ANNUAL REPORT
FISCAL YEAR 1964 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
AND
FISCAL YEAR 19&5 WORK PLANS
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control
Region V
Chicago, Illinois
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Progress and Plans iv
Water Pollution Control-Why it is Needed in Region V 1
Construction Grants U
Water Resources 9
International Joint Commission 1^
Detroit River-Lake Erie Project IT
Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River Project 21
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project 2k
Lake Erie Field Station 31
Upper Mississippi River Basin Study 3^
Ohio River Basin Project 37
Enforcement ^0
Organization ^
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Follows Page
1 Geographical Boundaries, Region V Cover
2 Economically Depreseed areas in Region V 8
3 Water Resources Activities 13
k Detroit River-Lake Erie Project 20
5 Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River Project 23
6 Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project 30
7 Lake Erie Field Station 33
8 Upper Mississippi River Basin Study 36
9 Enforcement Activities 1*3
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LIST OF ORGANIZATION CHARTS
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare;
Region V - Chicago; Functional Organization Chart ......... 45
Public Health Service;
Region V - Chicago; Operation Divisions ................... U6
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control;
Region V - Chicago; Administrative Organization ........... Vf
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control;
Region V - Chicago; Functional Organization ....... . ....... U8
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PROGRESS
and
PLANS
Illinois - Indiara - Michigan - Ohio - and Wisconsin - these are
the states that comprise Region V with which this report is concerned.
The Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control is fortunate to be
allied with these states ir a program for clean water. Each of them
has a vigorous program for water pollution control which is clearly
reflected in the progress of the Federal Water Supply and Pollution
Control Program within this region. Without the excellent cooperation
afforded by the states our job would be infinitely more difficult.
Continued progress requires periodic appraisals. This report is
one not only of progress in 196^ by the Division of Water Supply and
Pollution Control in Region V, but also of future plans -- plans for
the Fiscal Year of 1965. Each of the various sections and projects
of our Regional program are reporting to you on their accomplishments
of the past year and their plans for the coming year.
Each plan was reviewed and approved with the implicit knowledge
that progressive planning must be dynamic and sensitive to the ever-
charging conditions and demands imposed upon the Program as the result
of the expanding population and economy.
This then is a foundation document, the Annual Report of Progress
and Plans. It is hoped that some of the pride of accomplishment and
enthusiasm for the work ahead that wert into the composition of this
report will serve to stimulate support for the vital program of water
pollution control.
H. W. Poston
Regional Program Director
Water Supply & Pollution Control
Region V
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
WHY IT IS NEEDED IN REGION V
Water has "become the Nation's number one natural resource concern—
a direct result of the dynamic age in which we live, work, and play.
Our national population, presently 193 million, will soar to over 230
million by 1980. The demands for usable water are growing at an even
faster rate than population. Water right now is the most used raw
material in the Nation's industrial plants. Irrigation on our farm
lands is claiming an ever-increasing amount. In the past ten years,
swimming as a popular pastime has doubled. Attendance at municipal
beaches has increased 50 per cent. Boating has tripled. Fishing has
increased sevenfold.
By I960, it is estimated, we will be using all of our dependable
fresh water supply. If this supply is to serve all the purposes for
which water is needed, the same water must be used over and over again.
This will require effective water resources management in terms of both
quantity and quality.
The problems, work and needs in Region V duplicate more or less
the national pollution picture. Since we have so much more fresh water
than other regions, we may also have more uses and more problems and
more need for an effective water pollution control program.
The Region has over 7 million sportsmen, over 20 per cent of the
estimated national total. These 4,583,000 fishermen and 2,538,000
hunters represent better than three sportsmen in every ten households.
More than 1,500,000 outboard motors, over 2k per cent of the Nation's
total, are being used in our five-state area.
The Ohio and upper Mississippi Rivers, together with four of the
five Great Lakes, form the general boundaries of Region V. Contained
here is 6.67 per cent of the land area and 20 per cent of the population
of the United States. Over 20 per cent of the Nation's metropolitan
areas are within or adjacent to our boundary waters. Chicago, Detroit,
St. Louis, Cleveland, and Minneapolis-St. Paul, five of the fourteen
largest metropolitan complexes, are situated on these important inland
waterways. Our exploding population is concentrated in urban areas
and is constantly sprawling outward. In any urban sprawl situation of
this type, with its inherent complexities, the problem of water pollution
must be faced. We surely know that sewage treatment works construction
in these metropolitan complexes has to keep pace with the over-all
problems presented. In our Region alone, there is a backlog of munlcifial
waste treatment involving grant eligible construction of over $100 million.
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In terms of boundary waters responsibilities, Federal and State
studies for many years have beer concerned primarily with the conserva-
tion, and navigation. For example, the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers have
been highly developed for navigation. Studies are currently underway to
increase the minimum depth from 9 to 12 feet. A navigation project to
further modernize the Ohio, estimated to cost over $600 million, is row
ir progress. On our Mississippi boundary water, the commercial traffic
has grown over 9 times ir the last 20 years. Recreational traffic has
showr an equally impressive gair. In addition to direct navigational
benefits, all types of outdoors recreation have been enhanced. This
planning demonstrates the concept of ii creasing and conserving the amount
of water available for use. Our operation involves the concept of proper
water quality for all legitimate uses.
The States in Regior V have had active water pollution control programs
for mary years. As an example of progress in this Region, 95 per cert of
the municipal population on the Ohio River now has sewage treatment facil-
ities ir operation or under construction. Less than one per cent of the
population was serviced 15 years ago. The impact the construction grants
provision of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the Accelerated
Public Works Act have had in Region V is best demonstrated by a look at
the record as of the end of F. Y. 196^. Eight hundred thirty-one projects
had received Federal grants amounting to $8^ million. These grants had
supported one-half billion- dollars in eligible project costs. Benefits
resulting from water pollution abatement have accrued to public, industrial,
and livestock water supplies, to agriculture, and to the general public
from the standpoint of public health, recreation, and aesthetic values.
Whatever has been accomplished, however, provides no basis for complacency.
The backlog of construction needs is being attacked at a continually
increasing pace. The dollar value of construction has increased njforly
four-fold in the past decade. The Accelerated Public Works Program,
begun in the fall of 19^2, has provided tremendous impetus to the construc-
tion of sewage treatment works in economically depressed areas of this
Region. Nearly $1^ million of APW funds have been granted in support
of approximately $32 million in eligible construction costs. President
Johnson's proposed Appalachia Program, if enacted into law, would provide
additional impetus for much needed sewage treatment plants in communities
in 20 counties in Southeastern Ohio which would otherwise not be able to
finance such facilities. In addition to the present backlog of known
needs, present and future needs, not now identified, will be established
by comprehensive projects, enforcement actions, and water resources studies
which are a part of the Region V program. Continued vigorous construction
programs for water pollution control facilities, and other pollution con-
trol measures, will be needed to enhance the welfare of the people of
Region V.
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During Fiscal Year 19&U Region V gave technical assistance at the
request of a number of elected officials. For example, a report was pre-
pared for Congressman Madden on pollution of Cedar Lake in Indiana, ard
another report was prepared for Congressman McClory on the algae nuisance
in the Fox Chain of Lakes in Illinois. Governor Reynolds of Wisconsin
was assisted in investigation of pulp mill pollution of the Oconto River.
Upon specific invitation, Governor Reynolds' office and the Committee
on Water Pollution were assisted ir a technical problem involving a
method of waste treatment for a planned fiberboard plant at Superior,
in an economically depressed area.
There was a time when pollution abatement seemed far in the future
Now the trend is reversing, and informed people are becoming more keerly
aware of the need for abatement. Increasing public awareness was empha-
sized when Chicago's Mayor Daley, before a Hearing of the House Sub-
committee on Natural Resources and Power held in Chicago, gave first
public recognition to the pollution danger from the south end of Lake
Michigan. Likewise it was significant that President Johnson, in an
address at Ann Arbor, remarked on hazards in the environment - air,
water, and food. The late President Kennedy made the formal announce-
ment of the Conference on Pollution of the Upper Mississippi River,
and both Governor Rolvaag of Minnesota and Governor Reynolds of Wisconsin
made unprecedented appearances before the Conference to give strong
positive support to the need for effective pollution control action.
Our Regional problem, oversimplifying a complex situation, is one
of making a relatively fixed water supply meet a rapidly increasing
demand by providing the right quantity and quality of water where it is
needed. The following work plan indicates how we are implementing the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act to meet the challenge of effective
water pollution control.
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CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
FOR SWAGE TREATMENT WORKS
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR 196*1
Authorization for Activities
The great volume of wastes discharged from municipal sewers is
one of the major causes of water pollution. To help control this
source of pollution, Section 6 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act provides for grants to municipalities to assist in financing the
construction of local sewage treatment plants. To this end, the Re-
gion V Construction Grants Program has enjoyed another banner year.
Municipalities Helped
Approximately 150 grants, including regular grants and Acceler-
ated Public Works Program grants, were made to municipalities needing
new or improved sewage treatment plants during Fiscal Year 196^.
These grants, ranging in size from a few thousand dollars to hundreds
of thousands of dollars, totaled roughly $19 million. The grants
will generate about $65 million in pr'oject construction. The sizes
of the projects varie'd from those required by towns under a thousand
population to the requirements of such metropolitan centers as Detroit
and Milwaukee.
Accelerated Public Works Program (AFW)
Greater impetus in community waste treatment construction came
with the enactment of the Public Works Acceleration Act in 1962. Its
purpose is to provide immediate useful work to the unemployed in eco-
nomically depressed areas through the construction of needed public
works. With the continuation of this program in the past year, 60 APW
grants were made for a total of $^.5 million, or close to half of the
total project costs of $9-7 million.
Streams Improved
By having another 120 construction grants sewage treatment
plants placed in operation, an additiinal thousand miles of streams
were improved. This raises the total miles of stream improved to
over six thousand since the beginning of the program in 1956.
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Project Payment Inspections
While handling an average of more than 300 active projects,
over 350 field payment inspections were made at the actual project
sites. Although the responsibilities connected with field inspections
were increased with the addition of such requirements as checking for
compliance with nondiscrimination in employment., streamlining of the
inspection process kept the inspection time on a par with previous years.
Plant Performance Audits
After a treatment plant is completed, the key to "its success
is proper maintenance and operation. To assess the adequacy of main-
tenance and operation on grant-assisted plants, performance audits of
all plants in operation for more than one year were launched in July
of 19^3. A five-year backlog of completed plants resulted in what will
be an unprecedented 3^5 plant performance audits in a concentrated one
year period. Attempts have been made to work as closely as possible
with State and local personnel on these important audits. In any event,
results of the audits are made available to concerned State and local
agencies for further action where necessary.
Staff Training
To keep the staff abreast of changing program emphasis and re-
quirements, periodic staff conferences were initiated. These also
proved effective in providing a forum for the exchange of ideas pointed
toward more efficient administration.
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CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
FOR SWAGE TREATMENT WORKS
WORK PLAN - FISCAL_YEAR 1963
The Municipal. Water Pollution Problem
The rapid growth of population, coupled with a continuing movement
to both large and small urban centers, is causing a steady increase in
wastes discharged from municipal sewers. These same municipal wastes are
one of the principal reasons for the national water pollution problem.
Every city, town, and village is responsible for taking care of its
sewage and wastes. To financially assist municipalities in meeting this
responsibility, a construction grants provision was included in the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act. In the words of a report issued by the Con-
gress in 1956, the purpose of this financial aid is to "accelerate local
programs of treatment works construction by providing an incentive to act
now to clean up the waters of the country."
Regional Outlook for Fiseal Year 1965
On the basis of present projections for Fiscal Year 19&5, i* *6
expected that the same amount of WPC construction grant funds will be
available as in 196^. Although complete use of all grant funds is
anticipated because of the sizeable known regional backlog of con-
struction needs, a reduction in the total number of projects appears
likely. This tapering off became evident in the past year as larger
grants were made to a fewer number of municipalities. This trend is
developing for several reasons. Chief among these reasons is the fact
that three Region V States—Wisconsin, Illinois, and Ohio—have satisfied
the $250,000 grant limitation imposed by the 1961 amendments to the Act.
The result is that the number of grants in excess of $250,000 will
certainly increase more in the future. Making an accuract prediction
of the total number of grant projects is difficult, but they should be
somewhere in the vicinity of 80.
This projection does not anticipate any Fiscal Year 1965 Congressional
action that may occur in the area of increased Accelerated Public Works
assistance or in the Appalachia Program. Such action would completely
re-align any projections.
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The full impact of the large number of project grants made in
Fiscal Year 196?, when some 185 grants were offered, should result in
making Fiscal Year 1965 the busiest year ever in terms of field payment
inspections. Field payment inspections should total more than kOQ, or
15 percent higher than any previous year.
Plant Performance Audits
The increase in payment inspections will be more than offset by
a significant drop in the number of performance audits at treatment
plants that have been in operation for at least a year. This important
new activity, now going into its second year, will result in approximately
one-hundred visits to completed plants, or about a third as many visits
as during the first year when a huge backlog was fairly well liquidated.
Staff Improvement
Continued emphasis will be placed upon improving overall staff
performance to the highest possible level. Periodic internal staff
meetings and training sessions will be maintained to keep the staff
abreast of new and changing program areas.
Additional professional growth will be afforded by occasional
across-the-board work assignments involving problems not normally
associated with the construction grants program.
Information Activities
This program's unique opportunity to present pollution information
to lay and professional people will have a high priority. Informational
opportunities are considerably enhanced now because each project is not
only personally visited at least once during construction, but the per-
formance audit provides an additional visit. The staff is expected and
encouraged to convey useful information to municipal officials, consulting
engineers, and others while discharging normal duties.
Selected Public Health Service publications will be distributed
where they will do the most good. For example, recent publications re-
lating to the construction cost index will be explained and made available
to consulting engineers.
Requested appearances at plant dedications and similar functions
are considered to be an important element of the Section's public aware-
ness program.
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Construction Backlog
The short-range treatment plant construction backlog, as re-
ported by the States, consists of 160 projects costing well over
$100 million. Grant funds of almost $20 million will be needed to
meet these immediate needs. This is 50 percent more than the grant
funds expected to be available in Fiscal Year
How many unknown, potential grants projects exist is hard to
estimate. The backlog totals cited here represent only reported,
identifiable projects and do not include special programs such as
Appalachia and APW.
APpalachia Program
The President's Program on Poverty could make a significant dent
into the known sewage treatment works needs backlog in economically-
depressed southeastern Ohio in particular. This area, which totals 20
Ohio counties, is included in the proposed Appalachia Program that has
been presented to the Congress. There are at least 6l potential projects
in this depressed region. A dollar value for these projects is not yet
available. The extent of Federal financing would be far in excess of
that provided under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act or the
Accelerated Public Works Act. If the program materializes, it could
result in considerable construction activity in southeastern Ohio.
Special attention will be given to any breakthroughs in this or similar
geographical areas.
Accelerated Public Works Program
The Accelerated Public Works Program, as the Appalachia Program
would if enacted into law, provides for grants well in excess of the
normal 30 percent authorized under the regular construction grants pro-
gram. Although more than 120 APW grants have been made in the last two
years, a sizeable known backlog still exists that cannot now be satisfied
solely because of the lack of available APW funds. The current backlog
consists of 85 projects needing grants of $7.2 million to support total
project costs of $1^.8 million. Some of these projects may be sat-
isfied under the regular construction program, but the real upsurge in
construction activity in APW areas will undoubtedly be evidenced, as
in the past, only with APW-type financing.
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ECONOMICALLY DEPRESSED AREAS
IN REGION V
\
LEGEND-
DESIGNATED AS AREA REDEVELOPMENT AREA BY DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE-
ELIGIBLE FOR ACCELERATED PUBLIC WORKS FUNDS.
PART OF APPALACHIAN REGION-WOULD BENEFIT UNDER APPALACHIAN REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1964 ALSO, ELIGIBLE ACCELERATED PUBLIC WORKS FUNDS.
FIGURE 2
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WATER RESOURCES
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR
The objective of the Water Resources Section is to protect the
water supplies of the Region in order to insure that future demands
for water can be met, both in quantity and quality. Authorization for
the program is contained not only in the Federal Water Pollution Cortrol
Act (P.L. c60) but in sections of laws which govern other Federal
Agencies. Tiro examples of this are the Federal Watershed Protection
and Flood Prevention Act (P.L. 5^6), and the Eligibility for Financial
Assistance in Natural Disasters (P.L. 875). Accomplishments in the
Water Resources Section have been made in accordar>ce with program objec-
tives except for a number of new commitments which were made after the
F.Y. 19&U program plan was prepared. The Water Resources Program has
been carried out, for the most part, in the three areas of River Basin
Studies, Basic Data Collection, and Technical Assistance.
Water Quality Studies
Water Quality Studies carried out included work done on a reim-
bursable basis for the Corps of Engineers, and programs connected with
PHS Comprehensive River Basin Studies.
The Water Quality-Recreation Project at the Geist Reservoir,
Indianapolis, completed its second year of operation. This operation
included sampling and analysis to obtain water quality baseline data.
The polluting effect of recreational activity on the reservoir will
then be measured from this baseline. The eventual effect of this study
will be to set intelligent limits for recreation on water supply
reservoirs.
Water Resources Reports were completed for the Corps of Engineers
on the Huron River, Michigan; Lake Erie-Ohio River Canal; Embarass River
Illinois; and Patoka River and Clifty Creek, Indiana. These reports
are prepared to provide the Corps of Engineers with information concern-
ing water users and pollution sources which might have an effect on their
flood control reservoirs. The data from part of these studies will later
be made part of FHS Comprehensive Study Reports
Basic Data Collection
Activity in the Basic Data area is generally determined by head-
quarters . During Fiscal Year 1^6k, the Inventory of Municipal Water
Supply Facilities for Cities of 25,000 population and otrer was completed.
All States in the Region were contacted personally to discuss a data
form and the method of operation to assemble a national inventory of
industrial waste discharges. Data on contract awards for water and
sewage utilities was forwarded from headquarters to the States for
verification.
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Two visits were made to each of the Water Pollution Surveillance
System S-.ations. These visits served to review operations, make equip-
ment repairs, and advise station personnel concerning the techniques and
analysis. In addition, arrangements were completed for moving one sta-
tion from East Liverpool, Ohio to Toronto, Ohio.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance on water pollution problems was rendered to
several state and federal agencies.
Assessment of flood damage to water and sewage utilities in Ohio
and Indiana was completed for the Office of Emergency Planning following
the floods of March lyGk. Approximately 20 communities in Indiana qual-
ified for a total of $92,500 in federal assistance. In Ohio, about 15
communities submitted applications for assistance, but the total amount
of money is yet unknown.
Seventeen summary reports and six reviews of final work plans were
completed for the Soil Conservation Service Watershed Protection and
Flood Prevention Program. These reports were made to advise the Soil
Conservation Service of potential \ra.ter pollution problems which might
affect the watershed development plan. Most of the summary reports
were for watersheds in Indiana which had eight areas under consideration.
Illinois was next in line with three, and Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin
each had two. Final work plans were reviewed for two watersheds in each
of the States of Indiana, Ohio and Wisconsin.
A new activity this year involved reviews of license applications
to the Federal Power Commission for hydroelectric dams. Over kO dams,
ponds and tailwaters were surveyed for water pollution problems caused
by the presence or operation of the dam. Most of these projects were
located in the tourist and vacation areas of Michigan (23) and Wisconsin
(15).
In addition, technical assistance was given the U. S. Forest Service
and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. A skeleton water quality monitor-
ing program was planned for the Pere Marquette Watershed in the Manistee
National Forest, and a problem of detergent foaming was investigated
at the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw, Michigan.
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WATER RESOURCES
WORK PLAN - FISCAL YEAR 1965
Water Resources Planning
This portion of the program determines storage requirements for
municipal and industrial water supply and for stream flow regulation for
water quality control. Studies of this type are needed in many areas of
the Region, and resulting reservoirs constructed by the Corps of Engineers
and the Soil Conservation Service for multi-purpose uses wi.ll "benefit
many thousands of people by providing stored water which would not other-
wise be available.
The Big Muddy River Basin in southern Illinois will be studied, be-
ginning in F. Y. 1965. This project will evaluate several reservoir
sites, and, if authorized for construction, costs are estimated at about
$10,000,000.
The Saline River Basin in southern Illinois is being evaluated for
a proposed study for multi-purpose reservoirs, and this basin, if dev-
eloped, will represent about $8,000,000 of construction cost.
There are approximately 65 Watershed Protection and Flood Preven-
tion projects in Indiana and k-0 in Michigan that are active in the study,
evaluation or construction stage. The number of active projects in
Illinois, Ohio and Wisconsin is not known. Each project may receive a
maximum federal participation of $250,000,
Water Pollution Surveillance System
Water quality sampling stations are located at 17 points within the
Region and 10 additional stations along the boundaries of the Region
are located on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, These stations fill a
continuous need for information regarding quality of river and Great
Lakes waters, and further aid in alerting us to significant changes in
water quality. This is a service that aids in the protection of public
health, and fish and wildlife.
Frequent visits to these stations will be made to assure continuous
operation and evaluation of techniques and analyses by station personnel.
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National Industrial Waste Inventory
An inventory form and a plan of action have been prepared for a pro-
posed survey that will evaluate the effects of pollution created by in-
dustrial waste discharges to the rivers and lakes of the nation. Pre-
liminary contacts have been made with the States of Region V to determine
their opinions regarding this task. Favorable comments were received.
It is anticipated that this inventory will be conducted during F.Y.
1965 and will provide information which will fill a need for determining
the total picture of industrial waste pollution, and will be a means also
of determining necessary action in order to reduce or, if possible, elimi-
nate the detrimental effects on our waters.
Water Quality-Recreation Project
This project, now in its third year of operation, is an effort to
evaluate potential pollution of many types related to water-oriented re-
creation, and the effects of such pollution on the quality of a drink-
ing water supply. Ihe results of this study are needed in many areas
of the country, since information of this type is not available, and will
be of great assistance in determining the extent that recreation should
be permitted in water supply reservoirs.
Work plans for F.Y. 19&5 include special studies to aid in inter-
pretation of trends developed in F.Y. 19&U, and additional intensive
studies of plankton, aquatic weeds, nutrients, land runoff, flow patterns,
light penetration and other significant factors for a better understand-
ing of water quality changes.
Hydroelectric Dam License Application Reviews
Cooperation is being given to the Federal Power Commission in the
evaluation of new or intensified pollution associated with the existence
of hydroelectric installations. Site investigations are required to
determine the presence of absence of pollution conditions. It is an-
ticipated that there will be 50 or more requests from the Federal Power
Commission, primarily in Wisconsin and Michigan, during F.Y. 1965-
The need for such evaluations is apparent when it is realized that
most of the plants are located on streams and in areas of heavy re-
creational use, and, under these circumstances, protection of public
health and aquatic life is at stake.
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Emergency Planning
Technical assistance is requested by the Office of Emergency Planning
whenever disaster areas are declared due to floods or other national or
natural disasters. Damages to public utilities, particularly water and
sewage, are assessed to determine items eligible for supplemental federal
assistance.
Plans for F. Y. 1965 include necessary final inspections of flood
damage areas in central Indiana and Ohio. The extent of damages in these
areas is not known at this time. To date $92,295 has been approved for
repairs to water and sewage utilities in southern Indiana.
The President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities
A staff member has been requested to serve as a member of one team
in a effort to evaluate compliance with executive orders regarding hiring
and firing practices by contractors and unions where federal funds are
involved in construction projects.
This project has been given high priority and will undoubtedly have
a significant bearing on employment practices throughout the nation.
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WATER RESOURCES ACTIVITIES
1 f
a
A
L E G E N D
HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANTS
WATER POLLUTION SURVEILANCE SYSTEM
WATER RESOURCE STUDIES
FLOOD DISASTER AREAS
FIGURE 3
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INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION - DETROIT FIELD UNIT
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR 1964
Authorization and Activity
The United States and Canada express their concern about the
character and quality of their boundary water through the International
Joint Commission.
The International Joint Commission was created in 1912 following
a treaty between the United States and Canada in 1909- The investiga-
tion and prevention of boundary waters pollution is one of the responsi-
bilities assigned to the commission.
The Commission has delegated the responsibility for monitoring the
United States portion of the connecting waters between Lake Huron and
Lake Erie, and between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, to the Public Health
Service, which staffs and operates the Detroit Field Surveillance Unit
within the program of the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control,
Region V.
Boundary Water Sampling Program
During Fiscal Year 19^4, the major part of the International Joint
Commission Detroit Field Unit's activities continued to be boundary
water sampling. Through most of the year, sampling was centered in the
region from the head of the St. Clair River to the mouth of the Detroit
River. A two-week field survey was conducted on the St. Marys River
at Sault Ste. Marie in August.
In all of the boundary water investigation activities the principal
analyses for pollution evaluation were total coliforms, phenols, pH, and
chloride. In special instances, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia,
fecal streptococci, and fecal coliform differentiation determinations
were made.
Close cooperation with the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project was
maintained on river surveillance and sampling in the Detroit River area.
Organic Chemicals Monitoring
The Unit continued its operation of five carbon filter sampling
stations located at four water treatment plants along the St. Clair
and Detroit Rivers, and at the St. Clair Flats Coast Guard Station.
The samples obtained at these installations were analyzed by the
Laboratory of the Service's GLIRBP Project in Chicago. This arrangement
was found necessary because of the limited facilities at the Unit's
laboratory.
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Special Studies
The Unit participated in a stormwater overflow study of the Detroit
area. Its part in the survey entailed the operation of two automatic
stormwater overflow sampling stations which were established in the Ch'ty
of Detroit's stormwater relief system. Samples that were collected
during the overflow periods were analyzed for total coliforms, coliform
differentiation, and fecal streptococci.
Reports
Semi-annual reports were presented to the IJC Technical Advisory
Board in August and February. These contained results of the sampling
activities on the boundary water ranges, the carbon filter program, and
other surveillance activities during the six month reporting period.
Close liaison has been maintained with the Michigan Water Resources
Commission so that reports on spills and other water quality variations
could be investigated immediately. The Michigan Water Resources Commission
has aided the Unit materially by providing it with three part-time aides
to assist in sampling and laboratory analysis.
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IMTERNATICIWL JOIKT COMMISSICI'I - DETROIT FIELD UNIT
WORK PLAN - FISCAL YEAR
General Plan
The IJC Detroit Field Unit will continue to be primarily concerned
with the monitoring of the boundary waters from the St. Marys River to
the mouth of the Detroit River.
This monitoring will be undertaken through a regular sampling pro-
gram with laboratory analyses for specific pollutants such as total coli-
form bacteria, phenols, chloride, pH, and organic compounds.
The data from the monitoring program will be evaluated to determine
water quality levels and trends, and these will be reported to the
Technical Advisory Board of the International Joint Commission.
Monitoring Program
The boundary water monitoring program in the Detroit River, its
tributaries, and the St. Glair River will continue at approximately
the same intensity as during Fiscal Year 1964. In addition, the Unit
will return to the St. Marys River area in August for a two-week survey
to continue the survey conducted last summer.
Operation of the five carbon adsorption organic monitoring stations
along the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers will be continued. In regard to
this program, an investigation will be conducted to determine the signifi-
cance and quantitative limitations of the carbon adsorption technique.
Special Studies
The Unit will continue its participation in the stormwater over-
flow study of the Detroit area which was begun during Fiscal Year 1964.
Corrective Action
Attempts will be made to locate the source of any spills that occur,
and also to investigate all reports of water quality disturbances in an
effort to locate their sources.
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DETROIT RIVER - LAKE ERIE PROJECT
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR
Authorization and Activities
The Detroit River-Lake Erie Project was created as a result of
recommendations made at the first session of a Joint Federal-State of
Michigan Enforcement Conference on Pollution of the navigable Waters
of the Detroit River, Lake Erie and their tributaries within the State
of Michigan. This conference was held on March 27 and 28, 19^2, in
Detroit, Michigan, under the authority of Section 8 of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) as amended (33 U.S.C. h66 et seq.).
The conference resulted from a request by the Honorable John B. Swainson,
then Governor of Michigan, for assistance in identifying methods for
correcting the sources of pollution going into the Detroit River and
subsequently into Lake Erie.
The basic objectives of the Project developed from conclusions
reached by the conferees are:
a. To determine the extent of pollution in the United States
portion of the Detroit River and the Michigan section of
Lake Erie.
b. To investigate the principal sources of pollution in this
area and the contribution from these sources.
c. To determine the effect of pollution on various water uses.
d. To prepare a plan, or plans, for improving water quality
in the area.
Program Accomplishments
During Fiscal Year 196^ the major portion of field investi-
gations and laboratory operation required to achieve the objectives
of the Project were completed. Preparation of the final report was
begun and plans formulated for a special surveillance program designed
to provide up-to-date technical information at the next session of the
Conference and recheck areas requiring additional study. The "target
date" of October 1, 1964 for the completion of the final report
remained unchanged as this fiscal year came to a close.
IT
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Administration
The PERT path, established early in Fiscal Year 19&3 to
Project operation, was followed during this period. All field and
laboratory functions were carried out on schedule, although the scope
of Project operation was increased over the level indicated in the
original plan. The administrative organization of the Project changed
during the latter part of Fiscal Year 196U from one primarily designed
to conduct technical field and laboratory operations to a group pre-
paring a complex technical report containing findings, conclusions,
and recommendations.
Field and Laboratory
In order to fulfill their responsibilities Project personnel
collected over 25,000 samples from the Detroit River, Lake Erie, their
tributaries, areas of recreational water use, and sources of domestic
and industrial waste. Over 135,000 analytical determinations were
performed on these samples by laboratory personnel. Intensive studies
of short duration were conducted on the Detroit, Raisin, and Rouge
Rivers to determine variation in water quality throughout the day.
This information supplements routine sampling over a long period.
Intensive surveys of all significant domestic and industrial wastes in
the area were conducted jointly by the Michigan Department of Health,
the Michigan Water Resources Commission, and the Public Health Service.
Federal installations in the area were surveyed by Project personnel
to determine the effect of their operation upon water quality. Special
studies concerning biologic life, bottom deposits, and river current
patterns were conducted. A special study wets performed with the
Michigan Department of Health to compare the quality and quantity of
overflows from combined and separate storm sewers.
Public Contacts and Awareness
Public enlightenment in the southeast Michigan area in the field
of water pollution control was increased by a special television docu-
mentary on water pollution featuring the activities of the Detroit Pro-
ject. Following surveys performed jointly by State agencies and the
PHS, industries and municipalities were requested by State regulatory
agencies to increase their treatment measures and devote more time and
money to the prevention of breakdowns and accidents. Even where pollu-
tion control measures by industries resulted in improved conditions
since the last survey by State agencies, the industries were reminded
that operation and treatuent be maintained at a higher level commen-
surate with the growing demand for improved water quality for all uses
in the Detroit River and Lake Erie.
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DETROIT RIVER - LAKE ERIE PROJECT
WORK PLAH - FISCAL YEAR 1963
During Fiscal Year 1965 activities at the Detroit River-Lake
Erie Project vill be divided into two categories; (l) completion of
the final report and (2) surveillance operation.
Final Report
The final report will be available to the conferees for their
study prior to the next session of the Conference. At this meeting
the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the Project report
will be discussed and, hopefully, a time schedule established for
necessary pollution abatement.
The final report of the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project will
be designed to meet the immediate and future needs of all the people
in the area under study. It will not only point out problems and
deficiencies in water pollution control and resource planning but
also give answers and recommend action required to assure a continued
supply of water sufficient in both quality and quantity to meet the
needs of expanded population and economic growth in the area. Very
likely, significant additional waste treatment works, as well as
improved operation of existing facilities, will be required to meet
these objectives.
Surveillance
The purpose of surveillance will be to provide up-to-date
water quality and waste source data at the next session of the
Conference, and later to determine if the time schedule established
by the conferees is satisfactorily complied with. Of course this
latter function will depend directly upon the desires of the
conferees. A special PERT chart has been prepared to guide
operations during this and subsequent fiscal years.
Surveillance will be carried on with a greatly reduced field
and laboratory staff at a constant level of operation for an undeter-
mined period of time. Hopefully, three years x^ill see the completion
of improvements and the achievement of the desired water quality.
It should be understood that the length of this operation depends
entirely upon the industries and municipalities involved and could be
shorter or longer, depending upon their zeal.
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Activities will include sampling on a routine "basis for
significant chemical, bacteriological, and biological indices of
pollution in the Detroit River and Lake Erie. Significant changes
in water quality will be noted and reported to proper authorities.
Domestic and industrial waste effluents in the area will be
sampled regularly to determine changes in waste loadings affecting
water quality in the river and lake.
The surveillance staff will continue PHS participation with
the Michigan Department of Health in a special study in depth of
the effect of overflows from combined and separate storm sewers
upon water quality.
It is anticipated that coordination will be continued with
the Detroit Unit of the International Joint Commission to avoid
duplication of funds or effort.
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/ ST CLAIR
DETROIT HIVER-LAKE ERiE
PROJECT
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TWIN CITIES - UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR
Authorization and Activities
"ROLVAAG, REYNOLDS, ASK RIVER CLEANUP.',' These were the headlines
the day of the first session of the joint Federal - State Conference
on pollution of interstate and intrastate waters of the Upper Mississippi
River and its tributaries (Wisconsin - Minnesota) held on the "Jth and
8th of February in St. Paul, Minnesota. The waters considered at this
conference were those of the Mississippi River and its tributaries from
its junction with the Rum River at Anoka, Minnesota, through the Minnea-
polis - St. Paul metropolitan area to the Lake Pepin outlet above
Wabasha, Minnesota, approximately 107 miles downstream.
On the basis of a written request to the Secretary of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare from Karl F. Rolvaag, Governor of Minnesota, and from
John W. Reynolds, Governor of Wisconsin, as well as on the basis of reports,
surveys, or studies, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, on
September 23, 19&3, called a conference under the provisions of Section 8
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. A formal public announcement
of the conference and the initiation of a pollution study was made by
the late President, John F. Kennedy, in a speech at Ashland, Wisconsin,
on September 2k, 1963.
The above headlines, as well as others in the Twin Cities, were a
result of an unprecedented appearance at an enforcement conference of
both Governor Rolvaag and Governor Reynolds, who not only participated
but gave strong positive support to the need for effective pollution
control action using Federal, State and local resources.
The basic objectives of the Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River
Project developed from conclusions reached by the seven conferees are:
a. To determine the extent of pollution in both the inter
and intrastate waters of the study area.
b. To investigate the principal sources of pollution in
this area and the contribution from these sources.
c. To determine the effect of pollution on the numerous
water uses.
d. To prepare a plan or plans for improving water quality
in the area.
21
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Program Accanplishttents
In spite of the Fiscal Year 196^ being half over by the time the
Project received official status, adequate facilities were obtained and
the Project was staffed to the designated levels. Other accomplish-
ments included the procurement of all equipment and supplies for office,
field and laboratory; training of personnel; and establishment of re-
quired Project procedures.
Administration
The Project, guided by a Director in the Regional Office and a
Resident Director in Minneapolis, called upon several specialists through-
out the year as its plans and activities were formulated. These con-
sultants lent their talents to the development of special and unique
studies required to fulfill the Project's objectives.
Of several methods for maintaining schedules on the study, one was
the early development of an outline of the Project's final report. This
outline, together with suitable activity sequence and available manpower
charts, limit the gathering of superfluous data.
The Project established a Committee consisting of representatives
of various disciplines from both Federal and State Governments as well
as private interests. The purpose of this Committee will be to dissemi-
nate information about the Project. Working relationships have been
established with both the Minnesota and Wisconsin Departments of Health,
and positive assistance in many endeavors has already -beebj received.
Activities
The Laboratory Section of the Project, as of June 1, moved from
temporary quarters into newly- renovated space comprising approximately
4500 square feet. The larger facilities allowed a significant increase
in field activities.
During the latter half of Fiscal Year 1964 the Field Operations
Section concerned itself principally with an extensive survey of the
Minnesota River in anticipation of providing the State of Minnesota with
additional technical information on the River for scheduled hearings
relative to the establishment of standards. The hearings assumed signifi-
cance when several communities proposed to use the river for additional
waste disposal purposes rather than develop a true metropolitan system.
22
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TWIN CITIES - UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
WORK PLAN - FISCAL YEAR 1965
Program and Activities
Fiscal Year 19^5 will be the year of greatest physical activity.
To maintain the set schedule, the Project staff will be expanded to a
total permanent staff of 29, the bulk of the increase occuring in the
Field and Laboratory Sections.
The Project will investigate the principal sources of pollution
and evaluate their effect on uses of water. Two sewage treatment plants
and their collecting systems will be studied intensively, since approxi-
mately 89 per cent of the population in the study area is served by
these two plants. The larger plant is undergoing a 22.8 million dollar
expansion program, and the other plant has contracted with a consulting
engineer for evaluation and recommendations relative to sewage treat-
ment. The Project will also investigate the possibility of decreasing
pollution by decreasing the waste loads tributary to the treatment plants.
The Project will study oxygen relationships in the Mississippi River
and the effect of waste loads and degree of treatment. Special attention
will be given to sludge and the nitrogen cycle. The need, or non-need,
for low flow augmentation will be evaluated.
Special investigations will include, but not be limited to, the
potential effects of waste disposal to the upper pools from which the
Twin Cities take their water supplies, the discharge from treatment plants
of viruses and pathogenic bacteria, the effect of pollution on the taste
of fish, the extent of pollution by runoff of pesticides and herbicides
from farm land, and the potential danger of bulk storage areas adjacent
to the rivers. Of recent concern is the decision of the Northern States
Power Company to relocate a future major power plant from the shores of
the Mississippi River to those of the essentially unspoiled St. Croix
River. This relocation will require a reappraisal of the assimilation
capacity for heat of both the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers.
The Project will make available to the State of Minnesota data from
some special investigations prior to January 1, 19^5? the convening date
of the next State Legislature. These data could become an important
factor in the strengthening of the State's water pollution control
legislation.
An important function in Fiscal Year 1965 will be to coordinate
activities with the Upper Mississippi River Basin Comprehensive Study.
This is of utmost importance so that all future information required
may be obtained without a later duplication of field activity.
23
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TAYLORS FALLSV .ST. CROIX FALLS
^
*' WISCONSIN
ANOKA
Coon Rapids Dam
St Anthony Falls
Lock 8 Dam
o(STILLWATER
oNBAYPORT
MINNEAPOLIS
SO.0
Locks 8 Dam No I /ST-PAUL
No 2 /PRESCOTT
^
HASTINGS
SHAKOPEE °SAVAGE
Lock a Dom No. 3^/9/j^, BAY CITY
—y—
^
RED WING
PEPIN
o
r
TWIN CITIES-
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER
PROJECT
FIGURE 5
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GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS RIVER BASINS PROJECT
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR
Authorization"and Goals
The Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project, in cooperation with
State agencies and others, is preparing a comprehensive program for
eliminating or reducing pollution in the Great Lakes and Illinois River
and tributaries thereof.
The general objectives of the Project have been described as
follows:
a. A determination of the causes of water pollution and the
effects of such pollution on the quality of water resources
and on beneficial uses.
b. The development of agreements on the desired beneficial uses
and the water quality required to accommodate those uses.
c. The development of water quality control measures to achieve
the desired objectives, including the establishment of a
time table for their accomplishment.
Illinois River Basin
For the Illinois River Basin the work of the water quality work
groups of the Project's Technical Committee was completed and trans-
lated into proposed goals for the guidance of the pollution control pro-
gram. Analysis of the combination of measures, and alterne-bive means,
for achieving quality goals is being completed, together with estln«,i;ed
costs of implementing the major improvement measures recommended. Drafts
of the final report have been prepared and are now undergoing review.
The comprehensive report will identify existing water pollution problems;
spot the locations of problem areas; appraise the nature and gravity of
problems, the water uses affected and the extent of detriment to those
uses; and recommend steps to be taken for the abatement of pollution
and prevention of future problems as growth occurs. It will also help
to guide future research and field investigations in those areas in
which additional knowledge is needed in the complex and rapidly-changing
water environment. Highlights of some of the findings of the Illinois
River Basin study are given below.
Waste Treatment Needs
An appraisal of the adequacy of existing municipal waste treatment
shows that some 169 community systems need capital improvements in treat-
ment facilities. These needs break down as follows: 112 communities
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(mostly small towns) nov provide little or no treatment, and should
have treatment plants; 28 communities need to effect a higher degree
of treatment than is presently provided; and the remaining 29 plants are
too small to handle present-day loads. It is estimated that about 58
million dollars in capital construction will be required to bring all
existing municipal plants in the Basin up to a desirable standard of
capability, for present loads. Additional construction needed to ac-
commodate future growth projected over the next 20 years would add to
this capital cost an average of about 20 million dollars a year. It
is to be noted that these cost figures are high only because the popu-
lations involved are large - some 9 million people now and growing
daily. On a per capita basis, the costs cited are equivalent to about
3 or k dollars a year per person. This is not, of course, the only
element in total costs of waste collection, treatment, and ultimate
disposal.
In addition to municipal treatment facilities, many industrial
plants discharging directly to watercourses need additions, improvements,
or enlargement in treatment plants. Outstanding examples are in the
Peoria-Pekin area, where some 17 million dollars' worth of construction
is needed, and in the Joliet area, where presently needed plant con-
struction for industries would cost about 8 million.
Flow Regulation Needs
Even after a high degree of treatment, the effluent from typical
treatment plants may still degrade receiving waters to the detriment of
other water uses unless consideration is given to appropriate methods
for ultimate disposal and dispersal of the residue. For water-borne
wastes, this calls for an analysis of the assimilative capacity of
receiving streams, of the dilution provided by natural stream flows
under specified drought conditions, and of the feasibility of modifying
the flow regime by regulation with upstream storage reservoirs or im-
portation of water. At Chicago itself - which not only dominates the
Basin picture in regard to population, industrial activity, and waste
residues but is situated at the headwaters of the drainage system -
additional water for dilution is obtained by diversion from Lake Michigan.
Availability os such water is limited by legal constraints imposed by
the U, S. Supreme Court - at present to an annual average of 1,500
cubic feet per second. In its testimony for the Supreme Court in
current litigation on diversion, completed last year, the Project re-
commended that the allowed diversion not be reduced.
Unfortunately, the Illinois River drainage basin is characterized
by a scarcity of suitable sites for reservoir storage projects, due to
flat topography and the porosity of its underlying glacial deposits.
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Fortunately, on the other hand, analysis shows that the natural flows
of many of the smaller tributaries should be sufficient to assimilate
the relatively small waste residues projected, assuming adequate treat-
ment to be provided. Exceptions to this general rule are the tributaries
flowing through the Northeast Illinois Metropolitan Area, and the
Sangamon River. On the latter, the Corps of Engireers has an authorized
Federal multiple-purpose project located upstream from the city of
Decatur. The Project is making estimates of flow regulation needed in
the Sangamon River which might be provided by that reservoir.
Research Needs
Outstanding among the problems calling for further research and
field study are 1) oxygen relationships in streams, 2) over-fertilization
of lakes and streams, and 3) better ways to evaluate social and economic
consequences of improving (or failing to improve) water quality.
The Illinois River Basin studies have clearly pointed up the need
for more thorough evaluation of all processes which affect oxygen rela-
tionships in streams. Analyses reveal that severe drops in oxygen levels
are often not accompanied by expected reduction in biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD). It is possible that the presence of significant amounts
of ammonia in sewage treatment plant effluents may, in many cases, be
the principal cause of the oxygen depression. Other effects not satis-
factorily defined are bottom sludge deposits, algae respiration, and
the EOD of dead algae. More and more emphasis is being given to the
use of mathematical models for predicting stream quality under various
conditions, both present and future. Perfection of this technique
requires the best possible knowledge and definition of the biochemical
processes involved.
While a complete absence of the nutrients that support aquatic
life is not desirable, over-enrichment of the aquatic environment is
equally undesirable. Prolific growths of algae and other aquatic organ-
isms constitute a severe detriment to the water environment and its uses.
Municipal, and some industrial, wastes are rich in nitrates and phosphate,
the principal nutrients - and conventional treatment practices do not
remove these constituents effectively. The consequeces of over-enrich-
ment are especially bad in sluggish streams and in shallow lakes, both
of which abound in the Illinois River and Great Lakes regions. Enough
in known to alleviate the problem in some degree, but much more needs
to be known - and research must provide the answers.
26
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Although it is not anticipated that judgment will ever be eliminated
as the final step to decisions about the goals of a water quality improve-
ment program, knowledge that would permit better analysis of socio-eco-
nomic factors is highly desired as an aid to decision-makers. Unlike
many goods and services, the value cf clean water is not established in
the market place.
Lake Michigan Easin
The major portion of the year's field activities was centered in
the Lake Michigan Basin. In the Lake, grid patterns were mapped to
sample representative sections, and sampling was extended to much great-
er depths in these bodies of water. Two large lake boats, fitted out
with laboratory and living quarters, were used. Most intensive sampling
was along the shores, in populous areas, industrial areas, and mouths of
tributaries. It was found necessary to sample more extensively through-
out the major tributary streams than was originally planned. The St.
Joseph, Grand, Kalamazoo, and Pox Rivers were given special attention.
In addition to the water quality sampling in the lakes, the Oceanogra-
phic studies of lake currents, meteorology, rainfall, evaporation, and
cloud effects were conducted. Lake currents must be studied arid mass
water movements in all sectors must be known to establish dispersion
patterns of wastes discharged to the lakes and to be able to predict the
movement of these pollutants into areas of beaches, water intakes, etc.
The lake current studies of the Project are the most extensive «ver
performed in lakes and they represent a pioneering scientific venture
in the field of water supply and pollution control.
Lake Erie Easin
The comprehensive study of Lake Erie and its tributaries is being
conducted by the Field Station located at Cleveland, Ohio, with direction
and support from Project headquarters at Chicago, Details of that study
are reported in a subsequent section.
Lake Huron Easin
Planning and preliminary organization is well advanced for a Lake
Huron Field Station. A study plan was prepared and published by the
Project's Chicago Headquarters, and a work schedule is nearly complete.
The Lake Huron Field Station and laboratory will be located at
Grosse lie, Michigan, on the Detroit River in Wavy quarters made avail-
able to the Detroit River-Lake Erie Enforcement Project.
27
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lake Ontario Basin
Planning, procurement of supplies, staffing, and preliminary organiza-
tion was underway in P.Tf. IS^k. The Lake Ontario Field Station and lab-
oratory will be located at Rochester, New York.
Cooperative Studies
The Caesar Creek and East Pork Reservoir Studies in the Little Miami
River Basin; the Whiteoak Creek Study; and, the Licking River Basin Study,
all within Ohio, were completed and submitted to the Corps of Engineers.
A preliminary draft of the Tonawanda Creek Reservoir Study report has
been completed. These studies comprise a determination of the needs for,
and value of, storage in Federal reservoirs for municipal and industrial
water supply, and stream flow regulation for quality control.
The Project is participating in water resources studies in the Grand
River Basin, Michigan and Genesee River Basin, New York. These studies
were initiated by the Corps of Fjigineers and are being conducted on an
interagency cooperative basis. The Project Director is a member of Co-
ordinating Committees for each basin.
28
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GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS RIVER BASINS PROJECT
WORK PLAN - FISCAL YEAR 1965
The Illinois River Basin
In the Illinois River Basin, the publication of the Comprehensive
Report is now scheduled for the early part of this fiscal year.
The lake Michigan Basin
In the Lake Michigan Basin, completion of the first drafts of the
comprehensive report is scheduled for December, 196^ and publication of
the Comprehensive Report is scheduled for the end of F.Y. 1965. All field
activities vill have been terminated by the middle of F.Y. 1965, except
for tributary studies related to Corps of Engineers needs.
The Lake Erie Basin
In this Basin, the full scale study of water quality of the Lake
and its tributaries will be continued. Most of the field sampling activi-
ties will be completed by December 196*4- with laboratory work, engineering
evaluation and report preparation work continuing until December 196*5-
The Lake Erie Field Station will be assisted by personnel from Detroit
in the studies of the western portion of this Basin. Lake current studies
started in the spring of 1^6k will continue for one full year.
A special study of the Maumee River Basin is being undertaken at
the request of the Ohio Department of Health. This cooperative activity
is the result of sifnificant water shortages in this Basin and will pro-
vide a comprehensive plan for maximum use of available water resources.
The addition of this study to the Lake Erie Field Station program will
extend its study activities into Fiscal Year 1966.
The Lake Huron Basin
In this Basin, study will begin in the fall of 196U, using the
present facilities and available personnel, augmented as necessary, of
the existing Detroit River-Lake Erie Enforcement Project at Grosse He,
near Detroit, Michigan. The intensive field activities will begin in
spring 1965 and continue for one year. The lake currents study will also
begin in spring 19&5. These studies as described in the Study Plan for
the Basin, will follow the pattern already established, including inten-
sive studies of tributary water quality, as well as water quality changes
in the Lake proper.
29
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The Lake Ontario Basin
In this Basin, efforts to procure space and facilities for this
study have been started and will continue. A small staff, about five
positions, is being established to prepare the space and facilities, de-
velop operating plans, and make advance contacts. A work schedule (PERT
chart) for Lake Ontario activities has been completed. Full scale field
activities will be initiated in spring of 19^5 and continue for one year.
It is anticipated that manpower released from the Lake Erie study will
be available for this study. The lake current study in Lake Ontario will
begin in summer of 196U, concurrently with the Lake Erie Study, and will
continue for one year. The instrumentation (current meters, etc.) from
Lake Michigan will be divided between Lakes Erie and Ontario. The study
program outline is similar in scope and intensity to that described for
Lake Huron.
Cooperative Studies
Scheduled for completion are the Tonawanda Creek Study, New York;
the Hocking River Study, Ohio; and the Sandusky River Study, Ohio.
Work will be continued on the Grand River Basin, Michigan; the
Genesee River Basin, New York-Pennsylvania; and, the St. Joseph River
Basin, Indiana-Michigan.
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CL
UJ
CO
VJ.OSJNNIW
1-/1 t
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GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS RIVER BASINS PROJECT
LAKE ERIE FIELD STATION
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR 196k-
The compilation of the municipal vater and waste inventories was
completed for the New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana portions of
the Lake Erie Basin. The industrial water and waste inventories were
partially completed for the States of Indiana, Pennsylvania, and New
York. The assembling of basic data continued in other fields. A litera-
ture survey of published reports concerning the past history of Lake
Erie was partially completed.
The work plan for a detailed study of the Maumee River Basin was
completed, and a temporary headquarters and laboratory were established
at Defiance, Ohio. This study will be a cooperative program of the
Public Health Service, the States of Indiana and Ohio, and local agencies.
The initial phase of the Lake Erie Basin study called for a reconnais-
sance of the Lake and its tributaries during the summer sampling season
of 1963. This program was laid out to indicate existing conditions in
the basin and also to assist in the design of the major sampling pro-
gram. The reconnaissance sampling program accomplished the following:
a. A biological survey of 11 major tributaries was conducted.
b. Approximately 165 bottom samples for biological sorting
and counting were collected.
c. More than 200 samples were collected from the extended
range portion of Lake Erie for chemical, physical, and
bacteriological analysis.
d. More than 500 samples were collected from the major
harbor areas for analysis.
e. A weekly sampling program of the major tributaries was
initiated in order to evaluate the total waste and water
input to the Lake.
The major field sampling program for Lake Erie was started at
the beginning of the 196^ summer season. This program is designed to
determine the existing water quality of the lake and its tributaries,
the waste assimilation capacity of the major tributaries, and the dis-
persion characteristics of the tributaries into the Lake, and sources
of wastes.
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GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS RIVER BASINS PROJECT
LAKE ERIE FIELD STATION
WORK PLAN - FISCAL YEAR 1965
The Public Health Service, Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project,
has the responsibility of investigating, in a relatively short time, the
largest fresh water area in the world. The vastness of the investigation,
with its headquarters in Chicago, required that the effort be decentra-
lized. It was for this reason that the Lake Erie Field Station was estab-
lished to conduct the Lake Erie basin portion of the investigation. This
basin alone encompasses an area of nearly 35>000 square miles with a popu-
lation of more than 10,000,000 persons.
The objectives of the Lake Erie basin study, like those of the entire
Great Lakes Project, are to determine the present and future quality and
quantity of the water resources within the basin and to develop a compre-
hensive program for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate
waters and tributaries thereof.
A concentrated field sampling and measurements program was begun
at the end of Fiscal Year 196U, This program will be concluded in Fiscal
Year 1965. Analysis of data will continue, and the first draft of the
Lake Erie Basin Comprehensive Report will be prepared. Additional in-
vestigations will be carried out, as required, throughout the year.
Special committees and work groups of interested persons will be
established in each significant sub-basin of the Lake Erie basin to assist
the Public Health Service in certain phases of the study.
The principal activity of the Comprehensive Planning-Engineering
group will be to develop the Lake Erie Basin Comprehensive Report. This
group will complete the inventory of municipal and industrial waste and
water supplies, the study of pollution originating from vessels operating
in Lake Erie and its harbors, the determination of the water and heat
budget for the Lake, agreements on water quality goals, preliminary formu-
lation of mathematical models for the lake and selected tributaries, an
analysis of the impact of waste loads on the lake and its tributaries,
an appraisal of water resources and hydrology, and initial formulation
of the plan for water pollution control.
The Hydraulics staff will conduct stream flow and time of travel
studies for the stream sampling program. Extensive stream measurements
will be made and will include the installation of 12 temporary stream
gaging stations. The staff will also install and operate flow-measuring
equipment for industrial waste surveys and other special studies as
required.
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Field measurements of currents within the Lake will be completed.
The data obtained from these measurements will be analyzed as they be-
come available ir> order to determine the general circulation of the
water within the main body of the Lake, and its significance for dis-
persion of pollutants.
The intensive chemical, bacteriological, and biological sampling
program on Lake Erie and its tributaries will be continued and greatly
accelerated during the sampling season. More than 85 stations in the
Lake will be sampled at least four times to determine the present water
quality in the main body of the Lake. Approximately Qh sampling sta-
tions at major harbor and population certers will be sampled each week
in order to indicate the dispersion of waste materials into the Lake.
Excluding the Maumee River Basin, seventy tributary sampling stations
are ir operation in selected reaches of major tributaries and are being
sampled weekly to determine waste assimilation capacity and water quality.
In the Maumee River Basin, problems with quality and quantity of
water are critical now. For this reason special emphasis will be placed
on study of this basin in cooperation with the States of Indiana and
Ohio. The resulting Comprehensive Water Pollution Control Plan will
be of immediate use in providing the people and industries of the
basin with sufficient and usable water.
33
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UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIK STUDY
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR
Authorization and Activities
In May of 1963 the Public Health Service agreed to participate in
the Type I Upper Mississippi River Comprehensive Basin Study sponsored
by the Corps of Engineers under the authority received by that agency
from the U. S. Senate Committee on Public Works in a resolution adopted
by May 21, 1962. The Public Health Service agreement was on the basis
that the work to be undertaker, during Fiscal Years 19^-65 would be on
a reimbursable basis. Funds in the amount of $20,000 were received from
the Corps of Engineers for conducting the FY 19&*- planning studies.
The Study Plan being developed by the Public Health Service provides
for coordination between the Preliminary Phase investigations to be com-
pleted during Fiscal Years 1960-67 and the Intensive Phase investigations
to be completed during Fiscal Years 1968-72. The Preliminary phase in-
vestigations will provide information necessary to make preliminary
estimates of the needs for storage of water for municipal and industrial
water supply and pollution control. The Intensive Phase investigations
will provide for the detailed studies necessary to develop a Comprehen-
sive Water Pollution Control Program for the Upper Mississippi River
Basin in accordance with the authority contained in the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, Public Law 6C-Q. 8Uth Congress, as amended by
Public Law 87, 88th Congress.
During FY 19^ visits were made to five of the States that will
participate in the Upper Mississippi River Basin studies, and conferences
were held with the Federal agencies that will also participate in these
studies. Meetings of the Coordinating Committee for the Type I UMRCBS
and the Economics Advisory Committee were attended. Assistance also
was given the Corps of Engineers in the preparation of a coordinated
budget and a revision of the Plan of Investigation.
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UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN STUDY
WORK PLAN - FISCAL YEAR 1965
The Corps of Engineers has included in its budget for FY
$30,000 for reimbursement to the Public Health Service for completion
of the Planning Phase Studies in the Upper Mississippi River Basin.
Plans have beer made by the Public Health Service for use of these
funds in the following manner:
1. Completion of Study Plan for Comprehensive Water Pollu-
tion Control Program investigations.
2. Scheduling of basic data collection.
3. Collection of inventory data in selected sub-basins.
k. preparation of specifications for equipment to be purchased
for use in the UMRB Comprehensive Program investigations.
Completion of Study Plan
The Study plan for the Upper Mississippi River Basin Comprehensive
Water Pollution Control Program is scheduled for completion in November
196^. It will be in sufficient detail to enable the Project Director
to complete the Preliminary Phase studies during FY 19&7 and schedule
the Intensive Phase studies to be started early in FY 1968. In addition,
it will provide for starting the basic data collection during the latter
part of FY 1965 and for completion during FY 1966. Inasmuch as the first
appropriations for the comprehensive water pollution control studies in
the Upper Mississippi River Basin are scheduled for FY 19^7 > the previous
two years' work will include only planning and basic data collection.
The plan includes financing of these activities through use of reimburse-
ment and regular appropriation funds.
Collection of Basic Data
Following completion of the Study Plan, a schedule will be prepared
for the collection of basic data in the 14 sub-basins within the Upper
Mississippi River Basin study area. These basic data will include an
inventory of the present municipal and industrial water uses and water-
borne wastes and such information as is presently available on water
quality conditions throughout the basin. A considerable portion of the
inventory data is available in Public Health Service publications and
State office files. However, it will probably be necessary to supple-
ment the data available through field visits in order to complete the
necessary tabulations. A limited amount of information on existing
water quality conditions is available in Federal and State .publications
and State office files.
35
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One additional Sanitary Engineer will be employed during FY
to assist in the completion of the Study Plan, and to collect basic
data in the Kaskaskia and Big Muddy River Sub-basins. In addition, he
will assist in the Type II water resources study of the Big Muddy River
Basin scheduled to start in FY 1965.
Specifications for Equipment to be Purchased
In order to facilitate the early start of the Compr&hensive Program
Studies, specifications for a mobile laboratory, other laboratory
facilities, and other types of equipment will be prepared.
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/
V
MINNEAPOLIS-'
ST PAUL /
/
\'~ \
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER
BASIN STUDY
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OHIO RIVER BASIN PROJECT
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR 1964
Author!zation
The Ohio River Basin Project was authorized by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act of 1961 as amended (P.L. 87-88). Under Section
2(a) the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare is directed to pre-
pare or develop comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing the
pollution cf interstate waters and tributaries thereof and improving
the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters.
In the conduct of the Ohio River Basin Study, the guidelines set
forth in Senate Document 97, relating to cooperation and coordination,
are observed.
Organization
The Office of the Project Director is located in Cincinnati, Ohio
in temporary quarters at 5555 Ridge Road. The staff consists of the
Project Director, a Staff Engineer, and a secretary.
The Wheeling Field Station is located in Wheeling, West Virginia
in the Methodist Building. It will have a staff of 22 people by June 30,
196U. Its area of responsibility of 53>000 square miles begins at the
confluence of the Kanawha River and includes the Kanawha River Basin
and all areas upstream from that basin on both sides of the Ohio River.
The Evansville Field Station is located in Evansville, Indiana in
the Evansville-Vandenburg County Health Department Building. It is
anticipated that it will have a staff of seven people by June 30, 1964.
Its area of responsibility is the remainder of the Ohio River Basin,
including the Tennessee River Basin, an area of approximately 150,000
square miles.
Accomplishments
Economic Base Study
The Economic Base Study of the Ohio River Basin is nearing comple-
tion, and the final report is expected in July, 1964. The specifications
for the study were prepared jointly by Public Health Service and Corps
of Engineers economists. The study was 100 per cent reimbursed by the
Corps of Engineers.
37
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Wabash River Easin Study
Work was initiated in the Wabash River Basin during F.Y- 196U. The
effort was principally in support of the Corps of Engineers, Louisville
District, Type 2 Study. Three specific project reports were prepared
for the Corps of Engineers; i.e., the Patoka River Reservoir, the Lincoln
Reservoir, and the Clifty Creek Reservoir.
Work is now in progress on the study of Big Walnut Creek Reservoir,
Richland Creek Reservoir, and Spencer Reservoir. In the initial phase
of the Wabash Study, contact has been made with the Soil Conservation
Service, the U. S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, and the Indiana Department of Health. All through the initial
phase, close contact has been maintained with the Corps of Engineers,
Louisville District, by participation on the Coordinating Committee of
the Wabash River Basin Study.
Work is in progress to obtain permanent space in Evansville through
the General Services Administration.
The Wheeling Field Station has conducted field studies in the
Moxahala-Jonathan Creek and Sandy Creek-Nimishillen areas of Ohio.
Reports on these areas will be prepared for the Huntington District
Engineer office.
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OHIO RIVER BASIN STUDY
WORK PLAN - FISCAL TEAR 1965
The Comprehensive Study of the Wabash River Basin is scheduled
for direct appropriation funds in Fiscal Year 1965. As soon as these
funds are made available, the preparation of a comprehensive program
for eliminating or reducing pollution and improving the sanitary con-
dition of surface and ground waters will be begun.
Work will continue on services requested by the Corps of Engineers.
Commitments have been made to the Wabash Valley Interstate Commission
to locate and describe sources of oil field brine pollution.
39
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ENFORCEMENT
PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FISCAL YEAR 1964
The objectives of the Fiscal Year 196U Work Plan for the Enforcement
Program included the investigation of Federal Installations which resulted
in submission of 66 reports to Washington, and the updating of several
summary reports. In addition, active participation in the program of
literature distribution, report dissemination, presentations of prepared
talks to State, federal and local agencies and groups interested in
"Clean Waters", and responsiveness to individual inquiries were all a
continuing function of the Enforcement Section.
The time needed for the balance of the work plan was preempted by
the more urgent activities listed below.
The Secretary of DREW called a Conference on November 6-8, 1963
in the matter of pollution of the Menominee River in the Menominee,
Michigan-Marinette, Wisconsin Area. The Enforcement Section played
an active role in the development of a reconnaissance survey and field
study leading to a Pollution Report, which was one of the bases for
the Secretary's action. The Section personnel also took an active
part in the Conference.
In response to the requests of the Governors of Wisconsin and
Minnesota, a Conference was held on February 7-8, 1964 regarding
pollution of the Upper Mississippi River in the Twin Cities,
Minnesota-Wisconsin Area. The Enforcement Section again played an
active role in preparing for the Conference and participating in the
Conference. A Project study of the area was initiated as a result
of the Conference.
At the request of the State of Illinois, the PHS Regional Office
presented statements on the federal position and interests in the
Clinton Enforcement Area at the State Hearings on pollution of the
Mississippi River by the City of Moline, Illinois and Village of
Port Byron, Illinois. Subsequently the citizens of Moline approved
a general obligation bond issue, by a margin of ten to one, to provide
sewage treatment. The amount of the bond issue was $1,300,000.00.
At the request of the Area Redevelopment Administration, technical
assistance was rendered to the Area Redevelopment Administration and
the Wisconsin Committee on Water Pollution in devising a method of
waste treatment for a proposed fiberboard manufacturing plant at
Superior, Wisconsin.
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The PHS Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center provided technical
assistance, through the efforts of the Enforcement Section, to the State
of Wisconsin in the form of surveys on Lake Koshkonong at the request of
Senator Proxmire, and on the Oconto River at the request of Governor
Reynolds.
The Enforcement Section also had an active role in the Robert A.
Taft Sanitary Engineering Center survey on the St. Joseph River January 31
to February 6, 1964, immediately after the bypass of raw sewage by the
City of South Bend, Indiana. Significant survey data were presented at
the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board hearing on May 6 and 7,
by SEC personnel through the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board
request to the regional office.
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ENFORCEMENT
WORK PLAN - FISCAL YEAR 1965
Reports Programmed
Factual water quality reports are prepared periodically on all
significant interstate and navigable streams in the Region. For fiscal
year 1964, it is planned to submit five such reports to Headquarters.
Included in the preparation of these reports is the factual presentation
of water quality conditions. Where these data are not available, the
need for such information is established. Water use damages, both
existing and potential, are outlined.
Surveys
"Water quality reports based upon preliminary visits, field surveys,
and studies will be developed for those areas having significant inter-
state pollution. Technical personnel from the Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, and possibly from the Great Lakes-Illinois River
Basins Project, the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project, or the Twin Cities-
Upper Mississippi River Project will be called upon for necessary
consultative or field services in connection with the required surveys.
Staff interest and participation will be maintained in the Detroit
River-Lake Erie Project and the Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River
Project.
Actions
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act defines responsibilities
in enforcement that are discharged through appropriate Conference,
Hearing, or Court Action procedures. These are positive demonstrations
of pollution control. Any enforcement action taken in Region V is
based upon a careful review of the summary reports and any results
from such field surveys or study reports that may be made. It is
important to emphasize that the calling of any enforcement action
under the Act/iis the sole prerogative of the Secretary.
Progress Meetings
After every enforcement action, reports on progress are scheduled
on a periodic basis. For Fiscal Year 1965, progress meetings or reports
are scheduled for the Clinton, Iowa - Mississippi River area (Iowa-Ill.),
Detroit Metropolitan area (Michigan), the St. Louis Metropolitan -
Mississippi River area (ill.,-Mo.), the Menominee River area (Wise.-Mich.),
and the Twin Cities area (Minn.-Wise)„
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Federal Installations
Pollution abatement at Federal Installations will continue to have
a high priority, since responsiveness to water pollution control on the
part of private, municipal, industrial, or other waste contributors cannot
be allowed to be influenced by Federal Installations having either no
treatment, inadequate treatment, or even improper operation. Some 211
Federal Installations discharge treated or untreated domestic and
industrial wastes into the surface waters of Region V. Approximately
108 of these installations have significant waste discharges, whether
treated or untreated. Initial investigation of these 108 installations
will be completed during Fiscal Year 1965. Revised reports will be
prepared for each installation where remedial action is taken.
Information Activities
A public awareness program must be positive. Graphics on fish
kills as a result of pollution, enforcement actions, federal installations
pollution control status, etc, will be explored and, if feasible, developed
as an integral part of such a program. Where indicated and practical,
aerial surveys and films of a study area will be considered for use in
orientation and possible presentation at a Conference or Hearing.
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ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES
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