REPORT ON BACTERIOLOGICAL POLLUTION
FROM MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
ON THE
RED RIVER OP THE NORTH
U. S. Department of Health, Education, & Welfare
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
February 1966
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ERRATA SHEET
Bacterial Pollution - Red River of the North (Feb. 1966)
Table II - following pg. 12 - The column headings in mid-page,
reading "Observed" and "Calculated" should be reversed.
Pg. 15 - Four lines down from the top - the figure should be
400/100 ml, not 400,100 ml.
Pg. 16 - Second line under the ACS - Crookston heading. The word
is average, not everage.
Pg. 20 - Eight lines up from the bottom - the figure should read
IT2000/gm, not 172000/100 ml, and on the next line, the figure should
read 49000/gm, not ^9000/100 ml.
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TABUS OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3
SAMPLING PROCEDURE 7
DISCUSSION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL POLLUTION 9
Fargo-Moorhead 10
Waste Water Holding Ponds Ik
ACS-East Grand Forks 14
ACS-Crookston 16
ACS-Drayton 17
Sugar Beet Plants - In-Plant Sampling .... 18
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES 21
SUMMARY OF SURVEY DATA APPENDIX I
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL FIGURES APPENDIX II
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LIST OF TABLES
Follows Page No.
No.
I Sampling Locations
II Relative Contribution of Bacterial Pollution -
Fargo-Moorhead 12
III Bacteriological Densities - ACS-EGF Holding
Pond Ik
IV Bacteriological Densities Within Sugar
Plants 17
V Bacteriological Densities - Particulate
Material 20
VI Bacterial Survival Studies 21
A) Fecal Coliform
B) Fecal Streptococcus
C) Salmonella
ii
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EHEX OF F3EURES
Figure Ro.
I Study Area
II
III
Bacteriological Densities - ACS-EGF
Holding Fond
Flow Diagram of Waste Water - In-Plant .
Follows Page No.
7
Ik
19
Bacterial Survival Studies
Appendix II
iii
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INTRODUCTION
On September ib, 1965, a Conference attended by
representatives of the states of Minnesota and North Dakota
and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare vas held in
Fargo, North Dakota, to evaluate the effects of pollution on
the interstate waters of the Red River of the North, and to
recommend abatement action if such pollution could be demon-
strated. The representative of North Dakota expressed a desire
to ascertain the degree of bacteriological pollution from each
of the sources listed in the Federal report, and recommended
further study to pinpoint the extremely high bacterial densities
in the river, so that effective remedial action might be taken.
Representatives of the Federal government and Minnesota concurred.
The request resulted in a bacteriological survey of the
significant sources of municipal and industrial waste discharges
in the study area from October 2k through 29, 1965, by the Tech-
nical Advisory and Investigations Activities of the R. A. Taft
Sanitary Engineering Center. Excellent cooperation was received
during this study from the personnel of the American Crystal Sugar
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Company and from the municipal treatment plant employees of
Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota. Gratitude is also
expressed to the University of North Dakota at Grand Forks for
providing laboratory accommodations. Bacterial survival studies
were conducted by the Bacterial Studies Unit of the Basic and
Applied Sciences Program at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineer-
ing Center.
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Wastes from the Fargo and Moorhead municipal treatment
plants and from the American Crystal Sugar Company plant at
Moorhead caused the coliform densities in the Red River of the
North to increase from 500/100 ml and 100/100 ml for total and
fecal coliform respectively to 75,000/100 ml and 15,500/100 ml at
a point below these sources of wastes. Approximately 58 percent
of the increase resulted from Fargo domestic sewage; 36 percent
from Moorhead domestic sewage; and 5.5 percent from the American
Crystal Sugar plant. The remaining 0.5 percent was the result of
upstream residuals.
Pathogenic Salmonella were recovered in each of the three
waste sources and were recovered in the river below these discharges.
Salmonella were not recovered at the upstream reference point. The
source of pathogenic bacteria found in the Red River of the North
is the municipal and industrial waste discharges at Fargo and
Moorhead.
To maintain total coliform densities in the Red River of the
North below 5000/100 ml at critical periods of river flow, it will
be necessary to reduce coliform concentrations by at least 99.5
percent in the waste discharges of the municipal plants at Fargo and
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Moot-head and by at least 96 percent in the American Crystal Sugar
plant effluent. These reductions should be attained by effective
disinfection at the municipal waste treatment plants as previously
recommended in the Federal report presented at the first session
of the Conference. It may be possible for the American Crystal
Sugar Company to effect the necessary reduction by other means but
if these are not successful, disinfection of the waste effluent
will be required.
To maintain total coliform densities in the Red River of
the North below 5000/100 ml during critical river flows, the
American Crystal Sugar Company plant at East Grand Forks must reduce
coliform concentrations by at least 98*8 percent. Salmnnella were
recovered within the holding pond at this plant and the potential
discharge of this pathogen could create a health hazard in the
receiving stream. As shown in the previous Federal report and
illustrated further in the bacterial survival tests associated with
this report, Salmonella is an extremely persistent organism, partic-
ularly at the low temperatures characteristic of this waste discharge.
The bacterial survival studies at this plant indicated that nutrients
added in the processing of sugar beets promote growth and multipli-
cation of Salmonella. To reduce the health hazard associated with
Salmonella organisms, these nutrients should be reduced or eliminated
as soon as possible.
To maintain a total coliform maximum below 5000/100 ml in the
Red Lake River during critical river flows, the American Crystal Sugar
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Company plant at Crookston must effect a reduction in total coliform
densities of at least 98.5 percent. As with the ACS-Moorhead plant,
the necessary reductions at ACS-Crookston and ACS-EGF could possibly
be obtained by means other than disinfection but if these are not
successful, disinfection vill be the only alternative. Discharge
of the combined ash drain waste and sanitary sewage at the ACS-Crookston
sugar plant showed total and fecal coliform densities of 16,000,000
/100 ml and 630,000/100 ml respectively. The present treatment and
chlorination of this waste were not effective and remedial measures
to correct this situation should be taken as soon as possible.
Bacterial survival studies at this plant showed that, given favorable
temperature and nutrient conditions, Salmonella can multiply in waste
water. No Salmonella were found in the holding pond at this plant,
but favorable nutrient levels for growth of this organism should be
reduced or eliminated as soon as possible.
Preliminary data gathered at the American Crystal Sugar
Company plant at Drayton indicated that coliform densities must be
reduced by 90 percent to attain a level of not more than 5000/100 ml
in the Red River of the North.
******#**
Sewage and industrial wastes discharged to the Red River of
the North and the Red Lake River from Minnesota cause pollution in
the interstate waters of the Red River of the North which endangers
the health or welfare of persons in North Dakota and, therefore, is
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subject to abatement under the provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C. k66 et seq.)- Sewage
discharged to the Red River of the North from North Dakota causes
pollution in the interstate vaters of the Red River of the North
which endangers the health or welfare of persons in Minnesota and,
therefore, is subject to abatement under the provisions of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C. k66 et
seq.).
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SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Sampling was conducted primarily on specific sources of
waste discharge that showed excessive bacteriological pollution
during the 196^-65 studies. The influent and effluent of the
waste water holding ponds of the American Crystal Sugar Company
plants at Moorhead, Crookston and East Grand Forks, Minnesota were
sampled as well as selected in-plant locations at Crookston and
East Grand Forks. Sampling points within the sugar plant included
(l) the source of water supply, (2) the flume and wash water before
use, (3) the flume water after use, (U) the wash water after use,
and (5) the ash drain and floor drain water after use. At the East
Grand Forks plant, sampling within the lagoon was conducted to
define bacterial reduction with respect to time of storage. Samples
of soil scraped from sugar beets and soil from the beet fields were
also collected. The effluents from the municipal treatment plants
at Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota were sampled as well
as the Red River of the North upstream and downstream of Fargo-Moorhead,
corresponding to stations RR-9 and RR-10 of the Federal report
presented at the Conference in September 1965. A description of each
sampling station is contained in Table I.
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A.C-S. ORAYTON
FARGO S. T. P.
RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
NORTH DAKOTA - MINNESOTA
STUDY AREA
FIGURE I
A.C.S.- EAST GRAND FORKS
A.C.S.- CROOKSTON
MOORHEAD S. T. P.
A.C.S. - MOORHEAD
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Table I
RED RIVER OP THE NORTH
Bacteriological Survey - October 1965
Sampling Locations
Station No. Description
SG-1 Source of water supply ACS-EGF
SG-2 Seal tank water - ACS-EGF
SG-3 Flume water after use - ACS-EGF
SG-H Wash water after use - ACS-EGF
SG-5 Influent to lagoon - ACS-EGF
SG-6 End of second bay - ACS-EGF lagoon
SG-T End of third bay - ACS-EGF lagoon
SG-8 End of fifth bay - ACS-EGF lagoon
RR-9 Red River above Fargo-Moorhead R.M.
RR-10 Red River below Fargo-Moorhead R.M.
SM-11 Influent to lagoon - ACS-Moorhead
SM-13 Effluent of lagoon - ACS-Moorhead
F-l4 Effluent - municipal sewage - Fargo
M-15 Effluent - municipal sewage - Moorhead
SC-16 Source of water supply - ACS - Crookston
SC-17 Seal tank water - ACS - Crookston
SC-18 Flume water after use - ACS - Crookston
SC-19 Wash water after use - ACS - Crookston
SC-20 Influent to lagoon - ACS - Crookston
SC-21 Effluent from lagoon - ACS - Crookston
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Table I (Cont.)
RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
Bacteriological Survey - October 1965
Sampling Locations
Station No. Description
SC-22 Ash drain water - ACS - Crookston
SC-23 Chlorinated sanitary + ash drain effluent - Crookston
SG-2U Ash drain vater - ACS-BGF
SD-25 Influent to lagoon at ACS - Drayton
SD-26 Effluent from lagoon - ACS - Drayton
SG-27 End of first bay, ACS-EGP lagoon
SG-28 End of fourth bay, ACS-EGF lagoon
SG-29 End of sixth bay, ACS-EGF lagoon
SG-30 End of seventh bay, ACS-EGF lagoon
SG-31 End of eighth bay, ACS-EGF lagoon
SG-32 End of ninth bay, ACS-EGF lagoon
SG-33 End of eleventh bay, ACS-EGF lagoon
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8
Analyses made in the field consisted of total and fecal
coliform densities, fecal streptococcus densities, pH and total
and volatile suspended solids. Additionally, several points were
sampled for Salmonella organisms. Sanples were returned to the
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center for bacterial survival
and nutrient level studies.
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DISCUSSION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL POLLUTION
The significance of indicator organisms was discussed at
length in the Federal report presented at the first session of the
Conference on the Red River of the North. However, it may be well
to summarize certain of the conclusions of that report.
Coliform bacteria universally occur in sanitary wastes and
while not usually harmful in themselves can be used as an indication
of the probable presence of pathogenic organisms. Numerous state
and interstate water pollution control agencies have used coliform
densities as one basis for water quality objectives. Both the
states of Minnesota and North Dakota subscribe to a maximum limit
of 5000/100 ml average total coliform. An objection to the
use of total coliform densities has been that their origin is not
exclusively from fecal sources. However, the Eschericia or fecal
species of the coliform group is derived exclusively from human or
animal excreta and its presence is evidence of fecal contamination.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider all occurrences of fecal
coliform organisms as indicative of dangerous contamination.
Interest has been expressed in the use of the fecal strepto-
cocci as an indicator of potential pathogenic contamination by waste
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discharges. This stems from the fact that this group is charac-
teristic of fecal pollution; that they do not multiply in surface
waters and they rarely occur on surface soil or vegetation not
contaminated by sewage. Because of these characteristics, the fecal
streptococcus has been used as a supplementary indicator.
Salmonella is a genus of bacteria pathogenic to man and to
warm-blooded animals. These organisms are discharged in the
intestinal wastes from infected man and animals and, because of their
disease-producing capabilities, their presence in receiving waters
constitutes a definite health hazard through direct or indirect
contact with these waters. Previously, it has been accepted sanitary
practice to describe deleterious bacteriological quality of water
exclusively by coliform densities because the relatively low densities
of Salmonella with relation to coliform densities made isolation
difficult. New techniques have recently been developed, however,
which makes isolation of these pathogens practicable even at
relatively low coliform densities.
FAHGO-MOORHEAD
The major sources of bacteriological pollution in this area
are the unchlorinated effluents from the municipal waste treatment
plants at Fargo and Moorhead and the industrial waste water released
from the American Crystal Sugar Company plant at Moorhead when it is in
operation.
The mean total coliform density discharged in the effluent
from the Fargo municipal plant was 4,600,000/100 ml with values
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recorded as high as 1^,000,000/100 ml. The fecal coliform density
averaged 1,300,000/100 ml with values as high as 2,300,000/100 ml.
Fecal streptococcus densities from this plant averaged 285,000/100 ml
with a maximum value of 900,000/100 ml.
The Moorhead municipal waste treatment plant discharged
densities of 6,100,000/100 ml for total coliforra and 1,600,000/100 ml
for fecal coliform with maximum values of 11,000,000/100 ml and
3,300,000/100 ml respectively. The fecal streptococcus density in
the effluent was 330,000/100 ml with a maximum of 650,000/100 ml.
Total coliform densities from the American Crystal Sugar
Company plant in Moorhead averaged 530,000/100 ml with fecal coliform
densities of 130,000/100 ml. Individual values were as high as
1,100,000/100 ml and 2^0,000/100 ml respectively. Average fecal
streptococcus densities were 175,000/100 ml and exhibited a maximum
value of 760,000/100 ml.
The sampling station at R.M. U62 (RR-9) upstream of Fargo-
Moorhead is above any source of human or industrial wastes originating
in the Fargo-Moorhead area which may affect the bacteriological
quality of the stream. Therefore, any deterioration in the bacterio-
logical quality at this point is most likely the result of land runoff
or of livestock and animal pollution. The river downstream of R.M. 1*62
flows through a highly urbanized area. Little or no livestock pollution
could be expected to enter the river in this reach. The sampling
station downstream of Fargo-Moorhead at R.M. UUl (RR-10) is about
1/2 mile below the Fargo sewage treatment plant, and is downstream
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of all sources of wastes in the Fargo-Moorhead area. Any
bacterial increase at R.M. UUl over R.M. 462 is a result of the
contribution made by the domestic and industrial wastes at Fargo-
Moorhead. In the Red River of the North at R.M. 462 (RR-9), the
total and fecal coliform densities averaged 550/100 ml and 100/100 ml
respectively. Fecal streptococcus values were 100/100 ml. These
values are relatively low. At R.M. 44l (RR-10), however, the total
and fecal coliform densities averaged 75,000/100 ml and 15,500/100 ml
respectively, with a fecal streptococcus density of 5900/100 ml.
Table II shows that the bacterial pollution in the Red River of
the North can be entirely accounted for by the upstream residual and
the sources of waste in the Fargo-Moorhead area. Of the coliform
densities observed in the river, approximately 94 percent was
contributed from the municipal waste treatment facilities, of which
58 percent was from Fargo and 36 percent from Moorhead. The remaining
6 percent resulted from the American Crystal Sugar Company effluent.
Only a negligible amount of the bacterial pollution in the Red River
below Fargo-Moorhead is the result of natural land runoff or agricul-
tural drainage. The fecal streptococcus densities observed consisted
of 46 percent from Fargo, 25.5 percent from Moorhead, and 2? percent
from the American Crysta.l Sugar Company. Again, only a very small
quantity in the river results from other than these three waste sources.
To insure that the total coliform density in the Red River below
Fargo-Moorhead does not exceed the limit of 5000/100 ml at the
once-in-ten-year monthly low flow of 65 cfs, which occurs in September,
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Table II
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF BACTERIAL POLLUTION
to the Red River of the North at
Fargo - Moorheacl
Source
Fargo S.T.P.
Moorhead S.T.P.
A.C.S. Plant
R.M. U62 (RR-9)
R.M. U4l (RR-10)
Total Coliform
MPN/100 ml
k, 600, 000
6,100,000
530,000
550
75,000
Fecal Coliform
MPN/100 ml
1,300,000
1,600,000
130,000
100
15,500
Fecal Strep
MF/100 ml
285,000
330,000
175,000
100
5,900
Flow
(M3D)
5-13
2.^5
4.9
1422.0
ky*.o
Balance Equation
(Q x MPN) Fargo STP + (Q x MPN) Moorhead STP + (Q x MPN) ACS-Moorhead
+ (Q x MPN) R.M. 462 = (Q x MPN) R.M. 44l
Concentration at R.M. U4l Observed Calculated
Total Coliform 95,000 75,000
Fecal Coliform 26,000 15,500
Fecal Streptococci 7,300 5,900
Source
Percent Downstream Pollution from Each Source
Total Coliform Fecal Coliform Fecal Strep
Fargo S.T.P.
Moorhead S.T.P.
57.5$
36 %
59 1°
01= C1
3J t°
25. 5#
A.C.S. Plant
Upstream
27
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it will be necessary to reduce present coliform densities in
these wastes by at least 99.5 percent for the municipal plants and
by at least 96 percent for the American Crystal Sugar effluent.
These reductions can be attained by effective disinfection in the
case of the municipal treatment plants as previously recommended
in the Federal report presented at the first session of the Confer-
ence. At the American Crystal Sugar plant, the recommendation in
the Federal report for storage of wastes during the campaign and
release during high spring flows will also accomplish the necessary
reduction in coliform organisms to achieve the stream standard of
5000/100 ml.
Salmonella sampling was conducted on the effluent of each
of the three vaste sources; at the influent to the waste water
holding pond at the sugar plant, and at the river stations immediately
above and below these sources of waste. Salmonella was i^covered
from each of the waste effluents and at the river station below these
discharges. Significantly, no Salmonella was isolated in the river
above the sources of waste, thereby indicating that the source of
the pathogenic Salmonella isolated in the river below the Fargo-
Moorhead area was the discharges from the two municipal treatment
plants and from the beet sugar plant. The persistence of Salmonella
organisms in the downstream waters of the Red River of the North was
demonstrated in the Federal report presented at the first session of
the Conference.
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Ik
WASTE WATER HOLDING PONDS
ACS - East Grand Forks
The waste water holding pond at ACS-East Grand Porks is a
flow-through type, consisting of eleven bays in series. Since the
1965 campaign did not begin at this plant until October k, the
wastes resulting from the campaign had reached only to about the
middle of the ninth bay when the survey began and were only beginning
to leave the holding pond when the survey ended. To obtain a
representative sample of campaign wastes, sampling was conducted at
the influent and at the end of the second, third and fifth bays on
a regular basis. One sample was obtained from each of the other
bays except for the fourth and eleventh bays, from which two samples
were collected.
Figure II shows the results of this sampling plotted versus
time of travel through the holding pond. The nutrients discharged
in these wastes supported a four-fold increase in total coliform in a
period of about eight days. Prom an influent of 12,300,000/100 ml,
the total coliform density increased to 50,300,000/100 ml at the end
of the third bay. This increase is associated with the non-fecal
species of coliform organisms, since the fecal organisms showed no
multiplication in this holding pond over their initial concentrations.
From an influent density of 1,500,000/100 ml, the fecal coliform
decreased to about k^Q,000/100 ml at the end of the second bay, a
storage time of approximately 3.5 days. The density remained fairly
constant for the next eight days, followed by a steady decrease
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Table III
Bacteriological Densities
American Crystal Sugar Company - East Grand Forks
Waste Water Holding Pond
Station
SG-5
SG-27
SG-6
SG-7
SG-28
SG-8
SG-29
SG-30
SG-31
SG-32
SG-33
Total Coliform
MPN/100 ml
12,300,000
11, 000, 000
28,000,000
50,300,000
7,900,000
li-0,000,000
7,900,000
790,000
13,000,000
1,700,000
350,000
Fecal Coliform
MPN/100 ml
1,500,000
1+95,000
ij-20,000
ij-00,000
110, 000
350,000
220,000
110,000
^9,000
79,000
1,1(00
Fecal Strepto-
coccus
mf /100 ml
840,000
U8,000
700,000
181, ooo
50,000
37,000
65,000
60,000
37,000
5,300
Uoo
Storage Time
Days
0
.3
3-6
6.3
8-9
11-3
1U.3
17-9
21.3
2U.6
31-5
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1,009.
10
15 20
Tine (Days)
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15
until, at the effluent, the fecal coliform density was lUOO/100 ml.
Fecal streptococcus densities declined rapidly, compared to the coli-
form organisms. Influent and effluent densities averaged 8^0,000/100 ml
and 1^00,100 ml respectively. Removal efficiencies in this pond were
about 97 percent for total coliform, 99 percent for fecal coliform,
and 99.5 percent for fecal streptococcus. Storage time to accomplish
these reductions was approximately 32 days. The extraordinarily slow
rate of die-off is attributed to the nutrients discharged in the wastes,
which maintained the fecal coliform densities at a high level for a
long period and actually promoted a multiplication in the total numbers
of coliform organisms.
To maintain the total coliform density of the Red River of
the North below 5000/100 ml, the East Grand Forks sugar plant may
not discharge densities greater than 150,000/100 ml. This value
represents a reduction of 98-8 percent based on waste influent
concentrations and is predicated on a release of ^.5 M3D at the
once-in-ten-year low monthly flow for September of 265 cfs, with an
upstream residual of 1000/100 ml. If this reduction is to be
accomplished by storage, a holding time of at least 3^- days will be
necessary unless nutrients which cause multiplication of coliform
densities are removed.
Salmonella colonies were not isolated in the influent wastes
to the holding pond. However, at the end of the fifth bay, colonies
were isolated indicating that the waste water in the holding pond is
significantly contaminated with pathogenic organisms and represents
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16
a health hazard to anyone coming in contact with it. A laboratory
study of the survival of Salmonella in beet sugar waste from this
pond showed that, at temperatures of 10°C., five percent of the
initial concentration still remained after fourteen days. This is a
very slow rate of decline and is due to the fact that nutrients capable
of supporting growth of these bacteria are present in sufficient
quantities in these wastes. To reduce the health hazard associated
with Salmonella organisms, it is imperative that these nutrients be
reduced or eliminated as soon as possible.
ACS-Crookston
During this survey, the holding pond at ACS-Crookston was
operated to give an everage of eleven days storage time to the waste
water. The influent to the holding pond averaged 5,300,000/100 ml
and 1,700,000/100 ml for total and fecal coliforms respectively.
Fecal streptococcus densities were too numerous to count. Total coli-
form in the effluent averaged 37,000,000/100 ml and fecal coliform
densities were 12,500,000/100 ml. As illustrated in the sampling
in the ACS-East Grand Forks holding pond, storage of this length is
about the optimum time for peak densities of the total coliform. This
is due to favorable nutrient levels in the wastes and a decreased
temperature. In this case, fecal coliform densities multiplied as well
as the total coliform.
To maintain a total coliform level below 5000/100 ml in the
Red l£.ke River during the once-in-ten-year monthly low flow during
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17
the campaign, season, the sugar plant must effect a reduction in
total coliform densities of at least 98-5 percent. With an upstream
residual of 1000/100 ml and a discharge from the holding pond of 3.5
M3D, the total coliform density in the effluent should not exceed
88,000/100 ml.
Salmonella sampling was conducted on both the influent and
effluent to the holding pond. No colonies were isolated from either
of these locations.
The ash drain waste from this plant is combined with the
sanitary sewage and treated in an Imhoff tank followed by chlori-
nation. The effluent is continually discharged to the river.
Bacteriological densities of the separate ash drain waste were
50,000/100 ml for total coliformj 2100/100 ml for fecal coliform;
and 1200/100 ml for fecal strep. Following treatment and chlori-
nation of the two combined wastes, the respective counts were greater
than 16,000,000/100 ml, 630,000/100 ml, and 2700/100 ml. Suspended
solids discharged were Mf90 mg/1. Treatment and chlorination of this
waste are not presently effective and remedial measures to correct
this situation should be taken as soon as possible.
ACS-Drayton
1965 was the first campaign season for the new ACS plant
at Drayton and operation during the survey was erratic. For this
reason, only two samples were taken of both the influent and the
effluent to the waste water holding ponds. The effluent samples did
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Table IV
Bacteriological Densities Within Sugar Plants
ACS-East Grand Forks
Description
Water Supply
Seal Tank
Flume Water
Wash Water
Holding Pond
Ash Drain
Station No.
SG-1
SG-2
SG-3
SG-k
Influent SG-5
SG-2U
Total Coliform
MPN/100 ml
29,000
U,100
1, 7^0, 000
ij-, 070, ooo
12,300,000
21, 000
Fecal Coliform
MPN/100 ml
13,000
980
115,000
120,000
1,500,000
7,200
Fecal Strep
MPN/100 ml
900
120
TNTC*
251,000
8^0,000
1,800
ACS-Crookston
Water Supply
Seal Tank
Flume Water
Wash Water
SC-16
SC-17
SC-18
SC-19
Holding Pond Influent SC-20
Ash Drain
SC-22
3,500
< 50
1,880,000
1,870,000
5,300,000
50,000
500
< 50
1,040,000
211,000
1,660,000
2,100
190
12
6,000
31,000
TNTC*
1,200
* Too numerous to count.
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not adequately reflect the bacterial concentration to be expected
under normal operations because the discharge did not contain
campaign wastes but the influent samples did represent campaign
wastes. Total and fecal coliform concentrations in the influent were
1*350,000/100 ml and 1*90,000/100 ml, respectively. Fecal streptococcus
densities were 2,660,000/100 ml. The excessively high fecal strepto-
cocci indicates very recent fecal contamination, suggesting the
possibility of sanitary wastes being mixed with this influent.
To maintain a total coliform density in the Bed River of
the North below 5000/100 ml, the ACS plant at Drayton may discharge
total coliform not exceeding 135,000/100 ml or a 90 percent reduction
of the waste influent densities. This is based on a discharge of
5 MJD from the holding ponds at a river flow of 265 cfs, with an
upstream residual of 1000/100 ml.
SUGAR MET PUNTS - HJ-PIANT SAMPLE*}
All of the American Crystal Sugar Company plants in the
area operate with essentially the same process. In crystallizing
the sugar, the raw Juice is heated In large evaporators. Water from
the river is pumped to cool the evaporators. The condensate and the
heated cooling water enter the seal tank. This water is conveyed
to the flume and used to transport beets into the plant. Beets as
received are stored for later processing. Beets in the flume receive
a preliminary washing and the elevated temperature of the water in
the flume promotes thawing in beets that have frozen. Beets enter
the factory and pass through rock and weed catchers. The flume water
-------
19
continues to the waste water holding pond. The beets are lifted
out of the flume by the beet wheel or scroll, sind dumped into the
beet washer supplied by water from the seal tank. Leaving the
washer, the beets are elevated into a hopper on an upper floor.
The wash water is discharged to the holding pond. The remainder of
the process is essentially closed with no escape of water. Lime
wastes that occur from the purification process are conveyed to a
separate lime waste pond. These lime wastes are released to the
river only during periods of high flow in the spring. Another source
of waste is the water used to cool and convey ashes from the furnaces.
The floor drain water is mixed with this ash drain water. A diagram-
matic sketch of the process is shown in Figure III.
At the Crookston plant, the incoming water supply had a total
coliform density of 3500/100 ml and fecal coliform averaged 500/100 ml.
Fecal streptococci were 190/100 ml. After the water is used for cooling,
these counts dropped to less than 50/100 ml for the coliform and 12/100 ml
for the strep. The seal tank water had a pH of 9-1 and an average
temperature of k"J°C. At the East Grand Forks plant, the water supply
from the Red Lake River had total and fecal coliform densities of
28,900/100 ml and 13,000/100 ml respectively. These are, most likely,
due to the discharge of very high bacterial concentrations from the
waste water holding pond of the plant at Crookston, approximately ^0
miles upstream. The seal tank water with an average temperature of
14-5°C. and a pH of 9-0 had densities of UlOO/100 ml and 990/100 ml.
Fecal strep were reduced from 860/100 ml to 120/100 ml. The high
bacterial densities in the sugar processing wastes are introduced in
-------
Figure III
Plow Diagram of Waste Wrter
1. Source of Wpter Supply (River)
2. Seal Tank
3. Flume Wster k. Wash Water
Lagoon Influent
La gooirEf fluent
River
Ash Drain Water
-------
20
the flume water and wash water.
Table V shows that the total coliform density in dirt scraped
from beets freshly unloaded at the plant was U90,000/gm. The total
coliform concentrations of sliced beets taken immediately after the
wash water tank were 13,000,000/gm and of beet trash removed from the
flume was 17,200,000/gm. Surface peelings of beets taken from freshly
stored piles showed a total coliform density of 2,800,000/gm. These
densities would account for the excessive coliform in the flume and
wash water at both plants. The high fecal streptococcus counts
observed in the particulate material, ranging from 2200/gm. on the
beet dirt to 3,300,000/gm. in the beet trash from the flume, would produce
the densities observed in the flume and wash water.
The source of the fecal coliform densities in the flume and
wash water is more difficult to ascertain. The mean fecal coliform
densities of the flume and wash water at both plants averaged between
115,000/100 ml and 210,000/100 ml, except at the Crookston plant where
the flume water showed an average fecal coliform concentration of
1,OUO,000/100 ml. The only particulate material to yield a signif-
icant density of fecal coliform was the sliced beets after washing
with 172,000/100 ml and the beet trash removed from the flume with
^9,000/100 ml. It is possible that growths adhering to the sides of
the flume and wash tank may consist of fecal coliform that develop
because of favorable temperature and nutrient material available.
The presence of high densities of fecal coliform suggests hazardous
contamination. These excessive bacterial densities must be reduced
to acceptable levels at some point before discharge to the receiving
stream.
-------
Table V
Bacteriological Densities - Pnrticulpte Material
Description
Beet Dirt*
Sliced Beets
Beet Tr*sh**
Beet Surface Peelings
Wet Beet Field Soil
Dry Beet Field Soil
Bacterial Count per Gram
Total Coliform FecPl Coliform
1^90,000 10.9
13,000,000 172,000
17, 200, 000 49, 000
2,780,000 < 0.2
9k 1.3
0.9 < 0.2
Beet Fertilizer (ArtificiPl)l. < 0.2 < 0.2
2. < 0.2 < 0.2
3- < 0.2 < 0.2
Fecpl Strep.
2,200
580, ooo
3,800,000
5,200
150
210
l.U
0.2
< 0.2
* Composite scraped from 10-15 freshly unloaded beets.
** Stalks and weed material recovered from flume.
-------
-------
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
To interpret the significance of fecal coliform, fecal
streptococci and SalJ^onella in beet sugar waste waters, samples
from each of the in-plant locations at the ACS plants in Crookston
and East Grand Forks, as well as the influent and effluent of the
holding ponds from these plants, plus the ACS-Moorhead installation,
were returned to the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center for
intensive analysis. The samples were shipped and received in a
completely frozen state. They were then sterilized and reinoculated
with a known quantity of fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and
Salmonella, of the typhimurium species. These inoculations were made
in split samples containing a pure culture of the particular organism.
Incubation was at approximately the temperature of collection and
bacterial counts were made at the end of one day, two days, three
days, seven days, and fourteen days. The results, in terms of per-
cent of initial concentration remaining, are summarized in Table VI,
and illustrated in figures contained in Appendix II.
Bacterial survival is influenced by, among other things,
temperature, pH and available nutrients. The fecal coliform in the
source of water supply from both plants showed a definite lag phase
21
-------
Table VI
A) Fecal Coliform Survive! Studies
ACS-Crookston
Description
Incubation
Temp. °C.
% Remaining
1 day
2 days
3
-------
-------
Table VI
B) Fecpl Streptococcus Survivrl Series
ACS-Crookston
Description
Incubat ion
Temp. °C.
.
1 day
%
2 dpys
Remaining
3 dnys
r
7 dpys
lU dpys
Water Supply 20
Seal Tr>nk W*.
Flume Water 30
Wash Water 20
Ash Drain 20
Lagoon Influent 35
Lagoon Effluent 10
98
68
56
51
55
82
21
27
28
6
hh
1-7
2
10
12
ACS -East Grand Forks
Water Supply 20
Seal Tank kk.
Flume Water 20
Wash Water 20
Ash Drain 20
Lagoon Influent 20
Lagoon Effluent 10
122
la
60
25
76
19
19
5-2
13
3-3
9-4
l.h
23
2.2
ACS-Moorhend
Lagoon Influent
Lagoon Effluent
10
72
81
13
-------
-------
C) Splmonelln Survival Scries
ACS-Crookr.ton
Description
Tenro. °C.
"
!
1 dpy | ? d^ys
<;'' Remaining
1
3 dryc i 7 d^ys
]A dryn
Wpter Supply
Seal IF. nk
Flume Water
Wash Water
Ash Drain
Legoon Influent
Lagoon Effluent
ACS -East Grand
Water Supply
Seal Tank
Flume Water
Wash Water
Ash Dr^iin
Lagoon Influent
Lagoon Effluent
20
1A.5
30
20
20
35
10
Forks
20
kk . 5
20
20
20
20
10
92 69
-
156 78
166
9^ 77
3-0
7k 28
106 137
-
No 50
Re suit
97 297
13^1 i.ok
11
35 6
25 eJi-
-
0.75
111 13?
63 3 k
0-3
5-5 7-2
128 2
-
105 65
k6o 2k
132 27
11
1.9 0.88
0.2
-
-
89
-
-
5
-
-
k.Q
l.l
0.71
-
0.53
ACS-Iloorhead
Lagoon Influent kk.
lagoon Effluent 10
7.k 1.6
1-3
-------
22
after an initial decrease. Concentrations remained relatively
constant through the third day, followed by a gradual rate of
dieoff. However, at the end of seven days the ACS-EGF water supply
had Ik percent of its initial concentration remaining and, with the
ACS-Crookston sample, 6 percent remained. The lag phase as well as
the very gradual dieoff are, most likely, caused by a favorable
nutrient level which, while not sufficient to encourage multiplication,
is enough to sustain growth after an initial period of acclimatization.
With the same environmental conditions, fecal streptococci showed a
gradually accelerating dieaway in both water supplies until, by the
end of the sixth day at ACS-EGF and the tenth day at ACS-Crookston,
densities were virtually non-existent. However, in the first two
days of incubation the organism showed an immediate adaptability
and, in the case of the ACS-EGF sample, a 22 percent growth in one
day. Salmonella in the ACS-Crookston source of water supply showed
essentially the same shape of dieaway curve, with a slightly faster
rate than the fecal streptococci, through the fourth day. There was
then a sharp reduction in the rate of dieoff, indicating the persistence
of these pathogenic organisms at low densities. In the ACS-EGF sample,
there was a definite sustained multiplication for the first two days
to a peak of 137 percent of initial concentration. The density was
2 percent of the initial concentration after seven days.
The samples collected from the seal tank illustrate the effect
of temperature upon bacterial dieaway. At Mi-.50C. the samples showed
negligible or no densities of the three organisms after one day.
-------
23
Fecal coliform in the spent flume water at both plants was
reduced to insignificant quantities at the end of one day at an
incubation temperature of 30°C. at ACS-Crookston and 20°C. at ACS-BGF.
This, combined with the seal tank results,, indicates the very high
temperature sensitivity of fecal coliform. Salmonella and fecal
streptococci, on the other hand, had significant concentrations
remaining after three days. Salmonella in the ACS-Crookston flume
water had a multiplication to 156 percent of the initial concentration
in one day, followed by a rapid dieoff. In the ACS-EGF flume water,
Salmonella, after an initial dieaway, increased from 50 percent to
105 percent of the initial concentration from the second to third
day. The subsequent dieaway from this peak is very slow and about
5 percent of the initial density remained after 14 days. Since the
difference between these two samples is the respective inoculation
temperatures of 30°C. and 20°C., a warmer temperature will cause
multiplication of Salmonella very quickly, followed by a very rapid
dieaway. If the concern is with short term effects, this is the more
critical condition. At a lower temperature, £0°C., the Salmonella
multiply equally as much after a period of dieaway which is apparently
an acclimatization phase. In addition, the dieaway after the peak is
reached is much slower than that at the higher temperature of 30°C.
From these considerations, it would be possible to obtain a sample of
the flume water with neglegible fecal coliform counts but with signif-
icant quantities of Salmonella, a pathogenic organism. Apparently,
the warmer temperature and the nutrients added to the raw water in
-------
-------
transporting beets in the flume stimulate the growth of Salmonella
while the effect on fecal coliform is the opposite, causing it to
die away at a. much greater rate than is shown in the raw water. The
effect on the fecal streptococci is similar to the effect on fecal
coliform causing them to be reduced at a faster rate than fecal strep-
tococci in the raw water. Although the addition of beet waste and
increased temperature had a measurably toxic effect on the growth of
fecal streptococci compared to the raw water supply, this effect was
not as pronounced as that of fecal coliform.
The samples of wash water from both plants show essentially
the same pattern as the flume water for Salmonella and fecal strep-
tococci, but on a much larger scale. All samples were incubated at
20°C. Salmonella multiplied in both samples; to 460 percent of
initial concentration in three days in the ACS-EGF sample and to
166 percent in two days in the ACS-Crookston sample. Eighty-nine
percent of the initial concentration remained after 1^ days in the
ACS-Crookston wash water. The nutrients added in the wash tank are
sufficient to maintain _SsQiaonella at very high levels and can cause
multiplication to almost five times their initial value. The nutrients
added in the wash tank have a much greater stimulating effect than
the flume water. There is no immediate dieaway and the multipli-
cation of the organism is far greater. The effect on fecal strepto-
cocci is to slow the dieoff rate as compared with the flume water.
However, the dieoff is faster than that of the raw water, indicating
-------
25
that the additions made in the process have a toxic effect on
the fecal streptococci. Fecal coliform in the wash water show a
marked difference compared to those in the flume water incubated
at the same temperature. Nutrients added in wash water retarded the
rate of dieoff such that approximately 9 percent of the initial con-
centration remained at seven days. The dieoff rate of fecal coliform
in the wash water at ACS-Crookston was about the same as that in the
raw water supply. The ACS-EGF samples showed a faster dieoff in the
wash water than the water supply for the first three days, but then
remained constant until the seventh day when dieoff resumed at the
same rate as in the water supply. The wash water operation was a
prime source of nutrients which permitted the survival of indicator
organisms and encouraged the multiplication of pathogenic Salmonella.
The holding pond effluent, which is a combination of flume
water and wash water, would be expected to have a dieoff rate somewhere
between that of the two constituents. The experimental data showed
that it was a strong inhibitor of all three organisms. The reason
for this phenomenon is not known. The sample from ACS-Crookston
incubated at 35°C. showed no fecal streptococci after three days;
and a small concentration (0.3 percent) of Salmonella after three
days. The sample from ACS-BGF incubated at 20°C. showed k percent
fecal coliform remaining after one day; no fecal streptococci after
one day; and 11 percent Salmonella remaining after three days. The
higher temperature of incubation generally caused faster dieoff
-------
26
and, of the three organisms, Salmonella was the most persistent.
In all cases, except for the indeterminate fecal coliform results,
the rate of dieoff was faster than that of either the flume water
or wash water. The lab data indicated that something reacts in the
combination of flume and wash water comprising the pond influent to
inhibit bacterial action and promote rapid dieoff. The field data
showed greater densities in the holding pond influents over either
the flume water or wash water. The field samples were incubated at
higher temperatures so that results may not be directly comparable
with the laboratory data.
Analysis of holding pond effluent samples indicated the
characteristics of bacterial survival in the water discharged to
the river and are of primary interest. These samples were incubated
at 10°C. and showed the effect of low temperatures in allowing persis-
tence of the bacterial organisms. The fecal coliform died off fastest
with neglegible quantities remaining after seven days. Salmonella
had a fairly rapid initial dieoff but, after three days, there was
a levelling off and concentrations declined very slowly. The fecal
streptococci had the slowest dieoff rate with significant quantities
as high as 11 percent remaining after seven days. This was almost an
exact reversal of the bacterial survival in the water before it was
used in the beet sugar process. In the raw water, fecal streptococci
had the fastest dieaway. The initial dieoff of both Salmonella and
fecal coliform was faster in the holding pond effluent than in the
raw water, indicating that the net effect of the sugar beet process
was to add material which had an inhibiting effect on the survival of
-------
27
these organisms, even though great quantities of fecal coliform
and Salmonella were added during the process. However, the cooler
temperature of the discharged wastes increases the persistence of
Salmonella which will affect the receiving water for greater distances.
To summarize:
The net effect of sugar processing wastes on bacterial
survival rates of fecal coliform is to cause a faster dieaway in
the water discharged from the holding ponds than in the source of
raw water. This is most likely due to the lower temperature of the
discharged wastes and because of storage in the holding ponds. The
effect on fecal streptococci is to slow the rate of dieoff compared
to that of the raw water, indicating that the process has a slight
stimulatory effect on this organism. Salmnnella shows a faster rate
of dieoff in the initial stages compared to that of the raw water,
but is extremely persistent at lower densities. Of the three organisms,
Salmonella may be expected to maintain significant concentrations for
the longest period. Salmonella multiplies most profusely given favor-
able temperature and nutrient conditions, as shown by the wash water
sample results. It may be possible, therefore, for a sample which
is relatively low in fe.cal coliform or fecal streptococci to have sig-
nificantly high densities of pathogenic Salmonella.
-------
APPENDIX I
SUMMARY OF SURVEY DATA
-------
-------
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APPENDIX II
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
-------
Time (Days)
-------
-------
0
(Days)
-------
Coliform Remaining
6 8
Time (Days)
10
-------
Time (Days)
-------
TSKIAL S0R7IFAL SIUDIES
-------
-------
6 8
Time (Days)
10
-------
-------
6 8
Time (Days)
10
12
-------
-------
6 8
Time (Days)
10
12
-------
THae (Days)
-------
0
------- | |