sediment Grain Size
Sediment Organic
Carbon Content
WATER;
Suspended Particulate
Concentration
Water Temperature
Profile . . .
Salinity- Profile
SEASONAL CONSIDERATIONS;
Seasonal Conditions
and Impacts
Drought
Snow melt
Storm flood
SKETCH WATER BODY/CHANNEL CONFIGURATION (CROSS-SECTION)
2 of 2
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING WORKSHEET
Information
Site Information Sources
DISTINCTIVE HABITATS (Check and list if near spill area)
1. Breeding Grounds, Nesting, or Roosting Sites
2. Wildlife/Refuges
3. Endangered Species Habitats
4. Marshes or Swamps (e.g., mangrove)
5. Subtidal Seagrass Systems
6. Harvesting Beds
7. Coral Reefs
8. Soft Bottom Benthos
9. Unused Natural Ecosystem (ecologically or
aesthetically important)
10. Other
(continued)
1 of 3
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING WORKSHEET (continued)
Information
Site Information Sources
ENDANGERED SPECIES (List)
SENSITIVE SPECIES (Check if applicable and list)
1. Aquatic (Fish/Shellfish)
2. Birds
3. Reptiles/Amphibians
4. Mammals
5. Plants...
SENSITIVE WATER BODY USAGE (Check if applicable)
Type of Use Distance Downstream From Spill
CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE
1. Drinking Water Supply
2. Industrial Water Supply
3. Irrigation
4. Fire Water Supply
RECREATIONAL USE
1. State/National Park
2. Swimming
3. Boating
4. Fishing
5. Other
(continued)
2 of 3
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING WORKSHEET (continued)
Information
Site Information ' Sources
COMMERCIAL USE (Check if applicable and list)
1. Shellfish
2. Finfish
3. Resort area or other waterfront property
4. Marinas
5. Harbor/Docks
6. Transportation (shipping lanes)
POTENTIAL RECEPTORS (Check if applicable and identify)
1. Fish
2. Shellfish
3. Aquatic Plants
4. Reptiles/Amphibians
5. Other aquatic or benthic receptors
6. Birds
7. Mammals
8. Humans
Adapted from Byroad, Twedell, and LeBoff, 1981.
3 of 3
-------
H
W
W
CO
5
O
W
OS
co
o
PL,
X
W
H
Z
W S
H OS
O <
cx, p2
Z OS
o o
fc
H
Z
u
oS co s
w
OS —
CO M
O S
O-l M
X H
Ed
H
Z
W
Eb M
O OS
3
W CO
2
X
a
w os
"" o
w
CO O
u w
OS OS
1 of 1
-------
WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING RESPONSE CATEGORIES
I. Select the site scenario that characterizes the existing site
conditions (check one or both):
Contaminants are relatively stationary.
Contaminants are mobile.
II. As identified in Table 4-1, Column B, the preferred response category,
or "train" of categories, is as follows:
(1) (3)
(2) (4)
III. Applicability of the preferred response category:
Ilia. Is containment necessary for implementation of removal
(circle one)?
Yes (go to Illb) No (go to IIIc)
Illb. Is containment applicable (circle one)?
Yes (go to IIIc) No (go to IVa & d)
IIIc. Is immediate and total removal physically applicable
(circle one)?
Yes (go to Hid) No (go to IVa, b & c)
Hid. Does removed material require treatment? (circle one)?
Yes (go to Hie) No (go to IHf)
Hie. Is treatment applicable (circle one)?
Yes (go to Hlf) No (go to iVd)
(continued)
1 of 3
-------
WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING RESPONSE CATEGORIES (continued)
Illf. Is disposal of removed material or treatment residuals
necessary (circle one)?
Yes (go to Illg) No (go to Illh)
Illg. Is disposal applicable (circle one)?
Yes (go to Illh) No (go to IVa & d)
Illh. The preferred response category is applicable at the site. The
reasons for its applicability are as follows:
IV. Other Response Categories:
IVa. Summarize the reasons why the preferred response category is
not applicable at the site.
IVb. Is immediate partial removal applicable (circle one)?
Yes (go to IVbl) No (go t IVc)
IVbl. Does partially removed material require treatment?
(circle one)?
Yes (go to IVb2) No (go to IVb3)
IVb2. Is treatment applicable (circle one)?
Yes (go to IVb3) No (go to IVd)
IVb3. Is disposal necessary (circle one)?
Yes (go to IVb4) No (go to V)
IVb4. Is disposal applicable (circle one)?
Yes (go to V) No (go to IVd)
(continued)
2 of 3
-------
WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING RESPONSE CATEGORIES (continued)
IVc. Can removal be temporarily delayed (circle one)?
Yes (go to Hid) No (go to IVd)
IVd. Is in situ response applicable (circle one)?
Yes (go to V) No (go to IVe)
IVe. "No action" should be considered.
(go to V)
V. Based on existing site conditions, the following other response catego-
ries are applicable at the site:
o Partial removal (accompanied by treatment and/or disposal)
o Removal implementation delay
o In situ treatment/isolation
o No action possible
(go to VI)
VI. Summary:
Via. The following response categories are applicable at the site:
o Containment
o Removal
o Treatment
o Disposal
o In situ treatment/isolation
o No action
VIb. Comments:
3 of 3
-------
WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING RESPONSE TECHNIQUES
Identify those categories and Response Techniques that are applicable
under existing site conditions.
Containment Techniques
Containment curtains
Trenches and pits
Dikes and berms
Cofferdams
Temporary cover material
Pneumatic barriers
Floating breakwater
Removal Techniques
Mechanical dredges
- Dipper dredges
- Bucket ladder dredges
- Clamshell dredges
- Draglines
- Conventional earth
excavation equipment
Hydraulic dredges
- Plain suction dredge
- Cutterhead dredge
- Dustpan dredge
- Hopper dredge
- Portable hydraulic dredge
- Hand-held hydraulic dredge
Pneumatic dredges
- Airlift dredge
- Pneuma dredge
- Oozer dredge
Comments Regarding
Applicability/Inapplicability
(continued)
1 of 3
-------
WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING RESPONSE TECHNIQUES (continued)
Treatment Techniques for Removed Material
Sediment/water separation
- Settling basins
- Hydraulic classifiers
- Spiral classifiers
- Cyclones
- Filters
Sediment dewatering
- High-rate gravity settlers
- Centrifuges
- Belt press filters
- Vacuum filters
- Pressure filters
Water treatment
- Adsorption
- Ultrafiltration
- Reverse osmosis
- Ion exchange
- Biological treatment
- Precipitation
- Wet air oxidation
- Ozonation
- Ultraviolet radiation
- Discharge to publicly owned
treatment works
Sediment treatment
- Contaminant immobilization
- Contaminant treatment
Disposal Techniques
Sediments
- Land disposal
- Open water disposal
Water
- Discharge to surface water
- Land application
- Deep well injection
Treatment residuals
- Land disposal
- Incineration
- Land application
- Deep well injection
(continued)
2 of 3
-------
WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING RESPONSE TECHNIQUES (continued)
In Situ Treatment and Isolation Techniques
Treatment
- Sorption ^^^^^_^
. - Chemical treatment ^_^^^^^
- Biological treatment
Isolation
- Capping
- Covering
- Fixation
3 of 3
-------
C/2
W
>
1— 1
H
Z
fyt
«M
M
H
3
W
CO
z
0
O-i
C/3
§
r_
NM
O
H
Z
Oi
o
J
W
>
u
Q
Oi
£
H
M
U
W
o
«£
3
4J
1-1
C/2
^1
rH
«0
CO
o
c,
w
•H
O
4J
C
0)
e
4-1
to
0)
(-1
t-H
CO
>
O
E
0)
Oi
c
•H
!0
^
O)
4-1
,— 1
<:
o
4J
0)
-------
co en
»-l C 4-1
01 tJ C
jr a) a)
4J u E
o c s
o o
CO
o
CJ
0)
M-l
CO
C/2
Ed
o
z
o
M
H
o
§
C i-l
O CO
C CL,
^2 4J O
a .-I ca
> 0)
c e
ta
I
4-1
C >,
01 4J
e -H
tt) iH
i—I -H
D. JO
e «
O,
a
c
CO
M
H
JO
CO
0)
o
c
CO
o
U-4
01
P-c
4
II
>
CO
c
CO
0) 4J ^v
> C 4J
-H CU 0)
4-1 e CD
cfl D. j3
*
a;
W 4J >
i-l i-l 0)
-------