-------
— 820
ISOPLETHS OF 99 PERCENTILE VALUES
LINES OF ACTUAL EQUAL VALUE
• LINES OF PROBABLE EQUAL VALUE
/ EG END
BOUNDARIES
STATE
COUNTY
HIGHWAY MARKERS
FEDERAL —Q—
STATE —O—
40-STMIQN NETWORK-DECEMBER!,
1964 TO FEBRUARY 28,1965
390 400"°' 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500W 510 520 530 540 550 560
Figure 12. Sulfur dioxide 99 percentile values for 24-hour samples 1964-1965
winter season (ppm).
37
-------
Existing Emissions
Approximately 455,500 tons of sulfur oxides is released annually from the
various pollutant sources in the Study area. A breakdown of these emissions by
source category is given in Table 9. The primary source of sulfur oxides pollution
is the combustion of sulfur-bear ing fuels. More than 92 percent of the total emis-
sions may be attributed to this source category. The combustion of coal, the pri-
mary producer of sulfur oxides, accounts for 403,000 tons of the emissions. The
burning of distillate and residual fuel oil contributes 18,000 tons annually. The
combustion of gas is insignificant as a source of sulfur oxides pollution. The annual
quantities and the sulfur contents of the fuels burned in the Study area are summar-
ized in Table 10. The listed values represent the average for each type and grade
of fuel.
The 455,500 tons of sulfur oxides emissions comes from sources located in an
area of some 3,500 square miles. If the emissions were distributed evenly through-
out this area, the resulting concentrations would undoubtedly be within acceptable
limits. This, however, is not the case. Some 250,000 tons of emissions is released
in approximately 400 square miles of the highly urbanized portion of the Study area.
The emissions from sources located in this urbanized portion (see Figure 2) are
summarized in Table 11. Of the remaining sulfur oxides emissions, an estimated
137,000 tons is discharged from the Meramec Power Plant, which is some 10 miles
away from the outlying areas of the urbanized portion, and approximately 60,000
tons is released in the Alton - Wood River area. The emissions from these sources
affect the air-quality of the City of St. Louis and its immediately surrounding area
only at times of specified meteorological conditions and thus cannot be considered
Table 9. EMISSIONS OF SULFUR OXIDES IN
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA, 1963 - 1964
Source category
Emissions,
tons/yr
Percent of total
Transportation:
Road vehicles
Other
Combustion of fuels:
Industry
Steam-electric utilities
Residential
Commercial and institutional
Refuse disposal
Industrial process emissions
Total
4,400
3,600
800
421,000
113,000
244,000
50,000
14,000
500
29,600
455,500
1.0
92.3
0.1
6.6
100.0
38
-------
Table 10. COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA, 1963-1964
Fuel
Coal (tons/yr)
Belleville District
Southern Illinois
Miscellaneous
Residual fuel oil
(gal/yr in 1,000's)
Distillate fuel oil
(gal/yr in 1,000's)
Gas (million cubic feet)
Annual
quantity
burned
5,411,600
1,724,000
250,000
106,865
135,233
131,454
Percent sulfur
by weighta
3.3
1.5
3.0
1.6
0.4
0.0008
a As received.
in the same manner as the emissions from the sources located in the area. For
the purposes of the following calculations, therefore, only the emissions within the
area shown in Figure 2 and tabulated in Table 11 are considered.
Seasonal Distribution of Emissions - Since the emission reduction plan for sulfur
dioxide is based on the winter season, only the quantities of pollutants emitted
during this time period are considered. The seasonal fluctuation in the emissions
from the stationary combustion sources is considerable. The increased space-
heating requirements during the winter season increase the use of fuels and hence
the emission rates of pollutants. The emission data by political subdivisions for
December, January, and February are presented in Table 12. Approximately 36
percent of the industrial emissions of sulfur oxides occur during the winter season,
and almost 46 percent of the residential and commercial emissions can be attri-
buted to that period. The data presented in Table 12 were based on the information
supplied in the questionnaires for the industrial category and estimated on degree-
day data for the domestic and commercial categories.
Geographical Distribution of Emissions - The geographical distribution of pollutant
emissions is a determining factor in the resulting ambient concentrations of pol-
lutants. The estimated emissions per grid area presented in Figure 13 indicate
that the emissions are highest near the center of the urbanized area. It can also
be clearly seen that the emissions arising from a few of the grids are extremely
high.
39
-------
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1 2060^113
454215200,1,964,1385
•'ST LOUIS CO
TONS PER GRID AREA
APPROXIMATE LQCAIIW QF THE
TENJ.ARGEST EMITTERS OF
SULFUR OXIDES
AREA OF GRID = 3.58 SQUARE MILES
"ALLOWABLE EMISSION PER GRID" = 1,100 TONS
PER 3 MONTHS
390 40(T 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500°" 510 520 530 540 550 560 570
Figure 13. Sulfur oxides emissions per grid area during 3 winter months.
A relatively small number of plants emit large quantities of sulfur oxides. For
example, the ten largest emitters of sulfur oxides account for almost 50 percent of
the total emissions. The approximate locations of these are also presented in
Figure 13. The emission densities by type of land-use and political subdivision
are presented in Table 13.
42
-------
Table 13. DENSITY OF SULFUR OXIDE EMISSION BY TYPE OF LAND USE IN
ST. LOUIS - EAST ST. LOUIS CENTRAL URBANIZED AREA - WINTER 1963-1964
(tons/mi2/3mo)
Land-use category
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Open space
All areas
City of
St. Louis
390
1,050
1,450
20
450
St. Louis
County3-
50
100
1,150
5
70
St. Clair
County3-
240
190
1,400
5
340
Madison
County a
70
170
2,420
5
410
Entire
urbanized
area a
120
280
1,620
5
210
a Data are from only the portion of the Study area included within the central
unchanged area of principal interest in the Study.
Relationship of Emission Density and Air Quality
Comparison of Figures 11 and 13, the air quality versus emission density,
shows that areas of high emission strengths coincide, for the most part, with those
of highest concentrations. Determining a relationship between emission density and
the resulting mean ambient air concentrations should, therefore, be possible. One
way is to relate the emission density with the mean concentration for considerable
areas - areas of at least 20 square miles. For such areas, the net effect of pollu-
tant transfer in or out of the area is minimized and the relative concentrations are
primarily dependent upon the emissions originating in the particular area. Another
method is to establish a relationship by relating the average concentration for a
relatively small area (3 to 4 square miles) with the emission density of that area
plus a portion of the emissions of a much larger surrounding area. After an eval-
uation of both of these methods, the latter was selected for use in developing this
air-use plan.
The relationship established between "the effective emission density" and
average air quality is presented in Figure 14. This relationship was based on the
following simplifying assumptions:
1. With the exception of a few pollutant sources, which will be mentioned later,
the average effective stack heights of pollution sources for any grid are relatively
uniform throughout the area.
2. The average concentration of sulfur dioxide observed in any one grid is
dependent primarily upon the emissions from this and the eight immediately sur-
rounding grids (total area of 32.2 square miles).
43
-------
0.08
Q.
0.
§ 0.06
i—
z
LLl
(_>
•z.
O
C\J
° 0.04
ce
=D
O
0.02
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I M 1
GRID 490-720^
I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I ll I I I I I I I I I I I ll I I I I I I I I ll I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I r
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
EFFECTIVE EMISSION DENSITY, tons/mi2/3 mo
3,000
3,500
Figure 14. Relationship between sulfur dioxide concentrations and emission
density in Dec. 1964 and Jan. and Feb. 1965.
3. The average concentration in any grid is more strongly influenced by the
emissions within that particular grid than from the surrounding grids.
4. The emissions in any one grid are uniformly distributed throughout the grid.
5. The hourly and daily distributions of emissions are somewhat similar from
grid to grid.
6. The meteorology and topography of the area are relatively uniform.
The mechanics of obtaining this relationship are briefly summarized below.
A 10,000-foot-square grid cell (area = 3.58 square miles), as shown in Figure 2,
was selected as the basic unit area. An average 24- hour sulfur dioxide concentra-
tion for each of the grids was obtained from the isopleth map shown in Figure 11.
An average emission density was calculated for each grid cell. For purposes of
relating the average sulfur dioxide concentration with the emission density, an
"effective emission density" based on the emissions from that particular grid
(central grid) and from the surrounding eight grids was calculated. The assump-
tion made is that the emissions originating more than 3 miles away will not usually
have a significant effect on the air-quality of the central grid. Furthermore, since
the emissions of the central grid have a more pronounced effect on the concentra-
tions of that grid than from the surrounding eight grids, a weighting factor based on
relative distances was included. The "effective emission density" was therefore
calculated as follows:
44
-------
Effective emission density = 0.6 (emission density of central grid) + 0.4 (the
average emission density of the eight surrounding grids).
As shown in Figure 14, a good correlation between concentration and "the effective
emission density" was found for 12 of the 16 grids considered. As can be seen
from the location of the points, the remaining four show a higher emission density
for a given average concentration than that obtained by curve 1. All of these four
grids contain large emission sources with considerably higher stacks than those in
other grids. That the relative stack heights are responsible for this deviation is
further supported by the fact that the relative displacement of these four points
from the curve for "other grids" is in ascending order of the average stack heights,
i.e., the grid containing the Venice Power Plant with an effective stack height of
approximately 400 feet being the most displaced point. By reducing the emissions
(from the sources with higher stack heights) by a factor of Q/H^, the relationship
between the average concentration and the effective emission density conforms to
that shown by the curve for the "other grids."
This relationship is expressed in terms of an average 24-hour concentration
of sulfur dioxide and the total emissions during the 3 winter months. This does not
seem compatible. It can be used, however, if one considers that the total emissions
were distributed in some certain manner during the sampling period and that this
distribution of total emissions resulted in the observed concentrations. Since the
distribution of emissions with time is not expected to change appreciably, the de-
sired emission density should result in approximately the desired air-quality.
Allowable Emission Density
From Figure 14, it is now possible to obtain an "effective emission density,"
which corresponds to the desired mean concentration of 0.023 ppm. According to
Figure 14, the allowable emission density is approximately 300 tons per square
mile for the 3 winter months. Although the 300 tons per square mile is the allow-
able "effective emission density," as defined previously, it may be used as the
actual allowable density for each grid, because each grid in the area has at one
time been considered as the "central grid." This value will be used for all grid
areas except those containing emission sources of considerably higher stacks than
the average of approximately 100 feet or less. For these grids (the displaced
points), an allowable emission density may be theoretically obtained by extending
a line from the origin through these points and selecting an allowable emission den-
sity corresponding to an average sulfur dioxide concentration of 0.023 ppm. Since
the line through the points calculated for grids 480-700 and 490-710 are relatively
close to the line for other grids, they will be considered in the same manner. The
allowable emission densities for the two grids are as follows:
490-720 1,650 tons per square mile
490-700 850 tons per square mile
The qualifying condition for particulates should also apply in this case. This con-
dition states that the allowable emission density of 300 tons total emission per
square mile will be emitted during the 3 winter months according to the same
45
-------
hour-to-hour and day-to-day variation as that during the period when the sulfur
dioxide concentrations were measured, except in smaller magnitudes. The emis-
sion density of 300 tons per square mile represents the limiting density for all
areas and land-uses. On the basis of the same arguments as for particulates,
different emission densities are assigned to each land-use category. These are
given in Table 14.
Table 14. ALLOWABLE SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION DENSITIES
BY LAND-USE CATEGORY IN ST. LOUIS - EAST ST. LOUIS
CENTRAL URBANIZED AREA DURING 3 WINTER MONTHS
Land-use category
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Open space
All areas
Allowable emission density,
tons/mi /3 mo
100
250
550
235
300
Emission Reduction Plan
The allowable and existing emissions are summarized in Table 15. Compari-
son of these two shows that a major reduction in sulfur oxides emissions must be
made if the desired ambient air concentrations are to be attained. As in the report
section for particulates, the reductions needed for each land-use category are
considered individually.
Industrial Land Use - The industrial sources of sulfur oxides emissions include
the combustion of coal, oil, and gas; certain processes (sulfuric acid manufacture);
and refuse disposal. Since the sulfur oxides emissions from refuse disposal and
the combustion of gas are negligible, the allowable industrial emissions given in
Table 15 should be allocated among the combustion sources using coal and fuel
oil, and the plants emitting sulfur oxides from their processes. The industrial
emissions of sulfur oxides for the 3 winter months have been estimated at 58,400
tons. Although the entire industrial area consists of some 36 square miles, most
of these industrial emissions originate in two relatively small areas. Approximately
16,000 tons is emitted from one source occupying a small area, and a total of
13,600 tons is released from a group of sources included in an area of less than 4
square miles. The remaining 28,800 tons of sulfur oxides is emitted from sources
distributed throughout the Study area.
46
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Table 15. EXISTING, ALLOWABLE, AND PLANNED EMISSIONS OF
SULFUR OXIDES IN ST. LOUIS - EAST ST. LOUIS CENTRAL
URBANIZED AREA FOR 3 WINTER MONTHS
Subdivision
City of
St. Louis
St. Louis
Countyd
St. Clair
Countyd
Madison
Countyd
Central
urbanized
area
Land- use
category
Industrial
Residential
Commercial
Open space
Total
Industrial
Residential
Commercial
Open space
Total
Industrial
Residential
Commercial
Open space
Total
Industrial
Residential
Commercial
Open space
Total
Industrial
Residential
Commercial
Open space
Total
Land
area, mi^
9.9
21.6
3.9
25.6
61.0
8.0
91.0
11.8
107.6
218.4
9.7
21.0
3.7
26.2
60.6
8.4
19.0
3.3
23.3
54.0
36.0
152.6
22.7
182.7
394.0
Sulfur oxide emissions, tons/mi^/3 mo
Existing
14,260
8,450
4,075
450
27,235
9,200
4,280
1,100
300
14,880
14,615
4,940
710
150
20,415
20,300
1,245
565
100
22,210
58,400
18,900
6,450
1,000
84,750
Allowable
7,695
2,160
975
6,016
16,846
4,400
9,100
2,950
25,286
41,736
7,135
2,100
925
6,157
16,317
5,610
1,900
825
5,475
13,810
24,840
15,260
5,675
42,934
88,709
Planneda
4,460
2,580b
975C
450
8,465
5,500
l,070b
1,100C
300
7,970
5,070
2,080b
710C
150
8,010
7,570
450b
565C
100
8,685
22,600
6,180b
3,350C
1,000
33,130
aE missions from existing installations after reduction.
bEstimated 1975 emissions based on complete elimination of open burning and
natural decline in use of coal as heating fuel.
cArbitrary estimate.
are from only the portion of the Study area included within the central
urbanized area of principal interest in the Study.
47
-------
For purposes of calculating emission limitations, the two grid cells of high
emissions are considered individually and separately from the rest of the area.
Both cells were assumed to be entirely industrial for the following reasons. The
emission rates of sulfur oxides from these areas are extremely large, the eleva-
tions at which emissions are discharged are much higher than the average, and
land-use data for small areas were not available. The estimated average stack
heights are rough approximations, and only their order of magnitude is of signifi-
cance. The "planned emissions" refer to the emissions resulting from the control
of combustion sources according to the allowable emission rate given in terms of
pounds of sulfur oxides per million Btu heat input, and for industrial process
sources according to the proposed emission limitations. The allowable emissions
were calculated on the following emission densities; 1,650 tons per square mile
for grid 490-720, 850 tons per square mile for grid 490-700, and 550 tons per
square mile for the other industrial areas considered collectively. As shown in
Table 16, the planned emissions for the industrial areas considered collectively
are less than the allowable. This difference is the amount allowable for future
increase in emissions.
As noted previously, the planned emissions from sulfuric acid manufacturing
processes were calculated on the basis of 30 pounds of sulfur oxides per ton of
acid produced. This corresponds to a conversion efficiency from sulfur dioxide to
sulfur trioxide of approximately 97.5 percent, which is attainable with the processes
in use. The existing emission rates of sulfur oxides were calculated on the basis
of 45 pounds per ton of acid produced.
The planned emissions from the combustion of coal and fuel oil were deter-
mined from the existing quantities of fuels burned. Allowable emission rates
selected were 2.3 pounds of sulfur oxides per million Btu heat input for the indus-
trial areas considered collectively and approximately 1.4 pounds and 0.7 pound
respectively, for the individually considered grids. The emission rate corres-
ponding to 2.3 pounds per million Btu heat input is equivalent to burning coal con-
taining 1.4 percent sulfur and fuel oil containing 2.0 percent sulfur. In the absence
of sulfur dioxide removal systems, these are the recommended limitations on the
types of fuels to be allowed in the area. The 1.4 percent sulfur content for coal
was calculated on an as-received basis using the average heating value of 11,300
Btu per pound. Assuming that the average moisture content of coal is approximately
10 percent by weight, the allowable sulfur content in coal if analyzed on a dry basis
would be approximately 1.6 percent.
The above limitations refer only to the sources included in the general category
and not to the major sources in the two previously mentioned grids. For the major
sources located in these two areas, specific calculations relating to emission limi-
tations are needed. Factors such as stack heights, diffusion characteristics, ex-
pected life of sources, and costs should be considered in these calculations. Cal-
culations for one area have been made and used in program development activities.
48
-------
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£co|
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250
200
CD
C
3
150
100
O
OO
50
COAL (3.3% SULFUR)
FUEL :
OIL ;
(0.4% SULFUR)'
GAS -
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
DWELLING UNITS PER SQUARE MILE
10,000
Figure 15. Sulfur oxide emissions from burning of coal, fuel oil, and gas in
residential heating units.
Residential Land Use - An allowable emission density of 100 tons per square mile
for the 3 winter months has been previously selected. As shown in Figure 15, this
would correspond to the emissions expected from 1-square-mile areas occupied by
500 dwelling units using coal, 6,700 using 0.4 percent sulfur distillate fuel oil, or
an unlimited number using gas. According to the existing population densities, only
the most populated areas would exceed the density requirements if all dwelling
units used oil.
The existing emission densities for residential areas range from an average of
50 tons per square mile in St. Louis County to an average of 390 tons per square
mile in St. Louis City. The residential emissions are highest in areas where coal
is used. If this decline in the use of coal continues, the expected emissions from
residential sources in 1975 would be as shown in Table 15. A comparable reduction
in emissions can be achieved sooner if the sulfur content of the fuels is lowered to
the limits specified for industrial installations. A sizeable reduction in residential
emissions is expected to have a more pronounced effect on the reduction of the
ambient air concentrations of sulfur dioxide than comparable reductions in other
50
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source categories. This is primarily due to the proximity of the source to the
receptor, the wide geographical distribution of sources, and the generally low
elevations of emission discharge points. Because of the significant influence of
residential emissions on sulfur dioxide ambient air concentrations, especially in
areas where people live, fuel limitations proposed for industrial sources are rec-
ommended for the fuels burned in households. This change would improve air-
quality sooner than could be expected from the natural decline in the use of coal.
Commercial Land Use - An allowable emission density of 250 tons per square mile
was selected for the commercial land-use areas. Presently, an estimated 6,450
tons of sulfur oxides is released from the commercial areas, and on this basis an
average reduction of slightly less than 20 percent is needed. An average reduction
basis, however, is misleading because most of these emissions come from areas
in the City of St. Louis, where an average reduction of 76 percent is needed.
Because very little information on the sizes of combustion equipment in the
commercial sources is available, estimating the control measures needed to reduce
the emissions is difficult. It is suggested that the limitations prescribed for in-
dustrial and residential sources be extended to include the commercial establish-
ments so that the needed reductions can be achieved.
Open Space - An allowable emission density of 235 tons per square mile has been
proposed for unused land and road space collectively. The existing emissions from
this land-use category include only the pollution arising from transportation sources,
which do not emit much sulfur dioxide.
As pointed out earlier, a rather high allowable emission density was assigned
to this land-use category to provide a safety factor for future expansion. An allow-
able emission density of approximately 300 tons per square mile has been provided
in the event that half of the open space is eventually developed.
Summary - Presently an estimated 84,750 tons of sulfur oxides is emitted to the air
during the 3 winter months. According to the emission reduction plan, these emis-
sions will be reduced to approximately 33,130 tons for an overall reduction of
approximately 61 percent. The plan calls for reductions in all of the major source
categories and in all of the land-uses. The added dilution provided emissions from
high elevated sources was considered by allowing such sources to emit considerably
larger quantities.
If the industrial sources were controlled according to the emission limitations
specified, a reduction to 48,950 tons of sulfur oxide emissions during the winter
season would result. This reflects only the decrease in existing emissions without
adding emissions for new sources in the area. Of this reduction, the major decrease
in emissions would need to take place in the stationary combustion sources using
coal. Although a quantitative estimate of the impact of the emission reduction plan
upon emissions from commercial areas cannot be made, the measures prescribed
would presumably be sufficient to reduce the emissions within the allowable limits.
In the residential category the emission reduction resulting from both the decline
in the use of coal and the burning of coal of lower sulfur content is expected to re-
duce the emissions by approximately 12,720 tons during the winter season. As
shown in Table 15, the proposed controls are expected to result within the allowable
emission limits.
51
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Another method that has been used elsewhere for determining the reductions
in emissions needed to attain the desired air-quality is predicated on the assump-
tion that the emissions should be reduced by the percentage that the air-quality
goal is exceeded by present concentrations in the worst area. Using this method
of calculating the percent reduction needed in sulfur oxides emissions results in
an overall emission reduction of 76 percent. As would be expected, this is somewhat
higher than the 61 percent obtained through the methodology used here.
Recommendations For Control Regulations - In the preceeding subsections reduc-
tions in sulfur oxides emissions are determined to meet the allowable emission
densities in each of the four major land-use categories and each political subdivi-
sion. The ways in which these reductions should or can be achieved depend pri-
marily on the available technology and are dictated, at least in part, by various
socioeconomic factors. Wherever possible, however, these have been considered
in the drafting of the recommendations relating to the control of sulfur oxides
emissions.
In the interests of attaining the air-quality goals for sulfur dioxide as soon as
possible, the following recommendations concerning the use of sulfur-bearing fuels
and regulation of emissions of sulfur oxides are made. Since, however, the estab-
lished fuel-use patterns cannot be changed immediately, the achievement of the
desired emission levels is expected to occur through a series of steps that may
require 5 to 10 years for full implementation.
Washing of Coal - An indirect means of reducing the sulfur oxides in stack
exit gases is to reduce the sulfur content of the fuels burned. A certain portion of
the sulfur present in coals may be removed by washing the coal. The City of
St. Louis presently requires washing of all coal of 2 percent sulfur or more or 12
percent ash or more. The effectiveness of removing sulfur by washing depends on
the quantity of pyritic sulfur in the coal and on the washing techniques used. The
coals used in the St. Louis area for the most part contain 2 percent or more of
organic sulfur, which cannot be removed by any washing techniques. Although
washing the coal will not reduce the sulfur dioxide emissions from the organic
portion of the sulfur in coal, it will reduce the emissions from pyritic sulfur and
should therefore be continued.
Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Industrial Processes - Wherever improved
efficiency of existing plant operations will reduce sulfur oxides emissions, such
improvement should be made, especially if the emissions add appreciably to the
existing ambient air concentrations where people live.
Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Fuel-Burning Installations of Rated Plant
Capacities of Less Than 2,000 Million Btu Per Hour - As noted previously, achiev-
ing the allowable emission rate of 2.3 pounds of sulfur oxides per million Btu heat
input places a limitation on the sulfur content of the fuels used. For coal, this has
been calculated as 1.4 percent (as-received basis) and for fuel oil as 1.6 percent.
As a first step in sulfur oxides reduction, these fuel limitations are proposed only
for the heating season.
The schedule for implementing the sulfur oxides allowable emission rates de-
pends upon the time necessary to develop the capabilities to supply the required
quantity of 1.4 percent sulfur coal, which may require opening new mines. In a
52
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provision for a suggested-ordinance the burning of low-sulfur coal is urged within
2 years after the enactment of the ordinance. If a gradual transition to the use of
low-sulfur coal is advantageous, the complete transition could be effected over a
3-year period. In this event, the burning of low-sulfur coal should be started ini-
tially during the months of December and January when the sulfur dioxide levels
are the highest and then subsequently extended to include the other 4 space-heating
months.
An estimated 1,400,000 tons of low-sulfur coal per year is needed. This is the
quantity of high-sulfur coal presently burned in the urbanized area (Figure 2) during
the 6-month heating season by the industries, households, and commercial estab-
lishments. This amount is only 20 percent of the annual consumption of coal in the
Study area.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Mines 1 and the Illinois State Geological
Survey, 2 coals of low enough sulfur content required to meet the sulfur content
requirements could probably be supplied from the Illinois coal fields. On the basis
of average costs supplied by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, an increase of 25 percent
in the cost for coal with a sulfur content of less than 1.5 percent can be expected.
Since an estimated 1,400,000 tons of low-sulfur coal is needed annually, the total
cost to the community is estimated at $1.9 million per year. If sulfur content is
limited to 2 percent and the availability of coal increases, the additional cost would
be an estimated $1.3 million per year. Whereas the use of coals containing 1.5
percent sulfur is expected to result in reaching the 0.1 ppm air-quality goal, the
use of coal containing 2 percent sulfur is projected to result in a 99 percentile con-
centration of 0.12 ppm over a considerable part of the central urbanized area. This
concentration is above the air-quality goals; therefore, in making a decision on
fuel requirements, the effect on air-quality should be considered as should the pos-
sibility of reaching the goals in more than one step. The above calculations relat-
ing to air-quality levels were made on the assumption that the emissions from
steam-electric power plants are controlled to the required limits. If low-sulfur
coal is not available in Illinois, and must be obtained elsewhere, additional shipping
costs would increase the cost of coal. Whether this coal is to be supplied from the
Illinois coal fields or elsewhere is primarily a question of availability and econom-
ics, which can best be resolved through channels other than those available to the
Interstate Air Pollution Study Project Executive Committee.
Although this suggested regulation requires only a partial change to lower
sulfur coals, the needed alterations can, however, have long-range implications
requiring concentrated and combined efforts to reach the most feasible way to
supply the needed quantities of low-sulfur coals. To assure that the air-quality
goals for sulfur dioxide are reached as soon as possible, an annual reevaluation of
the factors involved by means of hearings is recommended. Such hearings would
initially serve to inform the public of the progress made in developing the resources
of low-sulfur coals and to evaluate the effectiveness of the reductions in emissions
achieved through the use of the various control measures.
Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Fuel-Burning Installations of Rated Plant
Capacities of 2,000 Million Btu Per Hour or More - More than half of the sulfur
oxides, 235,000 tons per year, and 22,400 tons per year of particulates origin-
ate from steam-electric utility plants. Atmospheric diffusion of these pollutants is
53
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influenced considerably by high stacks as well as topography and probably heat-is-
land effects. The numerous alternatives for handling these emissions involve fac-
tors beyond the authority and technical scope of the Project Executive Committee.
This report, therefore, in an ordinance provision, suggests inclusion of a time dead
line for limiting emissions from steam-electric utilities. To assure action, the
formation of an officially constituted committee to prepare an emission reduction
plan for this type of air pollutant source is recommended. The plan should consider
at least particulates, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides. It should consider any
steam-electric utility plant that may contribute pollutants to the Study area. The
committee would be composed of individuals representing the following: steam-
electric utilities, universities, industrial science, weather bureau, and the public,
with an elected public official as a member ex-officio. The group would select its
own chairman, obtain reports and consultant help as needed, and present within a
2-year period after appointment, a plan indicating alternatives, costs, and time
schedules to reach air-quality goals.
AIR-USE PLAN - HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are discharged to the air from a variety of sources, but the
most important sources are gasoline-powered vehicles and burning of refuse ma-
terial. In 1963, an estimated 373,900 tons of total hydrocarbons was discharged to
the air of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area. Of this total, 63 percent was attributed
to the automobile and 22 percent to the burning of refuse material. Evaporation of
solvents contributes 10 percent, industrial process losses, 3 percent and the com-
bustion of fuels, 1.7 percent.
The reactive type of hydrocarbon, is one of the precursors of oxidants and con-
sequently photochemical smog. This property of hydrocarbons is of primary con-
cern and requires that means for reducing hydrocarbon emissions be developed
and implemented. The automobile and refuse disposal are closely linked to the
needs of inhabitants and are therefore expected to increase as population growth
continues. Vehicle gasoline consumption in the Study area is expected to double by
1980. Refuse material generated is expected to increase at a rate comparable to the
population increase, with an expected increase of almost 40 percent by 1980. In-
creases in the emissions from the other source categories will undoubtedly follow
the population increase.
Air-Quality Goals
Air-quality goals, as such, are not prescribed for hydrocarbons. As noted pre-
viously, it is primarily total oxidant in the atmosphere that causes harmful effects
and is of primary concern. The air-quality goal for total oxidant of 0.15 ppm
(potassium iodide colorimetric method of measurement) has been suggested as the
maximum permissible 1-hour average concentration. The effects of oxidant levels
above 0.15 ppm on visibility, eye irritation, and vegetation damage are discussed
in detail in Volume VI of this report.
54
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Existing Concentrations
Total oxidant in the air was measured at nine Study sites from May through
October 1964. The method of measurement was the phenolphthalein method, which
gives results approximately twice as high as those with the potassium iodide
colorimetric method. In addition, since March 1964 total oxidant has been monitor-
ed continuously at the Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) station. Data
obtained at the nine sites indicated that the smog odor level of 0.15 ppm was ex-
ceeded 4 percent of the time, and the eye irritation level of 0.25 ppm was exceeded
1 percent of the time. The highest concentration observed during this sampling
period was 0.30 ppm at site 449-719, about 2 miles west of the city limits of St.
Louis. The maximum monthly average during this sampling period was 0.06 ppm
in July 1964.
At the CAMP station, the monthly mean concentrations varied from 0.013 ppm
in December 1964 to 0.04 ppm in May 1964. A maximum 24-hour average concen-
tration of 0.07 ppm was measured several times in April, June, and July. The max-
imum 1-hour concentration observed was 0.26 ppm in July.
Comparison of the observed concentrations of total oxidant in the air with the
air-quality goal of 0.15 ppm as the maximum permissible 1-hour concentration
shows that the air-quality goal is exceeded 4 percent of the time during the sum-
mer months. Similarly, the maximum 1-hour average concentration for each
month, except May 1965, was higher than 0.15 ppm. Using the nine-station network
measurements as representative of the existing oxidant levels, a reduction in
oxidant levels by approximately a factor of 2 may be needed to reach the air-quality
goal.
Existing and Projected^ Emissions
Emissions of Hydrocarbons From Transportation Sources - In 1963, an estimated
236,000 tons of total hydrocarbons was released by all transportation sources in
the area. The hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles in 1963 were
estimated at 239,800 tons. The importance of aircraft, vessels, and diesel-powered
vehicles as a source of hydrocarbons is relatively minor (2 percent) and for the
purpose jf this discussion will be assumed to be insignificant.
Gasoline Consumption - Existing and Projected - In 1963, approximately 759
million gallons of gasoline was burned in the Study area. Gasoline consumption in
the Study Area is expected to increase to 1.4 billion gallons per year by 1980. In
accordance with the national trend,the 1980 figure will be doubled again by 2000.
The rate of increase in gasoline consumption far outweighs the growth in popula-
tion, which has been projected as approximately 43 percent between 1960 and 1980.
The ever-increasing number of vehicles per family and the increasing distances of
travel in urban areas are expected to produce the anticipated increase in gasoline
consumption. Projections of gasoline consumption for the Study area are shown in
Figure 16. A considerable reduction in the projected consumption rate would un-
doubtedly result if an extensive mass transit system is implemented or a radical
change in the mode of travel comes into effect.
55
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u
1,400
1,200
Ol
c
o
o
I—
Q.
1 ,000
800
o
GO
<
o
600
400
M I I I I I
I i i i i I M i i I i i i i I i i i i I M i i I i i i n
1955
1965
1975
1985
YEAR
Figure 16. Projected gasoline consumption in Interstate Study Area.
Emissions of Hydrocarbons - The emissions of total hydrocarbons, if uncon-
trolled, would increase proportionately with gasoline consumption and would reach
an annual emission of 472,000 tons in 1980. This is an increase of 100 percent
over the estimated 1963 emissions. The impact this increase on deterioration of
the air-quality in the central part of the urbanized area will be even more signifi-
cant since most of the emissions from motor vehicles occur in this limited area.
The effect that the various reduction devices, presently proposed for installa-
tion on new vehicles, would have on the emissions of total hydrocarbons in the Study
56
GPO B05-OS4-3
-------
250 p
o
E
200
150
o
t—t
GO
£ 100
50
CONTROL DEVICES ON
NEW AUTOMOBILES
A -
B -
C -
D -
E -
BLOWBY DEVICE
EXHAUST CONTROL (275 ppm)
EXHAUST CONTROL (180 ppm)
FUEL TANK EVAPORATION CONTROL
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION CONTROL
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
YEAR
Figure 17. Projected hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline-powered motor
vehicles - without control and with various combinations of control.
area are shown in Figure 17, 18, and 19 and are discussed below. Included are all
reduction measures and devices ranging from those in use at the present to those
expected to be developed in the years to come. For the latter it has been necessary
to estimate the reduction efficiencies expected to result from the various control
devices.
The existing and anticipated control devices, their efficiencies in removing
total hydrocarbons, and the year they are expected to be in use are summarized in
Table 17. The emission rates presented in Table 17 represent the emissions under
average urban driving conditions.
As shown in Table 17, five individual control measures have been assumed,
with the year of implementation ranging from 1963 to 1971. Starting with the 1963
models, all gasoline-powered vehicles are equipped with a crankcase blowby con-
trol device. This device reduces crankcase emissions 85 percent by venting the
piston blowby gases from the crankcase back into the intake manifold of the com-
bustion chambers. The blowby device costs $5.00 to $10.00 factory installed and
57
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400,000
300,000
c
o
o
co
a:
3
0£
O
200,000
o
to
100,000
TRANSPORTATION
SOLVENT EVAPORATION -
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS I
COMBUSTION SOURCESJ
l7 | | |" | REFUSE .DISPOSAL | | | | r
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
YEAR
Figure 18. Projected total hydrocarbon emissions - plan I.
58
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400,000
J | I I | I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I l| I I I I I I I I I | I '{-
1950
TOTAL
TRANSPORTATION
SOLVENT EVAPORATION
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS LOSSES-
STATIONARY COMBUSTION SOURCES -
+-I-M REFUSE,DISPOSAL | | i i I i r
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
YEAR
Figure 19. Projected total hydrocarbon emissions - plan II.
59
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Table 17. EMISSION RATE OF HYDROCARBONS
(Ib/automobile/day)
Source of emission
Exhaust
Crankcase
Evaporation
Fuel tank
Carburetor
Total
% of 1962
Year
1962a
0.363
0.216
0.068
0.091
0.738
100.0
1963b
0.363
0.032
0.068
0.091
0.554
75.1
1968C
0.073
0
0.068
0.091
0.232
31.4
1971d>e
0.048
0
0.014
0.018
0.080
10.8
a Values for 1962 are based on experimental data measured at 25 mph for
a typical cycle, taken from: Rose, A. Summary Report of Vehicular
Emissions and Their Control. Presented at ASME Meeting, Chicago, 111.
" In 1963, blowby devices installed on all new cars, assumed to be 85% effective.
c A control device limiting exhaust emissions to 275 ppm to be installed on
all 1968 cars. Starting with 1968 models, the blowby device assumed 100
percent effective.
^ A control device limiting exhaust emissions to 180 ppm installed on all
1971 models.
e Reduce fuel tank and carburetor emissions by 80% on 1971 model cars.
$12 to $25 when added to a used vehicle. The overall reduction of hydrocarbon
emissions from a motor vehicle equipped with this device is approximately 25 per-
cent.
The passage of Federal Law S-306 in 1965 authorized the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to set limitations on air pollutant emissions from motor
vehicles. The specified regulations require the complete elimination of crankcase
emissions and limit the hydrocarbon emissions in the exhaust to 275 ppm (measured
as hexane). These limitations will go in effect starting with the 1968 models.
The uncontrolled concentration of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases are of the
order of 1,365 ppm under the average urban driving conditions. There are several
means available to achieve the desired emission rate. The control costs vary
accordingly, but an average cost of approximately $50 per unit is probably a reason-
able estimate. The overall reduction in emissions from motor vehicles equipped
60
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with exhaust as well as 100 percent effective blowby control devices is expected to
be approximately 69 percent.
Assuming that a requirement for additional reduction in hydrocarbon emissions
in the exhaust gases to 180 ppm, as required in the State of California, is adopted
nationwide and implemented starting with the 1971 models, a reduction of 72 percent
of the uncontrolled hydrocarbon emissions would result.
Further reductions in hydrocarbon emissions from the evaporation from the
fuel tank and carburetor have been assumed to be implemented starting with the
1971 models. This reduction is assumed to result from controlling the evaporation
losses from the fuel tank and carburetor by approximately 80 percent. The assumed
effectiveness of these reductions was based on work and requirements of the
State of California. The implementation of these control measures would result in
an overall reduction of emissions per equipped vehicle of approximately 89 percent.
The percent reductions achievable by the various control measures and the
data given in Table 17 refer to the emission rates of hydrocarbons from vehicles
equipped with these control devices. These data coupled with projected gasoline
consumption (Figure 16) and information on retirement schedule of automobiles,3
were used to project the emission- of hydrocarbons in the St. Louis Metropolitan
Area. These projections were based on two additional assumptions, (1) only new cars
are equipped with the control devices and (2) the efficiency of control devices re-
mains unchanged through the life of the vehicle. It is expected, however, that rou-
tine inspections will be needed to maintain the efficiencies of these devices within
the specified limits.
Figure 17 shows the percent reduction achievable by the various control means.
The emissions are expressed as percent of the 1963 hydrocarbon emissions. The
curves reflecting the effect of the various control means are, as plotted in Figure
17, based on the assumption that all the intermediate measures have been imple-
mented at the time specified in Table 17. It is evident that controls other than the
blowby device are needed to reduce the hydrocarbon emissions below the 1963
emissions.
The reduction in emissions achieved by the use of the blowby device (in use
since 1963) and the exhaust control to 275 ppm (starting with 1968) can be consid-
ered as relatively accurate estimates. The other reductions are only in the spec-
ulative stage and should be interpreted as rough approximations.
Emissions of Hydrocarbons From Refuse Disposal - An estimated 1,328,600 tons
of combustible refuse material was generated in the Study area during 1963. A
breakdown by the modes of disposal used and the quantities of hydrocarbons re-
leased are presented in Table 18. In 1963, approximately 45 percent of the com-
bustible refuse generated was burned at dumps and on-site. These modes of dis-
posal accounted for 84,300 tons of hydrocarbons, or 99.5 percent of the total, re-
leased by refuse disposal.
Generation and disposal of combustible refuse - Assuming that the present
average of 3.4 pounds of combustible refuse material per capita per day remains
unchanged, the quantity of refuse material generated in 1980 would be approximately
1,835,000 tons. At present onlv about 20 percent of the combustible refuse is being
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Table 18. EMISSIONS OF HYDROCARBONS FROM REFUSE DISPOSAL IN 1963
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA
Mode of
disposal
Incineration
Municipal
On- site
Landfill
Open burning
Dumps
On- site
Total
Refuse,
tons/yr
223,000
62,600
441,000
284,000
318,000
1,328,600
Total hydrocarbons
released;
tons/yr
33
363
--
44,500
39,800
84,696
incinerated within municipal or on-site units. Open burning for disposal of wastes
will undoubtedly decrease because the recommended reduction plan for particulates
calls for (1) elimination of open burning and (2) multiple-chamber design for all
incinerators. These recommendations, when acted on, will result in a considerable
reduction in the emissions of hydrocarbons.
Emissions of hydrocarbons - On the basis of the above and the presently
available emission factors, the emissions of hydrocarbons for future years were
calculated. The following assumptions were made for these calculations: (1)
441,000 tons per year of refuse is and will continue to be disposed of by sanitary
landfill, (2) all existing incinerators will be converted to multiple-chamber types,
(3) the quantity of refuse presently disposed of by open burning will be incinerated,
and (4) the additional quantity of refuse generated because of population growth will
be incinerated. January 1, 1969, has been assumed as the completion date for act-
ions required by these four items.
Emission factors indicate that during the incineration of a ton of refuse, a
municipal incinerator releases 0.3 pound of hydrocarbon and an industrial or
commercial multiple-chamber incinerator releases 0.25 pound of hydrocarbon.
Since these emission factors are relatively close, an average of 0.30 pound of
hydrocarbons has been assumed for both types of incinerators.
The estimated hydrocarbon emissions for 1963 and the projected emissions
for future years are shown in Table 19. The elimination of all open burning and
the conversion to multiple-chamber types is expected to reduce the hydrocarbon
emissions by approximately 99.8 percent. The validity of the emission factor of
280 pounds per ton for open burning used in this calculation is open to some
question. Regardless of future findings, the expected reduction will be large and,
therefore, will reduce the hydrocarbon emissions from this source category to a
relatively insignificant amount.
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Table 19. PROJECTIONS OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS
FROM REFUSE DISPOSAL IN INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA
(tons/yr)
Mode of
disposal
Municipal incineration ^
On- site incineration •)
Landfill
Open burning
Total
% cr "°63 total
Year
1963
33
363
--
84,696
85,092
1969
159
--
--
159
0.2
1980
219
--
--
219
0.3
Emissions of Hydrocarbons From Other Sources - "Air Pollution Emission Inven-
tory," Volume II of this report, lists other sources of hydrocarbons as solvent
evaporation (including gasoline from stationary sources), industrial process losses,
and fuel combustion. Collectively, these source categories contribute slightly more
than 14 percent of the area total, or an estimated 53,900 tons of hydrocarbons
annually. They include approximately 24,000 tons from the solvents used in in-
dustries and dry cleaning plus other non-industrial uses. An additional 12,000 tons
per year is added from the evaporation of gasoline from storage tanks and the fil-
ling of automobile fuel tanks. Industrial processes annually emit an estimated
11,700 tons, which is probably low, since information relating to some industries
was not available. The combustion of fuels (primarily coal) contributes another
6,200 tons annually.
For the purposes of predicting future emissions of hydrocarbons, the emissions
from sources considered in this subsection were increased for future years pro-
portionately to the expected increase in population. They appear in Table 20.
Emission Reduction Plan
The mathematical relationship between hydrocarbons and oxidant concentrations
could not be found. (See Volume III of this report.) For this reason, it is not pos-
sible to predict reductions in oxidant levels based on hydrocarbon reductions. It
is known, however, that oxidant levels should be reduced to meet the goal and that
hydrocarbon reduction is one way to do it.
Two separate projections of hydrocarbon emissions are presented in Figures
18 and 19. The Plan I projections shown in Figure 18 considered only the reduc-
tions in motor vehicle hydrocarbon emissions that are in effect now or are pro-
63
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Table 20. EXISTING AND PROJECTED EMISSIONS OF
HYDROCARBONS FROM OTHER SOURCESa IN
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA
(tons/yr)
Source category
Solvent evaporation
Industrial processes
Stationary combustion sources
Total
Year
1963
36,000
11,700
6,200
53,900
1970
41,000
14,500
7,500
63,000
1980
49,800
16,000
9,000
74,800
a Projections were made on the basis of controls presently in use.
vided by existing regulations (curve labeled "A and B" on Figure 17) and do not
include the expected decreases that are still in the speculative stage. The Plan II
projections shown in Figure 19 were made on the basis that all of the controls stated
would, in fact, be implemented (curve labeled "A, C, D, and E" on Figure 17).
Figure 18 shows that a considerable reduction in hydrocarbon emission may be
attained in the next few years as a result of the recommended changes in refuse
disposal practices and to a lesser extent the increasing number of automobiles
equipped with the blowby control devices. The reduction in emissions after 1969
would occur as a result of controls on motor vehicle exhaust emissions.
The reductions shown in Figure 19 are more spectacular than those in Figure
18. The additional control devices on automobiles through 1971 result in a consid-
erably higher reduction rate in hydrocarbon emissions in the Study area.
On the basis of the results of the emission inventory and projections of
hydrocarbon emissions, the following conclusions may be drawn.
1. The principal sources of hydrocarbons are gasoline-powered motor vehicles
and refuse disposal by open burning.
2. A decrease in hydrocarbon emissions from motor vehicles will occur
starting in 1968 as a result of exhaust controls on all new cars, as required by
Federal regulations. A decrease of approximately 31 percent of the 1966 emissions
by the year 1980 is expected.
3. If additional reduction in hydrocarbon emissions from motor vehicles is
achieved by limiting the evaporation losses and further reducing the exhaust
emissions, a decrease of almost 56 percent can be expected by 1980.
4. A considerable reduction in total hydrocarbons released to the atmosphere
can be achieved by regulating the means of refuse disposal. A reduction of more
than 99 percent of hydrocarbons from refuse burning will result if all open burning
64
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is prohibited and strictly enforced and all incineration is performed in multiple-
chamber incinerators.
5. Restrictions on the evaporation of gasoline from storage tanks and those on
certain industrial processes will not add greatly to the overall area reduction in
hydrocarbons, but may be necessary to minimize the hydrocarbon emissions in
localized areas.
6. A reduction in hydrocarbon emissions in the St. Louis area is expected
as a result of limiting emissions from automobiles and the implementation of
regulations relating to refuse disposal. An overall decrease of approximately 23
percent by 1970 and 37 percent by 1980 can be expected.
7. The emissions of hydrocarbons are greatest in areas of high traffic densities,
principally in the central business district. The actual concentration of hydrocar-
bons in this area has not been determined; however, available information indi-
cates the advisability of starting to limit hydrocarbon emission in this area now.
An important reduction would occur as a result of decreased traffic density if a
rapid transit system that will be used by large segments of the population is
developed.
8. Since not all of the hydrocarbons enter into photochemical reactions to
produce smog, a precise estimate of the impact of these reductions on concentra-
tions of total oxidant in the area is not possible at present.
9. The formulation of relationships between traffic densities, hydrocarbon
and nitrogen oxide emissions, and observed concentrations of total oxidant is
necessary to provide a useful guide for future transportation studies. To under-
take the development of such relationships, information relating to existing and
projected traffic volumes, traffic speeds, and diurnal variation in traffic are needed.
AIR-USE PLAN - CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide is emitted primarily from motor vehicles. Consequently, the
emission patterns and ambient air concentrations are closely related to the traffic
patterns with respect to both time and location. If major reductions in ambient
air concentrations of carbon monoxide are to be achieved, automotive emissions
must be reduced. The air quality can be improved by limiting the emissions from
automobiles through the installation of central equipment and by reducing the number
of vehicles on the road by the development of a rapid transit system. Both of these
approaches are needed to lessen the emissions of pollutants in the Study area.
Air-Quality Goals
A maximum 8-hour average concentration of 30 ppm and a 1-hour average con-
centration of 120 ppm have been proposed as the air-quality goals for the Study
area. Although these goals are based on effects, there is some question whether
the selected goal of 30 ppm is sufficiently low to meet the needs of certain popula-
tion groups living in the central urban area. The effects of carbon monoxide are
discussed in detail in Volume VI of this report.
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Existing Concentrations
Continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide concentrations has been performed
at the CAMP station in St. Louis since March 1964. During the period from March
1964 to September 1965, the average monthly concentrations varied from 5 to 10
ppm, with an overall average of approximately 6 ppm. The maximum 24-hour,
1-hour, and 5-minute average concentrations observed during this period were 17
ppm, 27 ppm, and 53 ppm, respectively, which, allowing for time-concentration re-
lationships, are within the air-quality goals. Since these measurements represent
the concentrations at only one location, this comparison of existing concentrations
and air quality goals cannot be extended to include the entire city or even the en-
tire central business district. For example, the concentrations of carbon monoxide
observed at the CAMP site represent the conditions some 30 or 40 feet away from
the street. Recent investigations have shown that the concentrations in vehicles
are about two times the CAMP values and those in traffic are as much as four times
as high as those recorded at the CAMP site. It is probable that the concentrations
of carbon monoxide in the more heavily traveled parts of the central business
district are higher than those observed at the CAMP station. Furthermore, one
can expect much lower concentrations in areas outside of the central business
district and away from major traffic arteries.
Existing and Projected Emissions
During 1963, an estimated 1,115,000 tons of carbon monoxide was emitted to
the air of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area. Gasoline-powered motor vehicles ac-
counted for approximately 98 percent of this amount.
Projections indicate that by 1980 the rate of gasoline consumption in the area
\vill be double that of 1963. If automobile exhausts continue uncontrolled, the emis-
sions of carbon monoxide would increase in proportion to more than 2 million tons
annually in the year 1980.
The uncontrolled emissions of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases are
approximately 3.1 percent by volume under average urban operating conditions. 4
Depending on the average route speed, the rate of emission varies from approximately 6
percent by volume at 5 miles per hour to 2 percent at 60 miles per hour. The
3.1 percent by volume corresponds to an average route speed of 25 miles per hour.
On the basis of the average speed in urban areas and the average daily mileage
traveled, an average of 4.2 pounds of carbon monoxide is emitted daily per auto-
mobile.
Emission Reduction Plan
Federal Law S-306 authorizes the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
to set limitations on air pollutant emissions from automobiles. The limitations on
carbon monoxide emissions have been specified as 1.5 percent by volume for all
vehicles with an engine displacement in excess of 140 cubic inches. (For smaller
engines a slightly higher emission rate is allowed.) These limitations will go in
effect starting with the 1968 models. The overall reduction in emissions achieved
66
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by these controls, although decreasing the emissions per equipped vehicle by 50
percent, is almost negated by the expected increase in automobile travel. The net
effect, as shown in Figure 20, is the maintenance of the existing emissions quantities
for the next 20 years.
Assuming that emissions of carbon monoxide from motor vehicles will be con-
trolled to 1 percent by volume, starting with the 1971 models, a reduction as shown
in Figure 20 can be expected. (The State of California requires that carbon monox-
ide be controlled to 1 percent by volume starting with the 1970 models.) The im-
plementation of this emission limitation would reduce overall emissions in 1980 to
20 percent below the 1963 amounts.
The curves in Figure 20 as well as the above discussion are based on the
existing and projected emissions of carbon monoxide for the entire Study area.
It is, however, the central business district where the traffic density and hence
pollutant emissions are high and of primary concern. Before the impact of these
250
200
150
Ol
CL
100
ro
10
en
50
MM 7 M I | I M M M M |MMMMT|MMMII MlXT M M I L
A AND
CONTROL DEVICES ON NEW AUTOMOBILES
A - EXHAUST CONTROL (1.5% BY VOLUME)
B - EXHAUST CONTROL (1.0% BY VOLUME)
0 H I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l l I II I l I I I l | I | | |
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
YEAR
200C
Figure 20. Projected carbon monoxide emissions from gasoline-powered motor
vehicles with and without control devices.
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reductions on that area can be evaluated, more detailed information on the expected
increase in traffic density is needed.
AIR-USE PLAN - NITROGEN OXIDES
An air-use plan for nitrogen oxides, as such, is not included in this report. The
primary reason for this omission has been the lack of air-quality measurement
data and criteria, which in turn make the setting of air-quality goals for this class
of pollutants impractical. Whenever the air-quality goals are prescribed, the
emissions of nitrogen oxides and the resulting ambient concentrations of these
pollutants will need to be evaluated in terms of these goals and, if necessary, re-
ductions in these emissions will have to be prescribed and measures will have to
be taken to achieve the reductions. As a first step in the design of an air-use plan,
this report chapter relates nitrogen oxides emissions to the various types of
sources, and gives estimates of future emissions.
By far the most important source of nitrogen oxides is the combustion of fuels.
The ever-increasing population and the continuous urbanization of the Study area
will undoubtedly result in higher energy requirements. These requirements, at
least in part, will be fulfilled by increased consumption of fossil fuels, which will,
unless controlled, increase the emissions of nitrogen oxides. The magnitude of
increase is dependent not only on the future energy requirements, but more im-
portantly on the types of fuels used to meet the requirements.
Existing Concentrations
Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide have been monitored at the St. Louis CAMP
site since March 1964. The monthly mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide during
the period from March 1964 to September 1965 varied from 0.02 to 0.05 ppm. The
maximum 24-hour average concentration observed during this time was 0.12 ppm,
whereas the highest 1-hour average concentration during the same time period was
0.22 ppm. The frequency distribution of measurement data observed from March
1964 to February 1965 showed a geometric mean value of 0.028 ppm and a 99
percentile value of 0.091 ppm.
Comparison of the observed concentrations with the State of California air-
quality standard, which is 0.25 ppm for a maximum 1-hour average concentration,
shows that this air-quality goal was not exceeded at the CAMP site. The CAMP
measurements cannot be used, however, as the maximum value for the St. Louis area.
Existing Emissions
During 1963, an estimated 138,300 tons of nitrogen oxides was released to the
air of the Study area. In terms of their contribution to the total area emissions,
the various source categories accounted for the following percentages: electric
power generation, 38 percent; transportation sources, 35 percent; industrial fuel use,
16 percent; residential-commercial fuel use, 6 percent; industrial processes, 3
percent; and other sources, 2 percent. The burning of refuse material accounts for
less than 1 percent of the community total.
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Stationary Combustion Sources - During 1963, an estimated 85,500 tons of nitrogen
oxides was emitted from the combustion of fuels in stationary sources. The com-
bustion of coal accounted for 83 percent, natural gas for 12 percent, and fuel oil for 5
percent. During the same time period, coal supplied 57.7 percent; gas, 31.1 percent;
and fuel oil, 4.2 percent of the energy requirements. These figures are based on a
total heat input of 312 X 1012 Btu. Emission rates of nitrogen oxides according to
Btu output from coal, fuel oil and gas are given in Table 21.
Table 21. EMISSION RATES OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA
(Btu heat generated)
Fuel
Coal
Fuel Oil
Gas
Industrial
boilers
1.1
0.9
0.3
Domestic- commercial
units
0.4
0.9
0.2
Fuel Consumption - Fuel consumption for the Study area has been projected by
Ridker5 for the years 1970 to 1980 and is listed by user category in Table 22. The
projections for 1980 indicate an increase above the 1963 consumption levels of
Table 22. PROJECTIONS OF FUEL CONSUMPTION IN
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA
Fuel
Coal, tons/yr
Fuel oil
gal/yr
GaS * Q
10° ftVyr
User category
Steam-electric utilities
Industry
Residential
Commercial
Total
Steam-electric utilities
Industry
Residential
Commercial
Total
Steam-electric utilities
Industry
Residential
Commercial
Total
1963
4,874,000
1,628,000
738,000
222,000
7,462,000
642,000
114,507,000
120,543,000
6,414,000
242,106,000
9,200
42,550
42,685
2,876
97,311
1970
7,100,000
1,560,000
428,000
111,000
9,199,000
642,000
133,000,000
98,800,000
8,900,000
241,342,000
9,200
54,500
55,700
3,900
123,300
1980
6,200,000
1,530,000
340,000
95,000
8,165,000
642,000
145,000,000
80,800,000
12,300,000
238,742,000
9,200
65,000
63,800
5,500
143,500
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almost 47 percent in the use of gas and 9 percent in the use of coal, and a 1 percent
decline in the use of fuel oil. The overall increase in the energy to be supplied by
these fuels was estimated to be approximately 20 percent.
A change in fuel-use patterns is expected to accompany the increase in total
energy requirements. In the case of the residential use of fuels, use of gas and
electricity are projected to increase whereas coal and fuel oil consumption are ex-
pected to decline. In the industrial category, gas and fuel oil consumption are pro-
jected to increase, with the consumption of coal remaining at the present levels.
Consumption of coal by the steam-electric utitities is projected to increase by 64
percent by 1970 and then decline to about 31 percent above the 1960 consumption in 1980.
The decline in the use of coal between 1970 and 1980 is expected to be offset by the
use of hydro and nuclear power for electrical generation.
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides - According to the above projections, approximately
101,000 tons of nitrogen oxides will be emitted in 1980 from the combustion of
fuels in stationary sources. This is 15,500 tons or 18 percent more than the 1963
emissions. The emissions from steam-electric utilities and industrial fuel use are
expected to increase by 27 and 10 percent, respectively. The emissions of nitrogen
oxides from residential and commercial fuel uses are, however, expected to de-
cline by approximately 10 percent. Projected annual emission rates are summarized
in Table 23 by type of fuel and user category.
Mobile Combustion Sources - During 1963, an estimated 759 million gallons of
gasoline burned in the Study area resulted in an emission of 43,400 tons of nitrogen
oxides. An additional 4,700 tons was emitted by aircraft, vessels, and railroads.
Unless controlled, the emissions of nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles would be
approximately 80,000 tons per year by 1980.
Summary - Nitrogen oxides constitute one of the five or six groups of major pollu-
tants that orginate community-wide and are of general importance. Population
growth and its related activities in urban areas have caused the emissions of these
pollutants to increase, and, unless controlled, the emissions will continue to in-
crease.
The emission of nitrogen oxides from all sources is expected to increase
slightly more than 2 percent per year until 1980, when approximately 195,000
tons per year will be released in the Study area. Because of the changing fuel-use
patterns, comparable increases cannot be expected in all parts of the Study area.
Because of the rapid rate of increase in gasoline consumption, the emission rate
of nitrogen oxides in the downtown area probably will increase considerably more
than elsewhere. In contrast, emissions from residential areas are expected to
decrease.
A reversal of the continually increasing nitrogen oxides emissions may be
necessary, if not at the present then surely in the future. To assess the existing
concentrations, sampling of the nitrogen oxides throughout the community should
be initiated. Similarly, investigation of control measures for reducing emissions
from mobile as well as stationary sources should be encouraged.
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Table 23. PROJECTIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS IN
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA
Source
category
Combustion of fuels -
stationary sources
Steam-electric utilities
Coal
Fuel oil
Gas
Industry
Coal
Fuel oil
Gas
Commerical
Coal
Fuel oil
Gas
Residential
Coal
Fuel oil
Gas
Combustion of fuels -
mobile sources
Motor vehicles
Other
Industrial process
emissions
Totals
Emissions of nitrogen oxides, tons/yr
1963
53,100
51,300
a
1,800
23,800
16,300
2,100
5,400
900
600
100
200
7,900
3,000
2,000
2,900
48,100
43,400
4,700
4,700
138,500
1970
76,800
75,000
a
1,800
24,900
15,600
2,400
6,900
720
300
150
270
7,200
1,700
1,700
3,800
64,300
58,600
5,700
5,700
179,620
1980
67,300
65,500
a
1,800
26,000
15,300
2,600
8,100
800
200
200
400
7,100
1,300
1,400
4,400
87,000
80,300
6,700
6,700
194,900
a Negligible.
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AIR-USE PLAN - ODORS
Existing Conditions
Surveys conducted during portions of the Study Phase I and Phase II operations
(for detailed information see Volume IV of this report) indicated that odors are a
serious problem in certain portions of the Study area. The odor frequency sum-
mary for the Phase II report is presented in Figure 21. This summary shows
that odors occur most frequently in the City of St. Louis and Illinois (principally
in the East St. Louis area), and with a somewhat lower frequency in St. Louis
County. The two most frequently detected categories of odors were combustion
(auto exhausts, coal smoke, etc.) and chemical (refinery, medicinal, sulfurous,
vanilla, etc.).
TOTAL POSITIVE
UNPLEASANT
PLEASANT
NO REACTION*
TOTAL POSITIVE
UNPLEASANT
PLEASANT
NO REACTION*
TOTAL POSITIVE
UNPLEASANT
PLEASANT
NO REACTION*
TOTAL POSITIVE
UNPLEASANT
PLEASANT
NO REACTION*
ST. LOUIS CITY
ST. LOUIS CO.
ILLINOIS
METROPOLITAN AREA
10
20
30
40
PERCENT OF OBSERVATIONS IN WHICH
ODORS WERE DETECTED
Figure 21. Odor frequency summary.
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Chemical odors are of particular concern in the City of St. Louis, where they
represented 28 percent of all the odors observed. These odors occur primarily
in association with winds from the east-southeast to south-southeasterly directions
(see Figure 22). Because of its proximity to the large chemical complexes on the east
side of the Mississippi River, the downtown area of St. Louis, in particular, ex-
periences a high frequency of chemical odors, many of which are very objectionable.
Length of arrow indicates the maximum number of
chemical odors observed at a given station, with
the wind blowing toward the direction the arrow is
Tip of arrow corresponds to the location of the
observation station.
Figure 22. Chemical odor observations related to wind direction.
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In contrast to chemical odors, combustion and combustible waste odors
were not associated with winds from a particular direction because the sources of
these odors are located throughout the community.
The results of the odor surveys indicate that unpleasant odors often cover a
significant portion of the metropolitan area.
Air-Quality Goals - Odors
Air-quality goals for odors pertain to "objectionable" odors. An odor is
considered "objectionable" when 15 percent or more of the people exposed to it
believe it to be objectionable in usual places of occupancy. The sample size needed
to determine the "objectionable" quality should be at least 20 people or 75 percent
of the exposed if fewer than 20 people are exposed. The goals are:
1. No odors would be permitted to occur on or immediately adjacent to
properties used for residential, recreational, educational, institutional, hotel,
retail sales, or other similar purposes.
2. On or immediately adjacent to industrial properties where the need for
odor-free air is not so imperative, the release of pollutants would be prohibited
if persons with a normal sense of smell could detect the odors after they were
diluted in the ratio of one volume of odorous air to not more than 20 volumes of
odor-free air.
3. In areas not included under items 1 and 2 above, the release of pollutants
would be prohibited if persons with a normal sense of smell could detect the
odors after they were diluted in the ratio of one volume of odorous ambient air
to not more than four volumes of odor-free air.
Evaluation of Existing Conditions
The surveillance of odors throughout the entire Interstate Air Pollution
Study area should be made an integral part of the developing air resource manage-
ment program. This surveillance can be accomplished by surveys of the type de-
scribed in Volume IV of this report and through odor observations made by both
source and program personnel.
Because of their generally complex nature, the odorous pollutants released
to the atmosphere can not be easily estimated quantitatively, and up to the present
time the most reliable and sensitive instrument available for detecting and judging
odors is the human nose. Because of this, odors must be measured and evaluated
by the quite simple and satisfactory dilution technique. By using variations of this
technique, measurements may be made on odorous materials obtained either from
the source or from the ambient air.
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For sampling at the source, a volumetric sample of the material from the
stack or other appropriate portion of the process is obtained and diluted with a
known volume of odor-free air. Sampling can be accomplished quite simply by
means of a hypodermic syringe or other commercially available device. After the
sample is obtained and diluted, a panel consisting of three or more persons sniffs
the sample to determine the presence of an odor. If an odor is detected, successive
dilutions are made to determine the volume ratio of odor-free air to contaminated
air required to render the contaminated air mixture odor free, as determined by
the panel.
The volume ratio thus determined can then be utilized in conjunction with
atmospheric diffusion equations to indicate ground-level concentrations at varying
distances from the source.
The use of this technique by source owners or operators to determine their
individual contribution to the overall odor problem should be encouraged. The
multitude of sources in the Study area would make such monitoring by governmental
program personnel entirely too burdensome. In addition, by requiring the source
owners to monitor their own activities, each of them will develop a greater appre-
ciation and understanding of the existing problem, which should serve as encourage-
ment for the effort necessary to achieve the desired level of air-quality.
Because, among other things, the syringe technique is not adequately sensi-
tive and is time consuming, it is not suitable for making ambient air measurements
in the field. Odors in many cases are very transient and require a device that can
make dilutions rapidly and reasonably accurately. Such a device,6 called the
"Scentometer," has been developed. This instrument consists of two plenum
chambers for air that is to be purified, two activated-carbon filters for purifying
a portion of the air, a mixing chamber, and several critical orifices through which
the odorous air passes into the mixing chamber. By closing off all of the critical
orifices, the operator can draw ambient air through the activated-carbon filters.
After eliminating olfactory fatigue by breathing the purified air for about a minute,
he can open orifices until the volume ratio obtained produces a detectable odor.
This procedure is used to determine whether the ambient air-quality goals are
being exceeded. Also, by using the device in conjunction with wind direction in-
formation and a map, odor sources can be located by triangulation.
Valuable information regarding existing conditions can also be obtained from
citizen complaint records. A citizen's complaint form adapted to electronic data
processing has recently been developed for use in the Study area. Since the data
forms for the odor surveys are also adapted to this method of data handling, a
rapid and up-to-date analysis of the information produced by these two sources
will be possible.
Odor Reduction Plan
Priorities - On the basis of data provided by the Phase I and II odor surveys and
that generated by present and future surveillance activities and complaint records,
priorities for action should be established to attain an acceptable level of air-
quality for the entire air pollution basin. These priorities should relate to the
numbers of people, to the geographical area affected, and to the degree of
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objectionableness of the odor. The geographical area should be considered from
a land-use standpoint. For example, an odor that affects a primarily residential
area should receive a higher priority for reduction or elimination than one that
affects an area used mostly for industrial purposes.
In some parts of the Study area land use is mixed, and in others residential
areas border on heavy-industry areas. These areas should be treated on an
individual basis, with suitable long-range plans implemented to install source
controls or provide suitable separation of source and receptor. Steps leading to
the achievement of the desired air-quality goals should be based initially on
community understanding of the nature of the problem and subsequently on com-
munity-wide understanding of the efforts and improvements made by both govern-
ment and industry.
Controls - Following the establishment of priorities, owners of the sources re-
sponsible for the emissions should be encouraged to institute and control actions.
If possible, and before ordinances are enacted, cooperative agreements between
the priority sources and program agencies should be entered into. By proceeding
in this manner, the source operators will have an opportunity to demonstrate their
good intentions, and improvements in existing conditions will occur at an earlier
time than would otherwise be possible.
Planning and Zoning - Liaison with planning and zoning authorities should be
developed to increase the understanding and appreciation of the odor problem, and
to encourage their cooperation in obtaining suitable separation of sources and
receptors.
Research - Research activities on the part of both government and industry should
be encouraged, for there is much to be learned about the kinds of compounds that
produce odors and their related physiological and psychological effects.
Researchers should be encouraged to develop methods for measuring odorous
pollutants that do not rely on the human sense of smell.
BENEFITS OF RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM
Rapid transit has been considered as a cure for congested streets, overcrowded
parking facilities, and long commuting times. It can also be a cure for certain
types of air pollution. Rapid transit facilities can reduce the volume of traffic,
especially in the central business district during the "rush hours," and con-
sequently reduce the emissions of pollutants from motor vehicles. These
pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, odors and
oxidants (indirectly). The development of the air-pollutant-free type of rapid
transit system in the St. Louis area would materially reduce the amounts of these
pollutants. Construction of a rapid transit system should, therefore, be supported
on the basis of its importance in reducing air pollution. Local air pollution con-
trol agencies should aid in the development of a rapid transit system by further
evaluation of the air pollution aspects and participating in any discussion and
decisions involved.
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Large amounts of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides are
emitted daily from the operation of motor vehicles in the area. As noted in pre-
ceding sections, motor vehicles emit an estimated 63 percent of hydrocarbons, 98
percent of carbon monoxide, and 35 percent of nitrogen oxides of the total amounts
of these pollutants emitted from all types of sources in the Study area. A large
proportion of these pollutants are emitted in the central business district or along
the main thoroughfares leading into the center of the city. The high traffic density
in the central business district and the low average speeds of vehicles result in
high emission rates. In addition to the high emission rate of pollutants, the con-
finement of these pollutants by the tall buildings and narrow streets results in
much higher sidewalk concentrations of pollutants than elsewhere.
Emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are expected to be reduced
as a result of Federal regulations limiting the emissions of these pollutants from
motor vehicles. Preliminary estimates based on CAMP data and projected traffic
increases show, however, that these reductions will probably not be sufficient to
maintain the desired ambient air levels of these pollutants in the downtown area.
Since reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides from automobiles have not
yet been required, the ambient air concentrations of this pollutant will undoubtedly
continue to increase. A rapid transit system can assist in reducing nitrogen
oxides in the downtown area by reducing the number of automobiles in the congested
area.
Before any quantitative estimates of the impact of the proposed rapid transit
system on the ambient air levels of pollutants can be made, it will be necessary to
determine the existing emissions on a smaller area basis than has previously been
done. For this purpose, information on traffic count, average speeds, and density
variations is needed. With this information, the expected reductions in pollutant
levels or the traffic density that will result in desirable air-quality may be deter-
minable. The air-quality data collected in the St. Louis CAMP station, which is
located in the central business district, can provide a good starting point for this
investigation.
Investigations concerning various effects of motor vehicles emissions such as
vegetation damage, eye irritation, and odors should also be carried out to estimate
the effects of the proposed rapid transit system. With this information it may
then be possible to design an air-use plan for the central business district and
provide a quantitative estimate of the effect that a rapid transit system may have
on the air-quality.
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SUGGESTED ORGANIZATION OF INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION
STUDY AREA AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Previous portions of this report have presented a general air resource man-
agement program outline, specific air-quality goals, and plans designed to reach
those goals. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the administrative organiza-
tion needed to assure functioning of the activities envisioned by the air resource
management program. In general, the organization is composed of existing govern-
mental agencies with new or expanded functions. Major emphasis is placed on
coordination of functions and assurance of decisions and action over the entire air
pollution basin.
In brief, a three-level (state, regional, local) coordinated organization is pro-
posed (Figure. 23). The first level stems from the general authority of the States
of Illinois and Missouri. The second, consisting of a regional organization formed
by interstate agreement, is currently being implemented by continuation of ac-
tivities of the Study Project Executive Committee, with this Committee attached to
the East-West Gateway Coordinating Committee. The third level pertains to the
local level involving St. Louis County, which is currently covered completely by
Figure 23. Air resource management program organization.
78
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a single agency - the St. Louis County Health Department; St. Louis City, currently
covered completely by the Division of Air Pollution Control of the City of St. Louis;
and St. Clair and Madison Counties in Illinois. These two counties contain 54
separate incorporated areas plus county jurisdictions all overlain by the jurisdic-
tion of the Illinois Air Pollution Control Board. In terms of organization to meet
the air pollution problem, this area is currently out of balance with the two major
areas in Missouri.
ILLINOIS PROGR4M IN ST. CLAIR AND MADISON COUNTIES
To implement air pollution control in St. Clair and Madison Counties, it is
proposed that the Illinois Air Pollution Control Board organize a regional office
in that area and assign to it an adequate and competent staff. It is further proposed
that the Board meet in that area to consider the problems of that area. The
Board should be guided by an advisory committee representing county and municipal
governments of that area.
The specific activities of the regional office should include:
1. General responsibility for air quality and regulatory action.
2. Control of major air pollutant sources, including negotiation of control plans
with major sources.
3. Technical supervision of personnel hired by local government.
4. Monitoring of air quality levels.
5. Emission inventory.
6. Establishment of air-quality goals and standards.
7. Establishment of rules and regulations, including emission regulations.
8. Participation in urban planning and zoning functions to assure adequate con-
sideration of air-quality in the planning process.
9. Program organization and administration.
The regional office of the Illinois Air Pollution Control Board, while carrying
out program responsibilities in the area, should be continually alert to the interest
of local groups working toward a local control effort - an effort that might eventually
result in a local assumption of responsibility for air pollution control in the entire
area pursuant to a certificate of exemption issued by the Illinois Board. As a step
toward qualifying for exemption, the local control effort might take the form of a
locally financed district operation, administered by the Board (similar in organiza-
tion to those in the State of Massachusetts). The eastern parts of both counties
should probably be excluded from such a district operation because of their physical
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seperation from the main air pollution basin. The line of separation is the bluff
line bordering the American Bottoms. It is suggested, however, that the Board
consider appropriate recommendations for State legislation to permit local govern-
ments to join legally for the control of air pollution.
Initially, activities of a local agency might include:
1. Solid waste collection and disposal problems including backyard burning on
private premises, but excluding those involving large incinerators or disposal of
wastes from entire communities.
2. Space-heating problems involving units with input of less than 1 million
Btu per hour.
3. Weed control.
4. Wind-borne dust control from construction and other sites within the
jurisdiction of the local agency.
5. Other problem areas or items that may be agreed to in writing between the
State Air Pollution Control Board and the local agency.
MISSOURI STATE AIR POLLUTION PROGRAM
The Missouri Air Conservation Commission would participate in any interstate
agreement preparation and in any governing board provided by such an agreement.
The State agency would review air-quality goals, rules, and regulations of the St.
Louis area and take action to approve or disapprove them in accordance with State
requirements. The State's approval authority would apply to intrastate standards
and rules and regulations, and would through them apply to the State of Missouri's
responsibility to the State of Illinois under the terms of the agreement. The
Missouri State agency would also have the responsibility for controlling air pollu-
tion sources outside the jurisdiction of the agreement area that might have a
deleterious influence on the air-quality in the Missouri portion of the air pollution
basin. These would include St. Charles and Jefferson Counties in which an
organizational arrangement between State and local agencies would be needed.
ILLINOIS LOCAL AGENCIES
As a general policy, there should be few air pollution control agencies at a
local level. Where local ordinances are enacted, they should follow the suggested
ordinance provisions in Appendix B and should be reviewed and approved by the
Illinois Air Pollution Control Board. In its considerations, the Board should seek
and be guided by any interstate agency created for the purpose of coordinating the
efforts of all control groups. Agreement among the control groups regarding
which agency is responsible for specific activities is necessary to assure that no
geographical areas are missed or functional items overlooked. The general policy
should be to have activities assigned to the agency that can best handle them
technically.
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The air resource management plan and the air-quality goals should serve as
the primary basis for decisions regarding activities to be conducted by local
agencies. The local agency must have authority to enforce action and the technical
capability for handling the activity. Types of air pollutant source categories will
usually be the basis for establishing the division of responsibility.
MISSOURI LOCAL AGENCIES
With the modifications and growth envisioned in its development plan the Division
of Air Pollution Control of the city of St. Louis is organizationally satisfactory, except that
the agency needs a means for coordination of its activities with those of other air
pollution control agencies in the area and with those of planning agencies within
their areas of jurisdiction.
St. Louis County is covered by a single air pollution control agency, which is
part of the St. Louis County Health Department. This agency's immediate develop-
ment plan is satisfactory. A report? of November 30, 1965, describes this plan. Like
those of the rest of the Study area, this agency's plan for the future needs to include
a means for coordination of its activities with other agencies.
INTERSTATE AGREEMENT
The Study participants recognize a need for an interstate agreement between the
States of Illinois and Missouri to provide for an interstate organization to control
air pollution originating in one state and affecting the other. This organization would
initiate its own enforcement action only after it had provided opportunity through
leadership and coordinating activities for the appropriate state and local agencies
to manage the air resources and resolve the pollution problems. The interstate
organization should consist of representatives of state and local control agencies and
other appropriate groups from each state, and should have authority to adopt standards
and regulations. It is suggested that the interstate control organization provided for
in the agreement between the states be supported by equal appropriations from the
two states.
As of May 1966 the States of Missouri and Illinois had not fully considered the
nature of any compact or agreement between the two states. The concensus is,
however, that an agreement or compact is needed, that it should provide for a
continuing day-to-day operation in the St. Louis area, and that it should, from the
state levels, contain elements that assure adequate action at any point needed
along the boundary of the two states.
INTERSTATE COORDINATING ORGANIZATION
It is recommended that the activities of all control agencies throughout the
area be coordinated through a central organization comprised of representatives
of each agency. Such an interstate coordinating organization should have as its
primary objective the provision of an orderly and scientifically correct approach
toward the control of air pollution through an air resource management program
and, as its secondary objective, the development of other aspects of metropolitan
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area governments. Such an organization might well be the successor agency to the
Exective Committee of the Interstate Air Pollution Study.
The duties of an interstate coordinating organization she aid include considera-
tion of emission standards or other regulations, which could ne uniformly applied
to meet air-quality goals. The recommendations of the org? ization would be
made available to the control agencies. The organization mi^ht provide meteorolo-
gical service for the area, including prediction of air pollution levels. It might
provide a data-handling service for the several control agencies. The organization
must have its own technical staff and provisions for adequate continuing financing.
GUIDELINES FOR FUTURE AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND FINANCING
Previous sections of this report have considered the basic elements of air
resource management programs and have developed suggested goals and air-use
plans to reach those goals. An organizational plan has been suggested to provide
for the development and implementation of the air resource management program.
The objective of the following section is to provide orientation f^" he developing
air resource management program by discussing each of t rogram elements
and its major requirements separately. This discussion, supplemented by other
volumes of this report, will be useful in implementing as well as developing ordin-
ances, control practices, and plans for reduction of air j ollutants.
CONTINUING AIR-QUALITY AND EFFECTS-MONITORING PROGRAM
Volumes III and IV of this report provide adequate air-quality data for imple-
menting the air resource management program. A report of operations and pro-
posed air-quality monitoring program plans may be found in a report of the Inter-
state Air Pollution Study Air-Quality Monitoring Subcommittee. Additional air-
quality data are being provided by the Continuous Air-Monitoring Program of the
Public Health Service and activities of the several agencies.
The'immediate program need is to institute the data-handling system for
assembling, interpreting, and using these new data. The air-quality monitoring
program should be directed toward two major objectives. The first is the determin-
ation of long-term trends of the following:
1. Particulates. Special emphasis should be placed on determining particle
size distribution and composition.
2. Sulfur oxides. Investigation should not be limited to sulfur dioxidejbut
should also include sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, and sulfate. Attention should be
given to determining the chemical changes undergone by sulfur compounds in the
air. The latter should be handled as a research activity by a research institution.
3. Oxidants. Special attention should be given to hydrocarbons, ozone, nitrogen
oxides, and other components that relate to oxidant formation. The nitrogen oxides
and end products of oxidant buildup, including such items as eye-irritating and
vegetation-damaging compounds, should be given adequate research attention.
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4. Aeroallergens. Collection and identification of pollens and other
aeroallergens should proceed at a level in keeping with the practical application
of the data. Basic research should be encouraged.
5. Odors. An odor survey should be made every 9 months. Personnel at all
fire stations as well as other cooperators and the methodology developed in the
Phase II Odor Survey should be employed.
6. Effects. The initial approach toward monitoring long-term effects is the
complaint-recording and follow-up system placed in operation by the agencies in
the air pollution basin in 1966. Detailed effects studies based on needs discovered
by the system should adequately define long-term trends and at the same time assist
with the solution of localized problems on a priority basis.
The second major objective of the air-quality monitoring program should be
the defining of local or special problems, primarily for the purpose of improving
air-quality in selected areas of the air pollution basin. The following are examples
of the pollutants involved.
1. Fluorides.
2. Acid mist.
3. Cement dust.
4. Diesel exhaust.
5. Odors of a chemical nature.
6. Grain dusts.
The monitoring equipment used for this type of program should be mobile.
Equipment for measuring long-term trends should be located in the same place
during each sampling period.
In general the problem areas would be found by the long-term-trend program
and treated on a priority basis by the activities directed toward defining local and
special problems. As much as possible, source owners and operators should par-
ticipate in these activities to assure understanding and corrective action. It is
anticipated that many problem solutions will depend on research by universities
and others. These research activities should be encouraged, but should not be
used as a means of unduly delaying corrective action.
In all cases the data should be handled by computer methods, and yearly re-
ports made. Until data handling can be taken over by a central group, it should be
handled by cooperative arrangement between the several agencies involved.
CURRENT AND CONTINUING EMISSION INVENTORY
Volume II of this report provides an adequate backlog of information for initiat-
ing an air resource management program in the air pollution basin; however, the
program for maintaining a current emission inventory has not been developed.
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The emission inventory should be linked with registration and permit systems
as well as with urban planning agency activities. The first two are regulatory in
nature. The third is not, although it has a regulatory expression in zoning. With
the development of both regulatory and planning agencies under way, it is not pos-
sible to indicate what the ideal relationship between the two should be. That there
should be coordination is clear, and that potential advantages in addition to economics
of a joint effort exist is apparent. As a start, the regulatory agency could be
responsible for large sources and the planning agencies for the small numerous
sources. The regulatory agencies would also be responsible for preparing guide-
lines and evaluating the emission inventory data.
As a result of the involvement of planning agency personnel in the Study, land-
use information from Madison and St. Clair Counties is being collected on the same
map grid coordinate system used by the Interstate Air Pollution Study. Attention
should be given to encouraging all planning agencies in the air pollution basin to
utilize this same grid coordinate system; the Illinois grid coordinate system. In
those areas where its use is not feasible, agencies should collect data on grid sys-
tems that can be readily converted to the Illinois system. A basic system for
collecting land-use data in a manner allowing ready compr^ion of emission in-
formation will facilitate development and use of the air pollution prediction model.
This will be true for both the daily predictions and for use of the model as a plan-
ning tool.
Planning agencies should use land-use classifications that are suitable for
application of air pollutant emission factors. In other words, the land-use classi-
fications should have air-use characteristics. For example, dwelling density
should be treated on a dwelling volume basis to facilitate calculation of emissions
resulting from space-heating. The area of land involved should also be recorded
since this will be important in developing performance zoning standards. Land
used for industrial purposes should likewise have structure volumes indicated to
facilitate space-heating pollutant emission calculations. Floor space, by use type
as well as land area, should be recorded to facilitate development of performance
standards for zoning and development of pollutant emission factors based on floor
space for certain types of industry. Traffic volumes in terms of vehicle miles
should also be calculable on the basis of grid squares to facilitate emission
calculations as well as to serve traffic study needs. Garbage and rubbish emission
inventories based on quantities generated by the several types of land-use should
be prepared using the planning activities. In addition to its use for emission in-
ventory purposes, this information would be invaluable for the planning, develop-
ment, and sound operation of garbage and rubbish storage, collection, and disposal
systems.
Furthermore, planning agencies should La encouraged to develop data cards,
which would allow for correlating information recorded on the basis of parcel
numbers, addresses, and grid coordinates.
Although the planning agency through its normal work could be expected to ob-
tain a large amount of necessary emission inventory data for numerous small
sources, the regulatory agency would need to develop a system for maintaining an
emission inventory by categories of large and relatively specialized sources. This
information should be submitted by the source owners or operators themselves and
be verified by the agencies by field evaluation. This arrangement would encourage
consideration of wastes in the source operation itself. The information collected
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in this way by the regulatory agency would pertain to recognized major sources
such as power plants, incinerators, dumps, other major open burning, and process
emissions - starting with those that are recognized major problems in the air
pollution basin and advancing as resources and program needs of the regulatory
agency change.
AIR-QUALITY GOALS, STANDARDS, AND CRITERIA
Criteria will presumably be developed by other agencies or will be available
as a result of research work by others. The air-quality goals will in general apply
to the long-range goals of the air resource management program, and standards
will be legally defined and will appear in ordinances and rules and regulations.
Responsibility as well as capability for setting and updating air-quality goals
and standards must be assured. Goals and standards are related to effects; there-
fore, the professional talent needed to set them should include people concerned
with: (1) human health, (2) animal health, (3) agriculture, (4) deterioration of
materials, (5) natural resources, (6) economics, and other areas of interest. Since
decisions on air pollution matters are of a similar nature to those made on other
community affairs, air pollution control boards should have experts available as
advisors when decisions are to be mar1"1, ^he decisions and the responsibility
should rest with the boards and shoulu be made in the name of the governmental
entity that the boards represent. Coordination should be provided through inter-
state agreement and the organization provided for by that agreement.
Volume VI of this report provides suggested air-quality goals and information
supporting those goals. It will assist those groups and individuals who have the
responsibility for setting legal standar,
USE OF CONDITIONS INFLUENCING TRANSPORT OF ^IR POLLUTANTS
Volume V of this report provides an adequate basis on which to start an air
reo ' ,>rce management program. Additional information, all of which is specific
for the St. Louis area, is being developed as the result of research work on the
diffusion of luorescent particles and mathematical models based on sulfur dioxide
bLidier m?de during two winter seasons (1963 - 1965). In addition, starting in 1965,
the df exopment of an air pollution potential prediction sy >r is under wi A.11
if 1hc ,e activities .ncourage ->* ?ive considerable Lnpet'L to a program for the
v ec,;> :i3n of air-quality to bt -_ iO ai a tool *ui air pollution control a-4'"Hi--^.
T.: prpdiciion system should be plac d in operation as soon as :)ossibl^ ; • p^ vide
news media with daily predictions ano supporting news releases. Predictions will
bring about voluntary suppression of pollutant emissions by source operators,
either through process modification or delay of activities until more suitable times
of Ju day, or until more suitable meteorological conditions occur. In the future,
in case the air resource management program does not move swiftly enough, an
air pollution warning system will need to be developed to restrict activities under
certain adverse meteorological conditions. Additional use of the daily prediction
system would be made by the regulatory agencies to alert inspectors and others
for control action, studies, and solution of specific problems.
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The long-range use of the air-quality prediction system would be as a planning
tool. Its development stems from research activities completed during the Study
on fluorescent particle diffusion and sulfur dioxide diffusion predictions. Use of
the system should be through a joint activity of the urban planning and air pollution
control agencies. It should start with an air pollutant emission inventory. Once the
system is tested and computerized, data could be easily and quickly interpreted on
the basis of actual or proposed land-use. In this way the impact on a given area of a
proposed development of a new industrial or residential area could be determined.
On this basis, logical planning decisions could be made.
As another starting measure, the regulatory agencies should calculate and re-
port to the planning agencies on the probable impact of certain large pollutant
sources on air-quality in the area. The Portage de Sioux Power Plant Analysis,
which is on file with the area's regulatory agencies, is an example of the type of
calculations that should be made.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DECISIONS BASED UPON AIR-QUALITY INFORMA-
TION AND GOALS
Appendix B suggests ordinance provisions that will reduce emissions sufficiently
to meet the air-quality goals. Justifications for these ordinance provisions have
been developed throughout the several volumes of this report.
The preparation of emission reduction plans by many source owners is antici-
pated. After approval by the air pollution control agency, these reduction plans will
undoubtedly form part of the program implementation. On major community matters
such as transportation and garbage and rubbish collection and disposal, air
pollution control plans will be incorporated in general plans by other branches of
government, probably from guidelines prepared by the air pollution control agency.
PROGRAM FINANCING
The air resource management program should develop as a coordinated and
balanced activity working toward both long-term and short-term goals. The total
cost of financing such an effort cannot be predicted with certainty; however, based
on the program described, the availability of resources, and the legislation required,
an expenditure level goal of 50 cents per capita per year is suggested for 1970.
REFERENCES
1. Private communication. Perry, H., Director of Coal Research, U.S. Depart-
ment of Interior, Bureau of Mines. Washington, D. C. April 27, 1966.
2. Private communication. Simon, J.A., geologist and Head, Coal Section,
Illinois State Geologic Survey. Urbana, Illinois, February 24, 1966.
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3. Landsberg, H.H., L.L. Fischman and J.L. Fisher. Resources in America's
future. The Johns Hopkins Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 1963.
4. Rose, A.H. Jr. Summary report of vehicular emissions and their control.
Presented at the Annual Winter Meeting of the ASME. November 7-11, 1965.
Chicago, Illinois.
5. Ridker, R.G. Economic costs of air pollution, studies in measurement. In
preparation.
6. Gruber, C.W., G.A. Jutze, N.A. Huey. Odor determination techniques for
air pollution control. JAPCA. 10:329. August 1960.
7. The air pollution control program in St. Louis County, Missouri. St. Louis
County Health Department. Clayton, Missouri. November 30, 1965.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A -PARTICULATE LEVELS DUE TO VENICE POWER PLANT
The Venice Power Plant emits about 5,000 toms of particulates per year from
stacks 225 feet tall. To estimate the effects of these emissions on the area, cer-
tain values and conditions must be assumed:
1. Effective stack height (top of plume) averages 400 feet.
2. Effective average meteorological stability is class 4.
3. Average wind speed is 9.3 mph (4.15 m/sec).
The first assumption is an approximation, based on experience. The second
is based on a limited tabulation of stability frequencies, which indicates that class
4 stability occurs 54 percent of the time. The third is the average wind speed at
Lambert Airport over a 10-year period.
Figure A-l indicates the maximum ground-level concentration to be expected
from any elevated source and stability combination, and the distance at which the
maximum will occur. To facilitate its use it has been prepared for a unit source
strength and unit wind speed. In this case, the distance is slightly over 2 miles
and the indicated maximum concentration is about 5.6 x 10-6 with a dimension of
per square meter resulting from the formulation of the diagram. To convert to
actual values, this number must be multiplied by the source strength, 144 grams
per second, and divided by the wind speed, 4.15 meters per second. The resulting
maximum concentration is then 5.6 x 10~6 x 144/4.15 = 194 x 10~" g/m3 or 194 (ig/m3.
One assumption made in preparing the diagram, which was intended primarily
for gaseous pollutants is that total reflection of the particles takes place at the
ground surface. Since particulates are more likely to remain on the ground once
they contact the surface, the concentration obtained above should be reduced,
possibly to as low as 97
This value, 97 |ag/m^, would be added to particulates from other sources, on
the average, when the wind is in the proper direction and the receptor about 2
miles from the source. Since the maximum concentration depends upon wind speed,
plume height, stability, and source strength, the value suggested here may be
greatly exceeded under certain conditions, with a resulting very dirty atmosphere.
For a year-round average, however, the frequencies of various wind directions
must be considered. The maximum frequency of winds from a single sector
(16-point divisions) is 10.8 percent of the time, from the south. When this factor
is applied to the average maximum as calculated above, the average annual in-
crease of particulates at any one point attributable to the Venice Power Plant is
not over 10.5 ug/m^, and probably about 4.5 \ig/m% since the wind sector is con-
siderably wider than the plume width.
88
GPO 805—084—4
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10'
10'
Figure A-l. Distance from source and relative value of maximum concentration
for various source heights and stability classes.
APPENDIX B - SUGGESTED ORDINANCE PROVISIONS
The Interstate Air Pollution Study Phase II Project Agreement activity item
number 6 provided for a subcommittee on ordinances, rules, and regulations and
charged it with the task of preparing suggested ordinance provisions. The following
provisions and policies designed to implement the air-use plans found in the body
of this report stem from that subcommittee's work, supplemented by the active
participation of all project executive committee members.
The ordinance provisions are recommended for use as guides by the several
political jurisdictions in the Interstate Air Pollution Study area. Some jurisdictions
have laws, ordinances, or regulations that accomplish some of the recommended
provisions. Administrative procedures vary among the several jurisdictions;
therefore, they are not included. For these reasons the provisions cannot be
adopted without consideration of how they relate to existing legislation.
There should be as few air pollution control agencies at a local level as is
consistent with efficient and effective functioning. This calls for an expansion of
air pollution functions on the basis of the levels of government best suited to per-
form the air pollution activities.
The intent of the recommended ordinance provisions and policies is to:
1. Provide the means whereby air pollutant sources that are committed to
a clean-air policy may by their own decisions determine the means of reaching the
needed pollutant emission limitations.
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2. Provide the means for convincing those sources not committed to a clean-
air policy that such a policy is in the public interest.
3. Provide the means whereby the public, through its public agencies, can
manage the air resources of the Interstate Air Pollution Study area.
4. Provide the means whereby the air-quality goals can be established as
public policy.
The purposes of the recommended ordinance provisions are to (1) protect the
public health, (2) provide for the protection and advancement of the public welfare,
protection and enjoyment of property, and protection of business, (3) optimize the
use of the air resource in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area air pollution basin, (4)
provide the implementing ordinances needed to establish the air resource manage-
ment program required to meet the air-quality goals listed in Table B-l, and
(5) establish the emission regulations indicated as required by the air-use plan
to meet the air-quality goals. The air-use plan design basis is in Table B-2.
The engineering air-use plan design is based on an urbanized area of approxi-
mately 400 square miles. The program designed to implement the engineering
plan extends the area covered to include St. Louis City, St. Louis County, and the
western parts of St. Clair and Madison Counties. This is the area proposed to
come under the ordinance provisions in this Appendix. The other parts of the
Study area come under control programs of the respective states. In Illinois, rules
and regulations of the Illinois Air Pollution Control Board are being promulgated
under a policy requiring a high degree of emission control. The Missouri Air
Pollution Commission is expected to take similar action. The Study area is,
therefore, completely provided for in the air resource management program plan.
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Table B-l. SUGGESTED AIR-QUALITY GOALS
FOR INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREAa
Sulfur oxides
Sulfation, measured by lead peroxide candle method
Maximum annual average 0.25 mg 803 per 100 cm^ per day
Maximum month 0.5 mg 803 per 100 cm^ per day
Sulfur dioxide, measured by West-Gaeke or conductometric methods
Maximum annual average 0.02 ppm
24-hr average 0.1 ppm not to be exceeded over 1 percent of the days in any
100-day period
1-hr period not to exceed 0.20 ppm more than once in any 4 consecutive days
5-min period not to exceed 0.50 ppm more than once in any 8-hr period
Suspended sulfate, measured by high-volume sampler
Maximum annual average not to exceed 4 jig per m^
Not to exceed 12 ug per m3 over 1 percent of time
Sulfuric acid
Maximum annual average not to exceed 4 jag per m^
Not to exceed 12 ug per m^ over 1 percent of time
Not to exceed 30 ug per m^ hourly average over 1 percent of time
Hydrogen sulfide, measured by AISI spot sampler using lead acetate impregnated
paper
0.05 ppm 1/2-hr average not to be exceeded over 2 times per yr
0.03 ppm 1/2-hr average not to be exceeded over 2 times in any 5-consecutive-
day period
Oxidant (total), measured by potassium iodide colorimetric method
0.15 ppm for 1 hr (not to be exceeded)
Carbon monoxide, measured by nondispersive infrared method of measurement
30 ppm for 8 hr
120 ppm for 1 hr
Dustfall, measured by settled particulate accumulated in dry jars for 1 mo
10 tons per mi^ per mo, 3-mo average above background in all areas except
those zoned heavy industrial
(Use 5 tons per mi2 per mo background)
25 tons per mi2 per mo, 3-mo average above background in zoned heavy
industrial areas
(Use 5 tons per mi2 per mo background)
Suspended particulate, measured by high-volume sampler
75 ug per m^ annual geometric mean
200 ug per m^, annual 99th percentile
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Table B-l. (Cont.)
Soiling index, measured by AISI spot sampler
0.4 Coh per 1,000 lineal ft, annual geometric mean
a Abbreviations defined
mg = milligram
cm - centimeters
ppm = parts per million
hr = hour
mo = month
ug = microgram
m = meter
mi = mile
ft = feet
Coh - function of optical density - see
reference 1
Note: All goals, unless otherwise stated, apply to any place where people live or
an undersirable effect could result from levels above the goal.
TABLE B-2. AIR-USE PLAN DESIGN PARAMETERS
Land-use
category
Industrial
Commerical
Residential
Open spacea
Air -pollution-
basin average
Particulates,
tons/mi^ /yr
600
175
130
100
175
Sulfur oxides,
tons/mi2/3 mo
550
250
100
235
300
aRoads, parks, playgrounds, cemeteries, vacant.
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Regulation I. DEFINITIONS
A. As used in the air pollution regulations of (jurisdiction), except as otherwise
specifically provided in such regulations and except where the context indicates
otherwise, the following words shall have the meaning ascribed to them in this
regulation:
1. Air contaminant: Any smoke, soot, fly ash, dust, cinders, dirt, fumes, gases,
vapors, liquids, particulate matter, or odorous matter.
2. Air pollution: (The definition of air pollution should be consistent with the
respective state law.)
Illinois: "Air Pollution" is presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air
contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and duration as to
be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property, or which unreasonably
interfere with the enjoyment of life and property.
Missouri: "Air Pollution", the presence in the ambient air of one or more air
contaminants in quantities of characteristics and of a duration which directly and
proximately cause or contribute to injury to human, plant, or animal life or health
or to property or which unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or use of
property.
3. Approved source: A source of fuel that has had its fuel tested according to
procedures specified by the (head of the air pollution control agency) and whose
name appears on the approved source list.
4. Existing: Things, such as equipment, machines, devices, articles, contrivances,
or installations which are in being at a stated time except that any such existing
equipment, machine, device, article, contrivance, or installation which is altered,
repaired or rebuilt at a cost of 30 percent or more of its replacement cost shall
be reclassified as "new", as defined in this regulation.
5. New: Things, such as equipment, machines, devices, articles, contrivances or
installations built or installed on or after a stated time.
6. Multiple chamber incinerator: Any article, machine, equipment, contrivance,
structure or part of a structure, used to dispose of combustible refuse by burning,
consisting of three or more refractory lined combustion furnaces in series, physically
separated by refractory walls, interconnected by gas passage ports or ducts and
employing adequate design parameters necessary for maximum combustion of the
material to be burned. The refractories shall have a Pyrometric Cone Equivalent
of 31, tested according to the method described in the American Society for Testing
Materials, Method C-24-56.
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7. Open burning: The burning of any matter in such manner that the products of
combustion resulting from the burning are emitted directly into the open atmosphere
without passing through a stack, duct, or chimney.
8. Particulate matter: Any material, except uncombined water, which exists in a
finely divided form as a liquid or solid at "standard conditions."
9. Person: Any individual, firm, public or private corporation, association, business
trust, company, partnership, contractor, supplier, installer, user, operator or own-
er, or any political subdivision or employee thereof.
10. Process weight: The total weight of all materials introduced into a"source
operation," including solid fuels, but excluding liquids and gases used solely as
fuels, and excluding air introduced for purposes of combustion.
11. Refuse: Any combustible waste material containing carbon in a free or combined
state, other than liquids or gases.
12. Salvage operation: Any business, trade, industry or other activity conducted
in whole or in part for the purpose of salvaging or reclaiming any product or
material such as metals or chemicals.
13. Smoke: Small gas-borne particles resulting from combustion, consisting of
carbon, ash, and other material.
14. Source operation: The last operation preceding the emission of an air con-
taminant which operation (a) results in the separation of the air contaminant from
the process materials or in the conversion of the process materials into air con-
taminants, as in the case of combustion fuel; and (b) is not an air pollution abate-
ment operation.
15. Standard conditions: A gas temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit and a gas
pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.
16. Trade waste: Solid, liquid or gaseous material resulting from construction; the
prosecution of any business, trade or industry; or any demolition operation includ-
ing, but not limited to, plastics, cartons, grease, oil, chemicals and cinders.
Regulation II. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE EMISSION OF PARTICULATE MATTER
FROM FUEL-BURNING EQUIPMENT USED FOR INDIRECT
HEATING
A. General Provisions
1. This regulation applies to installations in which fuel is burned for the primary
purpose of producing steam; hot water; hot air or other liquids, gases or solids and,
in the course of doing so, the products of combustion do not come into direct contact
with process materials. Fuels include those such as coal, coke, lignite, coke breeze,
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fuel oil, and wood but do not include refuse. When any products or by-products of
a manufacturing process are burned for the same purpose or in conjunction with
any fuel, the same maximum emission limitations shall apply.
2. For purposes of this regulation, the heat input shall be the aggregate heat con-
tent of all fuels whose products of combustion pass through a stack or chimney.
The heat input value used shall be the equipment manufacturer's or designer's
guaranteed maximum input, whichever is greater. If two or more fuel-burning
units are connected to a single stack or chimney, the total heat input of all fuel
burning units connected to the stack or chimney shall be the heat input value used
for the purpose of computing the maximum allowable amount of particulate matter
which may be emitted. If a single fuel-burning unit is connected to two or more
stacks or chimneys, the heat input of the fuel-burning unit shall be used for the
purpose of computing the maximum allowable amount of particulate matter which
may be emitted.
B. Provisions Applicable to Existing Fuel-Burning Equipment
1. No person shall cause or permit the emission of particulate matter, caused by
combustion of fuel in existing fuel-burning equipment, from any stack or chimney
in excess of the quantity set forth in the following table, except as provided in
Section C of this regulation:
Maximum allowable emission of particulate
Heat input millions of matter in pounds per hour per million
British thermal units per hour British thermal units of heat input
10 or less 0.60
50 0.46
100 0.41
500 0.32
1,000 0.29
2,500 0.25
5,000 0.225
7,500 0.210
10,000 or more 0.20
2. For heat inputs between any two consecutive heat inputs in the tables in this
regulation, the maximum allowable particulate matter emission shall be determined
by graphical interpolation on logarithmic graph paper.
3. The amount of particulate matter emitted shall be measured according to the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers "Power Test Codes - PTC-27," dated
1957, and entitled, "Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream." This publi-
cation is hereby made a part of this regulation by reference or other method as
approved by the (Title of head of the air pollution agency).
4. The heat content of coal shall be determined according to American Society for
Testing Materials D-271-64, Standard Methods of Laboratory Sampling and Analysis
of Coal and Coke, D-2015-62T, Tentative Method of Test for Gross Calorific Value
of Solid Fuel by the Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter, or equivalent methods in future
revisions of these standards.
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C. Provisions Applicable Only to Spreader-Stoker-Fired Coal-Burning Equipment
1. The provisions of section B of this regulation shall not apply to spreader-stoker-
fired coal-burning plants except as provided in this section. No person shall cause
or permit the emission of particulate matter caused by combustion of coal in exist-
ing or new spreader-stoker-fired installations from any stack or chimney in excess
of the quantity set forth in the following table:
Maximum allowable emission of particulate
Heat input in millions of matter in pounds per hour per million
British thermal units per hour British thermal units of heat input
10 or less 1.0
50 0.76
100 0.67
200 0.59
300 0.55
400 0.53
500 0.50
larger than 500 Same as other equipment as
set forth in section B of this
regulation
Regulation III. USE OF FUEL IN HAND-FIRED EQUIPMENT PROHIBITED
A. General
1. This regulation shall apply to any fuel-burning equipment in which fuel is
manually introduced directly into the combustion chamber, including, but not
limited to, heating and cooking stoves and hot water heaters. It shall not apply to
wood-burning fireplaces, wood-burning heating stoves in dwellings, fires used for
recreational purposes, nor to fires used solely for the preparation of food by bar-
becuing.
B. Prohibition
1. On and after the dates specified in the following schedule, it shall be unlawful to
operate any hand-fired fuel-burning equipment.
Approximate geographical boundary Date on and after which said hand-fired
enclosed by a circular area, centered fuel-burning equipment shall not be
at the centerline of Eads Bridge used
3-mile radius 3 years After
7-mile radius 3 years passage of
All other parts of the city of St. Louis 4 years the ordinance
and St. Louis County and areas of St. Clair
and Madison Counties west of a line 1-mile
north and east of State Route 159 and follow-
ing the eastern boundaries of townships
covering the bluff line to the south boundary
of St. Clair County.
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2. The (Title of head of the air pollution control agency) shall select and publish
specific boundaries of areas provided for in subsection B (1), in general consonance
therewith.
3. The (Head of the air pollution control agency) may order that any hand-fired
fuel-burning equipment not be used at any time earlier than the schedule in section
B (1) whenever such equipment has been found in violation of any air contaminant
emission regulation on three or more occasions in any 6 months.
4. The (Head of the air pollution control agency) may order that hand-fired fuel-
burning equipment be sealed (or removed from any building) when it is found that
such equipment is being used subsequent to the dates given in the schedule in sub-
section B (1).
5. The prohibitions of the use of hand-fired fuel-burning equipment provided for in
this regulation shall not apply to any installation when it can be shown beyond
reasonable doubt that the building in which such installation is located will be
demolished prior to 6 years after this regulation is put into effect.
Regulation IV. RESTRICTION OF EMISSION OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
A. General Provisions
1. This regulation applies to any operation, process, or activity from which parti-
culate is emitted except (a) the burning of fuel for indirect heating in which the
products of combustion do not come into direct contact with process materials, (b)
the burning of refuse, and (c) the processing of salvable material by burning.
2. For purposes of this regulation, particulate matter is any material, except
uncombined water, that exists in a finely divided form as a liquid or solid at 60
degrees Fahrenheit and a gas pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.
3. Process weight per hour is the total weight of all materials introduced into any
specific process that may cause any discharge of particulate matter. Solid fuels
charged will be considered as part of the process weight, but liquid and gaseous
fuels and combustion air will not. For a cyclical or batch operation, the process
weight per hour will be derived by dividing the total process weight by the number
of hours in one complete operation from the beginning of any given process to the
completion thereof, excluding any time during which the equipment is idle. For a
continuous operation, the process weight per hour will be derived by dividing the
process weight for a typical period of time.
4. Emission tests relating to this regulation shall be made following the standards
in The American Society of Mechanical Engineers "Power Test Codes 11 - PTC-27,"
dated 1957, and entitled, "Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream."
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B. Emission Limitations
1. Except as provided for in section B (2), no person shall cause, suffer, allow, or
permit the emission of particulate matter in any 1 hour from any source in excess
of the amount shown in Table B-3 for the process weight allocated to such source.
2. The limitations established by section B (1) shall not require the reduction of
particulate matter concentration, based on the source gas volume, below the con-
centration specified in Table B-4 for such volume; provided that, for the purposes
of this section, the person responsible for the emission may elect to substitute a
volume determined according to the provisions of section B (3); and provided that
the burden of showing the source gas volume or other volume substituted therefor,
including all the factors that determine such volume and the methods of determining
and computing such volume, shall be on the person seeking to comply with the pro-
visions of this section B (2).
Table B-3. ALLOWABLE RATE OF EMISSION BASED ON PROCESS
WEIGHT RATE
Process weight
rate,
Ib/hr
100
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
12,000
tons/hr
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
Rate of
emission,
Ib/hr
0.551
0.877
1.40
1.83
2.22
2.58
3.38
4.10
4.76
5.38
5.96
6.52
7.58
8.56
9.49
10.4
11.2
12.0
13.6
Process weight
rate,
Ib/hr
16,000
18,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
200,000
1,000,000
2,000,000
6,000,000
tons/hr
8.00
9.00
10.
15.
20.
25.
30.
35.
40.
45.
50.
60.
70.
80.
100.
500.
1,000.
3,000.
Rate of
emission,
Ib/hr
16.5
17.9
19.2
25.2
30.5
35.4
40.0
41.3
42.5
43.6
44.6
46.3
47.8
49.0
51.2
69.0
77.6
92.7
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Table B-4. MINIMUM CONCENTRATIONS TO BE REQUIRED
Source gas
volume, scfm
7,000
or less
8,000
9,000
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Concentration,
grains/scf
0.100
0.096
0.092
0.089
0.071
0.062
0.057
0.053
0.050
0.045
0.042
0.040
Source gas
volume, scfm
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
or more
Concentration,
grains/scf
0.038
0.036
0.035
0.034
0.030
0.027
0.025
0.024
0.021
0.020
3. Any volume of gases passing through and leaving an air pollution abatement
operation may be substituted for the source gas volume of the source operation
served by such air pollution abatement operation, for the purposes of section B
(2), provided such air pollution abatement operation emits no more than 40 percent
of the weight of particulate matter entering thereto; and provided that such substi-
tuted volume shall be corrected to standard conditions and to a moisture content
no greater than that of any gas stream entering such air pollution abatement
operation.
Regulation V. REFUSE NOT TO BE BURNED IN FUEL-BURNING PLANTS
No person shall burn or cause or permit the burning of refuse in any installation
designed for the primary ournosp nf hnmine- fupl.
Regulation VI. OPEN-BURNING RESTRICTIONS
A. Refuse Burning Restrictions
1. No person shall dispose of refuse by open burning, or cause, suffer, allow, or
permit open burning of refuse.
2. In areas where no public or commercial refuse collection service is available by
the effective date of this regulation, the open burning of refuse on residential
premises or of refuse originating in dwelling units on the same premises shall not
be in violation of this regulation until such refuse collection service becomes
available or until 3 years from the effective date of this regulation, whichever is
sooner.
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3. Regardless of provisions of subsections A (1) and A (2) of this regulation, open
burning of refuse on residential premises of refuse originating in dwelling units on
the same premises shall not be a violation of this regulation in areas of low popu-
lation density. The (Head of the air pollution control agency), after consultation
with public agencies concerned with refuse collection and disposal, shall select and
publish the specific boundaries of areas in which such open burning of refuse will
not be in voilation of this regulation. In selecting such areas, he shall use a density
of 100 dwelling units or less per square mile as an approximate definition of areas
of low population density and he shall give due consideration to the desirability of
having restrictive air pollution control regulations within the conterminous area
comprising the St. Louis metropolitan area air pollution basin. The (Head of the
air pollution control agency) shall select and publish revised boundaries, as de-
scribed above, from time to time as population density changes.
4. Any open burning of refuse permitted by subsection A (2) or A (3) of this regula-
tion shall be permitted only between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.
B. Prohibition of Salvage Operations by Open Burning
No person shall conduct or cause or permit the conduct of a salvage operation by
open burning.
C. Restrictions on Open-Burning of Trade Wastes
1. No person shall cause or permit the disposal of trade wastes by open-burning,
except as provided in subsection C (2) of this regulation.
2. The open-burning of trade wastes may be permitted when it can be shown by a
person that such open-burning is absolutely necessary and in the public interest.
Any person intending to engage in open-burning of trade wastes shall file a request
to do so with the (Head of the air pollution control agency). The application shall
state the following:
a. The name, address, and telephone number of the person submitted the
application.
b. The type of business or activity involved.
c. A description of the proposed equipment and operating practices; the type,
quantity, and composition of trade wastes to be burned; and the expected
composition and amount of air contaminants to be released to the atmosphere.
d. The schedule of burning operations.
e. The exact location where open-burning will be used to dispose of trade
waste.
f. Reasons why no method other than open-burning can be used for disposal of
trade waste.
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g. Evidence that the proposed open-burning has been approved by any fire
department which may have jurisdiction. Upon approval of the application
by the (Head of the air pollution control agency), the person may proceed with
the operation without being in voilation of subsection C (1).
D. Restrictions on Open-Burning of Agricultural Wastes
1. The burning of plant life is prohibited. Provided that the open-burning of plant
life grown on the premises in the course of any agricultural operation may be per-
mitted when it can be shown that such open-burning is necessary and that no fire
hazard will occur. Any person intending to dispose of plant life by open-burning
shall file a request to do so with the (Head of the air pollution control agency) on
forms provided by him. Such form may require the provision of such information
as the (Head of the air pollution control agency) may reasonably need to determine
the air pollution aspects of the situation and whether the request should be granted.
The applicant shall furnish the (Head of the air pollution control agency) evidence
that the proposed open-burning has been approved by any fire department which may
have jurisdiction. Upon approval of the application by the (Head of the air pollution
control agency) the person may proceed with the operation without being in violation
of this subsection D (1).
2. Any open-burning permitted under provisions of subsection D (1) of this regula-
tion shall be permitted only between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. and
only at times when the actual or forecast surface wind speed, as given by the local
U.S. Weather Bureau, is 5 miles per hour or greater.
E. Restriction on Open-Burning of Tree Leaves
1. The open-burning of tree leaves in such manner as to cause nuisance, detriment,
or annoyance to any person or the public is prohibited.
2. The open-burning of leaves is prohibited except between the hours of 10:00 a.m.
and 4:00 p.m.
3. All open-burning of leaves shall be prohibited (5 years after this ordinance
provision is put into effect) except in areas of low population density. Such areas
of low population density shall be specified by the (Head of the air pollution agency)
in the same manner as described in subsection A (3) of this regulation.
NOTES CONCERNING SECTION A AND E OF ORDINANCE PROVISION VI
1. The City of St. Louis will not need subsections A (2), A (3), and A (4).
2. In St. Louis County, all of sections A and E should be adopted; however, pro-
vision should be made to ensure that political subdivisions smaller than the
county are still permitted to adopt and enforce ordinances and regulations restrict-
ing open-burning of leaves and refuse, which are consistent with the county regula-
tion. These smaller political subdivisions should be encouraged to do so. However,
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the county should adopt the regulations to provide for action in unincorporated areas
and in areas where smaller political subdivisions fail to act.
3. In Illinois, the same principles apply to State regulations applicable in Madison
and St. Clair Counties, as stated above for St. Louis County. In some respects, this
is at variance with an existing State regulation. The matter will have to be con-
sidered by the Illinois Air Pollution Control Board.
Regulation VII. INCINERATORS
A. General Provisions
1. This regulation shall apply to any incinerator used to dispose of refuse or other
wastes by burning and the processing of salvable material by burning. Notwith-
standing definitions in other regulations, as used in this regulation the word refuse
includes garbage, rubbish, trade wastes, leaves, salvable material, agricultural
wastes, and other wastes. The word incinerator, as used in this regulation, in-
cludes incinerators and other devices, structures, or contrivances used to burn
refuse (as defined herein) or to process refuse by burning.
2. The burning capacity of an incinerator shall be the manufacturer's or designer's
guaranteed maximum rate or such other rate as may be determined by the (Head
of the air pollution control agency) in accordance with good engineering practices.
In case of conflict, the determination made by the Director of the air pollution
control agency shall govern.
3. The amount of particulate matter emitted from any incinerator shall be deter-
mined according to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers "Power Test
Codes -PCT 27," dated 1957 and entitled "Determining Dust Concentration in a
Gas Stream." This publication is hereby made a part of this regulation by refer-
ence. In calculating the amount of particulate matter in stack gas, the loading
shall be adjusted to 12 percent carbon dioxide in the stack gas. The carbon dioxide
produced by burning of any liquid or gaseous fuel in the incinerator shall be excluded
from the calculation to 12 percent dioxide. Emissions shall be measured when the
incinerator is operating at its maximum capacity or at any other burning rate
during which emission of particulate matter is greater, when expressed as grains
per standard dry cubic foot of stack gas.
B. Provisions Applicable to Existing Incinerators
1. No person shall cause or permit the emission of particulate matter from the
stack or chimney of any existing incinerator in excess of the following:
a. Incinerators with a maximum refuse burning capacity of 200 or more pounds
per hour, 0.2 grain of particulate matter per standard dry cubic foot of ex-
haust gas.
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b. All other incinerators, 0.3 grain of particulate matter per standard dry cubic
foot of exhaust gas.
2. No existing incinerator shall be used for the burning of refuse unless such
incinerator is a multiple-chamber incinerator. Existing incinerators which are
not multiple chamber incinerators may be altered, modified, or rebuilt as may be
necessary to meet this requirement. The (Head of the air pollution control agency)
may approve any other alteration or modification to an existing incinerator if such
be found by him to be equally effective for the purpose of air pollution control as a
modification or alteration which would result in a multiple-chamber incinerator.
3. The provisions of subsections B (1) and B (2) of this regulation shall not apply
to any incinerator on residential premises used to burn refuse arising from domes-
tic activities on the same premises in areas of low population density. The (Head
of the air pollution control agency) shall select and publish the specific boundaries
of areas in which subsections B (1) and B (2) of this regulation do not apply. In sel-
ecting such areas, he shall use a density of 100 dwelling units or less per square
mile as an approximate definition of areas of low population density and he shall
also give due consideration to the desirability of having restrictive air pollution
control regulations within the coterminous area comprising the St. Louis
metropolitan area air pollution basin. The (Head of the air pollution control agency)
shall select and publish revised boundaries, in the manner described in the fore-
going, from time to time as population density changes.
C. Provisions Applicable to New Incinerators
1. All new incinerators shall be multiple chamber incinerators, provided that the
(Head of the air pollution control agency) may approve any other kind of incinerator
if he finds in advance of construction or installation that such other kind of incin-
erator is equally effective for purposes of air pollution control as an approved
multiple-chamber incinerator.
2. No person shall cause or permit the emission of particulate matter from the
stack or chimney of any new incinerator in excess of the limitations prescribed
in subsection B (1) of this regulation.
D. Permitted Hours of Operation
No person shall operate or cause or permit the operation of any incinerator at anj
time other than between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. This restriction
shall not apply to incinerators having a refuse burning capacity of five tons per
hour or more.
Note: A time schedule for compliance will need be incorporated in section B (2).
It is suggested that large incinerators be controlled first and smaller ones later,
perhaps on the following schedule:
2000 pounds per hour and larger 12 months
1000 - 1999 pounds per hour 18 months
500 - 999 pounds per hour 24 months
All 30 months
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Regulation VIII. RESTRICTION OF EMISSION OF VISIBLE AIR CONTAMINANTS
A. Restrictions Applicable to Existing Installations
1. No person shall discharge into the atmosphere from any single source of
emission whatsoever any air contaminant of a shade or density equal to or darker
than that designated as No. 2 on the Ringelmann Chart, or
2. Of such opacity as to obscure an observer's view to a degree equal to or greater
than does smoke described in subsection A (1) of this regulation, exclusive of
water vapor.
3. This section shall not apply to existing incinerators.
B. Restrictions Applicable to New Installations and All Incinerators
1. No person shall discharge into the atmosphere from any single source of emis-
sion whatsoever any air contaminant of a shade or density equal to or darker than
that designated as No. 1 on the Ringelmann Chart, or
2. Of such opacity as to obscure an observer's view to a degree equal to or greater
than does smoke described in subsection B (1) of this regulation.
C. Exceptions
1. A person may discharge into the atmosphere from any single source of emission
for a period or periods aggregating not more than six minutes in any sixty minutes
air contaminants of a shade or density not darker than No. 2 on the Ringelmann
Chart.
2. Of such opacity as to obscure an observer's view to a degree not greater than
does smoke described in subsection C (1) of this regulation.
3. Where the presence of uncombined water is the only reason for failure of an
emission to meet the requirements of section "A" or "B" of this regulation, such
sections shall not apply.
4. The provisions of section A of this regulation shall not apply to the following,
however the most modern and effective concepts and practices shall be applied
to the control of pollutants.
a. Transfer of molten metals
b. Emissions from transfer ladles
c. Coke ovens when pushing coke from oven
d. Water quenching of coke on discharge from ovens
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D. Method of Measurement
1. The Ringelmann Chart published and described in the U.S. Bureau of Mines In-
formation Circular 7718 or the U.S. Public Health Service Smoke Inspection Guide
as described in the Federal Register, Title 42, Chapter 1, Subchapter F, Part 75
shall be used in grading the shade or opacity of visible air contaminant emissions.
The (Head of the air pollution control agency) may specify other means of measure-
ment which give comparable results or results of greater accuracy. The two pub-
lications described in this subsection are hereby made a part of this regulation by
reference.
Regulation IX. PREVENTING PARTICULATE MATTER FROM BECOMING
AIR-BORNE.
A. No person shall cause or permit the handling or transporting or storage of any
material in a manner which allows or may allow unnecessary amounts of particulate
matter to become air-borne.
B. No person shall cause or permit a building or its appurtenances or a road, or a
driveway, or an open area to be constructed, used, repaired or demolished without
applying all such reasonable measures as may be required to prevent particulate
matter from becoming air-borne. The (Head of the air pollution control agency)
may require such reasonable measures as may be necessary to prevent particulate
matter from becoming air-borne including but not limited to paving or frequent
cleaning of roads, driveways and parking lots; application of dust-free surfaces;
application of water; and the planting and maintenance of vegetative ground cover.
Regulation X. RESTRICTION OF EMISSIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
FROM USE OF FUEL
A. General Provisions
1. This regulation shall apply to any installation in which fuel is burned and in which
the sulfur dioxide emission is largely due to the content of the fuel burned, and in
which the fuel is burned primarily to produce heat.
2. For purposes of this regulation, a fuel-burning installation is any single fuel-
burning furnace or boiler or other unit, device, or contrivance in which fuel is
burned or any grouping of two or more such furnaces or boilers or other units, de-
vices, or contrivances on the same premises or otherwise located in close proximity
to each other and under control of the same person. The capacity of such installa-
tions shall be the manufacturer's or designer's guaranteed maximum heat input rate.
3. The method for determining the percent of sulfur in coal shall be that described
in ASTM D-271-64, Standard Methods of Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coal
and Coke or equivalent method approved by the (Head of the air pollution control
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agency). The method for determining the heat content of coal shall be described in
ASTM D-271-64, Standard Methods of Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coal
and Coke or D-2015-62T, Tentative Method of Test for Gross Calorific Value of
Solid Fuel by the Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter. All coal analyses and heat contents
are to be made on a dry basis.
Moisture content of coal is to be determined in all cases and results reduced to
facilitate calculations of actual pollutants. The method for determining the sulfur
content of fuel oil shall be that described in ASTM D-129-64 Standard Method of Test
for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by the Bomb Method.
The method for determining the heat content of fuel oil shall be that described
m ASTM D-240-64 Standard Method of Test for Heat of Combustion of Liquids by
Bomb Calorimeter or other method giving comparable results.
The testing methods specified in this subsection A (3) are hereby made a part
of this regulation, by reference. A certified copy of each is on file in the office of
the (Head of the air pollution control agency).
4. The (Head of the air pollution control agency) is authorized to take samples of
any fuel by any appropriate means for the sampling of the quantity which he finds,
at any reasonable time or place, for purposes of determining compliance with this
regulation. Where applicable, the following methods will be used.
For coal: ASTM: D-492-48(1958), Standard Method of Sampling Coals Classified
According to Ash Content
ASTM: D-2013-65T, Tentative Method of Preparing Coal Samples for
Analysis
ASTM: D-2234-65T, Tentative Method for Mechanical Sampling of
Coal
For oil: ASTM: D-270-65, Standard Method of Sampling Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
B. Restrictions Applicable to Fuel-Burning Installations With a Capacity of 2,000
Million or More British Thermal Units Per Hour
1. After acceptable technology has been developed, no person shall cause or permit
the emission of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere from any fuel-burning installation
with a capacity of 2,000 million or more British thermal units per hour in an
amount greater than 2.3 pounds of sulfur dioxide per million British thermal units
of heat input to the installation.
2. After acceptable technology has been developed, no person shall burn or permit
the burning in any fuel-burning installation with a capacity of 2,000 million or more
British thermal units per hour of any coal containing more than 1.4 percent sulfur
(analyzed on a dry basis but calculated to include normal moisture) or of any oil
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containing more than 2.0 percent sulfur unless it is shown by a person desiring to
burn a fuel containing a higher percentage of sulfur that the installation in which
the fuel is to be burned is equipped in such manner that the requirements of sub-
section B (1.) will be met.
3. On and after the effective date of this regulation and until the requirements of
subsection B (1.) of this regulation are met, no fuel-burning installation with a
capacity of 2,000 million or more British thermal units per hour shall burn a fuel
or fuels having a higher average sulfur content than the fuel or fuels used in such
installation during the 12 months prior to the effective date of this regulation based
on a comparable British thermal unit content. For purposes of determining com-
pliance with this subsection B (3.) the average sulfur content of all fuel or fuels
used for the 12-month period prior to the effective date of this regulation shall be
determined by averaging the sulfur content of all fuel used during such period, on
the basis of pounds of sulfur per million British thermal units heating value of the
fuel or fuels. This computed average sulfur content shall not be exceeded during
any 12-month period after the effective date of this regulation, when determined on
the same averaging basis.
Persons responsible for installations subject to section B of this regulation
shall furnish the (Head of the air pollution control agency) such data as he may
reasonably require to determine whether an installation is being operated in com-
pliance with this subsection B (3.) of this regulation.
C. Restrictions Applicable to Fuel-Burning Installations With a Capacity of Less
than 2,000 Million British Thermal Units Per Hour
1. During the months of December and January (years to be inserted by
legislative body) no person shall burn or permit the burning of any coal containing
more than 1.4* percent sulfur or of any fuel oil containing more than 2.0 percent
sulfur, in any fuel-burning installation having a capacity of less than 2,000 million
British thermal units per hour.
2. During the months of November and December and January and February
(years to be inserted by legislative body to be 1 year after C (1)) no person shall
burn or permit the burning of any coal containing more than 1.4* percent sulfur or
of any fuel oil containing more than 2.0 percent sulfur in any fuel-burning installa-
tion having a capacity of less than 2,000 million British thermal units per hour.
3. During the months of October, November and December of and January,
February and March of (years to be inserted by legislative body, to be 1
year after C (2)) no person shall burn or permit the burning of any coal containing
more than 1.4* percent sulfur or of any fuel oil containing 2.0 percent sulfur in a
fuel-burning installation having a capacity of less than 2,000 million British thermal
units per hour.
*Analyzed on a dry basis, but calculated to include normal moisture.
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D. Unlawful Conduct
It shall be unlawful for any person to import, sell, offer for sale, expose for
sale, exchange, deliver or transport for use and consumption in the (jurisdiction)
or to use or consume in (jurisdiction) any fuel which does not meet the requirements
of this regulation.
NOTES PERTAINING TO REGULATION X
A steam-electric utility air-use plan committee should be officially appointed
to determine means of meeting provision B (1) of regulation X. Such a committee,
primarily technical in nature but with an elected public offical as a member ex-
officio, would prepare, in not over a 1-year period, a steam-electric utility air-
use plan which would indicate the alternate methods available to meet the air-use
limitations for this class of sources, and would present costs, methods, and time
schedules (not to exceed 5 years) for reaching the air-quality goals.
The values of 2.3 pounds sulfur dioxide per million Btu's, 1.4 percent sulfur
coal, and 2.0 percent sulfur oil are based on sulfur limitations needed to reach an
air-quality goal of 0.1 ppm, 24-hour average not to be exceeded over 1 percent of
the time during any 3-month period. As such they are themselves goals which
could be reached by other means than straight reduction of sulfur content of fuels.
For example, the source configuration could be changed to fit the diffusion capacity
of the air, or different fuels could be substituted in part to fit the diffusion
characteristics of the air. Since the air-use plan and percent reduction are based
on fuels currently in use in the urbanized area, with fuel oil having a sulfur content
of 1.6 percent, the percent should not be increased until the sulfur ascribed to other
fuel has decreased proportionately.
A 5- to 10-year period is suggested for meeting provision C fully with major
accomplishments by the end of 5 years, and yearly review and step-at-a-time action
by the governmental subdivisions involved. The phased approach to implementing
fuel changes is based on the air pollution characteristics of the area. If economic,
market, labor, or other considerations indicate, it would, of course, be desirable
to have uniform requirements for the entire year. In that way the regulatory pro-
gram would be materially simplified.
Regulation XL. INFORMATION ON SALES OF FUELS TO BE PROVIDED AND
MAINTAINED
A. Tickets to be Furnished and Retained
Every delivery of coal or residual fuel oil when first delivered to a consumer
or wholesaler in the jurisdiction must be accompanied by a ticket prepared in
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triplicate and containing at least the name and address of the seller and the buyer;
the grade of fuel; and the source of the fuel, which must be an approved source.
Tickets on delivery of coal shall also show the ash content of the coal. One copy
of each ticket shall be kept by the person delivering the fuel and be retained for 1
year; one copy is to be given to the recipient of the fuel to be retained for 1 year;
and, upon request, within 30 days after delivery of the fuel, the delivering party
shall mail one copy to the (air pollution control agency).
B. Lists May Be Published
The (Head of the Air Pollution Control Agency) is authorized to publish lists
of approved sources or descriptive lists of fuels available in the area which meet
the requirements of regulations.
NOTE PERTAINING TO REGULATION XI
Regulation XI is designed to supplement the type of fuel-control system now in
operation in the City of St. Louis. It is not complete in itself.
Regulation XII. CERTAIN COALS TO BE WASHED
A. Certain Coals to be Washed
It shall be unlawful for any person to import, sell, offer for sale, expose for
sale, exchange, deliver or transport for use and consumption in the (jurisdiction)
or to use or consume in the (jurisdiction) any coal containing in excess of 2 per-
cent sulfur or 12 percent ash on a dry basis as mined, before importation, sale,
transportation, or use in the (jurisdiction) shall have been cleaned by a process
known as washing so that it shall contain no more than 12 percent ash on a dry
basis. The term "washing" is meant to include purifying, cleaning, or removing
impurities from coal by mechanical process, regardless of cleaning medium used.
B. Testing Methods
The method for determining ash and sulfur content of coal shall be as described
in American Society for Testing Materials D-271-64, Standard Methods of Labora-
tory Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke, or equivalent method approved by the
(Head of the air pollution control agency) which publication is hereby made a part
of this regulation by reference.
C. Samples May Be Taken
The (Head of the air pollution control agency) is authorized to take samples of
any coal at any reasonable time or place for purposes of determining compliance
with this regulation.
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D. Exception
This regulation shall not apply if a person proposing to use unwashed coal can
show that the emission of sulfur dioxide from the plant in which the coal is to be
burned will emit no more than 2.3 pounds of sulfur dioxide per million Btu's of
heat input to the installation and that emission of particulate matter will be no
more than that allowed in regulation II section A (3).
Regulation XIII. EMISSION OF CERTAIN SETTLEABLE ACIDS AND ALKALINE
SUBSTANCES RESTRICTED
A. General Provisions
This regulation shall apply to all emissions from any source or any premises.
B. Method of Measurement
1. The fallout sampling devices used in determining compliance with this regulation
shall consist of circular glass dishes 15 centimeters in diameter. The dishes shall
be supported on a nearly horizontal surface not larger than the dish. The dish bot-
tom shall be at least 3 feet above the earth or other surface on which its support
is resting. The dish shall be coated with a solution of thymol blue, ammonia water
solution and gelatin dried to a yellow color in a vacuum oven at room temperature.
Prepared dishes shall be stored in a desiccator at 40 percent relative humidity, or
in plastic bags.
2. Fallout sampling devices shall be put in place at one or more locations up-
wind and down-wind of a premises at locations beyond the premises on which a
source or sources are located. The devices shall be left exposed to substances
settling out of the ambient air for a period of 1 hour. The presence of red-colored
spots visible to the naked eye on the samplers used to measure fallout of acidic
substances shall be construed to mean that acidic substances have settled out of the
air. The presence of blue-colored spots visible to the naked eye on the samplers
used to measure fallout of alkaline substances shall be construed to mean that
alkaline substances have settled out of the air. The number of spots visible on
samplers exposed up-wind of a premises is to be subtracted from the number of
spots visible on samplers exposed down-wind of the same premises. The difference
in the number of spots, if any, shall be construed to be attributable to emissions
occurring on the premises under investigation.
3. In lieu of the test methods specified in B (1) and B (2) any other method approved
by the (Head of the air pollution control agency) may be used.
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C. Emissions Restricted
1. No person shall cause or permit the emission from any source or premises of
substances having acidic or alkaline properties in such manner and amounts that
the fallout rate of acidic or alkaline substances, at any place where an adverse
effect could occur down-wind of such source or premises greater than 1.2 times
the fallout rate of acidic or alkaline substances up-wind of the same source or pre-
mises, as measured in the manner described in Section B of this regulation.
2. No person shall cause or permit the emission from any source or premises
of substances having alkaline properties in such manner and amounts that the fall-
out rate of alkaline substances at any place where an adverse effect could occur
down-wind of such source or premises is greater than 1.2 times the difference in
the fallout rate of alkaline substances up-wind and down-wind of the same source
or premises, as measured in the manner described in Section B of this regulation.
Regulation XIV. EMISSION OF CERTAIN SULFUR COMPOUNDS RESTRICTED
A. General Provisions
1. Section B of this regulation shall apply to all emissions except those in which
both
a. Fuel is burned primarily to produce heat, and
b. Sulfur compound emission is due primarily to the sulfur in the fuel burned.
2. Sections C and D shall apply to all emissions from any source or sources
whatsoever.
3. The method of measuring sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, or any combination there-
of in stack gases shall be:
a. Particulates (H2SO4 - acid mists)
Ref. "Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing Processes."
Public Health Service Publ. 999-AP-13. Appendix B, 61-6.
(Modified Monsanto Company Method)*
*Secondary reference for industrial emission sampling and analysis for particulates
(sulfuric acid - acid mists), W. F. Patton, J. A. Brink "New Equipment and Tech-
niques for Sampling Chemical Process Gases." J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 13,
162-66 (April 1963).
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b. Gaseous (803 - 802)
Ref. "Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing Processes."
Public Health Service Publ. 999-AP-13. Appendix B, 85-7.
(Shell Development Co. Method)*'
The method of measuring sulfur dioxide in stack gases shall be:
Gaseous (803 - 802)
Ref. "Atmospheric Emissions From Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing Processes."
Public Health Service Publ. 999-AP-13. Appendix B, page 85-7.
(Shell Development Co. method)
The method of measuring sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid or any combination
thereof suspended in the ambient atmosphere shall be:
Particulate (H2SC>4)
Ref. B. T. Commins. "Determination of Particulate Acid in Town Air."
Analyst. 88: 364-67. (May 1963)
The method of measuring sulfur dioxide in the ambient atmosphere shall be:
Gaseous (802) colorimetric
Ref. "Selected Methods for the Measurement of Air Pollutants"
Public Health Service Publ. No. 999-AP-ll
"Determination of Sulfur Dioxide: West and Gaeke Method - p. Al-5 (May 1965).
Gaseous (SO%) Conductimetric
"ASTM Standards on Methods of Atmospheric Sampling and Analysis," 2nd
edition, Method D 1355-60, Method A, American Society for Testing
Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa.
4. Other test methods approved by the (Head of the air pollution control agency)
may be used. The publications describing methods of measurement specified in
this Section A are hereby made a part of this regulation by reference.
*Secondary reference for industrial emission sampling and analysis for gases
(sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide) "Determination of Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfur
Trioxide in Stack Gases," Emeryville Method Ser. 4S16/59a. Anal. Dept Shell
Development Co., Emeryville, Calif. (1959).
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B. Concentration of Sulfur Compounds in Emissions Restricted^
1. No person shall cause or permit the emission into the atmosphere from any
existing source specified in subsection A (1) of this regulation, gases containing
more than 2,000 parts per million by volume of sulfur dioxide or 300 parts per
million by volume of sulfur dioxide from any new source.
2. No person shall cause or permit the emission into the atmosphere from any
source specified in subsection A (1) of this regulation, gases containing more than
70 milligrams per cubic meter of sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, or any combination
thereof or 35 milligrams per cubic meter of sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide or any
combination thereof from any new source (expressed as sulfuric acid).
C. Emission of Sulfur Compounds in Certain Amounts and Manner Restricted
1. No person shall cause or permit the emission of sulfur dioxide from any
premises in such manner and amounts that the concentrations and frequencies
attributable to such emission exceed those shown in the following table in the
ambient air at any occupied place beyond the premises on which the source is
located.
Concentration Averaging Maximum
(by volume) time allowable frequency
0.25 ppm or more 5 minutes Once in any 8 hours
0.10 ppm or more 1 hour Once in any 4 days
0.05 ppm or more 24 hours Once in any 90 days
2. No person shall cause or permit the emission of sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide,
or any combination thereof from any premises in such manner and amounts that the
concentrations and frequencies attributable to such emission exceed those shown in
the following table in the ambient air at any place where people live, work or con-
gregate beyond the premises on which the source is located.
Concentration*
of sulfuric acid or sulfur
trioxide or any combination Averaging Maximum
thereof time allowable frequency
0.03 nig/m^ or more 30 minutes or more Once in any 48 hours
0.01 mg/m^ or more 24 hours Once in any 90 days
3. No person shall cause or permit the emission of hydrogen sulfide from any
premises in such manner and amounts that the concentrations attributable to such
*Milligrams per cubic meter at standard conditions, measured and calculated as
sulfuric acid.
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emissions in the ambient air at any occupied place beyond the premises on which the
source is located exceed 0.03 part per million by volume for any averaging period
of 30 or more minutes on more than two occasions in any 5 days.
D. More Restrictive Limitation to Apply
In any situation in which more than one requirement of this regulation is appli-
cable, the most restrictive provision shall govern.
Regulation XV. ADDITIONAL AIR-QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES MAY BE RE-
QUIRED WHEN SOURCES ARE CLUSTERED IN A SMALL LAND
AREA
A. Areas to Which This Regulation Applies
1. This regulation shall apply to areas in which there are one or more existing
major sources and/or proposed new major sources of particulate matter in any
circular area with a diameter of 2 miles from which the sum of particulate emis-
sions allowed from major sources by regulations of general application are or
would be greater than 2,000 tons per year or 500 pounds per hour. For purposes
of this regulation, "major sources" include coal-burning units with a heat input
capacity of 100 million or more Btu's per hour, refuse-burning plants with a refuse-
burning capacity of 5 tons or more per hour, and industrial processes having a pro-
cess weight rate of 10 tons or more per hour.
2. This regulation shall apply in areas in which there are one or more existing
major sources and/or proposed new major sources of sulfur dioxide in any cir-
cular area with a diameter of 2 miles from which the sum of sulfur dioxide emis-
sions from major sources allowed by regulations of general application are or
would be greater than 1,000 tons for any consecutive 3 months or 1,000 pounds per hour.
For purposes of this regulation, "Major sources" include coal- or oil-burning
units with a heat input of 100 million or more Btu's per hour and industrial pro-
cesses which emit 1 ton or more of sulfur dioxide per day.
B. (Agency) May Prescribe More Restrictive Air-Quality Control Measures
1. In areas where this regulation applies, as specified in Section A herein,
the (air pollution control agency) may prescribe air-quality control requirements
that are more restrictive and more extensive than provided in regulations of
general application. Such measures shall provide for air-resource and land-use
management within these areas for the purpose of obtaining the best feasible air-
quality in the particular area and for the (jurisdiction) as a whole, consistent with
air-quality standards prescribed by regulations or otherwise.
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The air-quality control measures prescribed by the (Head of the air pollution
control agency) may include, without limiting the same, additional reduction of
emissions, modifications of fuel or process material, specified operating time
schedules, use of tall stacks, relocation of sources, and other measures. In the
event that a proposed new installation will cause the sum of allowable emissions
to exceed those given in Section A herein and thus make this regulation apply,
only the proposed new plant shall be subject to more restrictive or extensive re-
quirements. (These requirements will be issued as a special use permit issued
by the appropriate legislative procedure in the jurisdiction taking into account
items in C (a)).
2. In considering the need for the nature of any air-quality control measures
to be imposed which are more restrictive or more extensive than those provided
in regulations of general application the (Head of the air pollution control agency)
shall consider, among others, such matters as: (a) dispersion of emissions; (b)
ability of the atmosphere to disperse pollutants; (c) existing and anticipated land-
use; (d) stack heights; (e) existing and anticipated air-quality; (f) existing and
anticipated emissions; (g) expected service life of sources; (h) cost of additional
control measures; and (i) feasibility and impact of various possible ways to pre-
serve or improve air-quality. To the extent feasible, the (Head of the air pollution
control agency) shall confer and work with all persons who would be affected by
any special air-quality control measures.
NOTE PERTAINING TO REGULATION XV
The air pollution regulations of (jurisdiction) are designed to achieve certain
air-quality in the general atmosphere. In most cases, the generally applicable
emission control and other regulations are adequate for these purposes. However,
in a few cases where one or more pollution sources are, or will be, located in a
relatively small area, compliance with regulations of general application may not
result in satisfactory air-quality. Since it is not feasible to write regulations
which will be suitable in each such special case, this regulation is to provide a
formalized procedure for arriving at any necessary more restrictive air-quality
control measures needed to ensure satisfactory air-quality in the most equitable
manner possible.
Regulation XVI. VARIANCES
A. Any person subject to the air pollution regulations of the (air pollution control
agency) may apply to the (Head of the air pollution control agency) for a variance
from such regulations or any order of the (Head of the air pollution control agency).
The application shall be filed on forms provided by the (Head of the air pollution
control agency) who may require submission of such information as he may reason-
ably require to bring out all pertinent facts in the case. The (Head of the air pol-
lution control agency) shall examine the application and all pertinent facts relating
thereto and promptly transmit the application along with his findings, recommenda-
tions, and records of the matter to the (Body authorized to grant variances). The
(Body authorized to grant variances), within 20 days, shall conduct a hearing on
the matter.
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The (Head of the air pollution control agency) may also request and he shall be
granted a hearing before the (Body authorized to grant variances) on any matter
involving a variance.
B. The (Body authorized to grant variances) shall serve notice of the time and
place of a hearing on a variance upon the applicant, if any, and upon the (Head of
the air pollution control agency), not less than 10 days prior to such hearing.
C. The (Body authorized to grant variances) may grant a variance from any re-
gulation or order of the (Head of the air pollution control agency) if it finds that
compliance with the regulation or order from which a variance is sought would
produce serious hardship without a corresponding benefit or advantage to the
people. The (Body authorized to grant variances) shall exercise a wide discretion
in weighing the equities involved in each case.
D. The (Body authorized to grant variances) may prescribe other and different
requirements not more onerous, applicable to any situation for which a variance is
sought. However, no variance may permit or authorize the maintenance of a
nuisance, or a danger to public health or safety.
E. Variances shall be granted by the (air pollution agency) for such periods of
time and upon such conditions as permitted by applicable laws. Such variance may
be renewed provided a request for renewal is submitted by the applicant to the
(Head of the air pollution control agency). If the (Head of the air pollution control
agency) approves of the renewal, no hearing need be held. If he disapproves, the
(Body authorized to grant variances) shall conduct a new hearing. At such hearing,
the (Body authorized to grant variances) shall decide whether the variance should
be renewed, revoked, or modified.
F. The (Body authorized to grant variances) may, after a hearing, revoke or modify
any variance it has issued, at any time.
Regulation XVII. CONTROL OF ODORS IN THE AMBIENT AIR
A. No person shall emit odorous matter such as to cause an "objectionable" odor:
1. On or adjacent to residential, recreational, institutional, retail, sales,
hotel or educational premises.
2. On or adjacent to industrial premises when air containing such odorous
matter is diluted with 20 or more volumes of odor-free air.
3. On or adjacent to premises other than in 1 and 2 when air containing such
odorous matter is diluted with four or more volumes of odor-free air.
B. The above requirement shall apply only to "objectionable" odors. An odor
will be deemed objectionable when 15 percent or more of the people exposed to it
believe it to be objectionable in usual places of occupancy. Sample size to be at
least 20 people or 75 percent of those exposed if fewer than 20 people are exposed.
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Regulation XVIII. CONTROL OF ODORS FROM PROCESSING OF ANIMAL MATTER
A. General
1. For purposes of this regulation the word "reduction" is defined as any
heated process, including rendering, cooking, drying, dehydrating, digesting,
evaporating, and protein concentrating.
2. The provisions of this regulation shall not apply to any device, machine,
equipment, or other contrivance used exclusively for the processing of food for
human consumption.
B. Odor Control Equipment Required on Reduction Processes
1. No person shall operate or use any device, machine, equipment or other
contrivance for the reduction of animal matter unless all gases, vapors, and gas-
entrained effluents from such facility are incinerated at a temperature of not less
than 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit for a period of not less than 0.3 second, or pro-
cessed in such manner as determined by the (Head of the air pollution control
agency) to be equally or more effective for the purpose of air pollution control.
A person incinerating or processing gases, vapors or gas-entrained effluents
pursuant to this rule shall provide, properly install and maintain, in good working
order and in operation, devices as specified by the (Head of the air pollution control
agency) for indicating temperature, pressure, or other operating conditions.
C. Other Odor Control Measures Required
1. Effective devices and/or measures shall be installed and operated such that
no vent, exhaust pipe, blowoff pipe or opening of any kind shall discharge into the
outdoor air any odorous matter, vapors, gases, dusts or any combination thereof
which create odors or other nuisances in the neighborhood of the plant.
2. Odor-producing materials shall be confined and handled in a manner such
that odors produced within or outside the plant from such materials are controlled.
Accumulation of odor-producing materials resulting from spillage or other escape
shall not be permitted.
3. Odor-bearing gases, vapors, fumes, or dusts arising from materials in pro-
cess shall be confined at the point of origin so as to prevent liberation of odorous
matter into the work room, and the confined gases, vapors, fumes, or dusts shall
be treated before discharge to the atmosphere, as required in subsection C (1).
D. Enclosure of Building May be Required
When dust, fumes, gases, mist, odorous matter, vapors, or any combination
thereof escape from a building used for processing of animal matter in such
manner and amount as to cause a nuisance or to violate the odor control regulation
of the (jurisdiction), the (Head of the air pollution control agency) may order that
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the building or buildings in which processing, handling and storage are done be
tightly closed and ventilated in such a way that all air and gases and air - or gas-
borne material leaving the building are treated by incineration or other effective
means for removal or destruction of odorous matter or other air contaminants be-
fore discharge to the open air.
Regulation XIX. CONTROL OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE EMISSIONS
No person shall emit hydrogen sulfide in quantities which will cause the
following concentrations to be exceeded at any place outside the premises where
emitted:
1. 0.05 ppm 1/2-hour average not to be exceeded over two times per year.
2. 0.03 ppm 1/2-hour average not to be exceeded over two times in any
5-consecutive-day period.
Regulation XX. EMISSION OF VISIBLE AIR CONTAMINANTS FROM INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
No person shall cause or permit the emission of visible air contaminants for
the internal combustion engine of:
1. Portable or stationary equipment for longer than 10 consecutive seconds;
or
2. A motor vehicle while the vehicle is stationary for longer than 10 seconds;
or
3. A motor vehicle after the vehicle has moved more than 100 yards from a
place where the vehicle was stationary.
Regulation XXI. APPROVAL OF PLANNED INSTALLATIONS, LAND-USE PLANS,
AND ZONING REGULATIONS REQUIRED
A. Review of Plans and Approval
1. The (building department or other office responsible) shall not issue a per-
mit for the erection, construction, reconstruction, alteration or occupancy of any
building or structure when the plans and specifications for such structure or
occupancy include any fuel-burning or refuse-burning device, or any chimney or
smoke stack, or the occupancy of any building for industrial purposes, until such
plans and specifications have been submitted to the (Head of the air pollution con-
trol agency) and approved by him within 30 days as making adequate provisions for
meeting the requirements of this ordinance. If the (Head of the air pollution con-
trol agency) does not submit his recommendations to the (building department or
other office responsible) within 30 days, the plans or specifications shall be deemed
approved.
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B. Planning Agency Land-Use Plans - Preparation and Approval
1. Planning agencies will, in preparing land-use plans, obtain and use infor-
mation supplied by the (air pollution agency) concerning:
a. air-quality
b. air pollutant emissions
c. air pollutant meteorology
d. air-quality goals
e. air pollution effects
2. The (air pollution agency) will review all land-use plans prior to formal
adoption and prepare recommendations that must be adequately considered in the
plan adoption process.
C. Zoning Agency Regulations - Preparation and Approval
1. Zoning control agencies will, in preparing regulations, obtain and use infor-
mation supplied by the (air pollution agency) concerning:
a. air-quality
b. air pollutant emissions
c. air pollution meteorology
d. air-quality goals.
e. air pollution effects
2. The (air pollution agency) will review all zoning regulations prior to formal
adoption and prepare recommendations that must be adequately considered in the
regulation adoption process.
Regulation XXII. AIR POLLUTION NUISANCES PROHIBITED
A. No person shall cause or permit the discharge from any source whatsoever such
quantities of air contaminants or other material which cause injury, detriment,
nuisance, or annoyance to any considerable number of persons or to the public'
or which endanger the comfort, repose, health, or safety of any such persons or
the public or which cause or have a tendency to cause injury or damage to business
or property.
B. Nothing in any other regulation concerning emission of air contaminants or any
other regulation relating to air pollution shall in any manner be construed as
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authorizing or legalizing the creation or maintenance of a nuisance as described
in section A of this regulation.
Regulation XXIII. MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANTS
A. Responsible Persons to Have Tests Made
The (Head of the air pollution control agency) may require any person respon-
sible for emission of air contaminants to make or have made tests to determine the
emission of air contaminants from any source, whenever the (Head of the air
pollution control agency) has reason to believe that an emission in excess of that
allowed by an air pollution regulation of the (air pollution control agency) is occur-
ing. The (Head of the air pollution control agency) may specify testing methods to
be used, in accordance with good professional practice. The (Head of the air pol-
lution control agency) may observe the testing. All tests shall be conducted by
reputable, qualified personnel. The (Head of the air pollution control agency) shall
be given a copy of the test results in writing and signed by the person responsible
for the tests.
B. (Head of the Air Pollution Control Agency) May Make Tests
The (Head of the air pollution control agency) may conduct tests of emissions
of air contaminants from any source. Upon request of the (Head of the air pollution
control agency), the person responsible for the source to be tested shall provide
necessary holes in stacks or ducts and such other safe and proper sampling and
testing facilities, exclusive of instruments and sensing devices as may be necessary
for proper determination of the emission of air contaminants.
Regulation XXIV. SUBMISSION OF EMISSION INFORMATION - AUTHORITY
The (Head of the air pollution agency) may require the submission of air
pollutant information from any or all potential sources for purposes of maintain-
ing an air pollutant emission inventory.
Regulation XXV. REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW GASOLINE
STORAGE FACILITIES
A. General
1. For purposes of this regulation, the term "gasoline" is defined as petroleum
distillate having a Reid vapor pressure of 4 pounds or greater.
2. For purposes of this regulation, the term "submerged fill pipe" is defined
as any fill pipe the discharge opening of which is entirely submerged when the
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liquid level is 6 inches above the bottom of the tank. "Submerged fill pipe" when
applied to a tank which is loaded from the side is defined as any fill pipe the dis-
charge opening of which is entirely submerged when the liquid level is 18 inches
above the bottom of the tank.
B. Petroleum Storage Tanks
1. After the effective date of this regulation, no person shall build or install or
permit the building or installation of any stationary tank, reservior or other con-
tainer of more than 40,000 gallons capacity which will or might be used for storage
of any petroleum distillate having a vapor pressure of 1.5 pounds per square inch
absolute or greater under actual storage conditions, unless such tank, reservoir or
other container is to be a pressure tank capable of maintaining working pressures
sufficient at all times to prevent hydrocarbon vapor or gas loss to the atmosphere
or is designed, and will be built and equipped with one of the following vapor loss
control devices:
a. A floating roof, consisting of a pontoon-type or double-deck-type roof, which
will rest on the surface of the liquid contents and be equipped with a
closure seal, or seals, to close the space between the roof edge and tank
wall. The control equipment to be provided for in this subsection B (1) shall
not be permitted if the gasoline or petroleum distillate to be stored will
have a vapor pressure of 12 pounds per square inch absolute or greater
under actual storage conditions.
b. All tank gauging and sampling devices shall be built so as to be gas-tight
except when gauging or sampling is to take place.
c. Other equipment or means of equal efficiency for purposes of air pollution
control as may be approved by the (Head of the air pollution control
agency).
C. Submerged Fill Pipes Required
1. After the effective date of this regulation, no person shall build or install or per-
mit the building or installation of a stationary gasoline storage tank with a capacity
:>f 250 gallons or more unless such tank is equipped with a permanent submerged
fill pipe or is a pressure tank as described in subsection B (1) of this regulation,
or is fitted with a vapor recovery system as described in subsection B (1) (a) of
this regulation.
Regulation XXVI. ENTRY ONTO PREMISES - AUTHORITY
In the general performance of its duties the (air pollution agency and its
authorized personnel) are hereby authorized to enter at all reasonable hours upon
and into any buildings, establishments, premises, and enclosures in or from which
they have reason to believe the provisions of this (ordinance) are being violated, to
inspect or examine such buildings, establishments, premises or enclosures, and to
collect and preserve evidence of all facts as to violations of this (ordinance).
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Regulation XXVII. CIRCUMVENTION
No person shall cause or permit the installation or use of any device or any
means which without resulting in reduction in the total amount of air contaminant
emitted, conceals or dilutes an emission of air contaminant which would otherwise
violate an air pollution control regulation. This regulation shall not apply when the
only violation involved is violation of a regulation based on concentration or presence
of one or more air contaminants at locations beyond the premises on which a source
or sources are located.
Note: Operating Permit Systems and Registration Systems
The legislative body enacting ordinances should consider the merits of permit
and registration systems for program administration and select the system that
meets the jurisdiction's program needs and objectives.
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USE OF SUGGESTED ORDINANCE PROVISIONS IN APPENDIX B AFTER RELEASE
OF DRAFT REPORT ON MAY 30, 1966, UNTIL JULY 1967
Since the release of the draft of Volume VIII of the Interstate Air Pollution
Study, the suggested ordinance provisions have been put to important use. They
have undergone some modifications in this process to relate specifically to the
realities of the jurisdictions applying them. When thought of in terms of reaching
the air quality goals, some of these modifications have strengthened the ordinance
provisions and some have not. The actions taken have all been carried on indepen-
dently by the responsible agencies and political jurisdictions and therefore are
indicative of both the positions and capabilities of local governments in fashioning
their own ordinances.
For the purpose of brevity, only major changes to the suggested ordinance
provisions given in Appendix B are reported. Minor additions, deletions, and
alterations are not covered.
EAST-WEST GATEWAY COORDINATING COUNCIL ACTION
The East-West Gateway Coordinating Council was formed in the St. Louis area
during the time that the Interstate Air Pollution Study project was in operation. Its
membership is composed of six elected officials from the Illinois part and six from
the Missouri part of the St. Louis Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. A 13th
member represents the Bi-State Development Agency. The Council's purpose is to
deal with regional problems such as transportation. The Council has an executive
secretary with an office in East St. Louis, Illinois.
The Interstate Air Pollution Study project agreement states that the project
Executive Committee members and their agencies "recognize the need for coordina-
tion and continuity of air pollution activities and indicate their intention of meeting
thic need..until such time as a successor body might be formed." As a result of
this project agreement statement, agencies and individuals in the St. Louis area
knew that the project Executive Committee was looking for a permanent "home" for
its regional activities. For this reason, it was quite logical for the East-West
Gateway Coordinating Council members to informally indicate an interest in pro-
viding such a "home" and for a letter to be sent from the study Executive Committee
to the Council formally asking its interest and intent. After considerable deliberation
the Council formally offered to provide a temporary base for the project Executive
Committee. In addition, in July 1966, the Council decided to hold public hearing on
the suggested ordinance provisions (Appendix B). These hearings were scheduled
for September and October. All 13 of the Council's members formed the hearing
board which was chaired by the Council's executive secretary. The hearings
lasted a full 3 days and took place in St. Louis, Missouri; Edwardsville, Illinois;
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and Clayton, Missouri. The hearings publicized the study report and the recommen-
dations and findings widely. Although they concentrated on controversial aspects
and the discussion was limited largely to the suggested ordinance provisions, they
uncovered a considerable area of truth that the technically oriented project
Executive Committee could not bring forth. Following these three hearings and
some additional meetings, the Technical Representatives of the Governmental
Agencies of the Interstate Air Pollution Study revised the suggested ordinance
provisions, and the Industrial Waste Control Council, an industry sponsored group,
wrote a set of ordinance provisions. With these two sets of ordinance provisions
at their disposal, the East-West Gateway Coordinating Council approved a model
ordinance. Later the City of St. Louis, St. Louis County, enacted ordinances and
the states of Illinois and Missouri adopted rules and regulations to control air
pollution in the portions of the area under their jurisdiction.
The two sets of ordinance provisions, the model ordinance, the two ordinances
and two sets of rules and regulations are discussed in the following sections in re-
spect to their differences from the ordinance provisions in the first part of the
Appendix=
REVISED PROPOSAL BY TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVES OF GOVERNMENTAL
AGENCIES OF INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY
The revised proposal was prepared on November 22, 1966, and included the
following changes:
Regulation II - Maximum Allowable Emission of Particulate Matter from Fuel Burn-
ing Equipment Used for Indirect Heating
This regulation is based on the American Society of Mechanical Engineers pub-
lication "Recommended Guide for the Control of Dust Emissions - Combustion for
Indirect Heat Exchangers" (ASME Standard No. APS-1; 1966); however, the following
modifications were included:
1. The stack height as determined by the ASME method is reduced by the differ-
ence in elevation, if any, between the elevation of the ground at the base of the stack
or stacks and any other point having a higher elevation and lying within 1 mile of the
stack. A stack height of 50 feet is used to determine the maximum allowable
emission rate for installations having stacks less then 50 feet high.
2. A maximum allowable emission of 0.6 pound of particulate matter per million
Btu of heat input is used in place of the ASME proposal of 0.8 pound of particulate
matter per million Btu of heat input.
3. All installations having a total heat input rate of 5 million Btu or more per
hour must be equipped with particulate matter emission control equipment that will
remove at least 85 percent of the particulate matter in the gases arising from the
installation.
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Regulation X - Restrictions of Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide from Use of Fuel
Under Section C, No. 1, the time periods December 1967 and January 1968
were added. The sulfur limit for coal was changed from 1.4 to 2.25 percent.
Under Section C, No. 2, the time periods November and December 1968 and
January and February 1969 were added. The sulfur limit for coal was changed
from 1.4 to 2.25 percent.
Under Section C, No. 3, the time periods October - December 1969 and
January - March 1970 were added. The sulfur limit for coal was changed from
1.4 to 2.25 percent.
Regulation XIV - Emission of Certain Sulfur Compounds Restricted
Under Section B, No. 1, the sulfur dioxide emission limitation for new sources
was changed from 300 to 500 ppm.
Regulation XIX - Emission of Visible Air Contaminants from Motor Vehicles
This regulation was changed so as to prohibit the emission of visible air con-
taminants from motor vehicles of a shade or density equal to or darker than that
designated as No. 1 on the Ringelmann chart, or of such opacity as to obsure an
observer's view to an equivalent degree. Emissions of visible air contaminants
having a shade or density not darker than that designated as No. 2 on the Ringelmann
Chart or of such opacity as to obsure an observer's view to an equivalent degree is
permitted for a period not to exceed 5 seconds.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONTROL COUNCIL PROPOSAL FOR A CLEAN AIR PROGRAM
The Industrial Waste Control Council presented its proposed program on No-
vember 15, 1966. The proposal was divided into two parts. The first part contained
administrative provisions for both Missouri and Illinois, and the second part con-
tained the regulations. Regulations I, XVI, XXI, XXII, XXIII, and XXV of Appendix B, which
are administrative in nature, were included in the Administrative Section. The major
areas of difference in the proposed regulations and those of Appendix B are as follows:
Regulation II - Maximum Allowable Emission of Particulate Matter from Fuel-Burn-
ing Equipment Used for Indirect Heating
The ASME Standard APS-1 "Recommended Guide for the Control of Dust Emis-
sions -- Combustion for Indirect Heat Exchangers" was adopted for this regulation
with no recommended modifications. Figure 2 of that publication establishes the
maximum allowable emission levels.
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Regulation IV - Restriction of Emission of Particulate Matter from Industrial
Processes"
The same process weight limitation as given in Appendix B is used; however,
certain processes are excluded. A maximum emission of particulate matter from
any source of 0.40 grain per standard cubic foot is permitted instead of the 0.30
grain per standard cubic foot given in Appendix B.
The processes excluded from the process weight limitation are as follows:
1. Catalytic crackers: Existing installations having collection equipment
with an overall collection efficiency of 99 percent or better.
2. Cement plants: All installations are allowed a maximum emission of
0.10 grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot.
3. Existing foundry cupolas and foundry open-hearth furnaces: All existing
foundry cupolas and foundry open-hearth furnaces must be equipped with gas-cleaning
devices that will meet the following emission limitations:
Process Weight, Maximum allowable
Ib/hr discharage, Ib/hr
1,000 3.05
2,000 4.70
3,000 6.35
4,000 8.00
5,000 9.65
6,000 11.30
7,000 12.90
8,000 14.30
9,000 15.50
10,000 16.65
12,000 18.70
16,000 21.60
18,000 22.80
20,000 24.00
30,000 30.00
40,000 36.00
50,000 42.00
60,000 48.00
70,000 49.00
80,000 50.50
90,000 51.60
100,000 52.60
4. Blast furnaces: A maximum allowable emission for gases after burning is
0.10 grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot. A maximum allowable
emission for excess gas is 0.25 grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot,
and burning of the gases is required before being discharged.
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5. By-product coke plants: Smoke emitted during charging of the ovens or
pushing coke from the ovens is allowed to exceed No. 2 of the Ringelmann chart
for a period or periods aggregating not more than 20 minutes in any 60-minute
period. Smoke from the doors and frames of the ovens must not exceed No. 2 of
the Ringelmann chart.
6. Continuous ferrous cupolas: Those installations constructed subsequent to
the enactment of the rules and regulations are limited to a maximum emission rate
of 0.20 grain per standard cubic foot.
7. Sintering plants, open-hearth furnaces, electric furnaces, and basic oxygen
furnaces: The particulate matter in the discharge gases must not exceed 0.10
grain per standard cubic foot.
Regulation VII - Incinerators
A maximum emission rate of 0.30 grain of particulate matter per standard dry
cubic foot of exhaust gases for all sizes of incinerators is permitted.
Regulation VIII - Restriction of Emission of Visible Air Contaminants
No fuel-burning installation is allowed to discharge black smoke of a shade or
density equal to or darker than that designated as No. 2 on the Ringelmann chart.
Black smoke darker than No. 2 is allowed for a period or periods aggregating not
more than 6 minutes in any 60-minute period.
An equivalent opacity limitation is not included.
Regulation X - Restriction of Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide from Use of Fuel
All existing and new combustion installations must burn or be designed to burn
the lowest sulfur content fuel that is reasonably available. No specific limitations
are given, and factors such as price, firmness of supply, extent of existing pollution,
and assurance of supply under adverse weather and natural disaster conditions
determine whether the fuel is reasonably available.
Regulation XIII - Emission of Certain Settleable Acids and Alkaline Substances
Restricted
This regulation is not included.
Regulation XVIII - Control of Odors from Processing of Animal Matter
The Industrial Waste Control Council omitted this regulation because it is
covered under the general odor regulation, "Control of Odors in the Ambient Air."
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Regulation XIX - Emission of Visible Air Contaminants from Motor Vehicles
This regulation is not included.
Regulation XX - Approval of Planned Installations, Land-Use Plans, and Zoning
Regulations Required
This regulation is not included.
EAST-WEST GATEWAY COORDINATING COUNCIL MODEL ORDINANCE
The East-West Gateway Coordinating Council adopted a model ordinance on
January 11, 1967. This model was patterned around the suggested ordinance pro-
visions of Appendix B; however, several changes were made on the basis of the
revised proposal by the technical representatives of the governmental agencies of
the Interstate Air Pollution Study and the Industrial Waste Control Council proposal.
Regulation II - Maximum Allowable Emission of Particulate Matter from Fuel
Burning
The model ordinance includes the same changes as were given above under the
revised proposal by the technical representatives of the governmental agencies of
the Interstate Air Pollution Study.
Regulation IV - Restriction of Emission of Particulate Matter from Industrial
Processes
The model ordinance includes the same changes as were given above under the
Industrial Waste Control Council proposal, except that continuous ferrous cupolas
are not excluded from the process weight limitation.
Regulation VIII - Restriction of Emission of Visible Air Contaminants
The Ringelmann limitations for black smoke are the same as those in Appendix
B; however, they shall not apply to metallurgical fume emissions or measurement
of the opacity of noncombustion process emissions. Equivalent opacity units based
on the Ringelmann chart can only be used as a method of inspection by the control
agency.
Regulation X - Restriction of Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide from Use of Fuel
All fuel burning installations are required to burn coal having a maximum sul-
fur content of 3.3 percent and fuel oil having a maximum sulfur content of 2.5 percent.
The sulfur content of fuel oil is to be reduced by 0.1 percent each year beginning on
January 1, 1968, until January 1, 1972, when it will remain at 2.0 percent sulfur.
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Regulation XIV - Emission of Certain Sulfur Compounds Restricted
Existing sources are limited to a maximum emission of sulfur dioxide of 2,000
ppm by volume. The 500 ppm of sulfur dioxide by volume restriction for new plants
may be adopted after the technology develops and this limit is demonstrated in the
United States. The sulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide (expressed as sulfuric acid)
emissions are limited to 70 milligrams per cubic meter for the burning of sulfur
and 200 milligrams per cubic meter from any other process source.
Regulation XIX - Emission of Visible Air Contaminants from Internal Combustion
Engines
This regulation was changed to read the same as the revised proposal of the
technical representatives of the governmental agencies of the Interstate Air Pol-
lution Studies.
MISSOURI AIR CONSERVATION COMMISSION RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR
ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN AREA~
On February 22, 1967 the Commission adopted rules and regulations that con-
tained essentially the same provisions as the revised proposal of the technical
representatives of the governmental agencies of the Interstate Air Pollution Study
described earlier. The air-quality goals given in Appendix B were adopted as air
quality standards. Minor modifications were as follows:
Regulation II - Maximum Allowable Emission of Particulate Matter from Fuel
Burning Equipment Used for Indirect Heating.
The stack height is defined as the upward vertical distance from an elevation
600 feet above mean sea level to the location at which gases passing through the
stack enter the atmosphere.
In addition to the modified ASME Standard and the minimum collection effi-
ciency of 85 percent, the Commission also adopted a curve similar to the one pro-
posed in Appendix B, which does not give credit for stack height. The Commission's
curve stops at 0.18 pound for each million Btu input for equipment having a capacity
rating of 10,000 million Btu or more instead of 0.20 pound as proposed in Appendix
B. When two or more of the Missouri provisions are applicable in a particular
case, the one resulting in the lowest emission rate shall apply.
Regulation IV - Restrictions of Emissions of Particulate Matter From Industrial
Processes
A paragraph included on grey iron jobbing cupolas requires them to be equipped
with control equipment and so operated as to remove 85 percent by weight of all the
Particulate matter in the cupola discharge gases or to release not more than 0.40
grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot of discharge gas, whichever is
more stringent. Incineration of all cupola discharge gases at 1200°F for at least
0.3 second is also required.
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Regulation X - Restriction of Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide from Use of Fuel
The sulfur content of coal is limited to 2.0 percent for installations having a
capacity of less than 2,000 million Btu heat input. Installations having a capacity of
2,000 million or more Btu per hour must burn fuel containing no more than 2.3
pounds of sulfur dioxide per million Btu heat input 3 years after the effective date
of the regulations. Installations having a capacity of less than 2,000 million Btu
per hour must burn 2.0 percent sulfur fuel during the following periods:
1. December 1968 and January 1969.
2. November 1960 and February 1970.
3. October 1970 and March 1971 and every year thereafter.
STATE OF ILLINOIS AIR POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD RULES AND REGULA-
TIONS GOVERNING CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
Rules and regulations were adopted on March 26, 1965 and amended on March
30, 1967, to control smoke and particulate matter in the State. No provisions were
included for the control of gases.
Since the Illinois Board did not follow the format or content of the suggested
ordinance provisions, a brief description of that agencies rules and regulations
is given below.
Chapter I - Definitions
This chapter gives 52 definitions of terms used in the rules and regulations.
Chapter II - Rules for Controlling Existing Pollution
This chapter requires all manufacturers in the State to submit a letter of intent
to the State Air Pollution Control Board. The letter must supply complete informa-
tion on process equipment, fuel combustion, and emissions to the atmosphere. An
air-contaminant emission-reduction program must also be filed with the Board.
The intent of this requirement is to schedule over a reasonable period of time either
an installation of gas-cleaning devices and/or the replacement and/or alteration of
specified facilities so that emissions of air contaminants are reduced to the levels
required by the Regulations. The Technical Secretary will review the programs
and judge whether they are adequate and reasonable.
Most existing equipment located inside the Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (SMSA) must comply with the emission standards for new equipment within
60 days after the effective date of the Regulations or else submit an acceptable
emission reduction program.
Most existing equipment located outside the SMSA must comply with the emis-
sion standards for new equipment 12 months after the effective date of the Regula-
tions or else submit an acceptable emission reduction program within 6 months of
the effective date of the Regulations.
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The processes excluded from these requirements are as follows:
1. Catalytic cracking units: The emission standards for new equipment will
not apply if gas cleaning devices have an overall efficiency of 99.7 percent.
2. Blast furnaces: This limitation is the same as that proposed by the
Industrial Waste Control Council and the East-West Gateway Coordinating Council.
3. Combustion for indirect heating outside SMSA: These installations must
meet the ASME Standard No. APS-1, "Recommended Guide for the Control of Dust
Emission - Combustion for Indirect Heat Exchangers." A maximum allowable
emission of 0.8 pound of particulate per million Btu input regardless of stack
height is allowed.
4. Foundries: Small foundries (less than 20,000 pounds per hour) are required
to meet the following emission limitations:
Process weight rate, Allowable emissions,
Ib/hr Ib/hr
1,000 3.05
2,000 4.70
3,000 6.35
4,000 8.00
5,000 9.58
6,000 11.30
7,000 12.90
8,000 14.30
9,000 15.50
10,000 16.65
12,000 18.70
16,000 21.60
18,000 23.40
20,000 25.10
Chapter III - Rules for Control of Emissions from New Equipment
Emissions from the combustion of fuel in new equipment are limited by the
ASME Standard No. APS-1, with a maximum allowable emission of 0.6 pound of
particulates per million Btu input regardless of stack height.
The Ringelmann chart is used only to evaluate smoke, and is not to be used
for determining metallurgical fume emissions or measuring the opacity of noncom-
bustion process emissions. Smoke having an appearance which is No. 2 or darker
of the Ringelmann chart is prohibited except during maintenance or a breakdown.
The particulate emissions from most new process equipment is limited accord-
ing to the process weight as recommended in the suggested ordinance provisions
of Appendix B. The installations excluded are as follows:
1. Blast furnaces: All gases discharged to the atmosphere after burning must
contain no more than 0.05 grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot. The
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excess gas must be burned before being discharged and contain no more than 0.10
grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot.
2. By-product coke plants: When charging or pushing coke from a battery of
coke ovens, smoke darker than No. 2 of the Ringelmann Chart is permitted for not
more than 20-minutes in any 60-minute period.
3. Sintering plants, open-hearth furnaces, electric furnaces, and basic oxygen
furnaces: The gas discharged to the atmosphere must contain no more than 0.10
grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot.
4. Cement kilns: All plants must have gas-cleaning devices that are at least
99.7 percent efficient; however, no discharge gas may contain more than 0.1 grain
of particulate matter per standard cubic foot.
5. Incinerators: Incinerators rated at 1,000 or more pounds per hour must not
emit gas containing more than 0.2 grain of particulate matter per standard cubic
foot adjusted to 50 percent excess air. All other incinerators are limited to 0.35
grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot.
6. Nonferrous electric furnaces: The process weight limitation does not
apply during charging and pouring operations.
7. Food and agriculture and fertilizer product processes: Corn wet-milling
process dusts are not limited to process weight if there is proof that it is technically
and economically unreasonable to do so. A limit of 0.75 grain per standard cubic
foot applies to all new equipment processing material with a specific gravity less
than 2.0 and the exit gas has a dew point higher than the ambient air.
CITY OF ST. LOUIS - ST. LOUIS AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ORDINANCE OF
1967
The City of St. Louis adopted its air pollution control ordinance on March 27,
1967. The provisions were almost identical to the revised proposal of the technical
representatives, of the governmental agencies of the Interstate Air Pollution Study
with the following minor exceptions.
A section added to cover existing foundry cupolas requires control equipment
with at least an 85 percent collection efficiency or a maxin um exit gas concentra-
tion of 0.40 grain of particulate matter per standard cub c foot.
The limitation of sulfur content of coal is the same as that adopted by the
Missouri Air Conservation Commission.
ST. LOUIS COUNTY - AIR POLLUTION CONTROL CODE
St. Louis County adopted an ordinance on June 15, 1967, which became effective
July 5, 1967. It includes by reference, the Rules and Regulations for the St. Louis
Metropolitan Area adopted by the Missouri Air Conservation Commission.
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